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Antidepressants are medicines used to treat mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. - Antidepressants work on several chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters) that influence your mood. - There are different types of antidepressants that cause different side effects, including nausea, dizziness, weight gain and sexual problems. - Most people need to take antidepressants for at least 6 to 12 months, but many people will take them for much longer. - Don't stop taking antidepressants suddenly — ask your doctor how to gradually reduce your dose to minimise withdrawal symptoms. ## On this page - [What are antidepressants?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#what-is) - [How do antidepressants work?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#how) - [What types of antidepressants might I be prescribed?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#types) - [What are the side effects or risks associated with antidepressants?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#side-effects) - [How do I know which antidepressant is right for me?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#right) - [How do I take antidepressants?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#take) - [When should I see my doctor?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#doctor) - [Are there any alternatives to treat depression and anxiety?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#alternatives) - [Resources and support](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#resources) - [Related information on Australian websites](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#searchGeneralResults) ## What are antidepressants? Antidepressants are medicines used to treat [mental health conditions](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mental-health-conditions) including: - [depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression) - [anxiety](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anxiety-related-disorders) - [eating disorders](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/eating-disorders) - [obsessive-compulsive disorder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd) - [post-traumatic stress disorder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd) Medicines are just one strategy used to treat depression and anxiety. Other treatments may also be needed, or used first. Examples include [psychological treatments](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychotherapy) (talking therapy) or [lifestyle changes](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/healthy-lifestyle). ## How do antidepressants work? Antidepressants are thought to work by affecting the levels of several chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters) that influence mood and anxiety, including: - [serotonin](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/serotonin) - noradrenaline - [dopamine](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dopamine) - [melatonin](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/melatonin) However, this process isn't fully understood. Antidepressants can take some time to work, so you might need to keep taking them for a while before your symptoms improve. If you have depression, you may begin to feel an improvement between 2 to 4 weeks after starting an antidepressant medicine. It can take up to 6 to 8 weeks to feel the full effect of treatment. If you have an anxiety disorder, it may take 4 to 6 weeks before you start feeling better. It may take up to 12 weeks to feel the full effect of treatment. In some people, antidepressants are not effective, no matter how long you take them. In this case, your doctor will discuss other ways to treat your mental health conditions. ## What types of antidepressants might I be prescribed? There are many different types of antidepressants. They are grouped according to how they work in the body. Within each group, there are several different medicines that work in a similar way. - **Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)** are the most commonly prescribed antidepressant class in Australia. They are not more effective than other antidepressants, but they are usually well-tolerated by most people. This means that most people find that side effects are not too troublesome. Examples include citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline. - **Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)** may be used for more severe or persistent depression. They include duloxetine, venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine. - **Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NARIs)** are less likely to cause drowsiness than other classes. This class includes reboxetine. - **Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)** tend to have more harmful side effects than newer medicines. They are less commonly prescribed today. They include amitriptyline, nortriptyline, clomipramine, dothiepin, doxepin, imipramine and trimipramine. - **Reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (RIMAs)** are more commonly used to treat anxiety than depression. They include moclobemide. - **Noradrenaline-serotonin specific antidepressants (NaSSAs)** are used to treat depression and insomnia. They can cause weight gain. This class includes mirtazapine. - **MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)** are rarely prescribed today due to the chance of side effects and interactions with other medicines. They include phenelzine and tranylcypromine. - **'Atypical'** antidepressants don't fit into the classes above. They include agomelatine and vortioxetine. Agomelatine stimulates [melatonin](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/melatonin) receptors, while vortioxetine works on serotonin receptors, but in a different way to SSRIs and SNRIs. Read more on a specific antidepressant medicine by searching the name in the online healthdirect [Medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines) tool. ## What are the side effects or risks associated with antidepressants? Like all medicines, antidepressants may have [side effects](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicine-and-side-effects). Side effects differ between different antidepressant medicines and classes. Some antidepressant side effects may include: - [headaches](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/headaches) and [dizziness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dizziness) - [nausea](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nausea) - weight gain - anxiety or [restlessness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/feeling-restless) - [difficulty sleeping](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/insomnia), or excessive sleepiness - sexual problems, such as a low sex drive Some of these side effects improve as your body gets used to the medicine. Your doctor may change your dose to help reduce side effects. They may also suggest ways to manage these side effects. For most people, the side effects are not severe enough that they need to stop taking the medicine. Different people may experience different side effects. It's important to talk to your doctor about your individual situation. Some people experience no side effects at all. It's a good idea to ask your doctor or pharmacist about any common side effects associated with the antidepressant you have been prescribed. [**LOOKING FOR A MEDICINE?** — To search by brand name or active ingredient, use the **Medicines information** search feature.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines) ### Suicide risk when starting antidepressants **If you, or someone else, are at immediate risk of suicide, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. To talk to someone now, call Lifeline on 13 11 14 or the Suicide Call Back Service on 1300 659 467.** Some people, especially [children and young people](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-children), can experience an increase in [self-harm](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/self-harm) and [suicidal thoughts](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/are-you-experiencing-suicidal-thoughts) when they start taking antidepressants. These symptoms generally go away over time as the medicine starts to work. If someone you care about is starting antidepressants, it's a good idea to look out for signs of suicidal thoughts or plans. If you are starting antidepressants yourself, think about what you can do to keep yourself safe [if you start thinking about suicide](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/are-you-experiencing-suicidal-thoughts). Learn about [suicide warning signs](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/warning-signs-of-suicide) and what to do. ### Serotonin toxicity A rare side effect of some antidepressants is serotonin toxicity (also known as serotonin syndrome). This can happen when the levels of serotonin in your body are too high. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include: - [tremor](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/essential-tremor) - poor coordination - [confusion](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/confusion) or [restlessness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/feeling-restless) - shivering, sweating or [fever](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fever) - [diarrhoea](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/diarrhoea) **If you suspect that you, or someone else, is experiencing serotonin toxicity, seek urgent medical advice or visit the emergency department of your local hospital.** Serotonin toxicity is more common if you are taking more than one antidepressant or are taking other medicines, including [opioid medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/opioid-medicines), migraine medicines or recreational drugs. You can reduce your chance of developing serotonin syndrome by taking your medicines exactly as prescribed by your doctor and avoiding [recreational drugs](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/drugs-and-alcohol). ### Antidepressants during pregnancy or breastfeeding If you take antidepressants and are pregnant, [planning a pregnancy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/planning-for-your-pregnancy) or breastfeeding, it's a good idea to talk to your doctor. Some medicines are not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Your doctor will be able to help you stop the antidepressant in a safe way, or help you switch to a type of antidepressant that is safe to take while pregnant or breastfeeding. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding and would like to find out more about your medicines call [Medicines Line](https://www.health.gov.au/contacts/medicines-line) on 1300 633 424. You can also contact a local [pregnancy drug information centre](https://amhonline.amh.net.au/appendices/appendix-drug-information#appendix-drug-information-03) to find out more. [**FIND A HEALTH SERVICE** — The **Service Finder** can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/australian-health-services) ## How do I know which antidepressant is right for me? Your doctor will consider different factors when deciding which antidepressant to prescribe, including: - your age - your sex - your main symptoms - potential [side effects](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicine-and-side-effects) - potential interactions with any other medicines you are taking - if you are [pregnant](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines-during-pregnancy) or [breastfeeding](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines-and-breastfeeding) - your preferences and lifestyle You may find that one type of antidepressant is more effective than others at relieving your symptoms. It can take some time to identify which antidepressant is right for you. It's important to talk to your doctor on a regular basis, especially when you first start taking an antidepressant. If the medicine is causing side effects, or isn't working, your doctor can advise whether another type of antidepressant might be better. ## How do I take antidepressants? Most antidepressants are taken daily. Your doctor or pharmacist may recommend that you take your medicine at a certain time of day to lower the chance of side effects. For example, you might prefer to take a medicine that can make you drowsy at night before bed. How long you will need to take antidepressants for depends on your situation and response to treatment. Some people take antidepressants for 6 to 12 months before stopping and their symptoms do not come back. Other people need to take antidepressants for longer, sometimes for life. ### Stopping antidepressants Stopping antidepressants suddenly is likely to cause withdrawal symptoms, including: - [nausea](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nausea) or [vomiting](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/vomiting) - [dizziness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dizziness) - [confusion](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/confusion) - [anxiety](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anxiety) or agitation - [sweating](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/excessive-sweating-hyperhidrosis) - sleeping difficulties The specific withdrawal effects depend on the class of medicine you have been taking, your dosage, and how long you have been taking them for. If you want or need to stop your antidepressant medicine, make sure to ask your doctor how to taper (gradually reduce) your medicine safely. Gradually reducing the dose of medicine you take can lower the chance of you experiencing withdrawal symptoms. If you experience withdrawal effects despite tapering your medicine, speak to your doctor. They may recommend a slower rate of tapering of your dose. For more information on stopping antidepressants, check out The University of Queensland’s [Release toolkit](https://www.releasetoolkit.com.au/). In some cases, you may wish to switch to a different type of antidepressant medicine. If your doctor recommends that you switch to a different antidepressant, ask them for specific instructions about when to taper and stop your current medicine, and when to start the new one. ## When should I see my doctor? If you are experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, see your doctor. They can help you identify the best strategy to relieve your symptoms. You should also speak to your doctor if you: - experience side effects that trouble you - continue to experience symptoms, despite treatment - [become pregnant](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines-during-pregnancy), are [planning to become pregnant](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/planning-for-your-pregnancy) or start [breastfeeding](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/breastfeeding-your-baby) [**ASK YOUR DOCTOR** — Preparing for an appointment? Use the **Question Builder** for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/question-builder) ## Are there any alternatives to treat depression and anxiety? There are many ways to help your symptoms of depression and anxiety, including: - [psychological therapies](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychotherapy) - lifestyle changes - medicines - medical procedures such as [electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/electroconvulsive-therapy-ect) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Some people feel better with [psychological therapy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychotherapy) alone. Others find it best to use a combination of antidepressant medicines and psychological therapy. There are many different psychological therapies. The most common is [cognitive behavioural therapy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cognitive-behaviour-therapy-cbt). This therapy aims to identify and change your negative thoughts and how you react to them. Other types of therapy aim to get you to accept your thoughts and environment. Lifestyle changes can also help: - [Exercise](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/exercise-and-mental-health) can help improve your mood and [self-esteem](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/self-esteem) as well as reduce the chance of weight gain (a common side effect of antidepressants). - [Stop smoking](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/quit-smoking-vaping), because it can interfere with some antidepressant medicines. - Reduce or avoid [alcohol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/tips-for-safe-drinking), because having alcohol can make depression worse. - Ensure you get enough [sleep](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sleep) — sleep deprivation can make your mood symptoms worse. - Eat a [healthy and balanced diet](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/healthy-eating). - [Relaxation](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief) and [meditation](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/meditation) can help improve [symptoms of depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression). Some people find that certain [herbal medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/complementary-therapy) help relieve mild symptoms of depression and anxiety. Other people take herbal medicines to help with sleep. If you choose to take herbal medicines or remedies, make sure to let your doctor know, as they might interact with medicines your doctor prescribes. ## Resources and support Asking about your treatment or medicine is important to help you understand your options. Read healthdirect's guide to important [questions to ask your pharmacist or doctor before taking a medicine](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/questions-to-ask-before-taking-a-medicine). You can read more about your antidepressant medicine by reading the [Consumer Medicines Information (CMI)](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-to-read-cmis). Call 1300 MEDICINE (1300 633 424) to speak with a pharmacist who can answer your questions about medicines. Here are some resources about antidepressants for people with depression and their families: - Call [Beyond Blue](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/) on 1300 22 4636 or visit its website for information and support for people with depression and anxiety and their families. - Access [SANE’s](https://www.sane.org/get-support/sane-support-services) range of free mental health supports. - The [Black Dog Institute](https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/) researches mental health in Australia across the lifespan, and has resources about mental health conditions or the wider community. ### Languages other than English [Embrace Multicultural Mental Health](https://embracementalhealth.org.au/) offers mental health resources and personal stories translated in more than 30 languages. You can find translated information about medicines on [the NPS MedicineWise website](https://www.nps.org.au/translated-info). ### Information for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples Visit a National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation ([NACCHO](https://www.naccho.org.au/)) for culturally safe support — [find one near you](https://www.naccho.org.au/locations/). - [13YARN](https://www.13yarn.org.au/) — to talk with Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Crisis Support. Call [13 92 76](tel:139276). - NPS MedicineWise — [About Depression Medicines](https://www.nps.org.au/assets/387adf9a1185b6ea-230816863e5b-What-you-need-to-know-about-antidepressants.pdf); Information for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. #### Sources: Australian Prescriber *[(Choosing an antidepressant)](https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/choosing-an-antidepressant.html#indications-for-drug-therapy "Choosing an antidepressant")*, Australian Medicines Handbook *[(Anxiety and related disorders)](https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/psychotropic-drugs/antidepressants/anxiety-disorders?menu=vertical "Anxiety and related disorders")*, Australian Medicines Handbook *[(Adverse effects of antidepressants)](https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/psychotropic-drugs/antidepressants/adverse-effects-antidepressants "Adverse effects of antidepressants")*, RANZCP *[(The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders (Malhi GS, Bell E, Bassett D et al))](https://www.ranzcp.org/getmedia/a4678cf4-91f5-4746-99d4-03dc7379ae51/mood-disorders-clinical-practice-guideline-2020.pdf "The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders (Malhi GS, Bell E, Bassett D et al)")*, RACGP *[(Lifestyle interventions for mental health (Manger S))](https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/october/lifestyle-interventions-for-mental-health "Lifestyle interventions for mental health (Manger S)")*, The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) *[(Exercise: depression)](https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/handi/handi-interventions/exercise/exercise-depression "Exercise: depression")*, Therapeutic guidelines *[(Antidepressant adverse effects)](https://app.tg.org.au/viewTopic?etgAccess=true&guidelinePage=Psychotropic&topicfile=antidepressant-adverse-effects "Antidepressant adverse effects")*, NHS inform *[(Antidepressants)](https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-aids/types-of-medicine/antidepressants/ "Antidepressants")*, Australian Journal of General Practice *[(Antidepressant prescribing in general practice: A call to action (Wallis KA, Donald M and Moncrieff J))](https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/december/antidepressant-prescribing-in-general-practice "Antidepressant prescribing in general practice: A call to action (Wallis KA, Donald M and Moncrieff J)")*, Australian Prescriber *[(Antidepressants in adolescence)](https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/antidepressants-in-adolescence.html#stopping-treatment "Antidepressants in adolescence")*, Therapeutic Guidelines *[(Serotonergic toxidrome)](https://app.tg.org.au/viewTopic?etgAccess=true&guidelinePage=Toxicology%20and%20Toxinology&topicfile=toxidrome-serotonergic&guidelinename=Toxicology%20and%20Toxinology&sectionId=toc_d1e223#toc_d1e223 "Serotonergic toxidrome")*, Therapeutic Guidelines *[(Stopping an antidepressant)](https://app.tg.org.au/viewTopic?etgAccess=true&guidelinePage=Psychotropic&topicfile=stopping-antidepressants&guidelinename=Psychotropic&sectionId=toc_d1e108#toc_d1e108 "Stopping an antidepressant")*, Informed Health *[(Depression: Learn More - How effective are antidepressants?)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/ "Depression: Learn More - How effective are antidepressants?")*, World Psychiatry *[(Psychotherapies for depression: a network meta-analysis covering efficacy, acceptability and long-term outcomes of all main treatment types (Cuijpers, P., et al.))](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wps.20860 "Psychotherapies for depression: a network meta-analysis covering efficacy, acceptability and long-term outcomes of all main treatment types (Cuijpers, P., et al.)")*, The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry *[(Clinical guidelines for the use of lifestyle-based mental health care in major depressive disorder: World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Australasian Society of Lifestyle Medicine (ASLM) taskforce (Marx, W., et al))](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15622975.2022.2112074#d1e1040 "Clinical guidelines for the use of lifestyle-based mental health care in major depressive disorder: World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Australasian Society of Lifestyle Medicine (ASLM) taskforce (Marx, W., et al)")*, Frontiers in Psychiatry *[(The Effects of Meditation, Yoga, and Mindfulness on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Tertiary Education Students: A Meta-Analysis (Breedvelt JJF, et al. ))](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6491852/ "The Effects of Meditation, Yoga, and Mindfulness on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Tertiary Education Students: A Meta-Analysis (Breedvelt JJF, et al. )")*, Natural Product Communications *[(Review of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Depression (Peng S, Zhou Y, Lu M, Wang Q.))](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1934578X221139082 "Review of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Depression (Peng S, Zhou Y, Lu M, Wang Q.)")*, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia *[(Selecting an antidepressant for depression and anxiety in older adults 1-6)](https://www.psa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Antidepressants_Medicines_Comparison_Table.pdf "Selecting an antidepressant for depression and anxiety in older adults 1-6")*, Australian Medicines Handbook *[(Major depression)](https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/psychotropic-drugs/antidepressants/major-depression?menu=vertical "Major depression")*, Australian Medicines Handbook *[(Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors)](https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/psychotropic-drugs/antidepressants/serotonin-noradrenaline-reuptake-inhibitors?menu=vertical "Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors")*, Australian Medicines Handbook *[(Reboxetine)](https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/psychotropic-drugs/antidepressants/other-antidepressants/reboxetine "Reboxetine")*, Australian Medicines Handbook *[(Tricyclic antidepressants)](https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/psychotropic-drugs/antidepressants/tricyclic-antidepressants?menu=vertical "Tricyclic antidepressants")*, Australian Medicines Handbook *[(Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)](https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/psychotropic-drugs/antidepressants/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors?menu=vertical "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors")*, Australian Medicines Handbook *[(SSRIs)](https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/psychotropic-drugs/antidepressants/ssris "SSRIs")* Learn more here about the [development and quality assurance of healthdirect content](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/about-our-content). Last reviewed: April 2025 [Back To Top](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#backToTop) ## Related pages - [Mirtazapine](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mirtazapine "Mirtazapine") - [St John's wort](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/st-johns-wort "St John's wort") ## Search our site for - [Depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Depression "Search results for: Depression") - [Anxiety](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Anxiety "Search results for: Anxiety") - [Mood Disorders](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Mood%20Disorders "Search results for: Mood Disorders") - [Cognitive Therapy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Cognitive%20Therapy "Search results for: Cognitive Therapy") - [Generalised Anxiety Disorder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Generalised%20Anxiety%20Disorder "Search results for: Generalised Anxiety Disorder") - [mirtazapine](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/mirtazapine "Search results for: mirtazapine") - [Serotonin](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Serotonin "Search results for: Serotonin") - [Kava](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Kava "Search results for: Kava") ## Need more information? These trusted information partners have more on this topic. General search results Results for medical professionals Top results [Antidepressant medicines - myDr.com.au Antidepressants are medicines that can treat depression and its symptoms. They can also sometimes be used to treat other conditions, including anxiety disorders and chronic (ongoing) pain. *Read more on myDoctor website* ](https://www.mydr.com.au/mental-health/antidepressant-medicines/) [St John's wort - myDr.com.au St John's wort is a herb used as a complementary medicine, often in the treatment of depression. Find out about its uses, side effects and interactions. *Read more on myDoctor website* ](https://www.mydr.com.au/mental-health/st-johns-wort/) [Tricyclic antidepressants - myDr.com.au Tricyclic antidepressants (also called tricyclics or TCAs) are named for their chemical structure (3 rings). They can be used to treat depression, anxiety disorders and chronic pain. *Read more on myDoctor website* ](https://www.mydr.com.au/mental-health/tricyclic-antidepressants/) [Antidepressant medication SANE Australia, the National Mental Health Charity *Read more on SANE Australia website* ](https://www.sane.org/information-and-resources/facts-and-guides/antidepressant-medication) [Antidepressants: 10 things you should know - NPS MedicineWise Learn about antidepressants, their side effects, how they work & how to decide if antidepressants are the right approach for you. *Read more on NPS MedicineWise website* ](https://www.nps.org.au/consumers/antidepressants-10-things-you-should-know) [Antidepressant Medication - Finding North Antidepressant medications are often used to treat depression, anxiety and related mental health conditions. *Read more on Finding North website* ](https://findingnorth.org.au/mental-health-wellness/mental-health/treatments-therapies/antidepressant-medication/) [St John's Wort: information sheet for health care professionals \| Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) Complementary medicines containing St John's Wort (SJW) are regulated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration. *Read more on TGA website* ](https://www.tga.gov.au/safety/safety-monitoring-and-information/safety-alerts/st-johns-wort-information-sheet-health-care-professionals) Show more Top results [Antidepressants in adolescence - Australian Prescriber Antidepressant drugs are not the first-line treatment for adolescents with mild symptoms of depression. *Read more on Australian Prescriber website* ](https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/antidepressants-in-adolescence.html) [Choosing an antidepressant In addition to efficacy and safety, the choice of antidepressant can be guided by the clinical presentation and the patient’s preferences. *Read more on Australian Prescriber website* ](https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/choosing-an-antidepressant.html) [Antidepressants: frequently asked questions - Orygen, Revolution in Mind Our Skills & Knowledge Division concentrates on growing the capacity of Australia’s youth mental health workforce with an emphasis on accessible expertise and innovation. *Read more on Orygen website* ](https://www.orygen.org.au/Training/Resources/Anxiety/Fact-Sheets/Antidepressants-frequently-asked-questions) [Antidepressants for cocaine abuse and dependence \| Cochrane *Read more on Cochrane Australia website* ](https://www.cochrane.org/CD002950/ADDICTN_antidepressants-for-cocaine-abuse-and-dependence) [Psychological therapies versus antidepressant medication, alone and in combination for depression in children and adolescents \| Cochrane *Read more on Cochrane Australia website* ](https://www.cochrane.org/CD008324/DEPRESSN_psychological-therapies-versus-antidepressant-medication-alone-and-in-combination-for-depression-in-children-and-adolescents) Show more ## Disclaimer Healthdirect Australia is not responsible for the content and advertising on the external website you are now entering. [OK]() ## Related pages - [Mirtazapine](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mirtazapine "Mirtazapine") - [St John's wort](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/st-johns-wort "St John's wort") ## Search our site for - [Depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Depression "Search results for: Depression") - [Anxiety](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Anxiety "Search results for: Anxiety") - [Mood Disorders](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Mood%20Disorders "Search results for: Mood Disorders") - [Cognitive Therapy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Cognitive%20Therapy "Search results for: Cognitive Therapy") - [Generalised Anxiety Disorder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Generalised%20Anxiety%20Disorder "Search results for: Generalised Anxiety Disorder") - [mirtazapine](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/mirtazapine "Search results for: mirtazapine") - [Serotonin](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Serotonin "Search results for: Serotonin") - [Kava](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/search-results/Kava "Search results for: Kava") ## Symptom checker **Worried about your health?** Select a symptom, answer some questions, get advice [Start Your Symptom Check](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/symptom-checker "Check symptoms") [Check your symptoms](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/symptom-checker/tool?symptom=GNRC) [Find a health service](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/australian-health-services) # Healthdirect 24hr 7 days a week hotline 24 hour health advice you can count on [1800 022 222](tel:1800022222) # Government Accredited with over 140 information partners  We are a government-funded service, providing quality, approved health information and advice [](https://www.health.gov.au/) [](https://www.health.act.gov.au/) [](https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/) [](https://health.nt.gov.au/) [](https://www.health.qld.gov.au/) [](https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/) [](https://www.health.tas.gov.au/) [](https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/) [](https://ww2.health.wa.gov.au/) ## About - [How we can help](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-healthdirect-can-help-you) - [Our mobile app](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/health-app) - [Linking to us](https://about.healthdirect.gov.au/linking-to-us) - [Information partners](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/information-partners) - [Register your service](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/register-with-nhsd) - [Terms of use](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/terms-of-use) - [Privacy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/privacy-policy) - [How we use AI](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/artificial-intelligence-transparency-statement) - [Contact us](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/contact-us) - [About us](https://about.healthdirect.gov.au/) ## Discover - [Blog](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blog) - [BMI calculator](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bmi-calculator) - [Health apps](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/health-and-wellbeing-apps) - [Medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines) - [Service finder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/australian-health-services) - [Symptom checker](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/symptom-checker) - [Question builder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/question-builder) ## Resources in your language - [Arabic عربى](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ar/resources-in-arabic) - [বাংলা Bengali](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bn/resources-in-bengali) - [简体中文 Chinese Simplified](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/zh-hans/resources-in-chinese-simplified) - [繁體中文 Chinese Traditional](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/zh-hant/resources-in-chinese-traditional) - [Tiếng Việt Vietnamese](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/vi/resources-in-vietnamese) [](https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/healthdirect-check-symptoms/id1021494621?ls=1&mt=8) [](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=au.org.healthdirect.healthdirectapp) Healthdirect Australia is dedicated to providing safe, effective and person-centred advice, supported by rigorous [clinical governance](https://about.healthdirect.gov.au/end-to-end-service-delivery) and transparent [quality and safety processes](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/quality-and-safety-of-healthdirects-triage-service-statement). 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## Key facts - Antidepressants are medicines used to treat mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. - Antidepressants work on several chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters) that influence your mood. - There are different types of antidepressants that cause different side effects, including nausea, dizziness, weight gain and sexual problems. - Most people need to take antidepressants for at least 6 to 12 months, but many people will take them for much longer. - Don't stop taking antidepressants suddenly — ask your doctor how to gradually reduce your dose to minimise withdrawal symptoms. ## On this page - [What are antidepressants?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#what-is) - [How do antidepressants work?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#how) - [What types of antidepressants might I be prescribed?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#types) - [What are the side effects or risks associated with antidepressants?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#side-effects) - [How do I know which antidepressant is right for me?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#right) - [How do I take antidepressants?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#take) - [When should I see my doctor?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#doctor) - [Are there any alternatives to treat depression and anxiety?](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#alternatives) - [Resources and support](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#resources) - [Related information on Australian websites](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antidepressants#searchGeneralResults) ## What are antidepressants? Antidepressants are medicines used to treat [mental health conditions](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mental-health-conditions) including: - [depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression) - [anxiety](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anxiety-related-disorders) - [eating disorders](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/eating-disorders) - [obsessive-compulsive disorder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd) - [post-traumatic stress disorder](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd) Medicines are just one strategy used to treat depression and anxiety. Other treatments may also be needed, or used first. Examples include [psychological treatments](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychotherapy) (talking therapy) or [lifestyle changes](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/healthy-lifestyle). ## How do antidepressants work? Antidepressants are thought to work by affecting the levels of several chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters) that influence mood and anxiety, including: - [serotonin](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/serotonin) - noradrenaline - [dopamine](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dopamine) - [melatonin](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/melatonin) However, this process isn't fully understood. Antidepressants can take some time to work, so you might need to keep taking them for a while before your symptoms improve. If you have depression, you may begin to feel an improvement between 2 to 4 weeks after starting an antidepressant medicine. It can take up to 6 to 8 weeks to feel the full effect of treatment. If you have an anxiety disorder, it may take 4 to 6 weeks before you start feeling better. It may take up to 12 weeks to feel the full effect of treatment. In some people, antidepressants are not effective, no matter how long you take them. In this case, your doctor will discuss other ways to treat your mental health conditions. ## What types of antidepressants might I be prescribed? There are many different types of antidepressants. They are grouped according to how they work in the body. Within each group, there are several different medicines that work in a similar way. - **Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)** are the most commonly prescribed antidepressant class in Australia. They are not more effective than other antidepressants, but they are usually well-tolerated by most people. This means that most people find that side effects are not too troublesome. Examples include citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline. - **Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)** may be used for more severe or persistent depression. They include duloxetine, venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine. - **Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NARIs)** are less likely to cause drowsiness than other classes. This class includes reboxetine. - **Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)** tend to have more harmful side effects than newer medicines. They are less commonly prescribed today. They include amitriptyline, nortriptyline, clomipramine, dothiepin, doxepin, imipramine and trimipramine. - **Reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (RIMAs)** are more commonly used to treat anxiety than depression. They include moclobemide. - **Noradrenaline-serotonin specific antidepressants (NaSSAs)** are used to treat depression and insomnia. They can cause weight gain. This class includes mirtazapine. - **MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)** are rarely prescribed today due to the chance of side effects and interactions with other medicines. They include phenelzine and tranylcypromine. - **'Atypical'** antidepressants don't fit into the classes above. They include agomelatine and vortioxetine. Agomelatine stimulates [melatonin](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/melatonin) receptors, while vortioxetine works on serotonin receptors, but in a different way to SSRIs and SNRIs. Read more on a specific antidepressant medicine by searching the name in the online healthdirect [Medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines) tool. ## What are the side effects or risks associated with antidepressants? Like all medicines, antidepressants may have [side effects](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicine-and-side-effects). Side effects differ between different antidepressant medicines and classes. Some antidepressant side effects may include: - [headaches](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/headaches) and [dizziness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dizziness) - [nausea](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nausea) - weight gain - anxiety or [restlessness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/feeling-restless) - [difficulty sleeping](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/insomnia), or excessive sleepiness - sexual problems, such as a low sex drive Some of these side effects improve as your body gets used to the medicine. Your doctor may change your dose to help reduce side effects. They may also suggest ways to manage these side effects. For most people, the side effects are not severe enough that they need to stop taking the medicine. Different people may experience different side effects. It's important to talk to your doctor about your individual situation. Some people experience no side effects at all. It's a good idea to ask your doctor or pharmacist about any common side effects associated with the antidepressant you have been prescribed. [**LOOKING FOR A MEDICINE?** — To search by brand name or active ingredient, use the **Medicines information** search feature.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines) ### Suicide risk when starting antidepressants Some people, especially [children and young people](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression-in-children), can experience an increase in [self-harm](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/self-harm) and [suicidal thoughts](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/are-you-experiencing-suicidal-thoughts) when they start taking antidepressants. These symptoms generally go away over time as the medicine starts to work. If someone you care about is starting antidepressants, it's a good idea to look out for signs of suicidal thoughts or plans. If you are starting antidepressants yourself, think about what you can do to keep yourself safe [if you start thinking about suicide](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/are-you-experiencing-suicidal-thoughts). Learn about [suicide warning signs](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/warning-signs-of-suicide) and what to do. ### Serotonin toxicity A rare side effect of some antidepressants is serotonin toxicity (also known as serotonin syndrome). This can happen when the levels of serotonin in your body are too high. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include: - [tremor](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/essential-tremor) - poor coordination - [confusion](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/confusion) or [restlessness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/feeling-restless) - shivering, sweating or [fever](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fever) - [diarrhoea](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/diarrhoea) **If you suspect that you, or someone else, is experiencing serotonin toxicity, seek urgent medical advice or visit the emergency department of your local hospital.** Serotonin toxicity is more common if you are taking more than one antidepressant or are taking other medicines, including [opioid medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/opioid-medicines), migraine medicines or recreational drugs. You can reduce your chance of developing serotonin syndrome by taking your medicines exactly as prescribed by your doctor and avoiding [recreational drugs](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/drugs-and-alcohol). ### Antidepressants during pregnancy or breastfeeding If you take antidepressants and are pregnant, [planning a pregnancy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/planning-for-your-pregnancy) or breastfeeding, it's a good idea to talk to your doctor. Some medicines are not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Your doctor will be able to help you stop the antidepressant in a safe way, or help you switch to a type of antidepressant that is safe to take while pregnant or breastfeeding. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding and would like to find out more about your medicines call [Medicines Line](https://www.health.gov.au/contacts/medicines-line) on 1300 633 424. You can also contact a local [pregnancy drug information centre](https://amhonline.amh.net.au/appendices/appendix-drug-information#appendix-drug-information-03) to find out more. [**FIND A HEALTH SERVICE** — The **Service Finder** can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/australian-health-services) ## How do I know which antidepressant is right for me? Your doctor will consider different factors when deciding which antidepressant to prescribe, including: - your age - your sex - your main symptoms - potential [side effects](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicine-and-side-effects) - potential interactions with any other medicines you are taking - if you are [pregnant](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines-during-pregnancy) or [breastfeeding](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines-and-breastfeeding) - your preferences and lifestyle You may find that one type of antidepressant is more effective than others at relieving your symptoms. It can take some time to identify which antidepressant is right for you. It's important to talk to your doctor on a regular basis, especially when you first start taking an antidepressant. If the medicine is causing side effects, or isn't working, your doctor can advise whether another type of antidepressant might be better. ## How do I take antidepressants? Most antidepressants are taken daily. Your doctor or pharmacist may recommend that you take your medicine at a certain time of day to lower the chance of side effects. For example, you might prefer to take a medicine that can make you drowsy at night before bed. How long you will need to take antidepressants for depends on your situation and response to treatment. Some people take antidepressants for 6 to 12 months before stopping and their symptoms do not come back. Other people need to take antidepressants for longer, sometimes for life. ### Stopping antidepressants Stopping antidepressants suddenly is likely to cause withdrawal symptoms, including: - [nausea](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nausea) or [vomiting](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/vomiting) - [dizziness](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dizziness) - [confusion](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/confusion) - [anxiety](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anxiety) or agitation - [sweating](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/excessive-sweating-hyperhidrosis) - sleeping difficulties The specific withdrawal effects depend on the class of medicine you have been taking, your dosage, and how long you have been taking them for. If you want or need to stop your antidepressant medicine, make sure to ask your doctor how to taper (gradually reduce) your medicine safely. Gradually reducing the dose of medicine you take can lower the chance of you experiencing withdrawal symptoms. If you experience withdrawal effects despite tapering your medicine, speak to your doctor. They may recommend a slower rate of tapering of your dose. For more information on stopping antidepressants, check out The University of Queensland’s [Release toolkit](https://www.releasetoolkit.com.au/). In some cases, you may wish to switch to a different type of antidepressant medicine. If your doctor recommends that you switch to a different antidepressant, ask them for specific instructions about when to taper and stop your current medicine, and when to start the new one. ## When should I see my doctor? If you are experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, see your doctor. They can help you identify the best strategy to relieve your symptoms. You should also speak to your doctor if you: - experience side effects that trouble you - continue to experience symptoms, despite treatment - [become pregnant](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines-during-pregnancy), are [planning to become pregnant](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/planning-for-your-pregnancy) or start [breastfeeding](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/breastfeeding-your-baby) [**ASK YOUR DOCTOR** — Preparing for an appointment? Use the **Question Builder** for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/question-builder) ## Are there any alternatives to treat depression and anxiety? There are many ways to help your symptoms of depression and anxiety, including: - [psychological therapies](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychotherapy) - lifestyle changes - medicines - medical procedures such as [electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/electroconvulsive-therapy-ect) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Some people feel better with [psychological therapy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychotherapy) alone. Others find it best to use a combination of antidepressant medicines and psychological therapy. There are many different psychological therapies. The most common is [cognitive behavioural therapy](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cognitive-behaviour-therapy-cbt). This therapy aims to identify and change your negative thoughts and how you react to them. Other types of therapy aim to get you to accept your thoughts and environment. Lifestyle changes can also help: - [Exercise](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/exercise-and-mental-health) can help improve your mood and [self-esteem](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/self-esteem) as well as reduce the chance of weight gain (a common side effect of antidepressants). - [Stop smoking](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/quit-smoking-vaping), because it can interfere with some antidepressant medicines. - Reduce or avoid [alcohol](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/tips-for-safe-drinking), because having alcohol can make depression worse. - Ensure you get enough [sleep](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sleep) — sleep deprivation can make your mood symptoms worse. - Eat a [healthy and balanced diet](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/healthy-eating). - [Relaxation](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief) and [meditation](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/meditation) can help improve [symptoms of depression](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/depression). Some people find that certain [herbal medicines](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/complementary-therapy) help relieve mild symptoms of depression and anxiety. Other people take herbal medicines to help with sleep. If you choose to take herbal medicines or remedies, make sure to let your doctor know, as they might interact with medicines your doctor prescribes. ## Resources and support Asking about your treatment or medicine is important to help you understand your options. Read healthdirect's guide to important [questions to ask your pharmacist or doctor before taking a medicine](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/questions-to-ask-before-taking-a-medicine). You can read more about your antidepressant medicine by reading the [Consumer Medicines Information (CMI)](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-to-read-cmis). Call 1300 MEDICINE (1300 633 424) to speak with a pharmacist who can answer your questions about medicines. Here are some resources about antidepressants for people with depression and their families: - Call [Beyond Blue](https://www.beyondblue.org.au/) on 1300 22 4636 or visit its website for information and support for people with depression and anxiety and their families. - Access [SANE’s](https://www.sane.org/get-support/sane-support-services) range of free mental health supports. - The [Black Dog Institute](https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/) researches mental health in Australia across the lifespan, and has resources about mental health conditions or the wider community. ### Languages other than English [Embrace Multicultural Mental Health](https://embracementalhealth.org.au/) offers mental health resources and personal stories translated in more than 30 languages. You can find translated information about medicines on [the NPS MedicineWise website](https://www.nps.org.au/translated-info). ### Information for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples Visit a National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation ([NACCHO](https://www.naccho.org.au/)) for culturally safe support — [find one near you](https://www.naccho.org.au/locations/). - [13YARN](https://www.13yarn.org.au/) — to talk with Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Crisis Support. Call [13 92 76](tel:139276). - NPS MedicineWise — [About Depression Medicines](https://www.nps.org.au/assets/387adf9a1185b6ea-230816863e5b-What-you-need-to-know-about-antidepressants.pdf); Information for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.