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[](https://www.glynholton.com/) - [Defining Risk](https://www.glynholton.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/risk.pdf) - [Value-at-Risk](https://value-at-risk.net/) - [Read The Book Online – 2nd ed.](https://www.value-at-risk.net/) - [Read The Book Online – 1st ed.](https://first-edition.value-at-risk.net/) - [Exercise Solutions – 2nd ed.](https://www.glynholton.com/exercise-solutions-second-edition/) - [Exercise Solutions – 1st ed.](https://www.glynholton.com/exercise-solutions-first-edition/) - [Exercise Solutions – code](https://www.glynholton.com/exercise-solutions-github/) - [Other Publications](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GUDoK0kAAAAJ&hl=en) - [Blog](https://www.glynholton.com/category/blog/) - [Popular](https://www.glynholton.com/category/blog/popular/) - [Recent](https://www.glynholton.com/category/blog/) Select Page # Brownian Motion (Wiener Process) by [Glyn Holton](https://www.glynholton.com/author/glynholton/ "Posts by Glyn Holton") \| Jun 4, 2013 **Brownian motion** is a simple continuous stochastic process that is widely used in physics and finance for modeling random behavior that evolves over time. Examples of such behavior are the random movements of a molecule of gas or fluctuations in an asset’s price. Brownian motion gets its name from the botanist Robert Brown ([1828](https://www.glynholton.com/notes/brownian_motion/#references)) who observed in 1827 how particles of pollen suspended in water moved erratically on a microscopic scale. The motion was caused by water molecules randomly buffeting the particle of pollen. Brown posed the problem of mathematically describing the observed movement, but he did not solve the problem himself. Intuitively, we may think of Brownian motion as a limiting case of some random walk as its time increment goes to zero. This is illustrated in Exhibit 1.  **Exhibit 1:** Intuitively, we may think of a Brownian motion as a limiting case of some random walk as its time increment goes to zero. The upper graph depicts a realization of a random walk. The lower graph depicts a similar realization of a Brownian motion. Let’s formalize this. A univariate Brownian motion is defined as a stochastic process ***B*** satisfying 1. The process is defined for times *t* ≥ 0, with 0*B* = 0. 2. Realizations are continuous functions of time *t*. 3. Random variables *tB* – *sB* are normally distributed with mean 0 and variance *t* – *s*, for *t* \> *s*. 4. Random variables *tB* – *sB* and *vB* – *uB* are independent whenever *v* \> *u* ≥ *t* \> *s* ≥ 0. Brownian motion is a martingale. It has a number of other interesting properties. One is that realizations, while continuous, are differentiable nowhere with probability 1. Realizations are fractals. No matter how much you magnify a portion of graph of a realization, the result still looks like a realization of a Brownian motion. Brownian motion can easily be generalized to multiple dimensions. An *n*\-dimensional Brownian motion is simply an *n*\-dimensional vector of *n* independent Brownian motions. The first discoverer of the stochastic process that we today call Brownian motion was **Louis Bachelier**. Anticipating by 70 years developments in options pricing theory, Bachelier mathematically defined Brownian motion and proposed it as a model for asset price movements. He published these ideas in his ([1900](https://www.glynholton.com/notes/brownian_motion/#references)) doctoral thesis on speculation in the French bond market. That work attracted little attention. Five years later, Albert Einstein ([1905](https://www.glynholton.com/notes/brownian_motion/#references)) independently discovered the same stochastic process and applied it in thermodynamics. The work of Bachelier and Einstein was not entirely rigorous. Neither man proved that a stochastic process even existed satisfying the four properties that define Brownian motion. **Norbert Wiener** ([1923](https://www.glynholton.com/notes/brownian_motion/#references)) ultimately proved the existence of Brownian motion and developed related mathematical theories, so Brownian motion is often called a **Wiener process**. ## References - Bachelier, Louis (1900). *Théorie de la Spéculation*, Annales Scientifique de l’École Normale Supérieure, 3e série, tome 17, 21-86. - Brown, Robert (1828). A Brief account of microscopical observations made in the months of June, July and August 1827 on the particles contained in the pollen of plants, *privately circulated*. - Einstein, Albert (1905). Uber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen, *Annalen der Physik und Chemie*, 17 (4), 549-560 - Wiener, Norbert (1923), Differential space, *Journal of Mathematical Physics* 2, 131-174 *Copyright © Glyn Holton, 2026* [contact](https://www.glynholton.com/contact/)

**Brownian motion** is a simple continuous stochastic process that is widely used in physics and finance for modeling random behavior that evolves over time. Examples of such behavior are the random movements of a molecule of gas or fluctuations in an asset’s price. Brownian motion gets its name from the botanist Robert Brown ([1828](https://www.glynholton.com/notes/brownian_motion/#references)) who observed in 1827 how particles of pollen suspended in water moved erratically on a microscopic scale. The motion was caused by water molecules randomly buffeting the particle of pollen. Brown posed the problem of mathematically describing the observed movement, but he did not solve the problem himself. Intuitively, we may think of Brownian motion as a limiting case of some random walk as its time increment goes to zero. This is illustrated in Exhibit 1.  **Exhibit 1:** Intuitively, we may think of a Brownian motion as a limiting case of some random walk as its time increment goes to zero. The upper graph depicts a realization of a random walk. The lower graph depicts a similar realization of a Brownian motion. Let’s formalize this. A univariate Brownian motion is defined as a stochastic process ***B*** satisfying 1. The process is defined for times *t* ≥ 0, with 0*B* = 0. 2. Realizations are continuous functions of time *t*. 3. Random variables *tB* – *sB* are normally distributed with mean 0 and variance *t* – *s*, for *t* \> *s*. 4. Random variables *tB* – *sB* and *vB* – *uB* are independent whenever *v* \> *u* ≥ *t* \> *s* ≥ 0. Brownian motion is a martingale. It has a number of other interesting properties. One is that realizations, while continuous, are differentiable nowhere with probability 1. Realizations are fractals. No matter how much you magnify a portion of graph of a realization, the result still looks like a realization of a Brownian motion. Brownian motion can easily be generalized to multiple dimensions. An *n*\-dimensional Brownian motion is simply an *n*\-dimensional vector of *n* independent Brownian motions. The first discoverer of the stochastic process that we today call Brownian motion was **Louis Bachelier**. Anticipating by 70 years developments in options pricing theory, Bachelier mathematically defined Brownian motion and proposed it as a model for asset price movements. He published these ideas in his ([1900](https://www.glynholton.com/notes/brownian_motion/#references)) doctoral thesis on speculation in the French bond market. That work attracted little attention. Five years later, Albert Einstein ([1905](https://www.glynholton.com/notes/brownian_motion/#references)) independently discovered the same stochastic process and applied it in thermodynamics. The work of Bachelier and Einstein was not entirely rigorous. Neither man proved that a stochastic process even existed satisfying the four properties that define Brownian motion. **Norbert Wiener** ([1923](https://www.glynholton.com/notes/brownian_motion/#references)) ultimately proved the existence of Brownian motion and developed related mathematical theories, so Brownian motion is often called a **Wiener process**. ## References - Bachelier, Louis (1900). *Théorie de la Spéculation*, Annales Scientifique de l’École Normale Supérieure, 3e série, tome 17, 21-86. - Brown, Robert (1828). A Brief account of microscopical observations made in the months of June, July and August 1827 on the particles contained in the pollen of plants, *privately circulated*. - Einstein, Albert (1905). Uber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen, *Annalen der Physik und Chemie*, 17 (4), 549-560 - Wiener, Norbert (1923), Differential space, *Journal of Mathematical Physics* 2, 131-174