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Calculated Shard: 103 (from laksa019)

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curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa103.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/brownian-movement/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/brownian-movement/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/brownian-movement\/","crawl_time":1774851356,"first_indexed_time":1751225854,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,geeksforgeeks!www,\/chemistry\/brownian-movement\/ s443","src_root_hash":"12046344915360636903","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Brownian Movement - GeeksforGeeks","meta_descriptions":["Your All-in-One Learning Portal: GeeksforGeeks is a comprehensive educational platform that empowers learners across domains-spanning computer science and programming, school education, upskilling, commerce, software tools, competitive exams, and more.","Your All-in-One Learning Portal. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice\/competitive programming\/company interview Questions."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Last Updated :\n23 Jul, 2025\nThe random or zig-zag motion of a particle in a colloidal solution or in a fluid is called Brownian motion or Brownian movement. This motion was first discovered by a botanist Robert Brown in 1827 while observing the movement of pollen grains in the water with a microscope, hence, the name Brownian motion or Brownian movement. The physics behind the Brownian movement and its theoretical model was first published by Albert Einstein in 1905.\nLet's learn about Brownian Movement its properties, and others in detail in this article.\nWhat is Brownian Movement?\nBrownian Motion occurs in a\ncolloidal solution\nor in a fluid when the particle of the colloidal solution collide with each other randomly. Brownian movement is observed in liquids as well as in gases. For example, when sunlight enters a room, we may sometimes observe microscopic dust particles suspended in the air moving quickly and randomly. This is an example where Brownian motion in gases (as air is a gas) is demonstrated. \nSince they are constantly impacted by fast-moving air particles, the small dust particles move around. Though we cannot see the incredibly small particles or molecules of air, we can witness the effect created by their continuous and quick motions. The quick and random movement of small dust particles hanging in the air demonstrates that air is made up of particles that are continuously moving. Brownian motion is the zig-zag random movement of tiny particles floating in a liquid or gas. Brownian motion leads to two conclusions regarding the nature of matter,\nThe matter is made up of small particles \nParticles are in a state of continuous motion.\nBrownian motion is the uncontrolled or irregular movement of particles in a fluid caused by collisions with other fast-moving molecules. Random particle movement is usually reported to be stronger in smaller particles, less viscous liquids, and at higher temperatures.\nThe following image shows the Brownian movement of the particle inside a gas chamber,\n \nBrownian Movement in Colloids\nBrownian motion is best described in colloidal solutions. This motion is observed in colloidal solutions because the particles collide with unequal forces because the particle size is not uniform in the colloidal solution. The particles in the colloidal solution do not coagulate and settle at the bottom of the container because of the Brownian Movement.\nCause of Brownian Motion\nThe different causes of the Brownian Motion can be summarized as follows,\nThe velocity of the particles is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of the particles, therefore the smaller size particles move faster as compared to the larger size particles and vice versa. Therefore, after the Brownian motion smaller particles quickly acquire a higher velocity.\nViscosity of fluids (a resistive force) is inversely proportional to the speed in Brownian Motion, i.e., a higher viscosity restricts the motion of the particle, whereas a lower viscosity results in a higher velocity. Therefore, Brownian motion is more dominant in the lower-viscosity fluids.\nVelocity of the particles is directly proportional to the temperature of the fluid and therefore higher the temperature higher will be the Brownian motion and vice versa.\nEffects of Brownian Motion\nVarious effects of the Brownian Motion are,\nParticles of fluid (liquid or gas) are in constant motion because of the Brownian movement.\nBrownian motion is responsible for distinguishing a true sol from a colloidal sol.\nBrownian motion prevents the coagulation of some solutions.\nBrownian Motion Examples\nThe random or zig-zag motion of the particles in a fluid (liquid or gas) is Brownian motion. The following daily-life examples show the presence of Brownian motion in natural phenomena,\nMovement of Dust Particles in Room\nThe dust particles being tiny in size are not visible to the naked human eye, however, the movement of dust particles is visible to the human eye due to the\nTyndall effect\n(scattering of the light). \nDiffusion of Particles in the Air\nAir pollutants, dust particles, gas molecules, and dust motes are mixed up in the air and exhibit the Brownian motion. There are several types of pollutant gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur, etc.) in the air that mix up with the air and deteriorates its quality due to Brownian motion.\nThe particles in the air get diffused and follow the Brownian Motion.\n \nMovement of Electrons in Conductors\nConduction of electricity\nis only possible with the movement of electrons inside a\nconductor,\nhowever, due to the presence of a large number of free electrons in the conductor, their motion is followed by the Brownian motion when there is no electric field applied.\nRead, More\nStoke’s Law\nHooke’s Law\nGauss’s Law","attrs_markdown":"[![geeksforgeeks](https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/gfg-gg-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/)\n\n![search icon](https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/auth-dashboard-uploads\/Property=Light---Default.svg)\n\n- Sign In\n- [Courses]()\n- [Tutorials]()\n- [Interview Prep]()\n\n- [Thermodynamics](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/thermodynamics\/)\n- [Analytical Chemistry](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/analytical-chemistry\/)\n- [Atomic Structure](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/atomic-structure\/)\n- [Classification of Organic Compounds](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/classification-of-organic-compounds\/)\n- [Periodic Table of Elements](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/periodic-table-of-elements\/)\n- [Nuclear Force](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/nuclear-force\/)\n- [Importance of Chemistry](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/importance-of-chemistry-in-everyday-life\/)\n- [Chemistry Notes Class 8](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/cbse-class-8-chemistry-notes\/)\n- [Chemistry Notes Class 9](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/cbse-class-9-chemistry-notes\/)\n- [Chemistry Notes Class 10](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/cbse-class-10-chemistry-notes\/)\n\n# Brownian Movement\nLast Updated : 23 Jul, 2025\n\nThe random or zig-zag motion of a particle in a colloidal solution or in a fluid is called Brownian motion or Brownian movement. This motion was first discovered by a botanist Robert Brown in 1827 while observing the movement of pollen grains in the water with a microscope, hence, the name Brownian motion or Brownian movement. The physics behind the Brownian movement and its theoretical model was first published by Albert Einstein in 1905.\n\nLet's learn about Brownian Movement its properties, and others in detail in this article.\n\n## **What is Brownian Movement?**\nBrownian Motion occurs in a [colloidal solution](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/what-are-colloids\/) or in a fluid when the particle of the colloidal solution collide with each other randomly. Brownian movement is observed in liquids as well as in gases. For example, when sunlight enters a room, we may sometimes observe microscopic dust particles suspended in the air moving quickly and randomly. This is an example where Brownian motion in gases (as air is a gas) is demonstrated.\n\nSince they are constantly impacted by fast-moving air particles, the small dust particles move around. Though we cannot see the incredibly small particles or molecules of air, we can witness the effect created by their continuous and quick motions. The quick and random movement of small dust particles hanging in the air demonstrates that air is made up of particles that are continuously moving. Brownian motion is the zig-zag random movement of tiny particles floating in a liquid or gas. Brownian motion leads to two conclusions regarding the nature of matter,\n\n- The matter is made up of small particles\n- Particles are in a state of continuous motion.\n\nBrownian motion is the uncontrolled or irregular movement of particles in a fluid caused by collisions with other fast-moving molecules. Random particle movement is usually reported to be stronger in smaller particles, less viscous liquids, and at higher temperatures.\n\nThe following image shows the Brownian movement of the particle inside a gas chamber,\n\n![Brownian Movement of particles in a gas chamber.](https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/20230214000949\/Brownian-Movement.png)\n\n## Brownian Movement in Colloids\nBrownian motion is best described in colloidal solutions. This motion is observed in colloidal solutions because the particles collide with unequal forces because the particle size is not uniform in the colloidal solution. The particles in the colloidal solution do not coagulate and settle at the bottom of the container because of the Brownian Movement.\n\n## Cause of Brownian Motion\nThe different causes of the Brownian Motion can be summarized as follows,\n\n- The velocity of the particles is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of the particles, therefore the smaller size particles move faster as compared to the larger size particles and vice versa. Therefore, after the Brownian motion smaller particles quickly acquire a higher velocity.\n- Viscosity of fluids (a resistive force) is inversely proportional to the speed in Brownian Motion, i.e., a higher viscosity restricts the motion of the particle, whereas a lower viscosity results in a higher velocity. Therefore, Brownian motion is more dominant in the lower-viscosity fluids.\n- Velocity of the particles is directly proportional to the temperature of the fluid and therefore higher the temperature higher will be the Brownian motion and vice versa.\n## Effects of Brownian Motion\nVarious effects of the Brownian Motion are,\n\n- Particles of fluid (liquid or gas) are in constant motion because of the Brownian movement.\n- Brownian motion is responsible for distinguishing a true sol from a colloidal sol.\n- Brownian motion prevents the coagulation of some solutions.\n## Brownian Motion Examples\nThe random or zig-zag motion of the particles in a fluid (liquid or gas) is Brownian motion. The following daily-life examples show the presence of Brownian motion in natural phenomena,\n\n### Movement of Dust Particles in Room\nThe dust particles being tiny in size are not visible to the naked human eye, however, the movement of dust particles is visible to the human eye due to the [Tyndall effect](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/tyndall-effect\/) (scattering of the light).\n\n### Diffusion of Particles in the Air\nAir pollutants, dust particles, gas molecules, and dust motes are mixed up in the air and exhibit the Brownian motion. There are several types of pollutant gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur, etc.) in the air that mix up with the air and deteriorates its quality due to Brownian motion.\n\nThe particles in the air get diffused and follow the Brownian Motion.\n\n![Diffusion of Particles in the Air](https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/20230405101812\/Tyndall-Effect-4.jpg)\n\n### Movement of Electrons in Conductors\n[Conduction of electricity](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/electric-current-in-conductors\/) is only possible with the movement of electrons inside a [conductor,](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/conductors-and-insulators\/) however, due to the presence of a large number of free electrons in the conductor, their motion is followed by the Brownian motion when there is no electric field applied.\n\n**Read, More**\n\n> - [Stoke’s Law](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/stokes-law\/)\n> - [Hooke’s Law](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/hookes-law\/)\n> - [Gauss’s Law](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/gauss-law\/)\n\nComment\n\n[V](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/user\/vimaldeep\/)\n\n[vimaldeep](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/user\/vimaldeep\/)\n\n0\n\nArticle Tags:\n\nArticle Tags:\n\n[School Learning](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/category\/school-learning\/)\n\n[Class 9](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/category\/school-learning\/class-9\/)\n\n[Chemistry](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/category\/school-learning\/chemistry\/)\n\n[Chemistry-Class-9](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/tag\/chemistry-class-9\/)\n### Explore\n\n[![GeeksforGeeks](https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/auth-dashboard-uploads\/gfgFooterLogo.png)](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/)\n\n![location](https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/img-practice\/Location-1685004904.svg)\n\nCorporate & Communications Address:\n\nA-143, 7th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, Sector- 136, Noida, Uttar 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Sanchhaya Education Private Limited](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/), [All rights reserved](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/copyright-information\/)\n\n![]()","attrs_readable_markdown":"Last Updated : 23 Jul, 2025\n\nThe random or zig-zag motion of a particle in a colloidal solution or in a fluid is called Brownian motion or Brownian movement. This motion was first discovered by a botanist Robert Brown in 1827 while observing the movement of pollen grains in the water with a microscope, hence, the name Brownian motion or Brownian movement. The physics behind the Brownian movement and its theoretical model was first published by Albert Einstein in 1905.\n\nLet's learn about Brownian Movement its properties, and others in detail in this article.\n\n## **What is Brownian Movement?**\nBrownian Motion occurs in a [colloidal solution](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/what-are-colloids\/) or in a fluid when the particle of the colloidal solution collide with each other randomly. Brownian movement is observed in liquids as well as in gases. For example, when sunlight enters a room, we may sometimes observe microscopic dust particles suspended in the air moving quickly and randomly. This is an example where Brownian motion in gases (as air is a gas) is demonstrated.\n\nSince they are constantly impacted by fast-moving air particles, the small dust particles move around. Though we cannot see the incredibly small particles or molecules of air, we can witness the effect created by their continuous and quick motions. The quick and random movement of small dust particles hanging in the air demonstrates that air is made up of particles that are continuously moving. Brownian motion is the zig-zag random movement of tiny particles floating in a liquid or gas. Brownian motion leads to two conclusions regarding the nature of matter,\n\n- The matter is made up of small particles\n- Particles are in a state of continuous motion.\n\nBrownian motion is the uncontrolled or irregular movement of particles in a fluid caused by collisions with other fast-moving molecules. Random particle movement is usually reported to be stronger in smaller particles, less viscous liquids, and at higher temperatures.\n\nThe following image shows the Brownian movement of the particle inside a gas chamber,\n\n![Brownian Movement of particles in a gas chamber.](https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/20230214000949\/Brownian-Movement.png)\n\n## Brownian Movement in Colloids\nBrownian motion is best described in colloidal solutions. This motion is observed in colloidal solutions because the particles collide with unequal forces because the particle size is not uniform in the colloidal solution. The particles in the colloidal solution do not coagulate and settle at the bottom of the container because of the Brownian Movement.\n\n## Cause of Brownian Motion\nThe different causes of the Brownian Motion can be summarized as follows,\n\n- The velocity of the particles is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of the particles, therefore the smaller size particles move faster as compared to the larger size particles and vice versa. Therefore, after the Brownian motion smaller particles quickly acquire a higher velocity.\n- Viscosity of fluids (a resistive force) is inversely proportional to the speed in Brownian Motion, i.e., a higher viscosity restricts the motion of the particle, whereas a lower viscosity results in a higher velocity. Therefore, Brownian motion is more dominant in the lower-viscosity fluids.\n- Velocity of the particles is directly proportional to the temperature of the fluid and therefore higher the temperature higher will be the Brownian motion and vice versa.\n## Effects of Brownian Motion\nVarious effects of the Brownian Motion are,\n\n- Particles of fluid (liquid or gas) are in constant motion because of the Brownian movement.\n- Brownian motion is responsible for distinguishing a true sol from a colloidal sol.\n- Brownian motion prevents the coagulation of some solutions.\n## Brownian Motion Examples\nThe random or zig-zag motion of the particles in a fluid (liquid or gas) is Brownian motion. The following daily-life examples show the presence of Brownian motion in natural phenomena,\n\n### Movement of Dust Particles in Room\nThe dust particles being tiny in size are not visible to the naked human eye, however, the movement of dust particles is visible to the human eye due to the [Tyndall effect](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/chemistry\/tyndall-effect\/) (scattering of the light).\n\n### Diffusion of Particles in the Air\nAir pollutants, dust particles, gas molecules, and dust motes are mixed up in the air and exhibit the Brownian motion. There are several types of pollutant gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur, etc.) in the air that mix up with the air and deteriorates its quality due to Brownian motion.\n\nThe particles in the air get diffused and follow the Brownian Motion.\n\n![Diffusion of Particles in the Air](https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/20230405101812\/Tyndall-Effect-4.jpg)\n\n### Movement of Electrons in Conductors\n[Conduction of electricity](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/electric-current-in-conductors\/) is only possible with the movement of electrons inside a [conductor,](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/conductors-and-insulators\/) however, due to the presence of a large number of free electrons in the conductor, their motion is followed by the Brownian motion when there is no electric field applied.\n\n**Read, More**\n\n> - [Stoke’s Law](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/stokes-law\/)\n> - [Hooke’s Law](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/hookes-law\/)\n> - [Gauss’s Law](https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/physics\/gauss-law\/)","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Last Updated : 23 Jul, 2025 The random or zig-zag motion of a particle in a colloidal solution or in a fluid is called Brownian motion or Brownian movement. This motion was first discovered by a botanist Robert Brown in 1827 while observing the movement of pollen grains in the water with a microscope, hence, the name Brownian motion or Brownian movement. The physics behind the Brownian movement and its theoretical model was first published by Albert Einstein in 1905. Let's learn about Brownian Movement its properties, and others in detail in this article. What is Brownian Movement? Brownian Motion occurs in a colloidal solution or in a fluid when the particle of the colloidal solution collide with each other randomly. Brownian movement is observed in liquids as well as in gases. For example, when sunlight enters a room, we may sometimes observe microscopic dust particles suspended in the air moving quickly and randomly. This is an example where Brownian motion in gases (as air is a gas) is demonstrated. Since they are constantly impacted by fast-moving air particles, the small dust particles move around. Though we cannot see the incredibly small particles or molecules of air, we can witness the effect created by their continuous and quick motions. The quick and random movement of small dust particles hanging in the air demonstrates that air is made up of particles that are continuously moving. Brownian motion is the zig-zag random movement of tiny particles floating in a liquid or gas. Brownian motion leads to two conclusions regarding the nature of matter, The matter is made up of small particles Particles are in a state of continuous motion. Brownian motion is the uncontrolled or irregular movement of particles in a fluid caused by collisions with other fast-moving molecules. Random particle movement is usually reported to be stronger in smaller particles, less viscous liquids, and at higher temperatures. The following image shows the Brownian movement of the particle inside a gas chamber, Brownian Movement in Colloids Brownian motion is best described in colloidal solutions. This motion is observed in colloidal solutions because the particles collide with unequal forces because the particle size is not uniform in the colloidal solution. The particles in the colloidal solution do not coagulate and settle at the bottom of the container because of the Brownian Movement. Cause of Brownian Motion The different causes of the Brownian Motion can be summarized as follows, The velocity of the particles is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of the particles, therefore the smaller size particles move faster as compared to the larger size particles and vice versa. Therefore, after the Brownian motion smaller particles quickly acquire a higher velocity. Viscosity of fluids (a resistive force) is inversely proportional to the speed in Brownian Motion, i.e., a higher viscosity restricts the motion of the particle, whereas a lower viscosity results in a higher velocity. Therefore, Brownian motion is more dominant in the lower-viscosity fluids. Velocity of the particles is directly proportional to the temperature of the fluid and therefore higher the temperature higher will be the Brownian motion and vice versa. Effects of Brownian Motion Various effects of the Brownian Motion are, Particles of fluid (liquid or gas) are in constant motion because of the Brownian movement. Brownian motion is responsible for distinguishing a true sol from a colloidal sol. Brownian motion prevents the coagulation of some solutions. Brownian Motion Examples The random or zig-zag motion of the particles in a fluid (liquid or gas) is Brownian motion. The following daily-life examples show the presence of Brownian motion in natural phenomena, Movement of Dust Particles in Room The dust particles being tiny in size are not visible to the naked human eye, however, the movement of dust particles is visible to the human eye due to the Tyndall effect (scattering of the light). Diffusion of Particles in the Air Air pollutants, dust particles, gas molecules, and dust motes are mixed up in the air and exhibit the Brownian motion. There are several types of pollutant gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur, etc.) in the air that mix up with the air and deteriorates its quality due to Brownian motion. The particles in the air get diffused and follow the Brownian Motion. Movement of Electrons in Conductors Conduction of electricity is only possible with the movement of electrons inside a conductor, however, due to the presence of a large number of free electrons in the conductor, their motion is followed by the Brownian motion when there is no electric field applied. Read, More Stoke’s Law Hooke’s Law Gauss’s Law
Markdown	[![geeksforgeeks](https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/gfg-gg-logo.svg)](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/) ![search icon](https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/Property=Light---Default.svg) - Sign In - [Courses]() - [Tutorials]() - [Interview Prep]() - [Thermodynamics](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/thermodynamics/) - [Analytical Chemistry](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/) - [Atomic Structure](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/atomic-structure/) - [Classification of Organic Compounds](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/classification-of-organic-compounds/) - [Periodic Table of Elements](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/periodic-table-of-elements/) - [Nuclear Force](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/nuclear-force/) - [Importance of Chemistry](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/importance-of-chemistry-in-everyday-life/) - [Chemistry Notes Class 8](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/cbse-class-8-chemistry-notes/) - [Chemistry Notes Class 9](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/cbse-class-9-chemistry-notes/) - [Chemistry Notes Class 10](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/cbse-class-10-chemistry-notes/) # Brownian Movement Last Updated : 23 Jul, 2025 The random or zig-zag motion of a particle in a colloidal solution or in a fluid is called Brownian motion or Brownian movement. This motion was first discovered by a botanist Robert Brown in 1827 while observing the movement of pollen grains in the water with a microscope, hence, the name Brownian motion or Brownian movement. The physics behind the Brownian movement and its theoretical model was first published by Albert Einstein in 1905. Let's learn about Brownian Movement its properties, and others in detail in this article. ## What is Brownian Movement? Brownian Motion occurs in a [colloidal solution](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/what-are-colloids/) or in a fluid when the particle of the colloidal solution collide with each other randomly. Brownian movement is observed in liquids as well as in gases. For example, when sunlight enters a room, we may sometimes observe microscopic dust particles suspended in the air moving quickly and randomly. This is an example where Brownian motion in gases (as air is a gas) is demonstrated. Since they are constantly impacted by fast-moving air particles, the small dust particles move around. Though we cannot see the incredibly small particles or molecules of air, we can witness the effect created by their continuous and quick motions. The quick and random movement of small dust particles hanging in the air demonstrates that air is made up of particles that are continuously moving. Brownian motion is the zig-zag random movement of tiny particles floating in a liquid or gas. Brownian motion leads to two conclusions regarding the nature of matter, - The matter is made up of small particles - Particles are in a state of continuous motion. Brownian motion is the uncontrolled or irregular movement of particles in a fluid caused by collisions with other fast-moving molecules. Random particle movement is usually reported to be stronger in smaller particles, less viscous liquids, and at higher temperatures. The following image shows the Brownian movement of the particle inside a gas chamber, ![Brownian Movement of particles in a gas chamber.](https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20230214000949/Brownian-Movement.png) ## Brownian Movement in Colloids Brownian motion is best described in colloidal solutions. This motion is observed in colloidal solutions because the particles collide with unequal forces because the particle size is not uniform in the colloidal solution. The particles in the colloidal solution do not coagulate and settle at the bottom of the container because of the Brownian Movement. ## Cause of Brownian Motion The different causes of the Brownian Motion can be summarized as follows, - The velocity of the particles is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of the particles, therefore the smaller size particles move faster as compared to the larger size particles and vice versa. Therefore, after the Brownian motion smaller particles quickly acquire a higher velocity. - Viscosity of fluids (a resistive force) is inversely proportional to the speed in Brownian Motion, i.e., a higher viscosity restricts the motion of the particle, whereas a lower viscosity results in a higher velocity. Therefore, Brownian motion is more dominant in the lower-viscosity fluids. - Velocity of the particles is directly proportional to the temperature of the fluid and therefore higher the temperature higher will be the Brownian motion and vice versa. ## Effects of Brownian Motion Various effects of the Brownian Motion are, - Particles of fluid (liquid or gas) are in constant motion because of the Brownian movement. - Brownian motion is responsible for distinguishing a true sol from a colloidal sol. - Brownian motion prevents the coagulation of some solutions. ## Brownian Motion Examples The random or zig-zag motion of the particles in a fluid (liquid or gas) is Brownian motion. The following daily-life examples show the presence of Brownian motion in natural phenomena, ### Movement of Dust Particles in Room The dust particles being tiny in size are not visible to the naked human eye, however, the movement of dust particles is visible to the human eye due to the [Tyndall effect](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/tyndall-effect/) (scattering of the light). ### Diffusion of Particles in the Air Air pollutants, dust particles, gas molecules, and dust motes are mixed up in the air and exhibit the Brownian motion. There are several types of pollutant gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur, etc.) in the air that mix up with the air and deteriorates its quality due to Brownian motion. The particles in the air get diffused and follow the Brownian Motion. ![Diffusion of Particles in the Air](https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20230405101812/Tyndall-Effect-4.jpg) ### Movement of Electrons in Conductors [Conduction of electricity](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/electric-current-in-conductors/) is only possible with the movement of electrons inside a [conductor,](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/conductors-and-insulators/) however, due to the presence of a large number of free electrons in the conductor, their motion is followed by the Brownian motion when there is no electric field applied. 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Readable Markdown	Last Updated : 23 Jul, 2025 The random or zig-zag motion of a particle in a colloidal solution or in a fluid is called Brownian motion or Brownian movement. This motion was first discovered by a botanist Robert Brown in 1827 while observing the movement of pollen grains in the water with a microscope, hence, the name Brownian motion or Brownian movement. The physics behind the Brownian movement and its theoretical model was first published by Albert Einstein in 1905. Let's learn about Brownian Movement its properties, and others in detail in this article. ## What is Brownian Movement? Brownian Motion occurs in a [colloidal solution](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/what-are-colloids/) or in a fluid when the particle of the colloidal solution collide with each other randomly. Brownian movement is observed in liquids as well as in gases. For example, when sunlight enters a room, we may sometimes observe microscopic dust particles suspended in the air moving quickly and randomly. This is an example where Brownian motion in gases (as air is a gas) is demonstrated. Since they are constantly impacted by fast-moving air particles, the small dust particles move around. Though we cannot see the incredibly small particles or molecules of air, we can witness the effect created by their continuous and quick motions. The quick and random movement of small dust particles hanging in the air demonstrates that air is made up of particles that are continuously moving. Brownian motion is the zig-zag random movement of tiny particles floating in a liquid or gas. Brownian motion leads to two conclusions regarding the nature of matter, - The matter is made up of small particles - Particles are in a state of continuous motion. Brownian motion is the uncontrolled or irregular movement of particles in a fluid caused by collisions with other fast-moving molecules. Random particle movement is usually reported to be stronger in smaller particles, less viscous liquids, and at higher temperatures. The following image shows the Brownian movement of the particle inside a gas chamber, ![Brownian Movement of particles in a gas chamber.](https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20230214000949/Brownian-Movement.png) ## Brownian Movement in Colloids Brownian motion is best described in colloidal solutions. This motion is observed in colloidal solutions because the particles collide with unequal forces because the particle size is not uniform in the colloidal solution. The particles in the colloidal solution do not coagulate and settle at the bottom of the container because of the Brownian Movement. ## Cause of Brownian Motion The different causes of the Brownian Motion can be summarized as follows, - The velocity of the particles is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of the particles, therefore the smaller size particles move faster as compared to the larger size particles and vice versa. Therefore, after the Brownian motion smaller particles quickly acquire a higher velocity. - Viscosity of fluids (a resistive force) is inversely proportional to the speed in Brownian Motion, i.e., a higher viscosity restricts the motion of the particle, whereas a lower viscosity results in a higher velocity. Therefore, Brownian motion is more dominant in the lower-viscosity fluids. - Velocity of the particles is directly proportional to the temperature of the fluid and therefore higher the temperature higher will be the Brownian motion and vice versa. ## Effects of Brownian Motion Various effects of the Brownian Motion are, - Particles of fluid (liquid or gas) are in constant motion because of the Brownian movement. - Brownian motion is responsible for distinguishing a true sol from a colloidal sol. - Brownian motion prevents the coagulation of some solutions. ## Brownian Motion Examples The random or zig-zag motion of the particles in a fluid (liquid or gas) is Brownian motion. The following daily-life examples show the presence of Brownian motion in natural phenomena, ### Movement of Dust Particles in Room The dust particles being tiny in size are not visible to the naked human eye, however, the movement of dust particles is visible to the human eye due to the [Tyndall effect](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/tyndall-effect/) (scattering of the light). ### Diffusion of Particles in the Air Air pollutants, dust particles, gas molecules, and dust motes are mixed up in the air and exhibit the Brownian motion. There are several types of pollutant gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur, etc.) in the air that mix up with the air and deteriorates its quality due to Brownian motion. The particles in the air get diffused and follow the Brownian Motion. ![Diffusion of Particles in the Air](https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20230405101812/Tyndall-Effect-4.jpg) ### Movement of Electrons in Conductors [Conduction of electricity](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/electric-current-in-conductors/) is only possible with the movement of electrons inside a [conductor,](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/conductors-and-insulators/) however, due to the presence of a large number of free electrons in the conductor, their motion is followed by the Brownian motion when there is no electric field applied. Read, More > - [Stoke’s Law](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/stokes-law/) > - [Hooke’s Law](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/hookes-law/) > - [Gauss’s Law](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/gauss-law/)
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