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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 198 (from laksa051)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa198.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.gao.gov/coronavirus\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.gao.gov/coronavirus\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus","crawl_time":1775077006,"first_indexed_time":1590303015,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"gov,gao!www,\/coronavirus s443","src_root_hash":"2058109325619243798","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Federal Response to COVID-19 | U.S. GAO","meta_descriptions":["The COVID-19 pandemic caused catastrophic loss of life and damage to the economy. The federal government provided about $4.65 trillion in relief funds..."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"View Topics\nView Agencies\nFor Congress\nPress Center\nCareers\nBlog\nBreadcrumb\nHome\nFederal Response To COVID-19\nIssue Summary\nThe COVID-19 pandemic caused catastrophic loss of life and damage to the economy. The federal government provided about $4.65 trillion in relief funds for response and recovery efforts. Although the federal emergency expired in May 2023, public health and economic challenges persist. The CARES Act includes a provision for GAO to report regularly on pandemic impacts and the federal response. \nOversight of this money has resulted in hundreds of \nrecommendations\n to improve the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and identified a number of lessons from the pandemic.   \nUpdates to key COVID-19 indicators\nas of March 2025\ninclude the following areas: \nPublic health. COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations have decreased overall, but public health impacts continued. For example, about 450 deaths were reported in March 2025.  \nEconomic conditions. The economy has generally recovered from the downturn, but recovery has slowed somewhat. For example, inflation remained elevated compared with pre-pandemic levels. \nRelief spending and fraud. The U.S. spent almost all the available COVID-19 relief funding. The full extent of fraud will never be known with certainty, but estimates indicate hundreds of billions of dollars in fraudulent payments were made. Fraud-related charges were brought against at least 3,205 defendants. Of those, 2,331 defendants were convicted. Extending the statute of limitations for violations in pandemic relief programs would provide more time to investigate fraud. \nGAO’s work on the pandemic has resulted in over 200 products and 484 recommendations to Congress and federal agencies. Over half of these have been closed. This has led to at least $43.9 billion in financial benefits, among other improvements. For example, GAO’s recommendations helped save about $14.8 billion based on program integrity improvements to small business loans. ","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus#main-content)\n\n*[![Home](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/GAO-logo.png) U.S. Government Accountability Office](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/ \"Home\")*\n\nMenu\n\n![close](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/img\/usa-icons-bg\/close--white.svg)\n\n- Reports & Testimonies\n  - [Reports & Testimonies](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/reports-testimonies)\n  - [Recommendations Database](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/reports-testimonies\/recommendations-database)\n  - [Month in Review](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/reports-testimonies\/month-in-review)\n  - [Order Copies](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/reports-testimonies\/ordering)\n  - [Restricted Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/reports-testimonies\/restricted)\n- [View Topics](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/topics)\n- [View Agencies](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/agencies)\n- Bid Protests & Appropriations Law\n  - [Bid Protests & Appropriations Law](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/legal)\n  - [Bid Protests](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/legal\/bid-protests)\n  - [Appropriations Law](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/legal\/appropriations-law)\n  - [Federal Vacancies Reform Act](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/legal\/federal-vacancies-reform-act)\n  - [Congressional Review Act](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/legal\/congressional-review-act)\n  - [Other Legal](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/legal\/other-legal-work)\n- About\n  - [About](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about)\n  - [What GAO Does](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about\/what-gao-does)\n  - [U.S. Comptroller General](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about\/comptroller-general)\n  - [Careers](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about\/careers)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about\/contact-us)\n\n- [For Congress](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/for-congress)\n- [Press Center](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/press-center)\n- [Careers](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about\/careers)\n- [Blog](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/blog)\n\n## Breadcrumb\n1. [Home](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/)\n2. Federal Response To COVID-19\n\n# Federal Response to COVID-19\n[Jump To:](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus#block-gao-uswds-jump-to-content)\n\nJump To\n\n- [Elder Abuse](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Services for Older Adults](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [State and Local-Level Drivers and Trends](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [State and Local Fiscal Projections](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Federal Borrowing](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Managing the Debt](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Summary of Funding Provisions](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Auditing the Government's Books](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Unpacking the Financial Report](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Highlights](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Recommendations](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Background](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [About This Work](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [About This Work](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Topics](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Trends](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [About the Center](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Why It's High Risk](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [What Remains To Be Done](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Key Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Newest COVID-Related Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [AI Use Cases](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Flood Insurance](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Past Pandemic-Related Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [CARES Act Oversight Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [All COVID-19 Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Report Suspected Fraud](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Subjects](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [How to Get Notified](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Past Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Public Health Threats](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Explore the FY 2022 and 2023 Funds](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Status of FY22 Projects](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Lessons Learned](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Agency Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Recent Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Recommendations](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Supplemental Material](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Full Report](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Additional Data](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [View Decision](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Downloads](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Previously Identified Actions](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Related Pages](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Associated Agencies](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Tough Choices and Opportunities Ahead](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Americas Fiscal Future Key Areas](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Retirement Security Key Areas](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Current List](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [About The High Risk List](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Area Ratings](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Previous High Risk Products](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Search Federal Vacancies](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Past Federal Vacancies](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Violation Letters](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [About the Yellow Book](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Related Resources](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Comment Letters](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Related Publications](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Contacts and Resources](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Major Issues Facing the Nation](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Meeting Strategic Challenges](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Additional Resources](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [About the Green Book](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Resources](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Advisory Council](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Mission Teams](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Operations and Staff Offices](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Organization Chart](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Why a Career at GAO?](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Am I Qualified?](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Company Culture](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Reasonable Accommodations](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Video Gallery](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Paid Internships](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Student Volunteers](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Professional Development Program](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Advancement](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Executive Candidate Program](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Summer Associates](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Externships](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Benefits](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Contacts](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Priority Open Recommendation Letters](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Key Resources](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Major Issues](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Downloadable Resources](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [How Could Federal Debt Affect You?](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [GAO Contacts](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Drivers](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Interest](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Sustainability](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [What Needs to Be Done?](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Technology Assessments](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Science & Tech Spotlights](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Related Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Performance Audits](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Blogs](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Multimedia](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Podcasts](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Videos](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Career Highlights](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Tribute Videos & Statements](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Testimonies](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Presentations](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n- [Forums & Roundtables](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus)\n\n## Issue Summary\nThe COVID-19 pandemic caused catastrophic loss of life and damage to the economy. The federal government provided about \\$4.65 trillion in relief funds for response and recovery efforts. Although the federal emergency expired in May 2023, public health and economic challenges persist. The CARES Act includes a provision for GAO to report regularly on pandemic impacts and the federal response.\n\nOversight of this money has resulted in hundreds of [recommendations](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus\/coronavirus-recommendations) to improve the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and identified a number of lessons from the pandemic.\n\nUpdates to key COVID-19 indicators [as of March 2025](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-25-107588) include the following areas:\n\n- Public health. COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations have decreased overall, but public health impacts continued. For example, about 450 deaths were reported in March 2025.\n\n- Economic conditions. The economy has generally recovered from the downturn, but recovery has slowed somewhat. For example, inflation remained elevated compared with pre-pandemic levels.\n\n- Relief spending and fraud. The U.S. spent almost all the available COVID-19 relief funding. The full extent of fraud will never be known with certainty, but estimates indicate hundreds of billions of dollars in fraudulent payments were made. Fraud-related charges were brought against at least 3,205 defendants. Of those, 2,331 defendants were convicted. Extending the statute of limitations for violations in pandemic relief programs would provide more time to investigate fraud.\n\nGAO’s work on the pandemic has resulted in over 200 products and 484 recommendations to Congress and federal agencies. Over half of these have been closed. This has led to at least \\$43.9 billion in financial benefits, among other improvements. For example, GAO’s recommendations helped save about \\$14.8 billion based on program integrity improvements to small business loans.\n\n## Image\n![Examples of Financial and Non-Financial Benefits from GAO Work Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic as of March 2025](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/styles\/default\/public\/2025-07\/GAO-27-107588_hls.png.webp?itok=7E1V24Tv)\n\n## Recent Reports\n[COVID-19: Update on Key Indicators, the Federal Response, and Implementation of GAO Recommendations GAO-25-107588 Published: Jul 31, 2025 Publicly Released: Jul 31, 2025](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-25-107588)\n\n[COVID-19: Lessons Can Help Agencies Better Prepare for Future Emergencies GAO-24-107175 Published: Aug 01, 2024 Publicly Released: Aug 01, 2024](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-24-107175)\n\n[COVID-19: GAO Recommendations Can Help Federal Agencies Better Prepare for Future Public Health Emergencies GAO-23-106554 Published: Jul 11, 2023 Publicly Released: Jul 11, 2023](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-23-106554)\n\n[COVID-19: Current and Future Federal Preparedness Requires Fixes to Improve Health Data and Address Improper Payments GAO-22-105397 Published: Apr 27, 2022 Publicly Released: Apr 27, 2022](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-22-105397)\n\n[COVID-19: Significant Improvements Are Needed for Overseeing Relief Funds and Leading Responses to Public Health Emergencies GAO-22-105291 Published: Jan 27, 2022 Publicly Released: Jan 27, 2022](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-22-105291)\n\n[COVID-19: Additional Actions Needed to Improve Accountability and Program Effectiveness of Federal Response GAO-22-105051 Published: Oct 27, 2021 Publicly Released: Oct 27, 2021](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-22-105051)\n\n[COVID-19: Continued Attention Needed to Enhance Federal Preparedness, Response, Service Delivery, and Program Integrity GAO-21-551 Published: Jul 19, 2021 Publicly Released: Jul 19, 2021](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-21-551)\n\n[COVID-19: Sustained Federal Action Is Crucial as Pandemic Enters Its Second Year GAO-21-387 Published: Mar 31, 2021 Publicly Released: Mar 31, 2021](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-21-387)\n\n[COVID-19: Critical Vaccine Distribution, Supply Chain, Program Integrity, and Other Challenges Require Focused Federal Attention GAO-21-265 Published: Jan 28, 2021 Publicly Released: Jan 28, 2021](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-21-265)\n\n[COVID-19: Urgent Actions Needed to Better Ensure an Effective Federal Response GAO-21-191 Published: Nov 30, 2020 Publicly Released: Nov 30, 2020](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-21-191)\n\n[COVID-19: Federal Efforts Could Be Strengthened by Timely and Concerted Actions GAO-20-701 Published: Sep 21, 2020 Publicly Released: Sep 21, 2020](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-20-701)\n\n[COVID-19: Brief Update on Initial Federal Response to the Pandemic GAO-20-708 Published: Aug 31, 2020 Publicly Released: Aug 31, 2020](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-20-708)\n\n[Covid-19: Opportunities to Improve Federal Response and Recovery Efforts GAO-20-625 Published: Jun 25, 2020 Publicly Released: Jun 25, 2020](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-20-625)\n\nLoad All\n\n## GAO Contacts\n![Jessica Farb](data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201%201'%2F%3E)\n\n[Jessica Farb](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about\/contact-us\/jessica-farb)\n\nManaging Director\n\nHealth Care\n\n[farbj@gao.gov](mailto:farbj@gao.gov)\n\n## Multimedia\n## Video\n##### [Lessons Learned from Efforts to Meet Global Vaccination Goal](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/video\/lessons-learned-efforts-meet-global-vaccination-goal)\nWednesday, September 27, 2023\n\n[Transcript](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/870\/861362.txt)\n\n##### [U.S. Comptroller General Testifies to House on Waste, Fraud and Abuse in Pandemic Recovery Programs](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/video\/us-comptroller-general-testifies-house-waste-fraud-abuse-pandemic-recovery-programs)\nWednesday, February 01, 2023\n\n[Transcript](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/820\/817230.txt)\n\n## Podcasts\n##### COVID-19 Battered the Aviation Industry, Is the US Prepared if it Happens Again?\nMonday, March 18, 2024\n\n[Transcript](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/870\/866606.txt)\n\n##### Public Health Preparedness--Building and Maintaining Infrastructure Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic\nTuesday, November 07, 2023\n\n[Transcript](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/870\/862400.txt)\n\n[![Illustration of the CARES Act legislation](data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201%201'%2F%3E) Blog Post Our Final CARES Act Report About the Federal Response to COVID-19 Thursday, July 31, 2025 During the pandemic, GAO was tasked by Congress to provide regular updates on the pandemic impacts...](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/blog\/our-final-cares-act-report-about-federal-response-covid-19)\n\n[![Photo showing a medical worker injecting a COVID vaccine into a woman's arm with others standing by awaiting vaccinations.](data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201%201'%2F%3E) Blog Post For World Health Day (April 7), We Look At U.S. Efforts to Promote Global Wellness Thursday, April 4, 2024 When it comes to communicable diseases, it turns out, it is a small world after all. Serious...](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/blog\/world-health-day-we-look-u.s.-efforts-promote-global-wellness)\n\n[![Stock image of a stack of credit cards.](data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201%201'%2F%3E) Blog Post American Credit Card Debt Hits a New Record—What’s Changed Post-Pandemic? Tuesday, October 31, 2023 It’s Halloween! And while you may be thinking of goblins and ghosts, nothing can haunt you the way...](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/blog\/american-credit-card-debt-hits-new-record-whats-changed-post-pandemic)\n\n## Receive GAO Updates\nStay informed as we add new reports & testimonies.\n\n[![GAO Logo](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/GAO-logo-footer.png) U.S. Government Accountability Office](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/ \"Home\")\n\n[![Facebook Icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/facebook-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/usgao\/)\n\n[![X icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/x-twitter-brands-solid-white.svg)](https:\/\/x.com\/usgao)\n\n[![LinkedIn icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/linkedin-in-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/us-government)\n\n[![bluesky icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/bluesky-white.svg)](https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/gao.gov)\n\n[![threads icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/threads-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.threads.com\/@usgao)\n\n[![Instagram icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/instagram-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/usgao\/)\n\n[![YouTube icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/youtube-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/usgao)\n\n[![Flicker icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/flickr-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/usgao)\n\n[![Blog icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/WatchBlog.svg)](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/blog)\n\n[![Podcast icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/microphone-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/podcast)\n\n[![RSS icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/rss-white.svg)](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about\/contact-us\/stay-connected)\n\n[![GovDelivery icon](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/themes\/custom\/gao_uswds\/dist\/gao-img\/\/envelope-white.svg)](https:\/\/public.govdelivery.com\/accounts\/USGAO\/subscriber\/new?preferences=true)\n\n## Footer menu\n- Column 1\n  - [Press Center](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/press-center)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about\/contact-us)\n  - [Inspector General](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/ig)\n  - [Restricted Reports](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/reports-testimonies\/restricted)\n- Column 2\n  - [Copyright & Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/copyright)\n  - [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/privacy-policy)\n  - [Accessibility](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/accessibility)\n  - [Sitemap](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/sitemap)\n- Column 3\n  - [FOIA Requests](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/foia-requests)\n  - [Scam Alerts](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/scam-alerts)\n  - [No FEAR Act Data](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/no-fear-act-data)\n  - [Health Care Advisory Committees](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about\/what-gao-does\/hcac)\n\nv4.2.0","attrs_readable_markdown":"- [View Topics](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/topics)\n- [View Agencies](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/agencies)\n\n- [For Congress](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/for-congress)\n- [Press Center](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/press-center)\n- [Careers](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/about\/careers)\n- [Blog](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/blog)\n\n## Breadcrumb\n1. [Home](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/)\n2. Federal Response To COVID-19\n\n## Issue Summary\nThe COVID-19 pandemic caused catastrophic loss of life and damage to the economy. The federal government provided about \\$4.65 trillion in relief funds for response and recovery efforts. Although the federal emergency expired in May 2023, public health and economic challenges persist. The CARES Act includes a provision for GAO to report regularly on pandemic impacts and the federal response.\n\nOversight of this money has resulted in hundreds of [recommendations](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/coronavirus\/coronavirus-recommendations) to improve the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and identified a number of lessons from the pandemic.\n\nUpdates to key COVID-19 indicators [as of March 2025](https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-25-107588) include the following areas:\n\n- Public health. COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations have decreased overall, but public health impacts continued. For example, about 450 deaths were reported in March 2025.\n\n- Economic conditions. The economy has generally recovered from the downturn, but recovery has slowed somewhat. For example, inflation remained elevated compared with pre-pandemic levels.\n\n- Relief spending and fraud. The U.S. spent almost all the available COVID-19 relief funding. The full extent of fraud will never be known with certainty, but estimates indicate hundreds of billions of dollars in fraudulent payments were made. Fraud-related charges were brought against at least 3,205 defendants. Of those, 2,331 defendants were convicted. Extending the statute of limitations for violations in pandemic relief programs would provide more time to investigate fraud.\n\nGAO’s work on the pandemic has resulted in over 200 products and 484 recommendations to Congress and federal agencies. Over half of these have been closed. This has led to at least \\$43.9 billion in financial benefits, among other improvements. For example, GAO’s recommendations helped save about \\$14.8 billion based on program integrity improvements to small business loans.","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	View Topics View Agencies For Congress Press Center Careers Blog Breadcrumb Home Federal Response To COVID-19 Issue Summary The COVID-19 pandemic caused catastrophic loss of life and damage to the economy. The federal government provided about $4.65 trillion in relief funds for response and recovery efforts. Although the federal emergency expired in May 2023, public health and economic challenges persist. The CARES Act includes a provision for GAO to report regularly on pandemic impacts and the federal response. Oversight of this money has resulted in hundreds of  recommendations  to improve the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and identified a number of lessons from the pandemic.  Updates to key COVID-19 indicators as of March 2025 include the following areas: Public health. COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations have decreased overall, but public health impacts continued. For example, about 450 deaths were reported in March 2025. Economic conditions. The economy has generally recovered from the downturn, but recovery has slowed somewhat. For example, inflation remained elevated compared with pre-pandemic levels. Relief spending and fraud. The U.S. spent almost all the available COVID-19 relief funding. The full extent of fraud will never be known with certainty, but estimates indicate hundreds of billions of dollars in fraudulent payments were made. Fraud-related charges were brought against at least 3,205 defendants. Of those, 2,331 defendants were convicted. Extending the statute of limitations for violations in pandemic relief programs would provide more time to investigate fraud. GAO’s work on the pandemic has resulted in over 200 products and 484 recommendations to Congress and federal agencies. Over half of these have been closed. This has led to at least $43.9 billion in financial benefits, among other improvements. For example, GAO’s recommendations helped save about $14.8 billion based on program integrity improvements to small business loans.
Markdown	[Skip to main content](https://www.gao.gov/coronavirus#main-content) [![Home](https://www.gao.gov/themes/custom/gao_uswds/dist/gao-img/GAO-logo.png) U.S. Government Accountability Office](https://www.gao.gov/ "Home") Menu ![close](https://www.gao.gov/themes/custom/gao_uswds/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/close--white.svg) - Reports & Testimonies - [Reports & Testimonies](https://www.gao.gov/reports-testimonies) - [Recommendations Database](https://www.gao.gov/reports-testimonies/recommendations-database) - [Month in Review](https://www.gao.gov/reports-testimonies/month-in-review) - [Order Copies](https://www.gao.gov/reports-testimonies/ordering) - [Restricted Reports](https://www.gao.gov/reports-testimonies/restricted) - [View Topics](https://www.gao.gov/topics) - [View Agencies](https://www.gao.gov/agencies) - Bid Protests & Appropriations Law - [Bid Protests & Appropriations Law](https://www.gao.gov/legal) - [Bid Protests](https://www.gao.gov/legal/bid-protests) - [Appropriations Law](https://www.gao.gov/legal/appropriations-law) - [Federal Vacancies Reform Act](https://www.gao.gov/legal/federal-vacancies-reform-act) - [Congressional Review Act](https://www.gao.gov/legal/congressional-review-act) - [Other Legal](https://www.gao.gov/legal/other-legal-work) - About - [About](https://www.gao.gov/about) - [What GAO Does](https://www.gao.gov/about/what-gao-does) - [U.S. Comptroller General](https://www.gao.gov/about/comptroller-general) - [Careers](https://www.gao.gov/about/careers) - [Contact Us](https://www.gao.gov/about/contact-us) - [For Congress](https://www.gao.gov/for-congress) - [Press Center](https://www.gao.gov/press-center) - [Careers](https://www.gao.gov/about/careers) - [Blog](https://www.gao.gov/blog) ## Breadcrumb 1. 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The federal government provided about \$4.65 trillion in relief funds for response and recovery efforts. Although the federal emergency expired in May 2023, public health and economic challenges persist. The CARES Act includes a provision for GAO to report regularly on pandemic impacts and the federal response. Oversight of this money has resulted in hundreds of [recommendations](https://www.gao.gov/coronavirus/coronavirus-recommendations) to improve the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and identified a number of lessons from the pandemic. Updates to key COVID-19 indicators [as of March 2025](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-25-107588) include the following areas: - Public health. COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations have decreased overall, but public health impacts continued. For example, about 450 deaths were reported in March 2025. - Economic conditions. The economy has generally recovered from the downturn, but recovery has slowed somewhat. For example, inflation remained elevated compared with pre-pandemic levels. - Relief spending and fraud. The U.S. spent almost all the available COVID-19 relief funding. The full extent of fraud will never be known with certainty, but estimates indicate hundreds of billions of dollars in fraudulent payments were made. Fraud-related charges were brought against at least 3,205 defendants. Of those, 2,331 defendants were convicted. Extending the statute of limitations for violations in pandemic relief programs would provide more time to investigate fraud. GAO’s work on the pandemic has resulted in over 200 products and 484 recommendations to Congress and federal agencies. Over half of these have been closed. This has led to at least \$43.9 billion in financial benefits, among other improvements. For example, GAO’s recommendations helped save about \$14.8 billion based on program integrity improvements to small business loans. ## Image ![Examples of Financial and Non-Financial Benefits from GAO Work Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic as of March 2025](https://www.gao.gov/assets/styles/default/public/2025-07/GAO-27-107588_hls.png.webp?itok=7E1V24Tv) ## Recent Reports [COVID-19: Update on Key Indicators, the Federal Response, and Implementation of GAO Recommendations GAO-25-107588 Published: Jul 31, 2025 Publicly Released: Jul 31, 2025](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-25-107588) [COVID-19: Lessons Can Help Agencies Better Prepare for Future Emergencies GAO-24-107175 Published: Aug 01, 2024 Publicly Released: Aug 01, 2024](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-107175) [COVID-19: GAO Recommendations Can Help Federal Agencies Better Prepare for Future Public Health Emergencies GAO-23-106554 Published: Jul 11, 2023 Publicly Released: Jul 11, 2023](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-106554) [COVID-19: Current and Future Federal Preparedness Requires Fixes to Improve Health Data and Address Improper Payments GAO-22-105397 Published: Apr 27, 2022 Publicly Released: Apr 27, 2022](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105397) [COVID-19: Significant Improvements Are Needed for Overseeing Relief Funds and Leading Responses to Public Health Emergencies GAO-22-105291 Published: Jan 27, 2022 Publicly Released: Jan 27, 2022](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105291) [COVID-19: Additional Actions Needed to Improve Accountability and Program Effectiveness of Federal Response GAO-22-105051 Published: Oct 27, 2021 Publicly Released: Oct 27, 2021](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105051) [COVID-19: Continued Attention Needed to Enhance Federal Preparedness, Response, Service Delivery, and Program Integrity GAO-21-551 Published: Jul 19, 2021 Publicly Released: Jul 19, 2021](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-551) [COVID-19: Sustained Federal Action Is Crucial as Pandemic Enters Its Second Year GAO-21-387 Published: Mar 31, 2021 Publicly Released: Mar 31, 2021](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-387) [COVID-19: Critical Vaccine Distribution, Supply Chain, Program Integrity, and Other Challenges Require Focused Federal Attention GAO-21-265 Published: Jan 28, 2021 Publicly Released: Jan 28, 2021](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-265) [COVID-19: Urgent Actions Needed to Better Ensure an Effective Federal Response GAO-21-191 Published: Nov 30, 2020 Publicly Released: Nov 30, 2020](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-191) [COVID-19: Federal Efforts Could Be Strengthened by Timely and Concerted Actions GAO-20-701 Published: Sep 21, 2020 Publicly Released: Sep 21, 2020](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-701) [COVID-19: Brief Update on Initial Federal Response to the Pandemic GAO-20-708 Published: Aug 31, 2020 Publicly Released: Aug 31, 2020](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-708) [Covid-19: Opportunities to Improve Federal Response and Recovery Efforts GAO-20-625 Published: Jun 25, 2020 Publicly Released: Jun 25, 2020](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-625) Load All ## GAO Contacts ![Jessica Farb](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201%201'%2F%3E) [Jessica Farb](https://www.gao.gov/about/contact-us/jessica-farb) Managing Director Health Care [farbj@gao.gov](mailto:farbj@gao.gov) ## Multimedia ## Video ##### [Lessons Learned from Efforts to Meet Global Vaccination Goal](https://www.gao.gov/video/lessons-learned-efforts-meet-global-vaccination-goal) Wednesday, September 27, 2023 [Transcript](https://www.gao.gov/assets/870/861362.txt) ##### [U.S. Comptroller General Testifies to House on Waste, Fraud and Abuse in Pandemic Recovery Programs](https://www.gao.gov/video/us-comptroller-general-testifies-house-waste-fraud-abuse-pandemic-recovery-programs) Wednesday, February 01, 2023 [Transcript](https://www.gao.gov/assets/820/817230.txt) ## Podcasts ##### COVID-19 Battered the Aviation Industry, Is the US Prepared if it Happens Again? Monday, March 18, 2024 [Transcript](https://www.gao.gov/assets/870/866606.txt) ##### Public Health Preparedness--Building and Maintaining Infrastructure Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic Tuesday, November 07, 2023 [Transcript](https://www.gao.gov/assets/870/862400.txt) [![Illustration of the CARES Act legislation](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201%201'%2F%3E) Blog Post Our Final CARES Act Report About the Federal Response to COVID-19 Thursday, July 31, 2025 During the pandemic, GAO was tasked by Congress to provide regular updates on the pandemic impacts...](https://www.gao.gov/blog/our-final-cares-act-report-about-federal-response-covid-19) [![Photo showing a medical worker injecting a COVID vaccine into a woman's arm with others standing by awaiting vaccinations.](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201%201'%2F%3E) Blog Post For World Health Day (April 7), We Look At U.S. Efforts to Promote Global Wellness Thursday, April 4, 2024 When it comes to communicable diseases, it turns out, it is a small world after all. Serious...](https://www.gao.gov/blog/world-health-day-we-look-u.s.-efforts-promote-global-wellness) [![Stock image of a stack of credit cards.](data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201%201'%2F%3E) Blog Post American Credit Card Debt Hits a New Record—What’s Changed Post-Pandemic? Tuesday, October 31, 2023 It’s Halloween! And while you may be thinking of goblins and ghosts, nothing can haunt you the way...](https://www.gao.gov/blog/american-credit-card-debt-hits-new-record-whats-changed-post-pandemic) ## Receive GAO Updates Stay informed as we add new reports & testimonies. 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Readable Markdown	- [View Topics](https://www.gao.gov/topics) - [View Agencies](https://www.gao.gov/agencies) - [For Congress](https://www.gao.gov/for-congress) - [Press Center](https://www.gao.gov/press-center) - [Careers](https://www.gao.gov/about/careers) - [Blog](https://www.gao.gov/blog) ## Breadcrumb 1. [Home](https://www.gao.gov/) 2. Federal Response To COVID-19 ## Issue Summary The COVID-19 pandemic caused catastrophic loss of life and damage to the economy. The federal government provided about \$4.65 trillion in relief funds for response and recovery efforts. Although the federal emergency expired in May 2023, public health and economic challenges persist. The CARES Act includes a provision for GAO to report regularly on pandemic impacts and the federal response. Oversight of this money has resulted in hundreds of [recommendations](https://www.gao.gov/coronavirus/coronavirus-recommendations) to improve the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and identified a number of lessons from the pandemic. Updates to key COVID-19 indicators [as of March 2025](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-25-107588) include the following areas: - Public health. COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations have decreased overall, but public health impacts continued. For example, about 450 deaths were reported in March 2025. - Economic conditions. The economy has generally recovered from the downturn, but recovery has slowed somewhat. For example, inflation remained elevated compared with pre-pandemic levels. - Relief spending and fraud. The U.S. spent almost all the available COVID-19 relief funding. The full extent of fraud will never be known with certainty, but estimates indicate hundreds of billions of dollars in fraudulent payments were made. Fraud-related charges were brought against at least 3,205 defendants. Of those, 2,331 defendants were convicted. Extending the statute of limitations for violations in pandemic relief programs would provide more time to investigate fraud. GAO’s work on the pandemic has resulted in over 200 products and 484 recommendations to Congress and federal agencies. Over half of these have been closed. This has led to at least \$43.9 billion in financial benefits, among other improvements. For example, GAO’s recommendations helped save about \$14.8 billion based on program integrity improvements to small business loans.
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