🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 131 (from laksa095)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa131.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical, ml_categories_json AS ml_categories_json, ml_types_json AS ml_types_json, ml_intent_types_json AS ml_intent_types_json, meta_language AS meta_language, attrs_author AS attrs_author, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_publish_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_original_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_original_publish_time, ifNull(attrs_is_republished, 0) AS attrs_is_republished, ifNull(attrs_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_nr_words, ifNull(attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, ifNull(body_ext_links_number, 0) AS body_ext_links_number, ifNull(body_int_links_number, 0) AS body_int_links_number, ifNull(meta_nofollow, 0) AS meta_nofollow, ifNull(meta_noarchive, 0) AS meta_noarchive, ifNull(props_was_rendered, 0) AS props_was_rendered, ifNull(src_redirect, \'\') AS src_redirect, ifNull(download_time_msec, 0) AS download_time_msec, ifNull(download_ttfb_msec, 0) AS download_ttfb_msec, ifNull(download_size, 0) AS download_size FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/antidepressants.html\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/antidepressants.html\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/antidepressants.html","crawl_time":1776934574,"first_indexed_time":1465956717,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,drugs!www,\/drug-class\/antidepressants.html s443","src_root_hash":"1816286668162245731","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"List of Antidepressants + Uses, Types, Side Effects - Drugs.com","meta_descriptions":["Antidepressants help to relieve symptoms of depression such as low mood, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty sleeping. Antidepressants are classified into types depending on their structure and their effect on the body. There are at least seven categories of antidepressants."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"An antidepressant is the name given to a medicine that can help relieve the symptoms of\ndepression\n, such as low mood, anxiety, and worthlessness.\nAntidepressants are classified into different types depending on their structure and the way that they work. There are at least seven types of antidepressant:\nMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\nNorepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\nSerotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\nSerotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)\nTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)\nAnd miscellaneous antidepressants.\nMAOIs and TCAs were among the first antidepressants developed. They have largely been superseded by newer antidepressants (such as the SSRIs) that have fewer side effects, although these older antidepressants may still suit certain people or be effective when other antidepressants have been ineffective.\nExperts are not sure exactly how antidepressants work, but historically they were thought to work by increasing levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and\/or norepinephrine, in the brain. This does not appear to be the way they work for depression, although, they are still effective at treating depression.\nWhat are antidepressants used for?\nAntidepressants help to relieve the symptoms of depression such as low mood, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty in sleeping.\nIn addition to depression, certain antidepressants may also be used to treat a range of other conditions, for example:\nAnxiety\nBed-wetting\nBulimia nervosa\nChronic nerve-related pain\nFibromyalgia\nHot flashes\nMigraine prevention\nObsessive-compulsive disorder\nPanic disorder\nPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)\nPremenstrual dysphoric disorder.\nIt is important to note that not all antidepressants are used to treat the conditions mentioned above.\nAntidepressants generally provide some relief of symptoms within one to two weeks; however, it may take six to eight weeks of treatment before the full effects are seen.\nWhat are the differences between antidepressants?\nThere are distinct differences between the different classes of antidepressants available because they all work in a different way. In addition, within each class, there are differences between individual antidepressants with regards to how long they remain in the body, how they are metabolized, and how much they interact with other medications.\nMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\nMAOIs block the effects of monoamine oxidase enzymes, and increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain.\nGeneric name\nBrand name examples\nisocarboxazid\nMarplan\nphenelzine\nNardil\ntranylcypromine\nParnate\nNorepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)\nNDRIs block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, increasing levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the nerve synapse.\nGeneric name\nBrand name examples\nBupropion\nWellbutrin SR\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\nSSRIs increase levels of serotonin in the brain by preventing the reuptake of serotonin by nerves.\nGeneric name\nBrand name examples\ncitalopram\nCelexa\nescitalopram\nLexapro\nfluoxetine\nProzac\nfluvoxamine\nGeneric only\nparoxetine\nBrisdelle\n,\nPaxil\nsertraline\nZoloft\nvilazodone\nViibryd\nSerotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\nSNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the nerve synapse.\nGeneric name\nBrand name examples\nduloxetine\nCymbalta\n,\nIrenka\ndesvenlafaxine\nPristiq\nlevomilnacipran\nFetzima\nvenlafaxine\nEffexor\nSerotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)\nSARIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin and affects the binding of serotonin to certain receptors.\nGeneric name\nBrand name examples\nnefazodone\nGeneric only\ntrazodone\nDesyrel\nTricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)\nTCAs and TeCAs work by increasing levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. They may also block the actions of other neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and histamine.\nTricyclics\nGeneric name\nBrand name examples\namitriptyline\nGeneric only\nclomipramine\nAnafranil\ndesipramine\nNorpramin\ndoxepin\nGeneric only\nimipramine\nTofranil\nnortriptyline\nPamelor\nprotriptyline\nVivactil\ntrimipramine\nSurmontil\nTetracyclics\nGeneric name\nBrand name examples\namoxapine\nGeneric only\nmaprotiline\nGeneric only\nmirtazapine\nRemeron\nMiscellaneous antidepressants\nIncrease levels of neurotransmitters by an unknown mechanism of action that is different from other pre-existing classes of antidepressant.\nGeneric name\nBrand name examples\nvortioxetine\nTrintellix\nAre antidepressants safe?\nWhen taken at the recommended dosage, antidepressants are considered safe. However, some have been associated with severe side effects, some potentially fatal, such as:\nAn increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors, particularly in children and young adults under the age of 25 years. This is most likely to occur when starting therapy\nAn increased risk of\nseizures\nin people with a history of seizures\nSerotonin syndrome – this is caused by excessive levels of serotonin in the body and is more likely to occur with higher dosages of SSRIs or when SSRIs are administered with other medications that also release serotonin. Symptoms include\nagitation\n, confusion, sweating, tremors, and a rapid heart rate\nThe precipitation of a manic episode in people with undiagnosed\nbipolar disorder\nDuloxetine\n: A severe discontinuation syndrome\nMAOIs: Very severe drug interactions, very severe food interactions, and rarely, rapid but transient increases in blood pressure within 30 minutes to two hours of MAOI ingestion\nNefazodone\n: Life-threatening liver failure, more common two weeks to six months after starting therapy\nSSRIs and vortioxetine: An increase in the risk of bleeding, especially if used with other medications that also increase bleeding risk\nTCAs: An increased risk of arrhythmias, heart attacks, stroke, and other cardiovascular effects, particularly in people with pre-existing\nheart disease\n; and the triggering of an angle closure attack in people with angle-closure glaucoma.\nFor a complete list of severe side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs.\nWhat are the common side effects of antidepressants?\nNot everybody experiences significant side effects with antidepressants, and some antidepressants are more likely to cause side effects than others. Some of the more commonly reported side effects include:\nBlurred vision\nDisorientation or confusion\nDizziness\nDrowsiness\n, sometimes insomnia\nDry mouth\nExcessive sweating\nGastrointestinal upset (such as\nconstipation\n,\ndiarrhea\n, or nausea)\nA headache\nIncreased or\nirregular heartbeat\nLow blood pressure\nwhen going from a standing to a sitting position (called\northostatic hypotension\n). In most people, this can be managed by slowly increasing the dosage of the medication, giving split doses, and increasing fluid intake\nSexual dysfunction (such as reduced desire or\nerectile dysfunction\n)\nTremor\nUrinary retention\nWeight loss\nor weight gain.\nSome antidepressants have been associated with a discontinuation syndrome when they have been stopped suddenly. For this reason, it is best to withdraw all antidepressants slowly.\nFor a complete list of side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs.\nAlways consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/antidepressants.html#content)\n\n[![Drugs.com - Go to homepage](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/img\/logo\/drugscom-logo.svg)](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/)\n\n[Register](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/account\/register\/) [Sign in](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/account\/login\/)\n\nSite navigation\n\n- [**Upgrade to a Plus Plan** Remove ads and unlock more features.](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/account\/plan\/?launch=ddc-tier-1)\n- [Register](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/account\/register\/) [Sign in](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/account\/login\/)\n- [Drugs A-Z](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug_information.html)\n- [Pill Identifier](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/pill_identification.html)\n- [Drug Interaction Checker](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug_interactions.html)\n- [Compare Drugs](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/compare\/)\n- [News](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/news.html)\n- [Pro Edition](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/professionals.html)\n- [More Resources](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/sitemap.html)\n- [Help & Support](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/)\n\nClose\n\n1. [Home](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/)\n2. [Drug Classes](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-classes.html)\n3. [Psychotherapeutic Agents](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/psychotherapeutic-agents.html)\n4. Antidepressants\n\nPrint\n# Antidepressants\nMedically reviewed by [Carmen Pope, Senior Medical Editor, B. Pharm](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/editor\/19\/carmen-pope-senior-medical-editor-b-pharm.html). Last updated on April 17, 2023.\n\n## What are Antidepressants?\nAn antidepressant is the name given to a medicine that can help relieve the symptoms of [depression](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/depression.html), such as low mood, anxiety, and worthlessness.\n\nAntidepressants are classified into different types depending on their structure and the way that they work. There are at least seven types of antidepressant:\n\n- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\n- Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)\n- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\n- Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\n- Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)\n- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)\n- And miscellaneous antidepressants.\n\nMAOIs and TCAs were among the first antidepressants developed. They have largely been superseded by newer antidepressants (such as the SSRIs) that have fewer side effects, although these older antidepressants may still suit certain people or be effective when other antidepressants have been ineffective.\n\nExperts are not sure exactly how antidepressants work, but historically they were thought to work by increasing levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and\/or norepinephrine, in the brain. This does not appear to be the way they work for depression, although, they are still effective at treating depression.\n\n## What are antidepressants used for?\nAntidepressants help to relieve the symptoms of depression such as low mood, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty in sleeping.\n\nIn addition to depression, certain antidepressants may also be used to treat a range of other conditions, for example:\n\n- [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/health-guide\/generalized-anxiety-disorder.html)\n- Bed-wetting\n- [Bulimia nervosa](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/bulimia.html)\n- Chronic nerve-related pain\n- [Fibromyalgia](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/fibromyalgia.html)\n- [Hot flashes](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/health-guide\/hot-flashes.html)\n- [Migraine prevention](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/migraine-prophylaxis.html)\n- [Obsessive-compulsive disorder](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/obsessive-compulsive-disorder.html)\n- [Panic disorder](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/panic-disorder.html)\n- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)\n- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder.\n\nIt is important to note that not all antidepressants are used to treat the conditions mentioned above.\n\nAntidepressants generally provide some relief of symptoms within one to two weeks; however, it may take six to eight weeks of treatment before the full effects are seen.\n\n## What are the differences between antidepressants?\nThere are distinct differences between the different classes of antidepressants available because they all work in a different way. In addition, within each class, there are differences between individual antidepressants with regards to how long they remain in the body, how they are metabolized, and how much they interact with other medications.\n\n### Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\nMAOIs block the effects of monoamine oxidase enzymes, and increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [isocarboxazid](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/isocarboxazid.html) | [Marplan](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/marplan.html) |\n| [phenelzine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/phenelzine.html) | [Nardil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/nardil.html) |\n| [tranylcypromine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/tranylcypromine.html) | [Parnate](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/parnate.html) |\n### Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)\nNDRIs block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, increasing levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the nerve synapse.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [Bupropion](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/bupropion.html) | [Wellbutrin SR](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/wellbutrin-sr.html) |\n### Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\nSSRIs increase levels of serotonin in the brain by preventing the reuptake of serotonin by nerves.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [citalopram](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/citalopram.html) | [Celexa](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/celexa.html) |\n| [escitalopram](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/escitalopram.html) | [Lexapro](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/lexapro.html) |\n| [fluoxetine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/fluoxetine.html) | [Prozac](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/prozac.html) |\n| [fluvoxamine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/fluvoxamine.html) | Generic only |\n| [paroxetine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/paroxetine.html) | [Brisdelle](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/brisdelle.html), [Paxil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/paxil.html) |\n| [sertraline](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/sertraline.html) | [Zoloft](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/zoloft.html) |\n| [vilazodone](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/vilazodone.html) | [Viibryd](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/viibryd.html) |\n### Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\nSNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the nerve synapse.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [duloxetine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/duloxetine.html) | [Cymbalta](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cymbalta.html), [Irenka](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/irenka.html) |\n| [desvenlafaxine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/desvenlafaxine.html) | [Pristiq](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/pristiq.html) |\n| [levomilnacipran](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/levomilnacipran.html) | [Fetzima](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/fetzima.html) |\n| [venlafaxine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/venlafaxine.html) | [Effexor](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/effexor.html) |\n### Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)\nSARIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin and affects the binding of serotonin to certain receptors.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [nefazodone](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/nefazodone.html) | Generic only |\n| [trazodone](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/trazodone.html) | [Desyrel](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cons\/desyrel-oral.html) |\n### Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)\nTCAs and TeCAs work by increasing levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. They may also block the actions of other neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and histamine.\n\n**Tricyclics**\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [amitriptyline](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/amitriptyline.html) | Generic only |\n| [clomipramine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/clomipramine.html) | [Anafranil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/anafranil.html) |\n| [desipramine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/desipramine.html) | [Norpramin](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/norpramin.html) |\n| [doxepin](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/doxepin-sinequan.html) | Generic only |\n| [imipramine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/imipramine.html) | [Tofranil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/tofranil.html) |\n| [nortriptyline](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/nortriptyline.html) | [Pamelor](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/pamelor.html) |\n| [protriptyline](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/protriptyline.html) | [Vivactil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/vivactil.html) |\n| [trimipramine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/trimipramine.html) | [Surmontil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/surmontil.html) |\n\n**Tetracyclics**\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| amoxapine | Generic only |\n| [maprotiline](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/maprotiline.html) | Generic only |\n| [mirtazapine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mirtazapine.html) | [Remeron](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/remeron.html) |\n### Miscellaneous antidepressants\nIncrease levels of neurotransmitters by an unknown mechanism of action that is different from other pre-existing classes of antidepressant.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [vortioxetine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/vortioxetine.html) | [Trintellix](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/trintellix.html) |\n## Are antidepressants safe?\nWhen taken at the recommended dosage, antidepressants are considered safe. However, some have been associated with severe side effects, some potentially fatal, such as:\n\n- An increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors, particularly in children and young adults under the age of 25 years. This is most likely to occur when starting therapy\n- An increased risk of [seizures](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/seizures.html) in people with a history of seizures\n- Serotonin syndrome – this is caused by excessive levels of serotonin in the body and is more likely to occur with higher dosages of SSRIs or when SSRIs are administered with other medications that also release serotonin. Symptoms include [agitation](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/agitation.html), confusion, sweating, tremors, and a rapid heart rate\n- The precipitation of a manic episode in people with undiagnosed [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/bipolar-disorder.html)\n- [Duloxetine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/duloxetine.html): A severe discontinuation syndrome\n- MAOIs: Very severe drug interactions, very severe food interactions, and rarely, rapid but transient increases in blood pressure within 30 minutes to two hours of MAOI ingestion\n- [Nefazodone](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/nefazodone.html): Life-threatening liver failure, more common two weeks to six months after starting therapy\n- SSRIs and vortioxetine: An increase in the risk of bleeding, especially if used with other medications that also increase bleeding risk\n- TCAs: An increased risk of arrhythmias, heart attacks, stroke, and other cardiovascular effects, particularly in people with pre-existing [heart disease](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/heart-disease.html); and the triggering of an angle closure attack in people with angle-closure glaucoma.\n\nFor a complete list of severe side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs.\n\n## What are the common side effects of antidepressants?\nNot everybody experiences significant side effects with antidepressants, and some antidepressants are more likely to cause side effects than others. Some of the more commonly reported side effects include:\n\n- Blurred vision\n- Disorientation or confusion\n- Dizziness\n- [Drowsiness](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/drowsiness.html), sometimes insomnia\n- [Dry mouth](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/dry-mouth.html)\n- Excessive sweating\n- Gastrointestinal upset (such as [constipation](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/constipation.html), [diarrhea](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/health-guide\/diarrhea.html), or nausea)\n- A headache\n- Increased or [irregular heartbeat](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/cardiac-arrhythmia.html)\n- [Low blood pressure](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/hypotension.html) when going from a standing to a sitting position (called [orthostatic hypotension](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/hypotension.html)). In most people, this can be managed by slowly increasing the dosage of the medication, giving split doses, and increasing fluid intake\n- Sexual dysfunction (such as reduced desire or [erectile dysfunction](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/erectile-dysfunction.html))\n- Tremor\n- [Urinary retention](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/urinary-retention.html)\n- [Weight loss](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/weight-management.html) or weight gain.\n\nSome antidepressants have been associated with a discontinuation syndrome when they have been stopped suddenly. For this reason, it is best to withdraw all antidepressants slowly.\n\nFor a complete list of side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs.\n\n## Types of Antidepressants\nRefer to the drug classes listed below for further information.\n\n- [miscellaneous antidepressants](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/miscellaneous-antidepressants.html)\n- [monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors.html)\n- [phenylpiperazine antidepressants](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/phenylpiperazine-antidepressants.html)\n- [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/ssri-antidepressants.html)\n- [serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/ssnri-antidepressants.html)\n- [tetracyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/tetracyclic-antidepressants.html)\n- [tricyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/tricyclic-antidepressants.html)\n## Further information\nAlways consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.\n\n[Medical Disclaimer](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/disclaimer.html)\n\n**Drugs.com Mobile App**\n\nAccess drug & treatment information, identify pills, check interactions and set up personal medication records.\n\n[Download the Medication Guide app on iTunes ![](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/img\/v-20250930\/apps\/apple-store.png)](https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/us\/app\/drugs-com-medication-guide\/id599471042?platform=iphone)   [Download the Medication Guide app on the Google Play store ![](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/img\/v-20250930\/apps\/google-play.png)](https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.drugscom.app)\n\n![Drugs.com mobile app](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/img\/v-20250709\/apps\/promo-uberapp.png)\n\n[Drugs.com ![](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/img\/logo\/drugscom-logo-mark.svg)](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/)\n\n**About**\n\n- [About Drugs.com](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/about.html)\n- [Advertising policy](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/advertising.html)\n- [Attribution & citations](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/citations.html)\n- [Drugs.com Podcast](https:\/\/podcasts.drugs.com\/)\n\n**Terms & privacy**\n\n- [Terms of use](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/terms.html)\n- [Editorial policy](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/editorial-policy.html)\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/privacy.html)\n- [Privacy settings](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/antidepressants.html)\n\n**Support**\n\n- [Help center](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/)\n- [Sitemap](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/sitemap.html)\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/contact.html)\n- [Accessibility](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/accessibility.html)\n\n- [Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/newsletters\/)\n- [Follow Drugs.com on Facebook](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Drugscom)\n- [Follow Drugs.com on X (Twitter)](https:\/\/x.com\/drugscom)\n- [Follow Drugs.com on Instagram](https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/drugs.com_official\/)\n- [Follow Drugs.com on YouTube](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/drugscom)\n- [Follow Drugs.com on Pinterest](https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/drugscom\/)\n\n[Subscribe to our newsletter](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/newsletters\/) for the latest medication news, new drug approvals and FDA alerts.\n\n**Drugs.com** provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Data sources include Micromedex (updated Mar 31, 2026), Cerner Multum™ (updated Apr 19, 2026), ASHP (updated Mar 10, 2026) and others.\n\n[![Certified by TRUSTe](https:\/\/privacy-policy.truste.com\/privacy-seal\/seal?rid=d18cba4a-afc4-4863-af81-8262bb120271)](https:\/\/privacy.truste.com\/privacy-seal\/validation?rid=d18cba4a-afc4-4863-af81-8262bb120271)  ![Verified by TAG](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/img\/v-20240725\/logo\/vendor\/tag-verified.png)  [![This website is certified by AACI. Click to verify.](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/img\/v-20251028\/logo\/vendor\/trust-mark-logo.png)](https:\/\/aacihealthcare.com\/certificates\/c173-2022-trust-us\/)   [![AdChoices - Ad privacy information](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/img\/v-20240725\/logo\/vendor\/adchoices-logomark.png)](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/support\/privacy\/advertising.html)\n\nCopyright © 2000-2026 Drugs.com. All rights reserved.","attrs_readable_markdown":"An antidepressant is the name given to a medicine that can help relieve the symptoms of [depression](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/depression.html), such as low mood, anxiety, and worthlessness.\n\nAntidepressants are classified into different types depending on their structure and the way that they work. There are at least seven types of antidepressant:\n\n- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\n- Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)\n- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\n- Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\n- Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)\n- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)\n- And miscellaneous antidepressants.\n\nMAOIs and TCAs were among the first antidepressants developed. They have largely been superseded by newer antidepressants (such as the SSRIs) that have fewer side effects, although these older antidepressants may still suit certain people or be effective when other antidepressants have been ineffective.\n\nExperts are not sure exactly how antidepressants work, but historically they were thought to work by increasing levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and\/or norepinephrine, in the brain. This does not appear to be the way they work for depression, although, they are still effective at treating depression.\n\n## What are antidepressants used for?\nAntidepressants help to relieve the symptoms of depression such as low mood, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty in sleeping.\n\nIn addition to depression, certain antidepressants may also be used to treat a range of other conditions, for example:\n\n- [Anxiety](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/health-guide\/generalized-anxiety-disorder.html)\n- Bed-wetting\n- [Bulimia nervosa](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/bulimia.html)\n- Chronic nerve-related pain\n- [Fibromyalgia](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/fibromyalgia.html)\n- [Hot flashes](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/health-guide\/hot-flashes.html)\n- [Migraine prevention](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/migraine-prophylaxis.html)\n- [Obsessive-compulsive disorder](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/obsessive-compulsive-disorder.html)\n- [Panic disorder](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/panic-disorder.html)\n- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)\n- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder.\n\nIt is important to note that not all antidepressants are used to treat the conditions mentioned above.\n\nAntidepressants generally provide some relief of symptoms within one to two weeks; however, it may take six to eight weeks of treatment before the full effects are seen.\n\n## What are the differences between antidepressants?\nThere are distinct differences between the different classes of antidepressants available because they all work in a different way. In addition, within each class, there are differences between individual antidepressants with regards to how long they remain in the body, how they are metabolized, and how much they interact with other medications.\n\n### Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\nMAOIs block the effects of monoamine oxidase enzymes, and increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [isocarboxazid](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/isocarboxazid.html) | [Marplan](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/marplan.html) |\n| [phenelzine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/phenelzine.html) | [Nardil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/nardil.html) |\n| [tranylcypromine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/tranylcypromine.html) | [Parnate](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/parnate.html) |\n### Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)\nNDRIs block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, increasing levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the nerve synapse.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [Bupropion](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/bupropion.html) | [Wellbutrin SR](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/wellbutrin-sr.html) |\n### Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\nSSRIs increase levels of serotonin in the brain by preventing the reuptake of serotonin by nerves.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [citalopram](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/citalopram.html) | [Celexa](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/celexa.html) |\n| [escitalopram](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/escitalopram.html) | [Lexapro](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/lexapro.html) |\n| [fluoxetine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/fluoxetine.html) | [Prozac](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/prozac.html) |\n| [fluvoxamine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/fluvoxamine.html) | Generic only |\n| [paroxetine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/paroxetine.html) | [Brisdelle](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/brisdelle.html), [Paxil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/paxil.html) |\n| [sertraline](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/sertraline.html) | [Zoloft](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/zoloft.html) |\n| [vilazodone](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/vilazodone.html) | [Viibryd](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/viibryd.html) |\n### Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\nSNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the nerve synapse.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [duloxetine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/duloxetine.html) | [Cymbalta](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cymbalta.html), [Irenka](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/irenka.html) |\n| [desvenlafaxine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/desvenlafaxine.html) | [Pristiq](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/pristiq.html) |\n| [levomilnacipran](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/levomilnacipran.html) | [Fetzima](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/fetzima.html) |\n| [venlafaxine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/venlafaxine.html) | [Effexor](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/effexor.html) |\n### Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)\nSARIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin and affects the binding of serotonin to certain receptors.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [nefazodone](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/nefazodone.html) | Generic only |\n| [trazodone](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/trazodone.html) | [Desyrel](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cons\/desyrel-oral.html) |\n### Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)\nTCAs and TeCAs work by increasing levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. They may also block the actions of other neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and histamine.\n\n**Tricyclics**\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [amitriptyline](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/amitriptyline.html) | Generic only |\n| [clomipramine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/clomipramine.html) | [Anafranil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/anafranil.html) |\n| [desipramine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/desipramine.html) | [Norpramin](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/norpramin.html) |\n| [doxepin](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/doxepin-sinequan.html) | Generic only |\n| [imipramine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/imipramine.html) | [Tofranil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/tofranil.html) |\n| [nortriptyline](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/nortriptyline.html) | [Pamelor](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/pamelor.html) |\n| [protriptyline](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/protriptyline.html) | [Vivactil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/vivactil.html) |\n| [trimipramine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/trimipramine.html) | [Surmontil](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/surmontil.html) |\n\n**Tetracyclics**\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| amoxapine | Generic only |\n| [maprotiline](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/maprotiline.html) | Generic only |\n| [mirtazapine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mirtazapine.html) | [Remeron](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/remeron.html) |\n### Miscellaneous antidepressants\nIncrease levels of neurotransmitters by an unknown mechanism of action that is different from other pre-existing classes of antidepressant.\n\n| Generic name | Brand name examples |\n|---|---|\n| [vortioxetine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/vortioxetine.html) | [Trintellix](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/trintellix.html) |\n## Are antidepressants safe?\nWhen taken at the recommended dosage, antidepressants are considered safe. However, some have been associated with severe side effects, some potentially fatal, such as:\n\n- An increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors, particularly in children and young adults under the age of 25 years. This is most likely to occur when starting therapy\n- An increased risk of [seizures](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/seizures.html) in people with a history of seizures\n- Serotonin syndrome – this is caused by excessive levels of serotonin in the body and is more likely to occur with higher dosages of SSRIs or when SSRIs are administered with other medications that also release serotonin. Symptoms include [agitation](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/agitation.html), confusion, sweating, tremors, and a rapid heart rate\n- The precipitation of a manic episode in people with undiagnosed [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/bipolar-disorder.html)\n- [Duloxetine](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/duloxetine.html): A severe discontinuation syndrome\n- MAOIs: Very severe drug interactions, very severe food interactions, and rarely, rapid but transient increases in blood pressure within 30 minutes to two hours of MAOI ingestion\n- [Nefazodone](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/nefazodone.html): Life-threatening liver failure, more common two weeks to six months after starting therapy\n- SSRIs and vortioxetine: An increase in the risk of bleeding, especially if used with other medications that also increase bleeding risk\n- TCAs: An increased risk of arrhythmias, heart attacks, stroke, and other cardiovascular effects, particularly in people with pre-existing [heart disease](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/heart-disease.html); and the triggering of an angle closure attack in people with angle-closure glaucoma.\n\nFor a complete list of severe side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs.\n\n## What are the common side effects of antidepressants?\nNot everybody experiences significant side effects with antidepressants, and some antidepressants are more likely to cause side effects than others. Some of the more commonly reported side effects include:\n\n- Blurred vision\n- Disorientation or confusion\n- Dizziness\n- [Drowsiness](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/drowsiness.html), sometimes insomnia\n- [Dry mouth](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/dry-mouth.html)\n- Excessive sweating\n- Gastrointestinal upset (such as [constipation](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/constipation.html), [diarrhea](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/health-guide\/diarrhea.html), or nausea)\n- A headache\n- Increased or [irregular heartbeat](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/cardiac-arrhythmia.html)\n- [Low blood pressure](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/hypotension.html) when going from a standing to a sitting position (called [orthostatic hypotension](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/hypotension.html)). In most people, this can be managed by slowly increasing the dosage of the medication, giving split doses, and increasing fluid intake\n- Sexual dysfunction (such as reduced desire or [erectile dysfunction](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/erectile-dysfunction.html))\n- Tremor\n- [Urinary retention](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/condition\/urinary-retention.html)\n- [Weight loss](https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/cg\/weight-management.html) or weight gain.\n\nSome antidepressants have been associated with a discontinuation syndrome when they have been stopped suddenly. For this reason, it is best to withdraw all antidepressants slowly.\n\nFor a complete list of side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs.\n\nAlways consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.","meta_canonical":null,"ml_categories_json":"{\"\/Health\":996,\"\/Health\/Mental_Health\":820,\"\/Health\/Mental_Health\/Depression\":815}","ml_types_json":"{\"\/Article\":823,\"\/Article\/Definitions\":533}","ml_intent_types_json":"{\"Informational\":999}","meta_language":"en","attrs_author":null,"attrs_publish_time":0,"attrs_original_publish_time":1465956717,"attrs_is_republished":0,"attrs_nr_words":"1436","attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words":"1057","body_ext_links_number":12,"body_int_links_number":141,"meta_nofollow":0,"meta_noarchive":0,"props_was_rendered":0,"src_redirect":"","download_time_msec":40,"download_ttfb_msec":39,"download_size":14479}

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List of Antidepressants + Uses, Types, Side Effects - Drugs.com

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Antidepressants help to relieve symptoms of depression such as low mood, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty sleeping. Antidepressants are classified into types depending on their structure and their effect on the body. There are at least seven categories of antidepressants.

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An antidepressant is the name given to a medicine that can help relieve the symptoms of depression , such as low mood, anxiety, and worthlessness. Antidepressants are classified into different types depending on their structure and the way that they work. There are at least seven types of antidepressant: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) And miscellaneous antidepressants. MAOIs and TCAs were among the first antidepressants developed. They have largely been superseded by newer antidepressants (such as the SSRIs) that have fewer side effects, although these older antidepressants may still suit certain people or be effective when other antidepressants have been ineffective. Experts are not sure exactly how antidepressants work, but historically they were thought to work by increasing levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and/or norepinephrine, in the brain. This does not appear to be the way they work for depression, although, they are still effective at treating depression. What are antidepressants used for? Antidepressants help to relieve the symptoms of depression such as low mood, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty in sleeping. In addition to depression, certain antidepressants may also be used to treat a range of other conditions, for example: Anxiety Bed-wetting Bulimia nervosa Chronic nerve-related pain Fibromyalgia Hot flashes Migraine prevention Obsessive-compulsive disorder Panic disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It is important to note that not all antidepressants are used to treat the conditions mentioned above. Antidepressants generally provide some relief of symptoms within one to two weeks; however, it may take six to eight weeks of treatment before the full effects are seen. What are the differences between antidepressants? There are distinct differences between the different classes of antidepressants available because they all work in a different way. In addition, within each class, there are differences between individual antidepressants with regards to how long they remain in the body, how they are metabolized, and how much they interact with other medications. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) MAOIs block the effects of monoamine oxidase enzymes, and increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain. Generic name Brand name examples isocarboxazid Marplan phenelzine Nardil tranylcypromine Parnate Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) NDRIs block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, increasing levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the nerve synapse. Generic name Brand name examples Bupropion Wellbutrin SR Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs increase levels of serotonin in the brain by preventing the reuptake of serotonin by nerves. Generic name Brand name examples citalopram Celexa escitalopram Lexapro fluoxetine Prozac fluvoxamine Generic only paroxetine Brisdelle , Paxil sertraline Zoloft vilazodone Viibryd Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the nerve synapse. Generic name Brand name examples duloxetine Cymbalta , Irenka desvenlafaxine Pristiq levomilnacipran Fetzima venlafaxine Effexor Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) SARIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin and affects the binding of serotonin to certain receptors. Generic name Brand name examples nefazodone Generic only trazodone Desyrel Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) TCAs and TeCAs work by increasing levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. They may also block the actions of other neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and histamine. Tricyclics Generic name Brand name examples amitriptyline Generic only clomipramine Anafranil desipramine Norpramin doxepin Generic only imipramine Tofranil nortriptyline Pamelor protriptyline Vivactil trimipramine Surmontil Tetracyclics Generic name Brand name examples amoxapine Generic only maprotiline Generic only mirtazapine Remeron Miscellaneous antidepressants Increase levels of neurotransmitters by an unknown mechanism of action that is different from other pre-existing classes of antidepressant. Generic name Brand name examples vortioxetine Trintellix Are antidepressants safe? When taken at the recommended dosage, antidepressants are considered safe. However, some have been associated with severe side effects, some potentially fatal, such as: An increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors, particularly in children and young adults under the age of 25 years. This is most likely to occur when starting therapy An increased risk of seizures in people with a history of seizures Serotonin syndrome – this is caused by excessive levels of serotonin in the body and is more likely to occur with higher dosages of SSRIs or when SSRIs are administered with other medications that also release serotonin. Symptoms include agitation , confusion, sweating, tremors, and a rapid heart rate The precipitation of a manic episode in people with undiagnosed bipolar disorder Duloxetine : A severe discontinuation syndrome MAOIs: Very severe drug interactions, very severe food interactions, and rarely, rapid but transient increases in blood pressure within 30 minutes to two hours of MAOI ingestion Nefazodone : Life-threatening liver failure, more common two weeks to six months after starting therapy SSRIs and vortioxetine: An increase in the risk of bleeding, especially if used with other medications that also increase bleeding risk TCAs: An increased risk of arrhythmias, heart attacks, stroke, and other cardiovascular effects, particularly in people with pre-existing heart disease ; and the triggering of an angle closure attack in people with angle-closure glaucoma. For a complete list of severe side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs. What are the common side effects of antidepressants? Not everybody experiences significant side effects with antidepressants, and some antidepressants are more likely to cause side effects than others. Some of the more commonly reported side effects include: Blurred vision Disorientation or confusion Dizziness Drowsiness , sometimes insomnia Dry mouth Excessive sweating Gastrointestinal upset (such as constipation , diarrhea , or nausea) A headache Increased or irregular heartbeat Low blood pressure when going from a standing to a sitting position (called orthostatic hypotension ). In most people, this can be managed by slowly increasing the dosage of the medication, giving split doses, and increasing fluid intake Sexual dysfunction (such as reduced desire or erectile dysfunction ) Tremor Urinary retention Weight loss or weight gain. Some antidepressants have been associated with a discontinuation syndrome when they have been stopped suddenly. For this reason, it is best to withdraw all antidepressants slowly. For a complete list of side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

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[Skip to main content](https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/antidepressants.html#content) [![Drugs.com - Go to homepage](https://www.drugs.com/img/logo/drugscom-logo.svg)](https://www.drugs.com/) [Register](https://www.drugs.com/account/register/) [Sign in](https://www.drugs.com/account/login/) Site navigation - [**Upgrade to a Plus Plan** Remove ads and unlock more features.](https://www.drugs.com/account/plan/?launch=ddc-tier-1) - [Register](https://www.drugs.com/account/register/) [Sign in](https://www.drugs.com/account/login/) - [Drugs A-Z](https://www.drugs.com/drug_information.html) - [Pill Identifier](https://www.drugs.com/pill_identification.html) - [Drug Interaction Checker](https://www.drugs.com/drug_interactions.html) - [Compare Drugs](https://www.drugs.com/compare/) - [News](https://www.drugs.com/news.html) - [Pro Edition](https://www.drugs.com/professionals.html) - [More Resources](https://www.drugs.com/sitemap.html) - [Help & Support](https://www.drugs.com/support/) Close 1. [Home](https://www.drugs.com/) 2. [Drug Classes](https://www.drugs.com/drug-classes.html) 3. [Psychotherapeutic Agents](https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/psychotherapeutic-agents.html) 4. Antidepressants Print # Antidepressants Medically reviewed by [Carmen Pope, Senior Medical Editor, B. Pharm](https://www.drugs.com/support/editor/19/carmen-pope-senior-medical-editor-b-pharm.html). Last updated on April 17, 2023. ## What are Antidepressants? An antidepressant is the name given to a medicine that can help relieve the symptoms of [depression](https://www.drugs.com/cg/depression.html), such as low mood, anxiety, and worthlessness. Antidepressants are classified into different types depending on their structure and the way that they work. There are at least seven types of antidepressant: - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) - Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) - Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) - And miscellaneous antidepressants. MAOIs and TCAs were among the first antidepressants developed. They have largely been superseded by newer antidepressants (such as the SSRIs) that have fewer side effects, although these older antidepressants may still suit certain people or be effective when other antidepressants have been ineffective. Experts are not sure exactly how antidepressants work, but historically they were thought to work by increasing levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and/or norepinephrine, in the brain. This does not appear to be the way they work for depression, although, they are still effective at treating depression. ## What are antidepressants used for? Antidepressants help to relieve the symptoms of depression such as low mood, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty in sleeping. In addition to depression, certain antidepressants may also be used to treat a range of other conditions, for example: - [Anxiety](https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/generalized-anxiety-disorder.html) - Bed-wetting - [Bulimia nervosa](https://www.drugs.com/cg/bulimia.html) - Chronic nerve-related pain - [Fibromyalgia](https://www.drugs.com/cg/fibromyalgia.html) - [Hot flashes](https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/hot-flashes.html) - [Migraine prevention](https://www.drugs.com/condition/migraine-prophylaxis.html) - [Obsessive-compulsive disorder](https://www.drugs.com/cg/obsessive-compulsive-disorder.html) - [Panic disorder](https://www.drugs.com/cg/panic-disorder.html) - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It is important to note that not all antidepressants are used to treat the conditions mentioned above. Antidepressants generally provide some relief of symptoms within one to two weeks; however, it may take six to eight weeks of treatment before the full effects are seen. ## What are the differences between antidepressants? There are distinct differences between the different classes of antidepressants available because they all work in a different way. In addition, within each class, there are differences between individual antidepressants with regards to how long they remain in the body, how they are metabolized, and how much they interact with other medications. ### Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) MAOIs block the effects of monoamine oxidase enzymes, and increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [isocarboxazid](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/isocarboxazid.html) | [Marplan](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/marplan.html) | | [phenelzine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/phenelzine.html) | [Nardil](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/nardil.html) | | [tranylcypromine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/tranylcypromine.html) | [Parnate](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/parnate.html) | ### Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) NDRIs block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, increasing levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the nerve synapse. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [Bupropion](https://www.drugs.com/bupropion.html) | [Wellbutrin SR](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/wellbutrin-sr.html) | ### Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs increase levels of serotonin in the brain by preventing the reuptake of serotonin by nerves. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [citalopram](https://www.drugs.com/citalopram.html) | [Celexa](https://www.drugs.com/celexa.html) | | [escitalopram](https://www.drugs.com/escitalopram.html) | [Lexapro](https://www.drugs.com/lexapro.html) | | [fluoxetine](https://www.drugs.com/fluoxetine.html) | [Prozac](https://www.drugs.com/prozac.html) | | [fluvoxamine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/fluvoxamine.html) | Generic only | | [paroxetine](https://www.drugs.com/paroxetine.html) | [Brisdelle](https://www.drugs.com/brisdelle.html), [Paxil](https://www.drugs.com/paxil.html) | | [sertraline](https://www.drugs.com/sertraline.html) | [Zoloft](https://www.drugs.com/zoloft.html) | | [vilazodone](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/vilazodone.html) | [Viibryd](https://www.drugs.com/viibryd.html) | ### Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the nerve synapse. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [duloxetine](https://www.drugs.com/duloxetine.html) | [Cymbalta](https://www.drugs.com/cymbalta.html), [Irenka](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/irenka.html) | | [desvenlafaxine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/desvenlafaxine.html) | [Pristiq](https://www.drugs.com/pristiq.html) | | [levomilnacipran](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/levomilnacipran.html) | [Fetzima](https://www.drugs.com/fetzima.html) | | [venlafaxine](https://www.drugs.com/venlafaxine.html) | [Effexor](https://www.drugs.com/effexor.html) | ### Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) SARIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin and affects the binding of serotonin to certain receptors. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [nefazodone](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/nefazodone.html) | Generic only | | [trazodone](https://www.drugs.com/trazodone.html) | [Desyrel](https://www.drugs.com/cons/desyrel-oral.html) | ### Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) TCAs and TeCAs work by increasing levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. They may also block the actions of other neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and histamine. **Tricyclics** | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [amitriptyline](https://www.drugs.com/amitriptyline.html) | Generic only | | [clomipramine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/clomipramine.html) | [Anafranil](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/anafranil.html) | | [desipramine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/desipramine.html) | [Norpramin](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/norpramin.html) | | [doxepin](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/doxepin-sinequan.html) | Generic only | | [imipramine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/imipramine.html) | [Tofranil](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/tofranil.html) | | [nortriptyline](https://www.drugs.com/nortriptyline.html) | [Pamelor](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/pamelor.html) | | [protriptyline](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/protriptyline.html) | [Vivactil](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/vivactil.html) | | [trimipramine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/trimipramine.html) | [Surmontil](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/surmontil.html) | **Tetracyclics** | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | amoxapine | Generic only | | [maprotiline](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/maprotiline.html) | Generic only | | [mirtazapine](https://www.drugs.com/mirtazapine.html) | [Remeron](https://www.drugs.com/remeron.html) | ### Miscellaneous antidepressants Increase levels of neurotransmitters by an unknown mechanism of action that is different from other pre-existing classes of antidepressant. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [vortioxetine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/vortioxetine.html) | [Trintellix](https://www.drugs.com/trintellix.html) | ## Are antidepressants safe? When taken at the recommended dosage, antidepressants are considered safe. However, some have been associated with severe side effects, some potentially fatal, such as: - An increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors, particularly in children and young adults under the age of 25 years. This is most likely to occur when starting therapy - An increased risk of [seizures](https://www.drugs.com/condition/seizures.html) in people with a history of seizures - Serotonin syndrome – this is caused by excessive levels of serotonin in the body and is more likely to occur with higher dosages of SSRIs or when SSRIs are administered with other medications that also release serotonin. Symptoms include [agitation](https://www.drugs.com/condition/agitation.html), confusion, sweating, tremors, and a rapid heart rate - The precipitation of a manic episode in people with undiagnosed [bipolar disorder](https://www.drugs.com/cg/bipolar-disorder.html) - [Duloxetine](https://www.drugs.com/duloxetine.html): A severe discontinuation syndrome - MAOIs: Very severe drug interactions, very severe food interactions, and rarely, rapid but transient increases in blood pressure within 30 minutes to two hours of MAOI ingestion - [Nefazodone](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/nefazodone.html): Life-threatening liver failure, more common two weeks to six months after starting therapy - SSRIs and vortioxetine: An increase in the risk of bleeding, especially if used with other medications that also increase bleeding risk - TCAs: An increased risk of arrhythmias, heart attacks, stroke, and other cardiovascular effects, particularly in people with pre-existing [heart disease](https://www.drugs.com/condition/heart-disease.html); and the triggering of an angle closure attack in people with angle-closure glaucoma. For a complete list of severe side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs. ## What are the common side effects of antidepressants? Not everybody experiences significant side effects with antidepressants, and some antidepressants are more likely to cause side effects than others. Some of the more commonly reported side effects include: - Blurred vision - Disorientation or confusion - Dizziness - [Drowsiness](https://www.drugs.com/condition/drowsiness.html), sometimes insomnia - [Dry mouth](https://www.drugs.com/cg/dry-mouth.html) - Excessive sweating - Gastrointestinal upset (such as [constipation](https://www.drugs.com/cg/constipation.html), [diarrhea](https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/diarrhea.html), or nausea) - A headache - Increased or [irregular heartbeat](https://www.drugs.com/condition/cardiac-arrhythmia.html) - [Low blood pressure](https://www.drugs.com/cg/hypotension.html) when going from a standing to a sitting position (called [orthostatic hypotension](https://www.drugs.com/cg/hypotension.html)). In most people, this can be managed by slowly increasing the dosage of the medication, giving split doses, and increasing fluid intake - Sexual dysfunction (such as reduced desire or [erectile dysfunction](https://www.drugs.com/cg/erectile-dysfunction.html)) - Tremor - [Urinary retention](https://www.drugs.com/condition/urinary-retention.html) - [Weight loss](https://www.drugs.com/cg/weight-management.html) or weight gain. Some antidepressants have been associated with a discontinuation syndrome when they have been stopped suddenly. For this reason, it is best to withdraw all antidepressants slowly. For a complete list of side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs. ## Types of Antidepressants Refer to the drug classes listed below for further information. - [miscellaneous antidepressants](https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/miscellaneous-antidepressants.html) - [monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors.html) - [phenylpiperazine antidepressants](https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/phenylpiperazine-antidepressants.html) - [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors](https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/ssri-antidepressants.html) - [serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/ssnri-antidepressants.html) - [tetracyclic antidepressants](https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/tetracyclic-antidepressants.html) - [tricyclic antidepressants](https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/tricyclic-antidepressants.html) ## Further information Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. 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Readable Markdown

An antidepressant is the name given to a medicine that can help relieve the symptoms of [depression](https://www.drugs.com/cg/depression.html), such as low mood, anxiety, and worthlessness. Antidepressants are classified into different types depending on their structure and the way that they work. There are at least seven types of antidepressant: - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) - Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) - Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) - Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) - And miscellaneous antidepressants. MAOIs and TCAs were among the first antidepressants developed. They have largely been superseded by newer antidepressants (such as the SSRIs) that have fewer side effects, although these older antidepressants may still suit certain people or be effective when other antidepressants have been ineffective. Experts are not sure exactly how antidepressants work, but historically they were thought to work by increasing levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and/or norepinephrine, in the brain. This does not appear to be the way they work for depression, although, they are still effective at treating depression. ## What are antidepressants used for? Antidepressants help to relieve the symptoms of depression such as low mood, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty in sleeping. In addition to depression, certain antidepressants may also be used to treat a range of other conditions, for example: - [Anxiety](https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/generalized-anxiety-disorder.html) - Bed-wetting - [Bulimia nervosa](https://www.drugs.com/cg/bulimia.html) - Chronic nerve-related pain - [Fibromyalgia](https://www.drugs.com/cg/fibromyalgia.html) - [Hot flashes](https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/hot-flashes.html) - [Migraine prevention](https://www.drugs.com/condition/migraine-prophylaxis.html) - [Obsessive-compulsive disorder](https://www.drugs.com/cg/obsessive-compulsive-disorder.html) - [Panic disorder](https://www.drugs.com/cg/panic-disorder.html) - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It is important to note that not all antidepressants are used to treat the conditions mentioned above. Antidepressants generally provide some relief of symptoms within one to two weeks; however, it may take six to eight weeks of treatment before the full effects are seen. ## What are the differences between antidepressants? There are distinct differences between the different classes of antidepressants available because they all work in a different way. In addition, within each class, there are differences between individual antidepressants with regards to how long they remain in the body, how they are metabolized, and how much they interact with other medications. ### Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) MAOIs block the effects of monoamine oxidase enzymes, and increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [isocarboxazid](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/isocarboxazid.html) | [Marplan](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/marplan.html) | | [phenelzine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/phenelzine.html) | [Nardil](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/nardil.html) | | [tranylcypromine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/tranylcypromine.html) | [Parnate](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/parnate.html) | ### Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) NDRIs block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, increasing levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the nerve synapse. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [Bupropion](https://www.drugs.com/bupropion.html) | [Wellbutrin SR](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/wellbutrin-sr.html) | ### Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs increase levels of serotonin in the brain by preventing the reuptake of serotonin by nerves. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [citalopram](https://www.drugs.com/citalopram.html) | [Celexa](https://www.drugs.com/celexa.html) | | [escitalopram](https://www.drugs.com/escitalopram.html) | [Lexapro](https://www.drugs.com/lexapro.html) | | [fluoxetine](https://www.drugs.com/fluoxetine.html) | [Prozac](https://www.drugs.com/prozac.html) | | [fluvoxamine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/fluvoxamine.html) | Generic only | | [paroxetine](https://www.drugs.com/paroxetine.html) | [Brisdelle](https://www.drugs.com/brisdelle.html), [Paxil](https://www.drugs.com/paxil.html) | | [sertraline](https://www.drugs.com/sertraline.html) | [Zoloft](https://www.drugs.com/zoloft.html) | | [vilazodone](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/vilazodone.html) | [Viibryd](https://www.drugs.com/viibryd.html) | ### Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the nerve synapse. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [duloxetine](https://www.drugs.com/duloxetine.html) | [Cymbalta](https://www.drugs.com/cymbalta.html), [Irenka](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/irenka.html) | | [desvenlafaxine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/desvenlafaxine.html) | [Pristiq](https://www.drugs.com/pristiq.html) | | [levomilnacipran](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/levomilnacipran.html) | [Fetzima](https://www.drugs.com/fetzima.html) | | [venlafaxine](https://www.drugs.com/venlafaxine.html) | [Effexor](https://www.drugs.com/effexor.html) | ### Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) SARIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin and affects the binding of serotonin to certain receptors. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [nefazodone](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/nefazodone.html) | Generic only | | [trazodone](https://www.drugs.com/trazodone.html) | [Desyrel](https://www.drugs.com/cons/desyrel-oral.html) | ### Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) TCAs and TeCAs work by increasing levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. They may also block the actions of other neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and histamine. **Tricyclics** | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [amitriptyline](https://www.drugs.com/amitriptyline.html) | Generic only | | [clomipramine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/clomipramine.html) | [Anafranil](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/anafranil.html) | | [desipramine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/desipramine.html) | [Norpramin](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/norpramin.html) | | [doxepin](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/doxepin-sinequan.html) | Generic only | | [imipramine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/imipramine.html) | [Tofranil](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/tofranil.html) | | [nortriptyline](https://www.drugs.com/nortriptyline.html) | [Pamelor](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/pamelor.html) | | [protriptyline](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/protriptyline.html) | [Vivactil](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/vivactil.html) | | [trimipramine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/trimipramine.html) | [Surmontil](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/surmontil.html) | **Tetracyclics** | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | amoxapine | Generic only | | [maprotiline](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/maprotiline.html) | Generic only | | [mirtazapine](https://www.drugs.com/mirtazapine.html) | [Remeron](https://www.drugs.com/remeron.html) | ### Miscellaneous antidepressants Increase levels of neurotransmitters by an unknown mechanism of action that is different from other pre-existing classes of antidepressant. | Generic name | Brand name examples | |---|---| | [vortioxetine](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/vortioxetine.html) | [Trintellix](https://www.drugs.com/trintellix.html) | ## Are antidepressants safe? When taken at the recommended dosage, antidepressants are considered safe. However, some have been associated with severe side effects, some potentially fatal, such as: - An increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors, particularly in children and young adults under the age of 25 years. This is most likely to occur when starting therapy - An increased risk of [seizures](https://www.drugs.com/condition/seizures.html) in people with a history of seizures - Serotonin syndrome – this is caused by excessive levels of serotonin in the body and is more likely to occur with higher dosages of SSRIs or when SSRIs are administered with other medications that also release serotonin. Symptoms include [agitation](https://www.drugs.com/condition/agitation.html), confusion, sweating, tremors, and a rapid heart rate - The precipitation of a manic episode in people with undiagnosed [bipolar disorder](https://www.drugs.com/cg/bipolar-disorder.html) - [Duloxetine](https://www.drugs.com/duloxetine.html): A severe discontinuation syndrome - MAOIs: Very severe drug interactions, very severe food interactions, and rarely, rapid but transient increases in blood pressure within 30 minutes to two hours of MAOI ingestion - [Nefazodone](https://www.drugs.com/mtm/nefazodone.html): Life-threatening liver failure, more common two weeks to six months after starting therapy - SSRIs and vortioxetine: An increase in the risk of bleeding, especially if used with other medications that also increase bleeding risk - TCAs: An increased risk of arrhythmias, heart attacks, stroke, and other cardiovascular effects, particularly in people with pre-existing [heart disease](https://www.drugs.com/condition/heart-disease.html); and the triggering of an angle closure attack in people with angle-closure glaucoma. For a complete list of severe side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs. ## What are the common side effects of antidepressants? Not everybody experiences significant side effects with antidepressants, and some antidepressants are more likely to cause side effects than others. Some of the more commonly reported side effects include: - Blurred vision - Disorientation or confusion - Dizziness - [Drowsiness](https://www.drugs.com/condition/drowsiness.html), sometimes insomnia - [Dry mouth](https://www.drugs.com/cg/dry-mouth.html) - Excessive sweating - Gastrointestinal upset (such as [constipation](https://www.drugs.com/cg/constipation.html), [diarrhea](https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/diarrhea.html), or nausea) - A headache - Increased or [irregular heartbeat](https://www.drugs.com/condition/cardiac-arrhythmia.html) - [Low blood pressure](https://www.drugs.com/cg/hypotension.html) when going from a standing to a sitting position (called [orthostatic hypotension](https://www.drugs.com/cg/hypotension.html)). In most people, this can be managed by slowly increasing the dosage of the medication, giving split doses, and increasing fluid intake - Sexual dysfunction (such as reduced desire or [erectile dysfunction](https://www.drugs.com/cg/erectile-dysfunction.html)) - Tremor - [Urinary retention](https://www.drugs.com/condition/urinary-retention.html) - [Weight loss](https://www.drugs.com/cg/weight-management.html) or weight gain. Some antidepressants have been associated with a discontinuation syndrome when they have been stopped suddenly. For this reason, it is best to withdraw all antidepressants slowly. For a complete list of side effects, please refer to the individual drug monographs. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

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