🕷️ Crawler Inspector

Fast and free citation generator APA 6th and 7th ed. • MLA 8th ed. • Chicago 16th ed. - [Citations](https://www.citefast.com/) - [Create Title Page](https://www.citefast.com/) - [FAQ](https://www.citefast.com/) - [Style Guide](https://www.citefast.com/) - [Contact](https://www.citefast.com/) - [Manage Bibliographies](https://www.citefast.com/) JavaScript is off. Please enable to use site. [Login]() [Create account]()  **Loading Citefast** **Note:** The default citation style is now APA 7. To use APA 6 ensure that the APA 6 button is selected. APA - [APA 7](https://www.citefast.com/) - [APA 6](https://www.citefast.com/) - [MLA 8](https://www.citefast.com/) - [Chicago](https://www.citefast.com/) 1. [APA 7]() 2. [APA 6]() 3. [MLA 8]() 4. [Chicago]()  ### - [Webpage](https://www.citefast.com/#_Webpage) - [Book](https://www.citefast.com/#_Book) - [Journal](https://www.citefast.com/#_Journal) - Other - [Social media](https://www.citefast.com/#_Socialmedia) - [Newspaper](https://www.citefast.com/#_Newspaper) - [Web image](https://www.citefast.com/#_Image) - [Online video](https://www.citefast.com/#_Video) - [Magazine](https://www.citefast.com/#_Magazine) - [Dissertation/Thesis](https://www.citefast.com/#_Thesis) - [Encyclopedia/Dictionary](https://www.citefast.com/#_Encyclopedia) - [Blog](https://www.citefast.com/#_Blog) - [Government publication](https://www.citefast.com/#_Government) - [Audio/Podcast](https://www.citefast.com/#_Audio) - [Television/Radio](https://www.citefast.com/#_TV) - [Interview](https://www.citefast.com/#_Interview) - [Lecture](https://www.citefast.com/#_Lecture) - [Film/DVD](https://www.citefast.com/#_Film) - [Conference](https://www.citefast.com/#_Conference) - [Report](https://www.citefast.com/#_Report) [Autofill](https://www.citefast.com/) [Manual](https://www.citefast.com/) #### Current citation (not saved) ## [](https://www.citefast.com/ "Click on individual citation below for edit. The citation you click on will be highlighted. Click on icons on left for copying or deleting.") You have no saved citations in this bibliography. *0 citations saved in* [Copy & paste]() [Save to account]() [In-text citations]() [Delete all]() **Want to keep your citations for longer and access them from other computers?** It's easy and free\! [Sign up.]() [Report an error ](https://www.citefast.com/report.php) × Copy the information below in your paper according to the Guide on the right. Use your own page numbers. ## APA 7 In-text citation guide In-text citations are required when you use someone else's ideas, theories or research in your paper. ### Quick Guide Examples: (choose depending if author and/or date is mentioned in text) **Quotation**: - "The bones were very fragile" (Cole, 2019, p. 13). - Cole (2019) found that "The bones were very fragile" (p. 33). - In 2019, Cole found that "The bones were very fragile" (p. 33). **Paraphrase**: - The bones broke easily because they were porous (Cole, 2011). - Cole (2011) discovered that the bones broke easily. - In 2011, Cole found that the bones were easily broken (p. 33). **Note:** APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers for paraphrases, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information. ### Authors **No authors**: Use the title in place of author. Shorten title if needed. Use double quotation marks for title of an article, a chapter, or a web page. Use italics for title of a periodical, a book, a brochure or a report. - the observations found ("Arctic Voyage," 2014) - the book Vitamin Discoveries (2013) **Two authors**: Within the text use the word **and**. If the authors' names are within parentheses use the **&** symbol. - Cole and Dough (1998) argued ... - ...if they were left to their own devices.(Cole & Dough, 1998) **Three or more authors:** Include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al." (Wasserstein et al., 2017) **Groups** Spell out the name in full the first time and abbreviate subsequent times only if abbreviation is well known. - First time: American Psychological Association (2020) explained... - Second time: APA (2020) proved ... ### Quotations When quoting always provide author, year and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material. If the quotation is less than 40 words incorporate it into the text and enclose the quotation with quotation marks. Cite the source immediately after the close of the quotation marks. If the authors are named in the text, they do not have to be used in the citation. In fact, "a neurosis is characterized by anxiety" (Kristen & Warb, 2012, p. 157). "A neurosis is characterized by anxiety," according to Kristen and Warb's (2012, p. 157) longitudinal study. If the quotation is over 40 words, you must indent the entire quotation and start the quotation on a new line. No quotation marks are required. Cite the quoted source after the final punctuation mark. Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous province of all three Canadian Prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Hern, 1996, p. 22) ### Paraphrasing APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information. - (Reiton, 2003, para. 3) If the document does not contain page numbers, include paragraph numbers. - (Reiton, 2003, para. 3). If neither is available omit page and paragraph numbers. Do not count paragraph numbers. When paraphrasing from multiple sources, include all authors name in parentheses in alphabetical order. - (Cole, 2006; Mann & Arthur, 2011; Zigmung, 2000). ## APA In-Text Citation Guide In-text citations are required when you use someone else's ideas, theories or research in your paper. ### Quick Guide Examples: (choose depending if author and/or date is mentioned in text) **Quotation**: - "The bones were very fragile" (Cole, 2011, p. 13). - Cole (2011) found that "The bones were very fragile" (p. 33). - In 2011, Cole found that "The bones were very fragile" (p. 33). **Paraphrase**: - The bones broke easily because they were porous (Cole, 2011). - Cole (2011) discovered that the bones broke easily. - In 2011, Cole found that the bones were easily broken (p. 33). **Note:** APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers for paraphrases, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information.) ### Authors **No authors**: Use the title in place of author. Shorten title if needed. Use double quotation marks for title of an article, a chapter, or a web page. Use italics for title of a periodical, a book, a brochure or a report. - the observations found ("Arctic Voyage," 2014) - the book Vitamin Discoveries (2013) **Two or more authors**: Within the text use the word **and**. If the authors' names are within parentheses use the **&** symbol. - Cole and Dough (1998) argued ... - ...if they were left to their own devices.(Cole & Dough, 1998) **Three to five authors**: Include all authors' last names the first time the citation is used. If you use the same citation again within the same paragraph, use only the first last name followed by 'et al'. If you used the citation again omit the year. - First time: Cole, Dough and Ferris (1998) explained... - Second time: Cole et al. (1998) proved ... - Third time: Cole et al. demonstrated... **Six or more authors:** Include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al." (Wasserstein et al., 2010) **Groups** Spell out the name in full the first time and abbreviate subsequent times only if abbreviation is well known. - First time: American Psychological Association (1998) explained... - Second time: APA (1998) proved ... ### Quotations When quoting always provide author, year and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material. If the quotation is less than 40 words incorporate it into the text and enclose the quotation with quotation marks. Cite the source immediately after the close of the quotation marks. If the authors are named in the text, they do not have to be used in the citation. In fact, "a neurosis is characterized by anxiety" (Kristen & Warb, 2012, p. 157). "A neurosis is characterized by anxiety," according to Kristen and Warb's (2012, p. 157) longitudinal study. If the quotation is over 40 words, you must indent the entire quotation and start the quotation on a new line. No quotation marks are required. Cite the quoted source after the final punctuation mark. Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous Province of all three Canadian prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Hern, 1996, p. 22) ### Paraphrasing APA style encourages the inclusion of page numbers, but it is not mandatory. Include page or paragraph numbers if it will help reader find the information. - (Reiton, 2003, para. 3) If the document does not contain page numbers, include paragraph numbers. - (Reiton, 2003, para. 3). If neither is available omit page and paragraph numbers. Do not count paragraph numbers. When paraphrasing from multiple sources, include all authors name in parentheses in alphabetical order. - (Cole, 2006; Mann & Arthur, 2011; Zigmung, 2000). MLA Parenthetical Guide ## In-Text Citations Parenthetical Citations In-text citations are called parenthetical references in MLA. This involves placing information about the source in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase. The information in the parenthetical references must match the corresponding information in the list of works cited. The purpose of parenthetical references is to indicate to readers not only what works you used, but what you used from each source and where in the source you found the material. This can be done by inserting a parenthetical reference in your text at the spot where you have used the source's ideas or words. You should keep parenthetical references as brief and as few as clarity and accuracy permit. #### General Guidelines - Author's last name followed by the page number referenced in work. These are placed in parentheses at end of sentence before period. - The Soviets were surrounded by enemies (Waters 119). - If author's name is in text only use the page number, it is not necessary to repeat the author's name. - Waters argues that the Soviets were surrounded by enemies (119). #### Authors – Identification of source - **Group or corporate authors**: use full name of group or a shortened form. - (Natl. Research Council 15) - Do not use abbreviations such as ed. or trans. - **No author**: use a few words of the title. - ("The evolving internet") - **Two authors**: Use last name of both, no comma. - (Black and Mondoux 123) - **Three authors**: - (Eddison, Zhu, and Lalonde) - **More than three authors**: Give all the last names or just the first and "et al. for the rest - (Becker et al. 13) - (Becker, Lafontaine, Robins, Given, and Rush 13) - If your work cited page contains multiple references by the same author, include the author's last name and a full or shortened title of their work and the page number. - (Feder, The Birth of a Nation 124) #### Location of passage within source - give relevant page number if available - give volume and page number in a multivolume work - if citing entire work omit page numbers - for electronic works use paragraph numbers or other reference number - (Louis par. 20) - film, television, broadcasts cannot be cited by numbers #### Placement of parenthetical reference in text - You should generally put the parenthetical reference at the end of a sentence and as close as possible to the material referred to. The parenthetical reference goes before the punctuation mark. - Cole found that "The bones were very fragile" (33-34). - If the quotation is over 4 lines, you must indent the whole quotation and start the quotation on a new line. No quotation marks are required. Notice the placement of the period is before the brackets for long quotations. > Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is Canada's most populous Province of all three Canadian prairie provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Herick 22) Chicago Footnotes/Endnotes Guide - In Chicago style, footnotes or endnotes are used to reference pieces of work in the text. - To cite from a source a superscript number is placed after a quote or a paraphrase. - Citation numbers should appear in sequential order. - Each number then corresponds to a citation, a footnote or to an endnote. - Endnotes must appear on an endnotes page. The page should be titled Notes (centered at top). This page should appear immediately before the bibliography page. - Footnotes must appear at the bottom of the page that they are referred to. **Example:** Cole found that "The bones were very fragile" (33-34).1 Each superscript then refers to a numbered citation in the footnotes or endnotes. **Footnotes/endnotes:** The first time the in-text reference is cited you must include, author's first name, author's last name, title, place of publication, publisher name, year and referenced pages. e.g. 1\. James Smith, *The first and last war*, (New York, Hamilton, 2003), 2. If the citation has already been cited it may be shortened to author's last name, shortened title, and page referenced number. e.g. 2\. Smith, *The first*, 220-221. If the citation has been referenced immediately prior, the note may be shortened even further to ibid with the page number. e.g. 3\. Ibid., 786. Chicago In-text Citation Guide For each author-date citation in the text, there must be a corresponding entry in the reference list under the same name and date. An author-date citation in running text or at the end of a block quotation consists of the last (family) name of the author, followed by the year of publication of the work in question. In this context, *author* may refer not only to one or more authors or an institution but also to one or more editors, translators, or compilers. No punctuation appears between author and date. Abbreviations such as *ed.* or *trans.* are omitted. (Woodward 1987) (Schuman and Scott 1987) When a specific page, section, equation, or other division of the work is cited, it follows the date, preceded by a comma. When a volume as a whole is referred to, without a page number, *vol.* is used. For volume plus page, only a colon is needed. The *n* in the Fischer and Siple example below indicates "note" (see [14\.164](http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/16/ch14/ch14_sec164.html)). The last example shows how one might cite a section of a work that contains no page or section numbers or other numerical signposts—the case for some electronic documents (see [15\.8](http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/16/ch15/ch15_sec008.html)). (Piaget 1980, 74) (LaFree 2010, 413, 417–18) (Johnson 1979, sec. 24) Fowler and Hoyle 1965, eq. 87) (García 1987, vol. 2) (García 1987, 2:345) (Barnes 1998, 2:354–55, 3:29) (Fischer and Siple 1990, 212n3) (Hellman 1998, under "The Battleground") **The following features have been recently added to Citefast:** - Edit and delete citations - Copy and paste functionality - Citations will be saved for 24 hours - A short wizard to guide you through the site the first time you use it - Updated interface for inputting citation information - Ability to create In-text citations - In-text guide for APA, MLA and Chicago citations - Export your bibliography to Word - Add editor and chapter information to bibliography for book - More tool tips to make entering data easier Thank you to all those who emailed us with their suggestions for improvements. × #### Login to Citefast Not a member? [Sign Up]() × #### Create a Citefast account Already have an account? [Login]() × #### Login with citation in progress Do you want to save your citation? It will be saved to the account you login to. Yes, save my citation No, I do not want to save it × #### Password assistance × #### Verifying that it's you For your security, we need to verify your identity. We've sent a code to the email . Please enter it below. Remember to check your junk mail folder if you do not see it in your inbox. × Do you want to save the citation you are working on? Yes, save my citation No, I do not want to save it × #### Change style? OK Cancel × #### Change bibliographies? You will lose the citation you are entering. Yes, change bibliographies No, cancel × × #### Change Account Settings × #### Reset Password × #### Go to Citefast for Schools - No ads × Yes Cancel © 2008-2026 Citefast: Your speedy solution to citation confusion. [Questions?](https://www.citefast.com/contact.php) [Privacy policy](https://www.citefast.com/privacypolicy.php) [](http://www.dailypuzzle.com/) [Tweet](http://twitter.com/share)

Copy the information below in your paper according to the Guide on the right. Use your own page numbers. Chicago In-text Citation Guide For each author-date citation in the text, there must be a corresponding entry in the reference list under the same name and date. An author-date citation in running text or at the end of a block quotation consists of the last (family) name of the author, followed by the year of publication of the work in question. In this context, *author* may refer not only to one or more authors or an institution but also to one or more editors, translators, or compilers. No punctuation appears between author and date. Abbreviations such as *ed.* or *trans.* are omitted. (Woodward 1987) (Schuman and Scott 1987) When a specific page, section, equation, or other division of the work is cited, it follows the date, preceded by a comma. When a volume as a whole is referred to, without a page number, *vol.* is used. For volume plus page, only a colon is needed. The *n* in the Fischer and Siple example below indicates "note" (see [14\.164](http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/16/ch14/ch14_sec164.html)). The last example shows how one might cite a section of a work that contains no page or section numbers or other numerical signposts—the case for some electronic documents (see [15\.8](http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/16/ch15/ch15_sec008.html)). (Piaget 1980, 74) (LaFree 2010, 413, 417–18) (Johnson 1979, sec. 24) Fowler and Hoyle 1965, eq. 87) (García 1987, vol. 2) (García 1987, 2:345) (Barnes 1998, 2:354–55, 3:29) (Fischer and Siple 1990, 212n3) (Hellman 1998, under "The Battleground") **The following features have been recently added to Citefast:** - Edit and delete citations - Copy and paste functionality - Citations will be saved for 24 hours - A short wizard to guide you through the site the first time you use it - Updated interface for inputting citation information - Ability to create In-text citations - In-text guide for APA, MLA and Chicago citations - Export your bibliography to Word - Add editor and chapter information to bibliography for book - More tool tips to make entering data easier Thank you to all those who emailed us with their suggestions for improvements. Already have an account? Login #### Login with citation in progress Do you want to save your citation? It will be saved to the account you login to. Do you want to save the citation you are working on? You will lose the citation you are entering.