🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 45 (from laksa024)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa045.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical, ml_categories_json AS ml_categories_json, ml_types_json AS ml_types_json, ml_intent_types_json AS ml_intent_types_json, meta_language AS meta_language, attrs_author AS attrs_author, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_publish_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_original_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_original_publish_time, ifNull(attrs_is_republished, 0) AS attrs_is_republished, ifNull(attrs_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_nr_words, ifNull(attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, ifNull(body_ext_links_number, 0) AS body_ext_links_number, ifNull(body_int_links_number, 0) AS body_int_links_number, ifNull(meta_nofollow, 0) AS meta_nofollow, ifNull(meta_noarchive, 0) AS meta_noarchive, ifNull(props_was_rendered, 0) AS props_was_rendered, ifNull(src_redirect, \'\') AS src_redirect, ifNull(download_time_msec, 0) AS download_time_msec, ifNull(download_ttfb_msec, 0) AS download_ttfb_msec, ifNull(download_size, 0) AS download_size FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid","crawl_time":1776980125,"first_indexed_time":1708639530,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"edu,umn!cidrap,www,\/covid-19\/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid s443","src_root_hash":"1624480930799954845","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Researchers identify mechanism behind brain fog in long COVID | CIDRAP","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Disruptions in the blood-brain barrier along with a hyperactive immune system are the likely mechanisms behind \"brain fog\" in patients who are experiencing long COVID, an Irish research team reported today in\nNature Neuroscience\n.\nBrain fog has been reported during acute COVID infection and has also been reported in nearly 50% of patients who experience long COVID, or symptoms well past the acute phase of COVID-19.\nClues from blood markers and brain MRI\nThe blood-brain barrier disruption mechanism was suspected before, but to test the connection, the group first analyzed blood samples to look for any biomarker differences between those who did and didn't report brain fog. They examined blood samples from 76 patients who were hospitalized with acute COVID in early 2020, comparing findings with pre-pandemic samples from 25 other patients to look for any differences in coagulation patterns and immune response.\nThose who reported brain fog had higher levels of a protein (S100β) produced by brain cells not normally found in the blood, which hinted at a \"leaky\" blood-brain barrier.\nFor the second part of the study, the researchers conducted brain scans using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to examine brain circulation in 11 people who had recovered from COVID and 22 who had long COVID, which included 11 people who reported brain fog. They found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had a leaky blood-brain barrier when compared to other long COVID patients and to others who had recovered.\nThe group's experiments also found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had increased levels of clotting markers in their blood.\nImplications for diagnosis and treatment\nMatthew Campbell, PhD, one of the study coauthors, said in a Trinity College Dublin\npress release\nthat the findings show for the first time that leaky vessels in the brain along with a hyperactive immune system may be the key drivers of brain fog in people experiencing long COVID.\n\"This is critically important, as understanding the underlying cause of these conditions will allow us to develop targeted therapies for patients in the future,\" he said. Campbell is a genetics professor at Trinity College.\nThe concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing.\nThe findings will likely change the understanding and treatment of post-viral neurologic conditions, said Colin Doherty, MD, a study coauthor who is a neurology professor and head of the school of medicine at Trinity College. \"It also confirms that the neurological symptoms of Long Covid are measurable with real and demonstrable metabolic and vascular changes in the brain,\" he added.\nCampbell concluded, \"The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing and is under active investigation by the team.\"\nOur underwriters\nUnrestricted financial support provided by","attrs_markdown":"Menu\n\n- [News](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/)\n- [Topics & ProjectsToggle submenu](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#mm-2)\n  - 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[Contact Us](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/contact-us)\n- [Donate](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/support)\n\n[Skip to main content](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#main-content)\n\n[Main navigation](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#main-nav)\n\n**University of Minnesota**  \nhttp:\/\/twin-cities.umn.edu\/  \n612-625-5000\n\n[Go to the U of M home page](http:\/\/twin-cities.umn.edu\/ \"(opens in a new window)\")\n\n[![Home](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/themes\/custom\/cidrap_theme\/logo-internal.svg)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/ \"Home\")\n\n## Main navigation\n- [News](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/)\n- - [Antimicrobial Resistance](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/antimicrobial-stewardship)\n  - [COVID-19](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19)\n  - [Chronic Wasting Disease](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/chronic-wasting-disease)\n  - [Influenza](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/influenza-general)\n  - [Public Health Alerts](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/public-health-alerts)\n  - [All Topics A-Z](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/infectious-disease-topics)\n  - [Coronavirus Vaccines Roadmap](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/coronavirus-vaccines-roadmap)\n  - [Influenza Vaccines Roadmap](https:\/\/ivr.cidrap.umn.edu\/ \"(opens in a new window)\")\n  - [Roadmaps for Priority Pathogens](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/roadmap-development)\n  - [Vaccine Integrity Project](https:\/\/vaxintegrity.cidrap.umn.edu\/ \"(opens in a new window)\")\n  - [CIDRAP Leadership Forum](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/forum \"CIDRAP Leadership Forum\")\n  - .\n  - .\n  Topics & Projects\n- - [Antimicrobial Stewardship](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/antimicrobial-stewardship\/superbugs-you)\n  - [Chronic Wasting Disease](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/chronic-wasting-disease\/cwd-pod)\n  - [Osterholm Update](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/osterholm-update)\n  Podcasts\n- [Newsletters](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/newsletter)\n- - [About CIDRAP](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/about-cidrap)\n  - [CIDRAP in the News](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/cidrap-news)\n  - [Our Staff](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/about-us\/cidrap-staff)\n  - [Our Director](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/michael-t-osterholm-phd-mph)\n  - [Osterholm in the Press](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/osterholm-quotes)\n  - [Shop Merchandise](https:\/\/www.mnalumnimarket.com\/collections\/cidrap?utm_source=website&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=CIDRAPdonate&utm_content=CIDRAP \"(opens in a new window)\")\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/contact-us)\n  About\n\nSearch\n\n- [Support](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/support)\n\n[Menu](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#off-canvas \"Menu\")\n\n# Researchers identify mechanism behind brain fog in long COVID\n[Lisa Schnirring](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/lisa-schnirring)\n\nFebruary 22, 2024\n\n[COVID-19](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19)\n\n![brain circulation ](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/article_detail\/public\/article\/brain%20circulation.jpg?itok=6JnyHRPE)\n\n> mr.suphhachai praserdumrongchai\/iStock\n\nShare\n\nDisruptions in the blood-brain barrier along with a hyperactive immune system are the likely mechanisms behind \"brain fog\" in patients who are experiencing long COVID, an Irish research team reported today in [*Nature Neuroscience*](https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-024-01576-9 \"(opens in a new window)\").\n\nBrain fog has been reported during acute COVID infection and has also been reported in nearly 50% of patients who experience long COVID, or symptoms well past the acute phase of COVID-19.\n\n### Clues from blood markers and brain MRI\nThe blood-brain barrier disruption mechanism was suspected before, but to test the connection, the group first analyzed blood samples to look for any biomarker differences between those who did and didn't report brain fog. They examined blood samples from 76 patients who were hospitalized with acute COVID in early 2020, comparing findings with pre-pandemic samples from 25 other patients to look for any differences in coagulation patterns and immune response.\n\nThose who reported brain fog had higher levels of a protein (S100β) produced by brain cells not normally found in the blood, which hinted at a \"leaky\" blood-brain barrier.\n\nFor the second part of the study, the researchers conducted brain scans using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to examine brain circulation in 11 people who had recovered from COVID and 22 who had long COVID, which included 11 people who reported brain fog. They found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had a leaky blood-brain barrier when compared to other long COVID patients and to others who had recovered.\n\nThe group's experiments also found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had increased levels of clotting markers in their blood.\n\n### Implications for diagnosis and treatment\nMatthew Campbell, PhD, one of the study coauthors, said in a Trinity College Dublin [press release](https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1034969 \"(opens in a new window)\") that the findings show for the first time that leaky vessels in the brain along with a hyperactive immune system may be the key drivers of brain fog in people experiencing long COVID.\n\n\"This is critically important, as understanding the underlying cause of these conditions will allow us to develop targeted therapies for patients in the future,\" he said. Campbell is a genetics professor at Trinity College.\n\n> The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing.\n\nThe findings will likely change the understanding and treatment of post-viral neurologic conditions, said Colin Doherty, MD, a study coauthor who is a neurology professor and head of the school of medicine at Trinity College. \"It also confirms that the neurological symptoms of Long Covid are measurable with real and demonstrable metabolic and vascular changes in the brain,\" he added.\n\nCampbell concluded, \"The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing and is under active investigation by the team.\"\n\n## Related news\nPrevious\n\nNext\n\n[Comparing the antibiotic resistance threat to COVID fails to reduce antibiotic-seeking, survey finds April 15, 2026 Chris Dall 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syringe](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/hand_curated_related_teaser\/public\/article\/Covid%20syringe.jpg?itok=X3PGwbSm)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/covid-vaccines-tied-less-hospital-care-long-covid-and-economic-burden)\n\n[Study links long COVID in kids to worse grades, attention, and social life April 17, 2026 Laine Bergeson ![Tired student](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/hand_curated_related_teaser\/public\/article\/Tired%20Student.jpg?itok=_RDgt7-b)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/study-links-long-covid-kids-worse-grades-attention-and-social-life)\n\n[Comparing the antibiotic resistance threat to COVID fails to reduce antibiotic-seeking, survey finds April 15, 2026 Chris Dall ![Antibiotic resistance illustration 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Mary Van Beusekom April 17, 2026 ![Barefoot girl riding horse](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/article_teaser\/public\/article\/Tetanus_0.jpg?h=997452a2&itok=OgXu0rOD)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/misc-emerging-topics\/report-details-tetanus-4-unvaccinated-us-kids-including-refusal-post-exposure)\n4. [New research highlights strong benefits of HPV vaccines beyond cervical cancer Twenty years after the approval of the first HPV vaccines, studies continue to find new benefits. Liz Szabo April 14, 2026 ![A young boy receives a vaccine to protect him from HPV.](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/article_teaser\/public\/article\/HPV%20vaccine%20boy.jpg?itok=4PkFgP2P)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/human-papillomavirus-hpv\/new-research-highlights-strong-benefits-hpv-vaccines-beyond-cervical)\n5. [CDC blocks publication of report showing COVID vaccine efficacy The report was scheduled to be published in the CDC’s flagship publication on March 19. Chris Dall April 22, 2026 ![Scientist analyzing data in a laboratory](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/article_teaser\/public\/article\/iStock-2270335824.jpg?itok=GvYOsR7B)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/cdc-blocks-publication-report-showing-covid-vaccine-efficacy)\n6. [HPV vaccination cuts cancer risk in men by about half, study suggests The findings support the case for sex-neutral vaccination programs. Laine Bergeson April 14, 2026 ![young man getting vaccinated](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/article_teaser\/public\/article\/Young%20man%20getting%20vaccinated.jpg?itok=sX9cHvX_)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/human-papillomavirus-hpv\/hpv-vaccination-cuts-cancer-risk-men-about-half-study-suggests)\n7. [COVID vaccines tied to less hospital care, long COVID, and economic burden A large study in Germany shows lower hospitalization, all-cause death rates, and health care costs in vaccinated people. Laine Bergeson April 20, 2026 ![Covid vaccine syringe](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/article_teaser\/public\/article\/Covid%20syringe.jpg?itok=07j5UgEf)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/covid-vaccines-tied-less-hospital-care-long-covid-and-economic-burden)\n8. [Antibiotic-resistance genes detected in babies within first 3 days of life Researchers say the study, presented at ESCMID Global 2026, is the largest of its kind on antibiotic-resistance genes in the neonatal gut. Chris Dall April 20, 2026 ![Newborn in incubator](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/article_teaser\/public\/article\/Newborn_in_incubator.jpg?itok=QoNZZC9R)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/antimicrobial-stewardship\/antibiotic-resistance-genes-detected-babies-within-first-3-days-life)\n9. [Six symptoms\/conditions more common in long COVID, suggesting overlap with other post-viral infections Increased post-COVID risk was noted for pulmonary embolism, abnormal breathing, fatigue, hemorrhagic stroke, brain fog, and palpitations. Mary Van Beusekom April 16, 2026](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/six-symptomsconditions-more-common-long-covid-suggesting-overlap-other-post-viral)\n10. [Extensively drug-resistant Shigella on the rise in US, CDC warns The prevalence of XDR *Shigella* isolates in US surveillance data rose from 0% during 2011-2015 to 8.5% in 2023. Chris Dall April 17, 2026 ![Shigella bacteria under the microscope](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/article_teaser\/public\/article\/CDC_Shigella.jpg?itok=AFqFU7kj)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/shigella\/extensively-drug-resistant-shigella-rise-us-cdc-warns)\n\n## Our underwriters\n### Unrestricted financial support provided by\n[![Bentson Foundation logo](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/underwriters\/BentsonFound%20Logo%20RGB%200612.jpg) Principal Underwriter](https:\/\/bentsonfoundation.org\/ \"(opens in a new window)\")\n\n[![Unorthodox Philanthropy logo](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/underwriters\/up-4166734.jpeg) Leading Underwriter](https:\/\/www.unorthodoxphilanthropy.org\/ \"(opens in a new window)\")\n\n[![3M Logo](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/underwriters\/3M%20logo.jpg) Major Underwriter](https:\/\/www.3m.com\/ \"(opens in a new window)\")\n\n[![Gilead Logo](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/underwriters\/Gilead.IDtag%202C.pos_.jpg) Supporting Underwriter](https:\/\/www.gilead.com\/ \"(opens in a new window)\")\n\n![Albert Victor Ravenholt Fund](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/underwriters\/avr-logo.png)\n\nSupporting Underwriter\n\n[Become an Underwriter](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/support-cidrap)\n\n![Bordetella pertussis - Maroon](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-08\/bordetella-pertussis-maroon.jpg)\n\n## Help make CIDRAP's vital work possible\n[Support Us](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/support)\n\n- [Home](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/)\n- [Editorial policy](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/editorial-policy)\n- [Search news](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/search)\n\n[![Visit us on Facebook](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/social-icons\/facebook.svg)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/cidrap-facebook)\n\n[![Twitter](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/social-icons\/twitter_0.svg)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/cidrap-twitter)\n\n[![Bluesky](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/social-icons\/bluesky.svg)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/cidrap-bluesky)\n\n[![Youtube](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/social-icons\/youtube.svg)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/cidrap-youtube)\n\n[![Linkedin](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/social-icons\/linkedin.svg)](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/center-for-infectious-disease-research-and-policy-cidrap-?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F \"(opens in a new window)\")\n\n[![RSS](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/social-icons\/rss-icon-blue.svg)](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/rss-feeds)\n\n## Contact Us\nCIDRAP - Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy  \nResearch and Innovation Office, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN\n\n[Email us](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/contact-us \"Contact Us\")\n\n© 2026 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights Reserved.  \nThe University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer\n\n[Research and Innovation Office](https:\/\/research.umn.edu\/ \"Research and Innovation Office (opens in a new window)\") \\| [Contact U of M](http:\/\/www.umn.edu\/twincities\/contact\/ \"Contact U of M (opens in a new window)\") \\| [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/privacy-policy \"Privacy Policy\")\n\n[Newsletter subscribe](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/newsletter)\n\nGet CIDRAP updates\n\n##\nCLOSE\n\n[Close menu](https:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/covid-19\/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#mm-0)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Disruptions in the blood-brain barrier along with a hyperactive immune system are the likely mechanisms behind \"brain fog\" in patients who are experiencing long COVID, an Irish research team reported today in [*Nature Neuroscience*](https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-024-01576-9 \"(opens in a new window)\").\n\nBrain fog has been reported during acute COVID infection and has also been reported in nearly 50% of patients who experience long COVID, or symptoms well past the acute phase of COVID-19.\n\n### Clues from blood markers and brain MRI\nThe blood-brain barrier disruption mechanism was suspected before, but to test the connection, the group first analyzed blood samples to look for any biomarker differences between those who did and didn't report brain fog. They examined blood samples from 76 patients who were hospitalized with acute COVID in early 2020, comparing findings with pre-pandemic samples from 25 other patients to look for any differences in coagulation patterns and immune response.\n\nThose who reported brain fog had higher levels of a protein (S100β) produced by brain cells not normally found in the blood, which hinted at a \"leaky\" blood-brain barrier.\n\nFor the second part of the study, the researchers conducted brain scans using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to examine brain circulation in 11 people who had recovered from COVID and 22 who had long COVID, which included 11 people who reported brain fog. They found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had a leaky blood-brain barrier when compared to other long COVID patients and to others who had recovered.\n\nThe group's experiments also found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had increased levels of clotting markers in their blood.\n\n### Implications for diagnosis and treatment\nMatthew Campbell, PhD, one of the study coauthors, said in a Trinity College Dublin [press release](https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1034969 \"(opens in a new window)\") that the findings show for the first time that leaky vessels in the brain along with a hyperactive immune system may be the key drivers of brain fog in people experiencing long COVID.\n\n\"This is critically important, as understanding the underlying cause of these conditions will allow us to develop targeted therapies for patients in the future,\" he said. Campbell is a genetics professor at Trinity College.\n\n> The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing.\n\nThe findings will likely change the understanding and treatment of post-viral neurologic conditions, said Colin Doherty, MD, a study coauthor who is a neurology professor and head of the school of medicine at Trinity College. \"It also confirms that the neurological symptoms of Long Covid are measurable with real and demonstrable metabolic and vascular changes in the brain,\" he added.\n\nCampbell concluded, \"The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing and is under active investigation by the team.\"\n\n## Our underwriters\nUnrestricted financial support provided by","meta_canonical":null,"ml_categories_json":"{\"\/Science\":844,\"\/Science\/Biological_Sciences\":843,\"\/Science\/Biological_Sciences\/Neuroscience\":832,\"\/Health\":569,\"\/Health\/Health_Conditions\":232,\"\/Health\/Health_Conditions\/Neurological_Conditions\":226}","ml_types_json":"{\"\/Article\":998,\"\/Article\/Study_or_Research_Findings\":593}","ml_intent_types_json":"{\"Informational\":999}","meta_language":"en","attrs_author":null,"attrs_publish_time":1708630560,"attrs_original_publish_time":1708630560,"attrs_is_republished":0,"attrs_nr_words":"1438","attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words":"474","body_ext_links_number":15,"body_int_links_number":56,"meta_nofollow":0,"meta_noarchive":0,"props_was_rendered":1,"src_redirect":"","download_time_msec":37,"download_ttfb_msec":36,"download_size":29295}

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Disruptions in the blood-brain barrier along with a hyperactive immune system are the likely mechanisms behind "brain fog" in patients who are experiencing long COVID, an Irish research team reported today in Nature Neuroscience . Brain fog has been reported during acute COVID infection and has also been reported in nearly 50% of patients who experience long COVID, or symptoms well past the acute phase of COVID-19. Clues from blood markers and brain MRI The blood-brain barrier disruption mechanism was suspected before, but to test the connection, the group first analyzed blood samples to look for any biomarker differences between those who did and didn't report brain fog. They examined blood samples from 76 patients who were hospitalized with acute COVID in early 2020, comparing findings with pre-pandemic samples from 25 other patients to look for any differences in coagulation patterns and immune response. Those who reported brain fog had higher levels of a protein (S100β) produced by brain cells not normally found in the blood, which hinted at a "leaky" blood-brain barrier. For the second part of the study, the researchers conducted brain scans using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to examine brain circulation in 11 people who had recovered from COVID and 22 who had long COVID, which included 11 people who reported brain fog. They found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had a leaky blood-brain barrier when compared to other long COVID patients and to others who had recovered. The group's experiments also found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had increased levels of clotting markers in their blood. Implications for diagnosis and treatment Matthew Campbell, PhD, one of the study coauthors, said in a Trinity College Dublin press release that the findings show for the first time that leaky vessels in the brain along with a hyperactive immune system may be the key drivers of brain fog in people experiencing long COVID. "This is critically important, as understanding the underlying cause of these conditions will allow us to develop targeted therapies for patients in the future," he said. Campbell is a genetics professor at Trinity College. The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing. The findings will likely change the understanding and treatment of post-viral neurologic conditions, said Colin Doherty, MD, a study coauthor who is a neurology professor and head of the school of medicine at Trinity College. "It also confirms that the neurological symptoms of Long Covid are measurable with real and demonstrable metabolic and vascular changes in the brain," he added. Campbell concluded, "The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing and is under active investigation by the team." Our underwriters Unrestricted financial support provided by

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Menu - [News](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/) - [Topics & ProjectsToggle submenu](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#mm-2) - [Antimicrobial Resistance](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship) - [COVID-19](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19) - [Chronic Wasting Disease](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease) - [Influenza](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-general) - [Public Health Alerts](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/public-health-alerts) - [Coronavirus Vaccines Roadmap](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/coronavirus-vaccines-roadmap) - [Influenza Vaccines Roadmap](https://ivr.cidrap.umn.edu/ "(opens in a new window)") - [Roadmaps for Priority Pathogens](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/roadmap-development) - [Vaccine Integrity Project](https://vaxintegrity.cidrap.umn.edu/ "(opens in a new window)") - [CIDRAP Leadership Forum](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/forum "CIDRAP Leadership Forum") - . - . - [All Topics A-Z](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/infectious-disease-topics) - [PodcastsToggle submenu](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#mm-3) - [Antimicrobial Stewardship](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/superbugs-you) - [Chronic Wasting Disease](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-pod) - [Osterholm Update](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/osterholm-update) - [Newsletters](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/newsletter) - [AboutToggle submenu](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#mm-4) - [About CIDRAP](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/about-cidrap) - [CIDRAP in the News](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap-news) - [Our Staff](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/about-us/cidrap-staff) - [Our Director](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/michael-t-osterholm-phd-mph) - [Osterholm in the Press](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/osterholm-quotes) - [Shop Merchandise](https://www.mnalumnimarket.com/collections/cidrap?utm_source=website&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=CIDRAPdonate&utm_content=CIDRAP "(opens in a new window)") - [Contact Us](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/contact-us) - [Donate](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/support) [Skip to main content](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#main-content) [Main navigation](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#main-nav) **University of Minnesota** http://twin-cities.umn.edu/ 612-625-5000 [Go to the U of M home page](http://twin-cities.umn.edu/ "(opens in a new window)") [![Home](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/themes/custom/cidrap_theme/logo-internal.svg)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/ "Home") ## Main navigation - [News](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/) - - [Antimicrobial Resistance](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship) - [COVID-19](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19) - [Chronic Wasting Disease](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease) - [Influenza](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-general) - [Public Health Alerts](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/public-health-alerts) - [All Topics A-Z](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/infectious-disease-topics) - [Coronavirus Vaccines Roadmap](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/coronavirus-vaccines-roadmap) - [Influenza Vaccines Roadmap](https://ivr.cidrap.umn.edu/ "(opens in a new window)") - [Roadmaps for Priority Pathogens](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/roadmap-development) - [Vaccine Integrity Project](https://vaxintegrity.cidrap.umn.edu/ "(opens in a new window)") - [CIDRAP Leadership Forum](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/forum "CIDRAP Leadership Forum") - . - . Topics & Projects - - [Antimicrobial Stewardship](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/superbugs-you) - [Chronic Wasting Disease](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-pod) - [Osterholm Update](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/osterholm-update) Podcasts - [Newsletters](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/newsletter) - - [About CIDRAP](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/about-cidrap) - [CIDRAP in the News](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap-news) - [Our Staff](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/about-us/cidrap-staff) - [Our Director](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/michael-t-osterholm-phd-mph) - [Osterholm in the Press](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/osterholm-quotes) - [Shop Merchandise](https://www.mnalumnimarket.com/collections/cidrap?utm_source=website&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=CIDRAPdonate&utm_content=CIDRAP "(opens in a new window)") - [Contact Us](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/contact-us) About Search - [Support](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/support) [Menu](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/researchers-identify-mechanism-behind-brain-fog-long-covid#off-canvas "Menu") # Researchers identify mechanism behind brain fog in long COVID [Lisa Schnirring](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/lisa-schnirring) February 22, 2024 [COVID-19](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19) ![brain circulation ](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_detail/public/article/brain%20circulation.jpg?itok=6JnyHRPE) > mr.suphhachai praserdumrongchai/iStock Share Disruptions in the blood-brain barrier along with a hyperactive immune system are the likely mechanisms behind "brain fog" in patients who are experiencing long COVID, an Irish research team reported today in [*Nature Neuroscience*](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01576-9 "(opens in a new window)"). Brain fog has been reported during acute COVID infection and has also been reported in nearly 50% of patients who experience long COVID, or symptoms well past the acute phase of COVID-19. ### Clues from blood markers and brain MRI The blood-brain barrier disruption mechanism was suspected before, but to test the connection, the group first analyzed blood samples to look for any biomarker differences between those who did and didn't report brain fog. They examined blood samples from 76 patients who were hospitalized with acute COVID in early 2020, comparing findings with pre-pandemic samples from 25 other patients to look for any differences in coagulation patterns and immune response. Those who reported brain fog had higher levels of a protein (S100β) produced by brain cells not normally found in the blood, which hinted at a "leaky" blood-brain barrier. For the second part of the study, the researchers conducted brain scans using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to examine brain circulation in 11 people who had recovered from COVID and 22 who had long COVID, which included 11 people who reported brain fog. They found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had a leaky blood-brain barrier when compared to other long COVID patients and to others who had recovered. The group's experiments also found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had increased levels of clotting markers in their blood. ### Implications for diagnosis and treatment Matthew Campbell, PhD, one of the study coauthors, said in a Trinity College Dublin [press release](https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1034969 "(opens in a new window)") that the findings show for the first time that leaky vessels in the brain along with a hyperactive immune system may be the key drivers of brain fog in people experiencing long COVID. "This is critically important, as understanding the underlying cause of these conditions will allow us to develop targeted therapies for patients in the future," he said. Campbell is a genetics professor at Trinity College. > The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing. The findings will likely change the understanding and treatment of post-viral neurologic conditions, said Colin Doherty, MD, a study coauthor who is a neurology professor and head of the school of medicine at Trinity College. "It also confirms that the neurological symptoms of Long Covid are measurable with real and demonstrable metabolic and vascular changes in the brain," he added. Campbell concluded, "The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing and is under active investigation by the team." ## Related news Previous Next [Comparing the antibiotic resistance threat to COVID fails to reduce antibiotic-seeking, survey finds April 15, 2026 Chris Dall ![Antibiotic resistance illustration ](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/iStock-1360661300.jpg?itok=gcve1gBF)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/comparing-antibiotic-resistance-threat-covid-fails-reduce-antibiotic) [Long COVID costs world’s economy billions: analysis April 13, 2026 Sarah Boden ![Long COVID costs billions of dollars every 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vaccine](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/COVID%20vaccination%20of%20older%20woman.png?itok=eh8ppz3W)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/us-states-took-divergent-actions-absence-federal-covid-vaccine-guidance-last-respiratory) [COVID vaccines tied to less hospital care, long COVID, and economic burden April 20, 2026 Laine Bergeson ![Covid vaccine syringe](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/Covid%20syringe.jpg?itok=X3PGwbSm)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-vaccines-tied-less-hospital-care-long-covid-and-economic-burden) [Study links long COVID in kids to worse grades, attention, and social life April 17, 2026 Laine Bergeson ![Tired student](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/Tired%20Student.jpg?itok=_RDgt7-b)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/study-links-long-covid-kids-worse-grades-attention-and-social-life) [Comparing the antibiotic resistance threat to COVID fails to reduce antibiotic-seeking, survey finds April 15, 2026 Chris Dall ![Antibiotic resistance illustration ](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/iStock-1360661300.jpg?itok=gcve1gBF)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/comparing-antibiotic-resistance-threat-covid-fails-reduce-antibiotic) [Long COVID costs world’s economy billions: analysis April 13, 2026 Sarah Boden ![Long COVID costs billions of dollars every year.](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/iStock-2152473023_0.jpg?itok=f2oZtFPX)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/long-covid-costs-world-s-economy-billions-analysis) [COVID revaccination early in pregnancy not linked to higher risk of major birth defects April 13, 2026 Mary Van Beusekom ![Pregnant woman in hospital](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/Pregnant%20woman%20in%20hospital.png?itok=oir9udLN)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-revaccination-early-pregnancy-not-linked-higher-risk-major-birth-defects) [Paxlovid doesn’t reduce hospitalization, death rates in vaccinated high-risk COVID outpatients, trial shows Today at 7:56 p.m. Mary Van Beusekom ![Paxlovid box and caplets](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/Paxlovid%20box.png?itok=hP8XVDjs)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/paxlovid-doesn-t-reduce-hospitalization-death-rates-vaccinated-high-risk-covid-outpatients) [CDC blocks publication of report showing COVID vaccine efficacy April 22, 2026 Chris Dall ![Scientist analyzing data in a laboratory](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/iStock-2270335824.jpg?itok=9slmAdHk)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/cdc-blocks-publication-report-showing-covid-vaccine-efficacy) [US states took divergent actions in absence of federal COVID vaccine guidance last respiratory virus season April 21, 2026 Mary Van Beusekom ![Older woman receiving COVID-19 vaccine](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/COVID%20vaccination%20of%20older%20woman.png?itok=eh8ppz3W)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/us-states-took-divergent-actions-absence-federal-covid-vaccine-guidance-last-respiratory) [COVID vaccines tied to less hospital care, long COVID, and economic burden April 20, 2026 Laine Bergeson ![Covid vaccine syringe](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/Covid%20syringe.jpg?itok=X3PGwbSm)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-vaccines-tied-less-hospital-care-long-covid-and-economic-burden) [Study links long COVID in kids to worse grades, attention, and social life April 17, 2026 Laine Bergeson ![Tired student](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/Tired%20Student.jpg?itok=_RDgt7-b)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/study-links-long-covid-kids-worse-grades-attention-and-social-life) [Comparing the antibiotic resistance threat to COVID fails to reduce antibiotic-seeking, survey finds April 15, 2026 Chris Dall ![Antibiotic resistance illustration ](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/iStock-1360661300.jpg?itok=gcve1gBF)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/comparing-antibiotic-resistance-threat-covid-fails-reduce-antibiotic) [Long COVID costs world’s economy billions: analysis April 13, 2026 Sarah Boden ![Long COVID costs billions of dollars every year.](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/iStock-2152473023_0.jpg?itok=f2oZtFPX)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/long-covid-costs-world-s-economy-billions-analysis) [COVID revaccination early in pregnancy not linked to higher risk of major birth defects April 13, 2026 Mary Van Beusekom ![Pregnant woman in hospital](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/hand_curated_related_teaser/public/article/Pregnant%20woman%20in%20hospital.png?itok=oir9udLN)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-revaccination-early-pregnancy-not-linked-higher-risk-major-birth-defects) ## This week's top reads 1. [At least 5 dead in Burundi from a mystery illness: Africa CDC Lab tests are negative for more than 200 pathogens, but testing continues. Sarah Boden April 17, 2026](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/misc-emerging-topics/least-5-dead-burundi-mystery-illness-africa-cdc) 2. [Trump nominates Erica Schwartz, former deputy surgeon general, to head CDC Schwartz wrote Coast Guard policy on pandemic influenza and other viral disease outbreaks. Stephanie Soucheray April 16, 2026 ![Erica Schwartz](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_teaser/public/article/Erica_G._Schwartz_%281%29.jpg?itok=5MFawr3t)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/public-health/trump-nominates-erica-schwartz-former-deputy-surgeon-general-head-cdc) 3. [Report details tetanus in 4 unvaccinated US kids, including refusal of post-exposure prevention Only one patient later completed the recommended tetanus toxoid–containing vaccine series. Mary Van Beusekom April 17, 2026 ![Barefoot girl riding horse](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_teaser/public/article/Tetanus_0.jpg?h=997452a2&itok=OgXu0rOD)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/misc-emerging-topics/report-details-tetanus-4-unvaccinated-us-kids-including-refusal-post-exposure) 4. [New research highlights strong benefits of HPV vaccines beyond cervical cancer Twenty years after the approval of the first HPV vaccines, studies continue to find new benefits. Liz Szabo April 14, 2026 ![A young boy receives a vaccine to protect him from HPV.](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_teaser/public/article/HPV%20vaccine%20boy.jpg?itok=4PkFgP2P)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/human-papillomavirus-hpv/new-research-highlights-strong-benefits-hpv-vaccines-beyond-cervical) 5. [CDC blocks publication of report showing COVID vaccine efficacy The report was scheduled to be published in the CDC’s flagship publication on March 19. Chris Dall April 22, 2026 ![Scientist analyzing data in a laboratory](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_teaser/public/article/iStock-2270335824.jpg?itok=GvYOsR7B)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/cdc-blocks-publication-report-showing-covid-vaccine-efficacy) 6. [HPV vaccination cuts cancer risk in men by about half, study suggests The findings support the case for sex-neutral vaccination programs. Laine Bergeson April 14, 2026 ![young man getting vaccinated](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_teaser/public/article/Young%20man%20getting%20vaccinated.jpg?itok=sX9cHvX_)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/human-papillomavirus-hpv/hpv-vaccination-cuts-cancer-risk-men-about-half-study-suggests) 7. [COVID vaccines tied to less hospital care, long COVID, and economic burden A large study in Germany shows lower hospitalization, all-cause death rates, and health care costs in vaccinated people. Laine Bergeson April 20, 2026 ![Covid vaccine syringe](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_teaser/public/article/Covid%20syringe.jpg?itok=07j5UgEf)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-vaccines-tied-less-hospital-care-long-covid-and-economic-burden) 8. [Antibiotic-resistance genes detected in babies within first 3 days of life Researchers say the study, presented at ESCMID Global 2026, is the largest of its kind on antibiotic-resistance genes in the neonatal gut. Chris Dall April 20, 2026 ![Newborn in incubator](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_teaser/public/article/Newborn_in_incubator.jpg?itok=QoNZZC9R)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/antibiotic-resistance-genes-detected-babies-within-first-3-days-life) 9. [Six symptoms/conditions more common in long COVID, suggesting overlap with other post-viral infections Increased post-COVID risk was noted for pulmonary embolism, abnormal breathing, fatigue, hemorrhagic stroke, brain fog, and palpitations. Mary Van Beusekom April 16, 2026](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/six-symptomsconditions-more-common-long-covid-suggesting-overlap-other-post-viral) 10. [Extensively drug-resistant Shigella on the rise in US, CDC warns The prevalence of XDR *Shigella* isolates in US surveillance data rose from 0% during 2011-2015 to 8.5% in 2023. Chris Dall April 17, 2026 ![Shigella bacteria under the microscope](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_teaser/public/article/CDC_Shigella.jpg?itok=AFqFU7kj)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/shigella/extensively-drug-resistant-shigella-rise-us-cdc-warns) ## Our underwriters ### Unrestricted financial support provided by [![Bentson Foundation logo](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/underwriters/BentsonFound%20Logo%20RGB%200612.jpg) Principal Underwriter](https://bentsonfoundation.org/ "(opens in a new window)") [![Unorthodox Philanthropy logo](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/underwriters/up-4166734.jpeg) Leading Underwriter](https://www.unorthodoxphilanthropy.org/ "(opens in a new window)") [![3M Logo](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/underwriters/3M%20logo.jpg) Major Underwriter](https://www.3m.com/ "(opens in a new window)") [![Gilead Logo](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/underwriters/Gilead.IDtag%202C.pos_.jpg) Supporting Underwriter](https://www.gilead.com/ "(opens in a new window)") ![Albert Victor Ravenholt Fund](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/underwriters/avr-logo.png) Supporting Underwriter [Become an Underwriter](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/support-cidrap) ![Bordetella pertussis - Maroon](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/bordetella-pertussis-maroon.jpg) ## Help make CIDRAP's vital work possible [Support Us](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/support) - [Home](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/) - [Editorial policy](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/editorial-policy) - [Search news](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/search) [![Visit us on Facebook](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/social-icons/facebook.svg)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap-facebook) [![Twitter](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/social-icons/twitter_0.svg)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap-twitter) [![Bluesky](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/social-icons/bluesky.svg)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap-bluesky) [![Youtube](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/social-icons/youtube.svg)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap-youtube) [![Linkedin](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/social-icons/linkedin.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/company/center-for-infectious-disease-research-and-policy-cidrap-?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F "(opens in a new window)") [![RSS](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/social-icons/rss-icon-blue.svg)](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/rss-feeds) ## Contact Us CIDRAP - Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy Research and Innovation Office, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN [Email us](https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/contact-us "Contact Us") © 2026 Regents of the University of Minnesota. 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Readable Markdown

Disruptions in the blood-brain barrier along with a hyperactive immune system are the likely mechanisms behind "brain fog" in patients who are experiencing long COVID, an Irish research team reported today in [*Nature Neuroscience*](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01576-9 "(opens in a new window)"). Brain fog has been reported during acute COVID infection and has also been reported in nearly 50% of patients who experience long COVID, or symptoms well past the acute phase of COVID-19. ### Clues from blood markers and brain MRI The blood-brain barrier disruption mechanism was suspected before, but to test the connection, the group first analyzed blood samples to look for any biomarker differences between those who did and didn't report brain fog. They examined blood samples from 76 patients who were hospitalized with acute COVID in early 2020, comparing findings with pre-pandemic samples from 25 other patients to look for any differences in coagulation patterns and immune response. Those who reported brain fog had higher levels of a protein (S100β) produced by brain cells not normally found in the blood, which hinted at a "leaky" blood-brain barrier. For the second part of the study, the researchers conducted brain scans using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to examine brain circulation in 11 people who had recovered from COVID and 22 who had long COVID, which included 11 people who reported brain fog. They found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had a leaky blood-brain barrier when compared to other long COVID patients and to others who had recovered. The group's experiments also found that long-COVID patients with brain fog had increased levels of clotting markers in their blood. ### Implications for diagnosis and treatment Matthew Campbell, PhD, one of the study coauthors, said in a Trinity College Dublin [press release](https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1034969 "(opens in a new window)") that the findings show for the first time that leaky vessels in the brain along with a hyperactive immune system may be the key drivers of brain fog in people experiencing long COVID. "This is critically important, as understanding the underlying cause of these conditions will allow us to develop targeted therapies for patients in the future," he said. Campbell is a genetics professor at Trinity College. > The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing. The findings will likely change the understanding and treatment of post-viral neurologic conditions, said Colin Doherty, MD, a study coauthor who is a neurology professor and head of the school of medicine at Trinity College. "It also confirms that the neurological symptoms of Long Covid are measurable with real and demonstrable metabolic and vascular changes in the brain," he added. Campbell concluded, "The concept that many other viral infections that lead to post-viral syndromes might drive blood vessel leakage in the brain is potentially game changing and is under active investigation by the team." ## Our underwriters Unrestricted financial support provided by

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