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Response:

Calculated Shard: 107 (from laksa095)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa107.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical, ml_categories_json AS ml_categories_json, ml_types_json AS ml_types_json, ml_intent_types_json AS ml_intent_types_json, meta_language AS meta_language, attrs_author AS attrs_author, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_publish_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_original_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_original_publish_time, ifNull(attrs_is_republished, 0) AS attrs_is_republished, ifNull(attrs_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_nr_words, ifNull(attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, ifNull(body_ext_links_number, 0) AS body_ext_links_number, ifNull(body_int_links_number, 0) AS body_int_links_number, ifNull(meta_nofollow, 0) AS meta_nofollow, ifNull(meta_noarchive, 0) AS meta_noarchive, ifNull(props_was_rendered, 0) AS props_was_rendered, ifNull(src_redirect, \'\') AS src_redirect, ifNull(download_time_msec, 0) AS download_time_msec, ifNull(download_ttfb_msec, 0) AS download_ttfb_msec, ifNull(download_size, 0) AS download_size FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10584675/What_is_a_Baryon/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10584675/What_is_a_Baryon/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/10584675\/What_is_a_Baryon\/","crawl_time":1776777230,"first_indexed_time":1651100490,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,chemistryviews!www,\/details\/education\/10584675\/What_is_a_Baryon\/ s443","src_root_hash":"17578572717829371907","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"What is a Baryon? - ChemistryViews","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"A baryon is a composite subatomic particle\n. It is made up of three quarks. The most stable baryons are protons and neutrons, so most building blocks of matter are baryons.\nBaryon comes from the Greek word βαρύς (barys) for heavy. At the time of their naming, most known elementary particles had lower masses than the baryons.\nQuarks and Hadrons\nQuarks have many properties, including electric charge, mass, color charge, and spin. There are six types of quarks, known as flavors: up, down, strange, charm, top, and bottom quarks. Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of all quarks. Only up and down quarks are stable; all heavier quarks decay very quickly into these.\nFor every quark flavor, there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as an antiquark. So each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, an antibaryon. Here, quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks.\nA composite particle made of quarks is called a hadron (Greek: ἁδρός, hadrós, “stout, thick”). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons (3 quarks) and mesons (2 quarks) as well as exotic conditions such as pentaquarks with 5 quarks, dibaryon with 6 quarks belong to the hydron family. For reasons of symmetry, particles of only 1 quark are not allowed.\nBaryon with Two Heavy Quarks\nIn July 2017, physicists at CERN first demonstrated a baryon with two heavy quarks [1]. It consists of two heavy charm quarks and a light up quark and is double positively charged. It is the first proof of a baryon with two equally heavy quarks. The existence of such doubly charged baryon has been considered possible since the 1970s, but it has never been demonstrated so far.\nThe researchers discovered the baryon named Ξ\ncc\n++\nusing the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The new particle has a mass of 3,621 megaelectron volt (MeV). This makes it about four times as heavy as a proton. The reason for this is the two heavy charm quarks, each weighing 1.275 MeV.\n[1] Observation of the doubly charmed baryon Ξ\ncc\n++\n,\nPhys. Rev. Lett.\n2017\n. submitted (\nLink\n)\nAlso of interest\nWhat is a Dibaryon?\n,\nChemistryViews.org\n2015\n.","attrs_markdown":"- [About](https:\/\/chemistry-europe.org\/)\n- [Journals](https:\/\/chemistry-europe.org\/#ce-journals)\n\n# [The Magazine of Chemistry Europe](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/)\n[Advanced Search](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/advanced-search\/)\n\nMenu\n\n- [Research](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/10584675\/What_is_a_Baryon\/)\n  - [Analytical](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/analytical\/)\n  - [Bio](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/bio\/)\n  - [Catalysis](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/catalysis\/)\n  - [Chemical Engineering](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/chemical-engineering\/)\n  - [Energy](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/energy\/)\n  - [Food](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/food\/)\n  - [Inorganic](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/inorganic\/)\n  - [Materials](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/materials\/)\n  - [Nanotech](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/nanotech\/)\n  - [Organic](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/organic\/)\n  - [Pharma\/Healthcare](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/pharma-healthcare\/)\n  - [Physical](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/physical\/)\n  - [Polymer](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/polymer\/)\n  - [Sustainability](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/sustainability\/)\n  - [Water](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/water\/)\n- [Education\/History](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/10584675\/What_is_a_Baryon\/)\n  - [Career](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/career\/)\n  - [Education](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/education\/)\n  - [Everyday Chemistry](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/everyday-chemistry\/)\n  - [History](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/history\/)\n  - [Publishing](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/publishing\/)\n- [Industrial](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/10584675\/What_is_a_Baryon\/)\n  - [Industrial](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/industrial\/)\n  - [Legislation](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/legislation\/)\n- [Events](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chemevents\/)\n\n![What is a Baryon?](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/legacy\/common\/images\/thumbnails\/source\/15d3313268c.jpg)\n\n[Articles](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chememag\/)\n\n# What is a Baryon?\n**Author:** ChemistryViews.org  \n**Author Archive:** [ChemistryViews.org](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/author-search\/?author=ChemistryViews.org)\n\n**A baryon is a composite subatomic particle**. It is made up of three quarks. The most stable baryons are protons and neutrons, so most building blocks of matter are baryons.\n\nBaryon comes from the Greek word βαρύς (barys) for heavy. At the time of their naming, most known elementary particles had lower masses than the baryons.\n\n## Quarks and Hadrons\nQuarks have many properties, including electric charge, mass, color charge, and spin. There are six types of quarks, known as flavors: up, down, strange, charm, top, and bottom quarks. Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of all quarks. Only up and down quarks are stable; all heavier quarks decay very quickly into these.\n\nFor every quark flavor, there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as an antiquark. So each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, an antibaryon. Here, quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks.\n\nA composite particle made of quarks is called a hadron (Greek: ἁδρός, hadrós, “stout, thick”). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons (3 quarks) and mesons (2 quarks) as well as exotic conditions such as pentaquarks with 5 quarks, dibaryon with 6 quarks belong to the hydron family. For reasons of symmetry, particles of only 1 quark are not allowed.\n\n## Baryon with Two Heavy Quarks\nIn July 2017, physicists at CERN first demonstrated a baryon with two heavy quarks \\[1\\]. It consists of two heavy charm quarks and a light up quark and is double positively charged. It is the first proof of a baryon with two equally heavy quarks. The existence of such doubly charged baryon has been considered possible since the 1970s, but it has never been demonstrated so far.\n\nThe researchers discovered the baryon named Ξcc\\++ using the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The new particle has a mass of 3,621 megaelectron volt (MeV). This makes it about four times as heavy as a proton. The reason for this is the two heavy charm quarks, each weighing 1.275 MeV.\n***\n\\[1\\] Observation of the doubly charmed baryon Ξcc\\++, *Phys. Rev. Lett.* **2017**. submitted ([Link](https:\/\/www.google.de\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0ahUKEwjlrbmsg4TVAhVDvBQKHUAKCKoQFgg7MAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Flhcb-public.web.cern.ch%2Flhcb-public%2FImages2017%2FLHCb-PAPER-2017-018.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGCoDrVePm-6ZX1vr4y3k_zjmu3Lw&cad=rja))\n\nAlso of interest\n\n- [What is a Dibaryon?](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/842249\/What_is_a_Dibaryon\/),  \n   *ChemistryViews.org* **2015**.\n### Share\n### Related Content\n[![The Content You Liked Best in 2025](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/2025BestContent_Prev-125x94.png)](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/the-content-you-liked-best-in-2025\/)\n\n[News](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chemnews\/)\n\n[The Content You Liked Best in 2025](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/the-content-you-liked-best-in-2025\/)\n\nJanuary 13, 2026\n\n[![Happy New Year 2026\\!](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/202512_HappyNewYear2026-125x94.png)](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/happy_new_year_2026\/)\n\n[Articles](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chememag\/)\n\n[Happy New Year 2026\\!](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/happy_new_year_2026\/)\n\nDecember 31, 2025\n\n[![Mary Garson Becomes New IUPAC President](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/2025_MaryGarson_IUPACPresident-125x94.png)](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/mary-garson-becomes-new-iupac-president\/)\n\n[News](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chemnews\/)\n\n[Mary Garson Becomes New IUPAC President](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/mary-garson-becomes-new-iupac-president\/)\n\nDecember 31, 2025\n\n[![89th Annual Meeting of the Israel Chemical Society (ICS)](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Chemistry_views_article_default.png)](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/89th-annual-meeting-of-the-israel-chemical-society-ics-2\/)\n\n[Events](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chemevents\/)\n\n[89th Annual Meeting of the Israel Chemical Society (ICS)](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/89th-annual-meeting-of-the-israel-chemical-society-ics-2\/)\n\nFebruary 10, 2026 to February 11, 2026\n\n- **Author:** ChemistryViews.org\n- **Published On:**\n  August 1, 2017\n- **Copyright:** Wiley-VCH GmbH\n\n### Category:\n[Articles](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chememag\/)\n\n### Subject:\n[Education](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/education\/)[Physical](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/subject\/physical\/)\n\n### Article Type:\n[Focus](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/article_type\/focus\/)\n\n### Author Archive:\n[ChemistryViews.org](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/author-search\/?author=ChemistryViews.org)\n\n#### Stay Connected\n- [Resources](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/10584675\/What_is_a_Baryon\/)\n  - [Articles](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chememag\/)\n  - [News](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chemnews\/)\n  - [Events](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chemevents\/)\n  - [Videos](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/category\/chemvideos\/)\n  - [Awards open for Nomination](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/news\/862579\/Awards_Accepting_Nominations\/)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/10584675\/What_is_a_Baryon\/)\n  - [About Us](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/about\/)\n  - [Advertise](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/advertise\/)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/contact-us\/)\n- [Help](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/10584675\/What_is_a_Baryon\/)\n  - [Privacy\/Datenschutz](https:\/\/www.wiley-vch.de\/de\/ueber-wiley\/impressum)\n  - [Terms and Conditions](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/terms-and-conditions\/)\n  - [Masthead\/Impressum](https:\/\/www.wiley-vch.de\/en\/info\/contact-masthead)\n  - [Copyright](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/copyright\/)\n  - [Cookies](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/cookies\/)\n- [Chemistry Europe Societies](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/10584675\/What_is_a_Baryon\/)\n  - [Member Societies](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/chemistry-europe-member-societies\/)\n  - [Member Magazines](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/member-magazines\/)\n\n[![Wiley-VCH](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/wp-content\/themes\/chem_views\/img\/Wiley-VCH-logo-white.png)](https:\/\/www.wiley-vch.de\/en\/)\n\nCopyright © 2000–2026 Wiley-VCH GmbH, a Wiley Company. All rights reserved. ISSN 2190-3735.  \n  \nIf you would like to reuse any content, in print or online, from ChemistryViews.org, please contact us first for permission and consult our [permission guidance](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/copyright\/) prior to making your request.","attrs_readable_markdown":"**A baryon is a composite subatomic particle**. It is made up of three quarks. The most stable baryons are protons and neutrons, so most building blocks of matter are baryons.\n\nBaryon comes from the Greek word βαρύς (barys) for heavy. At the time of their naming, most known elementary particles had lower masses than the baryons.\n\n## Quarks and Hadrons\nQuarks have many properties, including electric charge, mass, color charge, and spin. There are six types of quarks, known as flavors: up, down, strange, charm, top, and bottom quarks. Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of all quarks. Only up and down quarks are stable; all heavier quarks decay very quickly into these.\n\nFor every quark flavor, there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as an antiquark. So each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, an antibaryon. Here, quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks.\n\nA composite particle made of quarks is called a hadron (Greek: ἁδρός, hadrós, “stout, thick”). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons (3 quarks) and mesons (2 quarks) as well as exotic conditions such as pentaquarks with 5 quarks, dibaryon with 6 quarks belong to the hydron family. For reasons of symmetry, particles of only 1 quark are not allowed.\n\n## Baryon with Two Heavy Quarks\nIn July 2017, physicists at CERN first demonstrated a baryon with two heavy quarks \\[1\\]. It consists of two heavy charm quarks and a light up quark and is double positively charged. It is the first proof of a baryon with two equally heavy quarks. The existence of such doubly charged baryon has been considered possible since the 1970s, but it has never been demonstrated so far.\n\nThe researchers discovered the baryon named Ξcc\\++ using the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The new particle has a mass of 3,621 megaelectron volt (MeV). This makes it about four times as heavy as a proton. The reason for this is the two heavy charm quarks, each weighing 1.275 MeV.\n***\n\\[1\\] Observation of the doubly charmed baryon Ξcc\\++, *Phys. Rev. Lett.* **2017**. submitted ([Link](https:\/\/www.google.de\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0ahUKEwjlrbmsg4TVAhVDvBQKHUAKCKoQFgg7MAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Flhcb-public.web.cern.ch%2Flhcb-public%2FImages2017%2FLHCb-PAPER-2017-018.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGCoDrVePm-6ZX1vr4y3k_zjmu3Lw&cad=rja))\n\nAlso of interest\n\n- [What is a Dibaryon?](https:\/\/www.chemistryviews.org\/details\/education\/842249\/What_is_a_Dibaryon\/),  \n   *ChemistryViews.org* **2015**.","meta_canonical":null,"ml_categories_json":"{\"\/Science\":995,\"\/Science\/Chemistry\":971}","ml_types_json":"{\"\/Article\":998,\"\/Article\/Definitions\":954}","ml_intent_types_json":"{\"Informational\":999}","meta_language":"en-us","attrs_author":"Daniel Hickman","attrs_publish_time":1501546440,"attrs_original_publish_time":1501546440,"attrs_is_republished":0,"attrs_nr_words":"577","attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words":"373","body_ext_links_number":12,"body_int_links_number":46,"meta_nofollow":0,"meta_noarchive":0,"props_was_rendered":1,"src_redirect":"","download_time_msec":1088,"download_ttfb_msec":1080,"download_size":27014}

3. Robots.txt Check

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5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

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INDEXABLE

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CRAWLED

1 day ago

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ROBOTS ALLOWED

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Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
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Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

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https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10584675/What_is_a_Baryon/

Last Crawled

2026-04-21 13:13:50 (1 day ago)

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2022-04-27 23:01:30 (3 years ago)

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200

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What is a Baryon? - ChemistryViews

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A baryon is a composite subatomic particle . It is made up of three quarks. The most stable baryons are protons and neutrons, so most building blocks of matter are baryons. Baryon comes from the Greek word βαρύς (barys) for heavy. At the time of their naming, most known elementary particles had lower masses than the baryons. Quarks and Hadrons Quarks have many properties, including electric charge, mass, color charge, and spin. There are six types of quarks, known as flavors: up, down, strange, charm, top, and bottom quarks. Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of all quarks. Only up and down quarks are stable; all heavier quarks decay very quickly into these. For every quark flavor, there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as an antiquark. So each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, an antibaryon. Here, quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. A composite particle made of quarks is called a hadron (Greek: ἁδρός, hadrós, “stout, thick”). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons (3 quarks) and mesons (2 quarks) as well as exotic conditions such as pentaquarks with 5 quarks, dibaryon with 6 quarks belong to the hydron family. For reasons of symmetry, particles of only 1 quark are not allowed. Baryon with Two Heavy Quarks In July 2017, physicists at CERN first demonstrated a baryon with two heavy quarks [1]. It consists of two heavy charm quarks and a light up quark and is double positively charged. It is the first proof of a baryon with two equally heavy quarks. The existence of such doubly charged baryon has been considered possible since the 1970s, but it has never been demonstrated so far. The researchers discovered the baryon named Ξ cc ++ using the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The new particle has a mass of 3,621 megaelectron volt (MeV). This makes it about four times as heavy as a proton. The reason for this is the two heavy charm quarks, each weighing 1.275 MeV. [1] Observation of the doubly charmed baryon Ξ cc ++ , Phys. Rev. Lett. 2017 . submitted ( Link ) Also of interest What is a Dibaryon? , ChemistryViews.org 2015 .

Markdown

- [About](https://chemistry-europe.org/) - [Journals](https://chemistry-europe.org/#ce-journals) # [The Magazine of Chemistry Europe](https://www.chemistryviews.org/) [Advanced Search](https://www.chemistryviews.org/advanced-search/) Menu - [Research](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10584675/What_is_a_Baryon/) - [Analytical](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/analytical/) - [Bio](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/bio/) - [Catalysis](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/catalysis/) - [Chemical Engineering](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/chemical-engineering/) - [Energy](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/energy/) - [Food](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/food/) - [Inorganic](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/inorganic/) - [Materials](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/materials/) - [Nanotech](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/nanotech/) - [Organic](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/organic/) - [Pharma/Healthcare](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/pharma-healthcare/) - [Physical](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/physical/) - [Polymer](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/polymer/) - [Sustainability](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/sustainability/) - [Water](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/water/) - [Education/History](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10584675/What_is_a_Baryon/) - [Career](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/career/) - [Education](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/education/) - [Everyday Chemistry](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/everyday-chemistry/) - [History](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/history/) - [Publishing](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/publishing/) - [Industrial](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10584675/What_is_a_Baryon/) - [Industrial](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/industrial/) - [Legislation](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/legislation/) - [Events](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chemevents/) ![What is a Baryon?](https://www.chemistryviews.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/common/images/thumbnails/source/15d3313268c.jpg) [Articles](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chememag/) # What is a Baryon? **Author:** ChemistryViews.org **Author Archive:** [ChemistryViews.org](https://www.chemistryviews.org/author-search/?author=ChemistryViews.org) **A baryon is a composite subatomic particle**. It is made up of three quarks. The most stable baryons are protons and neutrons, so most building blocks of matter are baryons. Baryon comes from the Greek word βαρύς (barys) for heavy. At the time of their naming, most known elementary particles had lower masses than the baryons. ## Quarks and Hadrons Quarks have many properties, including electric charge, mass, color charge, and spin. There are six types of quarks, known as flavors: up, down, strange, charm, top, and bottom quarks. Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of all quarks. Only up and down quarks are stable; all heavier quarks decay very quickly into these. For every quark flavor, there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as an antiquark. So each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, an antibaryon. Here, quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. A composite particle made of quarks is called a hadron (Greek: ἁδρός, hadrós, “stout, thick”). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons (3 quarks) and mesons (2 quarks) as well as exotic conditions such as pentaquarks with 5 quarks, dibaryon with 6 quarks belong to the hydron family. For reasons of symmetry, particles of only 1 quark are not allowed. ## Baryon with Two Heavy Quarks In July 2017, physicists at CERN first demonstrated a baryon with two heavy quarks \[1\]. It consists of two heavy charm quarks and a light up quark and is double positively charged. It is the first proof of a baryon with two equally heavy quarks. The existence of such doubly charged baryon has been considered possible since the 1970s, but it has never been demonstrated so far. The researchers discovered the baryon named Ξcc\++ using the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The new particle has a mass of 3,621 megaelectron volt (MeV). This makes it about four times as heavy as a proton. The reason for this is the two heavy charm quarks, each weighing 1.275 MeV. *** \[1\] Observation of the doubly charmed baryon Ξcc\++, *Phys. Rev. Lett.* **2017**. submitted ([Link](https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0ahUKEwjlrbmsg4TVAhVDvBQKHUAKCKoQFgg7MAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Flhcb-public.web.cern.ch%2Flhcb-public%2FImages2017%2FLHCb-PAPER-2017-018.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGCoDrVePm-6ZX1vr4y3k_zjmu3Lw&cad=rja)) Also of interest - [What is a Dibaryon?](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/842249/What_is_a_Dibaryon/), *ChemistryViews.org* **2015**. ### Share ### Related Content [![The Content You Liked Best in 2025](https://www.chemistryviews.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/2025BestContent_Prev-125x94.png)](https://www.chemistryviews.org/the-content-you-liked-best-in-2025/) [News](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chemnews/) [The Content You Liked Best in 2025](https://www.chemistryviews.org/the-content-you-liked-best-in-2025/) January 13, 2026 [![Happy New Year 2026\!](https://www.chemistryviews.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/202512_HappyNewYear2026-125x94.png)](https://www.chemistryviews.org/happy_new_year_2026/) [Articles](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chememag/) [Happy New Year 2026\!](https://www.chemistryviews.org/happy_new_year_2026/) December 31, 2025 [![Mary Garson Becomes New IUPAC President](https://www.chemistryviews.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025_MaryGarson_IUPACPresident-125x94.png)](https://www.chemistryviews.org/mary-garson-becomes-new-iupac-president/) [News](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chemnews/) [Mary Garson Becomes New IUPAC President](https://www.chemistryviews.org/mary-garson-becomes-new-iupac-president/) December 31, 2025 [![89th Annual Meeting of the Israel Chemical Society (ICS)](https://www.chemistryviews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Chemistry_views_article_default.png)](https://www.chemistryviews.org/89th-annual-meeting-of-the-israel-chemical-society-ics-2/) [Events](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chemevents/) [89th Annual Meeting of the Israel Chemical Society (ICS)](https://www.chemistryviews.org/89th-annual-meeting-of-the-israel-chemical-society-ics-2/) February 10, 2026 to February 11, 2026 - **Author:** ChemistryViews.org - **Published On:** August 1, 2017 - **Copyright:** Wiley-VCH GmbH ### Category: [Articles](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chememag/) ### Subject: [Education](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/education/)[Physical](https://www.chemistryviews.org/subject/physical/) ### Article Type: [Focus](https://www.chemistryviews.org/article_type/focus/) ### Author Archive: [ChemistryViews.org](https://www.chemistryviews.org/author-search/?author=ChemistryViews.org) #### Stay Connected - [Resources](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10584675/What_is_a_Baryon/) - [Articles](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chememag/) - [News](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chemnews/) - [Events](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chemevents/) - [Videos](https://www.chemistryviews.org/category/chemvideos/) - [Awards open for Nomination](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/862579/Awards_Accepting_Nominations/) - [About Us](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10584675/What_is_a_Baryon/) - [About Us](https://www.chemistryviews.org/about/) - [Advertise](https://www.chemistryviews.org/advertise/) - [Contact Us](https://www.chemistryviews.org/contact-us/) - [Help](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10584675/What_is_a_Baryon/) - [Privacy/Datenschutz](https://www.wiley-vch.de/de/ueber-wiley/impressum) - [Terms and Conditions](https://www.chemistryviews.org/terms-and-conditions/) - [Masthead/Impressum](https://www.wiley-vch.de/en/info/contact-masthead) - [Copyright](https://www.chemistryviews.org/copyright/) - [Cookies](https://www.chemistryviews.org/cookies/) - [Chemistry Europe Societies](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10584675/What_is_a_Baryon/) - [Member Societies](https://www.chemistryviews.org/chemistry-europe-member-societies/) - [Member Magazines](https://www.chemistryviews.org/member-magazines/) [![Wiley-VCH](https://www.chemistryviews.org/wp-content/themes/chem_views/img/Wiley-VCH-logo-white.png)](https://www.wiley-vch.de/en/) Copyright © 2000–2026 Wiley-VCH GmbH, a Wiley Company. 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**A baryon is a composite subatomic particle**. It is made up of three quarks. The most stable baryons are protons and neutrons, so most building blocks of matter are baryons. Baryon comes from the Greek word βαρύς (barys) for heavy. At the time of their naming, most known elementary particles had lower masses than the baryons. ## Quarks and Hadrons Quarks have many properties, including electric charge, mass, color charge, and spin. There are six types of quarks, known as flavors: up, down, strange, charm, top, and bottom quarks. Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of all quarks. Only up and down quarks are stable; all heavier quarks decay very quickly into these. For every quark flavor, there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as an antiquark. So each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, an antibaryon. Here, quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. A composite particle made of quarks is called a hadron (Greek: ἁδρός, hadrós, “stout, thick”). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons (3 quarks) and mesons (2 quarks) as well as exotic conditions such as pentaquarks with 5 quarks, dibaryon with 6 quarks belong to the hydron family. For reasons of symmetry, particles of only 1 quark are not allowed. ## Baryon with Two Heavy Quarks In July 2017, physicists at CERN first demonstrated a baryon with two heavy quarks \[1\]. It consists of two heavy charm quarks and a light up quark and is double positively charged. It is the first proof of a baryon with two equally heavy quarks. The existence of such doubly charged baryon has been considered possible since the 1970s, but it has never been demonstrated so far. The researchers discovered the baryon named Ξcc\++ using the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The new particle has a mass of 3,621 megaelectron volt (MeV). This makes it about four times as heavy as a proton. The reason for this is the two heavy charm quarks, each weighing 1.275 MeV. *** \[1\] Observation of the doubly charmed baryon Ξcc\++, *Phys. Rev. Lett.* **2017**. submitted ([Link](https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0ahUKEwjlrbmsg4TVAhVDvBQKHUAKCKoQFgg7MAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Flhcb-public.web.cern.ch%2Flhcb-public%2FImages2017%2FLHCb-PAPER-2017-018.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGCoDrVePm-6ZX1vr4y3k_zjmu3Lw&cad=rja)) Also of interest - [What is a Dibaryon?](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/842249/What_is_a_Dibaryon/), *ChemistryViews.org* **2015**.

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