🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 174 (from laksa095)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa174.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/","crawl_time":1776364581,"first_indexed_time":1375985515,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"edu,calvin!www,\/library\/knightcite\/ s443","src_root_hash":"5911822318907955774","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"KnightCite Citation Service","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Username:\nPassword:\nNew User? Start Here\nFAQ\nAbout Us\nContact Us\nKnightCite now uses APA 7 and MLA 9.\nKnightCite is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.\nPlease consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker for our site.\nCitation Styles\nMLA\nAPA\nChicago\nResource Types\nBook\nBasic Book\nEncyclopedia\nDictionary\nPreface\/Foreword\nReference Work\nWork in a Series\nRepublication\nSacred Text\nAnthology\nAuthor & Editor\nAuthor & Translator\nOrganization & Editor\nPeriodical\nJournal\nMagazine\nNewspaper\nMultimedia\nArt or Photograph\nCartoon\nAdvertisement\nMap or Chart\nMusical Composition\nSound Recording\nFilm or Video\nCommunication\nRadio\/TV Program\nLecture or Speech\nPublished Interview\nPersonal Interview\nE-mail\nOnline Only\nEntire Website\nWeb Page \/ Blog Post\nCiting a Basic Book in MLA Format\n(Click for Help)\nCompiled By:\nNumber of Authors:\nAuthor's Name:\nFirst:\nM:\nLast:\nBook Title:\nEdition:\nVolume:\nof\nLeave first field blank if citing multiple volumes\nPublished by:\nInclude Publishing City?\nYear Published:\nDoes the resource have pagination?\nPages referenced:\n            From\nTo\nWhere was the Source Found?\nPrint\nOnline\nCD\/DVD\nBrought to you by Calvin University Admissions\nWe use the 9th ed. of MLA, 7th ed. of APA, and 17th ed. of Chicago (9th ed. Turabian).\nMaintained by the\nHekman Library\nat\nCalvin University\n, Grand Rapids, MI -\n97,082,696\ncitations and counting!\nQuestions, Comments, or Bugs regarding KnightCite itself?\nSend us an email\n.\nQuestions about Citations and Styles? Try the fantastic resources available at\nthe Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)\n.","attrs_markdown":"|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r1_c1.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r1_c7.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r1_c8.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r2_c1.png) | [![KnightCite](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/knightcite.png)](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php) | [![Hekman Library](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/hekman_library.png)](https:\/\/library.calvin.edu\/) [![Calvin University](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/calvin.png)](https:\/\/calvin.edu\/) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r2_c10.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r3_c1.png) |   | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r3_c11.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Username: | Password: |   | [New User? Start Here](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?op=register) | [FAQ](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?op=faq) | [About Us](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?op=aboutus) | [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?mode=mailForm) |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r4_c1.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r4_c7.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r4_c8.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| KnightCite now uses APA 7 and MLA 9. |   | KnightCite is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.  Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker for our site. |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Citation Styles |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| MLA |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| [APA](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?standard=APA) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| [Chicago](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?standard=Chicago) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Resource Types |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)Book |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Basic Book |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Encyclopedia](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=book&subset=encyclopedia) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Dictionary](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=book&subset=dictionary) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Preface\/Foreword](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=book&subset=preface) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Reference Work](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=book&subset=reference) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Work in a Series](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=book&subset=series) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Republication](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=book&subset=republication) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Sacred Text](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=book&subset=sacred) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)Anthology |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Author & Editor](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=anthology&credit=authorAndEditor) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Author & Translator](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=anthology&credit=translator) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Organization & Editor](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=anthology&credit=organization) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)Periodical |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Journal](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=periodical&subset=journal) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Magazine](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=periodical&subset=magazine) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Newspaper](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=periodical&subset=newspaper) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)Multimedia |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Art or Photograph](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=art) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Cartoon](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=cartoon) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Advertisement](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=advertisement) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Map or Chart](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=mapOrChart) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Musical Composition](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=musicalComposition) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Sound Recording](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=soundRecording) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Film or Video](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=video) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)Communication |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Radio\/TV Program](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=radioOrTVprogram) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Lecture or Speech](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=lecture) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Published Interview](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=radioOrTVinterview) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Personal Interview](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=personalInterview) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[E-mail](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=email) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)Online Only |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Entire Website](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=onlineOnly&subset=site) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/spacer.gif)[Web Page \/ Blog Post](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?resource=onlineOnly&subset=document) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r5_c4.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r5_c7.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r5_c8.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r6_c4.png) |   | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r6_c9.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Citing a Basic Book in MLA Format [(Click for Help)](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?helpLayerLock=locked) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/tan_fade.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Use the publication information provided on the title page (not the cover) of the book. The copyright date is usually given on the back of the title page.    The standard elements of a book citation typically include the following: Author Title Place of publication Publisher Publication date Calvin Students: For more help on citing your item in this format, contact a [Reference Librarian](http:\/\/library.calvin.edu\/service\/research\/)   **Notice:** As of the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook, including URLs is generally not recommended. |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r8_c4.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r8_c7.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r8_c8.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r1_c1.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r1_c4.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r1_c5.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r2_c1.png) | Brought to you by Calvin University Admissions | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r2_c6.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r3_c1.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r3_c6.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r4_c6.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | [![Brought to you by Calvin University Admissions](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/calvin\/Calvin_USnews2018_639x79.jpg)](http:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/cgi-bin\/lib\/webstats.pl?hit=knightcite_admissions_20161012_us_news_calvin_1&forward=yes) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r5_c7.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r6_c6.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r7_c1.png) |   | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r7_c6.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r8_c4.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r8_c7.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r8_c8.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r10_c1.png) |   | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r10_c11.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| We use the 9th ed. of MLA, 7th ed. of APA, and 17th ed. of Chicago (9th ed. Turabian). Maintained by the [Hekman Library](http:\/\/library.calvin.edu\/) at [Calvin University](https:\/\/calvin.edu\/) , Grand Rapids, MI - **97,082,696** citations and counting\\! Questions, Comments, or Bugs regarding KnightCite itself? [Send us an email](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?mode=mailForm) . Questions about Citations and Styles? Try the fantastic resources available at [the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)](https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/section\/2\/) . |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r11_c11.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r12_c1.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r12_c7.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r12_c8.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |","attrs_readable_markdown":"|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r1_c1.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r1_c7.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r1_c8.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r2_c1.png) | [![KnightCite](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/knightcite.png)](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php) | [![Hekman Library](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/hekman_library.png)](https:\/\/library.calvin.edu\/) [![Calvin University](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/calvin.png)](https:\/\/calvin.edu\/) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r2_c10.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r3_c1.png) |   | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r3_c11.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Username: | Password: |   | [New User? 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![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r1_c1.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r1_c4.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r1_c5.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r2_c1.png) | Brought to you by Calvin University Admissions | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r2_c6.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r3_c1.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r3_c6.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r4_c6.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | [![Brought to you by Calvin University Admissions](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/calvin\/Calvin_USnews2018_639x79.jpg)](http:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/cgi-bin\/lib\/webstats.pl?hit=knightcite_admissions_20161012_us_news_calvin_1&forward=yes) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r5_c7.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r6_c6.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r7_c1.png) |   | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/a\/aframe_r7_c6.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r8_c4.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r8_c7.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r8_c8.png) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r10_c1.png) | We use the 9th ed. of MLA, 7th ed. of APA, and 17th ed. of Chicago (9th ed. Turabian). Maintained by the [Hekman Library](http:\/\/library.calvin.edu\/) at [Calvin University](https:\/\/calvin.edu\/) , Grand Rapids, MI - **97,082,696** citations and counting\\! Questions, Comments, or Bugs regarding KnightCite itself? [Send us an email](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/index.php?mode=mailForm) . Questions about Citations and Styles? Try the fantastic resources available at [the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)](https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/section\/2\/) . | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r10_c11.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r11_c11.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r12_c1.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r12_c7.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/frame_r12_c8.png) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) | ![](https:\/\/www.calvin.edu\/library\/knightcite\/images\/spacer.gif) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

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4. Spam/Ban Check

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5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

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CRAWLED

14 hours ago

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ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
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Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/
Last Crawled	2026-04-16 18:36:21 (14 hours ago)
First Indexed	2013-08-08 18:11:55 (12 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	KnightCite Citation Service
Meta Description	null
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Username: Password: New User? Start Here FAQ About Us Contact Us KnightCite now uses APA 7 and MLA 9. KnightCite is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker for our site. Citation Styles MLA APA Chicago Resource Types Book Basic Book Encyclopedia Dictionary Preface/Foreword Reference Work Work in a Series Republication Sacred Text Anthology Author & Editor Author & Translator Organization & Editor Periodical Journal Magazine Newspaper Multimedia Art or Photograph Cartoon Advertisement Map or Chart Musical Composition Sound Recording Film or Video Communication Radio/TV Program Lecture or Speech Published Interview Personal Interview E-mail Online Only Entire Website Web Page / Blog Post Citing a Basic Book in MLA Format (Click for Help) Compiled By: Number of Authors: Author's Name: First: M: Last: Book Title: Edition: Volume: of Leave first field blank if citing multiple volumes Published by: Include Publishing City? Year Published: Does the resource have pagination? Pages referenced: From To Where was the Source Found? Print Online CD/DVD Brought to you by Calvin University Admissions We use the 9th ed. of MLA, 7th ed. of APA, and 17th ed. of Chicago (9th ed. Turabian). Maintained by the Hekman Library at Calvin University , Grand Rapids, MI - 97,082,696 citations and counting! Questions, Comments, or Bugs regarding KnightCite itself? Send us an email . Questions about Citations and Styles? Try the fantastic resources available at the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) .
Markdown	\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r1_c1.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r1_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r1_c8.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r2_c1.png) \| [![KnightCite](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/knightcite.png)](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php) \| [![Hekman Library](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/hekman_library.png)](https://library.calvin.edu/) [![Calvin University](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/calvin.png)](https://calvin.edu/) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r2_c10.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r3_c1.png) \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r3_c11.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Username: \| Password: \| \| [New User? Start Here](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?op=register) \| [FAQ](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?op=faq) \| [About Us](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?op=aboutus) \| [Contact Us](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?mode=mailForm) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r4_c1.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r4_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r4_c8.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| KnightCite now uses APA 7 and MLA 9. \| \| KnightCite is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker for our site. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Citation Styles \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| MLA \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [APA](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?standard=APA) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [Chicago](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?standard=Chicago) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Resource Types \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Book \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Basic Book \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Encyclopedia](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=encyclopedia) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Dictionary](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=dictionary) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Preface/Foreword](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=preface) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Reference Work](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=reference) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Work in a Series](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=series) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Republication](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=republication) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Sacred Text](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=sacred) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Anthology \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Author & Editor](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=anthology&credit=authorAndEditor) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Author & Translator](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=anthology&credit=translator) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Organization & Editor](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=anthology&credit=organization) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Periodical \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Journal](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=periodical&subset=journal) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Magazine](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=periodical&subset=magazine) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Newspaper](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=periodical&subset=newspaper) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Multimedia \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Art or Photograph](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=art) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Cartoon](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=cartoon) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Advertisement](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=advertisement) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Map or Chart](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=mapOrChart) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Musical Composition](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=musicalComposition) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Sound Recording](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=soundRecording) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Film or Video](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=video) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Communication \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Radio/TV Program](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=radioOrTVprogram) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Lecture or Speech](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=lecture) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Published Interview](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=radioOrTVinterview) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Personal Interview](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=personalInterview) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[E-mail](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=email) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Online Only \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Entire Website](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=onlineOnly&subset=site) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Web Page / Blog Post](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=onlineOnly&subset=document) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r5_c4.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r5_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r5_c8.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r6_c4.png) \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r6_c9.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Citing a Basic Book in MLA Format [(Click for Help)](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?helpLayerLock=locked) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/tan_fade.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Use the publication information provided on the title page (not the cover) of the book. The copyright date is usually given on the back of the title page. The standard elements of a book citation typically include the following: Author Title Place of publication Publisher Publication date Calvin Students: For more help on citing your item in this format, contact a [Reference Librarian](http://library.calvin.edu/service/research/) Notice: As of the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook, including URLs is generally not recommended. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c4.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c8.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r1_c1.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r1_c4.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r1_c5.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r2_c1.png) \| Brought to you by Calvin University Admissions \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r2_c6.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r3_c1.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r3_c6.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r4_c6.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| [![Brought to you by Calvin University Admissions](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/calvin/Calvin_USnews2018_639x79.jpg)](http://www.calvin.edu/cgi-bin/lib/webstats.pl?hit=knightcite_admissions_20161012_us_news_calvin_1&forward=yes) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r5_c7.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r6_c6.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r7_c1.png) \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r7_c6.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c4.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c8.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r10_c1.png) \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r10_c11.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| We use the 9th ed. of MLA, 7th ed. of APA, and 17th ed. of Chicago (9th ed. Turabian). Maintained by the [Hekman Library](http://library.calvin.edu/) at [Calvin University](https://calvin.edu/) , Grand Rapids, MI - 97,082,696 citations and counting\! Questions, Comments, or Bugs regarding KnightCite itself? [Send us an email](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?mode=mailForm) . Questions about Citations and Styles? Try the fantastic resources available at [the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)](https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/) . \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r11_c11.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r12_c1.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r12_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r12_c8.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|
Readable Markdown	\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r1_c1.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r1_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r1_c8.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r2_c1.png) \| [![KnightCite](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/knightcite.png)](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php) \| [![Hekman Library](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/hekman_library.png)](https://library.calvin.edu/) [![Calvin University](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/calvin.png)](https://calvin.edu/) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r2_c10.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r3_c1.png) \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r3_c11.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Username: \| Password: \| \| [New User? Start Here](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?op=register) \| [FAQ](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?op=faq) \| [About Us](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?op=aboutus) \| [Contact Us](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?mode=mailForm) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r4_c1.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r4_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r4_c8.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| KnightCite now uses APA 7 and MLA 9. \| \| KnightCite is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker for our site. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Citation Styles \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| MLA \| [APA](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?standard=APA) \| [Chicago](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?standard=Chicago) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Resource Types \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Book \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif) \| Basic Book \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Encyclopedia](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=encyclopedia) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Dictionary](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=dictionary) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Preface/Foreword](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=preface) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Reference Work](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=reference) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Work in a Series](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=series) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Republication](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=republication) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Sacred Text](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=book&subset=sacred) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Anthology \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Author & Editor](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=anthology&credit=authorAndEditor) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Author & Translator](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=anthology&credit=translator) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Organization & Editor](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=anthology&credit=organization) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Periodical \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Journal](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=periodical&subset=journal) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Magazine](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=periodical&subset=magazine) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Newspaper](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=periodical&subset=newspaper) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Multimedia \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Art or Photograph](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=art) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Cartoon](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=cartoon) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Advertisement](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=advertisement) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Map or Chart](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=mapOrChart) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Musical Composition](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=musicalComposition) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Sound Recording](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=soundRecording) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Film or Video](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=multimedia&subset=video) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Communication \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Radio/TV Program](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=radioOrTVprogram) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Lecture or Speech](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=lecture) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Published Interview](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=radioOrTVinterview) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Personal Interview](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=personalInterview) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[E-mail](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=telecommunication&subset=email) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)Online Only \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Entire Website](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=onlineOnly&subset=site) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/spacer.gif)[Web Page / Blog Post](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?resource=onlineOnly&subset=document) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r5_c4.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r5_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r5_c8.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r6_c4.png) \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r6_c9.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Citing a Basic Book in MLA Format [(Click for Help)](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?helpLayerLock=locked) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/tan_fade.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c4.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c8.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r1_c1.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r1_c4.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r1_c5.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r2_c1.png) \| Brought to you by Calvin University Admissions \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r2_c6.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r3_c1.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r3_c6.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r4_c6.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| [![Brought to you by Calvin University Admissions](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/calvin/Calvin_USnews2018_639x79.jpg)](http://www.calvin.edu/cgi-bin/lib/webstats.pl?hit=knightcite_admissions_20161012_us_news_calvin_1&forward=yes) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r5_c7.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r6_c6.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r7_c1.png) \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/a/aframe_r7_c6.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c4.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r8_c8.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r10_c1.png) \| We use the 9th ed. of MLA, 7th ed. of APA, and 17th ed. of Chicago (9th ed. Turabian). Maintained by the [Hekman Library](http://library.calvin.edu/) at [Calvin University](https://calvin.edu/) , Grand Rapids, MI - 97,082,696 citations and counting\! Questions, Comments, or Bugs regarding KnightCite itself? [Send us an email](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php?mode=mailForm) . Questions about Citations and Styles? Try the fantastic resources available at [the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)](https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/) . \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r10_c11.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r11_c11.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r12_c1.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r12_c7.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/frame_r12_c8.png) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| ![](https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/images/spacer.gif) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|
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