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| Meta Title | Fairchild Semiconductor | Definition, History, & Facts | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Boilerpipe Text | Date:
1957 - present
Ticker:
ON
Share price:
$71.02 (mkt close, Apr. 13, 2026)
Market cap:
$27.05 bil.
Annual revenue:
$6.00 bil.
Earnings per share (prev. year):
$0.29
Sector:
Information Technology
Industry:
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment
CEO:
Mr. Hassane S. El-Khoury
Fairchild Semiconductor
, former American
electronics
company that shares credit with
Texas Instruments Incorporated
for the
invention
of the
integrated circuit
. Founded in 1957 in Santa Clara, California, Fairchild was among the earliest firms to successfully manufacture
transistors
and integrated circuits. Its final headquarters were in
Sunnyvale
, California, while research and production facilities were located across the
United States
and in Asia.
In 1957 Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation was considering entering the semiconductor business when eight engineers from the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in
Palo Alto
, California, resigned en masse because of the management regime of founder
William Shockley
, coinventor of the
transistor
. Led by
Robert Noyce
and
Gordon Moore
, the group—labeled by Shockley the “traitorous eight”—presented themselves to Fairchild. Each engineer agreed to contribute $500 of his own money as a stake in the venture. (When the eight later sold their stakes back to Fairchild, each received $250,000.)
Fairchild
Semiconductor’s
first products were silicon-based transistors for military and later industrial applications.
Jean Hoerni
, one of the founding engineers, realized that depositing a silicon-oxide film on the
silicon
wafers from which the transistors were cut would reduce the contamination that had plagued production. Noyce took Hoerni’s development one step further. Noyce realized that it was unnecessary to cut the silicon wafer into individual transistors; rather, different components could be created in the same wafer and connected along the surface by the deposition of a line of conductive metal (a “wire”). He thus conceived the method for making an integrated circuit. Although Fairchild filed a
patent
application in 1959 for this planar process, it soon cross-licensed integrated circuit patents with coinventor Texas Instruments while the companies battled in the courts to a split decision 10 years later. Unlike Texas Instruments, Noyce did not use military funding to develop the company’s initial
manufacturing
techniques.
In 1961 Fairchild brought the integrated circuit (IC) to market at a price of $120 per chip. At that time, however, any electronics firm could wire together high-end transistors to produce the same circuits for much less. A buyer had to have a serious space constraint to justify purchasing ICs. Fortunately for Fairchild, the U.S. space program had just such a problem, and the IC was the solution. By 1969 the
Apollo program
alone had purchased one million silicon chips, a significant fraction of them manufactured by Fairchild.
By the time Noyce and Moore left in 1968 to found
Intel Corporation
, former Fairchild Semiconductor employees had started dozens of new electronics companies, including National Semiconductor Corporation, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., and LSI Logic Corporation, in the surrounding region—an area now known as
Silicon Valley
. Companies descended from Fairchild were often referred to as Fairchildren.
By the late 1970s Fairchild proved unable to compete with the Fairchildren. In 1979 Schlumberger Limited, a French company primarily known for supplying oil field services and equipment, acquired the company and its historic name. Less than a decade later Schlumberger attempted to sell the firm to Fujitsu Limited of Japan. After the U.S. government quashed the sale, National Semiconductor purchased Fairchild in 1987 but also was unable to turn it into a profitable business. In 1996 National spun off Fairchild as an independent firm headquartered in South Portland, Maine, where Fairchild had been operating the world’s longest continuously functioning semiconductor fabrication facility. Fairchild also manufactured integrated circuits for consumer electronics in California, Utah, and
South Korea
, with assembly and test facilities in the Philippines and Malaysia. In 2016 Fairchild was acquired by ON Semiconductor (after 2022,
onsemi).
Michael Aaron Dennis | ||||||||||||||||||
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Read More
[ Samsung](https://www.britannica.com/money/Samsung-Electronics)
[ Sony](https://www.britannica.com/money/Sony)
[ Broadcom Inc.](https://www.britannica.com/money/Broadcom-Inc)
Table Of Contents
[Companies](https://www.britannica.com/money/browse/Companies)
[Information Technology](https://www.britannica.com/money/browse/Information-Technology)
# Toshiba Corporation
Japanese corporation
Print
Cite
Share
Links
Also known as: TĹŤkyĹŤ Shibaura Denki KK, Tokyo Shibaura Electric Company, Ltd.
**Written and fact-checked by**The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
[The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/money/author/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419)
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Article History
Read More
[ Samsung](https://www.britannica.com/money/Samsung-Electronics)
[ Sony](https://www.britannica.com/money/Sony)
[ Broadcom Inc.](https://www.britannica.com/money/Broadcom-Inc)
Table Of Contents
Open full sized image
Night view of the Toshiba Corporation headquarters (centre), Tokyo.
Josef Thiel
Date:
1939 - present
Headquarters:
[Tokyo](https://www.britannica.com/place/Tokyo)
Areas Of Involvement:
[electronics](https://www.britannica.com/technology/electronics)
[manufacturing](https://www.britannica.com/technology/manufacturing)
Related People:
[DokĹŤ Toshio](https://www.britannica.com/money/Doko-Toshio)
Toshiba Corporation is a major Japanese [brand](https://www.britannica.com/money/brand) and manufacturer of [computers](https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer) and [electronic](https://www.britannica.com/technology/electronics) devices for consumers and industry. Headquarters are in [Tokyo](https://www.britannica.com/place/Tokyo).
The company was incorporated in 1939 as Tokyo Shibaura Electric Company, Ltd. (Japanese: TĹŤkyĹŤ Shibaura Denki KK), in the merger of Shibaura Engineering Works, Ltd., and Tokyo Electric Company, Ltd. It adopted its present name in 1978.
The original Shibaura company, formed in 1875, grew out of inventor Tanaka Hisashige’s factory, with primary concentration on [manufacturing](https://www.britannica.com/technology/manufacturing) engines for ocean vessels. It was taken over by the Mitsui business combine ([*zaibatsu*](https://www.britannica.com/topic/zaibatsu)) and set to making heavy, high-horsepower [steam engines](https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine). It began making machine tools in the mid-1890s. Tokyo Electric Light Company began manufacturing bamboo-filament electric lightbulbs in 1890, with Mitsui financing. The merged corporation separated from Mitsui with the dissolution of the *zaibatsu* after [World War II](https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II), but it became reaffiliated with the [Mitsui group](https://www.britannica.com/money/Mitsui-Group) in 1973.
Both predecessor companies also had close ties with the [General Electric Company](https://www.britannica.com/money/General-Electric) of the [United States](https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States). General Electric (GE) first obtained an interest in Tokyo Electric in 1907 in return for GE’s aid in updating that company’s technology, which led to the [mass production](https://www.britannica.com/technology/mass-production) of Mazda electric lamps in [Japan](https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan). In 1909 GE entered into a similar arrangement with Shibaura. Such association represented the first significant infusion of Western technology into Japan and was a major success. GE is still one of Toshiba’s largest shareholders.
Toshiba, in cooperation with the [Sony Corporation](https://www.britannica.com/money/Sony) and another American firm, International Business Machines Corporation ([IBM](https://www.britannica.com/money/International-Business-Machines-Corporation)), designed the [Cell Broadband Engine](https://www.britannica.com/technology/Cell-Broadband-Engine). Developed over a four-year period beginning in 2001, this advanced [computer chip](https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-chip) has multiple applications, from IBM [supercomputers](https://www.britannica.com/technology/supercomputer) to Toshiba high-definition (HD) televisions to the Sony [Playstation](https://www.britannica.com/topic/PlayStation) 3 [electronic game](https://www.britannica.com/topic/electronic-game) system. In 2008 Toshiba introduced a line of laptops, or notebook computers, based on the Cell processor.
Toshiba manufactures a variety of consumer and business products. In addition to HD televisions and laptop computers, the company builds DVD players, digital video recorders (DVRs), printers, copiers, lighting products, [medical imaging](https://www.britannica.com/science/diagnostic-imaging) equipment, surveillance systems, and [liquid crystal display](https://www.britannica.com/technology/liquid-crystal-display) (LCD) devices. It also produces semiconductors as well as equipment for the generation of [electric power](https://www.britannica.com/technology/electric-power), industrial motors, and industrial [electronics](https://www.britannica.com/technology/electronics). It has a number of subsidiaries in other countries.
[The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/money/author/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419)This article was most recently revised and updated by [Doug Ashburn](https://www.britannica.com/money/author/douglas-ashburn/12849777).
Read More
[ Intel](https://www.britannica.com/money/Intel)
[ business organization](https://www.britannica.com/money/business-organization)
[ NVIDIA Corporation](https://www.britannica.com/money/NVIDIA-Corporation)
Table Of Contents
[Companies](https://www.britannica.com/money/browse/Companies)
[Information Technology](https://www.britannica.com/money/browse/Information-Technology)
# Fairchild Semiconductor
American company
Print
Cite
Share
Links
**Written by**Michael Aaron Dennis
[Michael Aaron Dennis](https://www.britannica.com/money/author/Michael-Aaron-Dennis/4346)
Independent scholar. Author of *A Change of State: The Political Cultures of Technical Practice at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 1930–1945.*
**Fact-checked by**The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
[The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/money/author/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419)
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Article History
Read More
[ Intel](https://www.britannica.com/money/Intel)
[ business organization](https://www.britannica.com/money/business-organization)
[ NVIDIA Corporation](https://www.britannica.com/money/NVIDIA-Corporation)
Table Of Contents
Date:
1957 - present
Ticker:
ON
Share price:
\$71.02 (mkt close, Apr. 13, 2026)
Market cap:
\$27.05 bil.
Annual revenue:
\$6.00 bil.
Earnings per share (prev. year):
\$0.29
Sector:
Information Technology
Industry:
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment
CEO:
Mr. Hassane S. El-Khoury
**Fairchild Semiconductor**, former American [electronics](https://www.britannica.com/technology/electronics) company that shares credit with [Texas Instruments Incorporated](https://www.britannica.com/money/Texas-Instruments-Incorporated) for the [invention](https://www.britannica.com/technology/invention-technology) of the [integrated circuit](https://www.britannica.com/technology/integrated-circuit). Founded in 1957 in Santa Clara, California, Fairchild was among the earliest firms to successfully manufacture [transistors](https://www.britannica.com/technology/transistor) and integrated circuits. Its final headquarters were in [Sunnyvale](https://www.britannica.com/place/Sunnyvale), California, while research and production facilities were located across the [United States](https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States) and in Asia.
In 1957 Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation was considering entering the semiconductor business when eight engineers from the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in [Palo Alto](https://www.britannica.com/place/Palo-Alto), California, resigned en masse because of the management regime of founder [William Shockley](https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shockley), coinventor of the [transistor](https://www.britannica.com/technology/transistor). Led by [Robert Noyce](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Noyce) and [Gordon Moore](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gordon-Moore), the group—labeled by Shockley the “traitorous eight”—presented themselves to Fairchild. Each engineer agreed to contribute \$500 of his own money as a stake in the venture. (When the eight later sold their stakes back to Fairchild, each received \$250,000.)
Fairchild [Semiconductor’s](https://www.britannica.com/science/semiconductor) first products were silicon-based transistors for military and later industrial applications. [Jean Hoerni](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Hoerni), one of the founding engineers, realized that depositing a silicon-oxide film on the [silicon](https://www.britannica.com/science/silicon) wafers from which the transistors were cut would reduce the contamination that had plagued production. Noyce took Hoerni’s development one step further. Noyce realized that it was unnecessary to cut the silicon wafer into individual transistors; rather, different components could be created in the same wafer and connected along the surface by the deposition of a line of conductive metal (a “wire”). He thus conceived the method for making an integrated circuit. Although Fairchild filed a [patent](https://www.britannica.com/topic/patent) application in 1959 for this planar process, it soon cross-licensed integrated circuit patents with coinventor Texas Instruments while the companies battled in the courts to a split decision 10 years later. Unlike Texas Instruments, Noyce did not use military funding to develop the company’s initial [manufacturing](https://www.britannica.com/technology/manufacturing) techniques.
In 1961 Fairchild brought the integrated circuit (IC) to market at a price of \$120 per chip. At that time, however, any electronics firm could wire together high-end transistors to produce the same circuits for much less. A buyer had to have a serious space constraint to justify purchasing ICs. Fortunately for Fairchild, the U.S. space program had just such a problem, and the IC was the solution. By 1969 the [Apollo program](https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program) alone had purchased one million silicon chips, a significant fraction of them manufactured by Fairchild.
By the time Noyce and Moore left in 1968 to found [Intel Corporation](https://www.britannica.com/money/Intel), former Fairchild Semiconductor employees had started dozens of new electronics companies, including National Semiconductor Corporation, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., and LSI Logic Corporation, in the surrounding region—an area now known as [Silicon Valley](https://www.britannica.com/place/Silicon-Valley-region-California). Companies descended from Fairchild were often referred to as Fairchildren.
By the late 1970s Fairchild proved unable to compete with the Fairchildren. In 1979 Schlumberger Limited, a French company primarily known for supplying oil field services and equipment, acquired the company and its historic name. Less than a decade later Schlumberger attempted to sell the firm to Fujitsu Limited of Japan. After the U.S. government quashed the sale, National Semiconductor purchased Fairchild in 1987 but also was unable to turn it into a profitable business. In 1996 National spun off Fairchild as an independent firm headquartered in South Portland, Maine, where Fairchild had been operating the world’s longest continuously functioning semiconductor fabrication facility. Fairchild also manufactured integrated circuits for consumer electronics in California, Utah, and [South Korea](https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Korea), with assembly and test facilities in the Philippines and Malaysia. In 2016 Fairchild was acquired by ON Semiconductor (after 2022, onsemi).
[Michael Aaron Dennis](https://www.britannica.com/money/author/Michael-Aaron-Dennis/4346)
[](https://www.britannica.com/money)
[About Us](https://www.britannica.com/money/about)[Privacy Policy](https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy-2)[Terms & Conditions](https://corporate.britannica.com/termsofuse.html)
© 2026 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | ||||||||||||||||||
| Readable Markdown | Date:
1957 - present
Ticker:
ON
Share price:
\$71.02 (mkt close, Apr. 13, 2026)
Market cap:
\$27.05 bil.
Annual revenue:
\$6.00 bil.
Earnings per share (prev. year):
\$0.29
Sector:
Information Technology
Industry:
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment
CEO:
Mr. Hassane S. El-Khoury
**Fairchild Semiconductor**, former American [electronics](https://www.britannica.com/technology/electronics) company that shares credit with [Texas Instruments Incorporated](https://www.britannica.com/money/Texas-Instruments-Incorporated) for the [invention](https://www.britannica.com/technology/invention-technology) of the [integrated circuit](https://www.britannica.com/technology/integrated-circuit). Founded in 1957 in Santa Clara, California, Fairchild was among the earliest firms to successfully manufacture [transistors](https://www.britannica.com/technology/transistor) and integrated circuits. Its final headquarters were in [Sunnyvale](https://www.britannica.com/place/Sunnyvale), California, while research and production facilities were located across the [United States](https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States) and in Asia.
In 1957 Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation was considering entering the semiconductor business when eight engineers from the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in [Palo Alto](https://www.britannica.com/place/Palo-Alto), California, resigned en masse because of the management regime of founder [William Shockley](https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shockley), coinventor of the [transistor](https://www.britannica.com/technology/transistor). Led by [Robert Noyce](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Noyce) and [Gordon Moore](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gordon-Moore), the group—labeled by Shockley the “traitorous eight”—presented themselves to Fairchild. Each engineer agreed to contribute \$500 of his own money as a stake in the venture. (When the eight later sold their stakes back to Fairchild, each received \$250,000.)
Fairchild [Semiconductor’s](https://www.britannica.com/science/semiconductor) first products were silicon-based transistors for military and later industrial applications. [Jean Hoerni](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Hoerni), one of the founding engineers, realized that depositing a silicon-oxide film on the [silicon](https://www.britannica.com/science/silicon) wafers from which the transistors were cut would reduce the contamination that had plagued production. Noyce took Hoerni’s development one step further. Noyce realized that it was unnecessary to cut the silicon wafer into individual transistors; rather, different components could be created in the same wafer and connected along the surface by the deposition of a line of conductive metal (a “wire”). He thus conceived the method for making an integrated circuit. Although Fairchild filed a [patent](https://www.britannica.com/topic/patent) application in 1959 for this planar process, it soon cross-licensed integrated circuit patents with coinventor Texas Instruments while the companies battled in the courts to a split decision 10 years later. Unlike Texas Instruments, Noyce did not use military funding to develop the company’s initial [manufacturing](https://www.britannica.com/technology/manufacturing) techniques.
In 1961 Fairchild brought the integrated circuit (IC) to market at a price of \$120 per chip. At that time, however, any electronics firm could wire together high-end transistors to produce the same circuits for much less. A buyer had to have a serious space constraint to justify purchasing ICs. Fortunately for Fairchild, the U.S. space program had just such a problem, and the IC was the solution. By 1969 the [Apollo program](https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program) alone had purchased one million silicon chips, a significant fraction of them manufactured by Fairchild.
By the time Noyce and Moore left in 1968 to found [Intel Corporation](https://www.britannica.com/money/Intel), former Fairchild Semiconductor employees had started dozens of new electronics companies, including National Semiconductor Corporation, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., and LSI Logic Corporation, in the surrounding region—an area now known as [Silicon Valley](https://www.britannica.com/place/Silicon-Valley-region-California). Companies descended from Fairchild were often referred to as Fairchildren.
By the late 1970s Fairchild proved unable to compete with the Fairchildren. In 1979 Schlumberger Limited, a French company primarily known for supplying oil field services and equipment, acquired the company and its historic name. Less than a decade later Schlumberger attempted to sell the firm to Fujitsu Limited of Japan. After the U.S. government quashed the sale, National Semiconductor purchased Fairchild in 1987 but also was unable to turn it into a profitable business. In 1996 National spun off Fairchild as an independent firm headquartered in South Portland, Maine, where Fairchild had been operating the world’s longest continuously functioning semiconductor fabrication facility. Fairchild also manufactured integrated circuits for consumer electronics in California, Utah, and [South Korea](https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Korea), with assembly and test facilities in the Philippines and Malaysia. In 2016 Fairchild was acquired by ON Semiconductor (after 2022, onsemi).
[Michael Aaron Dennis](https://www.britannica.com/money/author/Michael-Aaron-Dennis/4346) | ||||||||||||||||||
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