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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 62 (from laksa112)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa062.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.britannica.com/art/Coachella-Valley-Festival\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.britannica.com/art/Coachella-Valley-Festival\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Coachella-Valley-Festival","crawl_time":1775657829,"first_indexed_time":1469255979,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,britannica!www,\/art\/Coachella-Valley-Festival s443","src_root_hash":"5455945239613777662","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Coachella | Festival, History, Performers, & Facts | Britannica","meta_descriptions":["Coachella, annual rock festival held at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, California, featuring music on multiple stages. The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival began in October 1999 as a two-day festival. Beck and Rage Against the Machine headlined, and more than 25,000 people attended, but the"],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Top Questions\nWhat is a music festival?\nWhere do music festivals usually take place?\nWhat types of music might you hear at a music festival?\nHow are music festivals different from regular concerts?\nmusic festival\n,  usually a series of performances at a particular place and inspired by a unifying theme, such as national\nmusic\n, modern music, or the promotion of a prominent composer’s works. It may also take the form of a competition for performers or composers.\nSeries of religious services associated with a given feast early established the idea of the music\nfestival\nin the church. The term festival in its modern sense, however, was first used in\nEngland\n. The Festival of the Sons of the Clergy, originally an annual charity sermon, was first given at\nSt. Paul’s\nCathedral,\nLondon\n, in 1655; it took on a\nmusical\ncharacter in 1698. The famed Three Choirs Festival was established in 1724 (an earlier form existed in 1715) and continues to take place annually and in rotation at the cathedral cities of Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford. Harp festivals were held in Ireland toward the end of the 18th century.\nFestivals of\nsecular\nmusic in England came into being in the 18th century; the first devoted to\nGeorge Frideric Handel\nwas held in 1784 in\nWestminster Abbey\n, London. Handel festivals continued almost without interruption well into the 20th century, including the triennial Handel Festivals held at the\nCrystal Palace\n, near London, from 1857 until the building burned in 1936. The Birmingham Festival (1768, triennial from 1769 until 1912) was originally devoted to Handel’s music but was extended to include that of other composers in the 1800s. During the 18th and 19th centuries, festivals, mostly choral, were developed in various cities in England; they include the\nLeeds\nFestival (triennial). The Glyndebourne Festival (for opera) was established in 1934 in Sussex, and the\nEdinburgh International Festival\nof Music and Drama was inaugurated in 1947; the Cheltenham Festival, initiated in 1945, is devoted to modern music.\nBritannica Quiz\nSound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz\nIn the\nUnited States\n, several large-scale choral festivals on the English model were held in the 19th century. In 1869 and 1872 the celebrated bandmaster\nPatrick Gilmore\norganized two\nPeace Jubilee festivals, featuring choirs of 20,000 and orchestras of 1,000, plus artillery firing and bells. Annual chamber-music festivals, performing specially\ncommissioned\nworks, were established by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge (Pittsfield, Mass., 1918), and more specialized ones followed in the 20th century. In 1937 the conductor\nSerge Koussevitzky\ninaugurated the Berkshire Festival at Tanglewood, near Lenox, Mass. The annual\nNewport\n, R.I.,\njazz\nfestival (1954) also became prominent. Many rock-music festivals were held in the 1960s and ’70s. In\nPuerto Rico\nthe Spanish cellist\nPablo Casals\nestablished a noted festival in 1957. Other Latin-American festivals have been held in Caracas, Venez.;\nSantiago\n, Chile; and\nBuenos Aires\n, Arg.\nNumerous festivals were held annually in German cities during the 19th century. The Bayreuth Festival was inaugurated by the German composer\nRichard Wagner\nin 1876 to present his operas and music dramas in a specially built\nopera\nhouse. In Salzburg, Austria,\nWolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s\nbirthplace, the first Mozart festival was held in 1877. Later including works by many composers, it became an annual summer event from 1920. Especially important among European opera festivals is that held in Munich (established 1901), devoted mainly to the work of Mozart,\nRichard Strauss\n, and Wagner. Other prominent European festivals include the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (Florence Musical May), held annually from 1933; the\nSpoleto\n,\nItaly\n, festival, inaugurated by the composer\nGian Carlo Menotti\n(1958); and the festivals held at Besançon and\nAix-en-Provence\n, Fr., from 1948. Adventurous modern works, including\nelectronic music\n, are heard each summer at the Darmstadt, Ger., festivals (1946).\nThe International Society for\nContemporary\nMusic promotes modern works of novel nature; formed in 1922, it has held summer festivals in various European and U.S. cities. The first festival of music and drama at\nŌsaka\n,\nJapan\n, was held in 1958.\nContests of artistic skill, including music, are ancient; musical competitions were part of the 6th-century-\nbc\nPythian Games\nat\nDelphi\n. The\neisteddfod\nin Wales—originally a festival for bards (poet-singers), but now including other arts—had its beginnings in the 12th century or earlier, and in the 12th century the troubadours held musical competitions, the\npuys,\nat Puy Notre Dame, near Saumur, in France. The song contest organized by the Meistersingers at Wartburg, Ger., dates from the 13th century.\nTrusted knowledge for those who want to know more.\nSUBSCRIBE\nIn 18th-century England local\nsinging\ncompetitions were held by groups of singers at taverns. In the 19th century, singing and brass-band competitions between amateur musicians became popular and were\nadjudicated\nby prominent figures.\nIn the United States in 1790, singers from Dorchester and Stoughton, Mass., competed at Dorchester. Similar amateur activity among students was later encouraged; and in the 20th century,\nband\n, choral, and orchestral competitions among schools and colleges were organized on a large scale.\nIn the 20th century a new form of international competition was organized to promote the careers of professional performers. Such competition festivals include the Chopin International Competition for Pianists (begun 1927, Warsaw); the Queen Elisabeth of\nBelgium\nprize for violinists, pianists, and composers (begun 1937, Brussels); and the Tchaikovsky competition for pianists, violinists, and cellists (begun 1958, Moscow).\nThis article was most recently revised and updated by\nHeather Campbell\n.","attrs_markdown":"[![Encyclopedia Britannica](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/mendel\/eb-logo\/MendelNewThistleLogo.png)](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/)\n\n[![Encyclopedia Britannica](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/mendel\/eb-logo\/MendelNewThistleLogo.png)](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/)\n\n[SUBSCRIBE](https:\/\/premium.britannica.com\/premium-membership\/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=global-nav&utm_campaign=blue-evergreen)\n\n[SUBSCRIBE](https:\/\/premium.britannica.com\/premium-membership\/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=global-nav-mobile&utm_campaign=blue-evergreen)\n\nLogin\n\nhttps:\/\/premium.britannica.com\/premium-membership\/?utm\\_source=premium\\&utm\\_medium=nav-login-box\\&utm\\_campaign=evergreen\n\n[SUBSCRIBE](https:\/\/premium.britannica.com\/premium-membership\/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=hamburger-menu&utm_campaign=blue)\n\n[Ask the Chatbot](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/chatbot)\n\n[Games & Quizzes](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/quiz\/browse) [History & Society](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/History-Society) [Science & Tech](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/Science-Tech) [Biographies](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/Biographies) [Animals & Nature](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/Animals-Nature) [Geography & Travel](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/Geography-Travel) [Arts & Culture](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/Arts-Culture) [ProCon](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/procon) [Money](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/money) [Videos](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/videos)\n\n[Coachella](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Coachella-Valley-Festival)\n\n[Introduction](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Coachella-Valley-Festival)   [References & Edit History](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Coachella-Valley-Festival\/additional-info)  [Quick Facts & Related Topics](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/facts\/Coachella-Valley-Festival)\n\n[Images](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Coachella-Valley-Festival\/images-videos)\n\n[![Coachella: Office Kovacs's Colossal Cacti art installation, 2019](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/46\/242446-004-0C40223E\/Art-installation-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2019.jpg)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/46\/242446-050-C5D3C6F6\/Art-installation-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2019.jpg)  [![Coachella](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/47\/242447-004-4A09AFBE\/Tents-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival.jpg)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/47\/242447-050-CB3185FD\/Tents-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival.jpg)  [![Megan Thee Stallion at Coachella, 2022](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/48\/242448-004-D8982957\/Megan-Thee-Stallion-performs-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2022.jpg)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/48\/242448-050-BC5669BA\/Megan-Thee-Stallion-performs-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2022.jpg)\n\nQuizzes\n\n[![Young girl wearing a demin jacket playing the trumpet (child, musical instruments, Asian ethnicity)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/30\/254330-131-1B200240\/young-girl-playing-trumpet.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/quiz\/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz)\n\n[Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/quiz\/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz)\n\n[![USA 2006 - 78th Annual Academy Awards. Closeup of giant Oscar statue at the entrance of the Kodak Theatre in Los Angeles, California. Hompepage blog 2009, arts and entertainment, film movie hollywood](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/65\/129465-131-8F637272\/USA-Annual-Academy-Awards-Closeup-entrance-statue-2009.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/quiz\/pop-culture-quiz)\n\n[Pop Culture Quiz](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/quiz\/pop-culture-quiz)\n\n![Britannica AI Icon](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/mendel-resources\/3-178\/images\/chatbot\/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5)\n\nContents\n\nAsk Anything\n\n[Entertainment & Pop Culture](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/browse\/Entertainment-Pop-Culture)    [Entertainment Awards & Festivals](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/browse\/Entertainment-Awards)\n\nCITE\n\nShare\n\nFeedback\n\nExternal Websites\n\n[![Coachella: Office Kovacs's Colossal Cacti art installation, 2019](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/46\/242446-050-C5D3C6F6\/Art-installation-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2019.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/46\/242446-050-C5D3C6F6\/Art-installation-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2019.jpg)\n\n[Coachella: Office Kovacs's *Colossal Cacti* art installation, 2019](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/46\/242446-050-C5D3C6F6\/Art-installation-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2019.jpg) The *Colossal Cacti* art installation by Office Kovacs on the grounds of the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, 2019.\n\n(more)\n\n# Coachella\nmusic festival, Indio, California, United States\n\nHomework Help\n\nAlso known as: Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival\n\nWritten and fact-checked by\n\n[Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/editor\/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica\/4419)\n\nBritannica Editors\n\n[History](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Coachella-Valley-Festival\/additional-info#history)\n\n![Britannica AI Icon](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/mendel-resources\/3-178\/images\/chatbot\/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5) Britannica AI\n\nAsk Anything\n\nTable of Contents\n\nTable of Contents\n\nAsk Anything\n\n**Coachella**, annual [rock festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/rock-festival) held at the Empire Polo Club in [Indio](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Indio), California, featuring [music](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music) on multiple stages.\n\n[![Coachella](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/47\/242447-050-CB3185FD\/Tents-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival.jpg?w=300)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/47\/242447-050-CB3185FD\/Tents-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival.jpg)\n\n[Coachella](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/47\/242447-050-CB3185FD\/Tents-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival.jpg)The grounds of the Coachella Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, 2013.\n\n(more)\n\nThe Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival began in October 1999 as a two-day festival. [Beck](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Beck) and [Rage Against the Machine](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Rage-Against-the-Machine) headlined, and more than 25,000 people [attended](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/attended), but the festival failed to make money. It was held just months after the disastrous [Woodstock](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Woodstock) ’99, and it was unclear if promoters could turn a profit on a weekend-long multistage event. Coachella’s organizers took a year off and then brought the festival back as a one-day event in April 2001. (The change in month was also an effort to avoid high temperatures in the desert heat.) Coachella returned to a two-day format the following April and expanded to a third day in 2010. Two years later it became a six-day event, spread across two consecutive weekends.\n\n[![Megan Thee Stallion at Coachella, 2022](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/48\/242448-050-BC5669BA\/Megan-Thee-Stallion-performs-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2022.jpg?w=300)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/48\/242448-050-BC5669BA\/Megan-Thee-Stallion-performs-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2022.jpg)\n\n[Megan Thee Stallion at Coachella, 2022](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/48\/242448-050-BC5669BA\/Megan-Thee-Stallion-performs-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2022.jpg)Rapper Megan Thee Stallion performing at the Coachella Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, 2022.\n\n(more)\n\nAlthough [electronic music](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/electronic-music) tends to be better represented at Coachella than at other festivals, lineups have included the top names in [rock](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/rock-music), pop, and [hip-hop](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/hip-hop), with a blend of [emerging](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/emerging) artists and established performers. Organizers remained committed to keeping the festival fresh, and very few acts have made repeat appearances. Headlining artists have included [Madonna](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Madonna-American-singer-and-actress), [Jay-Z](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Jay-Z), [Portishead](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Portishead-British-music-group), [Paul McCartney](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Paul-McCartney), [Beyoncé](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Beyonce), [Harry Styles](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Harry-Styles), [Megan Thee Stallion](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Megan-Thee-Stallion), and [Bad Bunny](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Bad-Bunny-singer-and-songwriter). High-profile reunions were also a fixture of the festival, with groups such as [Pavement](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Pavement-band), Faith No More, the Specials, and [Iggy and the Stooges](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Iggy-and-the-Stooges) taking to the stage for the first time in years.\n\nIn full:\n\nCoachella Valley Music and Arts Festival\n\n*(Show more)*\n\nRelated Topics:\n\n[rock festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/rock-festival)\n\n[music festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music-festival)\n\n*(Show more)*\n\n[See all related content](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/facts\/Coachella-Valley-Festival)\n\n[![Young girl wearing a demin jacket playing the trumpet (child, musical instruments, Asian ethnicity)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/30\/254330-131-1B200240\/young-girl-playing-trumpet.jpg) Britannica Quiz Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/quiz\/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz)\n\nAside from experiencing music performances, attendees can view art (especially sculpture) and enjoy food and drink. In 2010 organizers angered some attendees by eliminating single-day tickets in favour of full three-day festival passes. Attendance was not hurt, however, and Coachella set a record by attracting about 75,000 people each day. By the early 2020s, average daily attendance was about 125,000.\n\n[The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/editor\/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica\/4419) This article was most recently revised and updated by [Amy Tikkanen](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/editor\/Amy-Tikkanen\/6393).\n\n![Britannica AI Icon](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/mendel-resources\/3-178\/images\/chatbot\/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5)Britannica AI\n\n*chevron\\_right*\n\nCoachella\n\n*close*\n\n[AI-generated answers](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/about-britannica-ai) from Britannica articles. AI makes mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.\n\n[music festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music-festival)\n\n[Introduction](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music-festival)   [References & Edit History](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music-festival\/additional-info)  [Related Topics](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/facts\/music-festival)\n\n[Images](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music-festival\/images-videos)\n\n[![Magdalena Kozena as Idamante in a dress rehearsal for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Idomeneo; the production was part of the 2006 Salzburg (Austria) Festival.](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/96\/97296-004-D784B105\/Idamante-Magdalena-Kozena-operas-one-city-Mozart.jpg)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/96\/97296-050-6A96704F\/Idamante-Magdalena-Kozena-operas-one-city-Mozart.jpg)\n\nQuizzes\n\n[![Young girl wearing a demin jacket playing the trumpet (child, musical instruments, Asian ethnicity)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/30\/254330-131-1B200240\/young-girl-playing-trumpet.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/quiz\/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz)\n\n[Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/quiz\/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz)\n\n![Britannica AI Icon](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/mendel-resources\/3-178\/images\/chatbot\/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5)\n\nContents\n\nAsk Anything\n\n[Entertainment & Pop Culture](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/browse\/Entertainment-Pop-Culture)    [Entertainment Awards & Festivals](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/browse\/Entertainment-Awards)\n\nCITE\n\nShare\n\nFeedback\n\nExternal Websites\n\n[![Magdalena Kozena as Idamante in a dress rehearsal for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Idomeneo; the production was part of the 2006 Salzburg (Austria) Festival.](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/96\/97296-050-6A96704F\/Idamante-Magdalena-Kozena-operas-one-city-Mozart.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/96\/97296-050-6A96704F\/Idamante-Magdalena-Kozena-operas-one-city-Mozart.jpg)\n\nMagdalena Kozena as Idamante in a dress rehearsal for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's *Idomeneo*; the production was part of the 2006 Salzburg (Austria) Festival.\n\n(more)\n\n# music festival\nHomework Help\n\nWritten and fact-checked by\n\n[Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/editor\/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica\/4419)\n\nBritannica Editors\n\n[History](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music-festival\/additional-info#history)\n\n![Britannica AI Icon](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/mendel-resources\/3-178\/images\/chatbot\/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5) Britannica AI\n\nAsk Anything\n\nTable of Contents\n\nTable of Contents\n\nAsk Anything\n\nTop Questions\n\n- What is a music festival?\n- Where do music festivals usually take place?\n- What types of music might you hear at a music festival?\n- How are music festivals different from regular concerts?\n\nShow more\n\nShow less\n\n**music festival**, usually a series of performances at a particular place and inspired by a unifying theme, such as national [music](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music), modern music, or the promotion of a prominent composer’s works. It may also take the form of a competition for performers or composers.\n\nSeries of religious services associated with a given feast early established the idea of the music [festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/feast-religion) in the church. The term festival in its modern sense, however, was first used in [England](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/England). The Festival of the Sons of the Clergy, originally an annual charity sermon, was first given at [St. Paul’s](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Saint-Paul-Minnesota) Cathedral, [London](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/London), in 1655; it took on a [musical](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/musical) character in 1698. The famed Three Choirs Festival was established in 1724 (an earlier form existed in 1715) and continues to take place annually and in rotation at the cathedral cities of Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford. Harp festivals were held in Ireland toward the end of the 18th century.\n\nFestivals of [secular](https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/secular) music in England came into being in the 18th century; the first devoted to [George Frideric Handel](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/George-Frideric-Handel) was held in 1784 in [Westminster Abbey](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Westminster-Abbey), London. Handel festivals continued almost without interruption well into the 20th century, including the triennial Handel Festivals held at the [Crystal Palace](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Crystal-Palace-building-London), near London, from 1857 until the building burned in 1936. The Birmingham Festival (1768, triennial from 1769 until 1912) was originally devoted to Handel’s music but was extended to include that of other composers in the 1800s. During the 18th and 19th centuries, festivals, mostly choral, were developed in various cities in England; they include the [Leeds](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Leeds-England) Festival (triennial). The Glyndebourne Festival (for opera) was established in 1934 in Sussex, and the [Edinburgh International Festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Edinburgh-International-Festival) of Music and Drama was inaugurated in 1947; the Cheltenham Festival, initiated in 1945, is devoted to modern music.\n\n[![Young girl wearing a demin jacket playing the trumpet (child, musical instruments, Asian ethnicity)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/30\/254330-131-1B200240\/young-girl-playing-trumpet.jpg) Britannica Quiz Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/quiz\/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz)\n\nIn the [United States](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/United-States), several large-scale choral festivals on the English model were held in the 19th century. In 1869 and 1872 the celebrated bandmaster [Patrick Gilmore](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Patrick-Gilmore) organized two Peace Jubilee festivals, featuring choirs of 20,000 and orchestras of 1,000, plus artillery firing and bells. Annual chamber-music festivals, performing specially [commissioned](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/commissioned) works, were established by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge (Pittsfield, Mass., 1918), and more specialized ones followed in the 20th century. In 1937 the conductor [Serge Koussevitzky](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Serge-Koussevitzky) inaugurated the Berkshire Festival at Tanglewood, near Lenox, Mass. The annual [Newport](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Newport-Rhode-Island), R.I., [jazz](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/jazz) festival (1954) also became prominent. Many rock-music festivals were held in the 1960s and ’70s. In [Puerto Rico](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Puerto-Rico) the Spanish cellist [Pablo Casals](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pablo-Casals) established a noted festival in 1957. Other Latin-American festivals have been held in Caracas, Venez.; [Santiago](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Santiago-Chile), Chile; and [Buenos Aires](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Buenos-Aires), Arg.\n\nNumerous festivals were held annually in German cities during the 19th century. The Bayreuth Festival was inaugurated by the German composer [Richard Wagner](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Richard-Wagner-German-composer) in 1876 to present his operas and music dramas in a specially built [opera](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/opera) house. In Salzburg, Austria, [Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Wolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart) birthplace, the first Mozart festival was held in 1877. Later including works by many composers, it became an annual summer event from 1920. Especially important among European opera festivals is that held in Munich (established 1901), devoted mainly to the work of Mozart, [Richard Strauss](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Richard-Strauss), and Wagner. Other prominent European festivals include the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (Florence Musical May), held annually from 1933; the [Spoleto](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Spoleto), [Italy](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Italy), festival, inaugurated by the composer [Gian Carlo Menotti](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Gian-Carlo-Menotti) (1958); and the festivals held at Besançon and [Aix-en-Provence](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Aix-en-Provence), Fr., from 1948. Adventurous modern works, including [electronic music](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/electronic-music), are heard each summer at the Darmstadt, Ger., festivals (1946).\n\nThe International Society for [Contemporary](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/Contemporary) Music promotes modern works of novel nature; formed in 1922, it has held summer festivals in various European and U.S. cities. The first festival of music and drama at [Ōsaka](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Osaka-Japan), [Japan](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Japan), was held in 1958.\n\nContests of artistic skill, including music, are ancient; musical competitions were part of the 6th-century-bc [Pythian Games](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/sports\/Pythian-Games) at [Delphi](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Delphi-ancient-city-Greece). The [eisteddfod](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/eisteddfod) in Wales—originally a festival for bards (poet-singers), but now including other arts—had its beginnings in the 12th century or earlier, and in the 12th century the troubadours held musical competitions, the *puys,* at Puy Notre Dame, near Saumur, in France. The song contest organized by the Meistersingers at Wartburg, Ger., dates from the 13th century.\n\nExplore Britannica Premium\\!\n\nTrusted knowledge for those who want to know more.\n\n[SUBSCRIBE](https:\/\/premium.britannica.com\/premium-membership\/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=inline-cta&utm_campaign=shorter-2026)\n\n![Penguin, ship, mountain, atlas](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/marketing\/inline-left.webp)\n\n![shohei ohtani, plants, andy wharhol art](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/marketing\/inline-right.webp)\n\n![Mobile](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/marketing\/inline-mobile.webp?w=400)\n\nIn 18th-century England local [singing](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/singing) competitions were held by groups of singers at taverns. In the 19th century, singing and brass-band competitions between amateur musicians became popular and were [adjudicated](https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/adjudicated) by prominent figures.\n\nIn the United States in 1790, singers from Dorchester and Stoughton, Mass., competed at Dorchester. Similar amateur activity among students was later encouraged; and in the 20th century, [band](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/band-music), choral, and orchestral competitions among schools and colleges were organized on a large scale.\n\nKey People:\n\n[Benjamin Britten](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Benjamin-Britten)\n\n[Cosima Wagner](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Cosima-Wagner)\n\n[Elizabeth Penn Sprague Coolidge](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Elizabeth-Penn-Sprague-Coolidge)\n\n*(Show more)*\n\nRelated Topics:\n\n[rock festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/rock-festival)\n\n[Glastonbury Festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Glastonbury-Festival)\n\n[8 Music Festivals Not to Miss](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/list\/8-music-festivals-not-to-miss)\n\n[Newport Folk Festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Newport-Folk-Festival)\n\n[BBC Proms](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/BBC-Proms)\n\n*(Show more)*\n\n[See all related content](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/facts\/music-festival)\n\nIn the 20th century a new form of international competition was organized to promote the careers of professional performers. Such competition festivals include the Chopin International Competition for Pianists (begun 1927, Warsaw); the Queen Elisabeth of [Belgium](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Belgium) prize for violinists, pianists, and composers (begun 1937, Brussels); and the Tchaikovsky competition for pianists, violinists, and cellists (begun 1958, Moscow).\n\nThis article was most recently revised and updated by [Heather Campbell](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/editor\/Heather-Campbell\/6736).\n\n![Britannica AI Icon](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/mendel-resources\/3-178\/images\/chatbot\/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5)Britannica AI\n\n*chevron\\_right*\n\nMusic festival\n\n*close*\n\n[AI-generated answers](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/about-britannica-ai) from Britannica articles. AI makes mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.\n\nLoad Next Page\n\nFeedback\n\nThank you for your feedback\n\nOur editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.\n\n*verified*Cite\n\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\n\nSelect Citation Style\n\nBritannica Editors. \"Coachella\". *Encyclopedia Britannica*, 21 Nov. 2025, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Coachella-Valley-Festival. Accessed 8 April 2026.\n\nCopy Citation\n\nShare\n\nShare to social media\n\n[Facebook](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/BRITANNICA\/) [X](https:\/\/x.com\/britannica)\n\nURL\n\n<https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Coachella-Valley-Festival>\n\nExternal Websites\n\n- [NPR - Embracing the primal, letting it out and letting go at music festivals](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/04\/22\/1170848067\/coachella-music-festivals)\n- [Official Site of the Coachella](https:\/\/www.coachella.com\/)\n- [BBC - Coachella 2024: What's the future for the US festival?](https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20240419-coachella-2024-whats-gone-wrong-with-the-us-festival)\n\nFeedback\n\nThank you for your feedback\n\nOur editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.\n\n*verified*Cite\n\nWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\n\nSelect Citation Style\n\nBritannica Editors. \"music festival\". *Encyclopedia Britannica*, 1 Aug. 2017, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music-festival. Accessed 8 April 2026.\n\nCopy Citation\n\nShare\n\nShare to social media\n\n[Facebook](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/BRITANNICA\/) [X](https:\/\/x.com\/britannica)\n\nURL\n\n<https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music-festival>\n\nExternal Websites\n\n- [ILoveIndia.com - Dover Lane Music Festival](http:\/\/dances.iloveindia.com\/dance-festivals\/dover-lane-music-festival.html)\n- [Fact Monster - Entertainment - Music Festival](http:\/\/www.factmonster.com\/ce6\/ent\/A0834562.html)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Top Questions\n\n- What is a music festival?\n- Where do music festivals usually take place?\n- What types of music might you hear at a music festival?\n- How are music festivals different from regular concerts?\n\n**music festival**, usually a series of performances at a particular place and inspired by a unifying theme, such as national [music](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/music), modern music, or the promotion of a prominent composer’s works. It may also take the form of a competition for performers or composers.\n\nSeries of religious services associated with a given feast early established the idea of the music [festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/feast-religion) in the church. The term festival in its modern sense, however, was first used in [England](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/England). The Festival of the Sons of the Clergy, originally an annual charity sermon, was first given at [St. Paul’s](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Saint-Paul-Minnesota) Cathedral, [London](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/London), in 1655; it took on a [musical](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/musical) character in 1698. The famed Three Choirs Festival was established in 1724 (an earlier form existed in 1715) and continues to take place annually and in rotation at the cathedral cities of Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford. Harp festivals were held in Ireland toward the end of the 18th century.\n\nFestivals of [secular](https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/secular) music in England came into being in the 18th century; the first devoted to [George Frideric Handel](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/George-Frideric-Handel) was held in 1784 in [Westminster Abbey](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Westminster-Abbey), London. Handel festivals continued almost without interruption well into the 20th century, including the triennial Handel Festivals held at the [Crystal Palace](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Crystal-Palace-building-London), near London, from 1857 until the building burned in 1936. The Birmingham Festival (1768, triennial from 1769 until 1912) was originally devoted to Handel’s music but was extended to include that of other composers in the 1800s. During the 18th and 19th centuries, festivals, mostly choral, were developed in various cities in England; they include the [Leeds](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Leeds-England) Festival (triennial). The Glyndebourne Festival (for opera) was established in 1934 in Sussex, and the [Edinburgh International Festival](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Edinburgh-International-Festival) of Music and Drama was inaugurated in 1947; the Cheltenham Festival, initiated in 1945, is devoted to modern music.\n\n[![Young girl wearing a demin jacket playing the trumpet (child, musical instruments, Asian ethnicity)](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/30\/254330-131-1B200240\/young-girl-playing-trumpet.jpg) Britannica Quiz Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/quiz\/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz)\n\nIn the [United States](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/United-States), several large-scale choral festivals on the English model were held in the 19th century. In 1869 and 1872 the celebrated bandmaster [Patrick Gilmore](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Patrick-Gilmore) organized two Peace Jubilee festivals, featuring choirs of 20,000 and orchestras of 1,000, plus artillery firing and bells. Annual chamber-music festivals, performing specially [commissioned](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/commissioned) works, were established by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge (Pittsfield, Mass., 1918), and more specialized ones followed in the 20th century. In 1937 the conductor [Serge Koussevitzky](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Serge-Koussevitzky) inaugurated the Berkshire Festival at Tanglewood, near Lenox, Mass. The annual [Newport](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Newport-Rhode-Island), R.I., [jazz](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/jazz) festival (1954) also became prominent. Many rock-music festivals were held in the 1960s and ’70s. In [Puerto Rico](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Puerto-Rico) the Spanish cellist [Pablo Casals](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Pablo-Casals) established a noted festival in 1957. Other Latin-American festivals have been held in Caracas, Venez.; [Santiago](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Santiago-Chile), Chile; and [Buenos Aires](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Buenos-Aires), Arg.\n\nNumerous festivals were held annually in German cities during the 19th century. The Bayreuth Festival was inaugurated by the German composer [Richard Wagner](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Richard-Wagner-German-composer) in 1876 to present his operas and music dramas in a specially built [opera](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/opera) house. In Salzburg, Austria, [Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Wolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart) birthplace, the first Mozart festival was held in 1877. Later including works by many composers, it became an annual summer event from 1920. Especially important among European opera festivals is that held in Munich (established 1901), devoted mainly to the work of Mozart, [Richard Strauss](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Richard-Strauss), and Wagner. Other prominent European festivals include the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (Florence Musical May), held annually from 1933; the [Spoleto](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Spoleto), [Italy](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Italy), festival, inaugurated by the composer [Gian Carlo Menotti](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Gian-Carlo-Menotti) (1958); and the festivals held at Besançon and [Aix-en-Provence](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Aix-en-Provence), Fr., from 1948. Adventurous modern works, including [electronic music](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/electronic-music), are heard each summer at the Darmstadt, Ger., festivals (1946).\n\nThe International Society for [Contemporary](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/Contemporary) Music promotes modern works of novel nature; formed in 1922, it has held summer festivals in various European and U.S. cities. The first festival of music and drama at [Ōsaka](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Osaka-Japan), [Japan](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Japan), was held in 1958.\n\nContests of artistic skill, including music, are ancient; musical competitions were part of the 6th-century-bc [Pythian Games](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/sports\/Pythian-Games) at [Delphi](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Delphi-ancient-city-Greece). The [eisteddfod](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/eisteddfod) in Wales—originally a festival for bards (poet-singers), but now including other arts—had its beginnings in the 12th century or earlier, and in the 12th century the troubadours held musical competitions, the *puys,* at Puy Notre Dame, near Saumur, in France. The song contest organized by the Meistersingers at Wartburg, Ger., dates from the 13th century.\n\nTrusted knowledge for those who want to know more.\n\n[SUBSCRIBE](https:\/\/premium.britannica.com\/premium-membership\/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=inline-cta&utm_campaign=shorter-2026)\n\n![Penguin, ship, mountain, atlas](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/marketing\/inline-left.webp)\n\n![shohei ohtani, plants, andy wharhol art](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/marketing\/inline-right.webp)\n\n![Mobile](https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/marketing\/inline-mobile.webp?w=400)\n\nIn 18th-century England local [singing](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/singing) competitions were held by groups of singers at taverns. In the 19th century, singing and brass-band competitions between amateur musicians became popular and were [adjudicated](https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/adjudicated) by prominent figures.\n\nIn the United States in 1790, singers from Dorchester and Stoughton, Mass., competed at Dorchester. Similar amateur activity among students was later encouraged; and in the 20th century, [band](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/band-music), choral, and orchestral competitions among schools and colleges were organized on a large scale.\n\nIn the 20th century a new form of international competition was organized to promote the careers of professional performers. Such competition festivals include the Chopin International Competition for Pianists (begun 1927, Warsaw); the Queen Elisabeth of [Belgium](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Belgium) prize for violinists, pianists, and composers (begun 1937, Brussels); and the Tchaikovsky competition for pianists, violinists, and cellists (begun 1958, Moscow).\n\nThis article was most recently revised and updated by [Heather Campbell](https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/editor\/Heather-Campbell\/6736).","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://www.britannica.com/art/Coachella-Valley-Festival
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Meta Description	Coachella, annual rock festival held at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, California, featuring music on multiple stages. The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival began in October 1999 as a two-day festival. Beck and Rage Against the Machine headlined, and more than 25,000 people attended, but the
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Boilerpipe Text	Top Questions What is a music festival? Where do music festivals usually take place? What types of music might you hear at a music festival? How are music festivals different from regular concerts? music festival , usually a series of performances at a particular place and inspired by a unifying theme, such as national music , modern music, or the promotion of a prominent composer’s works. It may also take the form of a competition for performers or composers. Series of religious services associated with a given feast early established the idea of the music festival in the church. The term festival in its modern sense, however, was first used in England . The Festival of the Sons of the Clergy, originally an annual charity sermon, was first given at St. Paul’s Cathedral, London , in 1655; it took on a musical character in 1698. The famed Three Choirs Festival was established in 1724 (an earlier form existed in 1715) and continues to take place annually and in rotation at the cathedral cities of Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford. Harp festivals were held in Ireland toward the end of the 18th century. Festivals of secular music in England came into being in the 18th century; the first devoted to George Frideric Handel was held in 1784 in Westminster Abbey , London. Handel festivals continued almost without interruption well into the 20th century, including the triennial Handel Festivals held at the Crystal Palace , near London, from 1857 until the building burned in 1936. The Birmingham Festival (1768, triennial from 1769 until 1912) was originally devoted to Handel’s music but was extended to include that of other composers in the 1800s. During the 18th and 19th centuries, festivals, mostly choral, were developed in various cities in England; they include the Leeds Festival (triennial). The Glyndebourne Festival (for opera) was established in 1934 in Sussex, and the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama was inaugurated in 1947; the Cheltenham Festival, initiated in 1945, is devoted to modern music. Britannica Quiz Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz In the United States , several large-scale choral festivals on the English model were held in the 19th century. In 1869 and 1872 the celebrated bandmaster Patrick Gilmore organized two Peace Jubilee festivals, featuring choirs of 20,000 and orchestras of 1,000, plus artillery firing and bells. Annual chamber-music festivals, performing specially commissioned works, were established by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge (Pittsfield, Mass., 1918), and more specialized ones followed in the 20th century. In 1937 the conductor Serge Koussevitzky inaugurated the Berkshire Festival at Tanglewood, near Lenox, Mass. The annual Newport , R.I., jazz festival (1954) also became prominent. Many rock-music festivals were held in the 1960s and ’70s. In Puerto Rico the Spanish cellist Pablo Casals established a noted festival in 1957. Other Latin-American festivals have been held in Caracas, Venez.; Santiago , Chile; and Buenos Aires , Arg. Numerous festivals were held annually in German cities during the 19th century. The Bayreuth Festival was inaugurated by the German composer Richard Wagner in 1876 to present his operas and music dramas in a specially built opera house. In Salzburg, Austria, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s birthplace, the first Mozart festival was held in 1877. Later including works by many composers, it became an annual summer event from 1920. Especially important among European opera festivals is that held in Munich (established 1901), devoted mainly to the work of Mozart, Richard Strauss , and Wagner. Other prominent European festivals include the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (Florence Musical May), held annually from 1933; the Spoleto , Italy , festival, inaugurated by the composer Gian Carlo Menotti (1958); and the festivals held at Besançon and Aix-en-Provence , Fr., from 1948. Adventurous modern works, including electronic music , are heard each summer at the Darmstadt, Ger., festivals (1946). The International Society for Contemporary Music promotes modern works of novel nature; formed in 1922, it has held summer festivals in various European and U.S. cities. The first festival of music and drama at Ōsaka , Japan , was held in 1958. Contests of artistic skill, including music, are ancient; musical competitions were part of the 6th-century- bc Pythian Games at Delphi . The eisteddfod in Wales—originally a festival for bards (poet-singers), but now including other arts—had its beginnings in the 12th century or earlier, and in the 12th century the troubadours held musical competitions, the puys, at Puy Notre Dame, near Saumur, in France. The song contest organized by the Meistersingers at Wartburg, Ger., dates from the 13th century. Trusted knowledge for those who want to know more. SUBSCRIBE In 18th-century England local singing competitions were held by groups of singers at taverns. In the 19th century, singing and brass-band competitions between amateur musicians became popular and were adjudicated by prominent figures. In the United States in 1790, singers from Dorchester and Stoughton, Mass., competed at Dorchester. Similar amateur activity among students was later encouraged; and in the 20th century, band , choral, and orchestral competitions among schools and colleges were organized on a large scale. In the 20th century a new form of international competition was organized to promote the careers of professional performers. Such competition festivals include the Chopin International Competition for Pianists (begun 1927, Warsaw); the Queen Elisabeth of Belgium prize for violinists, pianists, and composers (begun 1937, Brussels); and the Tchaikovsky competition for pianists, violinists, and cellists (begun 1958, Moscow). This article was most recently revised and updated by Heather Campbell .
Markdown	[![Encyclopedia Britannica](https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png)](https://www.britannica.com/) [![Encyclopedia Britannica](https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png)](https://www.britannica.com/) [SUBSCRIBE](https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=global-nav&utm_campaign=blue-evergreen) [SUBSCRIBE](https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=global-nav-mobile&utm_campaign=blue-evergreen) Login https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm\_source=premium\&utm\_medium=nav-login-box\&utm\_campaign=evergreen [SUBSCRIBE](https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=hamburger-menu&utm_campaign=blue) [Ask the Chatbot](https://www.britannica.com/chatbot) [Games & Quizzes](https://www.britannica.com/quiz/browse) [History & Society](https://www.britannica.com/History-Society) [Science & Tech](https://www.britannica.com/Science-Tech) [Biographies](https://www.britannica.com/Biographies) [Animals & Nature](https://www.britannica.com/Animals-Nature) [Geography & Travel](https://www.britannica.com/Geography-Travel) [Arts & Culture](https://www.britannica.com/Arts-Culture) [ProCon](https://www.britannica.com/procon) [Money](https://www.britannica.com/money) [Videos](https://www.britannica.com/videos) [Coachella](https://www.britannica.com/art/Coachella-Valley-Festival) [Introduction](https://www.britannica.com/art/Coachella-Valley-Festival) [References & Edit History](https://www.britannica.com/art/Coachella-Valley-Festival/additional-info) [Quick Facts & Related Topics](https://www.britannica.com/facts/Coachella-Valley-Festival) [Images](https://www.britannica.com/art/Coachella-Valley-Festival/images-videos) [![Coachella: Office Kovacs's Colossal Cacti art installation, 2019](https://cdn.britannica.com/46/242446-004-0C40223E/Art-installation-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2019.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/46/242446-050-C5D3C6F6/Art-installation-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2019.jpg) [![Coachella](https://cdn.britannica.com/47/242447-004-4A09AFBE/Tents-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/47/242447-050-CB3185FD/Tents-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival.jpg) [![Megan Thee Stallion at Coachella, 2022](https://cdn.britannica.com/48/242448-004-D8982957/Megan-Thee-Stallion-performs-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2022.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/48/242448-050-BC5669BA/Megan-Thee-Stallion-performs-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2022.jpg) Quizzes [![Young girl wearing a demin jacket playing the trumpet (child, musical instruments, Asian ethnicity)](https://cdn.britannica.com/30/254330-131-1B200240/young-girl-playing-trumpet.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](https://www.britannica.com/quiz/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz) [Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz](https://www.britannica.com/quiz/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz) [![USA 2006 - 78th Annual Academy Awards. Closeup of giant Oscar statue at the entrance of the Kodak Theatre in Los Angeles, California. Hompepage blog 2009, arts and entertainment, film movie hollywood](https://cdn.britannica.com/65/129465-131-8F637272/USA-Annual-Academy-Awards-Closeup-entrance-statue-2009.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](https://www.britannica.com/quiz/pop-culture-quiz) [Pop Culture Quiz](https://www.britannica.com/quiz/pop-culture-quiz) ![Britannica AI Icon](https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-178/images/chatbot/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5) Contents Ask Anything [Entertainment & Pop Culture](https://www.britannica.com/browse/Entertainment-Pop-Culture) [Entertainment Awards & Festivals](https://www.britannica.com/browse/Entertainment-Awards) CITE Share Feedback External Websites [![Coachella: Office Kovacs's Colossal Cacti art installation, 2019](https://cdn.britannica.com/46/242446-050-C5D3C6F6/Art-installation-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2019.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop)](https://cdn.britannica.com/46/242446-050-C5D3C6F6/Art-installation-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2019.jpg) [Coachella: Office Kovacs's Colossal Cacti art installation, 2019](https://cdn.britannica.com/46/242446-050-C5D3C6F6/Art-installation-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2019.jpg) The Colossal Cacti art installation by Office Kovacs on the grounds of the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, 2019. (more) # Coachella music festival, Indio, California, United States Homework Help Also known as: Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival Written and fact-checked by [Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....](https://www.britannica.com/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419) Britannica Editors [History](https://www.britannica.com/art/Coachella-Valley-Festival/additional-info#history) ![Britannica AI Icon](https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-178/images/chatbot/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5) Britannica AI Ask Anything Table of Contents Table of Contents Ask Anything Coachella, annual [rock festival](https://www.britannica.com/art/rock-festival) held at the Empire Polo Club in [Indio](https://www.britannica.com/place/Indio), California, featuring [music](https://www.britannica.com/art/music) on multiple stages. [![Coachella](https://cdn.britannica.com/47/242447-050-CB3185FD/Tents-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival.jpg?w=300)](https://cdn.britannica.com/47/242447-050-CB3185FD/Tents-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival.jpg) [Coachella](https://cdn.britannica.com/47/242447-050-CB3185FD/Tents-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival.jpg)The grounds of the Coachella Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, 2013. (more) The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival began in October 1999 as a two-day festival. [Beck](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Beck) and [Rage Against the Machine](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rage-Against-the-Machine) headlined, and more than 25,000 people [attended](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/attended), but the festival failed to make money. It was held just months after the disastrous [Woodstock](https://www.britannica.com/event/Woodstock) ’99, and it was unclear if promoters could turn a profit on a weekend-long multistage event. Coachella’s organizers took a year off and then brought the festival back as a one-day event in April 2001. (The change in month was also an effort to avoid high temperatures in the desert heat.) Coachella returned to a two-day format the following April and expanded to a third day in 2010. Two years later it became a six-day event, spread across two consecutive weekends. [![Megan Thee Stallion at Coachella, 2022](https://cdn.britannica.com/48/242448-050-BC5669BA/Megan-Thee-Stallion-performs-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2022.jpg?w=300)](https://cdn.britannica.com/48/242448-050-BC5669BA/Megan-Thee-Stallion-performs-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2022.jpg) [Megan Thee Stallion at Coachella, 2022](https://cdn.britannica.com/48/242448-050-BC5669BA/Megan-Thee-Stallion-performs-Coachella-Valley-Music-and-Arts-Festival-2022.jpg)Rapper Megan Thee Stallion performing at the Coachella Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, 2022. (more) Although [electronic music](https://www.britannica.com/art/electronic-music) tends to be better represented at Coachella than at other festivals, lineups have included the top names in [rock](https://www.britannica.com/art/rock-music), pop, and [hip-hop](https://www.britannica.com/art/hip-hop), with a blend of [emerging](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/emerging) artists and established performers. Organizers remained committed to keeping the festival fresh, and very few acts have made repeat appearances. Headlining artists have included [Madonna](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Madonna-American-singer-and-actress), [Jay-Z](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jay-Z), [Portishead](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Portishead-British-music-group), [Paul McCartney](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-McCartney), [Beyoncé](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Beyonce), [Harry Styles](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harry-Styles), [Megan Thee Stallion](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Megan-Thee-Stallion), and [Bad Bunny](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bad-Bunny-singer-and-songwriter). High-profile reunions were also a fixture of the festival, with groups such as [Pavement](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pavement-band), Faith No More, the Specials, and [Iggy and the Stooges](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iggy-and-the-Stooges) taking to the stage for the first time in years. In full: Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival (Show more) Related Topics: [rock festival](https://www.britannica.com/art/rock-festival) [music festival](https://www.britannica.com/art/music-festival) (Show more) [See all related content](https://www.britannica.com/facts/Coachella-Valley-Festival) [![Young girl wearing a demin jacket playing the trumpet (child, musical instruments, Asian ethnicity)](https://cdn.britannica.com/30/254330-131-1B200240/young-girl-playing-trumpet.jpg) Britannica Quiz Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz](https://www.britannica.com/quiz/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz) Aside from experiencing music performances, attendees can view art (especially sculpture) and enjoy food and drink. In 2010 organizers angered some attendees by eliminating single-day tickets in favour of full three-day festival passes. Attendance was not hurt, however, and Coachella set a record by attracting about 75,000 people each day. By the early 2020s, average daily attendance was about 125,000. [The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419) This article was most recently revised and updated by [Amy Tikkanen](https://www.britannica.com/editor/Amy-Tikkanen/6393). ![Britannica AI Icon](https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-178/images/chatbot/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5)Britannica AI chevron\_right Coachella close [AI-generated answers](https://www.britannica.com/about-britannica-ai) from Britannica articles. AI makes mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. [music festival](https://www.britannica.com/art/music-festival) [Introduction](https://www.britannica.com/art/music-festival) [References & Edit History](https://www.britannica.com/art/music-festival/additional-info) [Related Topics](https://www.britannica.com/facts/music-festival) [Images](https://www.britannica.com/art/music-festival/images-videos) [![Magdalena Kozena as Idamante in a dress rehearsal for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Idomeneo; the production was part of the 2006 Salzburg (Austria) Festival.](https://cdn.britannica.com/96/97296-004-D784B105/Idamante-Magdalena-Kozena-operas-one-city-Mozart.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/96/97296-050-6A96704F/Idamante-Magdalena-Kozena-operas-one-city-Mozart.jpg) Quizzes [![Young girl wearing a demin jacket playing the trumpet (child, musical instruments, Asian ethnicity)](https://cdn.britannica.com/30/254330-131-1B200240/young-girl-playing-trumpet.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop)](https://www.britannica.com/quiz/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz) [Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz](https://www.britannica.com/quiz/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz) ![Britannica AI Icon](https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-178/images/chatbot/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5) Contents Ask Anything [Entertainment & Pop Culture](https://www.britannica.com/browse/Entertainment-Pop-Culture) [Entertainment Awards & Festivals](https://www.britannica.com/browse/Entertainment-Awards) CITE Share Feedback External Websites [![Magdalena Kozena as Idamante in a dress rehearsal for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Idomeneo; the production was part of the 2006 Salzburg (Austria) Festival.](https://cdn.britannica.com/96/97296-050-6A96704F/Idamante-Magdalena-Kozena-operas-one-city-Mozart.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop)](https://cdn.britannica.com/96/97296-050-6A96704F/Idamante-Magdalena-Kozena-operas-one-city-Mozart.jpg) Magdalena Kozena as Idamante in a dress rehearsal for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Idomeneo; the production was part of the 2006 Salzburg (Austria) Festival. (more) # music festival Homework Help Written and fact-checked by [Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....](https://www.britannica.com/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419) Britannica Editors [History](https://www.britannica.com/art/music-festival/additional-info#history) ![Britannica AI Icon](https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-178/images/chatbot/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5) Britannica AI Ask Anything Table of Contents Table of Contents Ask Anything Top Questions - What is a music festival? - Where do music festivals usually take place? - What types of music might you hear at a music festival? - How are music festivals different from regular concerts? Show more Show less music festival, usually a series of performances at a particular place and inspired by a unifying theme, such as national [music](https://www.britannica.com/art/music), modern music, or the promotion of a prominent composer’s works. It may also take the form of a competition for performers or composers. Series of religious services associated with a given feast early established the idea of the music [festival](https://www.britannica.com/topic/feast-religion) in the church. The term festival in its modern sense, however, was first used in [England](https://www.britannica.com/place/England). The Festival of the Sons of the Clergy, originally an annual charity sermon, was first given at [St. Paul’s](https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Paul-Minnesota) Cathedral, [London](https://www.britannica.com/place/London), in 1655; it took on a [musical](https://www.britannica.com/art/musical) character in 1698. The famed Three Choirs Festival was established in 1724 (an earlier form existed in 1715) and continues to take place annually and in rotation at the cathedral cities of Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford. Harp festivals were held in Ireland toward the end of the 18th century. Festivals of [secular](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secular) music in England came into being in the 18th century; the first devoted to [George Frideric Handel](https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Frideric-Handel) was held in 1784 in [Westminster Abbey](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Westminster-Abbey), London. Handel festivals continued almost without interruption well into the 20th century, including the triennial Handel Festivals held at the [Crystal Palace](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London), near London, from 1857 until the building burned in 1936. The Birmingham Festival (1768, triennial from 1769 until 1912) was originally devoted to Handel’s music but was extended to include that of other composers in the 1800s. During the 18th and 19th centuries, festivals, mostly choral, were developed in various cities in England; they include the [Leeds](https://www.britannica.com/place/Leeds-England) Festival (triennial). The Glyndebourne Festival (for opera) was established in 1934 in Sussex, and the [Edinburgh International Festival](https://www.britannica.com/art/Edinburgh-International-Festival) of Music and Drama was inaugurated in 1947; the Cheltenham Festival, initiated in 1945, is devoted to modern music. [![Young girl wearing a demin jacket playing the trumpet (child, musical instruments, Asian ethnicity)](https://cdn.britannica.com/30/254330-131-1B200240/young-girl-playing-trumpet.jpg) Britannica Quiz Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz](https://www.britannica.com/quiz/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz) In the [United States](https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States), several large-scale choral festivals on the English model were held in the 19th century. In 1869 and 1872 the celebrated bandmaster [Patrick Gilmore](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Patrick-Gilmore) organized two Peace Jubilee festivals, featuring choirs of 20,000 and orchestras of 1,000, plus artillery firing and bells. Annual chamber-music festivals, performing specially [commissioned](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/commissioned) works, were established by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge (Pittsfield, Mass., 1918), and more specialized ones followed in the 20th century. In 1937 the conductor [Serge Koussevitzky](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Serge-Koussevitzky) inaugurated the Berkshire Festival at Tanglewood, near Lenox, Mass. The annual [Newport](https://www.britannica.com/place/Newport-Rhode-Island), R.I., [jazz](https://www.britannica.com/art/jazz) festival (1954) also became prominent. Many rock-music festivals were held in the 1960s and ’70s. In [Puerto Rico](https://www.britannica.com/place/Puerto-Rico) the Spanish cellist [Pablo Casals](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pablo-Casals) established a noted festival in 1957. Other Latin-American festivals have been held in Caracas, Venez.; [Santiago](https://www.britannica.com/place/Santiago-Chile), Chile; and [Buenos Aires](https://www.britannica.com/place/Buenos-Aires), Arg. Numerous festivals were held annually in German cities during the 19th century. The Bayreuth Festival was inaugurated by the German composer [Richard Wagner](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Wagner-German-composer) in 1876 to present his operas and music dramas in a specially built [opera](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/opera) house. In Salzburg, Austria, [Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart) birthplace, the first Mozart festival was held in 1877. Later including works by many composers, it became an annual summer event from 1920. Especially important among European opera festivals is that held in Munich (established 1901), devoted mainly to the work of Mozart, [Richard Strauss](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Strauss), and Wagner. Other prominent European festivals include the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (Florence Musical May), held annually from 1933; the [Spoleto](https://www.britannica.com/place/Spoleto), [Italy](https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy), festival, inaugurated by the composer [Gian Carlo Menotti](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gian-Carlo-Menotti) (1958); and the festivals held at Besançon and [Aix-en-Provence](https://www.britannica.com/place/Aix-en-Provence), Fr., from 1948. Adventurous modern works, including [electronic music](https://www.britannica.com/art/electronic-music), are heard each summer at the Darmstadt, Ger., festivals (1946). The International Society for [Contemporary](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/Contemporary) Music promotes modern works of novel nature; formed in 1922, it has held summer festivals in various European and U.S. cities. The first festival of music and drama at [Ōsaka](https://www.britannica.com/place/Osaka-Japan), [Japan](https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan), was held in 1958. Contests of artistic skill, including music, are ancient; musical competitions were part of the 6th-century-bc [Pythian Games](https://www.britannica.com/sports/Pythian-Games) at [Delphi](https://www.britannica.com/place/Delphi-ancient-city-Greece). The [eisteddfod](https://www.britannica.com/art/eisteddfod) in Wales—originally a festival for bards (poet-singers), but now including other arts—had its beginnings in the 12th century or earlier, and in the 12th century the troubadours held musical competitions, the puys, at Puy Notre Dame, near Saumur, in France. The song contest organized by the Meistersingers at Wartburg, Ger., dates from the 13th century. Explore Britannica Premium\! Trusted knowledge for those who want to know more. [SUBSCRIBE](https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=inline-cta&utm_campaign=shorter-2026) ![Penguin, ship, mountain, atlas](https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/inline-left.webp) ![shohei ohtani, plants, andy wharhol art](https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/inline-right.webp) ![Mobile](https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/inline-mobile.webp?w=400) In 18th-century England local [singing](https://www.britannica.com/art/singing) competitions were held by groups of singers at taverns. In the 19th century, singing and brass-band competitions between amateur musicians became popular and were [adjudicated](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adjudicated) by prominent figures. In the United States in 1790, singers from Dorchester and Stoughton, Mass., competed at Dorchester. Similar amateur activity among students was later encouraged; and in the 20th century, [band](https://www.britannica.com/art/band-music), choral, and orchestral competitions among schools and colleges were organized on a large scale. Key People: [Benjamin Britten](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benjamin-Britten) [Cosima Wagner](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cosima-Wagner) [Elizabeth Penn Sprague Coolidge](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Penn-Sprague-Coolidge) (Show more) Related Topics: [rock festival](https://www.britannica.com/art/rock-festival) [Glastonbury Festival](https://www.britannica.com/art/Glastonbury-Festival) [8 Music Festivals Not to Miss](https://www.britannica.com/list/8-music-festivals-not-to-miss) [Newport Folk Festival](https://www.britannica.com/art/Newport-Folk-Festival) [BBC Proms](https://www.britannica.com/art/BBC-Proms) (Show more) [See all related content](https://www.britannica.com/facts/music-festival) In the 20th century a new form of international competition was organized to promote the careers of professional performers. Such competition festivals include the Chopin International Competition for Pianists (begun 1927, Warsaw); the Queen Elisabeth of [Belgium](https://www.britannica.com/place/Belgium) prize for violinists, pianists, and composers (begun 1937, Brussels); and the Tchaikovsky competition for pianists, violinists, and cellists (begun 1958, Moscow). This article was most recently revised and updated by [Heather Campbell](https://www.britannica.com/editor/Heather-Campbell/6736). ![Britannica AI Icon](https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-178/images/chatbot/star-ai.svg?v=3.178.5)Britannica AI chevron\_right Music festival close [AI-generated answers](https://www.britannica.com/about-britannica-ai) from Britannica articles. AI makes mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. Load Next Page Feedback Thank you for your feedback Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. verifiedCite While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Select Citation Style Britannica Editors. "Coachella". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Nov. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/art/Coachella-Valley-Festival. Accessed 8 April 2026. Copy Citation Share Share to social media [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/) [X](https://x.com/britannica) URL <https://www.britannica.com/art/Coachella-Valley-Festival> External Websites - [NPR - Embracing the primal, letting it out and letting go at music festivals](https://www.npr.org/2023/04/22/1170848067/coachella-music-festivals) - [Official Site of the Coachella](https://www.coachella.com/) - [BBC - Coachella 2024: What's the future for the US festival?](https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240419-coachella-2024-whats-gone-wrong-with-the-us-festival) Feedback Thank you for your feedback Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. verifiedCite While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Select Citation Style Britannica Editors. "music festival". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Aug. 2017, https://www.britannica.com/art/music-festival. Accessed 8 April 2026. Copy Citation Share Share to social media [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/) [X](https://x.com/britannica) URL <https://www.britannica.com/art/music-festival> External Websites - [ILoveIndia.com - Dover Lane Music Festival](http://dances.iloveindia.com/dance-festivals/dover-lane-music-festival.html) - [Fact Monster - Entertainment - Music Festival](http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/ent/A0834562.html)
Readable Markdown	Top Questions - What is a music festival? - Where do music festivals usually take place? - What types of music might you hear at a music festival? - How are music festivals different from regular concerts? music festival, usually a series of performances at a particular place and inspired by a unifying theme, such as national [music](https://www.britannica.com/art/music), modern music, or the promotion of a prominent composer’s works. It may also take the form of a competition for performers or composers. Series of religious services associated with a given feast early established the idea of the music [festival](https://www.britannica.com/topic/feast-religion) in the church. The term festival in its modern sense, however, was first used in [England](https://www.britannica.com/place/England). The Festival of the Sons of the Clergy, originally an annual charity sermon, was first given at [St. Paul’s](https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Paul-Minnesota) Cathedral, [London](https://www.britannica.com/place/London), in 1655; it took on a [musical](https://www.britannica.com/art/musical) character in 1698. The famed Three Choirs Festival was established in 1724 (an earlier form existed in 1715) and continues to take place annually and in rotation at the cathedral cities of Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford. Harp festivals were held in Ireland toward the end of the 18th century. Festivals of [secular](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secular) music in England came into being in the 18th century; the first devoted to [George Frideric Handel](https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Frideric-Handel) was held in 1784 in [Westminster Abbey](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Westminster-Abbey), London. Handel festivals continued almost without interruption well into the 20th century, including the triennial Handel Festivals held at the [Crystal Palace](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London), near London, from 1857 until the building burned in 1936. The Birmingham Festival (1768, triennial from 1769 until 1912) was originally devoted to Handel’s music but was extended to include that of other composers in the 1800s. During the 18th and 19th centuries, festivals, mostly choral, were developed in various cities in England; they include the [Leeds](https://www.britannica.com/place/Leeds-England) Festival (triennial). The Glyndebourne Festival (for opera) was established in 1934 in Sussex, and the [Edinburgh International Festival](https://www.britannica.com/art/Edinburgh-International-Festival) of Music and Drama was inaugurated in 1947; the Cheltenham Festival, initiated in 1945, is devoted to modern music. [![Young girl wearing a demin jacket playing the trumpet (child, musical instruments, Asian ethnicity)](https://cdn.britannica.com/30/254330-131-1B200240/young-girl-playing-trumpet.jpg) Britannica Quiz Sound Check: Musical Vocabulary Quiz](https://www.britannica.com/quiz/sound-check-musical-vocabulary-quiz) In the [United States](https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States), several large-scale choral festivals on the English model were held in the 19th century. In 1869 and 1872 the celebrated bandmaster [Patrick Gilmore](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Patrick-Gilmore) organized two Peace Jubilee festivals, featuring choirs of 20,000 and orchestras of 1,000, plus artillery firing and bells. Annual chamber-music festivals, performing specially [commissioned](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/commissioned) works, were established by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge (Pittsfield, Mass., 1918), and more specialized ones followed in the 20th century. In 1937 the conductor [Serge Koussevitzky](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Serge-Koussevitzky) inaugurated the Berkshire Festival at Tanglewood, near Lenox, Mass. The annual [Newport](https://www.britannica.com/place/Newport-Rhode-Island), R.I., [jazz](https://www.britannica.com/art/jazz) festival (1954) also became prominent. Many rock-music festivals were held in the 1960s and ’70s. In [Puerto Rico](https://www.britannica.com/place/Puerto-Rico) the Spanish cellist [Pablo Casals](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pablo-Casals) established a noted festival in 1957. Other Latin-American festivals have been held in Caracas, Venez.; [Santiago](https://www.britannica.com/place/Santiago-Chile), Chile; and [Buenos Aires](https://www.britannica.com/place/Buenos-Aires), Arg. Numerous festivals were held annually in German cities during the 19th century. The Bayreuth Festival was inaugurated by the German composer [Richard Wagner](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Wagner-German-composer) in 1876 to present his operas and music dramas in a specially built [opera](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/opera) house. In Salzburg, Austria, [Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart) birthplace, the first Mozart festival was held in 1877. Later including works by many composers, it became an annual summer event from 1920. Especially important among European opera festivals is that held in Munich (established 1901), devoted mainly to the work of Mozart, [Richard Strauss](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Strauss), and Wagner. Other prominent European festivals include the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (Florence Musical May), held annually from 1933; the [Spoleto](https://www.britannica.com/place/Spoleto), [Italy](https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy), festival, inaugurated by the composer [Gian Carlo Menotti](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gian-Carlo-Menotti) (1958); and the festivals held at Besançon and [Aix-en-Provence](https://www.britannica.com/place/Aix-en-Provence), Fr., from 1948. Adventurous modern works, including [electronic music](https://www.britannica.com/art/electronic-music), are heard each summer at the Darmstadt, Ger., festivals (1946). The International Society for [Contemporary](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/Contemporary) Music promotes modern works of novel nature; formed in 1922, it has held summer festivals in various European and U.S. cities. The first festival of music and drama at [Ōsaka](https://www.britannica.com/place/Osaka-Japan), [Japan](https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan), was held in 1958. Contests of artistic skill, including music, are ancient; musical competitions were part of the 6th-century-bc [Pythian Games](https://www.britannica.com/sports/Pythian-Games) at [Delphi](https://www.britannica.com/place/Delphi-ancient-city-Greece). The [eisteddfod](https://www.britannica.com/art/eisteddfod) in Wales—originally a festival for bards (poet-singers), but now including other arts—had its beginnings in the 12th century or earlier, and in the 12th century the troubadours held musical competitions, the puys, at Puy Notre Dame, near Saumur, in France. The song contest organized by the Meistersingers at Wartburg, Ger., dates from the 13th century. Trusted knowledge for those who want to know more. [SUBSCRIBE](https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=inline-cta&utm_campaign=shorter-2026) ![Penguin, ship, mountain, atlas](https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/inline-left.webp) ![shohei ohtani, plants, andy wharhol art](https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/inline-right.webp) ![Mobile](https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/inline-mobile.webp?w=400) In 18th-century England local [singing](https://www.britannica.com/art/singing) competitions were held by groups of singers at taverns. In the 19th century, singing and brass-band competitions between amateur musicians became popular and were [adjudicated](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adjudicated) by prominent figures. In the United States in 1790, singers from Dorchester and Stoughton, Mass., competed at Dorchester. Similar amateur activity among students was later encouraged; and in the 20th century, [band](https://www.britannica.com/art/band-music), choral, and orchestral competitions among schools and colleges were organized on a large scale. In the 20th century a new form of international competition was organized to promote the careers of professional performers. Such competition festivals include the Chopin International Competition for Pianists (begun 1927, Warsaw); the Queen Elisabeth of [Belgium](https://www.britannica.com/place/Belgium) prize for violinists, pianists, and composers (begun 1937, Brussels); and the Tchaikovsky competition for pianists, violinists, and cellists (begun 1958, Moscow). This article was most recently revised and updated by [Heather Campbell](https://www.britannica.com/editor/Heather-Campbell/6736).
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