🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa160)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm","crawl_time":1776456503,"first_indexed_time":1481410465,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"gov,bls!www,\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm s443","src_root_hash":"4452032194740496152","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Airline and Commercial Pilots : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","meta_descriptions":["Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Summary\nPlease enable javascript to play this video.\nVideo transcript available at https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oey4mi_QV48.\nQuick Facts:     Airline and Commercial Pilots\n2024     Median Pay\n$198,100     per year\nTypical Entry-Level Education\nSee How to Become One\nWork Experience in a Related Occupation\nSee How to Become One\nOn-the-job Training\nModerate-term on-the-job training\nNumber of Jobs, 2024\n155,400\nJob Outlook, 2024–34\n4% (As fast as average)\nEmployment Change, 2024–34\n6,700\nWhat Airline and Commercial Pilots Do\nAirline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft.\nWork Environment\nPilots usually have variable work schedules, with overnight layovers that are more common for airline pilots.\nHow to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot\nAirline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or\nmilitary\npilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training. Both also must meet\nFederal Aviation Administration\n(FAA) requirements.\nPay\nThe median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was $226,600 in May 2024.\nThe median annual wage for commercial pilots was $122,670 in May 2024.\nJob Outlook\nOverall employment    \t\t\t\t\t\t\tof airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow    \t\t\t\t\t\t\t 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations.\nAbout 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade.\r\n    \t\t\t\r\n    \t\t\t\t\t\t Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.\nState & Area Data\nExplore resources for employment and wages by state and area for     airline and commercial pilots.\nSimilar Occupations\nCompare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of airline and commercial pilots with similar occupations.\nMore Information, Including Links to O*NET\nLearn more about airline and commercial pilots by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.\nWhat Airline and Commercial Pilots Do\nAbout this section\nCommercial pilots are involved in activities such as firefighting and crop dusting.\nAirline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft.\nDuties\nPilots typically do the following:\nCheck the overall condition of the aircraft before and after every flight\nEnsure that the aircraft is balanced and below its weight limit\nVerify that the fuel supply is adequate and that weather conditions are acceptable\nPrepare and submit flight plans to air traffic control\nCommunicate with air traffic control over the aircraft’s radio system\nOperate and control aircraft along planned routes and during takeoffs and landings\nMonitor engines, fuel consumption, and other aircraft systems during flight\nRespond to changing conditions, such as weather events and emergencies (for example, a mechanical malfunction)\nNavigate the aircraft by using cockpit instruments and visual references\nPilots plan their flights by checking that the aircraft is operable and safe, that the cargo has been loaded correctly, and that weather conditions are acceptable. They file flight plans with air traffic control and may modify the plans in flight because of changing weather conditions or other factors.\nTakeoff and landing can be the most demanding parts of a flight. They require close coordination among the pilot; copilot; flight engineer, if present; air traffic controllers; and ground personnel. Once in the air, the captain may have the first officer, if present, fly the aircraft, but the captain remains responsible for the aircraft. After landing, pilots fill out records that document their flight and the status of the aircraft.\nSome pilots are also instructors using simulators and dual-controlled aircraft to teach students how to fly.\nThe following are examples of types of pilots:\nAirline pilots\nwork primarily for airlines that transport passengers and cargo on a fixed schedule. The captain or pilot in command, usually the most experienced pilot, supervises all other crew members and has primary responsibility for the flight. The copilot, often called the first officer or second in command, shares flight duties with the captain. Some older planes require a third pilot known as a flight engineer, who monitors instruments and operates controls. Technology has automated many of these tasks, and new aircraft do not require flight engineers.\nCommercial pilots\nare involved in unscheduled flight activities, such as aerial application, charter flights, and aerial tours. Commercial pilots may have additional nonflight duties. Some commercial pilots schedule flights, arrange for maintenance of the aircraft, and load luggage themselves. Pilots who transport company executives, also known as corporate pilots, greet their passengers before embarking on the flight.\nAgricultural pilots typically handle agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides, and may be involved in other agricultural practices in addition to flying. Pilots, such as helicopter pilots, who fly at low levels must constantly look for trees, bridges, power lines, transmission towers, and other obstacles.\nWith proper training, airline pilots also may be deputized as federal law enforcement officers and be issued firearms to protect the cockpit.\nWork Environment\nAbout this section\nPilots have variable work schedules, which may include overnight layovers.\nAirline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers held about 100,000 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers were as follows:\nScheduled air transportation\n87%\nCouriers and express delivery services\n4\nFederal government, excluding postal service\n3\nSupport activities for transportation\n2\nNonscheduled air transportation\n1\nCommercial pilots held about 55,400 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of commercial pilots were as follows:\nNonscheduled air transportation\n39%\nTechnical and trade schools; private\n10\nSupport activities for air transportation\n8\nOther ambulatory healthcare services\n7\nProfessional, scientific, and technical services\n4\nPilots assigned to long-distance routes may experience fatigue and jetlag. Weather conditions may result in turbulence, requiring pilots to change the flying altitude. Flights can be long and flight decks are often sealed, so pilots work in small teams for long periods in close proximity to one another.\nAerial applicators, also known as crop dusters, may be exposed to toxic chemicals, typically use unimproved landing strips, such as grass, dirt, or gravel surface, and may be at risk of collision with power lines. Helicopter pilots involved in rescue operations may fly at low levels during bad weather or at night, and land in areas surrounded by power lines, highways, and other obstacles. Pilots use hearing protection devices to prevent their exposure to engine noise.\nThe high level of concentration required to fly an aircraft and the mental stress of being responsible for the safety of passengers can be fatiguing. Pilots must be alert and quick to react if something goes wrong. Federal law requires pilots to retire at age 65.\nMost pilots are based near large airports.\nInjuries and Illnesses\nAlthough fatalities are uncommon, airline and commercial pilots experience one of the highest rates of occupational fatalities of all occupations.\nWork Schedules\nFederal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include some days of work followed by some days off. Flight assignments are based on seniority. Seniority enables pilots who have worked at a company for a long time to get preferred routes and schedules.\nAirline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses.\nCommercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, some may still work nonstandard hours.\nHow to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot\nAbout this section\nAirline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies must undergo on-the-job training.\nAirline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or military pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training, and some employers may require or prefer them to have a degree.\nAirline and commercial pilots also must have specific certificates and ratings from the\nFederal Aviation Administration\n(FAA).\nEducation\nAirline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree in any\nfield\n, including\ntransportation\n,\nengineering\n, or\nbusiness\n. They also complete flight training with independent FAA-certified flight instructors or at schools that offer flight training.\nCommercial pilots typically complete flight training, and some employers require or prefer that they have a degree.\nThe FAA certifies hundreds of civilian flight schools, which range from small fixed base operators (FBO) to state universities. Some colleges and universities offer pilot training as part of a 2- or 4-year aviation degree.\nTraining\nAirline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies undergo on-the-job training in accordance with federal regulations. This training usually includes several weeks of ground school and flight training. Various types of ratings for specific aircraft, such as the Boeing 737 or Cessna Citation, typically are acquired through employer-based training and generally are earned by pilots who have at least a commercial pilot certificate.\nPilots also must maintain their experience in performing certain maneuvers. This requirement means that pilots must perform specific maneuvers and procedures a given number of times within a specified amount of time. Pilots also must undergo periodic training and medical examinations, generally every year or every other year.\nWork Experience in a Related Occupation\nAirline pilots typically need work experience as a commercial or\nmilitary\npilot.  \nTo get a job with a major or regional airline, pilots need extensive flight experience. Some pilots work as flight instructors or on-demand charter pilots, positions that usually require less experience than airline jobs require, to help build enough flying hours so that they can apply to the airlines.\nMilitary pilots may transfer to civilian aviation and apply directly to airlines to become airline pilots.\nLicenses, Certifications, and Registrations\nThose who are seeking a career as a professional pilot must meet FAA requirements. Pilots typically get their FAA-issued certificates and ratings in the following order:\nStudent pilot certificate\nPrivate pilot certificate\nInstrument rating\nCommercial pilot certificate\nMulti-engine rating\nAirline transport pilot certificate\nEach certificate and rating requires that pilots pass a knowledge test on the ground and a practical flying exam, usually called a check ride, in an appropriate aircraft. In addition to earning these credentials, many pilots get a flight instructor certificate after they get their commercial pilot certificate. The flight instructor certificate helps them build flight time and experience quickly and at less personal expense.\nCommercial pilot certificate.\nTo qualify for a commercial pilot certificate, applicants must meet age and flight-hour requirements. Student pilots use a logbook and keep detailed records of their flight time, which must be endorsed by a flight instructor. Federal regulations specify the types and quantities of flight experience and knowledge needed.\nApplicants must pass the appropriate medical exam, meet all of the detailed flight experience and knowledge requirements, and pass a written exam and a practical flight exam in order to get a commercial pilot certificate. The medical exam confirms that the pilot’s vision is correctable to 20\/20 and that no physical or mental conditions exist that could impair the pilot’s performance.\nCommercial pilots must hold an instrument rating if they want to carry passengers for pay more than 50 miles from the point of origin of their flight, or at night.\nInstrument rating.\nPilots who earn an instrument rating can fly during periods of low visibility, also known as instrument meteorological conditions, or IMC. They may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience and 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, and by meeting other requirements detailed in the federal regulations.\nAirline transport pilot (ATP) certificate.\nAll pilot crews of a scheduled commercial airliner must have ATP certificates. To earn the ATP certificate, applicants must meet certain federal requirements, such as for age, hours of flight, and written and practical exams. A commercial pilot certificate is a prerequisite for the ATP. Airline pilots usually maintain one or more aircraft-type ratings, which allow them to fly aircraft that require specific training, depending on the requirements of their particular airline.\nPilots must pass periodic physical and practical flight examinations to be able to perform the duties granted by their certificate.\nAdvancement\nCommercial pilots may advance to airline pilots after completing a degree, accruing required flight time, and obtaining an ATP certificate.\nAdvancement for airline pilots depends on a system of seniority outlined in collective bargaining contracts.\nImportant Qualities\nThe following are examples of qualities that are important for these workers to perform their duties. For more information, visit the Employment Projections (EP)\nskills data page\n.\nCommunication skills.\nPilots must speak clearly when conveying information to air traffic controllers and other crew members. They must also listen carefully for instructions.\nObservational skills.\nPilots regularly watch over screens, gauges, and dials to make sure that all systems are in working order. They also need to maintain situational awareness by looking for other aircraft or obstacles. Pilots must be able to see clearly, be able to judge the distance between objects, and possess good color vision.\nProblem-solving skills.\nPilots must be able to identify complex problems and figure out appropriate solutions. When a plane encounters turbulence, for example, pilots assess the weather conditions and request a change in route or altitude from air traffic control.\nQuick reaction time.\nPilots must respond quickly, and with good judgment, to any impending danger.\nPay\nAbout this section\nAirline and Commercial Pilots\nMedian annual wages, May 2024\nAirline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers\n$226,600\nAircraft pilots and flight engineers\n$198,100\nCommercial pilots\n$122,670\nAir transportation workers\n$106,500\nTotal, all occupations\n$49,500\n \nThe median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was $226,600 in May 2024. \r\nThe median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $98,560, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $239,200.\nThe median annual wage for commercial pilots was $122,670 in May 2024. \r\nThe lowest 10 percent earned less than $59,330, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $239,200.\nIn May 2024, the median annual wages for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:\nScheduled air transportation\n$239,200 or more\nCouriers and express delivery services\n239,200 or more\nNonscheduled air transportation\n226,870\nSupport activities for transportation\n138,290\nFederal government, excluding postal service\n130,980\nIn May 2024, the median annual wages for commercial pilots in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:\nNonscheduled air transportation\n$124,330\nSupport activities for air transportation\n123,120\nProfessional, scientific, and technical services\n112,650\nOther ambulatory healthcare services\n96,910\nTechnical and trade schools; private\n91,780\nAirline pilots usually begin their careers as first officers and receive wage increases as they accumulate experience and seniority.\nIn addition, airline pilots receive an expense allowance, or “per diem,” for every hour they are away from home, and they may earn extra pay for international flights. Airline pilots and their immediate families usually are entitled to free or reduced-fare flights.\nFederal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include several days of work followed by some days off.\nAirline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses.\nCommercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, they may still work nonstandard hours.\nJob Outlook\nAbout this section\nAirline and Commercial Pilots\nPercent change in employment, projected 2024–34\nAir transportation workers\n6%\nCommercial pilots\n5%\nAircraft pilots and flight engineers\n4%\nAirline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers\n4%\nTotal, all occupations\n3%\n \nOverall employment\t\t\t\tof airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow\t\t\t\t 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations.\nAbout 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade.\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.\nEmployment\nEmployment of airline pilots is projected to grow as the demand for air travel, particularly leisure travel, increases. Continued e-commerce growth also will result in increased freight activity, which should further support employment demand.\nContinued demand for private chartered flights is expected to sustain job growth for commercial pilots.\nEmployment projections data for     airline and commercial pilots, 2024–34\nOccupational Title\nSOC Code\nEmployment, 2024\nProjected Employment, 2034\nChange, 2024–34\nEmployment by Industry\nPercent\nNumeric\nSOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program\nAircraft pilots and flight engineers\n53-2010\n155,400\n162,200\n4\n6,700\nGet data\nAirline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers\n53-2011\n100,000\n103,900\n4\n3,900\nGet data\nCommercial pilots\n53-2012\n55,400\n58,300\n5\n2,800\nGet data\nState & Area Data\nAbout this section\nOccupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)\nThe\nOccupational Employment and Wage Statistics\n(OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link below goes to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Use the dropdown boxes to select an occupation.\nOccupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) Profiles\nProjections Central\nOccupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at\nwww.projectionscentral.org\n. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved.\nCareerOneStop\nCareerOneStop includes hundreds of\noccupational profiles\nwith data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a\nsalary info tool\nto search for wages by zip code.\nSimilar Occupations\nAbout this section\nThis table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of airline and commercial pilots.\nOccupation\nJob Duties\nENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION\n2024     MEDIAN PAY\nAir Traffic Controllers\nAir traffic controllers coordinate the movement of aircraft to maintain safe distances between them.\nAssociate's degree\n$144,580\nWater Transportation Workers\nWater transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water.\nSee How to Become One\n$66,490","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to Content](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#startcontent)\n\n![U.S. flag](https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/themes\/opa_theme\/img\/flag-favicon-57.png)\n\nAn official website of the United States government Here is how you know\n\n[![Department of Labor Logo](https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/themes\/opa_theme\/img\/logo-primary.svg) United States Department of Labor](https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/)\n\n![Dot gov](https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/themes\/opa_theme\/img\/icon-dot-gov.svg)\n\n**The .gov means it's official.**   \n Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 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Handbook](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/images\/ooh\/ooh_title_image.png)](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/)\n\n[Occupational Outlook Handbook](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/home.htm) \\>  [Transportation and Material Moving](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/home.htm) \\>\n\n# Airline and Commercial Pilots\n\n[PRINTER-FRIENDLY ![Print](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/images\/icons\/icon_small_printer.gif)](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/print\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm)\n\n- [Summary](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-1)\n- [What They Do](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-2)\n- [Work Environment](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-3)\n- [How to Become One](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4)\n- [Pay](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-5)\n- [Job Outlook](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-6)\n- [State & Area Data](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-7)\n- [Similar Occupations](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-8)\n- [More Info](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-9)\n\n## Summary\nPlease enable javascript to play this video.\n\n[Video transcript available at https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oey4mi\\_QV48.](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oey4mi_QV48)\n\n| Quick Facts: Airline and Commercial Pilots |   |\n|---|---|\n| [2024 Median Pay](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-wage) | \\$198,100 per year |\n| [Typical Entry-Level Education](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-education) | [See How to Become One](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) |\n| [Work Experience in a Related Occupation](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-experience) | [See How to Become One](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) |\n| [On-the-job Training](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-training) | Moderate-term on-the-job training |\n| [Number of Jobs, 2024](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-number-jobs) | 155,400 |\n| [Job Outlook, 2024–34](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-outlook) | 4% (As fast as average) |\n| [Employment Change, 2024–34](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-emp-change) | 6,700 |\n### [What Airline and Commercial Pilots Do](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-2)\nAirline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft.\n\n### [Work Environment](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-3)\nPilots usually have variable work schedules, with overnight layovers that are more common for airline pilots.\n\n### [How to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4)\nAirline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or [military](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/military\/military-careers.htm \"Military Careers\") pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training. Both also must meet [Federal Aviation Administration](https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/) (FAA) requirements.\n\n### [Pay](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-5)\nThe median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was \\$226,600 in May 2024.\n\nThe median annual wage for commercial pilots was \\$122,670 in May 2024.\n\n### [Job Outlook](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-6)\nOverall employment of airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations.\n\nAbout 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.\n\n### [State & Area Data](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-7)\nExplore resources for employment and wages by state and area for airline and commercial pilots.\n\n### [Similar Occupations](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-8)\nCompare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of airline and commercial pilots with similar occupations.\n\n### [More Information, Including Links to O\\*NET](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-9)\nLearn more about airline and commercial pilots by visiting additional resources, including O\\*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.\n\n[What They Do -\\>](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-2)\n\n## What Airline and Commercial Pilots Do  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-what-they-do)\n![Airline and commercial pilots](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/images\/3163.jpg)\n\nCommercial pilots are involved in activities such as firefighting and crop dusting.\n\nAirline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft.\n\n### Duties\nPilots typically do the following:\n\n- Check the overall condition of the aircraft before and after every flight\n- Ensure that the aircraft is balanced and below its weight limit\n- Verify that the fuel supply is adequate and that weather conditions are acceptable\n- Prepare and submit flight plans to air traffic control\n- Communicate with air traffic control over the aircraft’s radio system\n- Operate and control aircraft along planned routes and during takeoffs and landings\n- Monitor engines, fuel consumption, and other aircraft systems during flight\n- Respond to changing conditions, such as weather events and emergencies (for example, a mechanical malfunction)\n- Navigate the aircraft by using cockpit instruments and visual references\n\nPilots plan their flights by checking that the aircraft is operable and safe, that the cargo has been loaded correctly, and that weather conditions are acceptable. They file flight plans with air traffic control and may modify the plans in flight because of changing weather conditions or other factors.\n\nTakeoff and landing can be the most demanding parts of a flight. They require close coordination among the pilot; copilot; flight engineer, if present; air traffic controllers; and ground personnel. Once in the air, the captain may have the first officer, if present, fly the aircraft, but the captain remains responsible for the aircraft. After landing, pilots fill out records that document their flight and the status of the aircraft.\n\nSome pilots are also instructors using simulators and dual-controlled aircraft to teach students how to fly.\n\nThe following are examples of types of pilots:\n\n***Airline pilots*** work primarily for airlines that transport passengers and cargo on a fixed schedule. The captain or pilot in command, usually the most experienced pilot, supervises all other crew members and has primary responsibility for the flight. The copilot, often called the first officer or second in command, shares flight duties with the captain. Some older planes require a third pilot known as a flight engineer, who monitors instruments and operates controls. Technology has automated many of these tasks, and new aircraft do not require flight engineers.\n\n***Commercial pilots*** are involved in unscheduled flight activities, such as aerial application, charter flights, and aerial tours. Commercial pilots may have additional nonflight duties. Some commercial pilots schedule flights, arrange for maintenance of the aircraft, and load luggage themselves. Pilots who transport company executives, also known as corporate pilots, greet their passengers before embarking on the flight.\n\nAgricultural pilots typically handle agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides, and may be involved in other agricultural practices in addition to flying. Pilots, such as helicopter pilots, who fly at low levels must constantly look for trees, bridges, power lines, transmission towers, and other obstacles.\n\nWith proper training, airline pilots also may be deputized as federal law enforcement officers and be issued firearms to protect the cockpit.\n\n[\\<- Summary](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-1)  [Work Environment -\\>](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-3)\n\n## Work Environment  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-working-environment)\n![Airline and commercial pilots](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/images\/3165.jpg)\n\nPilots have variable work schedules, which may include overnight layovers.\n\nAirline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers held about 100,000 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers were as follows:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Scheduled air transportation | 87% |\n| Couriers and express delivery services | 4 |\n| Federal government, excluding postal service | 3 |\n| Support activities for transportation | 2 |\n| Nonscheduled air transportation | 1 |\n\nCommercial pilots held about 55,400 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of commercial pilots were as follows:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Nonscheduled air transportation | 39% |\n| Technical and trade schools; private | 10 |\n| Support activities for air transportation | 8 |\n| Other ambulatory healthcare services | 7 |\n| Professional, scientific, and technical services | 4 |\n\nPilots assigned to long-distance routes may experience fatigue and jetlag. Weather conditions may result in turbulence, requiring pilots to change the flying altitude. Flights can be long and flight decks are often sealed, so pilots work in small teams for long periods in close proximity to one another.\n\nAerial applicators, also known as crop dusters, may be exposed to toxic chemicals, typically use unimproved landing strips, such as grass, dirt, or gravel surface, and may be at risk of collision with power lines. Helicopter pilots involved in rescue operations may fly at low levels during bad weather or at night, and land in areas surrounded by power lines, highways, and other obstacles. Pilots use hearing protection devices to prevent their exposure to engine noise.\n\nThe high level of concentration required to fly an aircraft and the mental stress of being responsible for the safety of passengers can be fatiguing. Pilots must be alert and quick to react if something goes wrong. Federal law requires pilots to retire at age 65.\n\nMost pilots are based near large airports.\n\n### Injuries and Illnesses\nAlthough fatalities are uncommon, airline and commercial pilots experience one of the highest rates of occupational fatalities of all occupations.\n\n### Work Schedules\nFederal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include some days of work followed by some days off. Flight assignments are based on seniority. Seniority enables pilots who have worked at a company for a long time to get preferred routes and schedules.\n\nAirline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses.\n\nCommercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, some may still work nonstandard hours.\n\n[\\<- What They Do](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-2)  [How to Become One -\\>](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4)\n\n## How to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-become-one)\n![Airline and commercial pilots](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/images\/3161.jpg)\n\nAirline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies must undergo on-the-job training.\n\nAirline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or military pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training, and some employers may require or prefer them to have a degree.\n\nAirline and commercial pilots also must have specific certificates and ratings from the [Federal Aviation Administration](https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/) (FAA).\n\n### Education\nAirline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree in any [field](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/field-of-degree\/home.htm), including [transportation](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/field-of-degree\/transportation\/transportation-field-of-degree.htm), [engineering](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/field-of-degree\/engineering\/engineering-field-of-degree.htm), or [business](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/field-of-degree\/business\/business-field-of-degree.htm). They also complete flight training with independent FAA-certified flight instructors or at schools that offer flight training.\n\nCommercial pilots typically complete flight training, and some employers require or prefer that they have a degree.\n\nThe FAA certifies hundreds of civilian flight schools, which range from small fixed base operators (FBO) to state universities. Some colleges and universities offer pilot training as part of a 2- or 4-year aviation degree.\n\n### Training\nAirline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies undergo on-the-job training in accordance with federal regulations. This training usually includes several weeks of ground school and flight training. Various types of ratings for specific aircraft, such as the Boeing 737 or Cessna Citation, typically are acquired through employer-based training and generally are earned by pilots who have at least a commercial pilot certificate.\n\nPilots also must maintain their experience in performing certain maneuvers. This requirement means that pilots must perform specific maneuvers and procedures a given number of times within a specified amount of time. Pilots also must undergo periodic training and medical examinations, generally every year or every other year.\n\n### Work Experience in a Related Occupation\nAirline pilots typically need work experience as a commercial or [military](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/military\/military-careers.htm \"Military Careers\") pilot.\n\nTo get a job with a major or regional airline, pilots need extensive flight experience. Some pilots work as flight instructors or on-demand charter pilots, positions that usually require less experience than airline jobs require, to help build enough flying hours so that they can apply to the airlines.\n\nMilitary pilots may transfer to civilian aviation and apply directly to airlines to become airline pilots.\n\n### Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations\nThose who are seeking a career as a professional pilot must meet FAA requirements. Pilots typically get their FAA-issued certificates and ratings in the following order:\n\n- Student pilot certificate\n- Private pilot certificate\n- Instrument rating\n- Commercial pilot certificate\n- Multi-engine rating\n- Airline transport pilot certificate\n\nEach certificate and rating requires that pilots pass a knowledge test on the ground and a practical flying exam, usually called a check ride, in an appropriate aircraft. In addition to earning these credentials, many pilots get a flight instructor certificate after they get their commercial pilot certificate. The flight instructor certificate helps them build flight time and experience quickly and at less personal expense.\n\n***Commercial pilot certificate.*** To qualify for a commercial pilot certificate, applicants must meet age and flight-hour requirements. Student pilots use a logbook and keep detailed records of their flight time, which must be endorsed by a flight instructor. Federal regulations specify the types and quantities of flight experience and knowledge needed.\n\nApplicants must pass the appropriate medical exam, meet all of the detailed flight experience and knowledge requirements, and pass a written exam and a practical flight exam in order to get a commercial pilot certificate. The medical exam confirms that the pilot’s vision is correctable to 20\/20 and that no physical or mental conditions exist that could impair the pilot’s performance.\n\nCommercial pilots must hold an instrument rating if they want to carry passengers for pay more than 50 miles from the point of origin of their flight, or at night.\n\n***Instrument rating.*** Pilots who earn an instrument rating can fly during periods of low visibility, also known as instrument meteorological conditions, or IMC. They may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience and 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, and by meeting other requirements detailed in the federal regulations.\n\n***Airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate.*** All pilot crews of a scheduled commercial airliner must have ATP certificates. To earn the ATP certificate, applicants must meet certain federal requirements, such as for age, hours of flight, and written and practical exams. A commercial pilot certificate is a prerequisite for the ATP. Airline pilots usually maintain one or more aircraft-type ratings, which allow them to fly aircraft that require specific training, depending on the requirements of their particular airline.\n\nPilots must pass periodic physical and practical flight examinations to be able to perform the duties granted by their certificate.\n\n### Advancement\nCommercial pilots may advance to airline pilots after completing a degree, accruing required flight time, and obtaining an ATP certificate.\n\nAdvancement for airline pilots depends on a system of seniority outlined in collective bargaining contracts.\n\n### Important Qualities\nThe following are examples of qualities that are important for these workers to perform their duties. For more information, visit the Employment Projections (EP) [skills data page](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/emp\/data\/skills-data.htm).\n\n***Communication skills.*** Pilots must speak clearly when conveying information to air traffic controllers and other crew members. They must also listen carefully for instructions.\n\n***Observational skills.*** Pilots regularly watch over screens, gauges, and dials to make sure that all systems are in working order. They also need to maintain situational awareness by looking for other aircraft or obstacles. Pilots must be able to see clearly, be able to judge the distance between objects, and possess good color vision.\n\n***Problem-solving skills.*** Pilots must be able to identify complex problems and figure out appropriate solutions. When a plane encounters turbulence, for example, pilots assess the weather conditions and request a change in route or altitude from air traffic control.\n\n***Quick reaction time.*** Pilots must respond quickly, and with good judgment, to any impending danger.\n\n[\\<- Work Environment](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-3)  [Pay -\\>](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-5)\n\n## Pay  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-pay)\n### Airline and Commercial Pilots\nMedian annual wages, May 2024\n\nAirline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers\n\n\\$226,600\n\nAircraft pilots and flight engineers\n\n\\$198,100\n\nCommercial pilots\n\n\\$122,670\n\nAir transportation workers\n\n\\$106,500\n\nTotal, all occupations\n\n\\$49,500\n\nNote: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.  \nSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics\n\nThe median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was \\$226,600 in May 2024. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than \\$98,560, and the highest 10 percent earned more than \\$239,200.\n\nThe median annual wage for commercial pilots was \\$122,670 in May 2024. The lowest 10 percent earned less than \\$59,330, and the highest 10 percent earned more than \\$239,200.\n\nIn May 2024, the median annual wages for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Scheduled air transportation | \\$239,200 or more |\n| Couriers and express delivery services | 239,200 or more |\n| Nonscheduled air transportation | 226,870 |\n| Support activities for transportation | 138,290 |\n| Federal government, excluding postal service | 130,980 |\n\nIn May 2024, the median annual wages for commercial pilots in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Nonscheduled air transportation | \\$124,330 |\n| Support activities for air transportation | 123,120 |\n| Professional, scientific, and technical services | 112,650 |\n| Other ambulatory healthcare services | 96,910 |\n| Technical and trade schools; private | 91,780 |\n\nAirline pilots usually begin their careers as first officers and receive wage increases as they accumulate experience and seniority.\n\nIn addition, airline pilots receive an expense allowance, or “per diem,” for every hour they are away from home, and they may earn extra pay for international flights. Airline pilots and their immediate families usually are entitled to free or reduced-fare flights.\n\nFederal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include several days of work followed by some days off.\n\nAirline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses.\n\nCommercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, they may still work nonstandard hours.\n\n[\\<- How to Become One](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4)  [Job Outlook -\\>](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-6)\n\n## Job Outlook  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-job-outlook)\n### Airline and Commercial Pilots\nPercent change in employment, projected 2024–34\n\nAir transportation workers\n\n6%\n\nCommercial pilots\n\n5%\n\nAircraft pilots and flight engineers\n\n4%\n\nAirline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers\n\n4%\n\nTotal, all occupations\n\n3%\n\nNote: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.  \nSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program\n\nOverall employment of airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations.\n\nAbout 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.\n\n### Employment\nEmployment of airline pilots is projected to grow as the demand for air travel, particularly leisure travel, increases. Continued e-commerce growth also will result in increased freight activity, which should further support employment demand.\n\nContinued demand for private chartered flights is expected to sustain job growth for commercial pilots.\n\n| Occupational Title | SOC Code | Employment, 2024 | Projected Employment, 2034 | Change, 2024–34 | Employment by Industry |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Percent | Numeric |   |   |   |   |   |\n| SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| **Aircraft pilots and flight engineers** | 53-2010 | 155,400 | 162,200 | 4 | 6,700 | [Get data](https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/projections\/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2010&ioType=o) |\n| **Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers** | 53-2011 | 100,000 | 103,900 | 4 | 3,900 | [Get data](https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/projections\/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2011&ioType=o) |\n| **Commercial pilots** | 53-2012 | 55,400 | 58,300 | 5 | 2,800 | [Get data](https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/projections\/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2012&ioType=o) |\n\n[\\<- Pay](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-5)  [State & Area Data -\\>](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-7)\n\n## State & Area Data  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-state-area)\n### **Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)**\nThe [Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/) (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link below goes to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Use the dropdown boxes to select an occupation.\n\n- [Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) Profiles](https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/oesprofile\/)\n### **Projections Central**\nOccupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at [www.projectionscentral.org](http:\/\/www.projectionscentral.org\/). Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved.\n\n### **CareerOneStop**\nCareerOneStop includes hundreds of [occupational profiles](http:\/\/www.careerinfonet.org\/Occupations\/select_occupation.aspx?next=occ_rep&level=&optstatus=111111111&id=1&nodeid=2&soccode=&stfips=&jobfam=&menuMode) with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a [salary info tool](https:\/\/www.careeronestop.org\/Toolkit\/Wages\/find-salary.aspx?frd=true) to search for wages by zip code.\n\n[\\<- Job Outlook](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-6)  [Similar Occupations -\\>](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-8)\n\n## Similar Occupations  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-similar-jobs)\nThis table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of airline and commercial pilots.\n\n|   | Occupation | Job Duties | ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION [![Help on Entry-Level Education](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/images\/icons\/icon_small_help.gif)](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=inlinehelp-education) | 2024 MEDIAN PAY [![Help on Median Pay](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/images\/icons\/icon_small_help.gif)](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=inlinehelp-pay) |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| [![Air traffic controllers](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/images\/3172.jpg)](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/air-traffic-controllers.htm) | **[Air Traffic Controllers](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/air-traffic-controllers.htm)** | Air traffic controllers coordinate the movement of aircraft to maintain safe distances between them. | Associate's degree | \\$144,580 |\n| [![Water transportation occupations](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/images\/3218.jpg)](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/water-transportation-occupations.htm) | **[Water Transportation Workers](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/water-transportation-occupations.htm)** | Water transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water. | [See How to Become One](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/water-transportation-occupations.htm#tab-4) | \\$66,490 |\n\n[\\<- State & Area Data](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-7)  [More Info -\\>](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-9)\n\n## Contacts for More Information  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-more-information)\nFor specific information about pilot certificate and ratings requirements and other federal regulations, visit\n\n[Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14](https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-14)\n\nFor more information about pilots, visit\n\n[Federal Aviation Administration](https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/)\n\n### O\\*NET\n[Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers](https:\/\/www.onetonline.org\/link\/summary\/53-2011.00)\n\n[Commercial Pilots](https:\/\/www.onetonline.org\/link\/summary\/53-2012.00)\n\n[\\<- Similar Occupations](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-8)\n\n**Suggested citation:**\n\nBureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Airline and Commercial Pilots,   \n at <https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm> (visited *March 27, 2026*).\n\n**Last Modified Date:** Thursday, August 28, 2025\n\n## What They Do\nThe *What They Do* tab describes the typical duties and responsibilities of workers in the occupation, including what tools and equipment they use and how closely they are supervised. This tab also covers different types of occupational specialties.\n\n## Work Environment\nThe *Work Environment* tab includes the number of jobs held in the occupation and describes the workplace, the level of physical activity expected, and typical hours worked. It may also discuss the major industries that employed the occupation. This tab may also describe opportunities for part-time work, the amount and type of travel required, any safety equipment that is used, and the risk of injury that workers may face.\n\n## How to Become One\nThe *How to Become One* tab describes how to prepare for a job in the occupation. This tab can include information on education, training, work experience, licensing and certification, and important qualities that are required or helpful for entering or working in the occupation.\n\n## Pay\nThe *Pay* tab describes typical earnings and how workers in the occupation are compensated—annual salaries, hourly wages, commissions, tips, or bonuses. Within every occupation, earnings vary by experience, responsibility, performance, tenure, and geographic area. For most profiles, this tab has a table with wages in the major industries employing the occupation. It does not include pay for self-employed workers, agriculture workers, or workers in private households because these data are not collected by the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey, the source of BLS wage data in the OOH.\n\n## State & Area Data\nThe *State and Area Data* tab provides links to state and area occupational data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program, state projections data from Projections Central, and occupational information from the Department of Labor's CareerOneStop.\n\n## Job Outlook\nThe *Job Outlook* tab describes the factors that affect employment growth or decline in the occupation, and in some instances, describes the relationship between the number of job seekers and the number of job openings.\n\n## Similar Occupations\nThe *Similar Occupations* tab describes occupations that share similar duties, skills, interests, education, or training with the occupation covered in the profile.\n\n## Contacts for More Information\nThe *More Information* tab provides the Internet addresses of associations, government agencies, unions, and other organizations that can provide additional information on the occupation. This tab also includes links to relevant occupational information from the Occupational Information Network (O\\*NET).\n\n## 2024 Median Pay\nThe wage at which half of the workers in the occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. Median wage data are from the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey. In May 2024, the median annual wage for all workers was \\$49,500.\n\n## On-the-job Training\nAdditional training needed (postemployment) to attain competency in the skills needed in this occupation.\n\n## Entry-level Education\nTypical level of education that most workers need to enter this occupation.\n\n## Work experience in a related occupation\nWork experience that is commonly considered necessary by employers, or is a commonly accepted substitute for more formal types of training or education.\n\n## Number of Jobs, 2024\nThe employment, or size, of this occupation in 2024, which is the base year of the 2024–34 employment projections.\n\n## Job Outlook, 2024-34\nThe projected percent change in employment from 2024 to 2034. The average growth rate for all occupations is 3 percent.\n\n## Employment Change, 2024-34\nThe projected numeric change in employment from 2024 to 2034.\n\n## Entry-level Education\nTypical level of education that most workers need to enter this occupation.\n\n## On-the-job Training\nAdditional training needed (postemployment) to attain competency in the skills needed in this occupation.\n\n## Employment Change, projected 2024-34\nThe projected numeric change in employment from 2024 to 2034.\n\n## Growth Rate (Projected)\nThe percent change of employment for each occupation from 2024 to 2034.\n\n## Projected Number of New Jobs\nThe projected numeric change in employment from 2024 to 2034.\n\n## Projected Growth Rate\nThe projected percent change in employment from 2024 to 2034.\n\n## 2024 Median Pay\nThe wage at which half of the workers in the occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. Median wage data are from the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey. In May 2024, the median annual wage for all workers was \\$49,500.\n\n- [Home](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/)\n- [Subjects](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/proghome.htm)\n- [Data Tools](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/data\/)\n- [Publications](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/)\n- [Economic Releases](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/newsrels.htm)\n- [Classroom](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/k12\/)\n- [Beta](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/beta\/)\n\n![U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Logo ](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/images\/bls_emblem_trans.png)\n\n**U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics** Occupational Outlook Handbook Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics Suitland Federal Center Floor 3 4600 Silver Hill Road Washington, DC 20212-0002\n\n[Telephone: 202-691-5700](tel:12026915700)  [www.bls.gov\/ooh](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/home.htm) [Contact OOH](https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/ooh\/about\/ooh-faqs.htm)\n\n**resources**\n\n- [Inspector General (OIG)](https:\/\/www.oig.dol.gov\/)\n- [Budget and Performance](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/bls_budget_and_performance.htm)\n- [Department of Labor Grants](https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/grants)\n- [No Fear Act](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/no_fear_act.htm)\n- [USA.gov](https:\/\/www.usa.gov\/)\n\n**about the site**\n\n- [Sitemap](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/sitemap.htm)\n- [Freedom of Information Act](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/blsfoia.htm)\n- [Privacy and Security Statement](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/pss.htm)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/disclaimer.htm)\n- [Linking and Copyright Info](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/linksite.htm)\n- [Important Website Notices](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/website-policies.htm)\n- [Help and Tutorials](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/help\/)\n- [Accessibility Statement](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/ada.htm)\n\nConnect With BLS\n\n[Bluesky](https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/usbls.bsky.social \"Connect with BLS on Bluesky\")\n\n[Instagram](https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/usbls_gov\/ \"Connect with BLS on Instagram\")\n\n[LinkedIn](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/bureau-of-labor-statistics\/ \"Connect with BLS on LinkedIn\")\n\n[Threads](https:\/\/www.threads.net\/@usbls_gov \"Connect with BLS on Threads\")\n\n[Visit BLS on X](https:\/\/x.com\/BLS_gov \"Connect with BLS on X, formerly referred to as Twitter\")\n\n[Youtube](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCijn3WBpHtx4AvSya7NER9Q \"BLS Youtube\")\n\n[Email](\"Subscribe to BLS E-mail Updates\")\n\n- [Publications](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/)\n- [Occupational Outlook Handbook](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/)\n- [Transportation and Material Moving](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/home.htm)","attrs_readable_markdown":"## Summary\nPlease enable javascript to play this video.\n\n[Video transcript available at https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oey4mi\\_QV48.](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oey4mi_QV48)\n\n| Quick Facts: Airline and Commercial Pilots |   |\n|---|---|\n| [2024 Median Pay](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-wage) | \\$198,100 per year |\n| [Typical Entry-Level Education](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-education) | [See How to Become One](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) |\n| [Work Experience in a Related Occupation](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-experience) | [See How to Become One](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) |\n| [On-the-job Training](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-training) | Moderate-term on-the-job training |\n| [Number of Jobs, 2024](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-number-jobs) | 155,400 |\n| [Job Outlook, 2024–34](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-outlook) | 4% (As fast as average) |\n| [Employment Change, 2024–34](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-emp-change) | 6,700 |\n### [What Airline and Commercial Pilots Do](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-2)\nAirline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft.\n\n### [Work Environment](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-3)\nPilots usually have variable work schedules, with overnight layovers that are more common for airline pilots.\n\n### [How to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4)\nAirline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or [military](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/military\/military-careers.htm \"Military Careers\") pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training. Both also must meet [Federal Aviation Administration](https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/) (FAA) requirements.\n\n### [Pay](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-5)\nThe median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was \\$226,600 in May 2024.\n\nThe median annual wage for commercial pilots was \\$122,670 in May 2024.\n\n### [Job Outlook](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-6)\nOverall employment of airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations.\n\nAbout 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.\n\n### [State & Area Data](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-7)\nExplore resources for employment and wages by state and area for airline and commercial pilots.\n\n### [Similar Occupations](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-8)\nCompare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of airline and commercial pilots with similar occupations.\n\n### [More Information, Including Links to O\\*NET](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-9)\nLearn more about airline and commercial pilots by visiting additional resources, including O\\*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.\n\n## What Airline and Commercial Pilots Do  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-what-they-do)\n![Airline and commercial pilots](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/images\/3163.jpg)\n\nCommercial pilots are involved in activities such as firefighting and crop dusting.\n\nAirline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft.\n\n### Duties\nPilots typically do the following:\n\n- Check the overall condition of the aircraft before and after every flight\n- Ensure that the aircraft is balanced and below its weight limit\n- Verify that the fuel supply is adequate and that weather conditions are acceptable\n- Prepare and submit flight plans to air traffic control\n- Communicate with air traffic control over the aircraft’s radio system\n- Operate and control aircraft along planned routes and during takeoffs and landings\n- Monitor engines, fuel consumption, and other aircraft systems during flight\n- Respond to changing conditions, such as weather events and emergencies (for example, a mechanical malfunction)\n- Navigate the aircraft by using cockpit instruments and visual references\n\nPilots plan their flights by checking that the aircraft is operable and safe, that the cargo has been loaded correctly, and that weather conditions are acceptable. They file flight plans with air traffic control and may modify the plans in flight because of changing weather conditions or other factors.\n\nTakeoff and landing can be the most demanding parts of a flight. They require close coordination among the pilot; copilot; flight engineer, if present; air traffic controllers; and ground personnel. Once in the air, the captain may have the first officer, if present, fly the aircraft, but the captain remains responsible for the aircraft. After landing, pilots fill out records that document their flight and the status of the aircraft.\n\nSome pilots are also instructors using simulators and dual-controlled aircraft to teach students how to fly.\n\nThe following are examples of types of pilots:\n\n***Airline pilots*** work primarily for airlines that transport passengers and cargo on a fixed schedule. The captain or pilot in command, usually the most experienced pilot, supervises all other crew members and has primary responsibility for the flight. The copilot, often called the first officer or second in command, shares flight duties with the captain. Some older planes require a third pilot known as a flight engineer, who monitors instruments and operates controls. Technology has automated many of these tasks, and new aircraft do not require flight engineers.\n\n***Commercial pilots*** are involved in unscheduled flight activities, such as aerial application, charter flights, and aerial tours. Commercial pilots may have additional nonflight duties. Some commercial pilots schedule flights, arrange for maintenance of the aircraft, and load luggage themselves. Pilots who transport company executives, also known as corporate pilots, greet their passengers before embarking on the flight.\n\nAgricultural pilots typically handle agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides, and may be involved in other agricultural practices in addition to flying. Pilots, such as helicopter pilots, who fly at low levels must constantly look for trees, bridges, power lines, transmission towers, and other obstacles.\n\nWith proper training, airline pilots also may be deputized as federal law enforcement officers and be issued firearms to protect the cockpit.\n\n## Work Environment  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-working-environment)\n![Airline and commercial pilots](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/images\/3165.jpg)\n\nPilots have variable work schedules, which may include overnight layovers.\n\nAirline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers held about 100,000 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers were as follows:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Scheduled air transportation | 87% |\n| Couriers and express delivery services | 4 |\n| Federal government, excluding postal service | 3 |\n| Support activities for transportation | 2 |\n| Nonscheduled air transportation | 1 |\n\nCommercial pilots held about 55,400 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of commercial pilots were as follows:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Nonscheduled air transportation | 39% |\n| Technical and trade schools; private | 10 |\n| Support activities for air transportation | 8 |\n| Other ambulatory healthcare services | 7 |\n| Professional, scientific, and technical services | 4 |\n\nPilots assigned to long-distance routes may experience fatigue and jetlag. Weather conditions may result in turbulence, requiring pilots to change the flying altitude. Flights can be long and flight decks are often sealed, so pilots work in small teams for long periods in close proximity to one another.\n\nAerial applicators, also known as crop dusters, may be exposed to toxic chemicals, typically use unimproved landing strips, such as grass, dirt, or gravel surface, and may be at risk of collision with power lines. Helicopter pilots involved in rescue operations may fly at low levels during bad weather or at night, and land in areas surrounded by power lines, highways, and other obstacles. Pilots use hearing protection devices to prevent their exposure to engine noise.\n\nThe high level of concentration required to fly an aircraft and the mental stress of being responsible for the safety of passengers can be fatiguing. Pilots must be alert and quick to react if something goes wrong. Federal law requires pilots to retire at age 65.\n\nMost pilots are based near large airports.\n\n### Injuries and Illnesses\nAlthough fatalities are uncommon, airline and commercial pilots experience one of the highest rates of occupational fatalities of all occupations.\n\n### Work Schedules\nFederal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include some days of work followed by some days off. Flight assignments are based on seniority. Seniority enables pilots who have worked at a company for a long time to get preferred routes and schedules.\n\nAirline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses.\n\nCommercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, some may still work nonstandard hours.\n\n## How to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-become-one)\n![Airline and commercial pilots](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/images\/3161.jpg)\n\nAirline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies must undergo on-the-job training.\n\nAirline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or military pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training, and some employers may require or prefer them to have a degree.\n\nAirline and commercial pilots also must have specific certificates and ratings from the [Federal Aviation Administration](https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/) (FAA).\n\n### Education\nAirline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree in any [field](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/field-of-degree\/home.htm), including [transportation](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/field-of-degree\/transportation\/transportation-field-of-degree.htm), [engineering](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/field-of-degree\/engineering\/engineering-field-of-degree.htm), or [business](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/field-of-degree\/business\/business-field-of-degree.htm). They also complete flight training with independent FAA-certified flight instructors or at schools that offer flight training.\n\nCommercial pilots typically complete flight training, and some employers require or prefer that they have a degree.\n\nThe FAA certifies hundreds of civilian flight schools, which range from small fixed base operators (FBO) to state universities. Some colleges and universities offer pilot training as part of a 2- or 4-year aviation degree.\n\n### Training\nAirline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies undergo on-the-job training in accordance with federal regulations. This training usually includes several weeks of ground school and flight training. Various types of ratings for specific aircraft, such as the Boeing 737 or Cessna Citation, typically are acquired through employer-based training and generally are earned by pilots who have at least a commercial pilot certificate.\n\nPilots also must maintain their experience in performing certain maneuvers. This requirement means that pilots must perform specific maneuvers and procedures a given number of times within a specified amount of time. Pilots also must undergo periodic training and medical examinations, generally every year or every other year.\n\n### Work Experience in a Related Occupation\nAirline pilots typically need work experience as a commercial or [military](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/military\/military-careers.htm \"Military Careers\") pilot.\n\nTo get a job with a major or regional airline, pilots need extensive flight experience. Some pilots work as flight instructors or on-demand charter pilots, positions that usually require less experience than airline jobs require, to help build enough flying hours so that they can apply to the airlines.\n\nMilitary pilots may transfer to civilian aviation and apply directly to airlines to become airline pilots.\n\n### Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations\nThose who are seeking a career as a professional pilot must meet FAA requirements. Pilots typically get their FAA-issued certificates and ratings in the following order:\n\n- Student pilot certificate\n- Private pilot certificate\n- Instrument rating\n- Commercial pilot certificate\n- Multi-engine rating\n- Airline transport pilot certificate\n\nEach certificate and rating requires that pilots pass a knowledge test on the ground and a practical flying exam, usually called a check ride, in an appropriate aircraft. In addition to earning these credentials, many pilots get a flight instructor certificate after they get their commercial pilot certificate. The flight instructor certificate helps them build flight time and experience quickly and at less personal expense.\n\n***Commercial pilot certificate.*** To qualify for a commercial pilot certificate, applicants must meet age and flight-hour requirements. Student pilots use a logbook and keep detailed records of their flight time, which must be endorsed by a flight instructor. Federal regulations specify the types and quantities of flight experience and knowledge needed.\n\nApplicants must pass the appropriate medical exam, meet all of the detailed flight experience and knowledge requirements, and pass a written exam and a practical flight exam in order to get a commercial pilot certificate. The medical exam confirms that the pilot’s vision is correctable to 20\/20 and that no physical or mental conditions exist that could impair the pilot’s performance.\n\nCommercial pilots must hold an instrument rating if they want to carry passengers for pay more than 50 miles from the point of origin of their flight, or at night.\n\n***Instrument rating.*** Pilots who earn an instrument rating can fly during periods of low visibility, also known as instrument meteorological conditions, or IMC. They may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience and 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, and by meeting other requirements detailed in the federal regulations.\n\n***Airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate.*** All pilot crews of a scheduled commercial airliner must have ATP certificates. To earn the ATP certificate, applicants must meet certain federal requirements, such as for age, hours of flight, and written and practical exams. A commercial pilot certificate is a prerequisite for the ATP. Airline pilots usually maintain one or more aircraft-type ratings, which allow them to fly aircraft that require specific training, depending on the requirements of their particular airline.\n\nPilots must pass periodic physical and practical flight examinations to be able to perform the duties granted by their certificate.\n\n### Advancement\nCommercial pilots may advance to airline pilots after completing a degree, accruing required flight time, and obtaining an ATP certificate.\n\nAdvancement for airline pilots depends on a system of seniority outlined in collective bargaining contracts.\n\n### Important Qualities\nThe following are examples of qualities that are important for these workers to perform their duties. For more information, visit the Employment Projections (EP) [skills data page](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/emp\/data\/skills-data.htm).\n\n***Communication skills.*** Pilots must speak clearly when conveying information to air traffic controllers and other crew members. They must also listen carefully for instructions.\n\n***Observational skills.*** Pilots regularly watch over screens, gauges, and dials to make sure that all systems are in working order. They also need to maintain situational awareness by looking for other aircraft or obstacles. Pilots must be able to see clearly, be able to judge the distance between objects, and possess good color vision.\n\n***Problem-solving skills.*** Pilots must be able to identify complex problems and figure out appropriate solutions. When a plane encounters turbulence, for example, pilots assess the weather conditions and request a change in route or altitude from air traffic control.\n\n***Quick reaction time.*** Pilots must respond quickly, and with good judgment, to any impending danger.\n\n## Pay  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-pay)\n### Airline and Commercial Pilots\nMedian annual wages, May 2024\n\nAirline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers\n\n\\$226,600\n\nAircraft pilots and flight engineers\n\n\\$198,100\n\nCommercial pilots\n\n\\$122,670\n\nAir transportation workers\n\n\\$106,500\n\nTotal, all occupations\n\n\\$49,500\n\nThe median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was \\$226,600 in May 2024. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than \\$98,560, and the highest 10 percent earned more than \\$239,200.\n\nThe median annual wage for commercial pilots was \\$122,670 in May 2024. The lowest 10 percent earned less than \\$59,330, and the highest 10 percent earned more than \\$239,200.\n\nIn May 2024, the median annual wages for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Scheduled air transportation | \\$239,200 or more |\n| Couriers and express delivery services | 239,200 or more |\n| Nonscheduled air transportation | 226,870 |\n| Support activities for transportation | 138,290 |\n| Federal government, excluding postal service | 130,980 |\n\nIn May 2024, the median annual wages for commercial pilots in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Nonscheduled air transportation | \\$124,330 |\n| Support activities for air transportation | 123,120 |\n| Professional, scientific, and technical services | 112,650 |\n| Other ambulatory healthcare services | 96,910 |\n| Technical and trade schools; private | 91,780 |\n\nAirline pilots usually begin their careers as first officers and receive wage increases as they accumulate experience and seniority.\n\nIn addition, airline pilots receive an expense allowance, or “per diem,” for every hour they are away from home, and they may earn extra pay for international flights. Airline pilots and their immediate families usually are entitled to free or reduced-fare flights.\n\nFederal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include several days of work followed by some days off.\n\nAirline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses.\n\nCommercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, they may still work nonstandard hours.\n\n## Job Outlook  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-job-outlook)\n### Airline and Commercial Pilots\nPercent change in employment, projected 2024–34\n\nAir transportation workers\n\n6%\n\nCommercial pilots\n\n5%\n\nAircraft pilots and flight engineers\n\n4%\n\nAirline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers\n\n4%\n\nTotal, all occupations\n\n3%\n\nOverall employment of airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations.\n\nAbout 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.\n\n### Employment\nEmployment of airline pilots is projected to grow as the demand for air travel, particularly leisure travel, increases. Continued e-commerce growth also will result in increased freight activity, which should further support employment demand.\n\nContinued demand for private chartered flights is expected to sustain job growth for commercial pilots.\n\n| Occupational Title | SOC Code | Employment, 2024 | Projected Employment, 2034 | Change, 2024–34 | Employment by Industry |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Percent | Numeric |   |   |   |   |   |\n| SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| **Aircraft pilots and flight engineers** | 53-2010 | 155,400 | 162,200 | 4 | 6,700 | [Get data](https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/projections\/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2010&ioType=o) |\n| **Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers** | 53-2011 | 100,000 | 103,900 | 4 | 3,900 | [Get data](https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/projections\/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2011&ioType=o) |\n| **Commercial pilots** | 53-2012 | 55,400 | 58,300 | 5 | 2,800 | [Get data](https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/projections\/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2012&ioType=o) |\n\n## State & Area Data  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-state-area)\n### **Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)**\nThe [Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/) (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link below goes to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Use the dropdown boxes to select an occupation.\n\n- [Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) Profiles](https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/oesprofile\/)\n### **Projections Central**\nOccupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at [www.projectionscentral.org](http:\/\/www.projectionscentral.org\/). Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved.\n\n### **CareerOneStop**\nCareerOneStop includes hundreds of [occupational profiles](http:\/\/www.careerinfonet.org\/Occupations\/select_occupation.aspx?next=occ_rep&level=&optstatus=111111111&id=1&nodeid=2&soccode=&stfips=&jobfam=&menuMode) with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a [salary info tool](https:\/\/www.careeronestop.org\/Toolkit\/Wages\/find-salary.aspx?frd=true) to search for wages by zip code.\n\n## Similar Occupations  [About this section](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-similar-jobs)\nThis table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of airline and commercial pilots.\n\n|   | Occupation | Job Duties | ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION [![Help on Entry-Level Education](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/images\/icons\/icon_small_help.gif)](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=inlinehelp-education) | 2024 MEDIAN PAY [![Help on Median Pay](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/images\/icons\/icon_small_help.gif)](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=inlinehelp-pay) |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| [![Air traffic controllers](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/images\/3172.jpg)](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/air-traffic-controllers.htm) | **[Air Traffic Controllers](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/air-traffic-controllers.htm)** | Air traffic controllers coordinate the movement of aircraft to maintain safe distances between them. | Associate's degree | \\$144,580 |\n| [![Water transportation occupations](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/images\/3218.jpg)](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/water-transportation-occupations.htm) | **[Water Transportation Workers](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/water-transportation-occupations.htm)** | Water transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water. | [See How to Become One](https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/transportation-and-material-moving\/water-transportation-occupations.htm#tab-4) | \\$66,490 |","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Summary Please enable javascript to play this video. Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oey4mi_QV48. Quick Facts: Airline and Commercial Pilots 2024 Median Pay $198,100 per year Typical Entry-Level Education See How to Become One Work Experience in a Related Occupation See How to Become One On-the-job Training Moderate-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, 2024 155,400 Job Outlook, 2024–34 4% (As fast as average) Employment Change, 2024–34 6,700 What Airline and Commercial Pilots Do Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft. Work Environment Pilots usually have variable work schedules, with overnight layovers that are more common for airline pilots. How to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot Airline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or military pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training. Both also must meet Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requirements. Pay The median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was $226,600 in May 2024. The median annual wage for commercial pilots was $122,670 in May 2024. Job Outlook Overall employment of airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations. About 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire. State & Area Data Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for airline and commercial pilots. Similar Occupations Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of airline and commercial pilots with similar occupations. More Information, Including Links to ONET Learn more about airline and commercial pilots by visiting additional resources, including ONET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations. What Airline and Commercial Pilots Do About this section Commercial pilots are involved in activities such as firefighting and crop dusting. Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft. Duties Pilots typically do the following: Check the overall condition of the aircraft before and after every flight Ensure that the aircraft is balanced and below its weight limit Verify that the fuel supply is adequate and that weather conditions are acceptable Prepare and submit flight plans to air traffic control Communicate with air traffic control over the aircraft’s radio system Operate and control aircraft along planned routes and during takeoffs and landings Monitor engines, fuel consumption, and other aircraft systems during flight Respond to changing conditions, such as weather events and emergencies (for example, a mechanical malfunction) Navigate the aircraft by using cockpit instruments and visual references Pilots plan their flights by checking that the aircraft is operable and safe, that the cargo has been loaded correctly, and that weather conditions are acceptable. They file flight plans with air traffic control and may modify the plans in flight because of changing weather conditions or other factors. Takeoff and landing can be the most demanding parts of a flight. They require close coordination among the pilot; copilot; flight engineer, if present; air traffic controllers; and ground personnel. Once in the air, the captain may have the first officer, if present, fly the aircraft, but the captain remains responsible for the aircraft. After landing, pilots fill out records that document their flight and the status of the aircraft. Some pilots are also instructors using simulators and dual-controlled aircraft to teach students how to fly. The following are examples of types of pilots: Airline pilots work primarily for airlines that transport passengers and cargo on a fixed schedule. The captain or pilot in command, usually the most experienced pilot, supervises all other crew members and has primary responsibility for the flight. The copilot, often called the first officer or second in command, shares flight duties with the captain. Some older planes require a third pilot known as a flight engineer, who monitors instruments and operates controls. Technology has automated many of these tasks, and new aircraft do not require flight engineers. Commercial pilots are involved in unscheduled flight activities, such as aerial application, charter flights, and aerial tours. Commercial pilots may have additional nonflight duties. Some commercial pilots schedule flights, arrange for maintenance of the aircraft, and load luggage themselves. Pilots who transport company executives, also known as corporate pilots, greet their passengers before embarking on the flight. Agricultural pilots typically handle agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides, and may be involved in other agricultural practices in addition to flying. Pilots, such as helicopter pilots, who fly at low levels must constantly look for trees, bridges, power lines, transmission towers, and other obstacles. With proper training, airline pilots also may be deputized as federal law enforcement officers and be issued firearms to protect the cockpit. Work Environment About this section Pilots have variable work schedules, which may include overnight layovers. Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers held about 100,000 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers were as follows: Scheduled air transportation 87% Couriers and express delivery services 4 Federal government, excluding postal service 3 Support activities for transportation 2 Nonscheduled air transportation 1 Commercial pilots held about 55,400 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of commercial pilots were as follows: Nonscheduled air transportation 39% Technical and trade schools; private 10 Support activities for air transportation 8 Other ambulatory healthcare services 7 Professional, scientific, and technical services 4 Pilots assigned to long-distance routes may experience fatigue and jetlag. Weather conditions may result in turbulence, requiring pilots to change the flying altitude. Flights can be long and flight decks are often sealed, so pilots work in small teams for long periods in close proximity to one another. Aerial applicators, also known as crop dusters, may be exposed to toxic chemicals, typically use unimproved landing strips, such as grass, dirt, or gravel surface, and may be at risk of collision with power lines. Helicopter pilots involved in rescue operations may fly at low levels during bad weather or at night, and land in areas surrounded by power lines, highways, and other obstacles. Pilots use hearing protection devices to prevent their exposure to engine noise. The high level of concentration required to fly an aircraft and the mental stress of being responsible for the safety of passengers can be fatiguing. Pilots must be alert and quick to react if something goes wrong. Federal law requires pilots to retire at age 65. Most pilots are based near large airports. Injuries and Illnesses Although fatalities are uncommon, airline and commercial pilots experience one of the highest rates of occupational fatalities of all occupations. Work Schedules Federal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include some days of work followed by some days off. Flight assignments are based on seniority. Seniority enables pilots who have worked at a company for a long time to get preferred routes and schedules. Airline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses. Commercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, some may still work nonstandard hours. How to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot About this section Airline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies must undergo on-the-job training. Airline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or military pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training, and some employers may require or prefer them to have a degree. Airline and commercial pilots also must have specific certificates and ratings from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Education Airline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree in any field , including transportation , engineering , or business . They also complete flight training with independent FAA-certified flight instructors or at schools that offer flight training. Commercial pilots typically complete flight training, and some employers require or prefer that they have a degree. The FAA certifies hundreds of civilian flight schools, which range from small fixed base operators (FBO) to state universities. Some colleges and universities offer pilot training as part of a 2- or 4-year aviation degree. Training Airline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies undergo on-the-job training in accordance with federal regulations. This training usually includes several weeks of ground school and flight training. Various types of ratings for specific aircraft, such as the Boeing 737 or Cessna Citation, typically are acquired through employer-based training and generally are earned by pilots who have at least a commercial pilot certificate. Pilots also must maintain their experience in performing certain maneuvers. This requirement means that pilots must perform specific maneuvers and procedures a given number of times within a specified amount of time. Pilots also must undergo periodic training and medical examinations, generally every year or every other year. Work Experience in a Related Occupation Airline pilots typically need work experience as a commercial or military pilot. To get a job with a major or regional airline, pilots need extensive flight experience. Some pilots work as flight instructors or on-demand charter pilots, positions that usually require less experience than airline jobs require, to help build enough flying hours so that they can apply to the airlines. Military pilots may transfer to civilian aviation and apply directly to airlines to become airline pilots. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Those who are seeking a career as a professional pilot must meet FAA requirements. Pilots typically get their FAA-issued certificates and ratings in the following order: Student pilot certificate Private pilot certificate Instrument rating Commercial pilot certificate Multi-engine rating Airline transport pilot certificate Each certificate and rating requires that pilots pass a knowledge test on the ground and a practical flying exam, usually called a check ride, in an appropriate aircraft. In addition to earning these credentials, many pilots get a flight instructor certificate after they get their commercial pilot certificate. The flight instructor certificate helps them build flight time and experience quickly and at less personal expense. Commercial pilot certificate. To qualify for a commercial pilot certificate, applicants must meet age and flight-hour requirements. Student pilots use a logbook and keep detailed records of their flight time, which must be endorsed by a flight instructor. Federal regulations specify the types and quantities of flight experience and knowledge needed. Applicants must pass the appropriate medical exam, meet all of the detailed flight experience and knowledge requirements, and pass a written exam and a practical flight exam in order to get a commercial pilot certificate. The medical exam confirms that the pilot’s vision is correctable to 20/20 and that no physical or mental conditions exist that could impair the pilot’s performance. Commercial pilots must hold an instrument rating if they want to carry passengers for pay more than 50 miles from the point of origin of their flight, or at night. Instrument rating. Pilots who earn an instrument rating can fly during periods of low visibility, also known as instrument meteorological conditions, or IMC. They may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience and 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, and by meeting other requirements detailed in the federal regulations. Airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate. All pilot crews of a scheduled commercial airliner must have ATP certificates. To earn the ATP certificate, applicants must meet certain federal requirements, such as for age, hours of flight, and written and practical exams. A commercial pilot certificate is a prerequisite for the ATP. Airline pilots usually maintain one or more aircraft-type ratings, which allow them to fly aircraft that require specific training, depending on the requirements of their particular airline. Pilots must pass periodic physical and practical flight examinations to be able to perform the duties granted by their certificate. Advancement Commercial pilots may advance to airline pilots after completing a degree, accruing required flight time, and obtaining an ATP certificate. Advancement for airline pilots depends on a system of seniority outlined in collective bargaining contracts. Important Qualities The following are examples of qualities that are important for these workers to perform their duties. For more information, visit the Employment Projections (EP) skills data page . Communication skills. Pilots must speak clearly when conveying information to air traffic controllers and other crew members. They must also listen carefully for instructions. Observational skills. Pilots regularly watch over screens, gauges, and dials to make sure that all systems are in working order. They also need to maintain situational awareness by looking for other aircraft or obstacles. Pilots must be able to see clearly, be able to judge the distance between objects, and possess good color vision. Problem-solving skills. Pilots must be able to identify complex problems and figure out appropriate solutions. When a plane encounters turbulence, for example, pilots assess the weather conditions and request a change in route or altitude from air traffic control. Quick reaction time. Pilots must respond quickly, and with good judgment, to any impending danger. Pay About this section Airline and Commercial Pilots Median annual wages, May 2024 Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers $226,600 Aircraft pilots and flight engineers $198,100 Commercial pilots $122,670 Air transportation workers $106,500 Total, all occupations $49,500 The median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was $226,600 in May 2024. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $98,560, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $239,200. The median annual wage for commercial pilots was $122,670 in May 2024. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $59,330, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $239,200. In May 2024, the median annual wages for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows: Scheduled air transportation $239,200 or more Couriers and express delivery services 239,200 or more Nonscheduled air transportation 226,870 Support activities for transportation 138,290 Federal government, excluding postal service 130,980 In May 2024, the median annual wages for commercial pilots in the top industries in which they worked were as follows: Nonscheduled air transportation $124,330 Support activities for air transportation 123,120 Professional, scientific, and technical services 112,650 Other ambulatory healthcare services 96,910 Technical and trade schools; private 91,780 Airline pilots usually begin their careers as first officers and receive wage increases as they accumulate experience and seniority. In addition, airline pilots receive an expense allowance, or “per diem,” for every hour they are away from home, and they may earn extra pay for international flights. Airline pilots and their immediate families usually are entitled to free or reduced-fare flights. Federal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include several days of work followed by some days off. Airline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses. Commercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, they may still work nonstandard hours. Job Outlook About this section Airline and Commercial Pilots Percent change in employment, projected 2024–34 Air transportation workers 6% Commercial pilots 5% Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 4% Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 4% Total, all occupations 3% Overall employment of airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations. About 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire. Employment Employment of airline pilots is projected to grow as the demand for air travel, particularly leisure travel, increases. Continued e-commerce growth also will result in increased freight activity, which should further support employment demand. Continued demand for private chartered flights is expected to sustain job growth for commercial pilots. Employment projections data for airline and commercial pilots, 2024–34 Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2024 Projected Employment, 2034 Change, 2024–34 Employment by Industry Percent Numeric SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 53-2010 155,400 162,200 4 6,700 Get data Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 53-2011 100,000 103,900 4 3,900 Get data Commercial pilots 53-2012 55,400 58,300 5 2,800 Get data State & Area Data About this section Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link below goes to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Use the dropdown boxes to select an occupation. Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) Profiles Projections Central Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.org . Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved. CareerOneStop CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code. Similar Occupations About this section This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of airline and commercial pilots. Occupation Job Duties ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION 2024 MEDIAN PAY Air Traffic Controllers Air traffic controllers coordinate the movement of aircraft to maintain safe distances between them. Associate's degree $144,580 Water Transportation Workers Water transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water. See How to Become One $66,490
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[Summary](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-1) - [What They Do](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-2) - [Work Environment](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-3) - [How to Become One](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) - [Pay](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-5) - [Job Outlook](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-6) - [State & Area Data](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-7) - [Similar Occupations](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-8) - [More Info](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-9) ## Summary Please enable javascript to play this video. [Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oey4mi\_QV48.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oey4mi_QV48) \| Quick Facts: Airline and Commercial Pilots \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [2024 Median Pay](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-wage) \| \$198,100 per year \| \| [Typical Entry-Level Education](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-education) \| [See How to Become One](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) \| \| [Work Experience in a Related Occupation](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-experience) \| [See How to Become One](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) \| \| [On-the-job Training](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-training) \| Moderate-term on-the-job training \| \| [Number of Jobs, 2024](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-number-jobs) \| 155,400 \| \| [Job Outlook, 2024–34](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-outlook) \| 4% (As fast as average) \| \| [Employment Change, 2024–34](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-emp-change) \| 6,700 \| ### [What Airline and Commercial Pilots Do](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-2) Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft. ### [Work Environment](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-3) Pilots usually have variable work schedules, with overnight layovers that are more common for airline pilots. ### [How to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) Airline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or [military](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/military/military-careers.htm "Military Careers") pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training. Both also must meet [Federal Aviation Administration](https://www.faa.gov/) (FAA) requirements. ### [Pay](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-5) The median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was \$226,600 in May 2024. The median annual wage for commercial pilots was \$122,670 in May 2024. ### [Job Outlook](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-6) Overall employment of airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations. About 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire. ### [State & Area Data](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-7) Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for airline and commercial pilots. ### [Similar Occupations](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-8) Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of airline and commercial pilots with similar occupations. ### [More Information, Including Links to O\NET](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-9) Learn more about airline and commercial pilots by visiting additional resources, including O\NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations. [What They Do -\>](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-2) ## What Airline and Commercial Pilots Do [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-what-they-do) ![Airline and commercial pilots](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/images/3163.jpg) Commercial pilots are involved in activities such as firefighting and crop dusting. Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft. ### Duties Pilots typically do the following: - Check the overall condition of the aircraft before and after every flight - Ensure that the aircraft is balanced and below its weight limit - Verify that the fuel supply is adequate and that weather conditions are acceptable - Prepare and submit flight plans to air traffic control - Communicate with air traffic control over the aircraft’s radio system - Operate and control aircraft along planned routes and during takeoffs and landings - Monitor engines, fuel consumption, and other aircraft systems during flight - Respond to changing conditions, such as weather events and emergencies (for example, a mechanical malfunction) - Navigate the aircraft by using cockpit instruments and visual references Pilots plan their flights by checking that the aircraft is operable and safe, that the cargo has been loaded correctly, and that weather conditions are acceptable. They file flight plans with air traffic control and may modify the plans in flight because of changing weather conditions or other factors. Takeoff and landing can be the most demanding parts of a flight. They require close coordination among the pilot; copilot; flight engineer, if present; air traffic controllers; and ground personnel. Once in the air, the captain may have the first officer, if present, fly the aircraft, but the captain remains responsible for the aircraft. After landing, pilots fill out records that document their flight and the status of the aircraft. Some pilots are also instructors using simulators and dual-controlled aircraft to teach students how to fly. The following are examples of types of pilots: *Airline pilots* work primarily for airlines that transport passengers and cargo on a fixed schedule. The captain or pilot in command, usually the most experienced pilot, supervises all other crew members and has primary responsibility for the flight. The copilot, often called the first officer or second in command, shares flight duties with the captain. Some older planes require a third pilot known as a flight engineer, who monitors instruments and operates controls. Technology has automated many of these tasks, and new aircraft do not require flight engineers. *Commercial pilots* are involved in unscheduled flight activities, such as aerial application, charter flights, and aerial tours. Commercial pilots may have additional nonflight duties. Some commercial pilots schedule flights, arrange for maintenance of the aircraft, and load luggage themselves. Pilots who transport company executives, also known as corporate pilots, greet their passengers before embarking on the flight. Agricultural pilots typically handle agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides, and may be involved in other agricultural practices in addition to flying. Pilots, such as helicopter pilots, who fly at low levels must constantly look for trees, bridges, power lines, transmission towers, and other obstacles. With proper training, airline pilots also may be deputized as federal law enforcement officers and be issued firearms to protect the cockpit. [\<- Summary](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-1) [Work Environment -\>](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-3) ## Work Environment [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-working-environment) ![Airline and commercial pilots](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/images/3165.jpg) Pilots have variable work schedules, which may include overnight layovers. Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers held about 100,000 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers were as follows: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Scheduled air transportation \| 87% \| \| Couriers and express delivery services \| 4 \| \| Federal government, excluding postal service \| 3 \| \| Support activities for transportation \| 2 \| \| Nonscheduled air transportation \| 1 \| Commercial pilots held about 55,400 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of commercial pilots were as follows: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Nonscheduled air transportation \| 39% \| \| Technical and trade schools; private \| 10 \| \| Support activities for air transportation \| 8 \| \| Other ambulatory healthcare services \| 7 \| \| Professional, scientific, and technical services \| 4 \| Pilots assigned to long-distance routes may experience fatigue and jetlag. Weather conditions may result in turbulence, requiring pilots to change the flying altitude. Flights can be long and flight decks are often sealed, so pilots work in small teams for long periods in close proximity to one another. Aerial applicators, also known as crop dusters, may be exposed to toxic chemicals, typically use unimproved landing strips, such as grass, dirt, or gravel surface, and may be at risk of collision with power lines. Helicopter pilots involved in rescue operations may fly at low levels during bad weather or at night, and land in areas surrounded by power lines, highways, and other obstacles. Pilots use hearing protection devices to prevent their exposure to engine noise. The high level of concentration required to fly an aircraft and the mental stress of being responsible for the safety of passengers can be fatiguing. Pilots must be alert and quick to react if something goes wrong. Federal law requires pilots to retire at age 65. Most pilots are based near large airports. ### Injuries and Illnesses Although fatalities are uncommon, airline and commercial pilots experience one of the highest rates of occupational fatalities of all occupations. ### Work Schedules Federal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include some days of work followed by some days off. Flight assignments are based on seniority. Seniority enables pilots who have worked at a company for a long time to get preferred routes and schedules. Airline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses. Commercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, some may still work nonstandard hours. [\<- What They Do](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-2) [How to Become One -\>](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) ## How to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-become-one) ![Airline and commercial pilots](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/images/3161.jpg) Airline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies must undergo on-the-job training. Airline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or military pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training, and some employers may require or prefer them to have a degree. Airline and commercial pilots also must have specific certificates and ratings from the [Federal Aviation Administration](https://www.faa.gov/) (FAA). ### Education Airline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree in any [field](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/field-of-degree/home.htm), including [transportation](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/field-of-degree/transportation/transportation-field-of-degree.htm), [engineering](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/field-of-degree/engineering/engineering-field-of-degree.htm), or [business](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/field-of-degree/business/business-field-of-degree.htm). They also complete flight training with independent FAA-certified flight instructors or at schools that offer flight training. Commercial pilots typically complete flight training, and some employers require or prefer that they have a degree. The FAA certifies hundreds of civilian flight schools, which range from small fixed base operators (FBO) to state universities. Some colleges and universities offer pilot training as part of a 2- or 4-year aviation degree. ### Training Airline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies undergo on-the-job training in accordance with federal regulations. This training usually includes several weeks of ground school and flight training. Various types of ratings for specific aircraft, such as the Boeing 737 or Cessna Citation, typically are acquired through employer-based training and generally are earned by pilots who have at least a commercial pilot certificate. Pilots also must maintain their experience in performing certain maneuvers. This requirement means that pilots must perform specific maneuvers and procedures a given number of times within a specified amount of time. Pilots also must undergo periodic training and medical examinations, generally every year or every other year. ### Work Experience in a Related Occupation Airline pilots typically need work experience as a commercial or [military](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/military/military-careers.htm "Military Careers") pilot. To get a job with a major or regional airline, pilots need extensive flight experience. Some pilots work as flight instructors or on-demand charter pilots, positions that usually require less experience than airline jobs require, to help build enough flying hours so that they can apply to the airlines. Military pilots may transfer to civilian aviation and apply directly to airlines to become airline pilots. ### Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Those who are seeking a career as a professional pilot must meet FAA requirements. Pilots typically get their FAA-issued certificates and ratings in the following order: - Student pilot certificate - Private pilot certificate - Instrument rating - Commercial pilot certificate - Multi-engine rating - Airline transport pilot certificate Each certificate and rating requires that pilots pass a knowledge test on the ground and a practical flying exam, usually called a check ride, in an appropriate aircraft. In addition to earning these credentials, many pilots get a flight instructor certificate after they get their commercial pilot certificate. The flight instructor certificate helps them build flight time and experience quickly and at less personal expense. *Commercial pilot certificate.* To qualify for a commercial pilot certificate, applicants must meet age and flight-hour requirements. Student pilots use a logbook and keep detailed records of their flight time, which must be endorsed by a flight instructor. Federal regulations specify the types and quantities of flight experience and knowledge needed. Applicants must pass the appropriate medical exam, meet all of the detailed flight experience and knowledge requirements, and pass a written exam and a practical flight exam in order to get a commercial pilot certificate. The medical exam confirms that the pilot’s vision is correctable to 20/20 and that no physical or mental conditions exist that could impair the pilot’s performance. Commercial pilots must hold an instrument rating if they want to carry passengers for pay more than 50 miles from the point of origin of their flight, or at night. *Instrument rating.* Pilots who earn an instrument rating can fly during periods of low visibility, also known as instrument meteorological conditions, or IMC. They may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience and 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, and by meeting other requirements detailed in the federal regulations. *Airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate.* All pilot crews of a scheduled commercial airliner must have ATP certificates. To earn the ATP certificate, applicants must meet certain federal requirements, such as for age, hours of flight, and written and practical exams. A commercial pilot certificate is a prerequisite for the ATP. Airline pilots usually maintain one or more aircraft-type ratings, which allow them to fly aircraft that require specific training, depending on the requirements of their particular airline. Pilots must pass periodic physical and practical flight examinations to be able to perform the duties granted by their certificate. ### Advancement Commercial pilots may advance to airline pilots after completing a degree, accruing required flight time, and obtaining an ATP certificate. Advancement for airline pilots depends on a system of seniority outlined in collective bargaining contracts. ### Important Qualities The following are examples of qualities that are important for these workers to perform their duties. For more information, visit the Employment Projections (EP) [skills data page](https://www.bls.gov/emp/data/skills-data.htm). *Communication skills.* Pilots must speak clearly when conveying information to air traffic controllers and other crew members. They must also listen carefully for instructions. *Observational skills.* Pilots regularly watch over screens, gauges, and dials to make sure that all systems are in working order. They also need to maintain situational awareness by looking for other aircraft or obstacles. Pilots must be able to see clearly, be able to judge the distance between objects, and possess good color vision. *Problem-solving skills.* Pilots must be able to identify complex problems and figure out appropriate solutions. When a plane encounters turbulence, for example, pilots assess the weather conditions and request a change in route or altitude from air traffic control. *Quick reaction time.* Pilots must respond quickly, and with good judgment, to any impending danger. [\<- Work Environment](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-3) [Pay -\>](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-5) ## Pay [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-pay) ### Airline and Commercial Pilots Median annual wages, May 2024 Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers \$226,600 Aircraft pilots and flight engineers \$198,100 Commercial pilots \$122,670 Air transportation workers \$106,500 Total, all occupations \$49,500 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics The median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was \$226,600 in May 2024. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than \$98,560, and the highest 10 percent earned more than \$239,200. The median annual wage for commercial pilots was \$122,670 in May 2024. The lowest 10 percent earned less than \$59,330, and the highest 10 percent earned more than \$239,200. In May 2024, the median annual wages for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Scheduled air transportation \| \$239,200 or more \| \| Couriers and express delivery services \| 239,200 or more \| \| Nonscheduled air transportation \| 226,870 \| \| Support activities for transportation \| 138,290 \| \| Federal government, excluding postal service \| 130,980 \| In May 2024, the median annual wages for commercial pilots in the top industries in which they worked were as follows: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Nonscheduled air transportation \| \$124,330 \| \| Support activities for air transportation \| 123,120 \| \| Professional, scientific, and technical services \| 112,650 \| \| Other ambulatory healthcare services \| 96,910 \| \| Technical and trade schools; private \| 91,780 \| Airline pilots usually begin their careers as first officers and receive wage increases as they accumulate experience and seniority. In addition, airline pilots receive an expense allowance, or “per diem,” for every hour they are away from home, and they may earn extra pay for international flights. Airline pilots and their immediate families usually are entitled to free or reduced-fare flights. Federal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include several days of work followed by some days off. Airline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses. Commercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, they may still work nonstandard hours. [\<- How to Become One](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) [Job Outlook -\>](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-6) ## Job Outlook [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-job-outlook) ### Airline and Commercial Pilots Percent change in employment, projected 2024–34 Air transportation workers 6% Commercial pilots 5% Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 4% Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 4% Total, all occupations 3% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Overall employment of airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations. About 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire. ### Employment Employment of airline pilots is projected to grow as the demand for air travel, particularly leisure travel, increases. Continued e-commerce growth also will result in increased freight activity, which should further support employment demand. Continued demand for private chartered flights is expected to sustain job growth for commercial pilots. \| Occupational Title \| SOC Code \| Employment, 2024 \| Projected Employment, 2034 \| Change, 2024–34 \| Employment by Industry \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Percent \| Numeric \| \| \| \| \| \| \| SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Aircraft pilots and flight engineers \| 53-2010 \| 155,400 \| 162,200 \| 4 \| 6,700 \| [Get data](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2010&ioType=o) \| \| Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers \| 53-2011 \| 100,000 \| 103,900 \| 4 \| 3,900 \| [Get data](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2011&ioType=o) \| \| Commercial pilots \| 53-2012 \| 55,400 \| 58,300 \| 5 \| 2,800 \| [Get data](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2012&ioType=o) \| [\<- Pay](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-5) [State & Area Data -\>](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-7) ## State & Area Data [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-state-area) ### Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) The [Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/oes/) (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link below goes to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Use the dropdown boxes to select an occupation. - [Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) Profiles](https://data.bls.gov/oesprofile/) ### Projections Central Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at [www.projectionscentral.org](http://www.projectionscentral.org/). Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved. ### CareerOneStop CareerOneStop includes hundreds of [occupational profiles](http://www.careerinfonet.org/Occupations/select_occupation.aspx?next=occ_rep&level=&optstatus=111111111&id=1&nodeid=2&soccode=&stfips=&jobfam=&menuMode) with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a [salary info tool](https://www.careeronestop.org/Toolkit/Wages/find-salary.aspx?frd=true) to search for wages by zip code. [\<- Job Outlook](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-6) [Similar Occupations -\>](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-8) ## Similar Occupations [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-similar-jobs) This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of airline and commercial pilots. \| \| Occupation \| Job Duties \| ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION [![Help on Entry-Level Education](https://www.bls.gov/images/icons/icon_small_help.gif)](https://www.bls.gov/#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=inlinehelp-education) \| 2024 MEDIAN PAY [![Help on Median Pay](https://www.bls.gov/images/icons/icon_small_help.gif)](https://www.bls.gov/#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=inlinehelp-pay) \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| [![Air traffic controllers](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/images/3172.jpg)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/air-traffic-controllers.htm) \| [Air Traffic Controllers](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/air-traffic-controllers.htm) \| Air traffic controllers coordinate the movement of aircraft to maintain safe distances between them. \| Associate's degree \| \$144,580 \| \| [![Water transportation occupations](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/images/3218.jpg)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/water-transportation-occupations.htm) \| [Water Transportation Workers](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/water-transportation-occupations.htm) \| Water transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water. \| [See How to Become One](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/water-transportation-occupations.htm#tab-4) \| \$66,490 \| [\<- State & Area Data](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-7) [More Info -\>](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-9) ## Contacts for More Information [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-more-information) For specific information about pilot certificate and ratings requirements and other federal regulations, visit [Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14) For more information about pilots, visit [Federal Aviation Administration](https://www.faa.gov/) ### O\NET [Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-2011.00) [Commercial Pilots](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-2012.00) [\<- Similar Occupations](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-8) Suggested citation:* Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Airline and Commercial Pilots, at <https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm> (visited March 27, 2026). Last Modified Date: Thursday, August 28, 2025 ## What They Do The What They Do tab describes the typical duties and responsibilities of workers in the occupation, including what tools and equipment they use and how closely they are supervised. This tab also covers different types of occupational specialties. ## Work Environment The Work Environment tab includes the number of jobs held in the occupation and describes the workplace, the level of physical activity expected, and typical hours worked. It may also discuss the major industries that employed the occupation. This tab may also describe opportunities for part-time work, the amount and type of travel required, any safety equipment that is used, and the risk of injury that workers may face. ## How to Become One The How to Become One tab describes how to prepare for a job in the occupation. This tab can include information on education, training, work experience, licensing and certification, and important qualities that are required or helpful for entering or working in the occupation. ## Pay The Pay tab describes typical earnings and how workers in the occupation are compensated—annual salaries, hourly wages, commissions, tips, or bonuses. Within every occupation, earnings vary by experience, responsibility, performance, tenure, and geographic area. For most profiles, this tab has a table with wages in the major industries employing the occupation. It does not include pay for self-employed workers, agriculture workers, or workers in private households because these data are not collected by the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey, the source of BLS wage data in the OOH. ## State & Area Data The State and Area Data tab provides links to state and area occupational data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program, state projections data from Projections Central, and occupational information from the Department of Labor's CareerOneStop. ## Job Outlook The Job Outlook tab describes the factors that affect employment growth or decline in the occupation, and in some instances, describes the relationship between the number of job seekers and the number of job openings. ## Similar Occupations The Similar Occupations tab describes occupations that share similar duties, skills, interests, education, or training with the occupation covered in the profile. ## Contacts for More Information The More Information tab provides the Internet addresses of associations, government agencies, unions, and other organizations that can provide additional information on the occupation. This tab also includes links to relevant occupational information from the Occupational Information Network (O\NET). ## 2024 Median Pay The wage at which half of the workers in the occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. Median wage data are from the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey. In May 2024, the median annual wage for all workers was \$49,500. ## On-the-job Training Additional training needed (postemployment) to attain competency in the skills needed in this occupation. ## Entry-level Education Typical level of education that most workers need to enter this occupation. ## Work experience in a related occupation Work experience that is commonly considered necessary by employers, or is a commonly accepted substitute for more formal types of training or education. ## Number of Jobs, 2024 The employment, or size, of this occupation in 2024, which is the base year of the 2024–34 employment projections. ## Job Outlook, 2024-34 The projected percent change in employment from 2024 to 2034. The average growth rate for all occupations is 3 percent. ## Employment Change, 2024-34 The projected numeric change in employment from 2024 to 2034. ## Entry-level Education Typical level of education that most workers need to enter this occupation. ## On-the-job Training Additional training needed (postemployment) to attain competency in the skills needed in this occupation. ## Employment Change, projected 2024-34 The projected numeric change in employment from 2024 to 2034. ## Growth Rate (Projected) The percent change of employment for each occupation from 2024 to 2034. ## Projected Number of New Jobs The projected numeric change in employment from 2024 to 2034. ## Projected Growth Rate The projected percent change in employment from 2024 to 2034. ## 2024 Median Pay The wage at which half of the workers in the occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. Median wage data are from the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey. In May 2024, the median annual wage for all workers was \$49,500. - [Home](https://www.bls.gov/) - [Subjects](https://www.bls.gov/bls/proghome.htm) - [Data Tools](https://www.bls.gov/data/) - [Publications](https://www.bls.gov/opub/) - [Economic Releases](https://www.bls.gov/bls/newsrels.htm) - [Classroom](https://www.bls.gov/k12/) - [Beta](https://www.bls.gov/beta/) ![U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Logo ](https://www.bls.gov/images/bls_emblem_trans.png) U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics* Occupational Outlook Handbook Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics Suitland Federal Center Floor 3 4600 Silver Hill Road Washington, DC 20212-0002 [Telephone: 202-691-5700](tel:12026915700) [www.bls.gov/ooh](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/home.htm) [Contact OOH](https://data.bls.gov/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm) resources - [Inspector General (OIG)](https://www.oig.dol.gov/) - [Budget and Performance](https://www.bls.gov/bls/bls_budget_and_performance.htm) - [Department of Labor Grants](https://www.dol.gov/grants) - [No Fear Act](https://www.bls.gov/bls/no_fear_act.htm) - [USA.gov](https://www.usa.gov/) about the site - [Sitemap](https://www.bls.gov/bls/sitemap.htm) - [Freedom of Information Act](https://www.bls.gov/bls/blsfoia.htm) - [Privacy and Security Statement](https://www.bls.gov/bls/pss.htm) - [Disclaimers](https://www.bls.gov/bls/disclaimer.htm) - [Linking and Copyright Info](https://www.bls.gov/bls/linksite.htm) - [Important Website Notices](https://www.bls.gov/bls/website-policies.htm) - [Help and Tutorials](https://www.bls.gov/help/) - [Accessibility Statement](https://www.bls.gov/bls/ada.htm) Connect With BLS [Bluesky](https://bsky.app/profile/usbls.bsky.social "Connect with BLS on Bluesky") [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/usbls_gov/ "Connect with BLS on Instagram") [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/bureau-of-labor-statistics/ "Connect with BLS on LinkedIn") [Threads](https://www.threads.net/@usbls_gov "Connect with BLS on Threads") [Visit BLS on X](https://x.com/BLS_gov "Connect with BLS on X, formerly referred to as Twitter") [Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCijn3WBpHtx4AvSya7NER9Q "BLS Youtube") [Email]("Subscribe to BLS E-mail Updates") - [Publications](https://www.bls.gov/opub/) - [Occupational Outlook Handbook](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/) - [Transportation and Material Moving](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/home.htm)
Readable Markdown	## Summary Please enable javascript to play this video. [Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oey4mi\_QV48.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oey4mi_QV48) \| Quick Facts: Airline and Commercial Pilots \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [2024 Median Pay](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-wage) \| \$198,100 per year \| \| [Typical Entry-Level Education](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-education) \| [See How to Become One](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) \| \| [Work Experience in a Related Occupation](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-experience) \| [See How to Become One](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) \| \| [On-the-job Training](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-training) \| Moderate-term on-the-job training \| \| [Number of Jobs, 2024](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-number-jobs) \| 155,400 \| \| [Job Outlook, 2024–34](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-outlook) \| 4% (As fast as average) \| \| [Employment Change, 2024–34](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=qf-emp-change) \| 6,700 \| ### [What Airline and Commercial Pilots Do](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-2) Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft. ### [Work Environment](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-3) Pilots usually have variable work schedules, with overnight layovers that are more common for airline pilots. ### [How to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-4) Airline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or [military](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/military/military-careers.htm "Military Careers") pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training. Both also must meet [Federal Aviation Administration](https://www.faa.gov/) (FAA) requirements. ### [Pay](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-5) The median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was \$226,600 in May 2024. The median annual wage for commercial pilots was \$122,670 in May 2024. ### [Job Outlook](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-6) Overall employment of airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations. About 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire. ### [State & Area Data](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-7) Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for airline and commercial pilots. ### [Similar Occupations](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-8) Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of airline and commercial pilots with similar occupations. ### [More Information, Including Links to O\NET](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#tab-9) Learn more about airline and commercial pilots by visiting additional resources, including O\NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations. ## What Airline and Commercial Pilots Do [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-what-they-do) ![Airline and commercial pilots](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/images/3163.jpg) Commercial pilots are involved in activities such as firefighting and crop dusting. Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft. ### Duties Pilots typically do the following: - Check the overall condition of the aircraft before and after every flight - Ensure that the aircraft is balanced and below its weight limit - Verify that the fuel supply is adequate and that weather conditions are acceptable - Prepare and submit flight plans to air traffic control - Communicate with air traffic control over the aircraft’s radio system - Operate and control aircraft along planned routes and during takeoffs and landings - Monitor engines, fuel consumption, and other aircraft systems during flight - Respond to changing conditions, such as weather events and emergencies (for example, a mechanical malfunction) - Navigate the aircraft by using cockpit instruments and visual references Pilots plan their flights by checking that the aircraft is operable and safe, that the cargo has been loaded correctly, and that weather conditions are acceptable. They file flight plans with air traffic control and may modify the plans in flight because of changing weather conditions or other factors. Takeoff and landing can be the most demanding parts of a flight. They require close coordination among the pilot; copilot; flight engineer, if present; air traffic controllers; and ground personnel. Once in the air, the captain may have the first officer, if present, fly the aircraft, but the captain remains responsible for the aircraft. After landing, pilots fill out records that document their flight and the status of the aircraft. Some pilots are also instructors using simulators and dual-controlled aircraft to teach students how to fly. The following are examples of types of pilots: *Airline pilots* work primarily for airlines that transport passengers and cargo on a fixed schedule. The captain or pilot in command, usually the most experienced pilot, supervises all other crew members and has primary responsibility for the flight. The copilot, often called the first officer or second in command, shares flight duties with the captain. Some older planes require a third pilot known as a flight engineer, who monitors instruments and operates controls. Technology has automated many of these tasks, and new aircraft do not require flight engineers. *Commercial pilots* are involved in unscheduled flight activities, such as aerial application, charter flights, and aerial tours. Commercial pilots may have additional nonflight duties. Some commercial pilots schedule flights, arrange for maintenance of the aircraft, and load luggage themselves. Pilots who transport company executives, also known as corporate pilots, greet their passengers before embarking on the flight. Agricultural pilots typically handle agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides, and may be involved in other agricultural practices in addition to flying. Pilots, such as helicopter pilots, who fly at low levels must constantly look for trees, bridges, power lines, transmission towers, and other obstacles. With proper training, airline pilots also may be deputized as federal law enforcement officers and be issued firearms to protect the cockpit. ## Work Environment [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-working-environment) ![Airline and commercial pilots](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/images/3165.jpg) Pilots have variable work schedules, which may include overnight layovers. Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers held about 100,000 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers were as follows: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Scheduled air transportation \| 87% \| \| Couriers and express delivery services \| 4 \| \| Federal government, excluding postal service \| 3 \| \| Support activities for transportation \| 2 \| \| Nonscheduled air transportation \| 1 \| Commercial pilots held about 55,400 jobs in 2024. The largest employers of commercial pilots were as follows: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Nonscheduled air transportation \| 39% \| \| Technical and trade schools; private \| 10 \| \| Support activities for air transportation \| 8 \| \| Other ambulatory healthcare services \| 7 \| \| Professional, scientific, and technical services \| 4 \| Pilots assigned to long-distance routes may experience fatigue and jetlag. Weather conditions may result in turbulence, requiring pilots to change the flying altitude. Flights can be long and flight decks are often sealed, so pilots work in small teams for long periods in close proximity to one another. Aerial applicators, also known as crop dusters, may be exposed to toxic chemicals, typically use unimproved landing strips, such as grass, dirt, or gravel surface, and may be at risk of collision with power lines. Helicopter pilots involved in rescue operations may fly at low levels during bad weather or at night, and land in areas surrounded by power lines, highways, and other obstacles. Pilots use hearing protection devices to prevent their exposure to engine noise. The high level of concentration required to fly an aircraft and the mental stress of being responsible for the safety of passengers can be fatiguing. Pilots must be alert and quick to react if something goes wrong. Federal law requires pilots to retire at age 65. Most pilots are based near large airports. ### Injuries and Illnesses Although fatalities are uncommon, airline and commercial pilots experience one of the highest rates of occupational fatalities of all occupations. ### Work Schedules Federal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include some days of work followed by some days off. Flight assignments are based on seniority. Seniority enables pilots who have worked at a company for a long time to get preferred routes and schedules. Airline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses. Commercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, some may still work nonstandard hours. ## How to Become an Airline or Commercial Pilot [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-become-one) ![Airline and commercial pilots](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/images/3161.jpg) Airline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies must undergo on-the-job training. Airline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree and experience as a commercial or military pilot. Commercial pilots typically need flight training, and some employers may require or prefer them to have a degree. Airline and commercial pilots also must have specific certificates and ratings from the [Federal Aviation Administration](https://www.faa.gov/) (FAA). ### Education Airline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree in any [field](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/field-of-degree/home.htm), including [transportation](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/field-of-degree/transportation/transportation-field-of-degree.htm), [engineering](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/field-of-degree/engineering/engineering-field-of-degree.htm), or [business](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/field-of-degree/business/business-field-of-degree.htm). They also complete flight training with independent FAA-certified flight instructors or at schools that offer flight training. Commercial pilots typically complete flight training, and some employers require or prefer that they have a degree. The FAA certifies hundreds of civilian flight schools, which range from small fixed base operators (FBO) to state universities. Some colleges and universities offer pilot training as part of a 2- or 4-year aviation degree. ### Training Airline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies undergo on-the-job training in accordance with federal regulations. This training usually includes several weeks of ground school and flight training. Various types of ratings for specific aircraft, such as the Boeing 737 or Cessna Citation, typically are acquired through employer-based training and generally are earned by pilots who have at least a commercial pilot certificate. Pilots also must maintain their experience in performing certain maneuvers. This requirement means that pilots must perform specific maneuvers and procedures a given number of times within a specified amount of time. Pilots also must undergo periodic training and medical examinations, generally every year or every other year. ### Work Experience in a Related Occupation Airline pilots typically need work experience as a commercial or [military](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/military/military-careers.htm "Military Careers") pilot. To get a job with a major or regional airline, pilots need extensive flight experience. Some pilots work as flight instructors or on-demand charter pilots, positions that usually require less experience than airline jobs require, to help build enough flying hours so that they can apply to the airlines. Military pilots may transfer to civilian aviation and apply directly to airlines to become airline pilots. ### Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Those who are seeking a career as a professional pilot must meet FAA requirements. Pilots typically get their FAA-issued certificates and ratings in the following order: - Student pilot certificate - Private pilot certificate - Instrument rating - Commercial pilot certificate - Multi-engine rating - Airline transport pilot certificate Each certificate and rating requires that pilots pass a knowledge test on the ground and a practical flying exam, usually called a check ride, in an appropriate aircraft. In addition to earning these credentials, many pilots get a flight instructor certificate after they get their commercial pilot certificate. The flight instructor certificate helps them build flight time and experience quickly and at less personal expense. *Commercial pilot certificate.* To qualify for a commercial pilot certificate, applicants must meet age and flight-hour requirements. Student pilots use a logbook and keep detailed records of their flight time, which must be endorsed by a flight instructor. Federal regulations specify the types and quantities of flight experience and knowledge needed. Applicants must pass the appropriate medical exam, meet all of the detailed flight experience and knowledge requirements, and pass a written exam and a practical flight exam in order to get a commercial pilot certificate. The medical exam confirms that the pilot’s vision is correctable to 20/20 and that no physical or mental conditions exist that could impair the pilot’s performance. Commercial pilots must hold an instrument rating if they want to carry passengers for pay more than 50 miles from the point of origin of their flight, or at night. *Instrument rating.* Pilots who earn an instrument rating can fly during periods of low visibility, also known as instrument meteorological conditions, or IMC. They may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience and 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, and by meeting other requirements detailed in the federal regulations. *Airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate.* All pilot crews of a scheduled commercial airliner must have ATP certificates. To earn the ATP certificate, applicants must meet certain federal requirements, such as for age, hours of flight, and written and practical exams. A commercial pilot certificate is a prerequisite for the ATP. Airline pilots usually maintain one or more aircraft-type ratings, which allow them to fly aircraft that require specific training, depending on the requirements of their particular airline. Pilots must pass periodic physical and practical flight examinations to be able to perform the duties granted by their certificate. ### Advancement Commercial pilots may advance to airline pilots after completing a degree, accruing required flight time, and obtaining an ATP certificate. Advancement for airline pilots depends on a system of seniority outlined in collective bargaining contracts. ### Important Qualities The following are examples of qualities that are important for these workers to perform their duties. For more information, visit the Employment Projections (EP) [skills data page](https://www.bls.gov/emp/data/skills-data.htm). *Communication skills.* Pilots must speak clearly when conveying information to air traffic controllers and other crew members. They must also listen carefully for instructions. *Observational skills.* Pilots regularly watch over screens, gauges, and dials to make sure that all systems are in working order. They also need to maintain situational awareness by looking for other aircraft or obstacles. Pilots must be able to see clearly, be able to judge the distance between objects, and possess good color vision. *Problem-solving skills.* Pilots must be able to identify complex problems and figure out appropriate solutions. When a plane encounters turbulence, for example, pilots assess the weather conditions and request a change in route or altitude from air traffic control. *Quick reaction time.* Pilots must respond quickly, and with good judgment, to any impending danger. ## Pay [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-pay) ### Airline and Commercial Pilots Median annual wages, May 2024 Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers \$226,600 Aircraft pilots and flight engineers \$198,100 Commercial pilots \$122,670 Air transportation workers \$106,500 Total, all occupations \$49,500 The median annual wage for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers was \$226,600 in May 2024. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than \$98,560, and the highest 10 percent earned more than \$239,200. The median annual wage for commercial pilots was \$122,670 in May 2024. The lowest 10 percent earned less than \$59,330, and the highest 10 percent earned more than \$239,200. In May 2024, the median annual wages for airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Scheduled air transportation \| \$239,200 or more \| \| Couriers and express delivery services \| 239,200 or more \| \| Nonscheduled air transportation \| 226,870 \| \| Support activities for transportation \| 138,290 \| \| Federal government, excluding postal service \| 130,980 \| In May 2024, the median annual wages for commercial pilots in the top industries in which they worked were as follows: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Nonscheduled air transportation \| \$124,330 \| \| Support activities for air transportation \| 123,120 \| \| Professional, scientific, and technical services \| 112,650 \| \| Other ambulatory healthcare services \| 96,910 \| \| Technical and trade schools; private \| 91,780 \| Airline pilots usually begin their careers as first officers and receive wage increases as they accumulate experience and seniority. In addition, airline pilots receive an expense allowance, or “per diem,” for every hour they are away from home, and they may earn extra pay for international flights. Airline pilots and their immediate families usually are entitled to free or reduced-fare flights. Federal regulations set the maximum work hours and minimum requirements for rest between flights for most pilots. Airline pilots fly an average of 75 hours per month and work an additional 150 hours per month performing other duties, such as checking weather conditions and preparing flight plans. Pilots have variable work schedules that may include several days of work followed by some days off. Airline pilots may spend several nights a week away from home because flight assignments often involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines typically provide hotel accommodations, transportation to the airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses. Commercial pilots also may have irregular schedules. Although most commercial pilots remain near their home overnight, they may still work nonstandard hours. ## Job Outlook [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-job-outlook) ### Airline and Commercial Pilots Percent change in employment, projected 2024–34 Air transportation workers 6% Commercial pilots 5% Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 4% Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 4% Total, all occupations 3% Overall employment of airline and commercial pilots is projected to grow 4 percent from 2024 to 2034, about as fast as the average for all occupations. About 18,200 openings for airline and commercial pilots are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire. ### Employment Employment of airline pilots is projected to grow as the demand for air travel, particularly leisure travel, increases. Continued e-commerce growth also will result in increased freight activity, which should further support employment demand. Continued demand for private chartered flights is expected to sustain job growth for commercial pilots. \| Occupational Title \| SOC Code \| Employment, 2024 \| Projected Employment, 2034 \| Change, 2024–34 \| Employment by Industry \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Percent \| Numeric \| \| \| \| \| \| \| SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Aircraft pilots and flight engineers \| 53-2010 \| 155,400 \| 162,200 \| 4 \| 6,700 \| [Get data](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2010&ioType=o) \| \| Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers \| 53-2011 \| 100,000 \| 103,900 \| 4 \| 3,900 \| [Get data](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2011&ioType=o) \| \| Commercial pilots \| 53-2012 \| 55,400 \| 58,300 \| 5 \| 2,800 \| [Get data](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2012&ioType=o) \| ## State & Area Data [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-state-area) ### Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) The [Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/oes/) (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link below goes to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area. Use the dropdown boxes to select an occupation. - [Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) Profiles](https://data.bls.gov/oesprofile/) ### Projections Central Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at [www.projectionscentral.org](http://www.projectionscentral.org/). Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state’s websites where these data may be retrieved. ### CareerOneStop CareerOneStop includes hundreds of [occupational profiles](http://www.careerinfonet.org/Occupations/select_occupation.aspx?next=occ_rep&level=&optstatus=111111111&id=1&nodeid=2&soccode=&stfips=&jobfam=&menuMode) with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a [salary info tool](https://www.careeronestop.org/Toolkit/Wages/find-salary.aspx?frd=true) to search for wages by zip code. ## Similar Occupations [About this section](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/airline-and-commercial-pilots.htm#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=about-similar-jobs) This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of airline and commercial pilots. \| \| Occupation \| Job Duties \| ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION [![Help on Entry-Level Education](https://www.bls.gov/images/icons/icon_small_help.gif)](https://www.bls.gov/#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=inlinehelp-education) \| 2024 MEDIAN PAY [![Help on Median Pay](https://www.bls.gov/images/icons/icon_small_help.gif)](https://www.bls.gov/#TB_inline?height=325&width=325&inlineId=inlinehelp-pay) \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| [![Air traffic controllers](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/images/3172.jpg)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/air-traffic-controllers.htm) \| [Air Traffic Controllers](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/air-traffic-controllers.htm) \| Air traffic controllers coordinate the movement of aircraft to maintain safe distances between them. \| Associate's degree \| \$144,580 \| \| [![Water transportation occupations](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/images/3218.jpg)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/water-transportation-occupations.htm) \| [Water Transportation Workers](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/water-transportation-occupations.htm) \| Water transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water. \| [See How to Become One](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/water-transportation-occupations.htm#tab-4) \| \$66,490 \|
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