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Please select which method of nutritional screening is to be used. *It is recommended that objective measurements of height, weight, and weight loss are used whenever possible. If you have been unable to measure height you can use the calculator at the bottom of this page to estimate height from the ulna length. However, if actual measurements are not available or reliable and realistic self-reported values cannot be obtained, subjective criteria can be used to inform judgment and establish a malnutrition category.* Objective Measurements Subjective Criteria Show results To enter data for another individual please reset the tool using the button below. Reset tool BMI: kg/m2 BMI Score: Unplanned Weight Loss\*: % Weight Loss Score: Acute Disease Score: Total Score: **\*If any weight loss was planned, unplanned weight loss will be 0% and weight loss score 0.** Risk Category: ### Action Plan: Based on the information you entered, body mass index (BMI) is \_\_\_ kg/m2 and unplanned weight loss % is \_\_\_%. This suggests a \_\_\_ risk of being malnourished. #### Low risk: Routine clinical care **Repeat screening:** - Hospital – weekly - Care Homes – monthly - Community – annually for special groups, e.g. those \>75 yrs **All risk categories:** - Treat underlying condition and provide help and advice on food choices, eating and drinking when necessary. - Record malnutrition risk category. - Record need for special diets and follow local policy. **Obesity:** Record presence of obesity. For those with underlying conditions, these are generally controlled before the treatment of obesity. **Re-assess subjects identified at risk as they move through care settings.** *See [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf) for further details and The ‘MUST’ Report for supporting evidence.* [Print results]() #### Medium risk: Observe - Document dietary intake for 3 days - If adequate – little concern and repeat screening - Hospital – weekly - Care Home – at least monthly - Community – at least every 2-3 months - If inadequate – clinical concern – follow local policy, set goals, improve and increase overall nutritional intake, monitor and review care plan regularly **All risk categories:** - Treat underlying condition and provide help and advice on food choices, eating and drinking when necessary. - Record malnutrition risk category. - Record need for special diets and follow local policy. **Obesity:** Record presence of obesity. For those with underlying conditions, these are generally controlled before the treatment of obesity. **Re-assess subjects identified at risk as they move through care settings.** *See [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf) for further details and The ‘MUST’ Report for supporting evidence.* [Print results]() #### High risk: Treat\* - Refer to dietitian, Nutritional Support Team or implement local policy - Set goals, improve and increase overall nutritional intake - Monitor and review care plan - Hospital – weekly Care - Home – monthly - Community – monthly \* Unless detrimental or no benefit is expected from nutritional support e.g. imminent death. **All risk categories:** - Treat underlying condition and provide help and advice on food choices, eating and drinking when necessary. - Record malnutrition risk category. - Record need for special diets and follow local policy. **Obesity:** Record presence of obesity. For those with underlying conditions, these are generally controlled before the treatment of obesity. **Re-assess subjects identified at risk as they move through care settings.** *See [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf) for further details and The ‘MUST’ Report for supporting evidence.* [Print results]() **Disclaimer:** BAPEN disclaims any liability to any healthcare provider, patient or other person affected by this resource. If height, weight or BMI cannot be obtained, the following criteria which relate to them can assist your judgment of the subject’s nutritional risk category. Please note, these criteria should be used collectively not separately as alternatives to steps 1 and 2 of ‘MUST’ and are not designed to assign a score. Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) may be used to estimate BMI category in order to support your overall impression of the subject’s nutritional risk. ## MUAC  The subject’s left arm should be bent at the elbow at a 90 degree angle, with the upper arm held parallel to the side of the body. Measure the distance between the bony protrusion on the shoulder (acromion) and the point of the elbow (olecranon process). Mark the mid-point.  The subject’s left arm should be bent at the elbow at a 90 degree angle, with the upper arm held parallel to the side of the body. Measure the distance between the bony protrusion on the shoulder (acromion) and the point of the elbow (olecranon process). Mark the mid-point. **If MUAC is \<23.5 cm, BMI is likely to be \<20 kg/m2.** **If MUAC is \>32.0 cm, BMI is likely to be \>30 kg/m2.** The use of MUAC provides a general indication of BMI and is **not** designed to generate an actual score for use with ‘MUST’. For further information on use of MUAC please refer to [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf). 1. **BMI** Clinical impression – thin, acceptable weight, overweight. Obvious wasting (very thin) and obesity (very overweight) can also be noted. 2. **Unplanned weight loss** Clothes and/or jewellery have become loose fitting (weight loss). History of decreased food intake, reduced appetite or swallowing problems over 3-6 months and underlying disease or psycho-social/physical disabilities likely to cause weight loss. 3. **Acute disease effect** Acutely ill AND no nutritional intake or likelihood of no intake for more than 5 days. If the subject is currently affected by an acute patho-physiological or psychological condition, and there has been no nutritional intake or likelihood of no intake for more than 5 days, they are likely to be at nutritional risk. Such patients include those who are critically ill, those who have swallowing difficulties (e.g. after stroke), or head injuries or are undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. 4. **Determine overall risk of malnutrition** On the basis of estimated BMI category, unplanned weight loss, and Acute Disease Effect, select the appropriate risk category. Low Medium High ## Low risk: Routine clinical care **Repeat screening:** - Hospital – weekly - Care Homes – monthly - Community – annually for special groups, e.g. those \>75 yrs **All risk categories:** - Treat underlying condition and provide help and advice on food choices, eating and drinking when necessary. - Record malnutrition risk category. - Record need for special diets and follow local policy. **Obesity:** Record presence of obesity. For those with underlying conditions, these are generally controlled before the treatment of obesity. **Re-assess subjects identified at risk as they move through care settings.** *See [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf) for further details and The ‘MUST’ Report for supporting evidence.* ## Medium risk: Observe - Document dietary intake for 3 days - If adequate – little concern and repeat screening - Hospital – weekly - Care Home – at least monthly - Community – at least every 2-3 months - If inadequate – clinical concern – follow local policy, set goals, improve and increase overall nutritional intake, monitor and review care plan regularly **All risk categories:** - Treat underlying condition and provide help and advice on food choices, eating and drinking when necessary. - Record malnutrition risk category. - Record need for special diets and follow local policy. **Obesity:** Record presence of obesity. For those with underlying conditions, these are generally controlled before the treatment of obesity. **Re-assess subjects identified at risk as they move through care settings.** *See [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf) for further details and The ‘MUST’ Report for supporting evidence.* ## High risk: Treat\* - Refer to dietitian, Nutritional Support Team or implement local policy - Set goals, improve and increase overall nutritional intake - Monitor and review care plan - Hospital – weekly Care - Home – monthly - Community – monthly \* Unless detrimental or no benefit is expected from nutritional support e.g. imminent death. **All risk categories:** - Treat underlying condition and provide help and advice on food choices, eating and drinking when necessary. - Record malnutrition risk category. - Record need for special diets and follow local policy. **Obesity:** Record presence of obesity. For those with underlying conditions, these are generally controlled before the treatment of obesity. **Re-assess subjects identified at risk as they move through care settings.** *See [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf) for further details and The ‘MUST’ Report for supporting evidence.* ## Estimate Height from Ulna Length If height cannot be measured, use recently documented or self-reported height (if reliable and realistic). If the subject does not know or is unable to report their height, it can be estimated from length of ulna Measuring the Ulna: Ask subject to bend an arm (left side if possible), palm accross chest, fingers pointing to opposite shoulder. Using a tape measure, measure the length in centimeters (cm) to nearest 0.5 cm between the point of the elbow (olecranon) and the mid-point of the prominent bone of the wrist (styloid process). by entering the following: ## In this section - [Introducing ‘MUST’](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/introducing-must/) - [Nutritional Screening](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/nutritional-screening/) - [The ‘MUST’ Toolkit](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/must-toolkit/) - [‘MUST’ Calculator](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/must-calculator/) - [BAPEN Malnutrition Self-Screening Tool](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/bapen-malnutrition-self-screening-tool/) - [Nutrition Screening Week](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/nutrition-screening-week/) - [How to apply for permission to use ‘MUST’](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/reproducing-must-application-form/)  The British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 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[UK Survey of Malnutrition Risk and Nutritional Care](https://www.bapen.org.uk/malnutrition/uk-survey-of-malnutrition-risk-and-nutritional-care/) - [BAPEN Position Statement on Malnutrition](https://www.bapen.org.uk/malnutrition/bapen-position-statement-on-malnutrition/) - [‘MUST’ & Self-Screening](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/must-calculator/) - [Overview](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/) - [Introducing ‘MUST’](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/introducing-must/) - [Nutritional Screening](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/nutritional-screening/) - [The ‘MUST’ Toolkit](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/must-toolkit/) - [‘MUST’ Calculator](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/must-calculator/) - [Malnutrition Self-Screening Tool](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/bapen-malnutrition-self-screening-tool/) - [Nutrition Screening Week](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/nutrition-screening-week/) - [How to apply for permission to use ‘MUST’](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/reproducing-must-application-form/) - [Guidelines](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/must-calculator/) - [Overview](https://www.bapen.org.uk/guidelines/) - [British Intestinal Failure Alliance Guidelines](https://www.bapen.org.uk/guidelines/bifa-guidelines/) - [BAPEN Principles of Good Nutritional Practice](https://www.bapen.org.uk/guidelines/decision-trees/) - [Nutrition Quality Standards Resources](https://www.bapen.org.uk/guidelines/nutrition-quality-standards-resources/) - [BAPEN Commissioning Toolkit](https://www.bapen.org.uk/guidelines/bapen-commissioning-toolkit/) - [Other Useful Guidelines](https://www.bapen.org.uk/guidelines/other-useful-guidelines/) - [Education](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/must-calculator/) - [Overview](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/) - [Nutrition Support](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/nutrition-support/) - [BAPEN e-Learning Portal](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/bapen-e-learning-portal/) - [ESPEN](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/espen/) - [BAPEN Scotland Annual Conference](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/bapen-scotland-annual-conference/) - [Nutrition Courses](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/nutrition-courses/) - [Improving Nutritional Care Grant](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/improving-nutritional-care-grant/) - [BAPEN Connect: Clinical Nutrition Webinars](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/bapen-connect-clinical-nutrition-webinars/) - [BAPEN Connect: Abstract Writing Masterclass Webinar](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/bapen-connect-abstract-writing-masterclass-webinar/) - [Scotland Educational Videos](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/scotland-educational-videos/) - [Edgbaston Clinical Nutrition Course](https://www.bapen.org.uk/education/edgbaston-clinical-nutrition-course/) - [Groups](https://www.bapen.org.uk/must-and-self-screening/must-calculator/) - [Overview](https://www.bapen.org.uk/groups/) - [BAPEN Core Groups](https://www.bapen.org.uk/groups/bapen-core-groups/) - 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The ‘MUST’ calculator can be used to establish nutritional risk using either objective measurements to obtain a score and a risk category or subjective criteria to estimate a risk category but not a score.  Please select which method of nutritional screening is to be used. *It is recommended that objective measurements of height, weight, and weight loss are used whenever possible. If you have been unable to measure height you can use the calculator at the bottom of this page to estimate height from the ulna length. However, if actual measurements are not available or reliable and realistic self-reported values cannot be obtained, subjective criteria can be used to inform judgment and establish a malnutrition category.* BMI: kg/m2 BMI Score: Unplanned Weight Loss\*: % Weight Loss Score: Acute Disease Score: Total Score: **\*If any weight loss was planned, unplanned weight loss will be 0% and weight loss score 0.** Risk Category: **Disclaimer:** BAPEN disclaims any liability to any healthcare provider, patient or other person affected by this resource. If height, weight or BMI cannot be obtained, the following criteria which relate to them can assist your judgment of the subject’s nutritional risk category. Please note, these criteria should be used collectively not separately as alternatives to steps 1 and 2 of ‘MUST’ and are not designed to assign a score. Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) may be used to estimate BMI category in order to support your overall impression of the subject’s nutritional risk. ## MUAC  The subject’s left arm should be bent at the elbow at a 90 degree angle, with the upper arm held parallel to the side of the body. Measure the distance between the bony protrusion on the shoulder (acromion) and the point of the elbow (olecranon process). Mark the mid-point.  The subject’s left arm should be bent at the elbow at a 90 degree angle, with the upper arm held parallel to the side of the body. Measure the distance between the bony protrusion on the shoulder (acromion) and the point of the elbow (olecranon process). Mark the mid-point. **If MUAC is \<23.5 cm, BMI is likely to be \<20 kg/m2.** **If MUAC is \>32.0 cm, BMI is likely to be \>30 kg/m2.** The use of MUAC provides a general indication of BMI and is **not** designed to generate an actual score for use with ‘MUST’. For further information on use of MUAC please refer to [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf). 1. **BMI** Clinical impression – thin, acceptable weight, overweight. Obvious wasting (very thin) and obesity (very overweight) can also be noted. 2. **Unplanned weight loss** Clothes and/or jewellery have become loose fitting (weight loss). History of decreased food intake, reduced appetite or swallowing problems over 3-6 months and underlying disease or psycho-social/physical disabilities likely to cause weight loss. 3. **Acute disease effect** Acutely ill AND no nutritional intake or likelihood of no intake for more than 5 days. If the subject is currently affected by an acute patho-physiological or psychological condition, and there has been no nutritional intake or likelihood of no intake for more than 5 days, they are likely to be at nutritional risk. Such patients include those who are critically ill, those who have swallowing difficulties (e.g. after stroke), or head injuries or are undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. 4. **Determine overall risk of malnutrition** On the basis of estimated BMI category, unplanned weight loss, and Acute Disease Effect, select the appropriate risk category. ## Low risk: Routine clinical care **Repeat screening:** - Hospital – weekly - Care Homes – monthly - Community – annually for special groups, e.g. those \>75 yrs **All risk categories:** - Treat underlying condition and provide help and advice on food choices, eating and drinking when necessary. - Record malnutrition risk category. - Record need for special diets and follow local policy. **Obesity:** Record presence of obesity. For those with underlying conditions, these are generally controlled before the treatment of obesity. **Re-assess subjects identified at risk as they move through care settings.** *See [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf) for further details and The ‘MUST’ Report for supporting evidence.* ## Medium risk: Observe - Document dietary intake for 3 days - If adequate – little concern and repeat screening - Hospital – weekly - Care Home – at least monthly - Community – at least every 2-3 months - If inadequate – clinical concern – follow local policy, set goals, improve and increase overall nutritional intake, monitor and review care plan regularly **All risk categories:** - Treat underlying condition and provide help and advice on food choices, eating and drinking when necessary. - Record malnutrition risk category. - Record need for special diets and follow local policy. **Obesity:** Record presence of obesity. For those with underlying conditions, these are generally controlled before the treatment of obesity. **Re-assess subjects identified at risk as they move through care settings.** *See [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf) for further details and The ‘MUST’ Report for supporting evidence.* ## High risk: Treat\* - Refer to dietitian, Nutritional Support Team or implement local policy - Set goals, improve and increase overall nutritional intake - Monitor and review care plan - Hospital – weekly Care - Home – monthly - Community – monthly \* Unless detrimental or no benefit is expected from nutritional support e.g. imminent death. **All risk categories:** - Treat underlying condition and provide help and advice on food choices, eating and drinking when necessary. - Record malnutrition risk category. - Record need for special diets and follow local policy. **Obesity:** Record presence of obesity. For those with underlying conditions, these are generally controlled before the treatment of obesity. **Re-assess subjects identified at risk as they move through care settings.** *See [The ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet](http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf) for further details and The ‘MUST’ Report for supporting evidence.* ## Estimate Height from Ulna Length If height cannot be measured, use recently documented or self-reported height (if reliable and realistic). If the subject does not know or is unable to report their height, it can be estimated from length of ulna Measuring the Ulna: Ask subject to bend an arm (left side if possible), palm accross chest, fingers pointing to opposite shoulder. Using a tape measure, measure the length in centimeters (cm) to nearest 0.5 cm between the point of the elbow (olecranon) and the mid-point of the prominent bone of the wrist (styloid process). by entering the following: