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curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa046.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/relative-imports-in-python-3/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/relative-imports-in-python-3/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

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{"found_url":"https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/relative-imports-in-python-3\/","crawl_time":1774832033,"first_indexed_time":1680366167,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,sparkbyexamples!\/python\/relative-imports-in-python-3\/ s443","src_root_hash":"13197168827745396246","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Relative Imports in Python 3 - Spark By {Examples}","meta_descriptions":["Relative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules and packages that are related to the current module or package. To create reusable code and"],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Relative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules and packages that are related to the current module or package. To create reusable code and make projects more manageable, Pythons allows you to organize code into packages and modules. To reuse code, you might need to make use of imports. In this article, we will learn relative imports in Python.\nAdvertisements\nWe will cover how to use relative imports to import modules from the same package, different packages, parent packages, and submodules.\nTo illustrate this topic we have the following project structure, which we will use throughout the article:\nMyproject\/\n│\n├── main.py\n│\n├── package1\/\n│   ├── __init__.py\n│   ├── module1.py\n│   └── module2.py\n│\n├── package2\/\n    ├── __init__.py\n    ├── module3.py\n    └── module4.py\n1. What Are Relative Imports?\nRelative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules that are located in the same package or subpackage as the importing script. This is done by using a special syntax that indicates the relationship between the importing module and the module being imported.\nRelative imports are used in place of absolute imports when you want to import a module that is located in the same package as the importing script. Relative imports are particularly useful for organizing code and avoiding naming conflicts.\n2. When Should You Use Relative Imports?\nIn Python, there are two important ways of importing a package, module, or function. One is absolute import and the other is relative import. Both of these will work, however, there is a situation where the relative imports might be good rather than using the absolute imports.\nWhen working with smaller packages and modules that are closely related to one another\nWhen working with a simple package hierarchy that includes only a few levels of sub-packages\nThese are the two ideal cases where relative imports might be a good fit rather than using the absolute imports.\n3. Relative Import Module from the Same Package\nRefer to the structure of our project. Let’s say we are working in\nmodule1.py\nand we want to import\nmodule2.py\n. We can use a relative import to accomplish this.\nIn our case, To import\nmodule2.py\nin\nmodule1.py\n, we can use the following import statement:\n# module1.py\nfrom . import module2\n3.1 Relative Import a Function\nWe can also use relative imports to import a specific function from a module within the same package. Suppose\nmodule1.py\ncontains a function called\nprint_hi()\n, and we want to import it in\nmodule2.py\n. We can use the following relative import statement:\n# module2.py\nfrom module2 import print_hi\nprint_hi()\nWhile with absolute import we must have to mention the full path:\n# Absolute import\n# module1.py\nfrom Package_1.module2 import print_hi\n# Call the function\nprint_hi()\n3.2 Relative Import of a Module\nRelative imports can be used to import another module within the same package. Suppose we want to import\nmodule1.py\nin\nmodule2.py\n. We can use the following import statement:\n# module2.py\nfrom . import module1\nIn this case, many people are confused, when they run this code and get the error saying “attempted relative import with no known parent package”. This error occurs because they execute the file as a python script and not as a python module. So you need to execute this as a python module.\n# Run the code on Terminal\npython -m Package.module\nHere\n-m\nstands for module.\n4. Relative Import Module from Different Packages\nYou can use relative imports to import modules from a different package. When importing modules from a different package, we need to use a relative import that specifies the relative path of the package and module we want to import.\nReferring back to the project structure, let suppose we are working in\nmodule1.py\nand we want to import\nmodule3.py\nfrom\npackage_2\n. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of\nmodule3.py\nfrom\nmodule1.py\n. In this case,\nmodule1.py\nand\nmodule3.py\nare in different packages, so we need to use two periods (..) to go up one level and then specify the name of the package and module we want to import.\nTo import\nmodule3.py\nin\nmodule1.py\n, we can use the following relative import statement:\n# module1.py\nfrom ..package_2 import module3\nRemember if you execute this is python python code is a script you will get an error, so you will need to execute it using terminal.\n4.1 Relative Import a Function\nSuppose\nmodule3.py\ncontains a function called\nbar()\n, and we want to import it in\nmodule1.py\n. We can use the following relative import statement:\n# module1.py\nfrom ..package_2.module3 import bar\n4.2 Relative Import a Module from a Different Sub-package\nFor example we want to import\nmodule3.py\nin\nmodule2.py\n. We can use the following relative import statement:\nTo import\nmodule3.py\nin\nmodule1.py\n, we can use the following relative import statement:\n# module1.py\nfrom ...package2 import module3\n5. Relative Import from Sub Module\nImporting modules from the same package, or a different package, we can also use relative imports to import modules from a sub module within the same package.\nSee the following project structure:\nMyproject\/\n│\n├── main.py\n│\n└── package1\/\n    ├── __init__.py\n    ├── module1a.py\n    ├── module1b.py\n    └── subpackage\/\n        ├── __init__.py\n        └── module1c.py\nIf we are working in\nmodule1c.py\nin\nsubpackage\nand we want to import\nmodule1a.py\nfrom the same package. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of\nmodule1a.py\nfrom\nmodule1c.py\n.\nIn this case, we can use two periods (..) to go up one level to the parent package, and then specify the name of the module we want to import.\nTo import\nmodule1a.py\nin\nmodule1c.py\n, we can use the following relative import statement:\n# module1c.py\nfrom .. import module1a\n6. Summary and Conclusion\nIn this article, we have learned how to use relative imports in python 3. We have learned how to import modules, function within the same package and different packages. I hope this article was helpful. If you have any questions, leave them in the comment section.\nHappy Coding!\nRelated Article\nPython Count Specific Character in String\nPython Not Equal Operator With Examples\nPython List Unpacking with Examples\nPython Tuple Comparison\nNegative Index of List in Python\nHow to find if directory exists in Python\nImport Files from Different Folder in Python\nPython reversed() Function with Examples\nPython Add Two Lists By Index Wise\nSort using Lambda in Python","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/relative-imports-in-python-3\/#main)\n\n- [Home](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/)\n- [About](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/about-sparkbyexamples\/)\n\n\\| \\*\\*\\* Please\n\n[**Subscribe**](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/membership-account\/membership-levels)\n\nfor Ad Free & Premium Content \\*\\*\\*\n\n[Spark By {Examples}](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/)\n\n- [Connect](https:\/\/topmate.io\/naveennel)\n- [\\|](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/relative-imports-in-python-3\/)\n- [Join for Ad Free](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/membership-account\/membership-levels\/)\n\n- [Courses](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.thinkific.com\/courses\/)\n  - 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To create reusable code and make projects more manageable, Pythons allows you to organize code into packages and modules. To reuse code, you might need to make use of imports. In this article, we will learn relative imports in Python.\n\nAdvertisements\n\nWe will cover how to use relative imports to import modules from the same package, different packages, parent packages, and submodules.\n\nTo illustrate this topic we have the following project structure, which we will use throughout the article:\n```\n\nMyproject\/\n│\n├── main.py\n│\n├── package1\/\n│   ├── __init__.py\n│   ├── module1.py\n│   └── module2.py\n│\n├── package2\/\n    ├── __init__.py\n    ├── module3.py\n    └── module4.py\n```\n## 1\\. What Are Relative Imports?\nRelative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules that are located in the same package or subpackage as the importing script. This is done by using a special syntax that indicates the relationship between the importing module and the module being imported.\n\nRelative imports are used in place of absolute imports when you want to import a module that is located in the same package as the importing script. Relative imports are particularly useful for organizing code and avoiding naming conflicts.\n\n## 2\\. When Should You Use Relative Imports?\nIn Python, there are two important ways of importing a package, module, or function. One is absolute import and the other is relative import. Both of these will work, however, there is a situation where the relative imports might be good rather than using the absolute imports.\n\n- When working with smaller packages and modules that are closely related to one another\n- When working with a simple package hierarchy that includes only a few levels of sub-packages\n\nThese are the two ideal cases where relative imports might be a good fit rather than using the absolute imports.\n\n## 3\\. Relative Import Module from the Same Package\nRefer to the structure of our project. Let’s say we are working in `module1.py` and we want to import `module2.py`. We can use a relative import to accomplish this.\n\nIn our case, To import `module2.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following import statement:\n```\n\n# module1.py\nfrom . import module2\n```\n### 3\\.1 Relative Import a Function\nWe can also use relative imports to import a specific function from a module within the same package. Suppose `module1.py` contains a function called `print_hi()`, and we want to import it in `module2.py`. We can use the following relative import statement:\n```\n\n# module2.py\nfrom module2 import print_hi\nprint_hi()\n```\nWhile with absolute import we must have to mention the full path:\n```\n# Absolute import\n# module1.py\nfrom Package_1.module2 import print_hi\n# Call the function\nprint_hi()\n```\n### 3\\.2 Relative Import of a Module\nRelative imports can be used to import another module within the same package. Suppose we want to import `module1.py` in `module2.py`. We can use the following import statement:\n```\n\n# module2.py\nfrom . import module1\n```\nIn this case, many people are confused, when they run this code and get the error saying “attempted relative import with no known parent package”. This error occurs because they execute the file as a python script and not as a python module. So you need to execute this as a python module.\n```\n\n# Run the code on Terminal\npython -m Package.module\n```\nHere `-m` stands for module.\n\n## 4\\. Relative Import Module from Different Packages\nYou can use relative imports to import modules from a different package. When importing modules from a different package, we need to use a relative import that specifies the relative path of the package and module we want to import.\n\nReferring back to the project structure, let suppose we are working in `module1.py` and we want to import `module3.py` from `package_2`. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of `module3.py` from `module1.py`. In this case, `module1.py` and `module3.py` are in different packages, so we need to use two periods (..) to go up one level and then specify the name of the package and module we want to import.\n\nTo import `module3.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following relative import statement:\n```\n\n# module1.py\nfrom ..package_2 import module3\n```\nRemember if you execute this is python python code is a script you will get an error, so you will need to execute it using terminal.\n\n### 4\\.1 Relative Import a Function\nSuppose `module3.py` contains a function called `bar()`, and we want to import it in `module1.py`. We can use the following relative import statement:\n```\n\n# module1.py\nfrom ..package_2.module3 import bar\n```\n### 4\\.2 Relative Import a Module from a Different Sub-package\nFor example we want to import `module3.py` in `module2.py`. We can use the following relative import statement:\n\nTo import `module3.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following relative import statement:\n```\n\n# module1.py\nfrom ...package2 import module3\n```\n## 5\\. Relative Import from Sub Module\nImporting modules from the same package, or a different package, we can also use relative imports to import modules from a sub module within the same package.\n\nSee the following project structure:\n```\n\nMyproject\/\n│\n├── main.py\n│\n└── package1\/\n    ├── __init__.py\n    ├── module1a.py\n    ├── module1b.py\n    └── subpackage\/\n        ├── __init__.py\n        └── module1c.py\n```\nIf we are working in `module1c.py` in `subpackage` and we want to import `module1a.py` from the same package. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of `module1a.py` from `module1c.py`.\n\nIn this case, we can use two periods (..) to go up one level to the parent package, and then specify the name of the module we want to import.\n\nTo import `module1a.py` in `module1c.py`, we can use the following relative import statement:\n```\n\n# module1c.py\nfrom .. import module1a\n```\n## 6\\. Summary and Conclusion\nIn this article, we have learned how to use relative imports in python 3. We have learned how to import modules, function within the same package and different packages. I hope this article was helpful. If you have any questions, leave them in the comment section.\n\nHappy Coding\\!\n\n## Related Article\n- [Python Count Specific Character in String](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-count-specific-character-in-string\/)\n- [Python Not Equal Operator With Examples](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-not-equal-operator\/)\n- [Python List Unpacking with Examples](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-list-unpacking-with-examples\/)\n- [Python Tuple Comparison](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-tuple-comparison\/)\n- [Negative Index of List in Python](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/negative-index-of-list-in-python\/)\n- [How to find if directory exists in Python](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/how-to-find-if-directory-exists-in-python\/)\n- [Import Files from Different Folder in Python](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/import-files-from-different-folder-in-python\/)\n- [Python reversed() Function with Examples](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-reversed-function\/)\n- [Python Add Two Lists By Index Wise](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-add-two-lists\/)\n- [Sort using Lambda in Python](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/sort-using-lambda-in-python\/)\n\n#### LOGIN for Tutorial Menu\n- [Log In](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/login\/)\n\n## Top Tutorials\n- [Apache Spark Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/)\n- [PySpark Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/pyspark-tutorial\/)\n- [Python Pandas Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python-pandas-tutorial-for-beginners\/)\n- [R Programming Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/r-tutorial-with-examples\/)\n- [Python NumPy Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python-numpy-tutorial-for-beginners\/)\n- [Apache Hive Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/apache-hive-tutorial\/)\n- [Apache HBase Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/apache-hbase-tutorial\/)\n- [Apache Cassandra Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/apache-cassandra-tutorials-with-examples\/)\n- [Apache Kafka Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/apache-kafka-tutorials-with-examples\/)\n- [Snowflake Data Warehouse Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/snowflake-data-warehouse-database-tutorials\/)\n- [H2O Sparkling Water Tutorial](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/h2o-sparkling-water-tutorial-beginners\/)\n\n## Categories\n- [Apache Spark](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/spark\/)\n- [PySpark](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/pyspark\/)\n- [Pandas](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/pandas\/)\n- [R Programming](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/r-programming\/)\n- [Snowflake Database](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/snowflake\/)\n- [NumPy](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/numpy\/)\n- [Apache Hive](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/apache-hive\/)\n- [Apache HBase](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/hbase\/)\n- [Apache Kafka](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/kafka\/)\n- [Apache Cassandra](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/cassandra\/)\n- [H2O Sparkling Water](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/category\/h2o-sparkling-water\/)\n\n## Legal\n- [SparkByExamples.com – Privacy Policy](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/privacy-policy\/)\n- [Refund Policy](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/refund-policy\/)\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/terms-of-use\/)\n\n![](data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0naHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmcnIHZpZXdCb3g9JzAgMCA3MzQgMTU5Jz48L3N2Zz4=)\n\n- Opens in a new tab\n- Opens in a new tab\n- Opens in a new tab\n- Opens in a new tab\n- Opens in a new tab\n\nCopyright 2024 www.SparkByExamples.com. All rights reserved.\n\nNotifications","attrs_readable_markdown":"Relative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules and packages that are related to the current module or package. To create reusable code and make projects more manageable, Pythons allows you to organize code into packages and modules. To reuse code, you might need to make use of imports. In this article, we will learn relative imports in Python.\n\nAdvertisements\n\nWe will cover how to use relative imports to import modules from the same package, different packages, parent packages, and submodules.\n\nTo illustrate this topic we have the following project structure, which we will use throughout the article:\n```\n\nMyproject\/\n│\n├── main.py\n│\n├── package1\/\n│   ├── __init__.py\n│   ├── module1.py\n│   └── module2.py\n│\n├── package2\/\n    ├── __init__.py\n    ├── module3.py\n    └── module4.py\n```\n## 1\\. What Are Relative Imports?\nRelative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules that are located in the same package or subpackage as the importing script. This is done by using a special syntax that indicates the relationship between the importing module and the module being imported.\n\nRelative imports are used in place of absolute imports when you want to import a module that is located in the same package as the importing script. Relative imports are particularly useful for organizing code and avoiding naming conflicts.\n\n## 2\\. When Should You Use Relative Imports?\nIn Python, there are two important ways of importing a package, module, or function. One is absolute import and the other is relative import. Both of these will work, however, there is a situation where the relative imports might be good rather than using the absolute imports.\n\n- When working with smaller packages and modules that are closely related to one another\n- When working with a simple package hierarchy that includes only a few levels of sub-packages\n\nThese are the two ideal cases where relative imports might be a good fit rather than using the absolute imports.\n\n## 3\\. Relative Import Module from the Same Package\nRefer to the structure of our project. Let’s say we are working in `module1.py` and we want to import `module2.py`. We can use a relative import to accomplish this.\n\nIn our case, To import `module2.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following import statement:\n```\n\n# module1.py\nfrom . import module2\n```\n### 3\\.1 Relative Import a Function\nWe can also use relative imports to import a specific function from a module within the same package. Suppose `module1.py` contains a function called `print_hi()`, and we want to import it in `module2.py`. We can use the following relative import statement:\n```\n\n# module2.py\nfrom module2 import print_hi\nprint_hi()\n```\nWhile with absolute import we must have to mention the full path:\n```\n# Absolute import\n# module1.py\nfrom Package_1.module2 import print_hi\n# Call the function\nprint_hi()\n```\n### 3\\.2 Relative Import of a Module\nRelative imports can be used to import another module within the same package. Suppose we want to import `module1.py` in `module2.py`. We can use the following import statement:\n```\n\n# module2.py\nfrom . import module1\n```\nIn this case, many people are confused, when they run this code and get the error saying “attempted relative import with no known parent package”. This error occurs because they execute the file as a python script and not as a python module. So you need to execute this as a python module.\n```\n\n# Run the code on Terminal\npython -m Package.module\n```\nHere `-m` stands for module.\n\n## 4\\. Relative Import Module from Different Packages\nYou can use relative imports to import modules from a different package. When importing modules from a different package, we need to use a relative import that specifies the relative path of the package and module we want to import.\n\nReferring back to the project structure, let suppose we are working in `module1.py` and we want to import `module3.py` from `package_2`. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of `module3.py` from `module1.py`. In this case, `module1.py` and `module3.py` are in different packages, so we need to use two periods (..) to go up one level and then specify the name of the package and module we want to import.\n\nTo import `module3.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following relative import statement:\n```\n\n# module1.py\nfrom ..package_2 import module3\n```\nRemember if you execute this is python python code is a script you will get an error, so you will need to execute it using terminal.\n\n### 4\\.1 Relative Import a Function\nSuppose `module3.py` contains a function called `bar()`, and we want to import it in `module1.py`. We can use the following relative import statement:\n```\n\n# module1.py\nfrom ..package_2.module3 import bar\n```\n### 4\\.2 Relative Import a Module from a Different Sub-package\nFor example we want to import `module3.py` in `module2.py`. We can use the following relative import statement:\n\nTo import `module3.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following relative import statement:\n```\n\n# module1.py\nfrom ...package2 import module3\n```\n## 5\\. Relative Import from Sub Module\nImporting modules from the same package, or a different package, we can also use relative imports to import modules from a sub module within the same package.\n\nSee the following project structure:\n```\n\nMyproject\/\n│\n├── main.py\n│\n└── package1\/\n    ├── __init__.py\n    ├── module1a.py\n    ├── module1b.py\n    └── subpackage\/\n        ├── __init__.py\n        └── module1c.py\n```\nIf we are working in `module1c.py` in `subpackage` and we want to import `module1a.py` from the same package. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of `module1a.py` from `module1c.py`.\n\nIn this case, we can use two periods (..) to go up one level to the parent package, and then specify the name of the module we want to import.\n\nTo import `module1a.py` in `module1c.py`, we can use the following relative import statement:\n```\n\n# module1c.py\nfrom .. import module1a\n```\n## 6\\. Summary and Conclusion\nIn this article, we have learned how to use relative imports in python 3. We have learned how to import modules, function within the same package and different packages. I hope this article was helpful. If you have any questions, leave them in the comment section.\n\nHappy Coding\\!\n\n## Related Article\n- [Python Count Specific Character in String](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-count-specific-character-in-string\/)\n- [Python Not Equal Operator With Examples](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-not-equal-operator\/)\n- [Python List Unpacking with Examples](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-list-unpacking-with-examples\/)\n- [Python Tuple Comparison](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-tuple-comparison\/)\n- [Negative Index of List in Python](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/negative-index-of-list-in-python\/)\n- [How to find if directory exists in Python](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/how-to-find-if-directory-exists-in-python\/)\n- [Import Files from Different Folder in Python](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/import-files-from-different-folder-in-python\/)\n- [Python reversed() Function with Examples](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-reversed-function\/)\n- [Python Add Two Lists By Index Wise](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/python-add-two-lists\/)\n- [Sort using Lambda in Python](https:\/\/sparkbyexamples.com\/python\/sort-using-lambda-in-python\/)","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Relative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules and packages that are related to the current module or package. To create reusable code and make projects more manageable, Pythons allows you to organize code into packages and modules. To reuse code, you might need to make use of imports. In this article, we will learn relative imports in Python. Advertisements We will cover how to use relative imports to import modules from the same package, different packages, parent packages, and submodules. To illustrate this topic we have the following project structure, which we will use throughout the article: Myproject/ │ ├── main.py │ ├── package1/ │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── module1.py │ └── module2.py │ ├── package2/ ├── __init__.py ├── module3.py └── module4.py 1. What Are Relative Imports? Relative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules that are located in the same package or subpackage as the importing script. This is done by using a special syntax that indicates the relationship between the importing module and the module being imported. Relative imports are used in place of absolute imports when you want to import a module that is located in the same package as the importing script. Relative imports are particularly useful for organizing code and avoiding naming conflicts. 2. When Should You Use Relative Imports? In Python, there are two important ways of importing a package, module, or function. One is absolute import and the other is relative import. Both of these will work, however, there is a situation where the relative imports might be good rather than using the absolute imports. When working with smaller packages and modules that are closely related to one another When working with a simple package hierarchy that includes only a few levels of sub-packages These are the two ideal cases where relative imports might be a good fit rather than using the absolute imports. 3. Relative Import Module from the Same Package Refer to the structure of our project. Let’s say we are working in module1.py and we want to import module2.py . We can use a relative import to accomplish this. In our case, To import module2.py in module1.py , we can use the following import statement: # module1.py from . import module2 3.1 Relative Import a Function We can also use relative imports to import a specific function from a module within the same package. Suppose module1.py contains a function called print_hi() , and we want to import it in module2.py . We can use the following relative import statement: # module2.py from module2 import print_hi print_hi() While with absolute import we must have to mention the full path: # Absolute import # module1.py from Package_1.module2 import print_hi # Call the function print_hi() 3.2 Relative Import of a Module Relative imports can be used to import another module within the same package. Suppose we want to import module1.py in module2.py . We can use the following import statement: # module2.py from . import module1 In this case, many people are confused, when they run this code and get the error saying “attempted relative import with no known parent package”. This error occurs because they execute the file as a python script and not as a python module. So you need to execute this as a python module. # Run the code on Terminal python -m Package.module Here -m stands for module. 4. Relative Import Module from Different Packages You can use relative imports to import modules from a different package. When importing modules from a different package, we need to use a relative import that specifies the relative path of the package and module we want to import. Referring back to the project structure, let suppose we are working in module1.py and we want to import module3.py from package_2 . We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of module3.py from module1.py . In this case, module1.py and module3.py are in different packages, so we need to use two periods (..) to go up one level and then specify the name of the package and module we want to import. To import module3.py in module1.py , we can use the following relative import statement: # module1.py from ..package_2 import module3 Remember if you execute this is python python code is a script you will get an error, so you will need to execute it using terminal. 4.1 Relative Import a Function Suppose module3.py contains a function called bar() , and we want to import it in module1.py . We can use the following relative import statement: # module1.py from ..package_2.module3 import bar 4.2 Relative Import a Module from a Different Sub-package For example we want to import module3.py in module2.py . We can use the following relative import statement: To import module3.py in module1.py , we can use the following relative import statement: # module1.py from ...package2 import module3 5. Relative Import from Sub Module Importing modules from the same package, or a different package, we can also use relative imports to import modules from a sub module within the same package. See the following project structure: Myproject/ │ ├── main.py │ └── package1/ ├── __init__.py ├── module1a.py ├── module1b.py └── subpackage/ ├── __init__.py └── module1c.py If we are working in module1c.py in subpackage and we want to import module1a.py from the same package. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of module1a.py from module1c.py . In this case, we can use two periods (..) to go up one level to the parent package, and then specify the name of the module we want to import. To import module1a.py in module1c.py , we can use the following relative import statement: # module1c.py from .. import module1a 6. Summary and Conclusion In this article, we have learned how to use relative imports in python 3. We have learned how to import modules, function within the same package and different packages. I hope this article was helpful. If you have any questions, leave them in the comment section. Happy Coding! Related Article Python Count Specific Character in String Python Not Equal Operator With Examples Python List Unpacking with Examples Python Tuple Comparison Negative Index of List in Python How to find if directory exists in Python Import Files from Different Folder in Python Python reversed() Function with Examples Python Add Two Lists By Index Wise Sort using Lambda in Python
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Post last modified:May 30, 2024 - Reading time:10 mins read ![You are currently viewing Relative Imports in Python 3](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0naHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmcnIHZpZXdCb3g9JzAgMCAxMjgwIDcyMCc+PC9zdmc+) Relative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules and packages that are related to the current module or package. To create reusable code and make projects more manageable, Pythons allows you to organize code into packages and modules. To reuse code, you might need to make use of imports. In this article, we will learn relative imports in Python. Advertisements We will cover how to use relative imports to import modules from the same package, different packages, parent packages, and submodules. To illustrate this topic we have the following project structure, which we will use throughout the article: ``` Myproject/ │ ├── main.py │ ├── package1/ │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── module1.py │ └── module2.py │ ├── package2/ ├── __init__.py ├── module3.py └── module4.py ``` ## 1\. What Are Relative Imports? Relative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules that are located in the same package or subpackage as the importing script. This is done by using a special syntax that indicates the relationship between the importing module and the module being imported. Relative imports are used in place of absolute imports when you want to import a module that is located in the same package as the importing script. Relative imports are particularly useful for organizing code and avoiding naming conflicts. ## 2\. When Should You Use Relative Imports? In Python, there are two important ways of importing a package, module, or function. One is absolute import and the other is relative import. Both of these will work, however, there is a situation where the relative imports might be good rather than using the absolute imports. - When working with smaller packages and modules that are closely related to one another - When working with a simple package hierarchy that includes only a few levels of sub-packages These are the two ideal cases where relative imports might be a good fit rather than using the absolute imports. ## 3\. Relative Import Module from the Same Package Refer to the structure of our project. Let’s say we are working in `module1.py` and we want to import `module2.py`. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. In our case, To import `module2.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following import statement: ``` # module1.py from . import module2 ``` ### 3\.1 Relative Import a Function We can also use relative imports to import a specific function from a module within the same package. Suppose `module1.py` contains a function called `print_hi()`, and we want to import it in `module2.py`. We can use the following relative import statement: ``` # module2.py from module2 import print_hi print_hi() ``` While with absolute import we must have to mention the full path: ``` # Absolute import # module1.py from Package_1.module2 import print_hi # Call the function print_hi() ``` ### 3\.2 Relative Import of a Module Relative imports can be used to import another module within the same package. Suppose we want to import `module1.py` in `module2.py`. We can use the following import statement: ``` # module2.py from . import module1 ``` In this case, many people are confused, when they run this code and get the error saying “attempted relative import with no known parent package”. This error occurs because they execute the file as a python script and not as a python module. So you need to execute this as a python module. ``` # Run the code on Terminal python -m Package.module ``` Here `-m` stands for module. ## 4\. Relative Import Module from Different Packages You can use relative imports to import modules from a different package. When importing modules from a different package, we need to use a relative import that specifies the relative path of the package and module we want to import. Referring back to the project structure, let suppose we are working in `module1.py` and we want to import `module3.py` from `package_2`. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of `module3.py` from `module1.py`. In this case, `module1.py` and `module3.py` are in different packages, so we need to use two periods (..) to go up one level and then specify the name of the package and module we want to import. To import `module3.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following relative import statement: ``` # module1.py from ..package_2 import module3 ``` Remember if you execute this is python python code is a script you will get an error, so you will need to execute it using terminal. ### 4\.1 Relative Import a Function Suppose `module3.py` contains a function called `bar()`, and we want to import it in `module1.py`. We can use the following relative import statement: ``` # module1.py from ..package_2.module3 import bar ``` ### 4\.2 Relative Import a Module from a Different Sub-package For example we want to import `module3.py` in `module2.py`. We can use the following relative import statement: To import `module3.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following relative import statement: ``` # module1.py from ...package2 import module3 ``` ## 5\. Relative Import from Sub Module Importing modules from the same package, or a different package, we can also use relative imports to import modules from a sub module within the same package. See the following project structure: ``` Myproject/ │ ├── main.py │ └── package1/ ├── __init__.py ├── module1a.py ├── module1b.py └── subpackage/ ├── __init__.py └── module1c.py ``` If we are working in `module1c.py` in `subpackage` and we want to import `module1a.py` from the same package. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of `module1a.py` from `module1c.py`. In this case, we can use two periods (..) to go up one level to the parent package, and then specify the name of the module we want to import. To import `module1a.py` in `module1c.py`, we can use the following relative import statement: ``` # module1c.py from .. import module1a ``` ## 6\. Summary and Conclusion In this article, we have learned how to use relative imports in python 3. We have learned how to import modules, function within the same package and different packages. I hope this article was helpful. If you have any questions, leave them in the comment section. 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Readable Markdown	Relative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules and packages that are related to the current module or package. To create reusable code and make projects more manageable, Pythons allows you to organize code into packages and modules. To reuse code, you might need to make use of imports. In this article, we will learn relative imports in Python. Advertisements We will cover how to use relative imports to import modules from the same package, different packages, parent packages, and submodules. To illustrate this topic we have the following project structure, which we will use throughout the article: ``` Myproject/ │ ├── main.py │ ├── package1/ │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── module1.py │ └── module2.py │ ├── package2/ ├── __init__.py ├── module3.py └── module4.py ``` ## 1\. What Are Relative Imports? Relative imports in Python 3 are a way of importing modules that are located in the same package or subpackage as the importing script. This is done by using a special syntax that indicates the relationship between the importing module and the module being imported. Relative imports are used in place of absolute imports when you want to import a module that is located in the same package as the importing script. Relative imports are particularly useful for organizing code and avoiding naming conflicts. ## 2\. When Should You Use Relative Imports? In Python, there are two important ways of importing a package, module, or function. One is absolute import and the other is relative import. Both of these will work, however, there is a situation where the relative imports might be good rather than using the absolute imports. - When working with smaller packages and modules that are closely related to one another - When working with a simple package hierarchy that includes only a few levels of sub-packages These are the two ideal cases where relative imports might be a good fit rather than using the absolute imports. ## 3\. Relative Import Module from the Same Package Refer to the structure of our project. Let’s say we are working in `module1.py` and we want to import `module2.py`. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. In our case, To import `module2.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following import statement: ``` # module1.py from . import module2 ``` ### 3\.1 Relative Import a Function We can also use relative imports to import a specific function from a module within the same package. Suppose `module1.py` contains a function called `print_hi()`, and we want to import it in `module2.py`. We can use the following relative import statement: ``` # module2.py from module2 import print_hi print_hi() ``` While with absolute import we must have to mention the full path: ``` # Absolute import # module1.py from Package_1.module2 import print_hi # Call the function print_hi() ``` ### 3\.2 Relative Import of a Module Relative imports can be used to import another module within the same package. Suppose we want to import `module1.py` in `module2.py`. We can use the following import statement: ``` # module2.py from . import module1 ``` In this case, many people are confused, when they run this code and get the error saying “attempted relative import with no known parent package”. This error occurs because they execute the file as a python script and not as a python module. So you need to execute this as a python module. ``` # Run the code on Terminal python -m Package.module ``` Here `-m` stands for module. ## 4\. Relative Import Module from Different Packages You can use relative imports to import modules from a different package. When importing modules from a different package, we need to use a relative import that specifies the relative path of the package and module we want to import. Referring back to the project structure, let suppose we are working in `module1.py` and we want to import `module3.py` from `package_2`. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of `module3.py` from `module1.py`. In this case, `module1.py` and `module3.py` are in different packages, so we need to use two periods (..) to go up one level and then specify the name of the package and module we want to import. To import `module3.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following relative import statement: ``` # module1.py from ..package_2 import module3 ``` Remember if you execute this is python python code is a script you will get an error, so you will need to execute it using terminal. ### 4\.1 Relative Import a Function Suppose `module3.py` contains a function called `bar()`, and we want to import it in `module1.py`. We can use the following relative import statement: ``` # module1.py from ..package_2.module3 import bar ``` ### 4\.2 Relative Import a Module from a Different Sub-package For example we want to import `module3.py` in `module2.py`. We can use the following relative import statement: To import `module3.py` in `module1.py`, we can use the following relative import statement: ``` # module1.py from ...package2 import module3 ``` ## 5\. Relative Import from Sub Module Importing modules from the same package, or a different package, we can also use relative imports to import modules from a sub module within the same package. See the following project structure: ``` Myproject/ │ ├── main.py │ └── package1/ ├── __init__.py ├── module1a.py ├── module1b.py └── subpackage/ ├── __init__.py └── module1c.py ``` If we are working in `module1c.py` in `subpackage` and we want to import `module1a.py` from the same package. We can use a relative import to accomplish this. We need to specify the relative path of `module1a.py` from `module1c.py`. In this case, we can use two periods (..) to go up one level to the parent package, and then specify the name of the module we want to import. To import `module1a.py` in `module1c.py`, we can use the following relative import statement: ``` # module1c.py from .. import module1a ``` ## 6\. Summary and Conclusion In this article, we have learned how to use relative imports in python 3. We have learned how to import modules, function within the same package and different packages. I hope this article was helpful. If you have any questions, leave them in the comment section. Happy Coding\! ## Related Article - [Python Count Specific Character in String](https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/python-count-specific-character-in-string/) - [Python Not Equal Operator With Examples](https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/python-not-equal-operator/) - [Python List Unpacking with Examples](https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/python-list-unpacking-with-examples/) - [Python Tuple Comparison](https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/python-tuple-comparison/) - [Negative Index of List in Python](https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/negative-index-of-list-in-python/) - [How to find if directory exists in Python](https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/how-to-find-if-directory-exists-in-python/) - [Import Files from Different Folder in Python](https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/import-files-from-different-folder-in-python/) - [Python reversed() Function with Examples](https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/python-reversed-function/) - [Python Add Two Lists By Index Wise](https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/python-add-two-lists/) - [Sort using Lambda in Python](https://sparkbyexamples.com/python/sort-using-lambda-in-python/)
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