🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 179 (from laksa002)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa179.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/covid-year-in-review\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/covid-year-in-review\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/covid-year-in-review","crawl_time":1776361137,"first_indexed_time":1671118527,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"edu,jhu!publichealth,\/2022\/covid-year-in-review s443","src_root_hash":"6599457417117746179","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Covid Year in Review | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health","meta_descriptions":["As year three of the COVID-19 era draws to a close, pandemic experts weigh in on the good, the bad, and the unknown of COVID-19 in 2022—and look ahead to 2023."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Omicron overstayed its welcome. At-home COVID-19 testing was routine. The\nbivalent booster\narrived.\nThe past 12 months also saw the U.S. surpass more than a million total COVID deaths,\nvaccine authorizations for very young children\n, and a\nyear-end tripledemic\n. \nAs year three of the COVID-19 era draws to a close, we asked some of the School’s pandemic experts to weigh in on the good, the bad, and the unknown of COVID-19 in 2022, and share their greatest hope—COVID-wise—for 2023. \nThe Good\nIn 2022, COVID-19 illness was less severe and less deadly compared to 2020 and 2021, and no new variant has emerged with the capacity to fuel a major wave of cases. Contributing factors to these positive developments: \nUnprecedented advances in vaccine technology that allow for rapid updates to protect against new strains.\nA more effective treatment and prevention toolbox of vaccines and boosters, oral antivirals, and home test kits.\nGrowing population immunity to the virus.\n“Mortality and illness from COVID-19 now looks a lot more like that of influenza, concentrated in older age groups and on the same order of magnitude, and there is hope that as our immune systems see this virus even more, illness will continue to get milder,” says\nEpidemiology\nprofessor\nDavid Dowdy, MD, PhD ’08, ScM ’02\n. \nCOVID became less of a disruption in our lives, making it possible to resume pre-pandemic activities like travel, attending large events, and going to school in person and unmasked.  \n“We have built enough immunity to COVID to allow life to return to normal in many ways without huge surges in the number of deaths any longer,” says Epidemiology professor\nGypsyamber D’Souza, PhD ’07, MPH, MS\n. \nAmesh Adalja, MD\n(link is external)\n, senior scholar with the\nCenter for Health Security\n(link is external)\n, maintains that “people have, for the most part, learned to risk calculate and navigate a world with an unavoidable new virus.” \nThis year has also demonstrated that COVID has permanently altered how and where we work.\n“There have been societal changes in work-from-home and hybrid-work availability that are positive for many individuals,” says D’Souza. \nThe Bad\nIn January and February, the U.S. was in the midst of the initial omicron wave. (The variant emerged in late 2021.) “At its peak, the wave involved the highest weekly number of [COVID-19] cases and nearly the highest weekly number of deaths of the entire pandemic,” says Dowdy. \n“Neither vaccination nor having had COVID reduced chances of reinfection as much as we would like, and we will continue to see high transmission this winter,” says D’Souza. “Although risk of severe illness is much lower, many people have symptoms that keep them in bed for days feeling quite unwell.”\nAlso in the negative column: continued COVID misinformation, particularly around vaccines, with “follow-on consequences for regular childhood vaccinations,” says\nTara Kirk Sell, PhD, MA\n(link is external)\n, senior scholar with the Center for Health Security; underutilization of the antiviral medication Paxlovid; clear evidence of pandemic fallout in other aspects of our lives and in society as a whole, including increased rates of mental illness especially among adolescents, “higher levels of opioid overdose, [and] educational shortfalls,” Dowdy says. \nThe Unknown\nExperts agree that China’s relaxing of two years of zero-COVID policies tops their list of unknowns. Outbreaks are occurring across the country, and hospitals report being overwhelmed as COVID and flu collide.\nSays Dowdy: “More than one-sixth of the world’s population lives in China. … We could see a huge wave of COVID-19 in the next few months, as levels of immunity there are much lower.”\nSome other key questions and concerns: \n“Will public health departments be able to maintain the badly needed skills and expertise they were able to gain during the pandemic?” Sell asks. “Almost every public health department leader I’ve spoken to in the past few weeks is stressing about being able to keep staff.”  \nD’Souza notes: “It’s unclear how well the new bivalent boosters protect against current strains—and since many people have had COVID this summer or fall, it’s unclear whether they would benefit from boosting. How long to wait after having had COVID before getting the booster is not well understood.” \nAnother unknown, says Amesh Adalja, is “how COVID impacts the circulation of other respiratory viruses and overall mortality from pneumonia and influenza, over the long term.”\nHopes for 2023\nTara Kirk Sell:\n“I hope that COVID-19 will be relegated to a normal public health concern—something like how we work to protect people from flu, car accidents, suicides, heart disease. It probably won’t ever disappear, but it can be something we can manage going forward.”\nAmesh Adalja:\n“Universal vaccines, better antivirals, new monoclonal antibodies, handling COVID like other respiratory viruses.” \nGypsyamber D’Souza:\n“My hope is that most people feel their lives are back to normal and that there is less stress and concern about whether to be able to travel, see family and friends, and attend large gatherings.” \nDavid Dowdy:\n“My hope is that 2023 will be the year where we truly feel like our lives are getting back to normal. Life will never be completely the same, and we will be dealing with the aftermath of the pandemic for many years to come. But I hope that by the end of 2023, COVID-19 and its after-effects won’t even crack most people’s ‘top 10 problems in my life right now.’ That would be a huge public health success.” \nJackie Powder is the assistant editor of\nHopkins Bloomberg Public Health\n(link is external)\nmagazine.\nRELATED:\nKeeping Track of COVID-19 Omicron Variants\nBivalent Covid-19 Booster Updates\n10 Reasons To Vaccinate Your 5 & Under Child for COVID-19 as Soon as Possible","attrs_markdown":"[Johns Hopkins UniversityEst. 1876 America’s First Research University](https:\/\/150.jhu.edu\/)\n\n[Skip to main content](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/covid-year-in-review#main-content)\n\n- [Expand](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/covid-year-in-review) [Departments](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments)\n  - [Biochemistry and Molecular Biology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/biochemistry-and-molecular-biology)\n  - [Biostatistics](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/biostatistics)\n  - 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[Biochemistry and Molecular Biology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/biochemistry-and-molecular-biology)\n  - [Biostatistics](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/biostatistics)\n  - [Environmental Health and Engineering](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/environmental-health-and-engineering)\n  - [Epidemiology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/epidemiology)\n  - [Health Policy and Management](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/health-policy-and-management)\n  - [Health, Behavior and Society](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/health-behavior-and-society)\n  - [International Health](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/international-health)\n  - [Mental Health](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/mental-health)\n  - [Molecular Microbiology and Immunology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/molecular-microbiology-and-immunology)\n  - [Population, Family and Reproductive Health](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/population-family-and-reproductive-health)\n- [Faculty](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/faculty\/directory\/list)\n- [Topics](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/topics)\n\nSearch\n\n[![Home](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/themes\/custom\/jhsph\/images\/logo.svg)](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/)\n\nToggle menus\n\n- [Expand](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/covid-year-in-review) [Academics](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/academics)\n  - 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[In the Field](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/practice\/in-the-field)\n  - [In Baltimore](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/practice\/in-baltimore)\n  - [Resources for Practitioners](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/practice\/resources-for-practitioners)\n- [Headlines](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/headlines)\n  - [Articles & News Releases](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/headlines\/articles-news-releases)\n  - [In The News](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/headlines\/in-the-news)\n  - [Newsletter](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/headlines\/public-health-insights-newsletter)\n  - [Podcast](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/headlines\/public-health-on-call-podcast)\n  - [Magazine](https:\/\/magazine.publichealth.jhu.edu\/)\n  - [Events](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/events)\n  - [Statements & Announcements](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/headlines\/statements-announcements)\n  - [Newsroom](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/headlines\/newsroom)\n- [About](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/about)\n  - [At a Glance](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/about\/at-a-glance)\n  - [Leadership](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/about\/leadership)\n  - [Student Life](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/about\/student-life)\n  - [Campus](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/about\/our-campus)\n  - [Baltimore](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/about\/our-home-city-of-baltimore)\n  - [Inclusion, Diversity, Anti-Racism, and Equity (IDARE)](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/about\/inclusion-diversity-anti-racism-and-equity-idare)\n  - [History](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/about\/history)\n  - [What is Public Health?](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/about\/what-is-public-health)\n- [Apply](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/offices-and-services\/office-of-admissions-services\/how-to-apply)\n\n- [Expand](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/covid-year-in-review) [Departments](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments)\n  - [Biochemistry and Molecular Biology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/biochemistry-and-molecular-biology)\n  - [Biostatistics](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/biostatistics)\n  - [Environmental Health and Engineering](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/environmental-health-and-engineering)\n  - [Epidemiology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/epidemiology)\n  - [Health Policy and Management](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/health-policy-and-management)\n  - [Health, Behavior and Society](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/health-behavior-and-society)\n  - [International Health](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/international-health)\n  - [Mental Health](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/mental-health)\n  - [Molecular Microbiology and Immunology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/molecular-microbiology-and-immunology)\n  - [Population, Family and Reproductive Health](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/population-family-and-reproductive-health)\n- [Faculty](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/faculty\/directory\/list)\n- [Topics](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/topics)\n\n- [Departments »](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments)\n  - [Biochemistry and Molecular Biology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/biochemistry-and-molecular-biology)\n  - [Biostatistics](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/biostatistics)\n  - [Environmental Health and Engineering](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/environmental-health-and-engineering)\n  - [Epidemiology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/epidemiology)\n  - [Health Policy and Management](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/health-policy-and-management)\n  - [Health, Behavior and Society](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/health-behavior-and-society)\n  - [International Health](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/international-health)\n  - [Mental Health](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/mental-health)\n  - [Molecular Microbiology and Immunology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/molecular-microbiology-and-immunology)\n  - [Population, Family and Reproductive Health](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/population-family-and-reproductive-health)\n- [Faculty](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/faculty\/directory\/list)\n- [Topics](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/topics)\n\nSearch\n\nBloomberg School\n\n# COVID-19 in 2022: A Year-End Wrap-Up\nAt the conclusion of the pandemic’s third year, a look back—and forward.\n\nPublished\n\nDecember 15, 2022\n\nBy\n\nJackie Powder\n\n[COVID-19](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/topics\/covid-19-and-public-health)\n\n[Infectious Diseases](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/topics\/infectious-diseases-and-public-health)\n\n[Vaccines](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/topics\/vaccines-and-public-health)\n\n![3-dimensional numbers 2022, with a representation of SARS-CoV-2 in place of the number zero](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/article_feature\/public\/2022-12\/covid2020g1340679475.jpg?h=f7026c63&itok=IkOWBpL1)\n\nOmicron overstayed its welcome. At-home COVID-19 testing was routine. The [bivalent booster](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/covid-19-bivalent-boosters) arrived.\n\nThe past 12 months also saw the U.S. surpass more than a million total COVID deaths, [vaccine authorizations for very young children](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/the-long-road-to-covid-19-vaccines-for-kids-under-5), and a [year-end tripledemic](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/a-bleak-winter-modeling-the-next-six-months-of-covid-flu-and-rsv).\n\nAs year three of the COVID-19 era draws to a close, we asked some of the School’s pandemic experts to weigh in on the good, the bad, and the unknown of COVID-19 in 2022, and share their greatest hope—COVID-wise—for 2023.\n\nThe Good\n\nIn 2022, COVID-19 illness was less severe and less deadly compared to 2020 and 2021, and no new variant has emerged with the capacity to fuel a major wave of cases. Contributing factors to these positive developments:\n\n- Unprecedented advances in vaccine technology that allow for rapid updates to protect against new strains.\n- A more effective treatment and prevention toolbox of vaccines and boosters, oral antivirals, and home test kits.\n- Growing population immunity to the virus.\n\n“Mortality and illness from COVID-19 now looks a lot more like that of influenza, concentrated in older age groups and on the same order of magnitude, and there is hope that as our immune systems see this virus even more, illness will continue to get milder,” says [Epidemiology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/epidemiology) professor [David Dowdy, MD, PhD ’08, ScM ’02](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/faculty\/2529\/david-w-dowdy).\n\nCOVID became less of a disruption in our lives, making it possible to resume pre-pandemic activities like travel, attending large events, and going to school in person and unmasked.\n\n“We have built enough immunity to COVID to allow life to return to normal in many ways without huge surges in the number of deaths any longer,” says Epidemiology professor [Gypsyamber D’Souza, PhD ’07, MPH, MS](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/faculty\/1880\/gypsyamber-dsouza).\n\n[Amesh Adalja, MD](https:\/\/www.centerforhealthsecurity.org\/our-people\/adalja\/ \"(opens in a new window)\"), senior scholar with the [Center for Health Security](https:\/\/www.centerforhealthsecurity.org\/ \"(opens in a new window)\"), maintains that “people have, for the most part, learned to risk calculate and navigate a world with an unavoidable new virus.”\n\nThis year has also demonstrated that COVID has permanently altered how and where we work.\n\n“There have been societal changes in work-from-home and hybrid-work availability that are positive for many individuals,” says D’Souza.\n\nThe Bad\n\nIn January and February, the U.S. was in the midst of the initial omicron wave. (The variant emerged in late 2021.) “At its peak, the wave involved the highest weekly number of \\[COVID-19\\] cases and nearly the highest weekly number of deaths of the entire pandemic,” says Dowdy.\n\n“Neither vaccination nor having had COVID reduced chances of reinfection as much as we would like, and we will continue to see high transmission this winter,” says D’Souza. “Although risk of severe illness is much lower, many people have symptoms that keep them in bed for days feeling quite unwell.”\n\nAlso in the negative column: continued COVID misinformation, particularly around vaccines, with “follow-on consequences for regular childhood vaccinations,” says [Tara Kirk Sell, PhD, MA](https:\/\/www.centerforhealthsecurity.org\/our-people\/sell\/ \"(opens in a new window)\"), senior scholar with the Center for Health Security; underutilization of the antiviral medication Paxlovid; clear evidence of pandemic fallout in other aspects of our lives and in society as a whole, including increased rates of mental illness especially among adolescents, “higher levels of opioid overdose, \\[and\\] educational shortfalls,” Dowdy says.\n\nThe Unknown\n\nExperts agree that China’s relaxing of two years of zero-COVID policies tops their list of unknowns. Outbreaks are occurring across the country, and hospitals report being overwhelmed as COVID and flu collide.\n\nSays Dowdy: “More than one-sixth of the world’s population lives in China. … We could see a huge wave of COVID-19 in the next few months, as levels of immunity there are much lower.”\n\nSome other key questions and concerns:\n\n“Will public health departments be able to maintain the badly needed skills and expertise they were able to gain during the pandemic?” Sell asks. “Almost every public health department leader I’ve spoken to in the past few weeks is stressing about being able to keep staff.”\n\nD’Souza notes: “It’s unclear how well the new bivalent boosters protect against current strains—and since many people have had COVID this summer or fall, it’s unclear whether they would benefit from boosting. How long to wait after having had COVID before getting the booster is not well understood.”\n\nAnother unknown, says Amesh Adalja, is “how COVID impacts the circulation of other respiratory viruses and overall mortality from pneumonia and influenza, over the long term.”\n\nHopes for 2023\n\n**Tara Kirk Sell:** “I hope that COVID-19 will be relegated to a normal public health concern—something like how we work to protect people from flu, car accidents, suicides, heart disease. It probably won’t ever disappear, but it can be something we can manage going forward.”\n\n**Amesh Adalja:** “Universal vaccines, better antivirals, new monoclonal antibodies, handling COVID like other respiratory viruses.”\n\n**Gypsyamber D’Souza:** “My hope is that most people feel their lives are back to normal and that there is less stress and concern about whether to be able to travel, see family and friends, and attend large gatherings.”\n\n**David Dowdy:** “My hope is that 2023 will be the year where we truly feel like our lives are getting back to normal. Life will never be completely the same, and we will be dealing with the aftermath of the pandemic for many years to come. But I hope that by the end of 2023, COVID-19 and its after-effects won’t even crack most people’s ‘top 10 problems in my life right now.’ That would be a huge public health success.”\n\n*Jackie Powder is the assistant editor of* [Hopkins Bloomberg Public Health](https:\/\/magazine.jhsph.edu\/ \"(opens in a new window)\") *magazine.*\n\n## RELATED:\n- [Keeping Track of COVID-19 Omicron Variants](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/omicrons-many-subvariants)\n- [Bivalent Covid-19 Booster Updates](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/Bivalent-Covid-19-Booster-Updates)\n- [10 Reasons To Vaccinate Your 5 & Under Child for COVID-19 as Soon as Possible](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/10-reasons-to-vaccinate-your-5-under-child-for-covid-19-as-soon-as-possible)\n\n## More from the Bloomberg School\n- [See latest headlines](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/headlines)\n- Learn more about our departments:\n  - [Environmental Health and Engineering](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/environmental-health-and-engineering)\n  - [Epidemiology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/epidemiology)\n\n## Related Content\n[![Photo of girl smiling at school](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/related_content\/public\/2026-04\/AdobeStock_310920057.jpeg?h=c6e9cc1f&itok=4lswcnyf)](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/311\/2026\/school-vaccination-checks-to-improve-coverage)\n\n### [Closing Immunity Gaps Through School Vaccination Checks](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/311\/2026\/school-vaccination-checks-to-improve-coverage)\nApril 16, 2026\n\n[![A patient fills out a form while her blood and saliva are screened for Hepatitis C and HIV in Spencer, West Virginia, on September 28, 2017.](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/related_content\/public\/2026-04\/hep-c.jpg?h=4f4378cb&itok=zR0m9KTH)](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2026\/what-to-know-about-hepatitis-c)\n\n### [What to Know About Hepatitis C](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2026\/what-to-know-about-hepatitis-c)\nApril 10, 2026\n\n### [Why Review of the U.S.’s Measles Elimination Status Has Been Delayed](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2026\/why-review-of-the-uss-measles-elimination-status-has-been-delayed)\nApril 09, 2026\n\n### [Media Briefing: mRNA Vaccines](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2026\/media-briefing-mrna-vaccines)\nMarch 26, 2026\n\n[![Veterinarian seated in front of client with small dog on her lap lets dog sniff his hand while he speaks to the client.](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/related_content\/public\/2026-02\/pet-vaccines-veterinarian.jpg?h=f321a05b&itok=pykOpVbz)](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2026\/vaccinating-your-dog-or-cat-can-also-protect-you)\n\n### [Why We Vaccinate Our Dogs and Cats](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2026\/vaccinating-your-dog-or-cat-can-also-protect-you)\nFebruary 27, 2026\n\n**Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health**  \n [615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205](https:\/\/goo.gl\/maps\/p6Eowe2n6W2FuJ3k7 \"(opens in a new window)\")\n\n## Footer social\n- [LinkedIn](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/johns-hopkins-bloomberg-school-of-public-health\/ \"(opens in a new window)\")\n- [Facebook](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JohnsHopkinsSPH \"(opens in a new window)\")\n- [Instagram](https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/johnshopkinssph\/ \"(opens in a new window)\")\n- [BlueSky](https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/johnshopkinssph.bsky.social \"(opens in a new window)\")\n- [X (Formerly Twitter)](https:\/\/twitter.com\/JohnsHopkinsSPH \"(opens in a new window)\")\n- [Youtube](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/JohnsHopkinsSPH \"(opens in a new window)\")\n\n## Footer menu primary\n- [Offices & Services](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/offices-and-services)\n- [Alumni](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/alumni)\n- [Giving](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/giving)\n- [Calendars](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/calendars-at-the-bloomberg-school)\n- [Careers](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/careers \"Job Opportunities and Career Resources\")\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/contact-us)\n\n## Footer menu secondary\n- [Centers & Institutes Directory](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/centers-and-institutes-directory)\n- [My.PublicHealth](https:\/\/my.publichealth.jhu.edu\/)\n- [My.JH](https:\/\/my.jh.edu\/myJH\/ \"(opens in a new window)\")\n- [CoursePlus](https:\/\/courseplus.jhu.edu\/)\n- [Student Information System](https:\/\/sis.jhu.edu\/)\n\n[Johns Hopkins University](https:\/\/www.jhu.edu\/)\n\n## Footer menu extra\n- [Web Policies](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/web-policies)\n- [Accessibility](https:\/\/accessibility.jhu.edu\/)\n- [Website Help](https:\/\/webhelp.publichealth.jhu.edu\/support\/tickets\/new)\n\n## We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience.\nBy clicking the Accept button, you agree to us doing so.\n\nLearn more\n\nAccept\n\nNo, thanks","attrs_readable_markdown":"Omicron overstayed its welcome. At-home COVID-19 testing was routine. The [bivalent booster](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/covid-19-bivalent-boosters) arrived.\n\nThe past 12 months also saw the U.S. surpass more than a million total COVID deaths, [vaccine authorizations for very young children](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/the-long-road-to-covid-19-vaccines-for-kids-under-5), and a [year-end tripledemic](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/a-bleak-winter-modeling-the-next-six-months-of-covid-flu-and-rsv).\n\nAs year three of the COVID-19 era draws to a close, we asked some of the School’s pandemic experts to weigh in on the good, the bad, and the unknown of COVID-19 in 2022, and share their greatest hope—COVID-wise—for 2023.\n\nThe Good\n\nIn 2022, COVID-19 illness was less severe and less deadly compared to 2020 and 2021, and no new variant has emerged with the capacity to fuel a major wave of cases. Contributing factors to these positive developments:\n\n- Unprecedented advances in vaccine technology that allow for rapid updates to protect against new strains.\n- A more effective treatment and prevention toolbox of vaccines and boosters, oral antivirals, and home test kits.\n- Growing population immunity to the virus.\n\n“Mortality and illness from COVID-19 now looks a lot more like that of influenza, concentrated in older age groups and on the same order of magnitude, and there is hope that as our immune systems see this virus even more, illness will continue to get milder,” says [Epidemiology](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/departments\/epidemiology) professor [David Dowdy, MD, PhD ’08, ScM ’02](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/faculty\/2529\/david-w-dowdy).\n\nCOVID became less of a disruption in our lives, making it possible to resume pre-pandemic activities like travel, attending large events, and going to school in person and unmasked.\n\n“We have built enough immunity to COVID to allow life to return to normal in many ways without huge surges in the number of deaths any longer,” says Epidemiology professor [Gypsyamber D’Souza, PhD ’07, MPH, MS](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/faculty\/1880\/gypsyamber-dsouza).\n\n[Amesh Adalja, MD](https:\/\/www.centerforhealthsecurity.org\/our-people\/adalja\/ \"(opens in a new window)\"), senior scholar with the [Center for Health Security](https:\/\/www.centerforhealthsecurity.org\/ \"(opens in a new window)\"), maintains that “people have, for the most part, learned to risk calculate and navigate a world with an unavoidable new virus.”\n\nThis year has also demonstrated that COVID has permanently altered how and where we work.\n\n“There have been societal changes in work-from-home and hybrid-work availability that are positive for many individuals,” says D’Souza.\n\nThe Bad\n\nIn January and February, the U.S. was in the midst of the initial omicron wave. (The variant emerged in late 2021.) “At its peak, the wave involved the highest weekly number of \\[COVID-19\\] cases and nearly the highest weekly number of deaths of the entire pandemic,” says Dowdy.\n\n“Neither vaccination nor having had COVID reduced chances of reinfection as much as we would like, and we will continue to see high transmission this winter,” says D’Souza. “Although risk of severe illness is much lower, many people have symptoms that keep them in bed for days feeling quite unwell.”\n\nAlso in the negative column: continued COVID misinformation, particularly around vaccines, with “follow-on consequences for regular childhood vaccinations,” says [Tara Kirk Sell, PhD, MA](https:\/\/www.centerforhealthsecurity.org\/our-people\/sell\/ \"(opens in a new window)\"), senior scholar with the Center for Health Security; underutilization of the antiviral medication Paxlovid; clear evidence of pandemic fallout in other aspects of our lives and in society as a whole, including increased rates of mental illness especially among adolescents, “higher levels of opioid overdose, \\[and\\] educational shortfalls,” Dowdy says.\n\nThe Unknown\n\nExperts agree that China’s relaxing of two years of zero-COVID policies tops their list of unknowns. Outbreaks are occurring across the country, and hospitals report being overwhelmed as COVID and flu collide.\n\nSays Dowdy: “More than one-sixth of the world’s population lives in China. … We could see a huge wave of COVID-19 in the next few months, as levels of immunity there are much lower.”\n\nSome other key questions and concerns:\n\n“Will public health departments be able to maintain the badly needed skills and expertise they were able to gain during the pandemic?” Sell asks. “Almost every public health department leader I’ve spoken to in the past few weeks is stressing about being able to keep staff.”\n\nD’Souza notes: “It’s unclear how well the new bivalent boosters protect against current strains—and since many people have had COVID this summer or fall, it’s unclear whether they would benefit from boosting. How long to wait after having had COVID before getting the booster is not well understood.”\n\nAnother unknown, says Amesh Adalja, is “how COVID impacts the circulation of other respiratory viruses and overall mortality from pneumonia and influenza, over the long term.”\n\nHopes for 2023\n\n**Tara Kirk Sell:** “I hope that COVID-19 will be relegated to a normal public health concern—something like how we work to protect people from flu, car accidents, suicides, heart disease. It probably won’t ever disappear, but it can be something we can manage going forward.”\n\n**Amesh Adalja:** “Universal vaccines, better antivirals, new monoclonal antibodies, handling COVID like other respiratory viruses.”\n\n**Gypsyamber D’Souza:** “My hope is that most people feel their lives are back to normal and that there is less stress and concern about whether to be able to travel, see family and friends, and attend large gatherings.”\n\n**David Dowdy:** “My hope is that 2023 will be the year where we truly feel like our lives are getting back to normal. Life will never be completely the same, and we will be dealing with the aftermath of the pandemic for many years to come. But I hope that by the end of 2023, COVID-19 and its after-effects won’t even crack most people’s ‘top 10 problems in my life right now.’ That would be a huge public health success.”\n\n*Jackie Powder is the assistant editor of* [Hopkins Bloomberg Public Health](https:\/\/magazine.jhsph.edu\/ \"(opens in a new window)\") *magazine.*\n\n## RELATED:\n- [Keeping Track of COVID-19 Omicron Variants](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/omicrons-many-subvariants)\n- [Bivalent Covid-19 Booster Updates](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/Bivalent-Covid-19-Booster-Updates)\n- [10 Reasons To Vaccinate Your 5 & Under Child for COVID-19 as Soon as Possible](https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/2022\/10-reasons-to-vaccinate-your-5-under-child-for-covid-19-as-soon-as-possible)","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/covid-year-in-review
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Meta Title	Covid Year in Review \| Johns Hopkins \| Bloomberg School of Public Health
Meta Description	As year three of the COVID-19 era draws to a close, pandemic experts weigh in on the good, the bad, and the unknown of COVID-19 in 2022—and look ahead to 2023.
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Omicron overstayed its welcome. At-home COVID-19 testing was routine. The bivalent booster arrived. The past 12 months also saw the U.S. surpass more than a million total COVID deaths, vaccine authorizations for very young children , and a year-end tripledemic . As year three of the COVID-19 era draws to a close, we asked some of the School’s pandemic experts to weigh in on the good, the bad, and the unknown of COVID-19 in 2022, and share their greatest hope—COVID-wise—for 2023. The Good In 2022, COVID-19 illness was less severe and less deadly compared to 2020 and 2021, and no new variant has emerged with the capacity to fuel a major wave of cases. Contributing factors to these positive developments: Unprecedented advances in vaccine technology that allow for rapid updates to protect against new strains. A more effective treatment and prevention toolbox of vaccines and boosters, oral antivirals, and home test kits. Growing population immunity to the virus. “Mortality and illness from COVID-19 now looks a lot more like that of influenza, concentrated in older age groups and on the same order of magnitude, and there is hope that as our immune systems see this virus even more, illness will continue to get milder,” says Epidemiology professor David Dowdy, MD, PhD ’08, ScM ’02 . COVID became less of a disruption in our lives, making it possible to resume pre-pandemic activities like travel, attending large events, and going to school in person and unmasked. “We have built enough immunity to COVID to allow life to return to normal in many ways without huge surges in the number of deaths any longer,” says Epidemiology professor Gypsyamber D’Souza, PhD ’07, MPH, MS . Amesh Adalja, MD (link is external) , senior scholar with the Center for Health Security (link is external) , maintains that “people have, for the most part, learned to risk calculate and navigate a world with an unavoidable new virus.” This year has also demonstrated that COVID has permanently altered how and where we work. “There have been societal changes in work-from-home and hybrid-work availability that are positive for many individuals,” says D’Souza. The Bad In January and February, the U.S. was in the midst of the initial omicron wave. (The variant emerged in late 2021.) “At its peak, the wave involved the highest weekly number of [COVID-19] cases and nearly the highest weekly number of deaths of the entire pandemic,” says Dowdy. “Neither vaccination nor having had COVID reduced chances of reinfection as much as we would like, and we will continue to see high transmission this winter,” says D’Souza. “Although risk of severe illness is much lower, many people have symptoms that keep them in bed for days feeling quite unwell.” Also in the negative column: continued COVID misinformation, particularly around vaccines, with “follow-on consequences for regular childhood vaccinations,” says Tara Kirk Sell, PhD, MA (link is external) , senior scholar with the Center for Health Security; underutilization of the antiviral medication Paxlovid; clear evidence of pandemic fallout in other aspects of our lives and in society as a whole, including increased rates of mental illness especially among adolescents, “higher levels of opioid overdose, [and] educational shortfalls,” Dowdy says. The Unknown Experts agree that China’s relaxing of two years of zero-COVID policies tops their list of unknowns. Outbreaks are occurring across the country, and hospitals report being overwhelmed as COVID and flu collide. Says Dowdy: “More than one-sixth of the world’s population lives in China. … We could see a huge wave of COVID-19 in the next few months, as levels of immunity there are much lower.” Some other key questions and concerns: “Will public health departments be able to maintain the badly needed skills and expertise they were able to gain during the pandemic?” Sell asks. “Almost every public health department leader I’ve spoken to in the past few weeks is stressing about being able to keep staff.” D’Souza notes: “It’s unclear how well the new bivalent boosters protect against current strains—and since many people have had COVID this summer or fall, it’s unclear whether they would benefit from boosting. How long to wait after having had COVID before getting the booster is not well understood.” Another unknown, says Amesh Adalja, is “how COVID impacts the circulation of other respiratory viruses and overall mortality from pneumonia and influenza, over the long term.” Hopes for 2023 Tara Kirk Sell: “I hope that COVID-19 will be relegated to a normal public health concern—something like how we work to protect people from flu, car accidents, suicides, heart disease. It probably won’t ever disappear, but it can be something we can manage going forward.” Amesh Adalja: “Universal vaccines, better antivirals, new monoclonal antibodies, handling COVID like other respiratory viruses.” Gypsyamber D’Souza: “My hope is that most people feel their lives are back to normal and that there is less stress and concern about whether to be able to travel, see family and friends, and attend large gatherings.” David Dowdy: “My hope is that 2023 will be the year where we truly feel like our lives are getting back to normal. Life will never be completely the same, and we will be dealing with the aftermath of the pandemic for many years to come. But I hope that by the end of 2023, COVID-19 and its after-effects won’t even crack most people’s ‘top 10 problems in my life right now.’ That would be a huge public health success.” Jackie Powder is the assistant editor of Hopkins Bloomberg Public Health (link is external) magazine. RELATED: Keeping Track of COVID-19 Omicron Variants Bivalent Covid-19 Booster Updates 10 Reasons To Vaccinate Your 5 & Under Child for COVID-19 as Soon as Possible
Markdown	[Johns Hopkins UniversityEst. 1876 America’s First Research University](https://150.jhu.edu/) [Skip to main content](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/covid-year-in-review#main-content) - [Expand](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/covid-year-in-review) [Departments](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments) - [Biochemistry and Molecular Biology](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/biochemistry-and-molecular-biology) - [Biostatistics](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/biostatistics) - [Environmental Health and Engineering](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/environmental-health-and-engineering) - [Epidemiology](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/epidemiology) - [Health Policy and Management](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/health-policy-and-management) - [Health, Behavior and Society](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/health-behavior-and-society) - [International Health](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/international-health) - [Mental Health](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/mental-health) - 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Published December 15, 2022 By Jackie Powder [COVID-19](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/topics/covid-19-and-public-health) [Infectious Diseases](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/topics/infectious-diseases-and-public-health) [Vaccines](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/topics/vaccines-and-public-health) ![3-dimensional numbers 2022, with a representation of SARS-CoV-2 in place of the number zero](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/styles/article_feature/public/2022-12/covid2020g1340679475.jpg?h=f7026c63&itok=IkOWBpL1) Omicron overstayed its welcome. At-home COVID-19 testing was routine. The [bivalent booster](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/covid-19-bivalent-boosters) arrived. The past 12 months also saw the U.S. surpass more than a million total COVID deaths, [vaccine authorizations for very young children](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/the-long-road-to-covid-19-vaccines-for-kids-under-5), and a [year-end tripledemic](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/a-bleak-winter-modeling-the-next-six-months-of-covid-flu-and-rsv). As year three of the COVID-19 era draws to a close, we asked some of the School’s pandemic experts to weigh in on the good, the bad, and the unknown of COVID-19 in 2022, and share their greatest hope—COVID-wise—for 2023. The Good In 2022, COVID-19 illness was less severe and less deadly compared to 2020 and 2021, and no new variant has emerged with the capacity to fuel a major wave of cases. Contributing factors to these positive developments: - Unprecedented advances in vaccine technology that allow for rapid updates to protect against new strains. - A more effective treatment and prevention toolbox of vaccines and boosters, oral antivirals, and home test kits. - Growing population immunity to the virus. “Mortality and illness from COVID-19 now looks a lot more like that of influenza, concentrated in older age groups and on the same order of magnitude, and there is hope that as our immune systems see this virus even more, illness will continue to get milder,” says [Epidemiology](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/epidemiology) professor [David Dowdy, MD, PhD ’08, ScM ’02](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/faculty/2529/david-w-dowdy). COVID became less of a disruption in our lives, making it possible to resume pre-pandemic activities like travel, attending large events, and going to school in person and unmasked. “We have built enough immunity to COVID to allow life to return to normal in many ways without huge surges in the number of deaths any longer,” says Epidemiology professor [Gypsyamber D’Souza, PhD ’07, MPH, MS](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/faculty/1880/gypsyamber-dsouza). [Amesh Adalja, MD](https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-people/adalja/ "(opens in a new window)"), senior scholar with the [Center for Health Security](https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/ "(opens in a new window)"), maintains that “people have, for the most part, learned to risk calculate and navigate a world with an unavoidable new virus.” This year has also demonstrated that COVID has permanently altered how and where we work. “There have been societal changes in work-from-home and hybrid-work availability that are positive for many individuals,” says D’Souza. The Bad In January and February, the U.S. was in the midst of the initial omicron wave. (The variant emerged in late 2021.) “At its peak, the wave involved the highest weekly number of \[COVID-19\] cases and nearly the highest weekly number of deaths of the entire pandemic,” says Dowdy. “Neither vaccination nor having had COVID reduced chances of reinfection as much as we would like, and we will continue to see high transmission this winter,” says D’Souza. “Although risk of severe illness is much lower, many people have symptoms that keep them in bed for days feeling quite unwell.” Also in the negative column: continued COVID misinformation, particularly around vaccines, with “follow-on consequences for regular childhood vaccinations,” says [Tara Kirk Sell, PhD, MA](https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-people/sell/ "(opens in a new window)"), senior scholar with the Center for Health Security; underutilization of the antiviral medication Paxlovid; clear evidence of pandemic fallout in other aspects of our lives and in society as a whole, including increased rates of mental illness especially among adolescents, “higher levels of opioid overdose, \[and\] educational shortfalls,” Dowdy says. The Unknown Experts agree that China’s relaxing of two years of zero-COVID policies tops their list of unknowns. Outbreaks are occurring across the country, and hospitals report being overwhelmed as COVID and flu collide. Says Dowdy: “More than one-sixth of the world’s population lives in China. … We could see a huge wave of COVID-19 in the next few months, as levels of immunity there are much lower.” Some other key questions and concerns: “Will public health departments be able to maintain the badly needed skills and expertise they were able to gain during the pandemic?” Sell asks. “Almost every public health department leader I’ve spoken to in the past few weeks is stressing about being able to keep staff.” D’Souza notes: “It’s unclear how well the new bivalent boosters protect against current strains—and since many people have had COVID this summer or fall, it’s unclear whether they would benefit from boosting. How long to wait after having had COVID before getting the booster is not well understood.” Another unknown, says Amesh Adalja, is “how COVID impacts the circulation of other respiratory viruses and overall mortality from pneumonia and influenza, over the long term.” Hopes for 2023 Tara Kirk Sell: “I hope that COVID-19 will be relegated to a normal public health concern—something like how we work to protect people from flu, car accidents, suicides, heart disease. It probably won’t ever disappear, but it can be something we can manage going forward.” Amesh Adalja: “Universal vaccines, better antivirals, new monoclonal antibodies, handling COVID like other respiratory viruses.” Gypsyamber D’Souza: “My hope is that most people feel their lives are back to normal and that there is less stress and concern about whether to be able to travel, see family and friends, and attend large gatherings.” David Dowdy: “My hope is that 2023 will be the year where we truly feel like our lives are getting back to normal. Life will never be completely the same, and we will be dealing with the aftermath of the pandemic for many years to come. But I hope that by the end of 2023, COVID-19 and its after-effects won’t even crack most people’s ‘top 10 problems in my life right now.’ That would be a huge public health success.” Jackie Powder is the assistant editor of [Hopkins Bloomberg Public Health](https://magazine.jhsph.edu/ "(opens in a new window)") magazine. ## RELATED: - [Keeping Track of COVID-19 Omicron Variants](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/omicrons-many-subvariants) - [Bivalent Covid-19 Booster Updates](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/Bivalent-Covid-19-Booster-Updates) - [10 Reasons To Vaccinate Your 5 & Under Child for COVID-19 as Soon as Possible](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/10-reasons-to-vaccinate-your-5-under-child-for-covid-19-as-soon-as-possible) ## More from the Bloomberg School - [See latest headlines](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/headlines) - Learn more about our departments: - [Environmental Health and Engineering](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/environmental-health-and-engineering) - [Epidemiology](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/epidemiology) ## Related Content [![Photo of girl smiling at school](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_content/public/2026-04/AdobeStock_310920057.jpeg?h=c6e9cc1f&itok=4lswcnyf)](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/311/2026/school-vaccination-checks-to-improve-coverage) ### [Closing Immunity Gaps Through School Vaccination Checks](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/311/2026/school-vaccination-checks-to-improve-coverage) April 16, 2026 [![A patient fills out a form while her blood and saliva are screened for Hepatitis C and HIV in Spencer, West Virginia, on September 28, 2017.](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_content/public/2026-04/hep-c.jpg?h=4f4378cb&itok=zR0m9KTH)](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2026/what-to-know-about-hepatitis-c) ### [What to Know About Hepatitis C](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2026/what-to-know-about-hepatitis-c) April 10, 2026 ### [Why Review of the U.S.’s Measles Elimination Status Has Been Delayed](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2026/why-review-of-the-uss-measles-elimination-status-has-been-delayed) April 09, 2026 ### [Media Briefing: mRNA Vaccines](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2026/media-briefing-mrna-vaccines) March 26, 2026 [![Veterinarian seated in front of client with small dog on her lap lets dog sniff his hand while he speaks to the client.](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/styles/related_content/public/2026-02/pet-vaccines-veterinarian.jpg?h=f321a05b&itok=pykOpVbz)](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2026/vaccinating-your-dog-or-cat-can-also-protect-you) ### [Why We Vaccinate Our Dogs and Cats](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2026/vaccinating-your-dog-or-cat-can-also-protect-you) February 27, 2026 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [615 N. 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Readable Markdown	Omicron overstayed its welcome. At-home COVID-19 testing was routine. The [bivalent booster](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/covid-19-bivalent-boosters) arrived. The past 12 months also saw the U.S. surpass more than a million total COVID deaths, [vaccine authorizations for very young children](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/the-long-road-to-covid-19-vaccines-for-kids-under-5), and a [year-end tripledemic](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/a-bleak-winter-modeling-the-next-six-months-of-covid-flu-and-rsv). As year three of the COVID-19 era draws to a close, we asked some of the School’s pandemic experts to weigh in on the good, the bad, and the unknown of COVID-19 in 2022, and share their greatest hope—COVID-wise—for 2023. The Good In 2022, COVID-19 illness was less severe and less deadly compared to 2020 and 2021, and no new variant has emerged with the capacity to fuel a major wave of cases. Contributing factors to these positive developments: - Unprecedented advances in vaccine technology that allow for rapid updates to protect against new strains. - A more effective treatment and prevention toolbox of vaccines and boosters, oral antivirals, and home test kits. - Growing population immunity to the virus. “Mortality and illness from COVID-19 now looks a lot more like that of influenza, concentrated in older age groups and on the same order of magnitude, and there is hope that as our immune systems see this virus even more, illness will continue to get milder,” says [Epidemiology](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/epidemiology) professor [David Dowdy, MD, PhD ’08, ScM ’02](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/faculty/2529/david-w-dowdy). COVID became less of a disruption in our lives, making it possible to resume pre-pandemic activities like travel, attending large events, and going to school in person and unmasked. “We have built enough immunity to COVID to allow life to return to normal in many ways without huge surges in the number of deaths any longer,” says Epidemiology professor [Gypsyamber D’Souza, PhD ’07, MPH, MS](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/faculty/1880/gypsyamber-dsouza). [Amesh Adalja, MD](https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-people/adalja/ "(opens in a new window)"), senior scholar with the [Center for Health Security](https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/ "(opens in a new window)"), maintains that “people have, for the most part, learned to risk calculate and navigate a world with an unavoidable new virus.” This year has also demonstrated that COVID has permanently altered how and where we work. “There have been societal changes in work-from-home and hybrid-work availability that are positive for many individuals,” says D’Souza. The Bad In January and February, the U.S. was in the midst of the initial omicron wave. (The variant emerged in late 2021.) “At its peak, the wave involved the highest weekly number of \[COVID-19\] cases and nearly the highest weekly number of deaths of the entire pandemic,” says Dowdy. “Neither vaccination nor having had COVID reduced chances of reinfection as much as we would like, and we will continue to see high transmission this winter,” says D’Souza. “Although risk of severe illness is much lower, many people have symptoms that keep them in bed for days feeling quite unwell.” Also in the negative column: continued COVID misinformation, particularly around vaccines, with “follow-on consequences for regular childhood vaccinations,” says [Tara Kirk Sell, PhD, MA](https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-people/sell/ "(opens in a new window)"), senior scholar with the Center for Health Security; underutilization of the antiviral medication Paxlovid; clear evidence of pandemic fallout in other aspects of our lives and in society as a whole, including increased rates of mental illness especially among adolescents, “higher levels of opioid overdose, \[and\] educational shortfalls,” Dowdy says. The Unknown Experts agree that China’s relaxing of two years of zero-COVID policies tops their list of unknowns. Outbreaks are occurring across the country, and hospitals report being overwhelmed as COVID and flu collide. Says Dowdy: “More than one-sixth of the world’s population lives in China. … We could see a huge wave of COVID-19 in the next few months, as levels of immunity there are much lower.” Some other key questions and concerns: “Will public health departments be able to maintain the badly needed skills and expertise they were able to gain during the pandemic?” Sell asks. “Almost every public health department leader I’ve spoken to in the past few weeks is stressing about being able to keep staff.” D’Souza notes: “It’s unclear how well the new bivalent boosters protect against current strains—and since many people have had COVID this summer or fall, it’s unclear whether they would benefit from boosting. How long to wait after having had COVID before getting the booster is not well understood.” Another unknown, says Amesh Adalja, is “how COVID impacts the circulation of other respiratory viruses and overall mortality from pneumonia and influenza, over the long term.” Hopes for 2023 Tara Kirk Sell: “I hope that COVID-19 will be relegated to a normal public health concern—something like how we work to protect people from flu, car accidents, suicides, heart disease. It probably won’t ever disappear, but it can be something we can manage going forward.” Amesh Adalja: “Universal vaccines, better antivirals, new monoclonal antibodies, handling COVID like other respiratory viruses.” Gypsyamber D’Souza: “My hope is that most people feel their lives are back to normal and that there is less stress and concern about whether to be able to travel, see family and friends, and attend large gatherings.” David Dowdy: “My hope is that 2023 will be the year where we truly feel like our lives are getting back to normal. Life will never be completely the same, and we will be dealing with the aftermath of the pandemic for many years to come. But I hope that by the end of 2023, COVID-19 and its after-effects won’t even crack most people’s ‘top 10 problems in my life right now.’ That would be a huge public health success.” Jackie Powder is the assistant editor of [Hopkins Bloomberg Public Health](https://magazine.jhsph.edu/ "(opens in a new window)") magazine. ## RELATED: - [Keeping Track of COVID-19 Omicron Variants](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/omicrons-many-subvariants) - [Bivalent Covid-19 Booster Updates](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/Bivalent-Covid-19-Booster-Updates) - [10 Reasons To Vaccinate Your 5 & Under Child for COVID-19 as Soon as Possible](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/10-reasons-to-vaccinate-your-5-under-child-for-covid-19-as-soon-as-possible)
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