🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 89 (from laksa009)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa089.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://psychcentral.com/depression/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-newest-antidepressants\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://psychcentral.com/depression/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-newest-antidepressants\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-newest-antidepressants","crawl_time":1775615269,"first_indexed_time":1636587756,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,psychcentral!\/depression\/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-newest-antidepressants s443","src_root_hash":"16330228191540156489","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"New Antidepressants: What Are They and More I Psych Central","meta_descriptions":["Antidepressants have been used for many years to help manage symptoms of depression. But they may not work for every person. Newer ones may help meet this need."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Three new antidepressants are on the market to treat depression:\nbrexanolone\n(Zulresso)\nesketamine\n(Spravato)\nagomelatine (Valdoxan)\nUnlike\nSSRIs\nand other antidepressants, these newer medications can start relieving symptoms in a few hours or days instead of a few weeks.\nBrexanolone\nApproved in 2019 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), brexanolone is used to treat\npostpartum depression\nin adults who aren’t pregnant.\nHow does brexanolone work?\nProgesterone and allopregnanolone are hormones that peak in your body during the third trimester of pregnancy. Allopregnanolone is a metabolite (byproduct) of progesterone. After you have your baby, progesterone and allopregnanolone levels drop abruptly and significantly.\nScientists believe the sudden hormone level drop may contribute to postpartum depression.\nThe exact way brexanolone works isn’t fully understood. But since it’s a solution of allopregnanolone, it’s thought to help activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and raises GABA levels in your brain.\nPeople with depression tend to have lower GABA levels and lower activity in the GABA receptors.\nHow do you take brexanolone?\nBrexanolone is given as an intravenous (IV) infusion for a total of 60 hours (2.5 days). At this time, brexanolone can only be administered in a hospital setting.\nYou’ll likely start with a low dose, which will gradually increase until your allopregnanolone levels are at what’s typically seen during the third trimester of pregnancy.\nDuring the last 8 hours of the infusion, the dose will gradually be decreased.\nWhat are the side effects of brexanolone?\nThe most commonly reported side effects of brexanolone include:\ndry mouth\nflushing\nloss of consciousness (passing out)\nsleepiness\nWhat should I watch for while taking brexanolone?\nYou may lose consciousness while receiving your brexanolone infusion. A healthcare professional will monitor you closely for excessive sleepiness and loss of consciousness.\nLike other antidepressants, brexanolone may increase the chance of\nsuicidal thoughts\nor behaviors in people ages 24 years and younger. It’s recommended that you monitor your symptoms while on this medication.\nEsketamine\nEsketamine is a new antidepressant drug approved in 2019 by the FDA to treat depression that hasn’t improved with other medications.\nIt belongs to the class of medications called N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers. It’s derived from ketamine — a drug used for anesthesia. This new antidepressant works differently than other commonly prescribed antidepressants.\nHow does esketamine work?\nIn\nclinical studies\n, scientists discovered that\nketamine relieves depression\nin ways that traditional antidepressants don’t. Compared to other commonly used antidepressants, people who took ketamine showed improvement in depression symptoms within a few hours versus a few weeks.\nIt’s not fully understood how esketamine works, but it may work similarly to ketamine. Both medications are NMDA receptor blockers. By blocking NMDA receptors, esketamine triggers the production of glutamate.\nGlutamate is a chemical in your brain that helps form new brain cell connections.\nScientists\nbelieve creating new brain cell connections can help people with depression develop new positive thoughts and behaviors.\nHow do you take esketamine?\nEsketamine comes in a nasal spray. A mental health professional will show you how to use it and how much medication to take. You will likely use esketamine once or twice a week, along with another oral antidepressant.\nAfter taking esketamine, a healthcare team will observe you for about 2 hours. They will let you know when it’s safe for you to leave the facility.\nWhat are the side effects of esketamine?\nThe side effects most commonly seen with esketamine include:\nanxiety\ndizziness\ndrowsiness\nfeeling detached from yourself\nfeeling inebriated\nincreased blood pressure\nnausea\nnumbness in part of your body\nsluggishness\nvomiting\nWhat should I watch for while taking esketamine?\nEsketamine may cause you to feel drowsy or disconnected from yourself, your thoughts, or space and time (\ndissociation\n). There’s also a chance that you may become dependent on esketamine. For this reason, esketamine is only administered in a healthcare facility setting.\nAfter taking esketamine, a healthcare professional will monitor you for at least 2 hours for an increase in blood pressure and signs of excessive sleepiness or dissociation. It’s recommended that you avoid driving or operating machinery after taking esketamine for 24 hours.\nLike other antidepressants, esketamine may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and actions in young adults.\nAgomelatine\nAgomelatine is an antidepressant that works in two unique ways. It blocks serotonin receptors so that you have more serotonin freely available in your brain. It also stimulates melatonin receptors to help you sleep.\nAgomelatine is approved to treat depression in Europe and Australia. But the FDA hasn’t yet approved the medication for use in the United States due to negative results seen in late-stage trials. The possibility of liver damage is also a concern.\nNew antidepressants open new avenues in depression treatment that haven’t been explored before. However, older antidepressants are still the first choice for antidepressant medication. Here are the five most common antidepressants.\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\nSSRIs remain the most prescribed antidepressants. Fluoxetine (\nProzac\n) was the first SSRI approved by the FDA to treat depression.\nOther commonly prescribed SSRIs include:\ncitalopram (\nCelexa\n)\nescitalopram (\nLexapro\n)\nparoxetine (\nPaxil\n)\nsertraline (\nZoloft\n)\nSerotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\nSNRIs are also frequently prescribed antidepressants. Levomilnacipran (\nFetzima\n) was approved by the FDA in 2013 for depression.\nOther commonly used SNRIs include:\ndesvenlafaxine (\nPristiq\n)\nduloxetine (\nCymbalta\n)\nvenlafaxine (\nEffexor\n)\nNoradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs)\nSimilar to SSRIs and SNRIs, these medications affect\nserotonin\nand norepinephrine, but they also block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine.\nThey are often prescribed for depression, anxiety, and\npersonality disorders\n. The most commonly used NaSSA is mirtazapine (\nRemeron\n).\nTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)\nBecause TCAs may have some unpleasant side effects, they are less often prescribed for depression. However, TCAs are still used for other conditions, such as trouble sleeping and some types of chronic pain. Commonly used TCAs include:\namitriptyline\n(Elavil)\ndoxepin\n(Sinequan)\nimipramine\n(Tofranil)\nnortriptyline (\nPamelor\n)\nAtypical antidepressants\nAtypical antidepressants are those that don’t fall into other categories. Each one works slightly differently than other antidepressants and even other atypical antidepressants.\nExamples of atypical antidepressants include:\nbupropion (\nWellbutrin\n)\nolanzapine\/fluoxetine (\nSymbax\n)\ntrazodone\n(Desyrel, Oleptro)\nvortioxetine (\nTrintellix\n)\nOptum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission.\nLearn more.\nWhether you’re looking for a new depression medication or thinking of changing your current treatment, finding the right drug for you can take some time.\nTaking steps to learn more about new antidepressants can help you find the proper medication for you. Consider reaching out to a mental health professional. They can help you choose an antidepressant that fits your unique symptoms.\nRemember that you do not have to go through depression alone. Help is available. You can check out our “\nHow to Find Mental Health Support\n” page for a list of mental health resources and hotlines.","attrs_markdown":"- Conditions\n  Featured\n  \n  [All](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/conditions)\n  \n  - [Addictions](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/addictions)\n  - [Anxiety Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/anxiety)\n  - [ADHD](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/adhd)\n  - [Bipolar Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/bipolar)\n  - [Depression](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression)\n  - [PTSD](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/ptsd)\n  - [Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/schizophrenia)\n  \n  Articles\n  \n  [All](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/disorders)\n  \n  - [Adjustment Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/adjustment-disorder-symptoms)\n  - [Agoraphobia](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/agoraphobia-symptoms)\n  - [Antisocial Personality Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/antisocial-personality-disorder)\n  - 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[Psychopathy Test](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/psychopathy-quiz)\n  - [PTSD Symptoms Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/ptsd-quiz)\n  - [Schizophrenia Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/schizophrenia-test)\n  \n  Lifestyle\n  \n  [All](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/quizzes)\n  \n  - [Attachment Style Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/attachment-style-quiz)\n  - [Career Test](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/career-test)\n  - [Do I Need Therapy Quiz?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/therapy-quiz)\n  - [Domestic Violence Screening Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/domestic-violence-quiz)\n  - [Emotional Type Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/emotional-type-quiz)\n  - [Loneliness Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/loneliness-quiz)\n  - [Parenting Style Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/parenting-style-quiz)\n  - [Personality Test](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/personality-quiz)\n  - [Relationship Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/love-quiz)\n  - [Stress Test](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/stress-test)\n  - [What's Your Sleep Like?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/sleep-quiz)\n- Resources\n  Treatment & Support\n  \n  - [Find Support](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/how-to-find-mental-health-support)\n  - [Suicide Prevention](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/lib\/suicide-prevention-hotline-number)\n  - [Drugs & Medications](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/drugs\/drugs)\n  - [Find a Therapist](https:\/\/care.healthline.com\/find-care\/specialty\/mental-health-professional?&utm_source=pc&utm_medium=editorial&utm_campaign=mentalwellbeing&utm_content=textwidget&utm_term=homepage-resources&redirected=true)\n\nSubscribe\n\n[Depression](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression)\n\n- [Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/depression-quiz)\n- [Symptoms](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/depression-symptoms-major-depressive-disorder)\n- [Causes](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/depression-causes)\n- [Treatment](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/depression-treatment)\n- [Find Support](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/how-to-find-mental-health-support)\n\n# What You Need to Know About the Newest Antidepressants\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.psychcentral.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alexandra-Perez-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\nMedically reviewed by [Alexandra Perez, PharmD, MBA, BCGP](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/reviewers\/alexandra-perez-pharmd-mba-bcgp) — Written by [Rosanna Sutherby, PharmD](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/authors\/rosanna-sutherby-pharmd) —  Updated on July 26, 2023\n\n- [New antidepressants](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-newest-antidepressants#new-antidepressants)\n- [5 common antidepressants](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-newest-antidepressants#5-common-antidepressants)\n- [Next steps](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-newest-antidepressants#next-steps)\n\nNew antidepressants, like esketamine and brexanolone, have a fresh approach to treating depression and offer options when other medications may not work.\n\nSerotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) changed the face of depression treatment with their arrival in the 1980s. They offered an improvement over older antidepressants, like tricyclics, because they had fewer side effects.\n\nBut since that time, many new developments have been made in [antidepressants](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressant-medications).\n\nTreatment for depression typically involves a combination of therapy and medication. But studies show that about [one-third](https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00172\/full) of people with depression don’t respond to current medications.\n\nNew antidepressants may help fill that gap. The latest antidepressants use new mechanisms to pick up where older antidepressants left off.\n\n## [What are the newest antidepressants on the market?]()\nThree new antidepressants are on the market to treat depression:\n\n- [brexanolone](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325691) (Zulresso)\n- [esketamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-spravato-side-effects) (Spravato)\n- agomelatine (Valdoxan)\n\nUnlike [SSRIs](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/lib\/choosing-the-best-ssri#1) and other antidepressants, these newer medications can start relieving symptoms in a few hours or days instead of a few weeks.\n\n### Brexanolone\nApproved in 2019 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), brexanolone is used to treat [postpartum depression](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/postpartum-depression) in adults who aren’t pregnant.\n\n#### How does brexanolone work?\nProgesterone and allopregnanolone are hormones that peak in your body during the third trimester of pregnancy. Allopregnanolone is a metabolite (byproduct) of progesterone. After you have your baby, progesterone and allopregnanolone levels drop abruptly and significantly.\n\nScientists believe the sudden hormone level drop may contribute to postpartum depression.\n\nThe exact way brexanolone works isn’t fully understood. But since it’s a solution of allopregnanolone, it’s thought to help activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and raises GABA levels in your brain.\n\nPeople with depression tend to have lower GABA levels and lower activity in the GABA receptors.\n\n#### How do you take brexanolone?\nBrexanolone is given as an intravenous (IV) infusion for a total of 60 hours (2.5 days). At this time, brexanolone can only be administered in a hospital setting.\n\nYou’ll likely start with a low dose, which will gradually increase until your allopregnanolone levels are at what’s typically seen during the third trimester of pregnancy.\n\nDuring the last 8 hours of the infusion, the dose will gradually be decreased.\n\n#### What are the side effects of brexanolone?\nThe most commonly reported side effects of brexanolone include:\n\n- dry mouth\n- flushing\n- loss of consciousness (passing out)\n- sleepiness\n#### What should I watch for while taking brexanolone?\nYou may lose consciousness while receiving your brexanolone infusion. A healthcare professional will monitor you closely for excessive sleepiness and loss of consciousness.\n\nLike other antidepressants, brexanolone may increase the chance of [suicidal thoughts](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/what-is-suicidal-ideation) or behaviors in people ages 24 years and younger. It’s recommended that you monitor your symptoms while on this medication.\n\n### Esketamine\nEsketamine is a new antidepressant drug approved in 2019 by the FDA to treat depression that hasn’t improved with other medications.\n\nIt belongs to the class of medications called N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers. It’s derived from ketamine — a drug used for anesthesia. This new antidepressant works differently than other commonly prescribed antidepressants.\n\n#### How does esketamine work?\nIn [clinical studies](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4089991\/), scientists discovered that [ketamine relieves depression](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/ketamines-for-depression) in ways that traditional antidepressants don’t. Compared to other commonly used antidepressants, people who took ketamine showed improvement in depression symptoms within a few hours versus a few weeks.\n\nIt’s not fully understood how esketamine works, but it may work similarly to ketamine. Both medications are NMDA receptor blockers. By blocking NMDA receptors, esketamine triggers the production of glutamate.\n\nGlutamate is a chemical in your brain that helps form new brain cell connections. [Scientists](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6488487\/) believe creating new brain cell connections can help people with depression develop new positive thoughts and behaviors.\n\n#### How do you take esketamine?\nEsketamine comes in a nasal spray. A mental health professional will show you how to use it and how much medication to take. You will likely use esketamine once or twice a week, along with another oral antidepressant.\n\nAfter taking esketamine, a healthcare team will observe you for about 2 hours. They will let you know when it’s safe for you to leave the facility.\n\n#### What are the side effects of esketamine?\nThe side effects most commonly seen with esketamine include:\n\n- [anxiety](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/anxiety-disorders)\n- dizziness\n- drowsiness\n- feeling detached from yourself\n- feeling inebriated\n- increased blood pressure\n- nausea\n- numbness in part of your body\n- sluggishness\n- vomiting\n#### What should I watch for while taking esketamine?\nEsketamine may cause you to feel drowsy or disconnected from yourself, your thoughts, or space and time ([dissociation](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/pro\/coping-with-trauma-through-dissociation#1)). There’s also a chance that you may become dependent on esketamine. For this reason, esketamine is only administered in a healthcare facility setting.\n\nAfter taking esketamine, a healthcare professional will monitor you for at least 2 hours for an increase in blood pressure and signs of excessive sleepiness or dissociation. It’s recommended that you avoid driving or operating machinery after taking esketamine for 24 hours.\n\nLike other antidepressants, esketamine may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and actions in young adults.\n\n### Agomelatine\nAgomelatine is an antidepressant that works in two unique ways. It blocks serotonin receptors so that you have more serotonin freely available in your brain. It also stimulates melatonin receptors to help you sleep.\n\nAgomelatine is approved to treat depression in Europe and Australia. But the FDA hasn’t yet approved the medication for use in the United States due to negative results seen in late-stage trials. The possibility of liver damage is also a concern.\n\n## [What are the five most common antidepressants?]()\nNew antidepressants open new avenues in depression treatment that haven’t been explored before. However, older antidepressants are still the first choice for antidepressant medication. Here are the five most common antidepressants.\n\n### Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\nSSRIs remain the most prescribed antidepressants. Fluoxetine ([Prozac](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/prozac)) was the first SSRI approved by the FDA to treat depression.\n\nOther commonly prescribed SSRIs include:\n\n- citalopram ([Celexa](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/celexa))\n- escitalopram ([Lexapro](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/lexapro))\n- paroxetine ([Paxil](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/paxil-cr))\n- sertraline ([Zoloft](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/zoloft))\n### Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\nSNRIs are also frequently prescribed antidepressants. Levomilnacipran ([Fetzima](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/drugs\/fetzima)) was approved by the FDA in 2013 for depression.\n\nOther commonly used SNRIs include:\n\n- desvenlafaxine ([Pristiq](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/desvenlafaxine-er))\n- duloxetine ([Cymbalta](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/cymbalta))\n- venlafaxine ([Effexor](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/effexor-xr))\n### Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs)\nSimilar to SSRIs and SNRIs, these medications affect [serotonin](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/what-is-serotonin) and norepinephrine, but they also block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine.\n\nThey are often prescribed for depression, anxiety, and [personality disorders](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/disorders\/personality). The most commonly used NaSSA is mirtazapine ([Remeron](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/remeron)).\n\n### Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)\nBecause TCAs may have some unpleasant side effects, they are less often prescribed for depression. However, TCAs are still used for other conditions, such as trouble sleeping and some types of chronic pain. Commonly used TCAs include:\n\n- [amitriptyline](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/amitriptyline-hcl) (Elavil)\n- [doxepin](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/doxepin) (Sinequan)\n- [imipramine](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/imipramine) (Tofranil)\n- nortriptyline ([Pamelor](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/pamelor))\n### Atypical antidepressants\nAtypical antidepressants are those that don’t fall into other categories. Each one works slightly differently than other antidepressants and even other atypical antidepressants.\n\nExamples of atypical antidepressants include:\n\n- bupropion ([Wellbutrin](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/wellbutrin-xl))\n- olanzapine\/fluoxetine ([Symbax](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/symbyax))\n- [trazodone](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/trazodone) (Desyrel, Oleptro)\n- vortioxetine ([Trintellix](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/trintellix))\n\nOptum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/about\/brand-and-product-vetting)\n\n## [Next steps]()\nWhether you’re looking for a new depression medication or thinking of changing your current treatment, finding the right drug for you can take some time.\n\nTaking steps to learn more about new antidepressants can help you find the proper medication for you. Consider reaching out to a mental health professional. They can help you choose an antidepressant that fits your unique symptoms.\n\nRemember that you do not have to go through depression alone. Help is available. You can check out our “[How to Find Mental Health Support](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/program\/how-to-find-mental-health-support)” page for a list of mental health resources and hotlines.\n\n7 sourcescollapsed\n\n- Fasipe OJ. (2019). The emergence of new antidepressants for clinical use: Agomelatine paradox versus other novel agents.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6562183\/>\n- FDA approves first treatment for post-partum depression. (2019).  \n  <https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/211243lbl.pdf>\n- Meltzer-Brody S, et al. (2018). Brexanolone injection in post-partum depression: Two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials.  \n  <https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(18)31551-4\/fulltext>\n- FDA approves new nasal spray medication for treatment-resistant depression. (2019).  \n  <https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-new-nasal-spray-medication-treatment-resistant-depression-available-only-certified>\n- Niciu MJ, et al. (2014). Glutamate receptor antagonists as fast-acting therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of depression: Ketamine and other compounds.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4089991\/>\n- Scarff JR. (2019). Use of brexanolone for postpartum depression.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7006866\/>\n- Zorumski CF, et al. (2015). Treatment-resistant major depression: Rationale for NMDA receptors as targets and nitrous oxide as therapy.  \n  <https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00172\/full>\n\n[FEEDBACK:]()\n\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.psychcentral.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alexandra-Perez-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\nMedically reviewed by [Alexandra Perez, PharmD, MBA, BCGP](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/reviewers\/alexandra-perez-pharmd-mba-bcgp) — Written by [Rosanna Sutherby, PharmD](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/authors\/rosanna-sutherby-pharmd) —  Updated on July 26, 2023\n\n## RELATED\n- [What Are the Fastest-Acting Antidepressants?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [How to Manage Depression: 6 Ways](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/steps-for-beating-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Mental Health Isn’t a Movie: Olivia Nash on changing Hollywood’s Narrative](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: When Faith Hurts: Religion, Trauma, and Mental Health](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-when-faith-hurts-religion-trauma-and-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Chasing Happiness: Why Success Never Feels Like Enough](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-chasing-happiness-why-success-never-feels-like-enough?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n### Read this next\n- [What Are the Fastest-Acting Antidepressants?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Alexandra Perez, PharmD, MBA, BCGP](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/medical-team)\n  \n  [While all antidepressants take time to kick in, some act faster than others. We look at fast-acting antidepressants for depression and anxiety.](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [How to Manage Depression: 6 Ways](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/steps-for-beating-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Karin Gepp, PsyD](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/medical-team)\n  \n  [Incorporating small changes into your day can help boost mood and ease symptoms of depression.](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/steps-for-beating-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/steps-for-beating-depression?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Mental Health Isn’t a Movie: Olivia Nash on changing Hollywood’s Narrative](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [A filmmaker challenges Hollywood’s mental health tropes with radical authenticity. Listen to the Inside Mental Health podcast episode right now\\!](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: When Faith Hurts: Religion, Trauma, and Mental Health](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-when-faith-hurts-religion-trauma-and-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [A candid look at how faith can quietly harm your mental health. Listen to the Inside Mental Health podcast now with host, Gabe Howard\\!](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-when-faith-hurts-religion-trauma-and-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-when-faith-hurts-religion-trauma-and-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Chasing Happiness: Why Success Never Feels Like Enough](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-chasing-happiness-why-success-never-feels-like-enough?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Understanding why success seldom feels satisfying — and how to celebrate our wins! All explored on this podcast episode of Inside Mental Health with…](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-chasing-happiness-why-success-never-feels-like-enough?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-chasing-happiness-why-success-never-feels-like-enough?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Why They Drank the Kool-Aid: Psychology of Cults](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-why-they-drank-the-kool-aid-psychology-of-cults?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [No one thinks they’d join a cult — until they do. We discuss on this episode of the Inside Mental Health podcast](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-why-they-drank-the-kool-aid-psychology-of-cults?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-why-they-drank-the-kool-aid-psychology-of-cults?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Treatment-Resistant Depression Is Treatable — What You May Be Missing](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-treatment-resistant-depression-is-treatable-what-you-may-be-missing?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [What happens when depression treatment isn’t working? This episode of the Inside Mental Health podcast explores. Listen now\\!](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-treatment-resistant-depression-is-treatable-what-you-may-be-missing?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-treatment-resistant-depression-is-treatable-what-you-may-be-missing?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Hollywood’s Struggles: Therapy, Rejection, and the Myth of Fame](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-hollywoods-struggles-therapy-rejection-and-the-myth-of-fame?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Truth About Mental Health in Hollywood on this episode of the Inside Mental Health podcast. Listen Now\\!](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-hollywoods-struggles-therapy-rejection-and-the-myth-of-fame?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-hollywoods-struggles-therapy-rejection-and-the-myth-of-fame?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: From Victim to Victor: Rise Above Trauma with Dr. Scott Barry Kaufman](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-from-victim-to-victor-rise-above-trauma-with-dr-scott-barry-kaufman?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Explore how to replace “learned helplessness” with “learned hopefulness” on this episode of the Inside Mental Health podcast](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-from-victim-to-victor-rise-above-trauma-with-dr-scott-barry-kaufman?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-from-victim-to-victor-rise-above-trauma-with-dr-scott-barry-kaufman?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Inside Cults: How Ordinary People Get Pulled In](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-inside-cults-how-ordinary-people-get-pulled-in?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Cults don’t need believers — they need people. And people need connection. This episode of the Inside Mental Health podcast explores. Listen Now\\!](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-inside-cults-how-ordinary-people-get-pulled-in?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-inside-cults-how-ordinary-people-get-pulled-in?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n© 2026 Psych Central, a Healthline Media Company. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/contact-us)\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/terms)\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/privacy)\n- Privacy Settings\n- [Advertising Policy](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/advertising-policy)\n\n- [Medical Affairs](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/medical-team)\n- [Content Integrity](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/content-integrity)\n- [Newsletter](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/newsletter)\n- [Find a Therapist](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/find-help)\n- © 2026 Psych Central, a Healthline Media Company. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n© 2026 Psych Central, a Healthline Media Company. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n[About](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/?utm_source=psychcentral.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about)[Careers](https:\/\/rvohealth.com\/careers)[Advertise with us](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/advertise?utm_source=psychcentral.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise)\n\nOUR BRANDS\n\n[Healthline](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/)[Medical News Today](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/)[Greatist](https:\/\/greatist.com\/)[Psych Central](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/)[Bezzy](https:\/\/bezzy.com\/)\n\n![](http:\/\/b.scorecardresearch.com\/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=main)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Three new antidepressants are on the market to treat depression:\n\n- [brexanolone](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/325691) (Zulresso)\n- [esketamine](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/drugs-spravato-side-effects) (Spravato)\n- agomelatine (Valdoxan)\n\nUnlike [SSRIs](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/lib\/choosing-the-best-ssri#1) and other antidepressants, these newer medications can start relieving symptoms in a few hours or days instead of a few weeks.\n\nBrexanolone\n\nApproved in 2019 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), brexanolone is used to treat [postpartum depression](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/postpartum-depression) in adults who aren’t pregnant.\n\nHow does brexanolone work?\n\nProgesterone and allopregnanolone are hormones that peak in your body during the third trimester of pregnancy. Allopregnanolone is a metabolite (byproduct) of progesterone. After you have your baby, progesterone and allopregnanolone levels drop abruptly and significantly.\n\nScientists believe the sudden hormone level drop may contribute to postpartum depression.\n\nThe exact way brexanolone works isn’t fully understood. But since it’s a solution of allopregnanolone, it’s thought to help activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and raises GABA levels in your brain.\n\nPeople with depression tend to have lower GABA levels and lower activity in the GABA receptors.\n\nHow do you take brexanolone?\n\nBrexanolone is given as an intravenous (IV) infusion for a total of 60 hours (2.5 days). At this time, brexanolone can only be administered in a hospital setting.\n\nYou’ll likely start with a low dose, which will gradually increase until your allopregnanolone levels are at what’s typically seen during the third trimester of pregnancy.\n\nDuring the last 8 hours of the infusion, the dose will gradually be decreased.\n\nWhat are the side effects of brexanolone?\n\nThe most commonly reported side effects of brexanolone include:\n\n- dry mouth\n- flushing\n- loss of consciousness (passing out)\n- sleepiness\n\nWhat should I watch for while taking brexanolone?\n\nYou may lose consciousness while receiving your brexanolone infusion. A healthcare professional will monitor you closely for excessive sleepiness and loss of consciousness.\n\nLike other antidepressants, brexanolone may increase the chance of [suicidal thoughts](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/what-is-suicidal-ideation) or behaviors in people ages 24 years and younger. It’s recommended that you monitor your symptoms while on this medication.\n\nEsketamine\n\nEsketamine is a new antidepressant drug approved in 2019 by the FDA to treat depression that hasn’t improved with other medications.\n\nIt belongs to the class of medications called N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers. It’s derived from ketamine — a drug used for anesthesia. This new antidepressant works differently than other commonly prescribed antidepressants.\n\nHow does esketamine work?\n\nIn [clinical studies](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4089991\/), scientists discovered that [ketamine relieves depression](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/ketamines-for-depression) in ways that traditional antidepressants don’t. Compared to other commonly used antidepressants, people who took ketamine showed improvement in depression symptoms within a few hours versus a few weeks.\n\nIt’s not fully understood how esketamine works, but it may work similarly to ketamine. Both medications are NMDA receptor blockers. By blocking NMDA receptors, esketamine triggers the production of glutamate.\n\nGlutamate is a chemical in your brain that helps form new brain cell connections. [Scientists](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6488487\/) believe creating new brain cell connections can help people with depression develop new positive thoughts and behaviors.\n\nHow do you take esketamine?\n\nEsketamine comes in a nasal spray. A mental health professional will show you how to use it and how much medication to take. You will likely use esketamine once or twice a week, along with another oral antidepressant.\n\nAfter taking esketamine, a healthcare team will observe you for about 2 hours. They will let you know when it’s safe for you to leave the facility.\n\nWhat are the side effects of esketamine?\n\nThe side effects most commonly seen with esketamine include:\n\n- [anxiety](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/anxiety-disorders)\n- dizziness\n- drowsiness\n- feeling detached from yourself\n- feeling inebriated\n- increased blood pressure\n- nausea\n- numbness in part of your body\n- sluggishness\n- vomiting\n\nWhat should I watch for while taking esketamine?\n\nEsketamine may cause you to feel drowsy or disconnected from yourself, your thoughts, or space and time ([dissociation](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/pro\/coping-with-trauma-through-dissociation#1)). There’s also a chance that you may become dependent on esketamine. For this reason, esketamine is only administered in a healthcare facility setting.\n\nAfter taking esketamine, a healthcare professional will monitor you for at least 2 hours for an increase in blood pressure and signs of excessive sleepiness or dissociation. It’s recommended that you avoid driving or operating machinery after taking esketamine for 24 hours.\n\nLike other antidepressants, esketamine may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and actions in young adults.\n\nAgomelatine\n\nAgomelatine is an antidepressant that works in two unique ways. It blocks serotonin receptors so that you have more serotonin freely available in your brain. It also stimulates melatonin receptors to help you sleep.\n\nAgomelatine is approved to treat depression in Europe and Australia. But the FDA hasn’t yet approved the medication for use in the United States due to negative results seen in late-stage trials. The possibility of liver damage is also a concern.\n\nNew antidepressants open new avenues in depression treatment that haven’t been explored before. However, older antidepressants are still the first choice for antidepressant medication. Here are the five most common antidepressants.\n\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\n\nSSRIs remain the most prescribed antidepressants. Fluoxetine ([Prozac](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/prozac)) was the first SSRI approved by the FDA to treat depression.\n\nOther commonly prescribed SSRIs include:\n\n- citalopram ([Celexa](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/celexa))\n- escitalopram ([Lexapro](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/lexapro))\n- paroxetine ([Paxil](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/paxil-cr))\n- sertraline ([Zoloft](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/zoloft))\n\nSerotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)\n\nSNRIs are also frequently prescribed antidepressants. Levomilnacipran ([Fetzima](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/drugs\/fetzima)) was approved by the FDA in 2013 for depression.\n\nOther commonly used SNRIs include:\n\n- desvenlafaxine ([Pristiq](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/desvenlafaxine-er))\n- duloxetine ([Cymbalta](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/cymbalta))\n- venlafaxine ([Effexor](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/effexor-xr))\n\nNoradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs)\n\nSimilar to SSRIs and SNRIs, these medications affect [serotonin](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/what-is-serotonin) and norepinephrine, but they also block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine.\n\nThey are often prescribed for depression, anxiety, and [personality disorders](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/disorders\/personality). The most commonly used NaSSA is mirtazapine ([Remeron](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/remeron)).\n\nTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)\n\nBecause TCAs may have some unpleasant side effects, they are less often prescribed for depression. However, TCAs are still used for other conditions, such as trouble sleeping and some types of chronic pain. Commonly used TCAs include:\n\n- [amitriptyline](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/amitriptyline-hcl) (Elavil)\n- [doxepin](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/doxepin) (Sinequan)\n- [imipramine](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/imipramine) (Tofranil)\n- nortriptyline ([Pamelor](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/pamelor))\n\nAtypical antidepressants\n\nAtypical antidepressants are those that don’t fall into other categories. Each one works slightly differently than other antidepressants and even other atypical antidepressants.\n\nExamples of atypical antidepressants include:\n\n- bupropion ([Wellbutrin](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/wellbutrin-xl))\n- olanzapine\/fluoxetine ([Symbax](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/symbyax))\n- [trazodone](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/trazodone) (Desyrel, Oleptro)\n- vortioxetine ([Trintellix](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/trintellix))\n\nOptum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/about\/brand-and-product-vetting)\n\nWhether you’re looking for a new depression medication or thinking of changing your current treatment, finding the right drug for you can take some time.\n\nTaking steps to learn more about new antidepressants can help you find the proper medication for you. Consider reaching out to a mental health professional. They can help you choose an antidepressant that fits your unique symptoms.\n\nRemember that you do not have to go through depression alone. Help is available. You can check out our “[How to Find Mental Health Support](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/program\/how-to-find-mental-health-support)” page for a list of mental health resources and hotlines.","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Description	Antidepressants have been used for many years to help manage symptoms of depression. But they may not work for every person. Newer ones may help meet this need.
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Boilerpipe Text	Three new antidepressants are on the market to treat depression: brexanolone (Zulresso) esketamine (Spravato) agomelatine (Valdoxan) Unlike SSRIs and other antidepressants, these newer medications can start relieving symptoms in a few hours or days instead of a few weeks. Brexanolone Approved in 2019 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), brexanolone is used to treat postpartum depression in adults who aren’t pregnant. How does brexanolone work? Progesterone and allopregnanolone are hormones that peak in your body during the third trimester of pregnancy. Allopregnanolone is a metabolite (byproduct) of progesterone. After you have your baby, progesterone and allopregnanolone levels drop abruptly and significantly. Scientists believe the sudden hormone level drop may contribute to postpartum depression. The exact way brexanolone works isn’t fully understood. But since it’s a solution of allopregnanolone, it’s thought to help activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and raises GABA levels in your brain. People with depression tend to have lower GABA levels and lower activity in the GABA receptors. How do you take brexanolone? Brexanolone is given as an intravenous (IV) infusion for a total of 60 hours (2.5 days). At this time, brexanolone can only be administered in a hospital setting. You’ll likely start with a low dose, which will gradually increase until your allopregnanolone levels are at what’s typically seen during the third trimester of pregnancy. During the last 8 hours of the infusion, the dose will gradually be decreased. What are the side effects of brexanolone? The most commonly reported side effects of brexanolone include: dry mouth flushing loss of consciousness (passing out) sleepiness What should I watch for while taking brexanolone? You may lose consciousness while receiving your brexanolone infusion. A healthcare professional will monitor you closely for excessive sleepiness and loss of consciousness. Like other antidepressants, brexanolone may increase the chance of suicidal thoughts or behaviors in people ages 24 years and younger. It’s recommended that you monitor your symptoms while on this medication. Esketamine Esketamine is a new antidepressant drug approved in 2019 by the FDA to treat depression that hasn’t improved with other medications. It belongs to the class of medications called N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers. It’s derived from ketamine — a drug used for anesthesia. This new antidepressant works differently than other commonly prescribed antidepressants. How does esketamine work? In clinical studies , scientists discovered that ketamine relieves depression in ways that traditional antidepressants don’t. Compared to other commonly used antidepressants, people who took ketamine showed improvement in depression symptoms within a few hours versus a few weeks. It’s not fully understood how esketamine works, but it may work similarly to ketamine. Both medications are NMDA receptor blockers. By blocking NMDA receptors, esketamine triggers the production of glutamate. Glutamate is a chemical in your brain that helps form new brain cell connections. Scientists believe creating new brain cell connections can help people with depression develop new positive thoughts and behaviors. How do you take esketamine? Esketamine comes in a nasal spray. A mental health professional will show you how to use it and how much medication to take. You will likely use esketamine once or twice a week, along with another oral antidepressant. After taking esketamine, a healthcare team will observe you for about 2 hours. They will let you know when it’s safe for you to leave the facility. What are the side effects of esketamine? The side effects most commonly seen with esketamine include: anxiety dizziness drowsiness feeling detached from yourself feeling inebriated increased blood pressure nausea numbness in part of your body sluggishness vomiting What should I watch for while taking esketamine? Esketamine may cause you to feel drowsy or disconnected from yourself, your thoughts, or space and time ( dissociation ). There’s also a chance that you may become dependent on esketamine. For this reason, esketamine is only administered in a healthcare facility setting. After taking esketamine, a healthcare professional will monitor you for at least 2 hours for an increase in blood pressure and signs of excessive sleepiness or dissociation. It’s recommended that you avoid driving or operating machinery after taking esketamine for 24 hours. Like other antidepressants, esketamine may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and actions in young adults. Agomelatine Agomelatine is an antidepressant that works in two unique ways. It blocks serotonin receptors so that you have more serotonin freely available in your brain. It also stimulates melatonin receptors to help you sleep. Agomelatine is approved to treat depression in Europe and Australia. But the FDA hasn’t yet approved the medication for use in the United States due to negative results seen in late-stage trials. The possibility of liver damage is also a concern. New antidepressants open new avenues in depression treatment that haven’t been explored before. However, older antidepressants are still the first choice for antidepressant medication. Here are the five most common antidepressants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs remain the most prescribed antidepressants. Fluoxetine ( Prozac ) was the first SSRI approved by the FDA to treat depression. Other commonly prescribed SSRIs include: citalopram ( Celexa ) escitalopram ( Lexapro ) paroxetine ( Paxil ) sertraline ( Zoloft ) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are also frequently prescribed antidepressants. Levomilnacipran ( Fetzima ) was approved by the FDA in 2013 for depression. Other commonly used SNRIs include: desvenlafaxine ( Pristiq ) duloxetine ( Cymbalta ) venlafaxine ( Effexor ) Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) Similar to SSRIs and SNRIs, these medications affect serotonin and norepinephrine, but they also block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine. They are often prescribed for depression, anxiety, and personality disorders . The most commonly used NaSSA is mirtazapine ( Remeron ). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Because TCAs may have some unpleasant side effects, they are less often prescribed for depression. However, TCAs are still used for other conditions, such as trouble sleeping and some types of chronic pain. Commonly used TCAs include: amitriptyline (Elavil) doxepin (Sinequan) imipramine (Tofranil) nortriptyline ( Pamelor ) Atypical antidepressants Atypical antidepressants are those that don’t fall into other categories. Each one works slightly differently than other antidepressants and even other atypical antidepressants. Examples of atypical antidepressants include: bupropion ( Wellbutrin ) olanzapine/fluoxetine ( Symbax ) trazodone (Desyrel, Oleptro) vortioxetine ( Trintellix ) Optum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. Learn more. Whether you’re looking for a new depression medication or thinking of changing your current treatment, finding the right drug for you can take some time. Taking steps to learn more about new antidepressants can help you find the proper medication for you. Consider reaching out to a mental health professional. They can help you choose an antidepressant that fits your unique symptoms. Remember that you do not have to go through depression alone. Help is available. You can check out our “ How to Find Mental Health Support ” page for a list of mental health resources and hotlines.
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[Quiz](https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/depression-quiz) - [Symptoms](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/depression-symptoms-major-depressive-disorder) - [Causes](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/depression-causes) - [Treatment](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/depression-treatment) - [Find Support](https://www.psychcentral.com/program/how-to-find-mental-health-support) # What You Need to Know About the Newest Antidepressants ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Alexandra-Perez-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) Medically reviewed by [Alexandra Perez, PharmD, MBA, BCGP](https://www.psychcentral.com/reviewers/alexandra-perez-pharmd-mba-bcgp) — Written by [Rosanna Sutherby, PharmD](https://www.psychcentral.com/authors/rosanna-sutherby-pharmd) — Updated on July 26, 2023 - [New antidepressants](https://psychcentral.com/depression/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-newest-antidepressants#new-antidepressants) - [5 common antidepressants](https://psychcentral.com/depression/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-newest-antidepressants#5-common-antidepressants) - [Next steps](https://psychcentral.com/depression/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-newest-antidepressants#next-steps) New antidepressants, like esketamine and brexanolone, have a fresh approach to treating depression and offer options when other medications may not work. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) changed the face of depression treatment with their arrival in the 1980s. They offered an improvement over older antidepressants, like tricyclics, because they had fewer side effects. But since that time, many new developments have been made in [antidepressants](https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressant-medications). Treatment for depression typically involves a combination of therapy and medication. But studies show that about [one-third](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00172/full) of people with depression don’t respond to current medications. New antidepressants may help fill that gap. The latest antidepressants use new mechanisms to pick up where older antidepressants left off. ## [What are the newest antidepressants on the market?]() Three new antidepressants are on the market to treat depression: - [brexanolone](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325691) (Zulresso) - [esketamine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-spravato-side-effects) (Spravato) - agomelatine (Valdoxan) Unlike [SSRIs](https://psychcentral.com/lib/choosing-the-best-ssri#1) and other antidepressants, these newer medications can start relieving symptoms in a few hours or days instead of a few weeks. ### Brexanolone Approved in 2019 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), brexanolone is used to treat [postpartum depression](https://psychcentral.com/depression/postpartum-depression) in adults who aren’t pregnant. #### How does brexanolone work? Progesterone and allopregnanolone are hormones that peak in your body during the third trimester of pregnancy. Allopregnanolone is a metabolite (byproduct) of progesterone. After you have your baby, progesterone and allopregnanolone levels drop abruptly and significantly. Scientists believe the sudden hormone level drop may contribute to postpartum depression. The exact way brexanolone works isn’t fully understood. But since it’s a solution of allopregnanolone, it’s thought to help activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and raises GABA levels in your brain. People with depression tend to have lower GABA levels and lower activity in the GABA receptors. #### How do you take brexanolone? Brexanolone is given as an intravenous (IV) infusion for a total of 60 hours (2.5 days). At this time, brexanolone can only be administered in a hospital setting. You’ll likely start with a low dose, which will gradually increase until your allopregnanolone levels are at what’s typically seen during the third trimester of pregnancy. During the last 8 hours of the infusion, the dose will gradually be decreased. #### What are the side effects of brexanolone? The most commonly reported side effects of brexanolone include: - dry mouth - flushing - loss of consciousness (passing out) - sleepiness #### What should I watch for while taking brexanolone? You may lose consciousness while receiving your brexanolone infusion. A healthcare professional will monitor you closely for excessive sleepiness and loss of consciousness. Like other antidepressants, brexanolone may increase the chance of [suicidal thoughts](https://psychcentral.com/depression/what-is-suicidal-ideation) or behaviors in people ages 24 years and younger. It’s recommended that you monitor your symptoms while on this medication. ### Esketamine Esketamine is a new antidepressant drug approved in 2019 by the FDA to treat depression that hasn’t improved with other medications. It belongs to the class of medications called N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers. It’s derived from ketamine — a drug used for anesthesia. This new antidepressant works differently than other commonly prescribed antidepressants. #### How does esketamine work? In [clinical studies](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089991/), scientists discovered that [ketamine relieves depression](https://psychcentral.com/depression/ketamines-for-depression) in ways that traditional antidepressants don’t. Compared to other commonly used antidepressants, people who took ketamine showed improvement in depression symptoms within a few hours versus a few weeks. It’s not fully understood how esketamine works, but it may work similarly to ketamine. Both medications are NMDA receptor blockers. By blocking NMDA receptors, esketamine triggers the production of glutamate. Glutamate is a chemical in your brain that helps form new brain cell connections. [Scientists](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6488487/) believe creating new brain cell connections can help people with depression develop new positive thoughts and behaviors. #### How do you take esketamine? Esketamine comes in a nasal spray. A mental health professional will show you how to use it and how much medication to take. You will likely use esketamine once or twice a week, along with another oral antidepressant. After taking esketamine, a healthcare team will observe you for about 2 hours. They will let you know when it’s safe for you to leave the facility. #### What are the side effects of esketamine? The side effects most commonly seen with esketamine include: - [anxiety](https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/anxiety-disorders) - dizziness - drowsiness - feeling detached from yourself - feeling inebriated - increased blood pressure - nausea - numbness in part of your body - sluggishness - vomiting #### What should I watch for while taking esketamine? Esketamine may cause you to feel drowsy or disconnected from yourself, your thoughts, or space and time ([dissociation](https://psychcentral.com/pro/coping-with-trauma-through-dissociation#1)). There’s also a chance that you may become dependent on esketamine. For this reason, esketamine is only administered in a healthcare facility setting. After taking esketamine, a healthcare professional will monitor you for at least 2 hours for an increase in blood pressure and signs of excessive sleepiness or dissociation. It’s recommended that you avoid driving or operating machinery after taking esketamine for 24 hours. Like other antidepressants, esketamine may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and actions in young adults. ### Agomelatine Agomelatine is an antidepressant that works in two unique ways. It blocks serotonin receptors so that you have more serotonin freely available in your brain. It also stimulates melatonin receptors to help you sleep. Agomelatine is approved to treat depression in Europe and Australia. But the FDA hasn’t yet approved the medication for use in the United States due to negative results seen in late-stage trials. The possibility of liver damage is also a concern. ## [What are the five most common antidepressants?]() New antidepressants open new avenues in depression treatment that haven’t been explored before. However, older antidepressants are still the first choice for antidepressant medication. Here are the five most common antidepressants. ### Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs remain the most prescribed antidepressants. Fluoxetine ([Prozac](https://perks.optum.com/drug/prozac)) was the first SSRI approved by the FDA to treat depression. Other commonly prescribed SSRIs include: - citalopram ([Celexa](https://perks.optum.com/drug/celexa)) - escitalopram ([Lexapro](https://perks.optum.com/drug/lexapro)) - paroxetine ([Paxil](https://perks.optum.com/drug/paxil-cr)) - sertraline ([Zoloft](https://perks.optum.com/drug/zoloft)) ### Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are also frequently prescribed antidepressants. Levomilnacipran ([Fetzima](https://psychcentral.com/drugs/fetzima)) was approved by the FDA in 2013 for depression. Other commonly used SNRIs include: - desvenlafaxine ([Pristiq](https://perks.optum.com/drug/desvenlafaxine-er)) - duloxetine ([Cymbalta](https://perks.optum.com/drug/cymbalta)) - venlafaxine ([Effexor](https://perks.optum.com/drug/effexor-xr)) ### Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) Similar to SSRIs and SNRIs, these medications affect [serotonin](https://psychcentral.com/health/what-is-serotonin) and norepinephrine, but they also block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine. They are often prescribed for depression, anxiety, and [personality disorders](https://psychcentral.com/disorders/personality). The most commonly used NaSSA is mirtazapine ([Remeron](https://perks.optum.com/drug/remeron)). ### Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Because TCAs may have some unpleasant side effects, they are less often prescribed for depression. However, TCAs are still used for other conditions, such as trouble sleeping and some types of chronic pain. Commonly used TCAs include: - [amitriptyline](https://perks.optum.com/drug/amitriptyline-hcl) (Elavil) - [doxepin](https://perks.optum.com/drug/doxepin) (Sinequan) - [imipramine](https://perks.optum.com/drug/imipramine) (Tofranil) - nortriptyline ([Pamelor](https://perks.optum.com/drug/pamelor)) ### Atypical antidepressants Atypical antidepressants are those that don’t fall into other categories. Each one works slightly differently than other antidepressants and even other atypical antidepressants. Examples of atypical antidepressants include: - bupropion ([Wellbutrin](https://perks.optum.com/drug/wellbutrin-xl)) - olanzapine/fluoxetine ([Symbax](https://perks.optum.com/drug/symbyax)) - [trazodone](https://perks.optum.com/drug/trazodone) (Desyrel, Oleptro) - vortioxetine ([Trintellix](https://perks.optum.com/drug/trintellix)) Optum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https://psychcentral.com/about/brand-and-product-vetting) ## [Next steps]() Whether you’re looking for a new depression medication or thinking of changing your current treatment, finding the right drug for you can take some time. Taking steps to learn more about new antidepressants can help you find the proper medication for you. Consider reaching out to a mental health professional. They can help you choose an antidepressant that fits your unique symptoms. Remember that you do not have to go through depression alone. Help is available. You can check out our “[How to Find Mental Health Support](https://psychcentral.com/program/how-to-find-mental-health-support)” page for a list of mental health resources and hotlines. 7 sourcescollapsed - Fasipe OJ. (2019). The emergence of new antidepressants for clinical use: Agomelatine paradox versus other novel agents. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6562183/> - FDA approves first treatment for post-partum depression. (2019). <https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/211243lbl.pdf> - Meltzer-Brody S, et al. (2018). Brexanolone injection in post-partum depression: Two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. <https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31551-4/fulltext> - FDA approves new nasal spray medication for treatment-resistant depression. (2019). <https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-nasal-spray-medication-treatment-resistant-depression-available-only-certified> - Niciu MJ, et al. (2014). Glutamate receptor antagonists as fast-acting therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of depression: Ketamine and other compounds. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089991/> - Scarff JR. (2019). Use of brexanolone for postpartum depression. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7006866/> - Zorumski CF, et al. (2015). Treatment-resistant major depression: Rationale for NMDA receptors as targets and nitrous oxide as therapy. <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00172/full> [FEEDBACK:]() ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Alexandra-Perez-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) Medically reviewed by [Alexandra Perez, PharmD, MBA, BCGP](https://www.psychcentral.com/reviewers/alexandra-perez-pharmd-mba-bcgp) — Written by [Rosanna Sutherby, PharmD](https://www.psychcentral.com/authors/rosanna-sutherby-pharmd) — Updated on July 26, 2023 ## RELATED - [What Are the Fastest-Acting Antidepressants?](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext) - [How to Manage Depression: 6 Ways](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/steps-for-beating-depression?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Podcast: Mental Health Isn’t a Movie: Olivia Nash on changing Hollywood’s Narrative](https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Podcast: When Faith Hurts: Religion, Trauma, and Mental Health](https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/podcast-when-faith-hurts-religion-trauma-and-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Podcast: Chasing Happiness: Why Success Never Feels Like Enough](https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/podcast-chasing-happiness-why-success-never-feels-like-enough?utm_source=ReadNext) ### Read this next - [What Are the Fastest-Acting Antidepressants?](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Alexandra Perez, PharmD, MBA, BCGP](https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team) [While all antidepressants take time to kick in, some act faster than others. We look at fast-acting antidepressants for depression and anxiety.](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext) - [How to Manage Depression: 6 Ways](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/steps-for-beating-depression?utm_source=ReadNext) Medically reviewed by [Karin Gepp, PsyD](https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team) [Incorporating small changes into your day can help boost mood and ease symptoms of depression.](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/steps-for-beating-depression?utm_source=ReadNext) [READ MORE](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/steps-for-beating-depression?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Podcast: Mental Health Isn’t a Movie: Olivia Nash on changing Hollywood’s Narrative](https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext) [A filmmaker challenges Hollywood’s mental health tropes with radical authenticity. 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Readable Markdown	Three new antidepressants are on the market to treat depression: - [brexanolone](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325691) (Zulresso) - [esketamine](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-spravato-side-effects) (Spravato) - agomelatine (Valdoxan) Unlike [SSRIs](https://psychcentral.com/lib/choosing-the-best-ssri#1) and other antidepressants, these newer medications can start relieving symptoms in a few hours or days instead of a few weeks. Brexanolone Approved in 2019 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), brexanolone is used to treat [postpartum depression](https://psychcentral.com/depression/postpartum-depression) in adults who aren’t pregnant. How does brexanolone work? Progesterone and allopregnanolone are hormones that peak in your body during the third trimester of pregnancy. Allopregnanolone is a metabolite (byproduct) of progesterone. After you have your baby, progesterone and allopregnanolone levels drop abruptly and significantly. Scientists believe the sudden hormone level drop may contribute to postpartum depression. The exact way brexanolone works isn’t fully understood. But since it’s a solution of allopregnanolone, it’s thought to help activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and raises GABA levels in your brain. People with depression tend to have lower GABA levels and lower activity in the GABA receptors. How do you take brexanolone? Brexanolone is given as an intravenous (IV) infusion for a total of 60 hours (2.5 days). At this time, brexanolone can only be administered in a hospital setting. You’ll likely start with a low dose, which will gradually increase until your allopregnanolone levels are at what’s typically seen during the third trimester of pregnancy. During the last 8 hours of the infusion, the dose will gradually be decreased. What are the side effects of brexanolone? The most commonly reported side effects of brexanolone include: - dry mouth - flushing - loss of consciousness (passing out) - sleepiness What should I watch for while taking brexanolone? You may lose consciousness while receiving your brexanolone infusion. A healthcare professional will monitor you closely for excessive sleepiness and loss of consciousness. Like other antidepressants, brexanolone may increase the chance of [suicidal thoughts](https://psychcentral.com/depression/what-is-suicidal-ideation) or behaviors in people ages 24 years and younger. It’s recommended that you monitor your symptoms while on this medication. Esketamine Esketamine is a new antidepressant drug approved in 2019 by the FDA to treat depression that hasn’t improved with other medications. It belongs to the class of medications called N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers. It’s derived from ketamine — a drug used for anesthesia. This new antidepressant works differently than other commonly prescribed antidepressants. How does esketamine work? In [clinical studies](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089991/), scientists discovered that [ketamine relieves depression](https://psychcentral.com/depression/ketamines-for-depression) in ways that traditional antidepressants don’t. Compared to other commonly used antidepressants, people who took ketamine showed improvement in depression symptoms within a few hours versus a few weeks. It’s not fully understood how esketamine works, but it may work similarly to ketamine. Both medications are NMDA receptor blockers. By blocking NMDA receptors, esketamine triggers the production of glutamate. Glutamate is a chemical in your brain that helps form new brain cell connections. [Scientists](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6488487/) believe creating new brain cell connections can help people with depression develop new positive thoughts and behaviors. How do you take esketamine? Esketamine comes in a nasal spray. A mental health professional will show you how to use it and how much medication to take. You will likely use esketamine once or twice a week, along with another oral antidepressant. After taking esketamine, a healthcare team will observe you for about 2 hours. They will let you know when it’s safe for you to leave the facility. What are the side effects of esketamine? The side effects most commonly seen with esketamine include: - [anxiety](https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/anxiety-disorders) - dizziness - drowsiness - feeling detached from yourself - feeling inebriated - increased blood pressure - nausea - numbness in part of your body - sluggishness - vomiting What should I watch for while taking esketamine? Esketamine may cause you to feel drowsy or disconnected from yourself, your thoughts, or space and time ([dissociation](https://psychcentral.com/pro/coping-with-trauma-through-dissociation#1)). There’s also a chance that you may become dependent on esketamine. For this reason, esketamine is only administered in a healthcare facility setting. After taking esketamine, a healthcare professional will monitor you for at least 2 hours for an increase in blood pressure and signs of excessive sleepiness or dissociation. It’s recommended that you avoid driving or operating machinery after taking esketamine for 24 hours. Like other antidepressants, esketamine may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and actions in young adults. Agomelatine Agomelatine is an antidepressant that works in two unique ways. It blocks serotonin receptors so that you have more serotonin freely available in your brain. It also stimulates melatonin receptors to help you sleep. Agomelatine is approved to treat depression in Europe and Australia. But the FDA hasn’t yet approved the medication for use in the United States due to negative results seen in late-stage trials. The possibility of liver damage is also a concern. New antidepressants open new avenues in depression treatment that haven’t been explored before. However, older antidepressants are still the first choice for antidepressant medication. Here are the five most common antidepressants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs remain the most prescribed antidepressants. Fluoxetine ([Prozac](https://perks.optum.com/drug/prozac)) was the first SSRI approved by the FDA to treat depression. Other commonly prescribed SSRIs include: - citalopram ([Celexa](https://perks.optum.com/drug/celexa)) - escitalopram ([Lexapro](https://perks.optum.com/drug/lexapro)) - paroxetine ([Paxil](https://perks.optum.com/drug/paxil-cr)) - sertraline ([Zoloft](https://perks.optum.com/drug/zoloft)) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are also frequently prescribed antidepressants. Levomilnacipran ([Fetzima](https://psychcentral.com/drugs/fetzima)) was approved by the FDA in 2013 for depression. Other commonly used SNRIs include: - desvenlafaxine ([Pristiq](https://perks.optum.com/drug/desvenlafaxine-er)) - duloxetine ([Cymbalta](https://perks.optum.com/drug/cymbalta)) - venlafaxine ([Effexor](https://perks.optum.com/drug/effexor-xr)) Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) Similar to SSRIs and SNRIs, these medications affect [serotonin](https://psychcentral.com/health/what-is-serotonin) and norepinephrine, but they also block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine. They are often prescribed for depression, anxiety, and [personality disorders](https://psychcentral.com/disorders/personality). The most commonly used NaSSA is mirtazapine ([Remeron](https://perks.optum.com/drug/remeron)). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Because TCAs may have some unpleasant side effects, they are less often prescribed for depression. However, TCAs are still used for other conditions, such as trouble sleeping and some types of chronic pain. Commonly used TCAs include: - [amitriptyline](https://perks.optum.com/drug/amitriptyline-hcl) (Elavil) - [doxepin](https://perks.optum.com/drug/doxepin) (Sinequan) - [imipramine](https://perks.optum.com/drug/imipramine) (Tofranil) - nortriptyline ([Pamelor](https://perks.optum.com/drug/pamelor)) Atypical antidepressants Atypical antidepressants are those that don’t fall into other categories. Each one works slightly differently than other antidepressants and even other atypical antidepressants. Examples of atypical antidepressants include: - bupropion ([Wellbutrin](https://perks.optum.com/drug/wellbutrin-xl)) - olanzapine/fluoxetine ([Symbax](https://perks.optum.com/drug/symbyax)) - [trazodone](https://perks.optum.com/drug/trazodone) (Desyrel, Oleptro) - vortioxetine ([Trintellix](https://perks.optum.com/drug/trintellix)) Optum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https://psychcentral.com/about/brand-and-product-vetting) Whether you’re looking for a new depression medication or thinking of changing your current treatment, finding the right drug for you can take some time. Taking steps to learn more about new antidepressants can help you find the proper medication for you. Consider reaching out to a mental health professional. They can help you choose an antidepressant that fits your unique symptoms. Remember that you do not have to go through depression alone. Help is available. You can check out our “[How to Find Mental Health Support](https://psychcentral.com/program/how-to-find-mental-health-support)” page for a list of mental health resources and hotlines.
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