🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 89 (from laksa025)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa089.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressant-medications\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressant-medications\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressant-medications","crawl_time":1775836482,"first_indexed_time":1621951426,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,psychcentral!\/depression\/antidepressant-medications s443","src_root_hash":"16330228191540156489","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Antidepressants: Types, How They Work, Side Effects I Psych Central","meta_descriptions":["Antidepressant medications are the most widely used meds for depression, but they're also used for a variety of other conditions."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Antidepressants, like tricyclics and SSRIs, are the most commonly prescribed meds for depression. There are many types to choose from, so it’s important to speak with professional to help you.\nAntidepressants are some of the world’s most prescribed medications. You may be prescribed common drugs, like Wellbutrin, Prozac, or Cymbalta.\nThese meds can be used for a variety of mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, but they may also be prescribed to treat pain or sleeping problems.\nBut with so many types available, how do you know which antidepressant is right for you?\nThere are several medications used to treat depression, but antidepressants are the most popular.\nAntidepressants are one of the primary treatments for\ndepression\nand one of the most commonly prescribed types of meds in the United States.\nMore than\n13%\nof U.S. adults — about 1 in 10 people — over the age of 18 used antidepressants in the last 30 days, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).\nLike the name suggests, antidepressants can help relieve symptoms of depression and may stop them from coming back.\nThe exact way antidepressants work isn’t totally understood, but they’re believed to work by correcting\nimbalances of chemicals\n(aka neurotransmitters) in the brain.\nNeurotransmitters\nregulate our moods and emotions by transmitting nerve signals to receptors in the brain. There are three neurotransmitters that are believed to be specific to depression:\nSerotonin:\nregulates mood, appetite, sleep, memory, social behavior, and sexual desire\nDopamine:\ninfluences motivation, arousal, decision-making, and pleasure\nNorepinephrine (or noradrenaline):\naffects alertness and helps the body respond to stress\nWhen you have depression, you may have lower levels of these neurotransmitters in your brain. Antidepressants can help increase the availability of one or more of these neurotransmitters over time.\nHow they do that, though, depends on what type of antidepressant you’re prescribed.\nThere are several major types (or classes) of antidepressant medications. Each class works in a slightly different way.\nThe types of antidepressants include:\nselective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)\nserotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\n(\nS\nN\nR\nI\ns\n)\ntricyclic antidepressants\nmonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)\nnoradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants\natypical antidepressants\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors\nSSRIs are the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressant. They’re often the first type tried for people who are newly diagnosed with depression.\nFirst developed in the 1970s, SSRIs work by regulating serotonin levels in the brain.\nWhen a neurotransmitter isn’t taken up by other neurons, it’s reabsorbed by the neuron that released it in a process called “reuptake.”\nAs the name suggests, an SSRI inhibits the reabsorption of serotonin. In other words, it blocks serotonin from quickly leaving your brain. This raises serotonin levels so more is available and active to help regulate your emotions.\nCommon SSRIs include:\nfluoxetine (Prozac)\nsertraline (Zoloft)\nescitalopram (Lexapro)\nparoxetine (Paxil)\ncitalopram (Celexa)\nfluvoxamine (Luvox)\nvilazodone (Viibryd)\nSide effects\nSSRIs are often more tolerated than other antidepressants because they tend to have fewer\nside effects\n. But they\ncan\nhave side effects such as:\nstomach upset or nausea\ninsomnia or other sleep issues\nnervousness\ntremors\nweight changes\nheadaches\nsexual dysfunction\ndizziness\nSerotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\nSNRIs work similarly to SSRIs, but they inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.\nSNRIs can have the same benefits as SSRIs, but since they also raise levels of norepinephrine, they may help more with stress and anxiety.\nSNRIs are a newer class of drugs — the first SNRI was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993. They’re approved for use in treating depression, anxiety disorders, and conditions related to chronic pain.\nCommon SNRIs include:\nduloxetine (Cymbalta)\nvenlafaxine (Effexor)\ndesvenlafaxine (Pristiq)\nlevomilnacipran (Fetzima)\nSide effects\nThe increased levels of norepinephrine can cause side effects like:\nincreased heart rate\nhigh blood pressure\nheart palpitations\nOther common side effects include:\nheadache\nstomach upset or nausea\ndizziness\nappetite changes\ndry mouth\nsexual dysfunction\nThese can become severe for some individuals, so you’ll want to keep your doctor informed of any side effects you have.\nTricyclic antidepressants\nTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs or tricyclics) work by reducing the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. They also block another neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which plays a role in muscle movement, heart rate, thinking, and learning.\nCommon tricyclics include:\nclomipramine (Anafranil)\namitriptyline (Elavil)\ndesipramine (Norpramin)\nnortriptyline (Pamelor)\ndoxepin (Sinequan)\ntrimipramine (Surmontil)\nimipramine (Tofranil)\nprotriptyline (Vivactil)\nPrescribing tricyclics is less common now because they have more severe side effects than SSRIs and SNRIs.\nYou may also have a\nhigher chance of overdosing\nwith a TCA compared to other antidepressants. Taking only a small amount over your normal dose can lead to overdose or have life threatening side effects.\nSide effects\nThe most common side effects of tricyclics are:\nweight gain\nurinary retention (when your bladder doesn’t fully empty)\nconstipation\ndry mouth\ndizziness\nblurred vision or dry eyes\nsleepiness\nconfusion\nAbruptly stopping tricyclics or missing a couple of doses can lead to withdrawal or discontinuation symptoms. This is why it’s helpful to create a tapering schedule with your doctor.\nMonoamine oxidase inhibitors\nMAOIs inhibit the brain enzyme called monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters. This leads to higher levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain.\nThey may also be prescribed for depression in:\nbipolar disorder\nborderline personality disorder (BPD)\npost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)\nagoraphobia\nsocial phobia\nbulimia\nSome common MAOIs are:\nselegiline (Emsam)\nisocarboxazid (Marplan)\nphenelzine (Nardil)\ntranylcypromine (Parnate)\nSide effects\nMAOIs aren’t often prescribed as much today as they were in the past due to side effects and potential interactions.\nIf you’re prescribed an MAOI, you’ll be required to follow a\nspecial diet\n. This is because monoamine oxidase regulates the breakdown of tyramine, a compound found in food.\nYou’ll need to limit foods with tyramine — like aged cheeses, cured or smoked meats, or fermented foods — since MAOIs can cause tyramine levels to rise.\nIf tyramine levels are too high, it can lead to dangerously high blood pressure. Limiting tyramine-rich foods can help prevent hypertensive crisis, which is when your blood pressure gets too high, increasing your chances of having a heart attack or stroke.\nMAOIs also tend to have a lot of other interactions so you can’t mix them with certain meds such as:\nother types of antidepressants\nherbal remedies like St. John’s wort\ncentral nervous system stimulants (for example,\nAdderall\n)\ncertain meds for pain, cold, and allergies\nCommon side effects of MAOIs include:\nnausea\ndrowsiness\ndizziness\nrestlessness\ntrouble sleeping\ndry mouth\ndiarrhea or constipation\nskin reactions if using the patch\nNoradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants\nNoradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) are a newer class of drugs that affect serotonin and norepinephrine levels in your brain. They block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine (adrenaline).\nThey’re often prescribed for depression, as well as anxiety and personality disorders.\nSide effects\nPossible side effects can include:\nconstipation\ndry mouth\nweight gain\ndrowsiness\nblurred vision\ndizziness\nAtypical antidepressants\nAtypical antidepressants are those that don’t particularly fit into any other classes. They affect serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels in the brain.\nCommon atypical antidepressants include:\nbupropion (Wellbutrin)\ntrazodone (Oleptro)\nvortioxetine (Trintellix)\nolanzapine\/fluoxetine (Symbax)\nEach one works differently.\nFor example, bupropion inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, raising the levels of all three hormones in the brain. It’s often used to treat depression or depression related to seasonal changes (aka seasonal depression). It can also be used to help someone quit smoking.\nMeanwhile, trazodone and vortioxetine both inhibit serotonin reuptake. They’re known as serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs).\nSymbax is a combination drug that includes an SSRI (fluoxetine) and an\nantipsychotic\n(olanzapine).\nOptum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission.\nLearn more.\nEach class of antidepressants has different side effects, ranging from mild to more severe.\nIn severe instances, antidepressants may lead to an increased likelihood of suicidal thoughts and actions.\nFor this reason, the FDA has a black box warning on antidepressants for people under the age of 24.\nThe side effects of antidepressants can feel like a barrier to some people, but it’s important to remember that you may only have one or two of them, or none at all.\nSometimes, side effects are only temporary until your body adjusts to the med, in which case the side effects will be reduced or entirely disappear after the first few weeks of treatment.\nIn general, if you’re having side effects that last for several weeks without improvement, or you’re concerned that a side effect is having a strong or dangerous impact on your health, reach out to your doctor immediately. They’ll be able to assess what’s happening and plan next steps.\nWhen choosing the best antidepressant treatment for you, remember that there isn’t one type that’s specifically better or more effective than another.\nSince each type does something different, consider talking with a healthcare professional who has experience prescribing antidepressants so they can help find one that will address your specific symptoms.\nTaking\nantidepressants when breastfeeding\nor pregnant is mostly safe but you may also want to discuss your options with your health team.\n1. Study up on antidepressants\nTake the time to research and learn about the different types of antidepressants and how they work, especially before you start taking one. By having a better understanding of how they work, you’ll have a better understanding of what’s happening in your body.\nTake notes and jot down any questions you may have to discuss at your next appointment.\n2. Track your side effects\nIt’s always a good idea to check in with yourself to see how you’re feeling while taking an antidepressant.\nFor example, if you’re feeling increasingly dizzy or start having more headaches, write it down and share it with your doctor.\nThe more information your doctor has, the better they can adjust your medication or dosage.\n3. Give it some time\nIt’s important to remember that changes in your mood will be gradual when you start using antidepressants. This is because antidepressants take time to build up their effectiveness.\nSo don’t expect instantaneous results. Allow some time to start seeing a change.\nIt can take several weeks to fully feel the effects of most antidepressants.\nDon’t give up after the first week just because you don’t feel better right away, and try not to get discouraged if you don’t see fast improvements.\n4. Stay on a schedule\nMissing doses or quitting for even short periods of time will slow down your progress and, in some cases, cause you to go through withdrawal symptoms.\nConsider taking antidepressants at a time when you know you’ll more reliably take them, like in the morning before work or school. You can also create a phone reminder or leave a note blocking your door if that helps.\nLiving with depression can feel overwhelming at times, and it’s hard to know where to even start looking for help. You may feel bad about needing to ask for help in the first place or admitting that you’re not feeling well.\nBut there’s nothing to feel bad or ashamed about. You’re not alone. There are numerous resources available for managing your mental health and depression.\nUltimately, you don’t have to make the decision to go on antidepressants alone. Consider talking to a mental health professional, they’ll be there to help you talk through the treatment options that are right for you.","attrs_markdown":"- Conditions\n  Featured\n  \n  [All](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/conditions)\n  \n  - [Addictions](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/addictions)\n  - [Anxiety Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/anxiety)\n  - [ADHD](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/adhd)\n  - [Bipolar Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/bipolar)\n  - [Depression](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression)\n  - [PTSD](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/ptsd)\n  - [Schizophrenia](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/schizophrenia)\n  \n  Articles\n  \n  [All](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/disorders)\n  \n  - [Adjustment Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/adjustment-disorder-symptoms)\n  - [Agoraphobia](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/agoraphobia-symptoms)\n  - [Antisocial Personality Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/antisocial-personality-disorder)\n  - [Borderline Personality Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/borderline-personality-disorder)\n  - [Childhood ADHD](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/childhood-adhd\/childhood-adhd)\n  - [Dissociative Identity Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/dissociative-identity-disorder)\n  - [Narcissistic Personality Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/narcissistic-personality-disorder)\n  - [Narcolepsy](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/narcolepsy-symptoms)\n  - [Oppositional Defiant Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/oppositional-defiant-disorder-symptoms)\n  - [Panic Attack](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/panic-attack-symptoms)\n  - [Postpartum Depression](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/postpartum-depression)\n  - [Schizoaffective Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/disorders\/schizoaffective-disorder-symptoms)\n  - [Seasonal Affective Disorder](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/seasonal-affective-disorder)\n  - [Sex Addiction](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/lib\/what-is-sexual-addiction)\n  - [Social Anxiety](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/social-anxiety-disorder-symptoms)\n  - [Specific Phobias](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/specific-phobia-symptoms)\n  - [Teenage Depression](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/lib\/teenage-depression)\n  - [Trauma](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/health\/what-is-trauma)\n- Discover\n  Wellness Topics\n  \n  - [Black Mental Health](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/black-mental-health)\n  - [Grief](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/health\/refuge-in-grief)\n  - [Emotional Health](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/emotional-health)\n  - [Sex & Relationships](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/relationships)\n  - [Trauma](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/trauma)\n  - [Understanding Therapy](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/understanding-therapy)\n  - [Workplace Mental Health](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/mental-health-at-work)\n  \n  Original Series\n  \n  - 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[Inside Bipolar](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/ibp)\n- Quizzes\n  Conditions\n  \n  - [ADHD Symptoms Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/adhd-quiz)\n  - [Anxiety Symptoms Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/anxiety-quiz)\n  - [Autism Quiz: Family & Friends](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/autism-quiz)\n  - [Autism Symptoms Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/autism-test)\n  - [Bipolar Disorder Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/bipolar-quiz)\n  - [Borderline Personality Test](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/borderline-test)\n  - [Childhood ADHD Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/child-adhd-quiz)\n  - [Depression Symptoms Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/depression-quiz)\n  - [Eating Disorder Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/eating-disorders-quiz)\n  - [Narcissism Symptoms Test](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/narcissistic-personality-quiz)\n  - [OCD Symptoms Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/ocd-quiz)\n  - [Psychopathy Test](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/psychopathy-quiz)\n  - [PTSD Symptoms Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/ptsd-quiz)\n  - [Schizophrenia Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/schizophrenia-test)\n  \n  Lifestyle\n  \n  [All](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/quizzes)\n  \n  - [Attachment Style Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/attachment-style-quiz)\n  - [Career Test](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/career-test)\n  - [Do I Need Therapy Quiz?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/therapy-quiz)\n  - [Domestic Violence Screening Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/domestic-violence-quiz)\n  - [Emotional Type Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/emotional-type-quiz)\n  - [Loneliness Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/loneliness-quiz)\n  - [Parenting Style Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/parenting-style-quiz)\n  - [Personality Test](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/personality-quiz)\n  - [Relationship Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/love-quiz)\n  - [Stress Test](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/stress-test)\n  - [What's Your Sleep Like?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/sleep-quiz)\n- Resources\n  Treatment & Support\n  \n  - [Find Support](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/how-to-find-mental-health-support)\n  - [Suicide Prevention](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/lib\/suicide-prevention-hotline-number)\n  - [Drugs & Medications](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/drugs\/drugs)\n  - [Find a Therapist](https:\/\/care.healthline.com\/find-care\/specialty\/mental-health-professional?&utm_source=pc&utm_medium=editorial&utm_campaign=mentalwellbeing&utm_content=textwidget&utm_term=homepage-resources&redirected=true)\n\nSubscribe\n\n[Depression](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression)\n\n- [Quiz](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/depression-quiz)\n- [Symptoms](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/depression-symptoms-major-depressive-disorder)\n- [Causes](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/depression-causes)\n- [Treatment](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/depression-treatment)\n- [Find Support](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/program\/how-to-find-mental-health-support)\n\n# All About Antidepressants\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.psychcentral.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alyssa-Peckham-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\nMedically reviewed by [Alyssa Peckham, PharmD, BCPP](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/reviewers\/alyssa-peckham-pharmd-bcpp) — Written by [Steven Rowe](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/authors\/steven-rowe) —  Updated on June 29, 2023\n\n- [What are they?](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressant-medications#what-are-they)\n- [How do they work?](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressant-medications#how-do-they-work)\n- [Types](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressant-medications#types)\n- [Uses](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressant-medications#uses)\n- [Dealing with side effects](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressant-medications#dealing-with-side-effects)\n- [How to pick the right one](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressant-medications#how-to-pick-the-right-one)\n- [Getting started](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressant-medications#getting-started)\n\nAntidepressants, like tricyclics and SSRIs, are the most commonly prescribed meds for depression. There are many types to choose from, so it’s important to speak with professional to help you.\n\nAntidepressants are some of the world’s most prescribed medications. You may be prescribed common drugs, like Wellbutrin, Prozac, or Cymbalta.\n\nThese meds can be used for a variety of mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, but they may also be prescribed to treat pain or sleeping problems.\n\nBut with so many types available, how do you know which antidepressant is right for you?\n\n## [What are antidepressants?]()\nThere are several medications used to treat depression, but antidepressants are the most popular.\n\nAntidepressants are one of the primary treatments for [depression](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/depression) and one of the most commonly prescribed types of meds in the United States.\n\nMore than [13%](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db377.htm) of U.S. adults — about 1 in 10 people — over the age of 18 used antidepressants in the last 30 days, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).\n\nLike the name suggests, antidepressants can help relieve symptoms of depression and may stop them from coming back.\n\n## [How antidepressants work]()\nThe exact way antidepressants work isn’t totally understood, but they’re believed to work by correcting [imbalances of chemicals](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/chemistry-of-depression) (aka neurotransmitters) in the brain.\n\n[Neurotransmitters](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326649) regulate our moods and emotions by transmitting nerve signals to receptors in the brain. There are three neurotransmitters that are believed to be specific to depression:\n\n- **Serotonin:** regulates mood, appetite, sleep, memory, social behavior, and sexual desire\n- **Dopamine:** influences motivation, arousal, decision-making, and pleasure\n- **Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline):** affects alertness and helps the body respond to stress\n\nWhen you have depression, you may have lower levels of these neurotransmitters in your brain. Antidepressants can help increase the availability of one or more of these neurotransmitters over time.\n\nHow they do that, though, depends on what type of antidepressant you’re prescribed.\n\n## [Types of antidepressants]()\nThere are several major types (or classes) of antidepressant medications. Each class works in a slightly different way.\n\nThe types of antidepressants include:\n\n- [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/drugs\/choosing-the-best-ssri)\n- [serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[(](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[S](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[N](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[R](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[I](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[s](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)\n- tricyclic antidepressants\n- [monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/drugs\/what-are-mao-inhibitors)\n- noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants\n- atypical antidepressants\n### Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors\nSSRIs are the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressant. They’re often the first type tried for people who are newly diagnosed with depression.\n\nFirst developed in the 1970s, SSRIs work by regulating serotonin levels in the brain.\n\nWhen a neurotransmitter isn’t taken up by other neurons, it’s reabsorbed by the neuron that released it in a process called “reuptake.”\n\nAs the name suggests, an SSRI inhibits the reabsorption of serotonin. In other words, it blocks serotonin from quickly leaving your brain. This raises serotonin levels so more is available and active to help regulate your emotions.\n\nCommon SSRIs include:\n\n- [fluoxetine (Prozac)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/prozac)\n- [sertraline (Zoloft)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/zoloft)\n- [escitalopram (Lexapro)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/zoloft)\n- [paroxetine (Paxil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/paxil)\n- [citalopram (Celexa)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/celexa)\n- [fluvoxamine (Luvox)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/fluvoxamine)\n- [vilazodone (Viibryd)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/vilazodone)\n#### Side effects\nSSRIs are often more tolerated than other antidepressants because they tend to have fewer [side effects](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/lib\/coping-with-antidepressant-side-effects#1). But they *can* have side effects such as:\n\n- stomach upset or nausea\n- insomnia or other sleep issues\n- nervousness\n- tremors\n- weight changes\n- headaches\n- sexual dysfunction\n- dizziness\n### Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\nSNRIs work similarly to SSRIs, but they inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.\n\nSNRIs can have the same benefits as SSRIs, but since they also raise levels of norepinephrine, they may help more with stress and anxiety.\n\nSNRIs are a newer class of drugs — the first SNRI was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993. They’re approved for use in treating depression, anxiety disorders, and conditions related to chronic pain.\n\nCommon SNRIs include:\n\n- [duloxetine (Cymbalta)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/cymbalta)\n- [venlafaxine (Effexor)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/effexor-xr)\n- [desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/desvenlafaxine-er)\n- [levomilnacipran (Fetzima)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/fetzima)\n#### Side effects\nThe increased levels of norepinephrine can cause side effects like:\n\n- increased heart rate\n- high blood pressure\n- heart palpitations\n\nOther common side effects include:\n\n- headache\n- stomach upset or nausea\n- dizziness\n- appetite changes\n- dry mouth\n- sexual dysfunction\n\nThese can become severe for some individuals, so you’ll want to keep your doctor informed of any side effects you have.\n\n### Tricyclic antidepressants\nTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs or tricyclics) work by reducing the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. They also block another neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which plays a role in muscle movement, heart rate, thinking, and learning.\n\nCommon tricyclics include:\n\n- [clomipramine (Anafranil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/anafranil)\n- [amitriptyline (Elavil)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/amitriptyline-oral-tablet)\n- [desipramine (Norpramin)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/desipramine)\n- [nortriptyline (Pamelor)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/nortriptyline)\n- [doxepin (Sinequan)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/doxepin)\n- [trimipramine (Surmontil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/trimipramine)\n- [imipramine (Tofranil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/imipramine)\n- [protriptyline (Vivactil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/protriptyline)\n\nPrescribing tricyclics is less common now because they have more severe side effects than SSRIs and SNRIs.\n\nYou may also have a [higher chance of overdosing](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430931\/) with a TCA compared to other antidepressants. Taking only a small amount over your normal dose can lead to overdose or have life threatening side effects.\n\nStill, tricyclics may be prescribed when someone isn’t responding to other antidepressants. They may also be prescribed for people with [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/bipolar\/bipolar-disorder-treatment) or [obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/ocd\/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-treatment).\n\n#### Side effects\nThe most common side effects of tricyclics are:\n\n- weight gain\n- urinary retention (when your bladder doesn’t fully empty)\n- constipation\n- dry mouth\n- dizziness\n- blurred vision or dry eyes\n- sleepiness\n- confusion\n\nAbruptly stopping tricyclics or missing a couple of doses can lead to withdrawal or discontinuation symptoms. This is why it’s helpful to create a tapering schedule with your doctor.\n\n### Monoamine oxidase inhibitors\nMAOIs inhibit the brain enzyme called monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters. This leads to higher levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain.\n\nThey may also be prescribed for depression in:\n\n- bipolar disorder\n- [borderline personality disorder (BPD)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/disorders\/borderline-personality-disorder\/treatment)\n- [post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/ptsd\/ptsd-overview)\n- [agoraphobia](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/agoraphobia-symptoms)\n- social phobia\n- [bulimia](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/eating-disorders\/bulimia-binging-and-purging)\n\nSome common MAOIs are:\n\n- selegiline (Emsam)\n- [isocarboxazid (Marplan)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/marplan)\n- [phenelzine (Nardil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/phenelzine)\n- [tranylcypromine (Parnate)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/tranylcypromine)\n#### Side effects\nMAOIs aren’t often prescribed as much today as they were in the past due to side effects and potential interactions.\n\nIf you’re prescribed an MAOI, you’ll be required to follow a [special diet](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/tyramine-free-diets). This is because monoamine oxidase regulates the breakdown of tyramine, a compound found in food.\n\nYou’ll need to limit foods with tyramine — like aged cheeses, cured or smoked meats, or fermented foods — since MAOIs can cause tyramine levels to rise.\n\nIf tyramine levels are too high, it can lead to dangerously high blood pressure. Limiting tyramine-rich foods can help prevent hypertensive crisis, which is when your blood pressure gets too high, increasing your chances of having a heart attack or stroke.\n\nMAOIs also tend to have a lot of other interactions so you can’t mix them with certain meds such as:\n\n- other types of antidepressants\n- herbal remedies like St. John’s wort\n- central nervous system stimulants (for example, [Adderall](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/childhood-adhd\/treatment-of-adhd-in-children))\n- certain meds for pain, cold, and allergies\n\nCommon side effects of MAOIs include:\n\n- nausea\n- drowsiness\n- dizziness\n- restlessness\n- trouble sleeping\n- dry mouth\n- diarrhea or constipation\n- skin reactions if using the patch\n### Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants\nNoradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) are a newer class of drugs that affect serotonin and norepinephrine levels in your brain. They block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine (adrenaline).\n\nThey’re often prescribed for depression, as well as anxiety and personality disorders.\n\nThe most common NaSSA is [mirtazapine (Remeron)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/mirtazapine).\n\n#### Side effects\nPossible side effects can include:\n\n- constipation\n- dry mouth\n- weight gain\n- drowsiness\n- blurred vision\n- dizziness\n### Atypical antidepressants\nAtypical antidepressants are those that don’t particularly fit into any other classes. They affect serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels in the brain.\n\nCommon atypical antidepressants include:\n\n- [bupropion (Wellbutrin)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/wellbutrin-xl)\n- [trazodone (Oleptro)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/trazodone)\n- [vortioxetine (Trintellix)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/trintellix)\n- [olanzapine\/fluoxetine (Symbax)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/symbyax)\n\nEach one works differently.\n\nFor example, bupropion inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, raising the levels of all three hormones in the brain. It’s often used to treat depression or depression related to seasonal changes (aka seasonal depression). It can also be used to help someone quit smoking.\n\nMeanwhile, trazodone and vortioxetine both inhibit serotonin reuptake. They’re known as serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs).\n\nSymbax is a combination drug that includes an SSRI (fluoxetine) and an [antipsychotic](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/schizophrenia\/psy-61892) (olanzapine).\n\nOptum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/about\/brand-and-product-vetting)\n\n## [Uses for antidepressants]()\nThe primary use of antidepressants is to treat the symptoms of depression, ranging from mild to severe. This includes postpartum depression.\n\nBut antidepressants can also be prescribed to help manage symptoms of other conditions, including:\n\n- [anxiety disorders](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/anxiety-disorders)\n- OCD\n- PTSD\n- phobias, such as [specific phobias](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/specific-phobia-symptoms) and agoraphobia\n- [eating disorders](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/eating-disorders)\n- [panic disorder](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/panic-disorder-symptoms)\n\nAntidepressants may also have [“off-label” uses](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/off-label-drug-use), meaning these aren’t approved by the FDA for these conditions but may still be effective.\n\nSome off-label uses of antidepressants include:\n\n- chronic pain\n- migraine\n- [insomnia](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/disorders\/insomnia-symptoms#1)\n- urinary incontinence\n- [sexual dysfunction](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/disorders\/sex-overview)\n- [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/adhd\/adhd-overview)\n- bedwetting in children\n\n## [Dealing with side effects]()\nEach class of antidepressants has different side effects, ranging from mild to more severe.\n\nIn severe instances, antidepressants may lead to an increased likelihood of suicidal thoughts and actions.\n\nFor this reason, the FDA has a black box warning on antidepressants for people under the age of 24.\n\n### What does a black box warning mean?\nA black box warning is the most stringent warning issued by the FDA for drugs and medical devices.\n\nThe side effects of antidepressants can feel like a barrier to some people, but it’s important to remember that you may only have one or two of them, or none at all.\n\nSometimes, side effects are only temporary until your body adjusts to the med, in which case the side effects will be reduced or entirely disappear after the first few weeks of treatment.\n\nIn general, if you’re having side effects that last for several weeks without improvement, or you’re concerned that a side effect is having a strong or dangerous impact on your health, reach out to your doctor immediately. They’ll be able to assess what’s happening and plan next steps.\n\n## [How to pick the right antidepressant for you]()\nWhen choosing the best antidepressant treatment for you, remember that there isn’t one type that’s specifically better or more effective than another.\n\nSince each type does something different, consider talking with a healthcare professional who has experience prescribing antidepressants so they can help find one that will address your specific symptoms.\n\nTaking [antidepressants when breastfeeding](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressants-safety-when-breastfeeding) or pregnant is mostly safe but you may also want to discuss your options with your health team.\n\n### 1\\. Study up on antidepressants\nTake the time to research and learn about the different types of antidepressants and how they work, especially before you start taking one. By having a better understanding of how they work, you’ll have a better understanding of what’s happening in your body.\n\nTake notes and jot down any questions you may have to discuss at your next appointment.\n\n### Questions to ask your doctor:\n- Will this interfere with any other medications I’m taking?\n- Is it covered by my insurance? Is there a specific brand or type that’s covered?\n- What side effects does this antidepressant have, and will it make another condition I have worse?\n- Can it also help treat another health issue I’m having?\n- How long do you think I’ll be taking this? What’s the process for ending my treatment?\n### 2\\. Track your side effects\nIt’s always a good idea to check in with yourself to see how you’re feeling while taking an antidepressant.\n\nFor example, if you’re feeling increasingly dizzy or start having more headaches, write it down and share it with your doctor.\n\nThe more information your doctor has, the better they can adjust your medication or dosage.\n\n### 3\\. Give it some time\nIt’s important to remember that changes in your mood will be gradual when you start using antidepressants. This is because antidepressants take time to build up their effectiveness.\n\nSo don’t expect instantaneous results. Allow some time to start seeing a change.\n\nIt can take several weeks to fully feel the effects of most antidepressants.\n\nDon’t give up after the first week just because you don’t feel better right away, and try not to get discouraged if you don’t see fast improvements.\n\n### 4\\. Stay on a schedule\nMissing doses or quitting for even short periods of time will slow down your progress and, in some cases, cause you to go through withdrawal symptoms.\n\nConsider taking antidepressants at a time when you know you’ll more reliably take them, like in the morning before work or school. You can also create a phone reminder or leave a note blocking your door if that helps.\n\n## [How to get started]()\nLiving with depression can feel overwhelming at times, and it’s hard to know where to even start looking for help. You may feel bad about needing to ask for help in the first place or admitting that you’re not feeling well.\n\nBut there’s nothing to feel bad or ashamed about. You’re not alone. There are numerous resources available for managing your mental health and depression.\n\nUltimately, you don’t have to make the decision to go on antidepressants alone. Consider talking to a mental health professional, they’ll be there to help you talk through the treatment options that are right for you.\n\n16 sourcescollapsed\n\n- Atypical Antidepressants. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/screening.mhanational.org\/content\/atypical-antidepressants\/>\n- Brody DJ, et al. (2020). Antidepressant use among adults: United States, 2015-2018.  \n  <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db377.htm>\n- Bupropion (Wellbutrin). (2020).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-Mental-Illness\/Treatments\/Mental-Health-Medications\/Types-of-Medication\/Bupropion-(Wellbutrin)>\n- Chu A, et al. (2021). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.   \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554406\/>\n- Friedman RA. (2014). Antidepressants’ black-box warning — 10 years later.  \n  <https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMp1408480>\n- Depression. (n.d.).  \n  <https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/77381\/download>\n- Depression: How effective are antidepressants? (2020).  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK361016\/>\n- Kent JM. (2000). SNaRIs, NaSSAs, and NaRIs: New agents for the treatment of depression.  \n  <https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10752718\/>\n- Khalid MM, et al. (2021). Tricyclic antidepressant toxicity.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430931\/>\n- Mental health medications. (2016).  \n  <https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications\/index.shtml>\n- Moraczewski J, et al. (2020). Tricyclic antidepressants.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557791\/>\n- Pratt LA, et al. (2017). Antidepressant use among persons aged 12 and over: United States, 2011–2014.  \n  <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db283.htm>\n- Sansone RA, et al. (2014). Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: A pharmacological comparison.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4008300\/>\n- Simon LV, et al. (2021). Serotonin syndrome.  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482377\/>\n- Skånland SS, et al. (2019). Off-label uses of drugs for depression.  \n  <https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0014299919306843>\n- Sub Laban T, et al. (2020). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI).  \n  <https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539848\/>\n\n[FEEDBACK:]()\n\n![](https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post.psychcentral.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alyssa-Peckham-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105)\n\nMedically reviewed by [Alyssa Peckham, PharmD, BCPP](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/reviewers\/alyssa-peckham-pharmd-bcpp) — Written by [Steven Rowe](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/authors\/steven-rowe) —  Updated on June 29, 2023\n\n## RELATED\n- [Quiz: Is My Antidepressant Working?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/is-my-antidepressant-working-quiz?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Antidepressants for Teens: What Works?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/should-i-put-my-teenager-on-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What Are the Fastest-Acting Antidepressants?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Mental Health Isn’t a Movie: Olivia Nash on changing Hollywood’s Narrative](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: When Faith Hurts: Religion, Trauma, and Mental Health](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-when-faith-hurts-religion-trauma-and-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n### Read this next\n- [Quiz: Is My Antidepressant Working?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/is-my-antidepressant-working-quiz?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [It can take time for antidepressants to work and the effects can be subtle at first. You may notice the effects of antidepressants in as little as 1…](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/is-my-antidepressant-working-quiz?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/quizzes\/is-my-antidepressant-working-quiz?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Antidepressants for Teens: What Works?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/should-i-put-my-teenager-on-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Nicole Washington, DO, MPH](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/medical-team)\n  \n  [Antidepressants can help your teen manage depressive symptoms, but results differ for everyone. A medical professional can help you find effective…](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/should-i-put-my-teenager-on-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/should-i-put-my-teenager-on-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [What Are the Fastest-Acting Antidepressants?](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  Medically reviewed by [Alexandra Perez, PharmD, MBA, BCGP](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/medical-team)\n  \n  [While all antidepressants take time to kick in, some act faster than others. We look at fast-acting antidepressants for depression and anxiety.](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/depression\/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Mental Health Isn’t a Movie: Olivia Nash on changing Hollywood’s Narrative](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [A filmmaker challenges Hollywood’s mental health tropes with radical authenticity. Listen to the Inside Mental Health podcast episode right now\\!](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: When Faith Hurts: Religion, Trauma, and Mental Health](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-when-faith-hurts-religion-trauma-and-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [A candid look at how faith can quietly harm your mental health. Listen to the Inside Mental Health podcast now with host, Gabe Howard\\!](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-when-faith-hurts-religion-trauma-and-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-when-faith-hurts-religion-trauma-and-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Chasing Happiness: Why Success Never Feels Like Enough](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-chasing-happiness-why-success-never-feels-like-enough?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Understanding why success seldom feels satisfying — and how to celebrate our wins! All explored on this podcast episode of Inside Mental Health with…](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-chasing-happiness-why-success-never-feels-like-enough?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-chasing-happiness-why-success-never-feels-like-enough?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Why They Drank the Kool-Aid: Psychology of Cults](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-why-they-drank-the-kool-aid-psychology-of-cults?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [No one thinks they’d join a cult — until they do. 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Listen now\\!](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-treatment-resistant-depression-is-treatable-what-you-may-be-missing?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-treatment-resistant-depression-is-treatable-what-you-may-be-missing?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: Hollywood’s Struggles: Therapy, Rejection, and the Myth of Fame](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-hollywoods-struggles-therapy-rejection-and-the-myth-of-fame?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Truth About Mental Health in Hollywood on this episode of the Inside Mental Health podcast. Listen Now\\!](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-hollywoods-struggles-therapy-rejection-and-the-myth-of-fame?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-hollywoods-struggles-therapy-rejection-and-the-myth-of-fame?utm_source=ReadNext)\n- [Podcast: From Victim to Victor: Rise Above Trauma with Dr. Scott Barry Kaufman](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-from-victim-to-victor-rise-above-trauma-with-dr-scott-barry-kaufman?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [Explore how to replace “learned helplessness” with “learned hopefulness” on this episode of the Inside Mental Health podcast](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-from-victim-to-victor-rise-above-trauma-with-dr-scott-barry-kaufman?utm_source=ReadNext)\n  \n  [READ MORE](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/blog\/podcast-from-victim-to-victor-rise-above-trauma-with-dr-scott-barry-kaufman?utm_source=ReadNext)\n\n© 2026 Psych Central, a Healthline Media Company. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n- [About Us](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about)\n- [Contact Us](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/contact-us)\n- [Terms of Use](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/terms)\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/privacy)\n- Privacy Settings\n- [Advertising Policy](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/advertising-policy)\n\n- [Medical Affairs](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/medical-team)\n- [Content Integrity](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/content-integrity)\n- [Newsletter](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/newsletter)\n- [Find a Therapist](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/find-help)\n- © 2026 Psych Central, a Healthline Media Company. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n© 2026 Psych Central, a Healthline Media Company. All rights reserved. Healthline Media is an RVO Health Company. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [See additional information](https:\/\/www.psychcentral.com\/about\/additional-information).\n\n[About](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/?utm_source=psychcentral.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=about)[Careers](https:\/\/rvohealth.com\/careers)[Advertise with us](https:\/\/www.healthlinemedia.com\/advertise?utm_source=psychcentral.com&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=footer&utm_content=advertise)\n\nOUR BRANDS\n\n[Healthline](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/)[Medical News Today](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/)[Greatist](https:\/\/greatist.com\/)[Psych Central](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/)[Bezzy](https:\/\/bezzy.com\/)\n\n![](http:\/\/b.scorecardresearch.com\/p?c1=2&c2=38584006&cv=3.9&cj=1&comscorekw=main)","attrs_readable_markdown":"Antidepressants, like tricyclics and SSRIs, are the most commonly prescribed meds for depression. There are many types to choose from, so it’s important to speak with professional to help you.\n\nAntidepressants are some of the world’s most prescribed medications. You may be prescribed common drugs, like Wellbutrin, Prozac, or Cymbalta.\n\nThese meds can be used for a variety of mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, but they may also be prescribed to treat pain or sleeping problems.\n\nBut with so many types available, how do you know which antidepressant is right for you?\n\nThere are several medications used to treat depression, but antidepressants are the most popular.\n\nAntidepressants are one of the primary treatments for [depression](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/depression) and one of the most commonly prescribed types of meds in the United States.\n\nMore than [13%](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db377.htm) of U.S. adults — about 1 in 10 people — over the age of 18 used antidepressants in the last 30 days, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).\n\nLike the name suggests, antidepressants can help relieve symptoms of depression and may stop them from coming back.\n\nThe exact way antidepressants work isn’t totally understood, but they’re believed to work by correcting [imbalances of chemicals](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/chemistry-of-depression) (aka neurotransmitters) in the brain.\n\n[Neurotransmitters](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/326649) regulate our moods and emotions by transmitting nerve signals to receptors in the brain. There are three neurotransmitters that are believed to be specific to depression:\n\n- **Serotonin:** regulates mood, appetite, sleep, memory, social behavior, and sexual desire\n- **Dopamine:** influences motivation, arousal, decision-making, and pleasure\n- **Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline):** affects alertness and helps the body respond to stress\n\nWhen you have depression, you may have lower levels of these neurotransmitters in your brain. Antidepressants can help increase the availability of one or more of these neurotransmitters over time.\n\nHow they do that, though, depends on what type of antidepressant you’re prescribed.\n\nThere are several major types (or classes) of antidepressant medications. Each class works in a slightly different way.\n\nThe types of antidepressants include:\n\n- [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/drugs\/choosing-the-best-ssri)\n- [serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[(](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[S](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[N](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[R](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[I](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[s](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)[)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/health\/ssri-vs-snri)\n- tricyclic antidepressants\n- [monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/drugs\/what-are-mao-inhibitors)\n- noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants\n- atypical antidepressants\n\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors\n\nSSRIs are the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressant. They’re often the first type tried for people who are newly diagnosed with depression.\n\nFirst developed in the 1970s, SSRIs work by regulating serotonin levels in the brain.\n\nWhen a neurotransmitter isn’t taken up by other neurons, it’s reabsorbed by the neuron that released it in a process called “reuptake.”\n\nAs the name suggests, an SSRI inhibits the reabsorption of serotonin. In other words, it blocks serotonin from quickly leaving your brain. This raises serotonin levels so more is available and active to help regulate your emotions.\n\nCommon SSRIs include:\n\n- [fluoxetine (Prozac)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/prozac)\n- [sertraline (Zoloft)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/zoloft)\n- [escitalopram (Lexapro)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/zoloft)\n- [paroxetine (Paxil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/paxil)\n- [citalopram (Celexa)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/celexa)\n- [fluvoxamine (Luvox)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/fluvoxamine)\n- [vilazodone (Viibryd)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/vilazodone)\n\nSide effects\n\nSSRIs are often more tolerated than other antidepressants because they tend to have fewer [side effects](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/lib\/coping-with-antidepressant-side-effects#1). But they *can* have side effects such as:\n\n- stomach upset or nausea\n- insomnia or other sleep issues\n- nervousness\n- tremors\n- weight changes\n- headaches\n- sexual dysfunction\n- dizziness\n\nSerotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors\n\nSNRIs work similarly to SSRIs, but they inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.\n\nSNRIs can have the same benefits as SSRIs, but since they also raise levels of norepinephrine, they may help more with stress and anxiety.\n\nSNRIs are a newer class of drugs — the first SNRI was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993. They’re approved for use in treating depression, anxiety disorders, and conditions related to chronic pain.\n\nCommon SNRIs include:\n\n- [duloxetine (Cymbalta)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/cymbalta)\n- [venlafaxine (Effexor)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/effexor-xr)\n- [desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/desvenlafaxine-er)\n- [levomilnacipran (Fetzima)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/fetzima)\n\nSide effects\n\nThe increased levels of norepinephrine can cause side effects like:\n\n- increased heart rate\n- high blood pressure\n- heart palpitations\n\nOther common side effects include:\n\n- headache\n- stomach upset or nausea\n- dizziness\n- appetite changes\n- dry mouth\n- sexual dysfunction\n\nThese can become severe for some individuals, so you’ll want to keep your doctor informed of any side effects you have.\n\nTricyclic antidepressants\n\nTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs or tricyclics) work by reducing the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. They also block another neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which plays a role in muscle movement, heart rate, thinking, and learning.\n\nCommon tricyclics include:\n\n- [clomipramine (Anafranil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/anafranil)\n- [amitriptyline (Elavil)](https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/amitriptyline-oral-tablet)\n- [desipramine (Norpramin)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/desipramine)\n- [nortriptyline (Pamelor)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/nortriptyline)\n- [doxepin (Sinequan)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/doxepin)\n- [trimipramine (Surmontil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/trimipramine)\n- [imipramine (Tofranil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/imipramine)\n- [protriptyline (Vivactil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/protriptyline)\n\nPrescribing tricyclics is less common now because they have more severe side effects than SSRIs and SNRIs.\n\nYou may also have a [higher chance of overdosing](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430931\/) with a TCA compared to other antidepressants. Taking only a small amount over your normal dose can lead to overdose or have life threatening side effects.\n\nSide effects\n\nThe most common side effects of tricyclics are:\n\n- weight gain\n- urinary retention (when your bladder doesn’t fully empty)\n- constipation\n- dry mouth\n- dizziness\n- blurred vision or dry eyes\n- sleepiness\n- confusion\n\nAbruptly stopping tricyclics or missing a couple of doses can lead to withdrawal or discontinuation symptoms. This is why it’s helpful to create a tapering schedule with your doctor.\n\nMonoamine oxidase inhibitors\n\nMAOIs inhibit the brain enzyme called monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters. This leads to higher levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain.\n\nThey may also be prescribed for depression in:\n\n- bipolar disorder\n- [borderline personality disorder (BPD)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/disorders\/borderline-personality-disorder\/treatment)\n- [post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/ptsd\/ptsd-overview)\n- [agoraphobia](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/anxiety\/agoraphobia-symptoms)\n- social phobia\n- [bulimia](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/eating-disorders\/bulimia-binging-and-purging)\n\nSome common MAOIs are:\n\n- selegiline (Emsam)\n- [isocarboxazid (Marplan)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/marplan)\n- [phenelzine (Nardil)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/phenelzine)\n- [tranylcypromine (Parnate)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/tranylcypromine)\n\nSide effects\n\nMAOIs aren’t often prescribed as much today as they were in the past due to side effects and potential interactions.\n\nIf you’re prescribed an MAOI, you’ll be required to follow a [special diet](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/tyramine-free-diets). This is because monoamine oxidase regulates the breakdown of tyramine, a compound found in food.\n\nYou’ll need to limit foods with tyramine — like aged cheeses, cured or smoked meats, or fermented foods — since MAOIs can cause tyramine levels to rise.\n\nIf tyramine levels are too high, it can lead to dangerously high blood pressure. Limiting tyramine-rich foods can help prevent hypertensive crisis, which is when your blood pressure gets too high, increasing your chances of having a heart attack or stroke.\n\nMAOIs also tend to have a lot of other interactions so you can’t mix them with certain meds such as:\n\n- other types of antidepressants\n- herbal remedies like St. John’s wort\n- central nervous system stimulants (for example, [Adderall](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/childhood-adhd\/treatment-of-adhd-in-children))\n- certain meds for pain, cold, and allergies\n\nCommon side effects of MAOIs include:\n\n- nausea\n- drowsiness\n- dizziness\n- restlessness\n- trouble sleeping\n- dry mouth\n- diarrhea or constipation\n- skin reactions if using the patch\n\nNoradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants\n\nNoradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) are a newer class of drugs that affect serotonin and norepinephrine levels in your brain. They block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine (adrenaline).\n\nThey’re often prescribed for depression, as well as anxiety and personality disorders.\n\nSide effects\n\nPossible side effects can include:\n\n- constipation\n- dry mouth\n- weight gain\n- drowsiness\n- blurred vision\n- dizziness\n\nAtypical antidepressants\n\nAtypical antidepressants are those that don’t particularly fit into any other classes. They affect serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels in the brain.\n\nCommon atypical antidepressants include:\n\n- [bupropion (Wellbutrin)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/wellbutrin-xl)\n- [trazodone (Oleptro)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/trazodone)\n- [vortioxetine (Trintellix)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/trintellix)\n- [olanzapine\/fluoxetine (Symbax)](https:\/\/perks.optum.com\/drug\/symbyax)\n\nEach one works differently.\n\nFor example, bupropion inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, raising the levels of all three hormones in the brain. It’s often used to treat depression or depression related to seasonal changes (aka seasonal depression). It can also be used to help someone quit smoking.\n\nMeanwhile, trazodone and vortioxetine both inhibit serotonin reuptake. They’re known as serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs).\n\nSymbax is a combination drug that includes an SSRI (fluoxetine) and an [antipsychotic](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/schizophrenia\/psy-61892) (olanzapine).\n\nOptum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/about\/brand-and-product-vetting)\n\nEach class of antidepressants has different side effects, ranging from mild to more severe.\n\nIn severe instances, antidepressants may lead to an increased likelihood of suicidal thoughts and actions.\n\nFor this reason, the FDA has a black box warning on antidepressants for people under the age of 24.\n\nThe side effects of antidepressants can feel like a barrier to some people, but it’s important to remember that you may only have one or two of them, or none at all.\n\nSometimes, side effects are only temporary until your body adjusts to the med, in which case the side effects will be reduced or entirely disappear after the first few weeks of treatment.\n\nIn general, if you’re having side effects that last for several weeks without improvement, or you’re concerned that a side effect is having a strong or dangerous impact on your health, reach out to your doctor immediately. They’ll be able to assess what’s happening and plan next steps.\n\nWhen choosing the best antidepressant treatment for you, remember that there isn’t one type that’s specifically better or more effective than another.\n\nSince each type does something different, consider talking with a healthcare professional who has experience prescribing antidepressants so they can help find one that will address your specific symptoms.\n\nTaking [antidepressants when breastfeeding](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/antidepressants-safety-when-breastfeeding) or pregnant is mostly safe but you may also want to discuss your options with your health team.\n\n1\\. Study up on antidepressants\n\nTake the time to research and learn about the different types of antidepressants and how they work, especially before you start taking one. By having a better understanding of how they work, you’ll have a better understanding of what’s happening in your body.\n\nTake notes and jot down any questions you may have to discuss at your next appointment.\n\n2\\. Track your side effects\n\nIt’s always a good idea to check in with yourself to see how you’re feeling while taking an antidepressant.\n\nFor example, if you’re feeling increasingly dizzy or start having more headaches, write it down and share it with your doctor.\n\nThe more information your doctor has, the better they can adjust your medication or dosage.\n\n3\\. Give it some time\n\nIt’s important to remember that changes in your mood will be gradual when you start using antidepressants. This is because antidepressants take time to build up their effectiveness.\n\nSo don’t expect instantaneous results. Allow some time to start seeing a change.\n\nIt can take several weeks to fully feel the effects of most antidepressants.\n\nDon’t give up after the first week just because you don’t feel better right away, and try not to get discouraged if you don’t see fast improvements.\n\n4\\. Stay on a schedule\n\nMissing doses or quitting for even short periods of time will slow down your progress and, in some cases, cause you to go through withdrawal symptoms.\n\nConsider taking antidepressants at a time when you know you’ll more reliably take them, like in the morning before work or school. You can also create a phone reminder or leave a note blocking your door if that helps.\n\nLiving with depression can feel overwhelming at times, and it’s hard to know where to even start looking for help. You may feel bad about needing to ask for help in the first place or admitting that you’re not feeling well.\n\nBut there’s nothing to feel bad or ashamed about. You’re not alone. There are numerous resources available for managing your mental health and depression.\n\nUltimately, you don’t have to make the decision to go on antidepressants alone. Consider talking to a mental health professional, they’ll be there to help you talk through the treatment options that are right for you.","meta_canonical":null}

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Meta Description	Antidepressant medications are the most widely used meds for depression, but they're also used for a variety of other conditions.
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Boilerpipe Text	Antidepressants, like tricyclics and SSRIs, are the most commonly prescribed meds for depression. There are many types to choose from, so it’s important to speak with professional to help you. Antidepressants are some of the world’s most prescribed medications. You may be prescribed common drugs, like Wellbutrin, Prozac, or Cymbalta. These meds can be used for a variety of mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, but they may also be prescribed to treat pain or sleeping problems. But with so many types available, how do you know which antidepressant is right for you? There are several medications used to treat depression, but antidepressants are the most popular. Antidepressants are one of the primary treatments for depression and one of the most commonly prescribed types of meds in the United States. More than 13% of U.S. adults — about 1 in 10 people — over the age of 18 used antidepressants in the last 30 days, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Like the name suggests, antidepressants can help relieve symptoms of depression and may stop them from coming back. The exact way antidepressants work isn’t totally understood, but they’re believed to work by correcting imbalances of chemicals (aka neurotransmitters) in the brain. Neurotransmitters regulate our moods and emotions by transmitting nerve signals to receptors in the brain. There are three neurotransmitters that are believed to be specific to depression: Serotonin: regulates mood, appetite, sleep, memory, social behavior, and sexual desire Dopamine: influences motivation, arousal, decision-making, and pleasure Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline): affects alertness and helps the body respond to stress When you have depression, you may have lower levels of these neurotransmitters in your brain. Antidepressants can help increase the availability of one or more of these neurotransmitters over time. How they do that, though, depends on what type of antidepressant you’re prescribed. There are several major types (or classes) of antidepressant medications. Each class works in a slightly different way. The types of antidepressants include: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( S N R I s ) tricyclic antidepressants monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants atypical antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressant. They’re often the first type tried for people who are newly diagnosed with depression. First developed in the 1970s, SSRIs work by regulating serotonin levels in the brain. When a neurotransmitter isn’t taken up by other neurons, it’s reabsorbed by the neuron that released it in a process called “reuptake.” As the name suggests, an SSRI inhibits the reabsorption of serotonin. In other words, it blocks serotonin from quickly leaving your brain. This raises serotonin levels so more is available and active to help regulate your emotions. Common SSRIs include: fluoxetine (Prozac) sertraline (Zoloft) escitalopram (Lexapro) paroxetine (Paxil) citalopram (Celexa) fluvoxamine (Luvox) vilazodone (Viibryd) Side effects SSRIs are often more tolerated than other antidepressants because they tend to have fewer side effects . But they can have side effects such as: stomach upset or nausea insomnia or other sleep issues nervousness tremors weight changes headaches sexual dysfunction dizziness Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors SNRIs work similarly to SSRIs, but they inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. SNRIs can have the same benefits as SSRIs, but since they also raise levels of norepinephrine, they may help more with stress and anxiety. SNRIs are a newer class of drugs — the first SNRI was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993. They’re approved for use in treating depression, anxiety disorders, and conditions related to chronic pain. Common SNRIs include: duloxetine (Cymbalta) venlafaxine (Effexor) desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) levomilnacipran (Fetzima) Side effects The increased levels of norepinephrine can cause side effects like: increased heart rate high blood pressure heart palpitations Other common side effects include: headache stomach upset or nausea dizziness appetite changes dry mouth sexual dysfunction These can become severe for some individuals, so you’ll want to keep your doctor informed of any side effects you have. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs or tricyclics) work by reducing the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. They also block another neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which plays a role in muscle movement, heart rate, thinking, and learning. Common tricyclics include: clomipramine (Anafranil) amitriptyline (Elavil) desipramine (Norpramin) nortriptyline (Pamelor) doxepin (Sinequan) trimipramine (Surmontil) imipramine (Tofranil) protriptyline (Vivactil) Prescribing tricyclics is less common now because they have more severe side effects than SSRIs and SNRIs. You may also have a higher chance of overdosing with a TCA compared to other antidepressants. Taking only a small amount over your normal dose can lead to overdose or have life threatening side effects. Side effects The most common side effects of tricyclics are: weight gain urinary retention (when your bladder doesn’t fully empty) constipation dry mouth dizziness blurred vision or dry eyes sleepiness confusion Abruptly stopping tricyclics or missing a couple of doses can lead to withdrawal or discontinuation symptoms. This is why it’s helpful to create a tapering schedule with your doctor. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOIs inhibit the brain enzyme called monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters. This leads to higher levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain. They may also be prescribed for depression in: bipolar disorder borderline personality disorder (BPD) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) agoraphobia social phobia bulimia Some common MAOIs are: selegiline (Emsam) isocarboxazid (Marplan) phenelzine (Nardil) tranylcypromine (Parnate) Side effects MAOIs aren’t often prescribed as much today as they were in the past due to side effects and potential interactions. If you’re prescribed an MAOI, you’ll be required to follow a special diet . This is because monoamine oxidase regulates the breakdown of tyramine, a compound found in food. You’ll need to limit foods with tyramine — like aged cheeses, cured or smoked meats, or fermented foods — since MAOIs can cause tyramine levels to rise. If tyramine levels are too high, it can lead to dangerously high blood pressure. Limiting tyramine-rich foods can help prevent hypertensive crisis, which is when your blood pressure gets too high, increasing your chances of having a heart attack or stroke. MAOIs also tend to have a lot of other interactions so you can’t mix them with certain meds such as: other types of antidepressants herbal remedies like St. John’s wort central nervous system stimulants (for example, Adderall ) certain meds for pain, cold, and allergies Common side effects of MAOIs include: nausea drowsiness dizziness restlessness trouble sleeping dry mouth diarrhea or constipation skin reactions if using the patch Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) are a newer class of drugs that affect serotonin and norepinephrine levels in your brain. They block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine (adrenaline). They’re often prescribed for depression, as well as anxiety and personality disorders. Side effects Possible side effects can include: constipation dry mouth weight gain drowsiness blurred vision dizziness Atypical antidepressants Atypical antidepressants are those that don’t particularly fit into any other classes. They affect serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels in the brain. Common atypical antidepressants include: bupropion (Wellbutrin) trazodone (Oleptro) vortioxetine (Trintellix) olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbax) Each one works differently. For example, bupropion inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, raising the levels of all three hormones in the brain. It’s often used to treat depression or depression related to seasonal changes (aka seasonal depression). It can also be used to help someone quit smoking. Meanwhile, trazodone and vortioxetine both inhibit serotonin reuptake. They’re known as serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs). Symbax is a combination drug that includes an SSRI (fluoxetine) and an antipsychotic (olanzapine). Optum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. Learn more. Each class of antidepressants has different side effects, ranging from mild to more severe. In severe instances, antidepressants may lead to an increased likelihood of suicidal thoughts and actions. For this reason, the FDA has a black box warning on antidepressants for people under the age of 24. The side effects of antidepressants can feel like a barrier to some people, but it’s important to remember that you may only have one or two of them, or none at all. Sometimes, side effects are only temporary until your body adjusts to the med, in which case the side effects will be reduced or entirely disappear after the first few weeks of treatment. In general, if you’re having side effects that last for several weeks without improvement, or you’re concerned that a side effect is having a strong or dangerous impact on your health, reach out to your doctor immediately. They’ll be able to assess what’s happening and plan next steps. When choosing the best antidepressant treatment for you, remember that there isn’t one type that’s specifically better or more effective than another. Since each type does something different, consider talking with a healthcare professional who has experience prescribing antidepressants so they can help find one that will address your specific symptoms. Taking antidepressants when breastfeeding or pregnant is mostly safe but you may also want to discuss your options with your health team. 1. Study up on antidepressants Take the time to research and learn about the different types of antidepressants and how they work, especially before you start taking one. By having a better understanding of how they work, you’ll have a better understanding of what’s happening in your body. Take notes and jot down any questions you may have to discuss at your next appointment. 2. Track your side effects It’s always a good idea to check in with yourself to see how you’re feeling while taking an antidepressant. For example, if you’re feeling increasingly dizzy or start having more headaches, write it down and share it with your doctor. The more information your doctor has, the better they can adjust your medication or dosage. 3. Give it some time It’s important to remember that changes in your mood will be gradual when you start using antidepressants. This is because antidepressants take time to build up their effectiveness. So don’t expect instantaneous results. Allow some time to start seeing a change. It can take several weeks to fully feel the effects of most antidepressants. Don’t give up after the first week just because you don’t feel better right away, and try not to get discouraged if you don’t see fast improvements. 4. Stay on a schedule Missing doses or quitting for even short periods of time will slow down your progress and, in some cases, cause you to go through withdrawal symptoms. Consider taking antidepressants at a time when you know you’ll more reliably take them, like in the morning before work or school. You can also create a phone reminder or leave a note blocking your door if that helps. Living with depression can feel overwhelming at times, and it’s hard to know where to even start looking for help. You may feel bad about needing to ask for help in the first place or admitting that you’re not feeling well. But there’s nothing to feel bad or ashamed about. You’re not alone. There are numerous resources available for managing your mental health and depression. Ultimately, you don’t have to make the decision to go on antidepressants alone. Consider talking to a mental health professional, they’ll be there to help you talk through the treatment options that are right for you.
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[Quiz](https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/depression-quiz) - [Symptoms](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/depression-symptoms-major-depressive-disorder) - [Causes](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/depression-causes) - [Treatment](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/depression-treatment) - [Find Support](https://www.psychcentral.com/program/how-to-find-mental-health-support) # All About Antidepressants ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Alyssa-Peckham-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) Medically reviewed by [Alyssa Peckham, PharmD, BCPP](https://www.psychcentral.com/reviewers/alyssa-peckham-pharmd-bcpp) — Written by [Steven Rowe](https://www.psychcentral.com/authors/steven-rowe) — Updated on June 29, 2023 - [What are they?](https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressant-medications#what-are-they) - [How do they work?](https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressant-medications#how-do-they-work) - [Types](https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressant-medications#types) - [Uses](https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressant-medications#uses) - [Dealing with side effects](https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressant-medications#dealing-with-side-effects) - [How to pick the right one](https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressant-medications#how-to-pick-the-right-one) - [Getting started](https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressant-medications#getting-started) Antidepressants, like tricyclics and SSRIs, are the most commonly prescribed meds for depression. There are many types to choose from, so it’s important to speak with professional to help you. Antidepressants are some of the world’s most prescribed medications. You may be prescribed common drugs, like Wellbutrin, Prozac, or Cymbalta. These meds can be used for a variety of mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, but they may also be prescribed to treat pain or sleeping problems. But with so many types available, how do you know which antidepressant is right for you? ## [What are antidepressants?]() There are several medications used to treat depression, but antidepressants are the most popular. Antidepressants are one of the primary treatments for [depression](https://psychcentral.com/depression/depression) and one of the most commonly prescribed types of meds in the United States. More than [13%](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db377.htm) of U.S. adults — about 1 in 10 people — over the age of 18 used antidepressants in the last 30 days, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Like the name suggests, antidepressants can help relieve symptoms of depression and may stop them from coming back. ## [How antidepressants work]() The exact way antidepressants work isn’t totally understood, but they’re believed to work by correcting [imbalances of chemicals](https://psychcentral.com/depression/chemistry-of-depression) (aka neurotransmitters) in the brain. [Neurotransmitters](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326649) regulate our moods and emotions by transmitting nerve signals to receptors in the brain. There are three neurotransmitters that are believed to be specific to depression: - Serotonin: regulates mood, appetite, sleep, memory, social behavior, and sexual desire - Dopamine: influences motivation, arousal, decision-making, and pleasure - Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline): affects alertness and helps the body respond to stress When you have depression, you may have lower levels of these neurotransmitters in your brain. Antidepressants can help increase the availability of one or more of these neurotransmitters over time. How they do that, though, depends on what type of antidepressant you’re prescribed. ## [Types of antidepressants]() There are several major types (or classes) of antidepressant medications. Each class works in a slightly different way. The types of antidepressants include: - [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https://psychcentral.com/drugs/choosing-the-best-ssri) - [serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[(](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[S](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[N](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[R](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[I](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[s](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[)](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri) - tricyclic antidepressants - [monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https://psychcentral.com/drugs/what-are-mao-inhibitors) - noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants - atypical antidepressants ### Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressant. They’re often the first type tried for people who are newly diagnosed with depression. First developed in the 1970s, SSRIs work by regulating serotonin levels in the brain. When a neurotransmitter isn’t taken up by other neurons, it’s reabsorbed by the neuron that released it in a process called “reuptake.” As the name suggests, an SSRI inhibits the reabsorption of serotonin. In other words, it blocks serotonin from quickly leaving your brain. This raises serotonin levels so more is available and active to help regulate your emotions. Common SSRIs include: - [fluoxetine (Prozac)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/prozac) - [sertraline (Zoloft)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/zoloft) - [escitalopram (Lexapro)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/zoloft) - [paroxetine (Paxil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/paxil) - [citalopram (Celexa)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/celexa) - [fluvoxamine (Luvox)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/fluvoxamine) - [vilazodone (Viibryd)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/vilazodone) #### Side effects SSRIs are often more tolerated than other antidepressants because they tend to have fewer [side effects](https://psychcentral.com/lib/coping-with-antidepressant-side-effects#1). But they can have side effects such as: - stomach upset or nausea - insomnia or other sleep issues - nervousness - tremors - weight changes - headaches - sexual dysfunction - dizziness ### Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors SNRIs work similarly to SSRIs, but they inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. SNRIs can have the same benefits as SSRIs, but since they also raise levels of norepinephrine, they may help more with stress and anxiety. SNRIs are a newer class of drugs — the first SNRI was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993. They’re approved for use in treating depression, anxiety disorders, and conditions related to chronic pain. Common SNRIs include: - [duloxetine (Cymbalta)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/cymbalta) - [venlafaxine (Effexor)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/effexor-xr) - [desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/desvenlafaxine-er) - [levomilnacipran (Fetzima)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/fetzima) #### Side effects The increased levels of norepinephrine can cause side effects like: - increased heart rate - high blood pressure - heart palpitations Other common side effects include: - headache - stomach upset or nausea - dizziness - appetite changes - dry mouth - sexual dysfunction These can become severe for some individuals, so you’ll want to keep your doctor informed of any side effects you have. ### Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs or tricyclics) work by reducing the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. They also block another neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which plays a role in muscle movement, heart rate, thinking, and learning. Common tricyclics include: - [clomipramine (Anafranil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/anafranil) - [amitriptyline (Elavil)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/amitriptyline-oral-tablet) - [desipramine (Norpramin)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/desipramine) - [nortriptyline (Pamelor)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/nortriptyline) - [doxepin (Sinequan)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/doxepin) - [trimipramine (Surmontil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/trimipramine) - [imipramine (Tofranil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/imipramine) - [protriptyline (Vivactil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/protriptyline) Prescribing tricyclics is less common now because they have more severe side effects than SSRIs and SNRIs. You may also have a [higher chance of overdosing](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430931/) with a TCA compared to other antidepressants. Taking only a small amount over your normal dose can lead to overdose or have life threatening side effects. Still, tricyclics may be prescribed when someone isn’t responding to other antidepressants. They may also be prescribed for people with [bipolar disorder](https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/bipolar-disorder-treatment) or [obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)](https://psychcentral.com/ocd/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-treatment). #### Side effects The most common side effects of tricyclics are: - weight gain - urinary retention (when your bladder doesn’t fully empty) - constipation - dry mouth - dizziness - blurred vision or dry eyes - sleepiness - confusion Abruptly stopping tricyclics or missing a couple of doses can lead to withdrawal or discontinuation symptoms. This is why it’s helpful to create a tapering schedule with your doctor. ### Monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOIs inhibit the brain enzyme called monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters. This leads to higher levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain. They may also be prescribed for depression in: - bipolar disorder - [borderline personality disorder (BPD)](https://psychcentral.com/disorders/borderline-personality-disorder/treatment) - [post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)](https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/ptsd-overview) - [agoraphobia](https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/agoraphobia-symptoms) - social phobia - [bulimia](https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/bulimia-binging-and-purging) Some common MAOIs are: - selegiline (Emsam) - [isocarboxazid (Marplan)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/marplan) - [phenelzine (Nardil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/phenelzine) - [tranylcypromine (Parnate)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/tranylcypromine) #### Side effects MAOIs aren’t often prescribed as much today as they were in the past due to side effects and potential interactions. If you’re prescribed an MAOI, you’ll be required to follow a [special diet](https://www.healthline.com/health/tyramine-free-diets). This is because monoamine oxidase regulates the breakdown of tyramine, a compound found in food. You’ll need to limit foods with tyramine — like aged cheeses, cured or smoked meats, or fermented foods — since MAOIs can cause tyramine levels to rise. If tyramine levels are too high, it can lead to dangerously high blood pressure. Limiting tyramine-rich foods can help prevent hypertensive crisis, which is when your blood pressure gets too high, increasing your chances of having a heart attack or stroke. MAOIs also tend to have a lot of other interactions so you can’t mix them with certain meds such as: - other types of antidepressants - herbal remedies like St. John’s wort - central nervous system stimulants (for example, [Adderall](https://psychcentral.com/childhood-adhd/treatment-of-adhd-in-children)) - certain meds for pain, cold, and allergies Common side effects of MAOIs include: - nausea - drowsiness - dizziness - restlessness - trouble sleeping - dry mouth - diarrhea or constipation - skin reactions if using the patch ### Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) are a newer class of drugs that affect serotonin and norepinephrine levels in your brain. They block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine (adrenaline). They’re often prescribed for depression, as well as anxiety and personality disorders. The most common NaSSA is [mirtazapine (Remeron)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/mirtazapine). #### Side effects Possible side effects can include: - constipation - dry mouth - weight gain - drowsiness - blurred vision - dizziness ### Atypical antidepressants Atypical antidepressants are those that don’t particularly fit into any other classes. They affect serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels in the brain. Common atypical antidepressants include: - [bupropion (Wellbutrin)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/wellbutrin-xl) - [trazodone (Oleptro)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/trazodone) - [vortioxetine (Trintellix)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/trintellix) - [olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbax)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/symbyax) Each one works differently. For example, bupropion inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, raising the levels of all three hormones in the brain. It’s often used to treat depression or depression related to seasonal changes (aka seasonal depression). It can also be used to help someone quit smoking. Meanwhile, trazodone and vortioxetine both inhibit serotonin reuptake. They’re known as serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs). Symbax is a combination drug that includes an SSRI (fluoxetine) and an [antipsychotic](https://psychcentral.com/schizophrenia/psy-61892) (olanzapine). Optum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https://psychcentral.com/about/brand-and-product-vetting) ## [Uses for antidepressants]() The primary use of antidepressants is to treat the symptoms of depression, ranging from mild to severe. This includes postpartum depression. But antidepressants can also be prescribed to help manage symptoms of other conditions, including: - [anxiety disorders](https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/anxiety-disorders) - OCD - PTSD - phobias, such as [specific phobias](https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/specific-phobia-symptoms) and agoraphobia - [eating disorders](https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders) - [panic disorder](https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms) Antidepressants may also have [“off-label” uses](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/off-label-drug-use), meaning these aren’t approved by the FDA for these conditions but may still be effective. Some off-label uses of antidepressants include: - chronic pain - migraine - [insomnia](https://psychcentral.com/disorders/insomnia-symptoms#1) - urinary incontinence - [sexual dysfunction](https://psychcentral.com/disorders/sex-overview) - [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)](https://psychcentral.com/adhd/adhd-overview) - bedwetting in children ## [Dealing with side effects]() Each class of antidepressants has different side effects, ranging from mild to more severe. In severe instances, antidepressants may lead to an increased likelihood of suicidal thoughts and actions. For this reason, the FDA has a black box warning on antidepressants for people under the age of 24. ### What does a black box warning mean? A black box warning is the most stringent warning issued by the FDA for drugs and medical devices. The side effects of antidepressants can feel like a barrier to some people, but it’s important to remember that you may only have one or two of them, or none at all. Sometimes, side effects are only temporary until your body adjusts to the med, in which case the side effects will be reduced or entirely disappear after the first few weeks of treatment. In general, if you’re having side effects that last for several weeks without improvement, or you’re concerned that a side effect is having a strong or dangerous impact on your health, reach out to your doctor immediately. They’ll be able to assess what’s happening and plan next steps. ## [How to pick the right antidepressant for you]() When choosing the best antidepressant treatment for you, remember that there isn’t one type that’s specifically better or more effective than another. Since each type does something different, consider talking with a healthcare professional who has experience prescribing antidepressants so they can help find one that will address your specific symptoms. Taking [antidepressants when breastfeeding](https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressants-safety-when-breastfeeding) or pregnant is mostly safe but you may also want to discuss your options with your health team. ### 1\. Study up on antidepressants Take the time to research and learn about the different types of antidepressants and how they work, especially before you start taking one. By having a better understanding of how they work, you’ll have a better understanding of what’s happening in your body. Take notes and jot down any questions you may have to discuss at your next appointment. ### Questions to ask your doctor: - Will this interfere with any other medications I’m taking? - Is it covered by my insurance? Is there a specific brand or type that’s covered? - What side effects does this antidepressant have, and will it make another condition I have worse? - Can it also help treat another health issue I’m having? - How long do you think I’ll be taking this? What’s the process for ending my treatment? ### 2\. Track your side effects It’s always a good idea to check in with yourself to see how you’re feeling while taking an antidepressant. For example, if you’re feeling increasingly dizzy or start having more headaches, write it down and share it with your doctor. The more information your doctor has, the better they can adjust your medication or dosage. ### 3\. Give it some time It’s important to remember that changes in your mood will be gradual when you start using antidepressants. This is because antidepressants take time to build up their effectiveness. So don’t expect instantaneous results. Allow some time to start seeing a change. It can take several weeks to fully feel the effects of most antidepressants. Don’t give up after the first week just because you don’t feel better right away, and try not to get discouraged if you don’t see fast improvements. ### 4\. Stay on a schedule Missing doses or quitting for even short periods of time will slow down your progress and, in some cases, cause you to go through withdrawal symptoms. Consider taking antidepressants at a time when you know you’ll more reliably take them, like in the morning before work or school. You can also create a phone reminder or leave a note blocking your door if that helps. ## [How to get started]() Living with depression can feel overwhelming at times, and it’s hard to know where to even start looking for help. You may feel bad about needing to ask for help in the first place or admitting that you’re not feeling well. But there’s nothing to feel bad or ashamed about. You’re not alone. There are numerous resources available for managing your mental health and depression. Ultimately, you don’t have to make the decision to go on antidepressants alone. Consider talking to a mental health professional, they’ll be there to help you talk through the treatment options that are right for you. 16 sourcescollapsed - Atypical Antidepressants. (n.d.). <https://screening.mhanational.org/content/atypical-antidepressants/> - Brody DJ, et al. (2020). Antidepressant use among adults: United States, 2015-2018. <https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db377.htm> - Bupropion (Wellbutrin). (2020). <https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Mental-Health-Medications/Types-of-Medication/Bupropion-(Wellbutrin)> - Chu A, et al. (2021). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554406/> - Friedman RA. (2014). Antidepressants’ black-box warning — 10 years later. <https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1408480> - Depression. (n.d.). <https://www.fda.gov/media/77381/download> - Depression: How effective are antidepressants? (2020). <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/> - Kent JM. (2000). SNaRIs, NaSSAs, and NaRIs: New agents for the treatment of depression. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10752718/> - Khalid MM, et al. (2021). Tricyclic antidepressant toxicity. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430931/> - Mental health medications. (2016). <https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml> - Moraczewski J, et al. (2020). Tricyclic antidepressants. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557791/> - Pratt LA, et al. (2017). Antidepressant use among persons aged 12 and over: United States, 2011–2014. <https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db283.htm> - Sansone RA, et al. (2014). Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: A pharmacological comparison. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008300/> - Simon LV, et al. (2021). Serotonin syndrome. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482377/> - Skånland SS, et al. (2019). Off-label uses of drugs for depression. <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299919306843> - Sub Laban T, et al. (2020). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539848/> [FEEDBACK:]() ![](https://i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Alyssa-Peckham-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105) Medically reviewed by [Alyssa Peckham, PharmD, BCPP](https://www.psychcentral.com/reviewers/alyssa-peckham-pharmd-bcpp) — Written by [Steven Rowe](https://www.psychcentral.com/authors/steven-rowe) — Updated on June 29, 2023 ## RELATED - [Quiz: Is My Antidepressant Working?](https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/is-my-antidepressant-working-quiz?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Antidepressants for Teens: What Works?](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/should-i-put-my-teenager-on-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext) - [What Are the Fastest-Acting Antidepressants?](https://www.psychcentral.com/depression/fast-acting-antidepressants?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Podcast: Mental Health Isn’t a Movie: Olivia Nash on changing Hollywood’s Narrative](https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/podcast-mental-health-isnt-a-movie-olivia-nash-on-changing-hollywoods-narrative?utm_source=ReadNext) - [Podcast: When Faith Hurts: Religion, Trauma, and Mental Health](https://www.psychcentral.com/blog/podcast-when-faith-hurts-religion-trauma-and-mental-health?utm_source=ReadNext) ### Read this next - [Quiz: Is My Antidepressant Working?](https://www.psychcentral.com/quizzes/is-my-antidepressant-working-quiz?utm_source=ReadNext) [It can take time for antidepressants to work and the effects can be subtle at first. 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Readable Markdown	Antidepressants, like tricyclics and SSRIs, are the most commonly prescribed meds for depression. There are many types to choose from, so it’s important to speak with professional to help you. Antidepressants are some of the world’s most prescribed medications. You may be prescribed common drugs, like Wellbutrin, Prozac, or Cymbalta. These meds can be used for a variety of mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, but they may also be prescribed to treat pain or sleeping problems. But with so many types available, how do you know which antidepressant is right for you? There are several medications used to treat depression, but antidepressants are the most popular. Antidepressants are one of the primary treatments for [depression](https://psychcentral.com/depression/depression) and one of the most commonly prescribed types of meds in the United States. More than [13%](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db377.htm) of U.S. adults — about 1 in 10 people — over the age of 18 used antidepressants in the last 30 days, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Like the name suggests, antidepressants can help relieve symptoms of depression and may stop them from coming back. The exact way antidepressants work isn’t totally understood, but they’re believed to work by correcting [imbalances of chemicals](https://psychcentral.com/depression/chemistry-of-depression) (aka neurotransmitters) in the brain. [Neurotransmitters](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326649) regulate our moods and emotions by transmitting nerve signals to receptors in the brain. There are three neurotransmitters that are believed to be specific to depression: - Serotonin: regulates mood, appetite, sleep, memory, social behavior, and sexual desire - Dopamine: influences motivation, arousal, decision-making, and pleasure - Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline): affects alertness and helps the body respond to stress When you have depression, you may have lower levels of these neurotransmitters in your brain. Antidepressants can help increase the availability of one or more of these neurotransmitters over time. How they do that, though, depends on what type of antidepressant you’re prescribed. There are several major types (or classes) of antidepressant medications. Each class works in a slightly different way. The types of antidepressants include: - [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)](https://psychcentral.com/drugs/choosing-the-best-ssri) - [serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[(](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[S](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[N](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[R](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[I](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[s](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri)[)](https://psychcentral.com/health/ssri-vs-snri) - tricyclic antidepressants - [monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)](https://psychcentral.com/drugs/what-are-mao-inhibitors) - noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants - atypical antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressant. They’re often the first type tried for people who are newly diagnosed with depression. First developed in the 1970s, SSRIs work by regulating serotonin levels in the brain. When a neurotransmitter isn’t taken up by other neurons, it’s reabsorbed by the neuron that released it in a process called “reuptake.” As the name suggests, an SSRI inhibits the reabsorption of serotonin. In other words, it blocks serotonin from quickly leaving your brain. This raises serotonin levels so more is available and active to help regulate your emotions. Common SSRIs include: - [fluoxetine (Prozac)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/prozac) - [sertraline (Zoloft)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/zoloft) - [escitalopram (Lexapro)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/zoloft) - [paroxetine (Paxil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/paxil) - [citalopram (Celexa)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/celexa) - [fluvoxamine (Luvox)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/fluvoxamine) - [vilazodone (Viibryd)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/vilazodone) Side effects SSRIs are often more tolerated than other antidepressants because they tend to have fewer [side effects](https://psychcentral.com/lib/coping-with-antidepressant-side-effects#1). But they can have side effects such as: - stomach upset or nausea - insomnia or other sleep issues - nervousness - tremors - weight changes - headaches - sexual dysfunction - dizziness Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors SNRIs work similarly to SSRIs, but they inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. SNRIs can have the same benefits as SSRIs, but since they also raise levels of norepinephrine, they may help more with stress and anxiety. SNRIs are a newer class of drugs — the first SNRI was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993. They’re approved for use in treating depression, anxiety disorders, and conditions related to chronic pain. Common SNRIs include: - [duloxetine (Cymbalta)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/cymbalta) - [venlafaxine (Effexor)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/effexor-xr) - [desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/desvenlafaxine-er) - [levomilnacipran (Fetzima)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/fetzima) Side effects The increased levels of norepinephrine can cause side effects like: - increased heart rate - high blood pressure - heart palpitations Other common side effects include: - headache - stomach upset or nausea - dizziness - appetite changes - dry mouth - sexual dysfunction These can become severe for some individuals, so you’ll want to keep your doctor informed of any side effects you have. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs or tricyclics) work by reducing the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine. They also block another neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which plays a role in muscle movement, heart rate, thinking, and learning. Common tricyclics include: - [clomipramine (Anafranil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/anafranil) - [amitriptyline (Elavil)](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/amitriptyline-oral-tablet) - [desipramine (Norpramin)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/desipramine) - [nortriptyline (Pamelor)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/nortriptyline) - [doxepin (Sinequan)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/doxepin) - [trimipramine (Surmontil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/trimipramine) - [imipramine (Tofranil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/imipramine) - [protriptyline (Vivactil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/protriptyline) Prescribing tricyclics is less common now because they have more severe side effects than SSRIs and SNRIs. You may also have a [higher chance of overdosing](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430931/) with a TCA compared to other antidepressants. Taking only a small amount over your normal dose can lead to overdose or have life threatening side effects. Side effects The most common side effects of tricyclics are: - weight gain - urinary retention (when your bladder doesn’t fully empty) - constipation - dry mouth - dizziness - blurred vision or dry eyes - sleepiness - confusion Abruptly stopping tricyclics or missing a couple of doses can lead to withdrawal or discontinuation symptoms. This is why it’s helpful to create a tapering schedule with your doctor. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOIs inhibit the brain enzyme called monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters. This leads to higher levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain. They may also be prescribed for depression in: - bipolar disorder - [borderline personality disorder (BPD)](https://psychcentral.com/disorders/borderline-personality-disorder/treatment) - [post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)](https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/ptsd-overview) - [agoraphobia](https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/agoraphobia-symptoms) - social phobia - [bulimia](https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/bulimia-binging-and-purging) Some common MAOIs are: - selegiline (Emsam) - [isocarboxazid (Marplan)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/marplan) - [phenelzine (Nardil)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/phenelzine) - [tranylcypromine (Parnate)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/tranylcypromine) Side effects MAOIs aren’t often prescribed as much today as they were in the past due to side effects and potential interactions. If you’re prescribed an MAOI, you’ll be required to follow a [special diet](https://www.healthline.com/health/tyramine-free-diets). This is because monoamine oxidase regulates the breakdown of tyramine, a compound found in food. You’ll need to limit foods with tyramine — like aged cheeses, cured or smoked meats, or fermented foods — since MAOIs can cause tyramine levels to rise. If tyramine levels are too high, it can lead to dangerously high blood pressure. Limiting tyramine-rich foods can help prevent hypertensive crisis, which is when your blood pressure gets too high, increasing your chances of having a heart attack or stroke. MAOIs also tend to have a lot of other interactions so you can’t mix them with certain meds such as: - other types of antidepressants - herbal remedies like St. John’s wort - central nervous system stimulants (for example, [Adderall](https://psychcentral.com/childhood-adhd/treatment-of-adhd-in-children)) - certain meds for pain, cold, and allergies Common side effects of MAOIs include: - nausea - drowsiness - dizziness - restlessness - trouble sleeping - dry mouth - diarrhea or constipation - skin reactions if using the patch Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) are a newer class of drugs that affect serotonin and norepinephrine levels in your brain. They block receptors of the stress hormone epinephrine (adrenaline). They’re often prescribed for depression, as well as anxiety and personality disorders. Side effects Possible side effects can include: - constipation - dry mouth - weight gain - drowsiness - blurred vision - dizziness Atypical antidepressants Atypical antidepressants are those that don’t particularly fit into any other classes. They affect serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels in the brain. Common atypical antidepressants include: - [bupropion (Wellbutrin)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/wellbutrin-xl) - [trazodone (Oleptro)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/trazodone) - [vortioxetine (Trintellix)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/trintellix) - [olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbax)](https://perks.optum.com/drug/symbyax) Each one works differently. For example, bupropion inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, raising the levels of all three hormones in the brain. It’s often used to treat depression or depression related to seasonal changes (aka seasonal depression). It can also be used to help someone quit smoking. Meanwhile, trazodone and vortioxetine both inhibit serotonin reuptake. They’re known as serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs). Symbax is a combination drug that includes an SSRI (fluoxetine) and an [antipsychotic](https://psychcentral.com/schizophrenia/psy-61892) (olanzapine). Optum Perks is owned by RVO Health. By clicking on this link, we may receive a commission. [Learn more.](https://psychcentral.com/about/brand-and-product-vetting) Each class of antidepressants has different side effects, ranging from mild to more severe. In severe instances, antidepressants may lead to an increased likelihood of suicidal thoughts and actions. For this reason, the FDA has a black box warning on antidepressants for people under the age of 24. The side effects of antidepressants can feel like a barrier to some people, but it’s important to remember that you may only have one or two of them, or none at all. Sometimes, side effects are only temporary until your body adjusts to the med, in which case the side effects will be reduced or entirely disappear after the first few weeks of treatment. In general, if you’re having side effects that last for several weeks without improvement, or you’re concerned that a side effect is having a strong or dangerous impact on your health, reach out to your doctor immediately. They’ll be able to assess what’s happening and plan next steps. When choosing the best antidepressant treatment for you, remember that there isn’t one type that’s specifically better or more effective than another. Since each type does something different, consider talking with a healthcare professional who has experience prescribing antidepressants so they can help find one that will address your specific symptoms. Taking [antidepressants when breastfeeding](https://psychcentral.com/depression/antidepressants-safety-when-breastfeeding) or pregnant is mostly safe but you may also want to discuss your options with your health team. 1\. Study up on antidepressants Take the time to research and learn about the different types of antidepressants and how they work, especially before you start taking one. By having a better understanding of how they work, you’ll have a better understanding of what’s happening in your body. Take notes and jot down any questions you may have to discuss at your next appointment. 2\. Track your side effects It’s always a good idea to check in with yourself to see how you’re feeling while taking an antidepressant. For example, if you’re feeling increasingly dizzy or start having more headaches, write it down and share it with your doctor. The more information your doctor has, the better they can adjust your medication or dosage. 3\. Give it some time It’s important to remember that changes in your mood will be gradual when you start using antidepressants. This is because antidepressants take time to build up their effectiveness. So don’t expect instantaneous results. Allow some time to start seeing a change. It can take several weeks to fully feel the effects of most antidepressants. Don’t give up after the first week just because you don’t feel better right away, and try not to get discouraged if you don’t see fast improvements. 4\. Stay on a schedule Missing doses or quitting for even short periods of time will slow down your progress and, in some cases, cause you to go through withdrawal symptoms. Consider taking antidepressants at a time when you know you’ll more reliably take them, like in the morning before work or school. You can also create a phone reminder or leave a note blocking your door if that helps. Living with depression can feel overwhelming at times, and it’s hard to know where to even start looking for help. You may feel bad about needing to ask for help in the first place or admitting that you’re not feeling well. But there’s nothing to feel bad or ashamed about. You’re not alone. There are numerous resources available for managing your mental health and depression. Ultimately, you don’t have to make the decision to go on antidepressants alone. Consider talking to a mental health professional, they’ll be there to help you talk through the treatment options that are right for you.
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