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Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Learn more: [PMC Disclaimer](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about/disclaimer/) \| [PMC Copyright Notice](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about/copyright/)  editorial Osong Public Health Res Perspect . 2018 Dec;9(6):287–288. doi: [10\.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.01](https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.01) - [Search in PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/?term="Osong%20Public%20Health%20Res%20Perspect"[jour]) - [Search in PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term="Osong%20Public%20Health%20Res%20Perspect"[jour]) - [View in NLM Catalog](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term="Osong%20Public%20Health%20Res%20Perspect"[Title%20Abbreviation]) - [Add to search](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/?term="Osong%20Public%20Health%20Res%20Perspect"[jour]) # How Much Caffeine is Too Much for Young Adolescents? [Hae-Wol Cho](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term="Cho%20HW"[Author]) ### Hae-Wol Cho aOsong Public Health and Research Perspectives, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea bCollege of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea Find articles by [Hae-Wol Cho](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term="Cho%20HW"[Author]) a,b,\* - Author information - Copyright and License information aOsong Public Health and Research Perspectives, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea bCollege of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea \* Corresponding author: Hae-Wol Cho, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea, E-mail: hwcho@eulji.ac.kr Copyright ©2018, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/>). [PMC Copyright notice](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about/copyright/) PMCID: PMC6296805 PMID: [30584491](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30584491/) *** Caffeine intake is related to various human health issues such as acute toxicity, cardiovascular disease, poor dietary behavior, bone density and calcium deficiency, and developmental and reproductive problems \[[1](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b1-ophrp-09-287)\]. Dietary habits, including caffeine intake, are initiated in childhood and tend to continue into adulthood. The susceptibility to many noncommunicable diseases is very closely connected to dietary habits \[[2](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b2-ophrp-09-287)\]. However, adequate knowledge and understanding of nutritional intake and dietary recommendations can help adolescents to achieve a healthy status \[[3](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b3-ophrp-09-287)\]. Grosso et al \[[4](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b4-ophrp-09-287)\] observed that improving nutritional knowledge in children and young adolescents led them to adopt better dietary habits. Caffeine consumption is a dietary habit that has physiological, behavioral, and subjective effects. Despite its widespread consumption, few studies have described the impact of caffeine on health in children and adolescents. Caffeine has been shown to be associated with both beneficial and harmful health effects. Scientific and epidemiological evidence has shown that amongst the healthy adult population, moderate caffeine consumption (400 mg) per day is not associated with adverse health effects such as general toxicity, cardiovascular effects, increased incidence of cancer, or effects on bone status \[[5](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b5-ophrp-09-287)\]. Little is known about the adverse effects of caffeine consumption among adolescents \[[6](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b6-ophrp-09-287)\]. The amount of caffeine required to produce adverse effects varies from person to person, depending on gender, age, weight, and differences in susceptibility \[[7](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b7-ophrp-09-287)\]. There is growing concern about the increased consumption of caffeinated foods including coffee, energy drinks, tea, and chocolate products, particularly among adolescents \[[8](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b8-ophrp-09-287)\]. The principle sources of caffeine intake among adolescents are sweetened coffee and energy drinks, with a daily caffeine intake below the current suggested maximum acceptable levels for adolescents (2.5 mg/kg body weight/day or 100–175 mg/day with body weight 40–70 kg) \[[9](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b9-ophrp-09-287)\]. However, some researchers have reported that excessive caffeine intake by adolescents has been associated with a number of detrimental health effects such as nervousness, irritability, nausea, cardiovascular symptoms, sleep impairment, osteoporosis, and gastric ulcers \[[10](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b10-ophrp-09-287)\]. Recently, excessive use of energy drinks has been linked to deaths in the United States and Canada \[[11](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b11-ophrp-09-287)\]. The level of caffeine intake varies depending on the predominant types of beverages consumed and the specific population groups \[[12](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b12-ophrp-09-287)\]. In the current issue of Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, Kim examined health-related nutritional knowledge and dietary behavior related to caffeine intake amongst high school students \[[13](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b13-ophrp-09-287)\]. In this study, the author hypothesized that higher caffeine intake was associated with lower nutritional knowledge and inappropriate dietary behavior amongst Korean high school students. The author investigated daily caffeine intake amongst high school students and determine health-related nutritional knowledge and dietary behavior, identifying the factors associated with caffeine intake. The author concluded that the low caffeine intake group in the study had better nutritional knowledge related to bone and sleep health, and better dietary behavior related to sleep health, compared with the high caffeine intake group. This study had several limitations that need to be addressed. The daily mean caffeine intake in the study sample should be interpreted with caution as this does not represent a normal distribution of what might be expected for caffeine consumption in the general adolescent population. In addition, all possible sources of caffeine were not considered. However, it would be interesting to conduct further studies to investigate the effects of caffeine consumption in the adolescent population, with larger studies enabling a more detailed analysis of the relationship between the level of caffeine consumption and the degree of nutritional knowledge, with the aim of improving healthy living and nutritional choices in this age group. ## References - 1\. Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, et al. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam. 2003;20(1):1–30. doi: 10.1080/0265203021000007840. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.1080/0265203021000007840)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12519715/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Food%20Addit%20Contam&title=Effects%20of%20caffeine%20on%20human%20health&author=P%20Nawrot&author=S%20Jordan&author=J%20Eastwood&volume=20&issue=1&publication_year=2003&pages=1-30&pmid=12519715&doi=10.1080/0265203021000007840&)\] - 2\. Mikkila V, Rasanen L, Raitakari OT, et al. Consistent dietary patterns identified from childhood to adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(6):923–31. doi: 10.1079/BJN20051418. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20051418)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16022763/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Br%20J%20Nutr&title=Consistent%20dietary%20patterns%20identified%20from%20childhood%20to%20adulthood:%20the%20cardiovascular%20risk%20in%20Young%20Finns%20Study&author=V%20Mikkila&author=L%20Rasanen&author=OT%20Raitakari&volume=93&issue=6&publication_year=2005&pages=923-31&pmid=16022763&doi=10.1079/BJN20051418&)\] - 3\. Carraway-Stage V, Hovland J, Showers C, et al. Food-based science curriculum yields gains in nutrition knowledge. J Sch Health. 2015;85(4):231–40. doi: 10.1111/josh.12243. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12243)\] \[[PMC free article](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7489299/)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731197/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J%20Sch%20Health&title=Food-based%20science%20curriculum%20yields%20gains%20in%20nutrition%20knowledge&author=V%20Carraway-Stage&author=J%20Hovland&author=C%20Showers&volume=85&issue=4&publication_year=2015&pages=231-40&pmid=25731197&doi=10.1111/josh.12243&)\] - 4\. Grosso G, Mistretta A, Turconi G, et al. Nutrition knowledge and other determinants of food intake and lifestyle habits in children and young adolescents living in a rural area of Sicily, South Italy. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(10):1827–36. doi: 10.1017/S1368980012003965. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012003965)\] \[[PMC free article](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10271472/)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931967/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Public%20Health%20Nutr&title=Nutrition%20knowledge%20and%20other%20determinants%20of%20food%20intake%20and%20lifestyle%20habits%20in%20children%20and%20young%20adolescents%20living%20in%20a%20rural%20area%20of%20Sicily,%20South%20Italy&author=G%20Grosso&author=A%20Mistretta&author=G%20Turconi&volume=16&issue=10&publication_year=2013&pages=1827-36&pmid=22931967&doi=10.1017/S1368980012003965&)\] - 5\. Heckman MA, Weil J, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) in foods: a comprehensive review on consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory matters. J Food Sci. 2010;75(3):77–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01561.x. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01561.x)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20492310/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J%20Food%20Sci&title=Caffeine%20\(1,%203,%207-trimethylxanthine\)%20in%20foods:%20a%20comprehensive%20review%20on%20consumption,%20functionality,%20safety,%20and%20regulatory%20matters&author=MA%20Heckman&author=J%20Weil&author=E%20Gonzalez%20de%20Mejia&volume=75&issue=3&publication_year=2010&pages=77-87&pmid=20492310&doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01561.x&)\] - 6\. Nordt SP, Vilke GM, Clark RF, et al. Energy drink use and adverse effects among emergency department patients. J Community Health. 2012;37(5):976–81. doi: 10.1007/s10900-012-9549-9. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-012-9549-9)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22367607/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J%20Community%20Health&title=Energy%20drink%20use%20and%20adverse%20effects%20among%20emergency%20department%20patients&author=SP%20Nordt&author=GM%20Vilke&author=RF%20Clark&volume=37&issue=5&publication_year=2012&pages=976-81&pmid=22367607&doi=10.1007/s10900-012-9549-9&)\] - 7\. O’Keefe JH, Bhatti SK, Patil HR, et al. Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(12):1043–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.035. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.035)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23871889/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J%20Am%20Coll%20Cardiol&title=Effects%20of%20habitual%20coffee%20consumption%20on%20cardiometabolic%20disease,%20cardiovascular%20health,%20and%20all-cause%20mortality&author=JH%20O%E2%80%99Keefe&author=SK%20Bhatti&author=HR%20Patil&volume=62&issue=12&publication_year=2013&pages=1043-51&pmid=23871889&doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.035&)\] - 8\. Pennington N, Johnson M, Delaney E, et al. Energy drinks a new health hazard for adolescents. J Sch Nurs. 2010;26(5):352–9. doi: 10.1177/1059840510374188. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840510374188)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20538866/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J%20Sch%20Nurs&title=Energy%20drinks%20a%20new%20health%20hazard%20for%20adolescents&author=N%20Pennington&author=M%20Johnson&author=E%20Delaney&volume=26&issue=5&publication_year=2010&pages=352-9&pmid=20538866&doi=10.1177/1059840510374188&)\] - 9\. Mitchell DC, Knight CA, Hockenberry J, et al. Beverage caffeine intakes in the U.S. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;63:136–42. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.042. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.042)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24189158/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Food%20Chem%20Toxicol&title=Beverage%20caffeine%20intakes%20in%20the%20U.S&author=DC%20Mitchell&author=CA%20Knight&author=J%20Hockenberry&volume=63&publication_year=2014&pages=136-42&pmid=24189158&doi=10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.042&)\] - 10\. Orbeta RL, Overpeck MD, Ramcharran D, et al. High caffeine intake in adolescents: associations with difficulty sleeping and feeling tired in the morning. J Adolesc Health. 2006;38(4):451–3. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.05.014. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.05.014)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16549311/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J%20Adolesc%20Health&title=High%20caffeine%20intake%20in%20adolescents:%20associations%20with%20difficulty%20sleeping%20and%20feeling%20tired%20in%20the%20morning&author=RL%20Orbeta&author=MD%20Overpeck&author=D%20Ramcharran&volume=38&issue=4&publication_year=2006&pages=451-3&pmid=16549311&doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.05.014&)\] - 11\. Bailey A. Energy drinks suspected to have caused deaths of 3 Canadians. The Toronto Star: 2012. \[Internet\] Available from: <https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/11/18/energy_drinks_suspected_to_have_caused_deaths_of_3_canadians.html>. - 12\. Knight CA, Knight I, Mitchell DC. Beverage caffeine intakes in young children in Canada and the U.S. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2006;67(2):96–9. doi: 10.3148/67.2.2006.96. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.3148/67.2.2006.96)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16759437/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Can%20J%20Diet%20Pract%20Res&title=Beverage%20caffeine%20intakes%20in%20young%20children%20in%20Canada%20and%20the%20U.S&author=CA%20Knight&author=I%20Knight&author=DC%20Mitchell&volume=67&issue=2&publication_year=2006&pages=96-9&pmid=16759437&doi=10.3148/67.2.2006.96&)\] - 13\. Kim SY. Health-related Nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior regarding caffeine intake among high school students in Yongin region. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(6):299–308. doi: 10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.03. \[[DOI](https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.03)\] \[[PMC free article](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296809/)\] \[[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30584493/)\] \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Osong%20Public%20Health%20Res%20Perspect&title=Health-related%20Nutrition%20knowledge%20and%20dietary%20behavior%20regarding%20caffeine%20intake%20among%20high%20school%20students%20in%20Yongin%20region&author=SY%20Kim&volume=9&issue=6&publication_year=2018&pages=299-308&pmid=30584493&doi=10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.03&)\] *** Articles from Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives are provided here courtesy of **Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency**  ## ACTIONS - [ View on publisher site](https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.01) - [ PDF (209.3 KB)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/pdf/ophrp-09-287.pdf) -  Cite -   Collections -  Permalink ## PERMALINK  Copy ## RESOURCES ### Similar articles ### Cited by other articles ### Links to NCBI Databases ## Cite  -  Copy - [ Download .nbib .nbib](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/ "Download a file for external citation management software") - Format: ## Add to Collections Follow NCBI [NCBI on X (formerly known as Twitter)](https://twitter.com/ncbi) [NCBI on Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm) [NCBI on LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm) [NCBI on GitHub](https://github.com/ncbi) [NCBI RSS feed](https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) Connect with NLM [NLM on X (formerly known as Twitter)](https://twitter.com/nlm_nih) [NLM on Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine) [NLM on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH) [National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894](https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/%4038.9959508,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-77.101021,17z/data%3D!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb%3A0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%204d-77.0988323) - [Web Policies](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html) - [FOIA](https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office) - [HHS Vulnerability Disclosure](https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html) - [Help](https://support.nlm.nih.gov/) - [Accessibility](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html) - [Careers](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html) - [NLM](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/) - [NIH](https://www.nih.gov/) - [HHS](https://www.hhs.gov/) - [USA.gov](https://www.usa.gov/) Back to Top 

*** Caffeine intake is related to various human health issues such as acute toxicity, cardiovascular disease, poor dietary behavior, bone density and calcium deficiency, and developmental and reproductive problems \[[1](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b1-ophrp-09-287)\]. Dietary habits, including caffeine intake, are initiated in childhood and tend to continue into adulthood. The susceptibility to many noncommunicable diseases is very closely connected to dietary habits \[[2](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b2-ophrp-09-287)\]. However, adequate knowledge and understanding of nutritional intake and dietary recommendations can help adolescents to achieve a healthy status \[[3](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b3-ophrp-09-287)\]. Grosso et al \[[4](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b4-ophrp-09-287)\] observed that improving nutritional knowledge in children and young adolescents led them to adopt better dietary habits. Caffeine consumption is a dietary habit that has physiological, behavioral, and subjective effects. Despite its widespread consumption, few studies have described the impact of caffeine on health in children and adolescents. Caffeine has been shown to be associated with both beneficial and harmful health effects. Scientific and epidemiological evidence has shown that amongst the healthy adult population, moderate caffeine consumption (400 mg) per day is not associated with adverse health effects such as general toxicity, cardiovascular effects, increased incidence of cancer, or effects on bone status \[[5](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b5-ophrp-09-287)\]. Little is known about the adverse effects of caffeine consumption among adolescents \[[6](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b6-ophrp-09-287)\]. The amount of caffeine required to produce adverse effects varies from person to person, depending on gender, age, weight, and differences in susceptibility \[[7](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b7-ophrp-09-287)\]. There is growing concern about the increased consumption of caffeinated foods including coffee, energy drinks, tea, and chocolate products, particularly among adolescents \[[8](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b8-ophrp-09-287)\]. The principle sources of caffeine intake among adolescents are sweetened coffee and energy drinks, with a daily caffeine intake below the current suggested maximum acceptable levels for adolescents (2.5 mg/kg body weight/day or 100–175 mg/day with body weight 40–70 kg) \[[9](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b9-ophrp-09-287)\]. However, some researchers have reported that excessive caffeine intake by adolescents has been associated with a number of detrimental health effects such as nervousness, irritability, nausea, cardiovascular symptoms, sleep impairment, osteoporosis, and gastric ulcers \[[10](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b10-ophrp-09-287)\]. Recently, excessive use of energy drinks has been linked to deaths in the United States and Canada \[[11](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b11-ophrp-09-287)\]. The level of caffeine intake varies depending on the predominant types of beverages consumed and the specific population groups \[[12](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b12-ophrp-09-287)\]. In the current issue of Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, Kim examined health-related nutritional knowledge and dietary behavior related to caffeine intake amongst high school students \[[13](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6296805/#b13-ophrp-09-287)\]. In this study, the author hypothesized that higher caffeine intake was associated with lower nutritional knowledge and inappropriate dietary behavior amongst Korean high school students. The author investigated daily caffeine intake amongst high school students and determine health-related nutritional knowledge and dietary behavior, identifying the factors associated with caffeine intake. The author concluded that the low caffeine intake group in the study had better nutritional knowledge related to bone and sleep health, and better dietary behavior related to sleep health, compared with the high caffeine intake group. This study had several limitations that need to be addressed. The daily mean caffeine intake in the study sample should be interpreted with caution as this does not represent a normal distribution of what might be expected for caffeine consumption in the general adolescent population. In addition, all possible sources of caffeine were not considered. However, it would be interesting to conduct further studies to investigate the effects of caffeine consumption in the adolescent population, with larger studies enabling a more detailed analysis of the relationship between the level of caffeine consumption and the degree of nutritional knowledge, with the aim of improving healthy living and nutritional choices in this age group. ## References - 1\. Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, et al. Effects of caffeine on human health. 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