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[Learn more about Teams](https://stackoverflow.co/teams/) # [Why does string theory have such a huge landscape?](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/75441/why-does-string-theory-have-such-a-huge-landscape) [Ask Question](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) Asked 12 years ago Modified [7 years, 1 month ago](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/75441/why-does-string-theory-have-such-a-huge-landscape?lastactivity "2018-08-01 04:00:06Z") Viewed 2k times 8 \$\\begingroup\$ I was browsing through *Foundations of Space and Time,* a compilation of essays on various theories of quantum gravity. The following passage in the introduction intrigued me: > *Each compactification leads to a different vacuum state.... at least one state should describe our Universe in its entirety.... the enormous number (~10^500 at last count) of solutions, with no perturbative mechanism to select mechanism to select among them, leads some critics to question the predictive power of the theory..Even more worrying is that, while the theory is perturbatively finite order by order, the perturbation series does not seem to converge.* I don't know anything about string theory and so I could not make head or tails this. All I know is that ~\$10^{500}\$ is a very large number. 1. What exactly is a 'solution' in string theory? Is it a spacetime metric of some sort or the terms of a S-matrix of some sort? 2. Why are there so many 'solutions'? 3. I thought string theory was supposed to be finite, why do perturbative series still diverge? 4. Is there any experimental technique to limit the number of 'solutions'? 5. Will experimental techniques be able to pinpoint a solution within present day string theorists' lifetimes too? If not, how long will it take before we can experimentally probe these things? 6. Are string theorists completely relaxed about these issues? Or are they in anguish? - [string-theory](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/string-theory "show questions tagged 'string-theory'") - [string-theory-landscape](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/string-theory-landscape "show questions tagged 'string-theory-landscape'") [Share](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/75441 "Short permalink to this question") Cite [Improve this question](https://physics.stackexchange.com/posts/75441/edit) Follow [edited Aug 27, 2013 at 15:54](https://physics.stackexchange.com/posts/75441/revisions "show all edits to this post") [](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/2451/qmechanic) [Qmechanic](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/2451/qmechanic)♦ 222k5252 gold badges635635 silver badges2\.5k2\.5k bronze badges asked Aug 27, 2013 at 15:06 [](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/28244/orange-soda) [orange\_soda](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/28244/orange-soda)orange\_soda 1,3991111 silver badges2626 bronze badges \$\\endgroup\$ [Add a comment](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/75441/why-does-string-theory-have-such-a-huge-landscape "Use comments to ask for more information or suggest improvements. Avoid answering questions in comments.") \| ## 2 Answers 2 Sorted by: [Reset to default](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/75441/why-does-string-theory-have-such-a-huge-landscape?answertab=scoredesc#tab-top) 6 \$\\begingroup\$ Who wrote that passage? It contains some misunderstandings. > All I know is that \$10^{500}\$ is a very large number. It is a *finite* number. How many theories do you know which have a finite number of solutions? Have you tried to count the number of solutions of plain [Einstein-Yang-Mills-Dirac-Higgs theory](http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Einstein-Yang-Mills-Dirac-Higgs+theory) without its string-theoretic UV completion? There are not only infinitely-many solutions, there is a hugely infinite-*dimensional* space of solutions. This is the usual state of affairs for most every theory of physics ever considered. String theory is special in that it puts many more constraints on the solutions, such as to even leave just a finite number (under some assumptions). > What exactly is a 'solution' in string theory? A background for perturbative string theory is a choice of 2-dimensional superconformal QFT of central charge -15. This can be interpreted as describing an effective target space geometry which is a solution to a higher dimensional supergravity theory with higher curvature corrections. A "solution" to string theory is a solution of the equations of motion of that. At least without non-perturbative effects taken into account. See on the nLab: *[landscape of string theory vacua](http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/landscape+of+string+theory+vacua)* for more. > I thought string theory was supposed to be finite, why do perturbative series still diverge? String theory is thought to be loop-wise finite, thus being a renormalized perturbative theory. No sensible remormalized perturbative QFT can have converging perturbation series. The perturbation series *must* be an asymptotic series to be realistic, and it comes out exactly like this in string perturbation theory. See at the *String Theory FAQ on the nLab* the item *[Isn’t it fatal that the string perturbation series does not converge?](http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/string+theory+FAQ#NonConvergenceOfPerturbationSeries)* > Is there any experimental technique to limit the number of 'solutions'? Will experimental techniques be able to pinpoint a solution within present day string theorists' lifetimes too? Models that have been and are being built in *[string phenomenology](http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/string%20phenomenology)* approximate the standard model to more detail than probably most people are aware the standard model even has. Check out some of the references there. Given the slow but continuous flow of new articles on these matter, one sees that some people are slowly but surely working on improving ever further. Check out the references at *[string phenomenology](http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/string%20phenomenology)*. \[edit: I have now added a corresponding item to the nLab String Theory FAQ: *[What does it mean to say that string theory has a “landscape of solutions”?](http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/string+theory+FAQ#WhatDoesItMeanToSayStringTheoryHasALandscapeOfSolutions)*\] [Share](https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/75446 "Short permalink to this answer") Cite [Improve this answer](https://physics.stackexchange.com/posts/75446/edit) Follow [edited Aug 27, 2013 at 17:34](https://physics.stackexchange.com/posts/75446/revisions "show all edits to this post") answered Aug 27, 2013 at 16:02 [](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/5603/urs-schreiber) [Urs Schreiber](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/5603/urs-schreiber)Urs Schreiber 14\.3k33 gold badges5454 silver badges112112 bronze badges \$\\endgroup\$ 4 - 2 \$\\begingroup\$ No, that number 10^500 which has become so famous in public discussion plays no specific role. It is just a generic example of the following counting: 1. IF one assumes that 10 spacetime is compactified on a Calabi-Yau (which one used to be interested in (only) because this makes the effective 4d thory N=1 supersymmetric) and 2. IF one considers type II "flux vacua", then the highr form fields of string theory (the higher electromagnetic fields, if you wish) are quantized/constrained to have integral periods over the cycles of the compact Calabi-Yau. It is this quantization condition, akin... \$\\endgroup\$ Urs Schreiber – [Urs Schreiber](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/5603/urs-schreiber "14,287 reputation") 2013-08-27 16:37:20 +00:00 Commented Aug 27, 2013 at 16:37 - 2 \$\\begingroup\$ ...akin to the Dirac charge quantization condition which makes anything finite in this game at all. Moreover, the higher these integral periods are, the more they contribute to some potential energy. Some other constraints say that this energy cannot be too big. So as a rule of thumb on says that one has a choice between 10 different values for each such flux field on each cycle. Similarly, as a rule of thumb, one says that a generic Calabi-Yau has 500 nontrivial cylces, give or take a few hundred. The conclusion of this thumb-counting is that the number of choices for the flux fields is... \$\\endgroup\$ Urs Schreiber – [Urs Schreiber](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/5603/urs-schreiber "14,287 reputation") 2013-08-27 16:39:31 +00:00 Commented Aug 27, 2013 at 16:39 - 2 \$\\begingroup\$ ... is 10 per cycle, and 500 times a choice of 10, hence 10^500 choices. As you see, this number is hand-waving incarnate and the only information it carries is this: look, while there are finitely many of choices of internal flux, due to a charge quantization condition, on a typical Calabi-Yau there are still quite a few such choices. \$\\endgroup\$ Urs Schreiber – [Urs Schreiber](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/5603/urs-schreiber "14,287 reputation") 2013-08-27 16:41:04 +00:00 Commented Aug 27, 2013 at 16:41 - 1 \$\\begingroup\$ I have now added a corresponding item to the nLab String Theory FAQ: [ncatlab.org/nlab/show/…](http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/string+theory+FAQ#WhatDoesItMeanToSayStringTheoryHasALandscapeOfSolutions) \$\\endgroup\$ Urs Schreiber – [Urs Schreiber](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/5603/urs-schreiber "14,287 reputation") 2013-08-27 17:35:10 +00:00 Commented Aug 27, 2013 at 17:35 [Add a comment](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/75441/why-does-string-theory-have-such-a-huge-landscape "Use comments to ask for more information or suggest improvements. Avoid comments like “+1” or “thanks”.") \| 2 \$\\begingroup\$ One way to understand the landscape is as the space that arises from compactifying a higher-dimensional theory in multiple possible ways. In 10-dimensional string theories, for instance, you usually compactify your theory on Calabi-Yau manifolds with 3 complex (6 real) dimensions, which is convenient because it gives you a compactified theory with \$\\mathcal{N}=1\$ supersymmetry (you'd choose a different manifold if the world happens to have a higher level of supersymmetry). Analogously, in 11-dimensional M-theory, you compactify on 7-dimensional manifolds with \$G(2)\$ holonomy, which is just as convenient. But there are a large number of such manifolds, so you have a large number of 4-dimensional solutions. The way you test for the right vacuum is by looking at the phenomenological predictions made by each theory, or classes of theories -- mass ratios and such -- and check if they meet our observations. [Share](https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/75444 "Short permalink to this answer") Cite [Improve this answer](https://physics.stackexchange.com/posts/75444/edit) Follow [edited Aug 1, 2018 at 4:00](https://physics.stackexchange.com/posts/75444/revisions "show all edits to this post") answered Aug 27, 2013 at 15:42 [](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/23119/abhimanyu-pallavi-sudhir) [Abhimanyu Pallavi Sudhir](https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/23119/abhimanyu-pallavi-sudhir)Abhimanyu Pallavi Sudhir 6,29844 gold badges3838 silver badges5555 bronze badges \$\\endgroup\$ 0 [Add a comment](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/75441/why-does-string-theory-have-such-a-huge-landscape "Use comments to ask for more information or suggest improvements. Avoid comments like “+1” or “thanks”.") \| Start asking to get answers Find the answer to your question by asking. 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