🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 143 (from laksa077)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa143.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression","crawl_time":1776240017,"first_indexed_time":1551999331,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,clevelandclinic!my,\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression s443","src_root_hash":"9889140825964526943","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment","meta_descriptions":["Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in things and activities you once enjoyed. It’s treatable."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"What is depression?\nDepression is a\nmood disorder\nthat causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in things and activities you once enjoyed. It can also cause difficulty with thinking, memory, eating and\nsleeping\n.\nIt’s normal to feel sad about or grieve over difficult life situations, such as losing your job or a divorce. But depression is different in that it persists practically every day for at least two weeks and involves other symptoms than sadness alone.\nThere are several types of depressive disorders. Clinical depression, or major depressive disorder, is often just called “depression.” It’s the most severe type of depression.\nWithout treatment, depression can get worse and last longer. In severe cases, it can lead to\nself-harm\nor death by\nsuicide\n. The good news is that treatments can be very effective in improving symptoms.\nWhat are the types of depression?\nThe American Psychiatric Association’s\nDiagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition\n(DSM-5)\nclassifies depressive disorders as the following:\nClinical depression (major depressive disorder)\n: A diagnosis of major depressive disorder means you’ve felt sad, low or worthless most days for at least two weeks while also having other symptoms such as sleep problems, loss of interest in activities or change in appetite. This is the most severe form of depression and one of the most common forms.\nPersistent depressive disorder (PDD)\n: Persistent depressive disorder is mild or moderate depression that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms are less severe than major depressive disorder. Healthcare providers used to call PDD dysthymia.\nDisruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)\n: DMDD causes chronic, intense irritability and frequent anger outbursts in children. Symptoms usually begin by the age of 10.\nPremenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)\n: With PMDD, you have\npremenstrual syndrome\n(PMS) symptoms along with mood symptoms, such as extreme irritability, anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after your\nperiod\nstarts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with your life.\nDepressive disorder due to another medical condition\n: Many medical conditions can create changes in your body that cause depression. Examples include\nhypothyroidism\n,\nheart disease\n,\nParkinson’s disease\nand cancer. If you’re able to treat the underlying condition, the depression usually improves as well.\nThere are also specific forms of major depressive disorder, including:\nSeasonal affective disorder (seasonal depression)\n: This is a form of major depressive disorder that typically arises during the fall and winter and goes away during the spring and summer.\nPrenatal depression\nand\npostpartum depression\n: Prenatal depression is depression that happens during pregnancy. Postpartum depression is depression that develops within four weeks of delivering a baby. The DSM refers to these as “major depressive disorder (MDD) with peripartum onset.”\nAtypical depression\n: Symptoms of this condition, also known as major depressive disorder with atypical features, vary slightly from “typical” depression. The main difference is a temporary mood improvement in response to positive events (mood reactivity). Other key symptoms include increased appetite and rejection sensitivity.\nPeople with\nbipolar disorder\nalso experience episodes of depression in addition to\nmanic\nor\nhypomanic\nepisodes.\nWho does depression affect?\nDepression can affect anyone — including children and adults.\nHaving certain risk factors makes it more likely that you may develop depression. For example, the following conditions are associated with higher rates of depression:\nHow common is depression?\nDepression is common. Researchers estimate that nearly 7% of adults in the United States have depression every year. More than 16% of U.S. adults — around 1 in 6 people — will experience depression at some point in their lifetime.\nHowever, researchers believe that these estimates are lower than reality, as many people don’t seek medical help for symptoms of depression and don’t receive a diagnosis.\nApproximately 4.4% of children in the United States have depression.","attrs_markdown":"![](https:\/\/zdbb.net\/l\/Dnl1wmWs8xCCpvWNCt9Egf\/?w=16&q=75)\n\nLocations:\n\n[Abu Dhabi](https:\/\/www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae\/en)\\|[Canada](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/canada)\\|[Florida](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/florida)\\|[London](https:\/\/clevelandcliniclondon.uk\/)\\|[Nevada](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/locations\/nevada)\\|[Ohio](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/)\\|\n\n![Gray gradient](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/_next\/static\/media\/gray-gradient-left-16.59910877.svg?w=32&q=75)![Gray gradient](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/_next\/static\/media\/gray-gradient-right-32.dd7ce4e5.svg?w=64&q=75)\n\n[855\\.733.3712](tel:8557333712)\\|[MyChart](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/online-services\/mychart)\\|[Need Help?](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/help)\\|[Careers](https:\/\/jobs.clevelandclinic.org\/)\\|[Donate Now](https:\/\/give.ccf.org\/give\/187824#!\/donation\/checkout)\\|\n\n![Gray gradient](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/_next\/static\/media\/gray-gradient-left-16.59910877.svg?w=32&q=75)![Gray gradient](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/_next\/static\/media\/gray-gradient-right-32.dd7ce4e5.svg?w=64&q=75)\n\n[![Cleveland Clinic logo](https:\/\/assets.clevelandclinic.org\/transform\/1bc1ff31-3cbc-4976-9ddf-9bc85e0877eb\/Cleveland-Clinic-Logo-Web?w=3840&q=75)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/)\n\n[Find a Provider](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/providers)[Locations and Directions](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/locations)[Services](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/services)[Patients and Visitors](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/patients)[Health Library](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health)\n\n- [Find a Provider](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/providers)\n- [Locations and Directions](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/locations)\n- [Services](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/services)\n- [Patients and Visitors](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/patients)\n- [Health Library](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health)\n\n[![Search](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/_next\/static\/media\/LondonGreenSearchIcon.6d7e718f.svg?w=64&q=75)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/search)\n\nMenu\n\n[![Search](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/_next\/static\/media\/LondonGreenSearchIcon.6d7e718f.svg?w=64&q=75)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/search)[Appointments](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/patients\/information\/access)\n\n[Home](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/)\/\n\n[Health Library](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health)\/\n\n[Diseases & Conditions](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases)\/\n\nDepression\n\nAdvertisement\n\nAdvertisement\n# Depression\nMedically Reviewed.\n\nLast updated on 01\/13\/2023.\n\nDepression is a common mental health condition that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and changes in how you think, sleep, eat and act. There are several different types. Depression is treatable — usually with talk therapy, medication or both. Seeking medical help as soon as you have symptoms is essential.\n\nAdvertisement\n\nCleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. [Policy](https:\/\/health.clevelandclinic.org\/advertising)\n\nCare at Cleveland Clinic\n\n[Depression Treatment](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/services\/depression-treatment)\n\n[Find a Doctor and Specialists](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/services\/depression-treatment#featured-provider-panel)\n\n[Make an Appointment](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/webappointment)\n\nContents\n\n[Overview](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#overview)[Signs and Symptoms](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#signs-and-symptoms)[Causes](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#causes)[Diagnosis and Tests](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#diagnosis-and-tests)[Management and Treatment](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#management-and-treatment)[Outlook \/ Prognosis](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#outlook-prognosis)[Prevention](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#prevention)[Living With](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#living-with)\n\nContents\n\n[Overview](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#overview)[Signs and Symptoms](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#signs-and-symptoms)[Causes](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#causes)[Diagnosis and Tests](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#diagnosis-and-tests)[Management and Treatment](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#management-and-treatment)[Outlook \/ Prognosis](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#outlook-prognosis)[Prevention](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#prevention)[Living With](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9290-depression#living-with)\n\n## Overview\n### What is depression?\nDepression is a [mood disorder](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/17843-mood-disorders) that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in things and activities you once enjoyed. It can also cause difficulty with thinking, memory, eating and [sleeping](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/11429-sleep-disorders).\n\nAdvertisement\n\nCleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. [Policy](https:\/\/health.clevelandclinic.org\/advertising)\n\nIt’s normal to feel sad about or grieve over difficult life situations, such as losing your job or a divorce. But depression is different in that it persists practically every day for at least two weeks and involves other symptoms than sadness alone.\n\nThere are several types of depressive disorders. Clinical depression, or major depressive disorder, is often just called “depression.” It’s the most severe type of depression.\n\nWithout treatment, depression can get worse and last longer. In severe cases, it can lead to [self-harm](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/12201-self-harm) or death by [suicide](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/11352-recognizing-suicidal-behavior). The good news is that treatments can be very effective in improving symptoms.\n\n### What are the types of depression?\nThe American Psychiatric Association’s [*Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition* (DSM-5)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/24291-diagnostic-and-statistical-manual-dsm-5) classifies depressive disorders as the following:\n\n- [**Clinical depression (major depressive disorder)**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/24481-clinical-depression-major-depressive-disorder): A diagnosis of major depressive disorder means you’ve felt sad, low or worthless most days for at least two weeks while also having other symptoms such as sleep problems, loss of interest in activities or change in appetite. This is the most severe form of depression and one of the most common forms.\n- [**Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9292-persistent-depressive-disorder-pdd): Persistent depressive disorder is mild or moderate depression that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms are less severe than major depressive disorder. Healthcare providers used to call PDD dysthymia.\n- [**Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/24394-disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder-dmdd): DMDD causes chronic, intense irritability and frequent anger outbursts in children. Symptoms usually begin by the age of 10.\n- [**Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/9132-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd): With PMDD, you have [premenstrual syndrome](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome) (PMS) symptoms along with mood symptoms, such as extreme irritability, anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after your [period](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/10132-menstrual-cycle) starts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with your life.\n- **Depressive disorder due to another medical condition**: Many medical conditions can create changes in your body that cause depression. Examples include [hypothyroidism](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/12120-hypothyroidism), [heart disease](https:\/\/health.clevelandclinic.org\/how-to-protect-your-mental-health-after-a-heart-attack\/), [Parkinson’s disease](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview) and cancer. If you’re able to treat the underlying condition, the depression usually improves as well.\n\nAdvertisement\n\nThere are also specific forms of major depressive disorder, including:\n\n- [**Seasonal affective disorder (seasonal depression)**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9293-seasonal-depression): This is a form of major depressive disorder that typically arises during the fall and winter and goes away during the spring and summer.\n- **[Prenatal depression](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/22984-prenatal-depression) and [postpartum depression](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9312-postpartum-depression)**: Prenatal depression is depression that happens during pregnancy. Postpartum depression is depression that develops within four weeks of delivering a baby. The DSM refers to these as “major depressive disorder (MDD) with peripartum onset.”\n- [**Atypical depression**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/21131-atypical-depression): Symptoms of this condition, also known as major depressive disorder with atypical features, vary slightly from “typical” depression. The main difference is a temporary mood improvement in response to positive events (mood reactivity). Other key symptoms include increased appetite and rejection sensitivity.\n\nPeople with [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9294-bipolar-disorder) also experience episodes of depression in addition to [manic](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/21603-mania) or [hypomanic](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/21774-hypomania) episodes.\n\n### Who does depression affect?\nDepression can affect anyone — including children and adults.\n\nHaving certain risk factors makes it more likely that you may develop depression. For example, the following conditions are associated with higher rates of depression:\n\n- Neurodegenerative diseases like [Alzheimer’s disease](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9164-alzheimers-disease) and Parkinson’s disease.\n- [Stroke](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/5601-stroke).\n- [Multiple sclerosis](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/17248-multiple-sclerosis).\n- [Seizure](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/22789-seizure) disorders.\n- Cancer.\n- [Macular degeneration](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/15246-macular-degeneration).\n- [Chronic pain](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/4798-chronic-pain).\n### How common is depression?\nDepression is common. Researchers estimate that nearly 7% of adults in the United States have depression every year. More than 16% of U.S. adults — around 1 in 6 people — will experience depression at some point in their lifetime.\n\nHowever, researchers believe that these estimates are lower than reality, as many people don’t seek medical help for symptoms of depression and don’t receive a diagnosis.\n\nApproximately 4.4% of children in the United States have depression.\n\n## Signs and Symptoms\n![Depression symptoms: deep sadness, low energy, loss of interest, appetite or sleep changes, and more.](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/-\/scassets\/images\/org\/health\/articles\/9290-depression)\n\n**Image content:** This image is available to view online.\n\nView image online (https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/-\/scassets\/images\/org\/health\/articles\/9290-depression)\n\nClinical depression is a chronic condition, but it usually occurs in episodes, which can last several weeks or months.\n\n### What are the symptoms of depression?\nThe symptoms of depression can vary slightly depending on the type and can range from mild to severe. In general, symptoms include:\n\n- Feeling very sad, hopeless or worried. Children and adolescents with depression may be irritable rather than sad.\n- Not enjoying things that used to bring joy.\n- Being easily irritated or frustrated.\n- Eating too much or too little, which may result in weight gain or weight loss.\n- Trouble sleeping ([insomnia](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/12119-insomnia)) or sleeping too much ([hypersomnia](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/21591-hypersomnia)).\n- Having low energy or fatigue.\n- Having a difficult time concentrating, making decisions or remembering things.\n- Experiencing physical issues like headache, stomachache or [sexual dysfunction](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9121-sexual-dysfunction).\n- Having thoughts of self-harm or suicide.\n\nAdvertisement\n\n**If you or a loved one are thinking about suicide, dial 988 on your phone to reach the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline. Someone will be available to help you 24\/7.**\n\n## Causes\n### What causes depression?\nResearchers don’t know the exact cause of depression. They think that several factors contribute to its development, including:\n\n- **Brain chemistry**: An imbalance of [neurotransmitters](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/22513-neurotransmitters), including [serotonin](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/22572-serotonin) and [dopamine](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/22581-dopamine), contributes to the development of depression.\n- **Genetics**: If you have a first-degree relative (biological parent or sibling) with depression, you’re about three times as likely to develop the condition as the general population. However, you can have depression without a family history of it.\n- **Stressful life events**: Difficult experiences, such as the death of a loved one, trauma, divorce, isolation and lack of support, can trigger depression.\n- **Medical conditions**: Chronic pain and [chronic conditions](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/9288-chronic-illness-and-depression) like [diabetes](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/14891-diabetes-stress--depression) can lead to depression.\n- **Medication**: Some medications can cause depression as a side effect. Substance use, including alcohol, can also cause depression or make it worse.\n\n## Diagnosis and Tests\n### How is depression diagnosed?\nHealthcare providers diagnose depression based on a thorough understanding of your symptoms, medical history and mental health history. They may diagnose you with a specific type of depression, such as seasonal affective disorder or postpartum depression, based on the context of your symptoms.\n\nAdvertisement\n\nTo receive a diagnosis of depression, you must have five depression symptoms every day, nearly all day, for at least two weeks.\n\nYour provider may order medical tests, such as blood tests, to see if any underlying medical conditions are causing your depressive symptoms.\n\n## Management and Treatment\n### How is depression treated?\nDepression is one of the most treatable mental health conditions. Approximately 80% to 90% of people with depression who seek treatment eventually respond well to treatment.\n\nTreatment options include:\n\n- [**Psychotherapy**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/23445-pyschotherapy): Psychotherapy (talk therapy) involves talking with a mental health professional. Your therapist helps you identify and change unhealthy emotions, thoughts and behaviors. There are many types of psychotherapy — [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/21208-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-cbt) is the most common. Sometimes, brief therapy is all you need. Other people continue therapy for several months or years.\n- [**Medication**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/9301-depression-medicines): Prescription medicine called antidepressants can help change the brain chemistry that causes depression. There are several different types of antidepressants, and it may take time to figure out the one that’s best for you. Some antidepressants have side effects, which often improve with time. If they don’t, talk to your healthcare provider. A different medication may work better for you.\n- [**Complementary medicine**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/16883-complementary-therapy): This involves treatments you may receive along with traditional Western medicine. People with mild depression or ongoing symptoms can improve their well-being with therapies such as [acupuncture](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/4767-acupuncture), massage, [hypnosis](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/22676-hypnosis) and [biofeedback](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/13354-biofeedback).\n- **Brain stimulation therapy**: Brain stimulation therapy can help people who have severe depression or depression with psychosis. Types of brain stimulation therapy include [electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/9302-ect-electroconvulsive-therapy), [transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/17827-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-tms) and [vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/17598-vagus-nerve-stimulation).\n\nAdvertisement\n\nThere are also things you can do at home to help improve depression symptoms, including:\n\n- Getting regular exercise.\n- Getting quality sleep (not too little or too much).\n- Eating a healthy diet.\n- Avoiding alcohol, which is a depressant.\n- Spending time with people you care about.\n\nCare at Cleveland Clinic\n\n[Depression Treatment](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/services\/depression-treatment)\n\n[Find a Doctor and Specialists](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/services\/depression-treatment#featured-provider-panel)\n\n[Make an Appointment](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/webappointment)\n\n## Outlook \/ Prognosis\n### What is the prognosis of depression?\nThe prognosis (outlook) of depression varies depending on certain factors, including:\n\n- Its severity and type.\n- If it’s temporary or long-lasting.\n- If it’s treated or untreated.\n- If you have co-occurring conditions, such as other mood disorders, medical conditions or [substance use disorder](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/16652-drug-addiction).\n\nWith proper diagnosis and treatment, the vast majority of people with depression live healthy, fulfilling lives. Depression can return after you get treatment, though, so it’s important to seek medical help as soon as symptoms begin again.\n\nWithout treatment, depression can:\n\n- Become worse.\n- Increase your chance of other health conditions, like [dementia](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9170-dementia).\n- Lead to the worsening of existing health conditions, like diabetes or chronic pain.\n- Lead to self-harm or death.\n\nDepression accounts for nearly 40,000 cases of suicide each year in the United States. It’s essential to get medical help as soon as possible if you’re having suicidal thoughts. Call 911 or 988 (the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline) or go to the emergency room.\n\n## Prevention\n### Can I prevent depression?\nYou can’t always prevent depression, but you can help reduce your risk by:\n\n- Maintaining a healthy sleep routine.\n- [Managing stress](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/6409-stress-management-and-emotional-health) with healthy coping mechanisms.\n- Practicing regular self-care activities such as exercise, [meditation](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/17906-meditation) and yoga.\n\nIf you’ve had depression before, you may be more likely to experience it again. If you have depression symptoms, get help as soon as possible.\n\n## Living With\n### When should I see my healthcare provider about depression?\nIf you have symptoms of depression, see a healthcare provider or mental health professional. They can give you an accurate diagnosis and suggest treatment options.\n\nIf you’ve started treatment for depression and it isn’t working or you’re having unpleasant side effects, talk to your provider. They can recommend a different treatment plan.\n### A note from Cleveland Clinic\nDepression is a common condition that affects millions of people every year. Anyone can experience depression — even if there doesn’t seem to be a reason for it. The good news is that depression is treatable. If you have symptoms of depression, talk to your healthcare provider. The sooner you get help, the sooner you can feel better.\n\n[![Cleveland Clinic logo](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/_next\/static\/media\/logo-ccf.1e52a22b.svg?w=3840&q=75)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/)[![Cleveland Clinic icon](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/_next\/static\/media\/CCFLogo.000428c6.svg?w=3840&q=75)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/)\n\n[![Health Essentials logo](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/_next\/static\/media\/HealthEssentials.b811bb06.svg?w=3840&q=75)](https:\/\/health.clevelandclinic.org\/)\n\n![Subscription icon](https:\/\/assets.clevelandclinic.org\/transform\/482db8cd-aa1e-45b5-a2a4-cf6aa5e5d2d4\/Health-Essentials?w=256&q=75)\n\n## Better health starts here\nSign up for our Health Essentials emails for expert guidance on nutrition, fitness, sleep, skin care and more.\n\n[Example email](https:\/\/assets.clevelandclinic.org\/transform\/2ff943a2-abb1-4a1c-8ede-f8848703e789\/HealthEssentials-SampleEmail-2026)[Sign up](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health-essentials-sign-up)\n\n[Sign up](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health-essentials-sign-up)[Example email](https:\/\/assets.clevelandclinic.org\/transform\/2ff943a2-abb1-4a1c-8ede-f8848703e789\/HealthEssentials-SampleEmail-2026)\n\n### Experts You Can Trust\nMedically Reviewed.\n\nLast updated on 01\/13\/2023.\n\nLearn more about the [Health Library](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/about) and our [editorial process](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/about\/website\/editorial-policy).\n\n### References\nCleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards.\n#### View Sources\n\n### Experts You Can Trust\nMedically Reviewed.\n\nLast updated on 01\/13\/2023.\n\n### References\nCleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards.\n\n- American Psychiatric Association. What Is Depression? *(https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/depression\/what-is-depression)* Accessed 1\/13\/2023.\n- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mental Health Conditions: Depression and Anxiety *(https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/campaign\/tips\/diseases\/depression-anxiety.html)*. Accessed 1\/13\/2023.\n- Chand SP, Arif H. Depression *(https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430847\/)*. \\[Updated 2022 Jul 18\\]. In: StatPearls \\[Internet\\]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 1\/13\/2023.\n- Merck Manual. Depression *(https:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/home\/mental-health-disorders\/mood-disorders\/depression)*. Accessed 1\/13\/2023.\n- National Institute of Mental Health. Depression Basics. *(https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/depression\/index.shtml\\#pub10)* Accessed 1\/13\/2023.\n\n### Care at Cleveland Clinic\nDepression can hamper every aspect of your life. Cleveland Clinic experts are here to help manage your mental health so you can do the things you want.\n\n![Caregiver talking to a patient.](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/-\/scassets\/images\/org\/care-pages\/neuro\/depression-feature.jpg?w=640&q=75)\n\n[Depression Treatment](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/services\/depression-treatment)\n\n[Find a Doctor and Specialists](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/services\/depression-treatment#featured-provider-panel)\n\n[Make an Appointment](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/webappointment)\n\nAdvertisement\n\nAdvertisement\n\nAd\n\nAppointments [866\\.588.2264](tel:8665882264)\n\n[Appointments & Locations](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/departments\/neurological\/appointments)\n\n[Request an Appointment](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/webappointment\/what-to-expect)\n\n[Find a ProviderNeed a primary care doctor or a specialist? 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All Rights Reserved.","attrs_readable_markdown":"### What is depression?\nDepression is a [mood disorder](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/17843-mood-disorders) that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in things and activities you once enjoyed. It can also cause difficulty with thinking, memory, eating and [sleeping](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/11429-sleep-disorders).\n\nIt’s normal to feel sad about or grieve over difficult life situations, such as losing your job or a divorce. But depression is different in that it persists practically every day for at least two weeks and involves other symptoms than sadness alone.\n\nThere are several types of depressive disorders. Clinical depression, or major depressive disorder, is often just called “depression.” It’s the most severe type of depression.\n\nWithout treatment, depression can get worse and last longer. In severe cases, it can lead to [self-harm](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/12201-self-harm) or death by [suicide](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/11352-recognizing-suicidal-behavior). The good news is that treatments can be very effective in improving symptoms.\n\n### What are the types of depression?\nThe American Psychiatric Association’s [*Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition* (DSM-5)](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/24291-diagnostic-and-statistical-manual-dsm-5) classifies depressive disorders as the following:\n\n- [**Clinical depression (major depressive disorder)**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/24481-clinical-depression-major-depressive-disorder): A diagnosis of major depressive disorder means you’ve felt sad, low or worthless most days for at least two weeks while also having other symptoms such as sleep problems, loss of interest in activities or change in appetite. This is the most severe form of depression and one of the most common forms.\n- [**Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9292-persistent-depressive-disorder-pdd): Persistent depressive disorder is mild or moderate depression that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms are less severe than major depressive disorder. Healthcare providers used to call PDD dysthymia.\n- [**Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/24394-disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder-dmdd): DMDD causes chronic, intense irritability and frequent anger outbursts in children. Symptoms usually begin by the age of 10.\n- [**Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/9132-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd): With PMDD, you have [premenstrual syndrome](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome) (PMS) symptoms along with mood symptoms, such as extreme irritability, anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after your [period](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/10132-menstrual-cycle) starts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with your life.\n- **Depressive disorder due to another medical condition**: Many medical conditions can create changes in your body that cause depression. Examples include [hypothyroidism](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/12120-hypothyroidism), [heart disease](https:\/\/health.clevelandclinic.org\/how-to-protect-your-mental-health-after-a-heart-attack\/), [Parkinson’s disease](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview) and cancer. If you’re able to treat the underlying condition, the depression usually improves as well.\n\nThere are also specific forms of major depressive disorder, including:\n\n- [**Seasonal affective disorder (seasonal depression)**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9293-seasonal-depression): This is a form of major depressive disorder that typically arises during the fall and winter and goes away during the spring and summer.\n- **[Prenatal depression](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/22984-prenatal-depression) and [postpartum depression](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9312-postpartum-depression)**: Prenatal depression is depression that happens during pregnancy. Postpartum depression is depression that develops within four weeks of delivering a baby. The DSM refers to these as “major depressive disorder (MDD) with peripartum onset.”\n- [**Atypical depression**](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/21131-atypical-depression): Symptoms of this condition, also known as major depressive disorder with atypical features, vary slightly from “typical” depression. The main difference is a temporary mood improvement in response to positive events (mood reactivity). Other key symptoms include increased appetite and rejection sensitivity.\n\nPeople with [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9294-bipolar-disorder) also experience episodes of depression in addition to [manic](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/21603-mania) or [hypomanic](https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/21774-hypomania) episodes.\n\n### Who does depression affect?\nDepression can affect anyone — including children and adults.\n\nHaving certain risk factors makes it more likely that you may develop depression. For example, the following conditions are associated with higher rates of depression:\n\n### How common is depression?\nDepression is common. Researchers estimate that nearly 7% of adults in the United States have depression every year. More than 16% of U.S. adults — around 1 in 6 people — will experience depression at some point in their lifetime.\n\nHowever, researchers believe that these estimates are lower than reality, as many people don’t seek medical help for symptoms of depression and don’t receive a diagnosis.\n\nApproximately 4.4% of children in the United States have depression.","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	What is depression? Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in things and activities you once enjoyed. It can also cause difficulty with thinking, memory, eating and sleeping . It’s normal to feel sad about or grieve over difficult life situations, such as losing your job or a divorce. But depression is different in that it persists practically every day for at least two weeks and involves other symptoms than sadness alone. There are several types of depressive disorders. Clinical depression, or major depressive disorder, is often just called “depression.” It’s the most severe type of depression. Without treatment, depression can get worse and last longer. In severe cases, it can lead to self-harm or death by suicide . The good news is that treatments can be very effective in improving symptoms. What are the types of depression? The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) classifies depressive disorders as the following: Clinical depression (major depressive disorder) : A diagnosis of major depressive disorder means you’ve felt sad, low or worthless most days for at least two weeks while also having other symptoms such as sleep problems, loss of interest in activities or change in appetite. This is the most severe form of depression and one of the most common forms. Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) : Persistent depressive disorder is mild or moderate depression that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms are less severe than major depressive disorder. Healthcare providers used to call PDD dysthymia. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) : DMDD causes chronic, intense irritability and frequent anger outbursts in children. Symptoms usually begin by the age of 10. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) : With PMDD, you have premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms along with mood symptoms, such as extreme irritability, anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after your period starts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with your life. Depressive disorder due to another medical condition : Many medical conditions can create changes in your body that cause depression. Examples include hypothyroidism , heart disease , Parkinson’s disease and cancer. If you’re able to treat the underlying condition, the depression usually improves as well. There are also specific forms of major depressive disorder, including: Seasonal affective disorder (seasonal depression) : This is a form of major depressive disorder that typically arises during the fall and winter and goes away during the spring and summer. Prenatal depression and postpartum depression : Prenatal depression is depression that happens during pregnancy. Postpartum depression is depression that develops within four weeks of delivering a baby. The DSM refers to these as “major depressive disorder (MDD) with peripartum onset.” Atypical depression : Symptoms of this condition, also known as major depressive disorder with atypical features, vary slightly from “typical” depression. The main difference is a temporary mood improvement in response to positive events (mood reactivity). Other key symptoms include increased appetite and rejection sensitivity. People with bipolar disorder also experience episodes of depression in addition to manic or hypomanic episodes. Who does depression affect? Depression can affect anyone — including children and adults. Having certain risk factors makes it more likely that you may develop depression. For example, the following conditions are associated with higher rates of depression: How common is depression? Depression is common. Researchers estimate that nearly 7% of adults in the United States have depression every year. More than 16% of U.S. adults — around 1 in 6 people — will experience depression at some point in their lifetime. However, researchers believe that these estimates are lower than reality, as many people don’t seek medical help for symptoms of depression and don’t receive a diagnosis. Approximately 4.4% of children in the United States have depression.
Markdown	![](https://zdbb.net/l/Dnl1wmWs8xCCpvWNCt9Egf/?w=16&q=75) Locations: [Abu Dhabi](https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en)\\|[Canada](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/canada)\\|[Florida](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/florida)\\|[London](https://clevelandcliniclondon.uk/)\\|[Nevada](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/locations/nevada)\\|[Ohio](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/)\\| ![Gray gradient](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/_next/static/media/gray-gradient-left-16.59910877.svg?w=32&q=75)![Gray gradient](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/_next/static/media/gray-gradient-right-32.dd7ce4e5.svg?w=64&q=75) [855\.733.3712](tel:8557333712)\\|[MyChart](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/online-services/mychart)\\|[Need Help?](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/help)\\|[Careers](https://jobs.clevelandclinic.org/)\\|[Donate Now](https://give.ccf.org/give/187824#!/donation/checkout)\\| ![Gray gradient](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/_next/static/media/gray-gradient-left-16.59910877.svg?w=32&q=75)![Gray gradient](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/_next/static/media/gray-gradient-right-32.dd7ce4e5.svg?w=64&q=75) [![Cleveland Clinic logo](https://assets.clevelandclinic.org/transform/1bc1ff31-3cbc-4976-9ddf-9bc85e0877eb/Cleveland-Clinic-Logo-Web?w=3840&q=75)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/) [Find a Provider](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/providers)[Locations and Directions](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/locations)[Services](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services)[Patients and Visitors](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/patients)[Health Library](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health) - [Find a Provider](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/providers) - [Locations and Directions](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/locations) - [Services](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services) - [Patients and Visitors](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/patients) - [Health Library](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health) [![Search](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/_next/static/media/LondonGreenSearchIcon.6d7e718f.svg?w=64&q=75)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/search) Menu [![Search](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/_next/static/media/LondonGreenSearchIcon.6d7e718f.svg?w=64&q=75)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/search)[Appointments](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/patients/information/access) [Home](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/)/ [Health Library](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health)/ [Diseases & Conditions](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases)/ Depression Advertisement Advertisement # Depression Medically Reviewed. Last updated on 01/13/2023. Depression is a common mental health condition that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and changes in how you think, sleep, eat and act. There are several different types. Depression is treatable — usually with talk therapy, medication or both. Seeking medical help as soon as you have symptoms is essential. Advertisement Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. [Policy](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/advertising) Care at Cleveland Clinic [Depression Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/depression-treatment) [Find a Doctor and Specialists](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/depression-treatment#featured-provider-panel) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment) Contents [Overview](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#overview)[Signs and Symptoms](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#signs-and-symptoms)[Causes](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#causes)[Diagnosis and Tests](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#diagnosis-and-tests)[Management and Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#management-and-treatment)[Outlook / Prognosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#outlook-prognosis)[Prevention](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#prevention)[Living With](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#living-with) Contents [Overview](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#overview)[Signs and Symptoms](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#signs-and-symptoms)[Causes](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#causes)[Diagnosis and Tests](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#diagnosis-and-tests)[Management and Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#management-and-treatment)[Outlook / Prognosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#outlook-prognosis)[Prevention](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#prevention)[Living With](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression#living-with) ## Overview ### What is depression? Depression is a [mood disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders) that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in things and activities you once enjoyed. It can also cause difficulty with thinking, memory, eating and [sleeping](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11429-sleep-disorders). Advertisement Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. [Policy](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/advertising) It’s normal to feel sad about or grieve over difficult life situations, such as losing your job or a divorce. But depression is different in that it persists practically every day for at least two weeks and involves other symptoms than sadness alone. There are several types of depressive disorders. Clinical depression, or major depressive disorder, is often just called “depression.” It’s the most severe type of depression. Without treatment, depression can get worse and last longer. In severe cases, it can lead to [self-harm](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12201-self-harm) or death by [suicide](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11352-recognizing-suicidal-behavior). The good news is that treatments can be very effective in improving symptoms. ### What are the types of depression? The American Psychiatric Association’s [Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24291-diagnostic-and-statistical-manual-dsm-5) classifies depressive disorders as the following: - [Clinical depression (major depressive disorder)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24481-clinical-depression-major-depressive-disorder): A diagnosis of major depressive disorder means you’ve felt sad, low or worthless most days for at least two weeks while also having other symptoms such as sleep problems, loss of interest in activities or change in appetite. This is the most severe form of depression and one of the most common forms. - [Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9292-persistent-depressive-disorder-pdd): Persistent depressive disorder is mild or moderate depression that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms are less severe than major depressive disorder. Healthcare providers used to call PDD dysthymia. - [Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24394-disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder-dmdd): DMDD causes chronic, intense irritability and frequent anger outbursts in children. Symptoms usually begin by the age of 10. - [Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9132-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd): With PMDD, you have [premenstrual syndrome](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome) (PMS) symptoms along with mood symptoms, such as extreme irritability, anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after your [period](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10132-menstrual-cycle) starts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with your life. - Depressive disorder due to another medical condition: Many medical conditions can create changes in your body that cause depression. Examples include [hypothyroidism](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12120-hypothyroidism), [heart disease](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/how-to-protect-your-mental-health-after-a-heart-attack/), [Parkinson’s disease](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview) and cancer. If you’re able to treat the underlying condition, the depression usually improves as well. Advertisement There are also specific forms of major depressive disorder, including: - [Seasonal affective disorder (seasonal depression)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9293-seasonal-depression): This is a form of major depressive disorder that typically arises during the fall and winter and goes away during the spring and summer. - [Prenatal depression](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22984-prenatal-depression) and [postpartum depression](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9312-postpartum-depression): Prenatal depression is depression that happens during pregnancy. Postpartum depression is depression that develops within four weeks of delivering a baby. The DSM refers to these as “major depressive disorder (MDD) with peripartum onset.” - [Atypical depression](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21131-atypical-depression): Symptoms of this condition, also known as major depressive disorder with atypical features, vary slightly from “typical” depression. The main difference is a temporary mood improvement in response to positive events (mood reactivity). Other key symptoms include increased appetite and rejection sensitivity. People with [bipolar disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder) also experience episodes of depression in addition to [manic](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21603-mania) or [hypomanic](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21774-hypomania) episodes. ### Who does depression affect? Depression can affect anyone — including children and adults. Having certain risk factors makes it more likely that you may develop depression. For example, the following conditions are associated with higher rates of depression: - Neurodegenerative diseases like [Alzheimer’s disease](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9164-alzheimers-disease) and Parkinson’s disease. - [Stroke](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5601-stroke). - [Multiple sclerosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17248-multiple-sclerosis). - [Seizure](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure) disorders. - Cancer. - [Macular degeneration](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15246-macular-degeneration). - [Chronic pain](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4798-chronic-pain). ### How common is depression? Depression is common. Researchers estimate that nearly 7% of adults in the United States have depression every year. More than 16% of U.S. adults — around 1 in 6 people — will experience depression at some point in their lifetime. However, researchers believe that these estimates are lower than reality, as many people don’t seek medical help for symptoms of depression and don’t receive a diagnosis. Approximately 4.4% of children in the United States have depression. ## Signs and Symptoms ![Depression symptoms: deep sadness, low energy, loss of interest, appetite or sleep changes, and more.](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/images/org/health/articles/9290-depression) Image content: This image is available to view online. View image online (https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/images/org/health/articles/9290-depression) Clinical depression is a chronic condition, but it usually occurs in episodes, which can last several weeks or months. ### What are the symptoms of depression? The symptoms of depression can vary slightly depending on the type and can range from mild to severe. In general, symptoms include: - Feeling very sad, hopeless or worried. Children and adolescents with depression may be irritable rather than sad. - Not enjoying things that used to bring joy. - Being easily irritated or frustrated. - Eating too much or too little, which may result in weight gain or weight loss. - Trouble sleeping ([insomnia](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12119-insomnia)) or sleeping too much ([hypersomnia](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21591-hypersomnia)). - Having low energy or fatigue. - Having a difficult time concentrating, making decisions or remembering things. - Experiencing physical issues like headache, stomachache or [sexual dysfunction](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9121-sexual-dysfunction). - Having thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Advertisement If you or a loved one are thinking about suicide, dial 988 on your phone to reach the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline. Someone will be available to help you 24/7. ## Causes ### What causes depression? Researchers don’t know the exact cause of depression. They think that several factors contribute to its development, including: - Brain chemistry: An imbalance of [neurotransmitters](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22513-neurotransmitters), including [serotonin](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22572-serotonin) and [dopamine](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22581-dopamine), contributes to the development of depression. - Genetics: If you have a first-degree relative (biological parent or sibling) with depression, you’re about three times as likely to develop the condition as the general population. However, you can have depression without a family history of it. - Stressful life events: Difficult experiences, such as the death of a loved one, trauma, divorce, isolation and lack of support, can trigger depression. - Medical conditions: Chronic pain and [chronic conditions](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9288-chronic-illness-and-depression) like [diabetes](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/14891-diabetes-stress--depression) can lead to depression. - Medication: Some medications can cause depression as a side effect. Substance use, including alcohol, can also cause depression or make it worse. ## Diagnosis and Tests ### How is depression diagnosed? Healthcare providers diagnose depression based on a thorough understanding of your symptoms, medical history and mental health history. They may diagnose you with a specific type of depression, such as seasonal affective disorder or postpartum depression, based on the context of your symptoms. Advertisement To receive a diagnosis of depression, you must have five depression symptoms every day, nearly all day, for at least two weeks. Your provider may order medical tests, such as blood tests, to see if any underlying medical conditions are causing your depressive symptoms. ## Management and Treatment ### How is depression treated? Depression is one of the most treatable mental health conditions. Approximately 80% to 90% of people with depression who seek treatment eventually respond well to treatment. Treatment options include: - [Psychotherapy](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/23445-pyschotherapy): Psychotherapy (talk therapy) involves talking with a mental health professional. Your therapist helps you identify and change unhealthy emotions, thoughts and behaviors. There are many types of psychotherapy — [cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21208-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-cbt) is the most common. Sometimes, brief therapy is all you need. Other people continue therapy for several months or years. - [Medication](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/9301-depression-medicines): Prescription medicine called antidepressants can help change the brain chemistry that causes depression. There are several different types of antidepressants, and it may take time to figure out the one that’s best for you. Some antidepressants have side effects, which often improve with time. If they don’t, talk to your healthcare provider. A different medication may work better for you. - [Complementary medicine](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/16883-complementary-therapy): This involves treatments you may receive along with traditional Western medicine. People with mild depression or ongoing symptoms can improve their well-being with therapies such as [acupuncture](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/4767-acupuncture), massage, [hypnosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22676-hypnosis) and [biofeedback](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/13354-biofeedback). - Brain stimulation therapy: Brain stimulation therapy can help people who have severe depression or depression with psychosis. Types of brain stimulation therapy include [electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/9302-ect-electroconvulsive-therapy), [transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17827-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-tms) and [vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17598-vagus-nerve-stimulation). Advertisement There are also things you can do at home to help improve depression symptoms, including: - Getting regular exercise. - Getting quality sleep (not too little or too much). - Eating a healthy diet. - Avoiding alcohol, which is a depressant. - Spending time with people you care about. Care at Cleveland Clinic [Depression Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/depression-treatment) [Find a Doctor and Specialists](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/depression-treatment#featured-provider-panel) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment) ## Outlook / Prognosis ### What is the prognosis of depression? The prognosis (outlook) of depression varies depending on certain factors, including: - Its severity and type. - If it’s temporary or long-lasting. - If it’s treated or untreated. - If you have co-occurring conditions, such as other mood disorders, medical conditions or [substance use disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16652-drug-addiction). With proper diagnosis and treatment, the vast majority of people with depression live healthy, fulfilling lives. Depression can return after you get treatment, though, so it’s important to seek medical help as soon as symptoms begin again. Without treatment, depression can: - Become worse. - Increase your chance of other health conditions, like [dementia](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9170-dementia). - Lead to the worsening of existing health conditions, like diabetes or chronic pain. - Lead to self-harm or death. Depression accounts for nearly 40,000 cases of suicide each year in the United States. It’s essential to get medical help as soon as possible if you’re having suicidal thoughts. Call 911 or 988 (the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline) or go to the emergency room. ## Prevention ### Can I prevent depression? You can’t always prevent depression, but you can help reduce your risk by: - Maintaining a healthy sleep routine. - [Managing stress](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/6409-stress-management-and-emotional-health) with healthy coping mechanisms. - Practicing regular self-care activities such as exercise, [meditation](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17906-meditation) and yoga. If you’ve had depression before, you may be more likely to experience it again. If you have depression symptoms, get help as soon as possible. ## Living With ### When should I see my healthcare provider about depression? If you have symptoms of depression, see a healthcare provider or mental health professional. They can give you an accurate diagnosis and suggest treatment options. If you’ve started treatment for depression and it isn’t working or you’re having unpleasant side effects, talk to your provider. They can recommend a different treatment plan. ### A note from Cleveland Clinic Depression is a common condition that affects millions of people every year. Anyone can experience depression — even if there doesn’t seem to be a reason for it. The good news is that depression is treatable. If you have symptoms of depression, talk to your healthcare provider. The sooner you get help, the sooner you can feel better. 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Last updated on 01/13/2023. ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. - American Psychiatric Association. What Is Depression? (https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression) Accessed 1/13/2023. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mental Health Conditions: Depression and Anxiety (https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/depression-anxiety.html). Accessed 1/13/2023. - Chand SP, Arif H. Depression (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/). \[Updated 2022 Jul 18\]. In: StatPearls \[Internet\]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 1/13/2023. - Merck Manual. Depression (https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/mood-disorders/depression). Accessed 1/13/2023. - National Institute of Mental Health. Depression Basics. (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/index.shtml\#pub10) Accessed 1/13/2023. ### Care at Cleveland Clinic Depression can hamper every aspect of your life. Cleveland Clinic experts are here to help manage your mental health so you can do the things you want. ![Caregiver talking to a patient.](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/images/org/care-pages/neuro/depression-feature.jpg?w=640&q=75) [Depression Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/depression-treatment) [Find a Doctor and Specialists](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/depression-treatment#featured-provider-panel) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment) Advertisement Advertisement Ad Appointments [866\.588.2264](tel:8665882264) [Appointments & Locations](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/neurological/appointments) [Request an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment/what-to-expect) [Find a ProviderNeed a primary care doctor or a specialist? 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Readable Markdown	### What is depression? Depression is a [mood disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders) that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in things and activities you once enjoyed. It can also cause difficulty with thinking, memory, eating and [sleeping](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11429-sleep-disorders). It’s normal to feel sad about or grieve over difficult life situations, such as losing your job or a divorce. But depression is different in that it persists practically every day for at least two weeks and involves other symptoms than sadness alone. There are several types of depressive disorders. Clinical depression, or major depressive disorder, is often just called “depression.” It’s the most severe type of depression. Without treatment, depression can get worse and last longer. In severe cases, it can lead to [self-harm](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12201-self-harm) or death by [suicide](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11352-recognizing-suicidal-behavior). The good news is that treatments can be very effective in improving symptoms. ### What are the types of depression? The American Psychiatric Association’s [Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24291-diagnostic-and-statistical-manual-dsm-5) classifies depressive disorders as the following: - [Clinical depression (major depressive disorder)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24481-clinical-depression-major-depressive-disorder): A diagnosis of major depressive disorder means you’ve felt sad, low or worthless most days for at least two weeks while also having other symptoms such as sleep problems, loss of interest in activities or change in appetite. This is the most severe form of depression and one of the most common forms. - [Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9292-persistent-depressive-disorder-pdd): Persistent depressive disorder is mild or moderate depression that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms are less severe than major depressive disorder. Healthcare providers used to call PDD dysthymia. - [Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24394-disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder-dmdd): DMDD causes chronic, intense irritability and frequent anger outbursts in children. Symptoms usually begin by the age of 10. - [Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9132-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd): With PMDD, you have [premenstrual syndrome](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome) (PMS) symptoms along with mood symptoms, such as extreme irritability, anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after your [period](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10132-menstrual-cycle) starts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with your life. - Depressive disorder due to another medical condition: Many medical conditions can create changes in your body that cause depression. Examples include [hypothyroidism](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12120-hypothyroidism), [heart disease](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/how-to-protect-your-mental-health-after-a-heart-attack/), [Parkinson’s disease](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview) and cancer. If you’re able to treat the underlying condition, the depression usually improves as well. There are also specific forms of major depressive disorder, including: - [Seasonal affective disorder (seasonal depression)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9293-seasonal-depression): This is a form of major depressive disorder that typically arises during the fall and winter and goes away during the spring and summer. - [Prenatal depression](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22984-prenatal-depression) and [postpartum depression](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9312-postpartum-depression): Prenatal depression is depression that happens during pregnancy. Postpartum depression is depression that develops within four weeks of delivering a baby. The DSM refers to these as “major depressive disorder (MDD) with peripartum onset.” - [Atypical depression](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21131-atypical-depression): Symptoms of this condition, also known as major depressive disorder with atypical features, vary slightly from “typical” depression. The main difference is a temporary mood improvement in response to positive events (mood reactivity). Other key symptoms include increased appetite and rejection sensitivity. People with [bipolar disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder) also experience episodes of depression in addition to [manic](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21603-mania) or [hypomanic](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21774-hypomania) episodes. ### Who does depression affect? Depression can affect anyone — including children and adults. Having certain risk factors makes it more likely that you may develop depression. For example, the following conditions are associated with higher rates of depression: ### How common is depression? Depression is common. Researchers estimate that nearly 7% of adults in the United States have depression every year. More than 16% of U.S. adults — around 1 in 6 people — will experience depression at some point in their lifetime. However, researchers believe that these estimates are lower than reality, as many people don’t seek medical help for symptoms of depression and don’t receive a diagnosis. Approximately 4.4% of children in the United States have depression.
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