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Last updated on 08/13/2025. Schizophrenia is a mental health disorder that changes how you think, feel and act. It can cause delusions, hallucinations and disorganized thinking. While there’s no cure, treatment like medications and therapy can help manage symptoms. Continued care and support are essential. Advertisement Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. [Policy](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/advertising) Care at Cleveland Clinic [Mental Health Care](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/mental-health-care) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment) Contents [What Is Schizophrenia?](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia#what-is-schizophrenia)[Symptoms and Causes](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia#symptoms-and-causes)[Diagnosis and Tests](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia#diagnosis-and-tests)[Management and Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia#management-and-treatment)[Outlook / Prognosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia#outlook-prognosis) Contents [What Is Schizophrenia?](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia#what-is-schizophrenia)[Symptoms and Causes](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia#symptoms-and-causes)[Diagnosis and Tests](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia#diagnosis-and-tests)[Management and Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia#management-and-treatment)[Outlook / Prognosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia#outlook-prognosis) ## What Is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a [mental health condition](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders) that affects how you think, feel and behave. It can make it hard to know what’s real and what isn’t. Advertisement Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. [Policy](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/advertising) It can lead to symptoms like: - **Delusions**: Strong beliefs that aren’t based in reality - **Hallucinations**: Seeing, hearing or sensing things that aren’t there - **Psychosis**: Disorganized thinking and behavior make it hard to stay grounded These symptoms can have a major impact on your daily life and relationships. This condition affects an [estimated](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia) 1 in 300 people worldwide. While it’s a lifelong disorder, treatment can help you manage symptoms so you can feel better. ## Symptoms and Causes  **Image content:** This image is available to view online. View image online (https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/images/org/health/articles/4568-schizophrenia-1) There are five common symptoms of schizophrenia. These may increase your risk of complications. ### Symptoms of schizophrenia People with schizophrenia often don’t know they have symptoms. But others, like friends and family, may notice them. Symptoms may include: - **Delusions**: Believing things that aren’t true, even with clear evidence (like thinking someone’s controlling your actions) - [**Hallucinations**](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23350-hallucinations): Sensing things that aren’t really there (like hearing voices, seeing people or feeling something touch you when nothing’s present) - **Disorganized speech**: Trouble organizing your thoughts while speaking, making it hard to stay on topic or be understood - **Disorganized or [catatonic behavior](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23499-catatonic-schizophrenia)**: Moving or acting in ways others might not expect (like laughing excessively, making repetitive motions or staying very still) - **Negative symptoms**: Reduced ability to function (like showing little emotion, speaking in a flat tone or losing motivation to socialize or enjoy activities) Advertisement ### Schizophrenia causes The cause of schizophrenia isn’t known. Experts believe it may happen for different reasons, like: - Chemical imbalances of [neurotransmitters](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22513-neurotransmitters) ([dopamine](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22581-dopamine) and [glutamate](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/glutamine)), used for cell-to-cell communication in your [brain](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22638-brain) - Brain development problems before birth - Loss of connection between different areas of your brain #### Risk factors of schizophrenia Your risk may increase due to the following: - **Genetics**: A biological parent or sibling also has the condition - **Environmental factors**: Exposure to [viruses](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24861-virus) or [malnutrition](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22987-malnutrition) before birth - [**Substance use**](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16652-drug-addiction-substance-use-disorder-sud): Using certain substances during your teen and young adult years, especially at a younger age or with more frequent use ### Complications of schizophrenia Complications of schizophrenia may include: - Feeling suspicious, [paranoid](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23348-paranoid-schizophrenia) or scared - Not caring about your hygiene and appearance - Experiencing [depression](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression) and [anxiety](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9536-anxiety-disorders) - Using [addictive substances](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/addictive-substances) to try to ease symptoms Your risk of [suicidal thoughts](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/suicidal-ideation) and [suicide](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/suicide) also increases with schizophrenia. If you ever need help or someone to talk to, call or text [988](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/suicide-hotline) (U.S.). This is the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. Someone can speak with you 24/7. If you need immediate medical attention, call 911 or your local emergency services number. ## Diagnosis and Tests ### How doctors diagnose schizophrenia A healthcare provider can diagnose schizophrenia by learning more about your symptoms. To do this, they’ll observe your behavior or ask you questions about what you’re experiencing. They’ll compare those with the criteria in the *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition* (*DSM-5*). They’ll also take a complete medical history. A diagnosis usually happens during the late teen years or early adulthood. [Males](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/sex-recorded-at-birth) typically notice symptoms sooner (early 20s) than females (mid 20s to early 30s). [Schizophrenia in children](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21067-childhood-schizophrenia) is rare but possible. #### Schizophrenia test There aren’t any diagnostic tests for schizophrenia. But healthcare providers may run tests to rule out other conditions before diagnosing schizophrenia, like: - **Imaging tests**: [CT](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/4808-ct-computed-tomography-scan) or [MRI](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/4876-magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri) scans to check for [stroke](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5601-stroke-understanding-stroke), [brain injury](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8874-traumatic-brain-injury), [tumors](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor) or structural changes - **Lab tests**: [Blood](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/24508-blood-tests), [urine](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/17893-urinalysis) or [cerebrospinal fluid tests](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/12544-lumbar-puncture-spinal-tap) to rule out infections, poisoning or chemical imbalances - **Brain activity tests**: An [EEG](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/9656-electroencephalogram-eeg) to check for disorders like [epilepsy](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy) ## Management and Treatment ### How is schizophrenia treated? Treatment for schizophrenia may include: - **Medications**: There are different types of medications available, usually [antipsychotics](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24692-antipsychotic-medications), to help manage symptoms. - [**Psychotherapy**](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/23445-psychotherapy): Talk therapy, like [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21208-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-cbt) for psychosis (CBTp), may help you better understand how your thoughts influence your behaviors. It could help you reduce [stress](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11874-stress) and learn healthy coping skills that may improve daily functioning and prevent complications. - **Rehabilitation**: Supportive services like [resilience training](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17799-resilience-training), family therapy, cognitive support, and help with work or school are available. They can improve coping skills, communication, thinking abilities and long-term success. Advertisement If medications don’t improve your symptoms, your provider may recommend other options. One is [electroconvulsive therapy](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/9302-ect-electroconvulsive-therapy) (ECT). ECT is a safe treatment that sends small electric signals to your brain. It causes a short [seizure](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure) to help your brain work differently. #### Schizophrenia medication Antipsychotic medications are a key part of treating schizophrenia. These may include: - [Aripiprazole](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19695-aripiprazole-tablets) (Abilify®, Aristada®) - [Brexpiprazole](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/20512-brexpiprazole-tablets) (Rexulti®) - [Cariprazine](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/20257-cariprazine-capsules) (Vraylar®) - [Clozapine](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19561-clozapine-tablets) (Clozaril®) - [Haloperidol](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19626-haloperidol-tablets) (Haldol®) - [Lurasidone](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19890-lurasidone-tablets) (Latuda®) - [Lumateperone](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/21313-lumateperone-capsules) (Caplyta®) - [Olanzapine](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/18192-olanzapine-tablets) (Zyprexa®, Lybalvi®, Symbyax®) - [Quetiapine](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19288-quetiapine-tablets) (Seroquel®) - [Risperidone](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/20391-risperidone-tablets) (Risperdal®, Perseris®, Risperdal Consta®) - Xanomeline and trospium (Cobenfy™) There are two main types of antipsychotics: first and second generation. First generation (typical) blocks dopamine receptors. Second generation (atypical) targets dopamine and serotonin receptors. These medications adjust the balance of these brain chemicals (neurotransmitters). An imbalance of chemicals may cause symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. Emerging treatments are expanding. One example is a newly approved combination of xanomeline and trospium chloride (Cobenfy). This works through the cholinergic system. This system helps control things like memory, thinking and muscle movement. It doesn’t mainly target dopamine receptors the way traditional antipsychotics do. It marks the first in a new class of antipsychotic drugs. Advertisement Talk to your provider about what possible side effects to look out for if you start a new medication. ### When should I see my healthcare provider? If you have schizophrenia, you’ll need to schedule regular visits with your healthcare provider. Follow up with them as recommended and anytime you notice changes in your symptoms. Let them know if you have any medication side effects, especially ones that are disruptive to your daily routine. They may be able to adjust your treatment or recommend other options that work better for you. Care at Cleveland Clinic [Mental Health Care](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/mental-health-care) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment) ## Outlook / Prognosis ### What can I expect if I have schizophrenia? This mental health disorder varies greatly from person to person. While schizophrenia can affect many parts of daily life, treatment may help you manage symptoms more effectively. Symptoms often come in cycles. These are periods when they flare up and times when they improve, but don’t fully go away completely. It’s important to continue treatment as directed, even when you’re feeling better, to prevent setbacks and maintain progress. Some people respond well to treatment but may still face ongoing challenges, like difficulty thinking clearly or staying focused. This is common. Your care team can work with you to adjust your treatment as needed. Schizophrenia isn’t deadly on its own. But without treatment, it can lead to serious problems, like a higher chance of suicide. That’s why ongoing care, support and open communication with your providers are essential. Advertisement ### A note from Cleveland Clinic Schizophrenia can feel overwhelming, both for you and those who care about you. But it’s important to know that with the right care, many people find stability. If you’re concerned about changes in your or a loved one’s thoughts, feelings or behavior, consider talking to a healthcare provider. Mental health professionals have the training to listen, support and guide people through this condition without judgment. Getting help can make a lasting difference. Living with schizophrenia isn’t easy, but treatment can help you take back control and move forward. [](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/)[](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/) [](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/)  ## Better health starts here Sign up for our Health Essentials emails for expert guidance on nutrition, fitness, sleep, skin care and more. [Example email](https://assets.clevelandclinic.org/transform/2ff943a2-abb1-4a1c-8ede-f8848703e789/HealthEssentials-SampleEmail-2026)[Sign up](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health-essentials-sign-up) [Sign up](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health-essentials-sign-up)[Example email](https://assets.clevelandclinic.org/transform/2ff943a2-abb1-4a1c-8ede-f8848703e789/HealthEssentials-SampleEmail-2026) ### Experts You Can Trust Medically Reviewed. Last updated on 08/13/2025. Learn more about the [Health Library](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/about) and our [editorial process](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/about/website/editorial-policy). ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. #### View Sources ### Experts You Can Trust Medically Reviewed. Last updated on 08/13/2025. ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. - Hany M, Rehman B, Rizvi A, et al. Schizophrenia *(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/)*. 2024 Feb 23. In: *StatPearls* \[Internet\]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Accessed 8/13/2025. - Kaul I, Sawchak S, Walling DP, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Xanomeline-Trospium Chloride in Schizophrenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial *(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38691387/)* \[published correction appears in *JAMA Psychiatry*. 2024 Aug 1;81(8):846.\]. *JAMA Psychiatry*. 2024;81(8):749-756. Accessed 8/13/2025. - Merck Manual Professional Version. Schizophrenia *(https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/schizophreniform-disorder)*. Last reviewed 10/2022. Accessed 8/13/2025. - National Alliance on Mental Illness (U.S.). Schizophrenia *(https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia/)*. Last reviewed 1/3/2025. Accessed 8/13/2025. - National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.). Schizophrenia *(https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia)*. Last updated 2023. Accessed 8/13/2025. - Ortiz-Medina MB, Perea M, Torales J, et al. Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development *(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30442059)*. *Int J Soc Psychiatry*. 2018;64(7):690-704. Accessed 8/13/2025. - Radhakrishnan R, Ganesh S, Meltzer HY, et al. Schizophrenia. In: Ebert MH, Leckman JF, Petrakis IL, eds. *Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Psychiatry.* 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. - Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. In: Nestler EJ, Kenny PJ, Russo SJ, Schaefer A, eds. *Nestler, Hyman & Malenka’s Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience.* 4th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2020. - Schizophrenia, Delusional, and Paranoid States. In: Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S, eds. *Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology.* 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. - Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.* 5th ed. May 2013. - World Health Organization. Schizophrenia *(https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia)*. Last updated 1/10/2022. Accessed 8/13/2025. ### Care at Cleveland Clinic Your mental well-being is just as important as your physical well-being. Cleveland Clinic’s mental health experts can help you live life to the fullest.  [Mental Health Care](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/mental-health-care) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment) Advertisement Advertisement Ad Appointments [866\.588.2264](tel:8665882264) [Appointments & Locations](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/neurological/appointments) [Request an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment/what-to-expect) [Find a ProviderNeed a primary care doctor or a specialist? 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### A note from Cleveland Clinic Schizophrenia can feel overwhelming, both for you and those who care about you. But it’s important to know that with the right care, many people find stability. If you’re concerned about changes in your or a loved one’s thoughts, feelings or behavior, consider talking to a healthcare provider. Mental health professionals have the training to listen, support and guide people through this condition without judgment. Getting help can make a lasting difference. Living with schizophrenia isn’t easy, but treatment can help you take back control and move forward. ### Experts You Can Trust Medically Reviewed. Last updated on 08/13/2025. Learn more about the [Health Library](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/about) and our [editorial process](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/about/website/editorial-policy). ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. #### ### Experts You Can Trust Medically Reviewed. Last updated on 08/13/2025. ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. - Hany M, Rehman B, Rizvi A, et al. Schizophrenia *(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539864/)*. 2024 Feb 23. In: *StatPearls* \[Internet\]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Accessed 8/13/2025. - Kaul I, Sawchak S, Walling DP, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Xanomeline-Trospium Chloride in Schizophrenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial *(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38691387/)* \[published correction appears in *JAMA Psychiatry*. 2024 Aug 1;81(8):846.\]. *JAMA Psychiatry*. 2024;81(8):749-756. Accessed 8/13/2025. - Merck Manual Professional Version. Schizophrenia *(https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/schizophreniform-disorder)*. Last reviewed 10/2022. Accessed 8/13/2025. - National Alliance on Mental Illness (U.S.). Schizophrenia *(https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia/)*. Last reviewed 1/3/2025. Accessed 8/13/2025. - National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.). Schizophrenia *(https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia)*. Last updated 2023. Accessed 8/13/2025. - Ortiz-Medina MB, Perea M, Torales J, et al. Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development *(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30442059)*. *Int J Soc Psychiatry*. 2018;64(7):690-704. Accessed 8/13/2025. - Radhakrishnan R, Ganesh S, Meltzer HY, et al. Schizophrenia. In: Ebert MH, Leckman JF, Petrakis IL, eds. *Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Psychiatry.* 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. - Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. In: Nestler EJ, Kenny PJ, Russo SJ, Schaefer A, eds. *Nestler, Hyman & Malenka’s Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience.* 4th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2020. - Schizophrenia, Delusional, and Paranoid States. In: Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S, eds. *Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology.* 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2019. - Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.* 5th ed. May 2013. - World Health Organization. Schizophrenia *(https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia)*. Last updated 1/10/2022. Accessed 8/13/2025.