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Last updated on 03/04/2025. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic condition that causes skin discoloration and itchy rashes. It usually starts in childhood, and flare-ups can continue through adulthood. There’s no cure, but you can manage it with creams and medications or other available treatment options. Advertisement Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. [Policy](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/advertising) Care at Cleveland Clinic [Get Dermatology Care](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/dermatology-care) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment/what-to-expect) Contents [What Is Atopic Dermatitis?](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis#what-is-atopic-dermatitis)[Symptoms and Causes](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis#symptoms-and-causes)[Diagnosis and Tests](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis#diagnosis-and-tests)[Management and Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis#management-and-treatment)[Outlook / Prognosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis#outlook-prognosis) Contents [What Is Atopic Dermatitis?](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis#what-is-atopic-dermatitis)[Symptoms and Causes](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis#symptoms-and-causes)[Diagnosis and Tests](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis#diagnosis-and-tests)[Management and Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis#management-and-treatment)[Outlook / Prognosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis#outlook-prognosis) ## What Is Atopic Dermatitis?  **Image content:** This image is available to view online. View image online (https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/images/org/health/articles/24299-atopic-dermatitis) Atopic dermatitis causes itchy, dry and scaly skin rashes. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) condition that causes dry, itchy and discolored patches of skin. It affects both children and adults and can flare up or come and go throughout your life. Advertisement Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. [Policy](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/advertising) When an atopic dermatitis rash develops, it can be uncomfortable and itchy. Your immediate reaction may be to scratch it. This can cause swelling, cracking, crusting and scaling. The rash might “weep” a clear fluid. [Dermatitis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/4089-dermatitis) and eczema both refer to skin [inflammation](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21660-inflammation). Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema. [Eczema](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema) is a term describing a group of skin conditions that result from inflammation. Treatment options are available to help you manage symptoms. ### Types of atopic dermatitis Atopic dermatitis refers to a group of skin conditions related to underlying [allergies](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8610-allergies). Its appearance can vary and change over time like the following types: - [**Nummular (discoid) dermatitis**](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22757-nummular-eczema), which has round, discolored and scaly patches (about the size of a coin). - [**Prurigo nodularis**](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25247-prurigo-nodularis), which consists of firm, dry, raised bumps. - **Erythroderma (exfoliative dermatitis)**, which presents as widespread skin discoloration and scaling on most of your body. - **Lichenoid dermatitis**, with flat, dark, itchy and scaly patches of skin. - **Follicular dermatitis**, which causes tiny, itchy bumps around [hair follicles](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23435-hair-follicle) (tubes where your hair grows). - **[Dyshidrosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17728-dyshidrotic-eczema) (pompholyx)**, which shows up as small, itchy blisters on your hands and feet. Your provider may refer to atopic dermatitis by its location: Advertisement - Flexural dermatitis (skin folds like elbows and knees) - Face dermatitis - [Eczematous cheilitis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22741-eczema-on-the-lips) (lips) - [Eyelid dermatitis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21930-eyelid-dermatitis) - Head and neck dermatitis - Hand dermatitis - [Nipple dermatitis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22105-eczema-on-nipples) ## Symptoms and Causes ### Atopic dermatitis symptoms Common atopic dermatitis symptoms may include: - A [skin rash](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17413-rashes-red-skin) - [Dry](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16940-dry-skin) or cracked skin - [Itchy skin](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11879-pruritus) (can be severe) - Red, purple, brown or gray [skin discoloration](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/11014-skin-discoloration) - Small, fluid-filled bumps or crusting - Swelling Symptoms can vary significantly from person to person. It’s common for atopic dermatitis to develop in areas where your skin bends or flexes, like behind your knees or on the inside of your elbow. But rashes can occur anywhere on your skin. Symptoms range from mild to severe. #### What does atopic dermatitis look like? Atopic dermatitis will have the features of a skin rash. But those features will look slightly different based on your skin tone. For example, if you have a light skin tone, the rash may look red. If you have a dark skin tone, it may be darker than your natural tone, brown, purple or gray. It’s important to talk to a healthcare provider if you notice changes to your skin. They can pinpoint what’s going on and help you manage it. ### Atopic dermatitis causes A change in how well your skin’s protective barrier and immune system function causes atopic dermatitis. Your [immune system](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21196-immune-system) usually protects your body from things that can harm it, like irritants, allergens and illnesses. If you have atopic dermatitis, you may have a genetic variant that prevents your skin from creating a strong barrier against allergens and irritants. When your skin gets irritated, it inflames and feels itchy. This causes it to break down even further. #### What triggers atopic dermatitis? Triggers of atopic dermatitis may include: - Allergens or irritants - Hormonal changes (like during [pregnancy](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9709-pregnancy-am-i-pregnant)) - Skin infections - [Stress](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11874-stress) - Temperature changes (heat or cold) When you come into contact with an allergen or irritant that triggers symptoms, it’s called [contact dermatitis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6173-contact-dermatitis). Common allergens and irritants may include but aren’t limited to the following: - Foods (like peanuts, eggs, soy, wheat, shellfish, etc.) - Skincare products (like those with fragrances) - Plants - Cleaning products - Soaps and detergents Sometimes, it’s difficult to figure out what’s causing symptoms to flare up, but your provider can try to help. #### Risk factors of atopic dermatitis You may be more at risk of atopic dermatitis if you: - Have a history of the condition in your biological family - Have [asthma](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6424-asthma) - Had [hay fever](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8622-allergic-rhinitis-hay-fever) or other allergies ### Complications of atopic dermatitis Itching your skin may cause a rash to break open. It may bleed or turn into an [infection](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24189-bacterial-infection). Signs and symptoms of an infection may include: - Swelling - Pain - Oozing yellow pus #### Is atopic dermatitis contagious? No. Atopic dermatitis isn’t contagious. The rash doesn’t spread from person to person through physical contact. ## Diagnosis and Tests ### How doctors diagnose atopic dermatitis A healthcare provider will diagnose atopic dermatitis after reviewing your symptoms during a [physical examination](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/17366-physical-examination). They’ll look closely at your skin. They may ask you questions about your symptoms, like when they started and what it feels like. Your provider will also review your medical history and known family medical history. Advertisement In some cases, your provider may recommend a [skin biopsy](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21857-skin-biopsy). This is a test to look at a sample of your skin more closely in a lab under a microscope. ## Management and Treatment ### Atopic dermatitis treatment Your healthcare provider may recommend different options to treat your atopic dermatitis symptoms. This may include: - Identifying and avoiding triggers and allergens - Applying an over-the-counter, fragrance-free moisturizer (cream or ointment) to your skin at least twice daily - Using topical prescription medication as directed by your provider - Participating in [allergen immunotherapy](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/25194-allergy-shots) to reduce how many allergic reactions you have - Undergoing [light therapy](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24385-phototherapy-light-therapy) (phototherapy) #### Atopic dermatitis medications Two medications that your provider may prescribe to treat atopic dermatitis include: - Topical [corticosteroids](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/corticosteroids-glucocorticoids) - Topical [calcineurin inhibitors](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/10418-immunosuppressants) Topical medications are creams or ointments that you rub on your affected skin in the same way you apply a lotion. You should use these medications as directed. They may have side effects if you overuse them. #### How can I manage atopic dermatitis symptoms? To soothe mild, itchy, dry and cracked skin from atopic dermatitis, you can: - Use over-the-counter anti-itch creams ([hydrocortisone](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/18748-hydrocortisone-cream-lotion-ointment-or-solution)) - Take allergy medication ([antihistamine](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/antihistamines)) as directed - Keep your skin moisturized with products that don’t contain perfumes or dyes, particularly immediately after a bath or shower - Trim your nails or wear gloves at night to prevent itching - Wear comfortable clothing that isn’t tight or scratchy - Use a humidifier to prevent dry air environments - Take an oatmeal bath (use [colloidal oatmeal](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/colloidal-oatmeal) as directed in your bath water) to lock the moisture into your skin Advertisement ### How long does it take for atopic dermatitis to go away? The timeline varies from person to person after you start treatment. For example, you may notice itch relief shortly after applying a prescription medication to your skin. The rash may start to fade within days to weeks. Since there isn’t a cure for atopic dermatitis, the rash generally comes back after treatment. This is why it’s important to pay attention to your triggers and make sure you’re avoiding them, if possible. If you have any questions about what you can expect, talk to your provider. ### When should I see my healthcare provider? Contact a provider if you notice changes to your skin that cause pain and discomfort. If you’re constantly scratching your skin and develop an infection (with swelling, pain and pus), your provider will help you treat it. Care at Cleveland Clinic [Get Dermatology Care](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/dermatology-care) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment/what-to-expect) ## Outlook / Prognosis ### Can atopic dermatitis go away? Atopic dermatitis symptoms may come and go throughout your life. But the condition doesn’t go away completely. You may be able to reduce your symptoms by using a moisturizer at least twice daily. Even if you’re diligent in your skincare routine, you can still experience flare-ups. That’s why it’s important to know how to manage your symptoms when they come back. Your healthcare provider can help you do this. ### A note from Cleveland Clinic While atopic dermatitis isn’t typically dangerous, it can wreak havoc on your comfort and quality of life. Fortunately, there are several treatments available to help keep your symptoms in check. Most people experience a dramatic improvement once they find a skincare regimen that works for them. You may need to try different management techniques until you find the routine that works best for your skin. Let your care team know if you have any questions about your treatment plan or how to manage this condition. 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Learn more about the [Health Library](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/about) and our [editorial process](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/about/website/editorial-policy). ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. #### View Sources ### Experts You Can Trust Medically Reviewed. Last updated on 03/04/2025. ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. - American Academy of Dermatology Association. Eczema Resource Center *(https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema)*. Last updated 1/2022. Accessed 3/4/2025. - American Academy of Dermatology Association. What is atopic dermatitis *(https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis)*? Last updated 10/10/2023. Accessed 3/4/2025. - Chu DK, Schneider L, Asiniwasis RN, et al. Atopic dermatitis (eczema) guidelines: 2023 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters GRADE- and Institute of Medicine-based recommendations *(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38108679/)*. *Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol*. 2024 Mar;132(3):274-312. Accessed 3/4/2025. - Girolomoni G, de Bruin-Weller M, Aoki V, Kabashima K, et al. Nomenclature and clinical phenotypes of atopic dermatitis *(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8010850/)*. *Ther Adv Chronic Dis*. 2021 Mar 26;12:20406223211002979. Accessed 3/4/2025. - National Eczema Association. Eczema in Skin of Color: What You Need to Know *(https://nationaleczema.org/blog/eczema-in-skin-of-color/)*. Last updated 9/22/2023. Accessed 3/4/2025. - National Health Services (UK). Atopic Eczema *(https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/atopic-eczema/)*. Last reviewed 9/6/2024. Accessed 3/4/2025. - National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U.S.) Atopic Dermatitis *(https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis)*. Last reviewed 11/2022. Accessed 3/4/2025. ### Care at Cleveland Clinic Every day, people see your skin, hair and nails. At Cleveland Clinic, our expert and caring dermatology team will make sure they’re healthy and strong.  [Get Dermatology Care](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/dermatology-care) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment/what-to-expect) Advertisement Advertisement Ad Appointments [216\.444.5725](tel:2164445725) [Appointments & Locations](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/dermatology-plastic-surgery/appointments-locations) [Request an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment/what-to-expect) [Find a ProviderNeed a primary care doctor or a specialist? 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### Atopic dermatitis symptoms Common atopic dermatitis symptoms may include: - A [skin rash](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17413-rashes-red-skin) - [Dry](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16940-dry-skin) or cracked skin - [Itchy skin](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11879-pruritus) (can be severe) - Red, purple, brown or gray [skin discoloration](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/11014-skin-discoloration) - Small, fluid-filled bumps or crusting - Swelling Symptoms can vary significantly from person to person. It’s common for atopic dermatitis to develop in areas where your skin bends or flexes, like behind your knees or on the inside of your elbow. But rashes can occur anywhere on your skin. Symptoms range from mild to severe. #### What does atopic dermatitis look like? Atopic dermatitis will have the features of a skin rash. But those features will look slightly different based on your skin tone. For example, if you have a light skin tone, the rash may look red. If you have a dark skin tone, it may be darker than your natural tone, brown, purple or gray. It’s important to talk to a healthcare provider if you notice changes to your skin. They can pinpoint what’s going on and help you manage it. ### Atopic dermatitis causes A change in how well your skin’s protective barrier and immune system function causes atopic dermatitis. Your [immune system](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21196-immune-system) usually protects your body from things that can harm it, like irritants, allergens and illnesses. If you have atopic dermatitis, you may have a genetic variant that prevents your skin from creating a strong barrier against allergens and irritants. When your skin gets irritated, it inflames and feels itchy. This causes it to break down even further. #### What triggers atopic dermatitis? Triggers of atopic dermatitis may include: - Allergens or irritants - Hormonal changes (like during [pregnancy](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9709-pregnancy-am-i-pregnant)) - Skin infections - [Stress](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11874-stress) - Temperature changes (heat or cold) When you come into contact with an allergen or irritant that triggers symptoms, it’s called [contact dermatitis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6173-contact-dermatitis). Common allergens and irritants may include but aren’t limited to the following: - Foods (like peanuts, eggs, soy, wheat, shellfish, etc.) - Skincare products (like those with fragrances) - Plants - Cleaning products - Soaps and detergents Sometimes, it’s difficult to figure out what’s causing symptoms to flare up, but your provider can try to help. #### Risk factors of atopic dermatitis You may be more at risk of atopic dermatitis if you: - Have a history of the condition in your biological family - Have [asthma](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6424-asthma) - Had [hay fever](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8622-allergic-rhinitis-hay-fever) or other allergies ### Complications of atopic dermatitis Itching your skin may cause a rash to break open. It may bleed or turn into an [infection](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24189-bacterial-infection). Signs and symptoms of an infection may include: - Swelling - Pain - Oozing yellow pus #### Is atopic dermatitis contagious? No. Atopic dermatitis isn’t contagious. The rash doesn’t spread from person to person through physical contact.