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Last updated on 06/03/2025. Mental disorders are conditions that affect your thoughts, emotions and behavior. There are more than 200 types, like depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. You may have mood swings, appetite changes, hallucinations or loss of interest. Treatment, like therapy and medications, may help you manage symptoms. Advertisement Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. [Policy](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/advertising) Care at Cleveland Clinic [Mental Health Care](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/mental-health-care) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment) Contents [What is a Mental Disorder?](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders#what-is-a-mental-disorder)[Symptoms and Causes](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders#symptoms-and-causes)[Diagnosis and Tests](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders#diagnosis-and-tests)[Management and Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders#management-and-treatment)[Outlook / Prognosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders#outlook-prognosis) Contents [What is a Mental Disorder?](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders#what-is-a-mental-disorder)[Symptoms and Causes](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders#symptoms-and-causes)[Diagnosis and Tests](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders#diagnosis-and-tests)[Management and Treatment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders#management-and-treatment)[Outlook / Prognosis](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22295-mental-health-disorders#outlook-prognosis) ## What is a Mental Disorder?  **Image content:** This image is available to view online. View image online (https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/images/org/health/articles/mental-disorders) There are many different types of mental disorders, like anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. A mental health disorder, also known as a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a condition that affects the way you think and behave. It also influences your emotions and how you regulate them. You may feel anxious or empty, have racing thoughts or have trouble eating or sleeping. Advertisement Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. [Policy](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/advertising) There are several different types. They may impact your ability to function at home, work or school. Mental disorders are common. [About](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders) 1 in every 8 people around the world lives with one of these disorders. No matter what you’re feeling, help is available. ### Types of mental disorders There are more than 200 types of mental health disorders. Some of the most common types include: - [Anxiety disorders](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9536-anxiety-disorders) like [post-traumatic stress disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9545-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd) (PTSD), [obsessive-compulsive disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9490-ocd-obsessive-compulsive-disorder) (OCD), social phobia and generalized anxiety disorders - [Mood disorders](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17843-mood-disorders) like depression and [bipolar disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder) (manic depression) - Neurodevelopmental disorders like [ADHD](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5197-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-adults) and [autism](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/autism) - Disruptive behavior disorders like [oppositional defiant disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9905-oppositional-defiant-disorder) and [conduct disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23924-conduct-disorder) - Eating disorders like [anorexia nervosa](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9794-anorexia-nervosa), [bulimia nervosa](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9795-bulimia-nervosa) and binge eating disorder - Personality disorders like [borderline](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9762-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd), [antisocial](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9657-antisocial-personality-disorder), and [narcissistic](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9742-narcissistic-personality-disorder) personality disorder - Psychotic disorders like [schizophrenia](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia) - [Substance use disorders](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16652-drug-addiction-substance-use-disorder-sud), [addiction](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6407-addiction) and [alcohol use disorder](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3909-alcoholism) ## Symptoms and Causes ### Mental disorder symptoms Mental health conditions can lead to a broad range of symptoms. These vary based on the type, but may include: - Behavior that seems out of character - Changes in appetite, [sex drive](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15216-low-libido-low-sex-drive) or daily functioning - Difficulty identifying reality ([hallucinations](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23350-hallucinations) or [delusions](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9599-delusional-disorder)) - Excessive worry, fear or unusual thoughts - Feeling [disconnected](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23012-psychosis) from yourself or others - Heightened sensitivity to light, sound or smell - Loss of interest in usual activities - [Mood swings](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/mood-swings) or exaggerated emotions - Performance issues at work or school, or relationship challenges - [Self-harm](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12201-self-harm) or [thoughts of suicide](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/suicidal-ideation) - [Trouble sleeping](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23970-sleep-deprivation) Advertisement Mental disorders in children may affect how they think, feel and behave. You might notice that your child has: - Difficulty sitting still or paying attention - Excessive worry or fear, like not wanting to go to bed ([nightmares](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/14297-nightmares-in-children)) - Decreased interest in their favorite activities - Frequent [tantrums](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/14406-temper-tantrums), defiance or aggressive behavior - Problems at school or with friends A person doesn’t have to have all of these symptoms to receive a diagnosis. But, experiencing a few may be a sign to talk to a healthcare provider. ### Mental disorder causes Many factors may contribute to the development of a psychiatric disorder. These could include: - **Genetics**: You may inherit [genes](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/gene) that increase your risk of certain mental health conditions. However, having these genes doesn’t guarantee you’ll develop the disorder. - **Brain chemistry and function**: Your [brain](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22638-brain) uses chemicals called [neurotransmitters](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22513-neurotransmitters) to help control your mood and behavior. Disruptions in how these chemicals work may lead to mental disorders. - **Life experiences and environment**: Stressful experiences, especially early in life, may increase your risk. Also, factors like substance use, availability of social support and chronic medical conditions may play a role. #### Risk factors Anyone can develop a mental disorder. Your risk increases if you: - Experienced [abuse](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/4018-child-abuse) or trauma - Experienced significant [stress](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11874-stress), like the loss of a loved one - Feel isolated or lonely - Had a [traumatic brain injury](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8874-traumatic-brain-injury) - Had exposure to [viruses](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24861-virus), toxic chemicals or substances (like [alcohol](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15677-fetal-alcohol-syndrome)) before birth - Have a biological family history of the condition - Have a chemical imbalance in your brain - Have a chronic or serious medical condition (like [pain](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4798-chronic-pain) or [cancer](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12194-cancer)) - Use [addictive substances](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/addictive-substances) ### Complications of mental disorders Mental health disorders prevent you from feeling like yourself. These disorders may make you think about hurting yourself or others. You may also have thoughts about [suicide](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/suicide). If you’re ever in a difficult situation where these thoughts are flooding your mind, don’t hesitate to reach out for help. Call or text [988](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/suicide-hotline) (U.S.). This is the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. Someone is available to speak with you 24/7. You don’t have to be in a crisis to talk. ## Diagnosis and Tests ### How doctors diagnose mental disorders To diagnose a mental health condition, your provider will start with a [physical exam](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/17366-physical-examination) and a review of your medical history. They’ll also do a psychological evaluation. A [psychologist](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22679-psychologist) will ask you questions about your thoughts, feelings and behaviors to better understand your symptoms. Be sure to tell your provider: - If there are any specific triggers that make your symptoms worse - If your symptoms are chronic (ongoing) or if they come and go - When you first noticed changes in your [mental health](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/mental-health) Advertisement It can be difficult to be open and honest with a provider. You may feel vulnerable sharing your personal feelings with someone else. This is normal. But understand that your provider wants to help you feel better. They won’t judge you for feeling the way that you do. Your honesty helps them make an accurate diagnosis and offer the best care possible. #### Mental disorders test There aren’t any medical tests that can diagnose mental disorders. But your provider may perform tests, like [blood work](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/24508-blood-tests) or imaging tests, to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms. #### Who diagnoses mental disorders? If you’re experiencing symptoms, a good first step is talking with a [primary care physician](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/23467-primary-care-physician). They may refer you to a psychologist or [psychiatrist](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22702-psychiatrist), depending on your needs. In some cases, a [social worker](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10417-what-is-a-social-worker) can help. After a diagnosis, a mental health therapist or counselor is often the person you’ll see most regularly during therapy. There are different paths to an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, and different providers can help you get there. ## Management and Treatment ### Treatment of mental disorders Treatments for mental disorders may include: - [**Psychotherapy**](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/23445-psychotherapy): Talking to a mental health professional may help you better understand and manage your thoughts and behaviors. It may happen in an individual or group setting. - **Medications**: Psychiatric medications — like [antidepressants](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/9301-antidepressants-depression-medication), [antipsychotics](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24692-antipsychotic-medications) or [mood stabilizers](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/mood-stabilizers) — may help balance brain chemicals to ease symptoms. - **Supportive services**: Programs that offer education, social support and care coordination can help you manage your condition and adapt as your needs change. - **Alternate therapies**: [Yoga](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24889-yoga-therapy), [meditation](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17906-meditation) or [acupuncture](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/4767-acupuncture) may offer additional support alongside your regular treatment plan. - **Brain stimulation**: For some disorders, advanced therapies that target brain activity may help when other treatments aren’t effective. Examples include [electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/9302-ect-electroconvulsive-therapy), [vagus nerve stimulation](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17598-vagus-nerve-stimulation) (VNS) and [transcranial magnetic stimulation](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17827-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-tms) (TMS) Advertisement If you’re in crisis or your safety is at risk, you may need care in a hospital or outpatient treatment center. These programs provide immediate support. Your care team may also coordinate follow-up treatment to ensure continued progress after you leave. ### When should I see my healthcare provider? See a healthcare provider if symptoms are making it hard to get through your day. They’ll help you understand what’s going on and find ways to reduce the impact on your daily life. If you have a mental health disorder and you notice changes to the symptoms you experience, let your provider know. If you’re in a crisis or need immediate help, contact 911 or your local emergency services number. Care at Cleveland Clinic [Mental Health Care](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/mental-health-care) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment) ## Outlook / Prognosis ### What can I expect if I have a mental disorder? Treatment may help you feel better and make it easier to get through your day. It often takes time, and you may not feel better right away. But progress is possible. Your care team will work with you to create a personalized treatment plan based on your goals. You’ll be able to set your own pace and adjust your goals as your needs change. Some conditions may improve over time, but others require long-term management. A healthcare provider can guide you through that process and help you adapt your treatment as needed. ### A note from Cleveland Clinic Mental health conditions are common and nothing to be ashamed of. You might have one yourself or know someone who does. These disorders aren’t character flaws or signs of weakness. They can have many causes and are often more complex than they seem. Advertisement A healthcare provider can help you understand what’s going on and create a treatment plan that fits your life. With the right care and support, you can take meaningful steps toward feeling better and staying well. [](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/)[](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/) [](https://health.clevelandclinic.org/)  ## Better health starts here Sign up for our Health Essentials emails for expert guidance on nutrition, fitness, sleep, skin care and more. [Example email](https://assets.clevelandclinic.org/transform/2ff943a2-abb1-4a1c-8ede-f8848703e789/HealthEssentials-SampleEmail-2026)[Sign up](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health-essentials-sign-up) [Sign up](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health-essentials-sign-up)[Example email](https://assets.clevelandclinic.org/transform/2ff943a2-abb1-4a1c-8ede-f8848703e789/HealthEssentials-SampleEmail-2026) ### Experts You Can Trust Medically Reviewed. Last updated on 06/03/2025. Learn more about the [Health Library](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/about) and our [editorial process](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/about/website/editorial-policy). ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. #### View Sources ### Experts You Can Trust Medically Reviewed. Last updated on 06/03/2025. ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. - American Psychiatric Association. Warning Signs of Mental Illness *(https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/warning-signs-of-mental-illness)*. Last reviewed 2022. Accessed 5/12/2025. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). About Mental Health *(https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/about/index.html)*. Last updated 4/8/2024. Accessed 5/12/2025. - National Alliance on Mental Illness (U.S.). About Mental Illness *(https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/)*. Last updated 5/28/2024. Accessed 5/12/2025. - National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Mental Disorders *(https://medlineplus.gov/mentaldisorders.html)*. Last updated 4/11/2024. Accessed 5/12/2025. - World Health Organization. Mental disorders *(https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders)*. Last updated 6/8/2022. Accessed 5/12/2025. ### Care at Cleveland Clinic Your mental well-being is just as important as your physical well-being. Cleveland Clinic’s mental health experts can help you live life to the fullest.  [Mental Health Care](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/mental-health-care) [Make an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment) Advertisement Advertisement Ad Appointments [866\.588.2264](tel:8665882264) [Appointments & Locations](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/neurological/appointments) [Request an Appointment](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/webappointment/what-to-expect) [Find a ProviderNeed a primary care doctor or a specialist? 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### A note from Cleveland Clinic Mental health conditions are common and nothing to be ashamed of. You might have one yourself or know someone who does. These disorders aren’t character flaws or signs of weakness. They can have many causes and are often more complex than they seem. A healthcare provider can help you understand what’s going on and create a treatment plan that fits your life. With the right care and support, you can take meaningful steps toward feeling better and staying well. ### Experts You Can Trust Medically Reviewed. Last updated on 06/03/2025. Learn more about the [Health Library](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/about) and our [editorial process](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/about/website/editorial-policy). ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. #### ### Experts You Can Trust Medically Reviewed. Last updated on 06/03/2025. ### References Cleveland Clinic’s health articles are based on evidence-backed information and review by medical professionals to ensure accuracy, reliability and up-to-date clinical standards. - American Psychiatric Association. Warning Signs of Mental Illness *(https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/warning-signs-of-mental-illness)*. Last reviewed 2022. Accessed 5/12/2025. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). About Mental Health *(https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/about/index.html)*. Last updated 4/8/2024. Accessed 5/12/2025. - National Alliance on Mental Illness (U.S.). About Mental Illness *(https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/)*. Last updated 5/28/2024. Accessed 5/12/2025. - National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Mental Disorders *(https://medlineplus.gov/mentaldisorders.html)*. Last updated 4/11/2024. Accessed 5/12/2025. - World Health Organization. Mental disorders *(https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders)*. Last updated 6/8/2022. Accessed 5/12/2025.