🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 111 (from laksa048)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa111.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/depression\/","crawl_time":1775541294,"first_indexed_time":1741939361,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,mhanational!\/conditions\/depression\/ s443","src_root_hash":"17583339692893106511","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Depression | Mental Health America","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Basic facts about depression\nMajor depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, \naffecting more than 8% (21 million) of American adults each year\n.\n15% of youth (3.7 million) \nages 12-17 are affected by major depression\n.\nDepression causes people to lose pleasure in daily life, can complicate other medical conditions, and \ncan even be serious enough to lead to suicide\n.\nWhile certain factors increase the risk of developing depression, it can affect anyone, at any age, and of any race or ethnic group.  Depression is never a “normal” part of life, no matter what your demographics or health situation.\nWhile most individuals with depression have a full remission of the disorder with effective treatment, only about a third (35%) of those \nsuffering from severe depression seek treatment from a mental health professional\n. People often resist treatment because they believe depression isn’t serious, that they can treat it themselves, or that it is a personal weakness rather than a serious medical condition.\nCauses\nMany things can contribute to clinical depression. For some people, several factors seem to be involved, while for others a single factor can cause the illness. Oftentimes, people become depressed for no apparent reason.\nBiological\n – People with depression may have too little or too much of certain brain chemicals called “neurotransmitters.” Changes in these brain chemicals \nmay cause or contribute to depression\n.\nCognitive –\n People with \nnegative thinking patterns and low self-esteem are more likely to develop clinical depression\n.\nGender \n– \nMore women experience depression than men\n. While the reasons for this are still unclear, they may include the hormonal changes women go through during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause. Other reasons may include the stress caused by the multiple responsibilities that women have.\nCo-occurrence\n – Depression is \nmore likely to occur along with certain illnesses\n, such as heart disease, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and hormonal disorders.\nMedications\n – Side effects of some medications \ncan bring about depression\n.\nGenetic\n – A family history of depression increases the risk of developing the illness. Some studies also suggest that a combination of genes and environmental factors \nwork together to increase risk for depression\n.\nSituational\n – Difficult life events, including divorce, financial problems, or the death of a loved one \ncan contribute to depression\n.\nTypes of depression\nDepressive disorders are a category of \nmood disorders\n that involve extended periods of feeling extremely sad or empty and disrupt a person’s ability to enjoy life. Some of the most common depressive disorders include:\nMajor depressive disorder (clinical depression):\n a mental health condition characterized by \nan inescapable and ongoing low mood often accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in activities that a person used to find enjoyable\n. To meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), symptoms must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks. MDD is also often referred to as major depression.\nPersistent depressive disorder:\n refers to a longer-lasting form of depression. While major depressive disorder is diagnosed if an individual experiences symptoms for at least two weeks, persistent depressive disorder is used when \nsymptoms of depression are present on most days for at least two years\n but do not reach the severity of a major depressive episode. Prior to the release of the DSM-5 this was more commonly known as dysthymia.\nPost-partum depression\n:\n depression that starts after childbirth and lasts at least two weeks and up to a year.\nPremenstrual dysphoric disorder\n:\n a form of pre-menstrual syndrome that is diagnosed when a woman experiences severe symptoms of depression, tension, and irritability in the week prior to menstruation. While it isn’t uncommon for most women to experience emotional and physical changes prior to menstruation, women who meet criteria for PMDD experience changes that impact their lives in more profound ways.\nSeasonal affective disorder\n:\n a mood disorder involving symptoms of depression associated with varying levels of sunlight during fall and winter months which subsides during spring and summer.\nDepression is also a feature of \nbipolar disorder\n.\nSymptoms\nPersistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood\nSleeping too much or too little; middle of the night or early morning waking\nWeight fluctuations; reduced appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain\nLoss of pleasure and interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex\nRestlessness, irritability\nPersistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment (such as chronic pain or digestive disorders)\nDifficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions\nFatigue or loss of energy\nFeeling guilty, hopeless, or worthless\nThoughts of suicide or death\nA quick, easy, and confidential way to determine if you may be experiencing depression is to take a screening. A screening is not a diagnosis, but a way of understanding if your symptoms are having enough of an impact that you should seek help from a doctor or other professional. \nTake a depression screen.\nTreatments\nDepression is very treatable, with the overwhelming majority of those who seek treatment showing improvement. The most commonly used treatments are antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. Learn more about \ntherapy\n and \nmedication\n.\nThe choice of treatment depends on the pattern, severity, persistence of depressive symptoms, and the history of the illness. As with many illnesses, early treatment is more effective and helps prevent the likelihood of serious recurrences. Depression must be treated by a physician or qualified mental health professional.\nFor some people, depression can be very stubborn to treat and may require additional treatment options. Learn more here: \nDealing with treatment-resistant depression: What to do when treatment doesn’t seem to work.","attrs_markdown":"[English](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/depression\/ \"English\")\n\n[English](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/depression\/ \"English\")   [Spanish](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/es\/conditions\/depression\/ \"Spanish\")\n\nLearn\nMain Navigation\n\nLearn\n\nExplore resources for understanding your mental health, helping loved ones, or accessing information for personal, academic, or professional purposes—all conveniently gathered in one place.\n\n[Explore resources](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/learn-about-your-mental-health\/)\n\n[Mental Health Learning Hub](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/mental-health-learning-hub\/)\nLearn\n\n[Resource center](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/)\n\n[Mental health conditions](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/)\n\n[Quick facts](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/quick-facts\/)\n\n[Recursos en 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\"Spanish\")\n\n[Clinical trial resources](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/clinical-trial-resources\/)\nLearn\n\n[Find a clinical trial](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/clinical-trials\/)\n\n[Donate](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/donate)\n\n[English](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/depression\/ \"English\")\n\n[English](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/depression\/ \"English\")   [Spanish](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/es\/conditions\/depression\/ \"Spanish\")\n\n![Plan for Mental Health Month Image](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/MHM-2026-Banner-768x384.jpg)\n\nPlan for Mental Health Month\n\nSince founding Mental Health Awareness Month in 1949, Mental Health America (MHA) has led the effort every May to promote mental wellness nationwide.\n\n[Get Mental Health Month resources](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/mental-health-month\/)\n\n[Donate](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/donate)\n\n[English](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/depression\/ 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Depression\n\n# Depression\n\n![Hero Image](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/lifestyle-lonely.png)\n\n## Basic facts about depression\n- Major depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, [affecting more than 8% (21 million) of American adults each year](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/quick-facts\/).\n- 15% of youth (3.7 million) [ages 12-17 are affected by major depression](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/quick-facts\/).\n- Depression causes people to lose pleasure in daily life, can complicate other medical conditions, and [can even be serious enough to lead to suicide](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/NSDUHmhfr2013\/NSDUHmhfr2013.pdf).\n- While certain factors increase the risk of developing depression, it can affect anyone, at any age, and of any race or ethnic group. Depression is never a “normal” part of life, no matter what your demographics or health situation.\n- While most individuals with depression have a full remission of the disorder with effective treatment, only about a third (35%) of those [suffering from severe depression seek treatment from a mental health professional](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db172.htm). People often resist treatment because they believe depression isn’t serious, that they can treat it themselves, or that it is a personal weakness rather than a serious medical condition.\n\n## Causes\nMany things can contribute to clinical depression. For some people, several factors seem to be involved, while for others a single factor can cause the illness. Oftentimes, people become depressed for no apparent reason.\n\n[**Biological**](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/how-the-brain-works\/) – People with depression may have too little or too much of certain brain chemicals called “neurotransmitters.” Changes in these brain chemicals [may cause or contribute to depression](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK20369\/).\n\n**Cognitive –** People with [negative thinking patterns and low self-esteem are more likely to develop clinical depression](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK215119\/).\n\n**Gender** – [More women experience depression than men](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK215119\/). While the reasons for this are still unclear, they may include the hormonal changes women go through during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause. Other reasons may include the stress caused by the multiple responsibilities that women have.\n\n**Co-occurrence** – Depression is [more likely to occur along with certain illnesses](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/chronic-illness-mental-health), such as heart disease, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and hormonal disorders.\n\n[**Medications**](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/medication-mental-health\/) – Side effects of some medications [can bring about depression](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2729620\/).\n\n**Genetic** – A family history of depression increases the risk of developing the illness. Some studies also suggest that a combination of genes and environmental factors [work together to increase risk for depression](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK20369\/).\n\n**Situational** – Difficult life events, including divorce, financial problems, or the death of a loved one [can contribute to depression](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/depression\/situational-depression).\n\n## Types of depression\nDepressive disorders are a category of [mood disorders](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/mood-disorders\/) that involve extended periods of feeling extremely sad or empty and disrupt a person’s ability to enjoy life. Some of the most common depressive disorders include:\n\n**Major depressive disorder (clinical depression):** a mental health condition characterized by [an inescapable and ongoing low mood often accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in activities that a person used to find enjoyable](https:\/\/psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm). To meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), symptoms must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks. MDD is also often referred to as major depression.\n\n**Persistent depressive disorder:** refers to a longer-lasting form of depression. While major depressive disorder is diagnosed if an individual experiences symptoms for at least two weeks, persistent depressive disorder is used when [symptoms of depression are present on most days for at least two years](https:\/\/psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm) but do not reach the severity of a major depressive episode. Prior to the release of the DSM-5 this was more commonly known as dysthymia.\n\n**[Post-partum depression](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/postpartum-depression\/):** depression that starts after childbirth and lasts at least two weeks and up to a year.\n\n[**Premenstrual dysphoric disorder**](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/pms-and-pmdd\/)**:** a form of pre-menstrual syndrome that is diagnosed when a woman experiences severe symptoms of depression, tension, and irritability in the week prior to menstruation. While it isn’t uncommon for most women to experience emotional and physical changes prior to menstruation, women who meet criteria for PMDD experience changes that impact their lives in more profound ways.\n\n**[Seasonal affective disorder](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad\/):** a mood disorder involving symptoms of depression associated with varying levels of sunlight during fall and winter months which subsides during spring and summer.\n\nDepression is also a feature of [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/bipolar-disorder).\n\n## Symptoms\n- Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood\n- Sleeping too much or too little; middle of the night or early morning waking\n- Weight fluctuations; reduced appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain\n- Loss of pleasure and interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex\n- Restlessness, irritability\n- Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment (such as chronic pain or digestive disorders)\n- Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions\n- Fatigue or loss of energy\n- Feeling guilty, hopeless, or worthless\n- [Thoughts of suicide or death](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression)\n\nA quick, easy, and confidential way to determine if you may be experiencing depression is to take a screening. A screening is not a diagnosis, but a way of understanding if your symptoms are having enough of an impact that you should seek help from a doctor or other professional. [Take a depression screen.](https:\/\/screening.mhanational.org\/screening-tools\/depression?ref=n\/a&ipiden=b9db8a948300be826ad96045fe8a5ba7&show=1)\n\n## Treatments\nDepression is very treatable, with the overwhelming majority of those who seek treatment showing improvement. The most commonly used treatments are antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. Learn more about [therapy](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/treatment-options\/psychotherapy\/) and [medication](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/treatment-options\/medication\/).\n\nThe choice of treatment depends on the pattern, severity, persistence of depressive symptoms, and the history of the illness. As with many illnesses, early treatment is more effective and helps prevent the likelihood of serious recurrences. Depression must be treated by a physician or qualified mental health professional.\n\nFor some people, depression can be very stubborn to treat and may require additional treatment options. Learn more here: [Dealing with treatment-resistant depression: What to do when treatment doesn’t seem to work.](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/dealing-with-treatment-resistant-depression-what-to-do-when-treatment-doesnt-seem-to-work\/)\n\n## From our partners\nRead [stories from people living with depression](https:\/\/themighty.com\/topic\/depression\/) on The Mighty.\n\nGet additional information on depression at [Psych Central](https:\/\/psychcentral.com\/depression\/depression).\n\nReview tips to manage depression at [Anxiety and Depression Association of America](https:\/\/adaa.org\/understanding-anxiety\/depression\/tips).\n\nVisit the Mental Health Coalition’s [Resource Library](https:\/\/www.thementalhealthcoalition.org\/resource-library\/?resources_category=depression-sadness) to learn more about mental health and depression, how to support a loved one, learn coping skills, and seek support.\n\nFind additional publications, podcasts, and videos on depression at [Psych Hub](https:\/\/psychhub.com\/).\n\n## Further reading on depression\n- [Co-occurring disorders and depression](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/co-occurring-disorders-and-depression\/)\n- [Dealing with treatment-resistant depression: What to do when treatment doesn’t seem to work](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/dealing-with-treatment-resistant-depression-what-to-do-when-treatment-doesnt-seem-to-work\/)\n- [Depression in African Americans](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/depression-in-black-americans\/)\n- [Depression in Teens](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/depression-in-teens\/)\n- [Depression in the Workplace](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/depression-in-the-workplace\/)\n- [Depression in Women](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/depression-in-women\/)\n- [Infographic: Life with Depression](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/life-depression\/)\n- [Mood Disorders](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/mood-disorders\/)\n- [Postpartum Disorders](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/postpartum-depression\/)\n- [Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad\/)\n***\n#### En Español:\n- [Prueba de depresión](https:\/\/screening.mhanational.org\/screening-tools\/test-de-depresion\/?ref)\n- [¿Qué es la depresión?](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/es\/resources\/que-es-la-depresion\/)\n- [Lista de Verificación de las Señales de la Depresión](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/lista-de-verificacion-de-los-senales-de-la-depresion\/)\n#### For community organizations\n[Maternal mental health resources](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/maternal-mental-health\/)\n\n## Other resources\n**988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline**  \n 988  \n [988lifeline.org](https:\/\/988lifeline.org\/)\n\n**International Foundation for Research and Education on Depression**  \n [www.ifred.org](http:\/\/www.ifred.org\/)\n\n**Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA)**  \n 1-800-826-3632  \n [www.dbsalliance.org](http:\/\/www.dbsalliance.org\/)\n\n**American Psychiatric Association**  \n 703-907-7300  \n [www.psychiatry.org](http:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/)\n\n**Anxiety and Depression Association of America**  \n (240) 485-1001  \n [www.adaa.org](http:\/\/www.adaa.org\/)\n\n## Related items\n***\n[Apr 6, 2026 \/ Research Addressing the youth mental health crisis: The urgent need for more education, services, and supports Read more](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/research\/addressing-the-youth-mental-health-crisis-the-urgent-need-for-more-education-services-and-supports\/)\n\n[![More Good Days, Together: A virtual wellness experience Image](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/MHM-2026-Banner-768x384.jpg) Apr 2, 2026 \/ Calendar More Good Days, Together: A virtual wellness experience Read more](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/calendar\/more-good-days-together-a-virtual-wellness-experience\/)\n\n## Subscribe to our newsletter\n\"\\*\" indicates required fields\n\n[Mental Health America](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/)\n\n500 Montgomery Street, Suite 820  \n Alexandria, VA. 22314\n\nPhone (703) 684.7722  \n Toll Free (800)969.6642  \n Fax (703) 684.5968\n\n![Charity Navigator 4-star logo](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/charity-navigator.png)![Charity Watch Top Rated logo](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/charity-watch.png)![Candid Platinum Transparency logo](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/candid-seal-platinum-2025.png)\n\n©2026 Mental Health America is a tax-exempt charitable organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All rights reserved.   \n   \n This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy) and [Terms of Service](https:\/\/policies.google.com\/terms) apply.\n\nQuick links\n\n- [Contact](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/contact\/)\n- [Donate](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/donate\/)\n- [Careers](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/careers\/)\n- [Financials](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/financials\/)\n- [In the news](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/news\/)\n\nLearn\n\n- [Mental health learning hub](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/mental-health-learning-hub\/)\n- [Blog](http:\/\/mhanational.org\/blog)\n- [Workplace learning hub](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/workplace\/)\n- [Research & reports](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/research-and-reports\/)\n- [Clinical trial resources](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/clinical-trial-resources\/)\n\nGet involved\n\n- [Advocacy & policy](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/advocacy-policy\/)\n- [Youth leadership](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/youth-leadership\/)\n- [Partner with us](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/partner-with-us\/)\n- [Fundraise with us](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/fundraise-with-us\/)\n- [Events](http:\/\/mhanational.org\/calendar)\n\nGet help\n\n- [Call or text 988](tel:988)\n- [Crisis services](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/crisis-services\/)\n- [Take a mental health test](http:\/\/screening.mhanational.org\/screening-tools\/)\n- [Explore treatment options](http:\/\/mhanational.org\/treatment-options)\n- [Find local support](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/affiliates)\n\n500 Montgomery Street, Suite 820  \n Alexandria, VA. 22314\n\nPhone (703) 684.7722  \n Toll Free (800)969.6642  \n Fax (703) 684.5968\n\n![Charity Navigator 4-star logo](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/charity-navigator.png)![Charity Watch Top Rated logo](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/charity-watch.png)![Candid Platinum Transparency logo](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/candid-seal-platinum-2025.png)\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/privacy-policy\/)\n- [Terms of use](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/terms-use\/)\n- [Site by Great Believer](https:\/\/greatbeliever.us\/)\n\n©2026 Mental Health America is a tax-exempt charitable organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All rights reserved.   \n   \n This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy) and [Terms of Service](https:\/\/policies.google.com\/terms) apply.","attrs_readable_markdown":"## Basic facts about depression\n- Major depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, [affecting more than 8% (21 million) of American adults each year](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/quick-facts\/).\n- 15% of youth (3.7 million) [ages 12-17 are affected by major depression](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/quick-facts\/).\n- Depression causes people to lose pleasure in daily life, can complicate other medical conditions, and [can even be serious enough to lead to suicide](https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/NSDUHmhfr2013\/NSDUHmhfr2013.pdf).\n- While certain factors increase the risk of developing depression, it can affect anyone, at any age, and of any race or ethnic group. Depression is never a “normal” part of life, no matter what your demographics or health situation.\n- While most individuals with depression have a full remission of the disorder with effective treatment, only about a third (35%) of those [suffering from severe depression seek treatment from a mental health professional](https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db172.htm). People often resist treatment because they believe depression isn’t serious, that they can treat it themselves, or that it is a personal weakness rather than a serious medical condition.\n\n## Causes\nMany things can contribute to clinical depression. For some people, several factors seem to be involved, while for others a single factor can cause the illness. Oftentimes, people become depressed for no apparent reason.\n\n[**Biological**](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/how-the-brain-works\/) – People with depression may have too little or too much of certain brain chemicals called “neurotransmitters.” Changes in these brain chemicals [may cause or contribute to depression](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK20369\/).\n\n**Cognitive –** People with [negative thinking patterns and low self-esteem are more likely to develop clinical depression](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK215119\/).\n\n**Gender** – [More women experience depression than men](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK215119\/). While the reasons for this are still unclear, they may include the hormonal changes women go through during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause. Other reasons may include the stress caused by the multiple responsibilities that women have.\n\n**Co-occurrence** – Depression is [more likely to occur along with certain illnesses](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/chronic-illness-mental-health), such as heart disease, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and hormonal disorders.\n\n[**Medications**](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/medication-mental-health\/) – Side effects of some medications [can bring about depression](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2729620\/).\n\n**Genetic** – A family history of depression increases the risk of developing the illness. Some studies also suggest that a combination of genes and environmental factors [work together to increase risk for depression](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK20369\/).\n\n**Situational** – Difficult life events, including divorce, financial problems, or the death of a loved one [can contribute to depression](https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/depression\/situational-depression).\n\n## Types of depression\nDepressive disorders are a category of [mood disorders](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/mood-disorders\/) that involve extended periods of feeling extremely sad or empty and disrupt a person’s ability to enjoy life. Some of the most common depressive disorders include:\n\n**Major depressive disorder (clinical depression):** a mental health condition characterized by [an inescapable and ongoing low mood often accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in activities that a person used to find enjoyable](https:\/\/psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm). To meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), symptoms must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks. MDD is also often referred to as major depression.\n\n**Persistent depressive disorder:** refers to a longer-lasting form of depression. While major depressive disorder is diagnosed if an individual experiences symptoms for at least two weeks, persistent depressive disorder is used when [symptoms of depression are present on most days for at least two years](https:\/\/psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm) but do not reach the severity of a major depressive episode. Prior to the release of the DSM-5 this was more commonly known as dysthymia.\n\n**[Post-partum depression](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/postpartum-depression\/):** depression that starts after childbirth and lasts at least two weeks and up to a year.\n\n[**Premenstrual dysphoric disorder**](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/pms-and-pmdd\/)**:** a form of pre-menstrual syndrome that is diagnosed when a woman experiences severe symptoms of depression, tension, and irritability in the week prior to menstruation. While it isn’t uncommon for most women to experience emotional and physical changes prior to menstruation, women who meet criteria for PMDD experience changes that impact their lives in more profound ways.\n\n**[Seasonal affective disorder](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad\/):** a mood disorder involving symptoms of depression associated with varying levels of sunlight during fall and winter months which subsides during spring and summer.\n\nDepression is also a feature of [bipolar disorder](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/conditions\/bipolar-disorder).\n\n## Symptoms\n- Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood\n- Sleeping too much or too little; middle of the night or early morning waking\n- Weight fluctuations; reduced appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain\n- Loss of pleasure and interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex\n- Restlessness, irritability\n- Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment (such as chronic pain or digestive disorders)\n- Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions\n- Fatigue or loss of energy\n- Feeling guilty, hopeless, or worthless\n- [Thoughts of suicide or death](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression)\n\nA quick, easy, and confidential way to determine if you may be experiencing depression is to take a screening. A screening is not a diagnosis, but a way of understanding if your symptoms are having enough of an impact that you should seek help from a doctor or other professional. [Take a depression screen.](https:\/\/screening.mhanational.org\/screening-tools\/depression?ref=n\/a&ipiden=b9db8a948300be826ad96045fe8a5ba7&show=1)\n\n## Treatments\nDepression is very treatable, with the overwhelming majority of those who seek treatment showing improvement. The most commonly used treatments are antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. Learn more about [therapy](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/treatment-options\/psychotherapy\/) and [medication](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/treatment-options\/medication\/).\n\nThe choice of treatment depends on the pattern, severity, persistence of depressive symptoms, and the history of the illness. As with many illnesses, early treatment is more effective and helps prevent the likelihood of serious recurrences. Depression must be treated by a physician or qualified mental health professional.\n\nFor some people, depression can be very stubborn to treat and may require additional treatment options. Learn more here: [Dealing with treatment-resistant depression: What to do when treatment doesn’t seem to work.](https:\/\/mhanational.org\/resources\/dealing-with-treatment-resistant-depression-what-to-do-when-treatment-doesnt-seem-to-work\/)","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Basic facts about depression Major depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, affecting more than 8% (21 million) of American adults each year . 15% of youth (3.7 million) ages 12-17 are affected by major depression . Depression causes people to lose pleasure in daily life, can complicate other medical conditions, and can even be serious enough to lead to suicide . While certain factors increase the risk of developing depression, it can affect anyone, at any age, and of any race or ethnic group. Depression is never a “normal” part of life, no matter what your demographics or health situation. While most individuals with depression have a full remission of the disorder with effective treatment, only about a third (35%) of those suffering from severe depression seek treatment from a mental health professional . People often resist treatment because they believe depression isn’t serious, that they can treat it themselves, or that it is a personal weakness rather than a serious medical condition. Causes Many things can contribute to clinical depression. For some people, several factors seem to be involved, while for others a single factor can cause the illness. Oftentimes, people become depressed for no apparent reason. Biological – People with depression may have too little or too much of certain brain chemicals called “neurotransmitters.” Changes in these brain chemicals may cause or contribute to depression . Cognitive – People with negative thinking patterns and low self-esteem are more likely to develop clinical depression . Gender – More women experience depression than men . While the reasons for this are still unclear, they may include the hormonal changes women go through during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause. Other reasons may include the stress caused by the multiple responsibilities that women have. Co-occurrence – Depression is more likely to occur along with certain illnesses , such as heart disease, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and hormonal disorders. Medications – Side effects of some medications can bring about depression . Genetic – A family history of depression increases the risk of developing the illness. Some studies also suggest that a combination of genes and environmental factors work together to increase risk for depression . Situational – Difficult life events, including divorce, financial problems, or the death of a loved one can contribute to depression . Types of depression Depressive disorders are a category of mood disorders that involve extended periods of feeling extremely sad or empty and disrupt a person’s ability to enjoy life. Some of the most common depressive disorders include: Major depressive disorder (clinical depression): a mental health condition characterized by an inescapable and ongoing low mood often accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in activities that a person used to find enjoyable . To meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), symptoms must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks. MDD is also often referred to as major depression. Persistent depressive disorder: refers to a longer-lasting form of depression. While major depressive disorder is diagnosed if an individual experiences symptoms for at least two weeks, persistent depressive disorder is used when symptoms of depression are present on most days for at least two years but do not reach the severity of a major depressive episode. Prior to the release of the DSM-5 this was more commonly known as dysthymia. Post-partum depression : depression that starts after childbirth and lasts at least two weeks and up to a year. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder : a form of pre-menstrual syndrome that is diagnosed when a woman experiences severe symptoms of depression, tension, and irritability in the week prior to menstruation. While it isn’t uncommon for most women to experience emotional and physical changes prior to menstruation, women who meet criteria for PMDD experience changes that impact their lives in more profound ways. Seasonal affective disorder : a mood disorder involving symptoms of depression associated with varying levels of sunlight during fall and winter months which subsides during spring and summer. Depression is also a feature of bipolar disorder . Symptoms Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood Sleeping too much or too little; middle of the night or early morning waking Weight fluctuations; reduced appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain Loss of pleasure and interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex Restlessness, irritability Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment (such as chronic pain or digestive disorders) Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions Fatigue or loss of energy Feeling guilty, hopeless, or worthless Thoughts of suicide or death A quick, easy, and confidential way to determine if you may be experiencing depression is to take a screening. A screening is not a diagnosis, but a way of understanding if your symptoms are having enough of an impact that you should seek help from a doctor or other professional. Take a depression screen. Treatments Depression is very treatable, with the overwhelming majority of those who seek treatment showing improvement. The most commonly used treatments are antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. Learn more about therapy and medication . The choice of treatment depends on the pattern, severity, persistence of depressive symptoms, and the history of the illness. As with many illnesses, early treatment is more effective and helps prevent the likelihood of serious recurrences. Depression must be treated by a physician or qualified mental health professional. For some people, depression can be very stubborn to treat and may require additional treatment options. Learn more here: Dealing with treatment-resistant depression: What to do when treatment doesn’t seem to work.
Markdown	[English](https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/ "English") [English](https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/ "English") [Spanish](https://mhanational.org/es/conditions/depression/ "Spanish") Learn Main Navigation Learn Explore resources for understanding your mental health, helping loved ones, or accessing information for personal, academic, or professional purposes—all conveniently gathered in one place. [Explore resources](https://mhanational.org/learn-about-your-mental-health/) [Mental Health Learning Hub](https://mhanational.org/mental-health-learning-hub/) Learn [Resource center](https://mhanational.org/resources/) [Mental health conditions](https://mhanational.org/conditions/) [Quick facts](https://mhanational.org/quick-facts/) [Recursos en Español](http://mhanational.org/recursos) [Donate](https://mhanational.org/donate) [English](https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/ "English") [English](https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/ "English") [Spanish](https://mhanational.org/es/conditions/depression/ "Spanish") [Blog](https://mhanational.org/blog) [Workplace wellness resource center](https://mhanational.org/workplace) [Research & reports](https://mhanational.org/research-and-reports/) Learn [State of Mental Health in America](https://mhanational.org/the-state-of-mental-health-in-america/) [Data in your community](https://mhanational.org/data-in-your-community/) [Donate](https://mhanational.org/donate) [English](https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/ "English") [English](https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/ "English") [Spanish](https://mhanational.org/es/conditions/depression/ "Spanish") [Clinical trial resources](https://mhanational.org/clinical-trial-resources/) Learn [Find a clinical trial](https://mhanational.org/clinical-trials/) [Donate](https://mhanational.org/donate) [English](https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/ "English") [English](https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/ "English") [Spanish](https://mhanational.org/es/conditions/depression/ "Spanish") ![Plan for Mental Health Month Image](https://mhanational.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/MHM-2026-Banner-768x384.jpg) Plan for Mental Health Month Since founding Mental Health Awareness Month in 1949, Mental Health America (MHA) has led the effort every May to promote mental wellness nationwide. 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Depression is never a “normal” part of life, no matter what your demographics or health situation. - While most individuals with depression have a full remission of the disorder with effective treatment, only about a third (35%) of those [suffering from severe depression seek treatment from a mental health professional](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db172.htm). People often resist treatment because they believe depression isn’t serious, that they can treat it themselves, or that it is a personal weakness rather than a serious medical condition. ## Causes Many things can contribute to clinical depression. For some people, several factors seem to be involved, while for others a single factor can cause the illness. Oftentimes, people become depressed for no apparent reason. [Biological](https://mhanational.org/how-the-brain-works/) – People with depression may have too little or too much of certain brain chemicals called “neurotransmitters.” Changes in these brain chemicals [may cause or contribute to depression](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20369/). Cognitive – People with [negative thinking patterns and low self-esteem are more likely to develop clinical depression](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215119/). Gender – [More women experience depression than men](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215119/). While the reasons for this are still unclear, they may include the hormonal changes women go through during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause. Other reasons may include the stress caused by the multiple responsibilities that women have. Co-occurrence – Depression is [more likely to occur along with certain illnesses](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/chronic-illness-mental-health), such as heart disease, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and hormonal disorders. [Medications](https://mhanational.org/medication-mental-health/) – Side effects of some medications [can bring about depression](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729620/). Genetic – A family history of depression increases the risk of developing the illness. Some studies also suggest that a combination of genes and environmental factors [work together to increase risk for depression](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20369/). Situational – Difficult life events, including divorce, financial problems, or the death of a loved one [can contribute to depression](https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/situational-depression). ## Types of depression Depressive disorders are a category of [mood disorders](https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/) that involve extended periods of feeling extremely sad or empty and disrupt a person’s ability to enjoy life. Some of the most common depressive disorders include: Major depressive disorder (clinical depression): a mental health condition characterized by [an inescapable and ongoing low mood often accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in activities that a person used to find enjoyable](https://psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm). To meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), symptoms must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks. MDD is also often referred to as major depression. Persistent depressive disorder: refers to a longer-lasting form of depression. While major depressive disorder is diagnosed if an individual experiences symptoms for at least two weeks, persistent depressive disorder is used when [symptoms of depression are present on most days for at least two years](https://psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm) but do not reach the severity of a major depressive episode. Prior to the release of the DSM-5 this was more commonly known as dysthymia. [Post-partum depression](https://mhanational.org/conditions/postpartum-depression/): depression that starts after childbirth and lasts at least two weeks and up to a year. [Premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://mhanational.org/resources/pms-and-pmdd/): a form of pre-menstrual syndrome that is diagnosed when a woman experiences severe symptoms of depression, tension, and irritability in the week prior to menstruation. While it isn’t uncommon for most women to experience emotional and physical changes prior to menstruation, women who meet criteria for PMDD experience changes that impact their lives in more profound ways. [Seasonal affective disorder](https://mhanational.org/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/): a mood disorder involving symptoms of depression associated with varying levels of sunlight during fall and winter months which subsides during spring and summer. Depression is also a feature of [bipolar disorder](https://mhanational.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder). ## Symptoms - Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood - Sleeping too much or too little; middle of the night or early morning waking - Weight fluctuations; reduced appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain - Loss of pleasure and interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex - Restlessness, irritability - Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment (such as chronic pain or digestive disorders) - Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions - Fatigue or loss of energy - Feeling guilty, hopeless, or worthless - [Thoughts of suicide or death](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression) A quick, easy, and confidential way to determine if you may be experiencing depression is to take a screening. A screening is not a diagnosis, but a way of understanding if your symptoms are having enough of an impact that you should seek help from a doctor or other professional. [Take a depression screen.](https://screening.mhanational.org/screening-tools/depression?ref=n/a&ipiden=b9db8a948300be826ad96045fe8a5ba7&show=1) ## Treatments Depression is very treatable, with the overwhelming majority of those who seek treatment showing improvement. The most commonly used treatments are antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. Learn more about [therapy](https://mhanational.org/treatment-options/psychotherapy/) and [medication](https://mhanational.org/treatment-options/medication/). The choice of treatment depends on the pattern, severity, persistence of depressive symptoms, and the history of the illness. As with many illnesses, early treatment is more effective and helps prevent the likelihood of serious recurrences. Depression must be treated by a physician or qualified mental health professional. For some people, depression can be very stubborn to treat and may require additional treatment options. Learn more here: [Dealing with treatment-resistant depression: What to do when treatment doesn’t seem to work.](https://mhanational.org/resources/dealing-with-treatment-resistant-depression-what-to-do-when-treatment-doesnt-seem-to-work/) ## From our partners Read [stories from people living with depression](https://themighty.com/topic/depression/) on The Mighty. Get additional information on depression at [Psych Central](https://psychcentral.com/depression/depression). Review tips to manage depression at [Anxiety and Depression Association of America](https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/depression/tips). Visit the Mental Health Coalition’s [Resource Library](https://www.thementalhealthcoalition.org/resource-library/?resources_category=depression-sadness) to learn more about mental health and depression, how to support a loved one, learn coping skills, and seek support. Find additional publications, podcasts, and videos on depression at [Psych Hub](https://psychhub.com/). ## Further reading on depression - [Co-occurring disorders and depression](https://mhanational.org/resources/co-occurring-disorders-and-depression/) - [Dealing with treatment-resistant depression: What to do when treatment doesn’t seem to work](https://mhanational.org/resources/dealing-with-treatment-resistant-depression-what-to-do-when-treatment-doesnt-seem-to-work/) - [Depression in African Americans](https://mhanational.org/resources/depression-in-black-americans/) - [Depression in Teens](https://mhanational.org/resources/depression-in-teens/) - [Depression in the Workplace](https://mhanational.org/resources/depression-in-the-workplace/) - [Depression in Women](https://mhanational.org/resources/depression-in-women/) - [Infographic: Life with Depression](https://mhanational.org/resources/life-depression/) - [Mood Disorders](https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/) - [Postpartum Disorders](https://mhanational.org/conditions/postpartum-depression/) - [Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)](https://mhanational.org/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/) * #### En Español: - [Prueba de depresión](https://screening.mhanational.org/screening-tools/test-de-depresion/?ref) - [¿Qué es la depresión?](https://mhanational.org/es/resources/que-es-la-depresion/) - [Lista de Verificación de las Señales de la Depresión](https://mhanational.org/resources/lista-de-verificacion-de-los-senales-de-la-depresion/) #### For community organizations [Maternal mental health resources](https://mhanational.org/resources/maternal-mental-health/) ## Other resources 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 [988lifeline.org](https://988lifeline.org/) International Foundation for Research and Education on Depression [www.ifred.org](http://www.ifred.org/) Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA) 1-800-826-3632 [www.dbsalliance.org](http://www.dbsalliance.org/) American Psychiatric Association 703-907-7300 [www.psychiatry.org](http://www.psychiatry.org/) Anxiety and Depression Association of America (240) 485-1001 [www.adaa.org](http://www.adaa.org/) ## Related items * [Apr 6, 2026 / Research Addressing the youth mental health crisis: The urgent need for more education, services, and supports Read more](https://mhanational.org/research/addressing-the-youth-mental-health-crisis-the-urgent-need-for-more-education-services-and-supports/) [![More Good Days, Together: A virtual wellness experience Image](https://mhanational.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/MHM-2026-Banner-768x384.jpg) Apr 2, 2026 / Calendar More Good Days, Together: A virtual wellness experience Read more](https://mhanational.org/calendar/more-good-days-together-a-virtual-wellness-experience/) ## Subscribe to our newsletter "\*" indicates required fields [Mental Health America](https://mhanational.org/) 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 820 Alexandria, VA. 22314 Phone (703) 684.7722 Toll Free (800)969.6642 Fax (703) 684.5968 ![Charity Navigator 4-star logo](https://mhanational.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/charity-navigator.png)![Charity Watch Top Rated logo](https://mhanational.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/charity-watch.png)![Candid Platinum Transparency logo](https://mhanational.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/candid-seal-platinum-2025.png) ©2026 Mental Health America is a tax-exempt charitable organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. 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Readable Markdown	## Basic facts about depression - Major depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, [affecting more than 8% (21 million) of American adults each year](https://mhanational.org/quick-facts/). - 15% of youth (3.7 million) [ages 12-17 are affected by major depression](https://mhanational.org/quick-facts/). - Depression causes people to lose pleasure in daily life, can complicate other medical conditions, and [can even be serious enough to lead to suicide](https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHmhfr2013/NSDUHmhfr2013.pdf). - While certain factors increase the risk of developing depression, it can affect anyone, at any age, and of any race or ethnic group. Depression is never a “normal” part of life, no matter what your demographics or health situation. - While most individuals with depression have a full remission of the disorder with effective treatment, only about a third (35%) of those [suffering from severe depression seek treatment from a mental health professional](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db172.htm). People often resist treatment because they believe depression isn’t serious, that they can treat it themselves, or that it is a personal weakness rather than a serious medical condition. ## Causes Many things can contribute to clinical depression. For some people, several factors seem to be involved, while for others a single factor can cause the illness. Oftentimes, people become depressed for no apparent reason. [Biological](https://mhanational.org/how-the-brain-works/) – People with depression may have too little or too much of certain brain chemicals called “neurotransmitters.” Changes in these brain chemicals [may cause or contribute to depression](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20369/). Cognitive – People with [negative thinking patterns and low self-esteem are more likely to develop clinical depression](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215119/). Gender – [More women experience depression than men](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215119/). While the reasons for this are still unclear, they may include the hormonal changes women go through during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause. Other reasons may include the stress caused by the multiple responsibilities that women have. Co-occurrence – Depression is [more likely to occur along with certain illnesses](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/chronic-illness-mental-health), such as heart disease, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and hormonal disorders. [Medications](https://mhanational.org/medication-mental-health/) – Side effects of some medications [can bring about depression](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729620/). Genetic – A family history of depression increases the risk of developing the illness. Some studies also suggest that a combination of genes and environmental factors [work together to increase risk for depression](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20369/). Situational – Difficult life events, including divorce, financial problems, or the death of a loved one [can contribute to depression](https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/situational-depression). ## Types of depression Depressive disorders are a category of [mood disorders](https://mhanational.org/conditions/mood-disorders/) that involve extended periods of feeling extremely sad or empty and disrupt a person’s ability to enjoy life. Some of the most common depressive disorders include: Major depressive disorder (clinical depression): a mental health condition characterized by [an inescapable and ongoing low mood often accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in activities that a person used to find enjoyable](https://psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm). To meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), symptoms must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks. MDD is also often referred to as major depression. Persistent depressive disorder: refers to a longer-lasting form of depression. While major depressive disorder is diagnosed if an individual experiences symptoms for at least two weeks, persistent depressive disorder is used when [symptoms of depression are present on most days for at least two years](https://psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm) but do not reach the severity of a major depressive episode. Prior to the release of the DSM-5 this was more commonly known as dysthymia. [Post-partum depression](https://mhanational.org/conditions/postpartum-depression/): depression that starts after childbirth and lasts at least two weeks and up to a year. [Premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://mhanational.org/resources/pms-and-pmdd/): a form of pre-menstrual syndrome that is diagnosed when a woman experiences severe symptoms of depression, tension, and irritability in the week prior to menstruation. While it isn’t uncommon for most women to experience emotional and physical changes prior to menstruation, women who meet criteria for PMDD experience changes that impact their lives in more profound ways. [Seasonal affective disorder](https://mhanational.org/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/): a mood disorder involving symptoms of depression associated with varying levels of sunlight during fall and winter months which subsides during spring and summer. Depression is also a feature of [bipolar disorder](https://mhanational.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder). ## Symptoms - Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood - Sleeping too much or too little; middle of the night or early morning waking - Weight fluctuations; reduced appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain - Loss of pleasure and interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex - Restlessness, irritability - Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment (such as chronic pain or digestive disorders) - Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions - Fatigue or loss of energy - Feeling guilty, hopeless, or worthless - [Thoughts of suicide or death](https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression) A quick, easy, and confidential way to determine if you may be experiencing depression is to take a screening. A screening is not a diagnosis, but a way of understanding if your symptoms are having enough of an impact that you should seek help from a doctor or other professional. [Take a depression screen.](https://screening.mhanational.org/screening-tools/depression?ref=n/a&ipiden=b9db8a948300be826ad96045fe8a5ba7&show=1) ## Treatments Depression is very treatable, with the overwhelming majority of those who seek treatment showing improvement. The most commonly used treatments are antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. Learn more about [therapy](https://mhanational.org/treatment-options/psychotherapy/) and [medication](https://mhanational.org/treatment-options/medication/). The choice of treatment depends on the pattern, severity, persistence of depressive symptoms, and the history of the illness. As with many illnesses, early treatment is more effective and helps prevent the likelihood of serious recurrences. Depression must be treated by a physician or qualified mental health professional. For some people, depression can be very stubborn to treat and may require additional treatment options. Learn more here: [Dealing with treatment-resistant depression: What to do when treatment doesn’t seem to work.](https://mhanational.org/resources/dealing-with-treatment-resistant-depression-what-to-do-when-treatment-doesnt-seem-to-work/)
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