ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled
| Filter | Status | Condition | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| HTTP status | PASS | download_http_code = 200 | HTTP 200 |
| Age cutoff | FAIL | download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH | 7.5 months ago |
| History drop | PASS | isNull(history_drop_reason) | No drop reason |
| Spam/ban | PASS | fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0 | ml_spam_score=0 |
| Canonical | PASS | meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed | Not set |
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| URL | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763 |
| Last Crawled | 2025-08-30 21:36:32 (7 months ago) |
| First Indexed | not set |
| HTTP Status Code | 200 |
| Meta Title | Representation of social actors in The Straits Times and The Independent Singapore: A comparative critical discourse analysis of the repeal of Section 377A in Singapore - Wee Boon Wong, 2025 |
| Meta Description | Section 377A was a decades-old law introduced in Singapore in 1938, which had made sexual intimacy between gay men, even when consensual, punishable by a maximum sentence of two years in prison. In... |
| Meta Canonical | null |
| Boilerpipe Text | There are no citing articles to show. |
| Markdown | [Skip to main content](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#skipNavigationTo)
Intended for healthcare professionals
[Skip to main content](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#afterNav-rhk)
[](https://journals.sagepub.com/)
[Search this journal](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763)
- [Search this journal](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#pane-91a67f5d-48d7-493e-912e-2af5faaaceef0 "Search this journal")
- [Search all journals](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#pane-91a67f5d-48d7-493e-912e-2af5faaaceef1 "Search all journals")
- [Search](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763)
- [Access/ProfileAccess](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763)
- [View access options](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showLogin?uri=%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F17504813241257763)
- [View profile](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showLogin?uri=%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F17504813241257763)
- [Create profile](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/registration)
- [Cart 0](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showCart?FlowID=1&alt=Empty+cart)
[Close Drawer MenuOpen Drawer MenuMenu](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#main1)
- Browse by discipline
Select discipline:
All disciplines
[All disciplines](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Health Sciences](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Life & Biomedical Sciences](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Materials Science & Engineering](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Social Sciences & Humanities](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763)
Select subject:
All subjects
[All subjects](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Allied Health](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Dentistry](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Emergency Medicine & Critical Care](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Endocrinology & Metabolism](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Environmental Science](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [General Medicine](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Geriatrics](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Infectious Diseases](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Medico-legal](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Neurology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Nursing](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Nutrition](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Obstetrics & Gynecology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Oncology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Otolaryngology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Pediatrics](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Pharmacology & Toxicology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Psychiatry & Psychology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Public Health](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Radiology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Research Methods & Evaluation](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Rheumatology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Surgery](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Tropical Medicine](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Veterinary Medicine](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Cell Biology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Clinical Biochemistry](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Environmental Science](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Life Sciences](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Neuroscience](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Pharmacology & Toxicology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Biomedical Engineering](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Engineering & Computing](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Environmental Engineering](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Materials Science](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Anthropology & Archaeology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Communication & Media Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Criminology & Criminal Justice](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Cultural Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Economics & Development](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Education](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Environmental Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Ethnic Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Family Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Gender Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Geography](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Gerontology & Aging](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Group Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [History](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Information Science](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Interpersonal Violence](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Language & Linguistics](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Law](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Management & Organization Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Marketing & Hospitality](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Music](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Philosophy](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Politics & International Relations](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Psychoanalysis](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Psychology & Counseling](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Public Administration](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Regional Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Religion](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Research Methods & Evaluation](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Science & Society Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Social Work & Social Policy](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Sociology](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Special Education](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Theology & Biblical Studies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763) [Urban Studies & Planning](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763)
Browse journals
Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully Open Access journals in a variety of disciplines.
[Explore Gold Open Access Journals](https://journals.sagepub.com/gold-open-access-journals)
Alternatively, you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including:
- Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas.
- Links to Books and Digital Library content from across Sage.
[View Discipline Hubs](https://journals.sagepub.com/disciplines)
- Information for
- [Authors](https://www.sagepub.com/journals/information-for-authors/overview)
- [Editors](https://www.sagepub.com/journals/information-for-editors/overview)
- [Librarians](https://www.sagepub.com/journals/information-for-librarians/overview)
- [Researchers](https://journalssolutions.sagepub.com/support/solutions/7000039285)
- [Reviewers](https://www.sagepub.com/journals/information-for-reviewers/overview)
- [Societies & Partners](https://www.sagepub.com/journals/information-for-societies-partners/overview)
- [Frequently asked questions](https://journalssolutions.sagepub.com/support/home)
- [Advertising & Promotion](https://advertising.sagepub.com/)
- [In this journal](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763)
- [Journal Homepage](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/DCM)
[Submission Guidelines](https://journals.sagepub.com/author-instructions/DCM)
[Discourse & Communication](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/DCM)
[Impact Factor: **2\.2** / 5-Year Impact Factor: **2\.3**](https://journals.sagepub.com/metrics/dcm)
[Journal Homepage](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/DCM)
[Submission Guidelines](https://journals.sagepub.com/author-instructions/DCM)
Close
#### Add email alerts
You are adding the following journal to your email alerts
Restricted access
Research article
First published online June 17, 2024
[Request permissions](https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=sageuk&publication=l957&title=Representation+of+social+actors+in+The+Straits+Times+and+The+Independent+Singapore%3A+A+comparative+critical+discourse+analysis+of+the+repeal+of+Section+377A+in+Singapore&publicationDate=2025-04-01&author=Wee+Boon+Wong&contentID=10.1177%2F17504813241257763&volumeNum=19&issueNum=2&startPage=315&endPage=335&numPages=21&orderBeanReset=true)
# Representation of social actors in *The Straits Times* and *The Independent Singapore*: A comparative critical discourse analysis of the repeal of Section 377A in Singapore
[Wee Boon Wong](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#con) [wbwong.sage@gmail.com](mailto:wbwong.sage@gmail.com)[View all authors and affiliations](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#tab-contributors)
[Volume 19, Issue 2](https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/dcma/19/2)
<https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813241257763>
[View article versions](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-versions)
Contents
- [Abstract](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#abstract)
- [References](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#bibliography)
- [Biographies](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#biographies)
[Get access](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-purchase-access "Get access")
[More](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-more "More")
- [Cite](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-self-citation "Cite")
- [Share options](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-share "Share options")
- [Information, rights and permissions](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-info "Information, rights and permissions")
- [Metrics and citations](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-metrics "Metrics and citations")
## Abstract
Section 377A was a decades-old law introduced in Singapore in 1938, which had made sexual intimacy between gay men, even when consensual, punishable by a maximum sentence of two years in prison. In Aug 2022, in what many considered as a historic moment in Singapore, the Prime Minister announced its repeal. Following the announcement, several related news articles were published by the news outlets *The Straits Times and The Independent Singapore*. This study, therefore, sets out to undertake a critical discourse analysis of these news articles, focusing on the representation of two groups of social actors, namely the Singapore government and gay people. Guided by a framework that constitutes the theoretical approach of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Fairclough, Van Dijk and Wodak’s perspectives on power relations as discursive, as well as Van Leeuwen's theories on discourse construction and representations of social actors, the analysis of the textual data reveals distinct patterns in how the Singapore government and gay people are represented. In an area where there is little comparative critical discourse research on how more powerful groups and less powerful groups are represented in news coverage following significant legal and sociopolitical changes in a society, this article aims to deepen readers’ understanding of such discursive patterns and foster media literacy, thereby attaining the practical result of pointing readers in the direction of change – a desired outcome that CDA seeks through its research.
## Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
[Get Access](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-purchase-access)
## References
Anderson LB (2023) “OK Boomer”: Demagogic discourse and intergenerational communication. *Journal of Intergenerational Relationships* 21(2): 253–268.
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2022.2030846)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%E2%80%9COK+Boomer%E2%80%9D%3A+Demagogic+discourse+and+intergenerational+communication&author=LB+Anderson&publication_year=2023&journal=Journal+of+Intergenerational+Relationships&pages=253-268&doi=10.1080%2F15350770.2022.2030846)
Anfara VA, Mertz NT (eds.) (2006) *Theoretical Frameworks in Qualitative Research*. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412986335)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Theoretical+Frameworks+in+Qualitative+Research&author=VA+Anfara&author=NT+Mertz&publication_year=2006&doi=10.4135%2F9781412986335)
Baharudin H (2022) Rising cost of living, health-related issues among top concerns for S’poreans following NDR 2022. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/rising-cost-of-living-health-related-issues-among-top-concerns-for-singaporeans-following-ndr-2022> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Rising+cost+of+living%2C+health-related+issues+among+top+concerns+for+S%E2%80%99poreans+following+NDR+2022&author=H+Baharudin&publication_year=2022)
BBC (2011) Singapore media guide. *BBC News*, 30 November. Available at: <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15966553> (accessed 6 August 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Singapore+media+guide&publication_year=2011)
Bloor M, Bloor T (2007) Background and theory. In: Bloor M, Bloor T (eds) *The Practice of Critical Discourse Analysis: An Introduction*. London: Hodder Arnold, pp.1–14.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Background+and+theory&author=M+Bloor&author=T+Bloor&publication_year=2007&pages=1-14)
Brown C (2019) Critical discourse analysis and information and communication technology in education. Available at: <https://oxfordre.com/education/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-794> (accessed 5 August 2023).
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.794)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Critical+discourse+analysis+and+information+and+communication+technology+in+education&author=C+Brown&publication_year=2019&doi=10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190264093.013.794)
Caldas-Coulthard CR (2007) Cross-cultural representation of ‘otherness’ in media discourse. In: Weiss G, Wodak R (eds) *Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity*. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.272–296.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cross-cultural+representation+of+%E2%80%98otherness%E2%80%99+in+media+discourse&author=CR+Caldas-Coulthard&publication_year=2007&pages=272-296)
Cambridge Dictionary (n.d.) The active voice. Available at: <https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/active-voice> (accessed 28 April 2024).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+active+voice)
Cengiz P-M, Eklund Karlsson L (2021) Portrayal of immigrants in Danish media – : A qualitative content analysis. *Societies* 11(2): 45–63.
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11020045)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Portrayal+of+immigrants+in+Danish+media+%E2%80%93+%3A+A+qualitative+content+analysis&author=P-M+Cengiz&author=Karlsson+L+Eklund&publication_year=2021&journal=Societies&pages=45-63&doi=10.3390%2Fsoc11020045)
Chua Mui Hoong (2022) NDR 2022: S377A repeal a courageous move with symbolic and real impact. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/national-day-rally-2022-s377a-repeal-a-courageous-move-with-symbolic-and-real-impact> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NDR+2022%3A+S377A+repeal+a+courageous+move+with+symbolic+and+real+impact&author=Mui+Hoong+Chua&publication_year=2022)
Chua Nadine (2022) Govt policies on media content will not alter upon repeal of Section 377A: MCI. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/govt-policies-on-media-content-will-not-change-following-repeal-of-s377a-mci> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Govt+policies+on+media+content+will+not+alter+upon+repeal+of+Section+377A%3A+MCI&author=Nadine+Chua&publication_year=2022)
Dasgupta D (2022) S’pore’s repeal of Section 377A a step forward for LGBT groups in Asia, say activists. *The Straits Times*, 24 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/spores-repeal-of-section-377a-welcomed-as-step-forward-for-lgbtq-communities-in-asia-pacific> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=S%E2%80%99pore%E2%80%99s+repeal+of+Section+377A+a+step+forward+for+LGBT+groups+in+Asia%2C+say+activists&author=D+Dasgupta&publication_year=2022)
Diman H (2022) The big story: Repealing section 377A is the right thing to do, says Shanmugam. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/the-big-story-repealing-section-377a-is-the-right-thing-to-do-says-shanmugam> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+big+story%3A+Repealing+section+377A+is+the+right+thing+to+do%2C+says+Shanmugam&author=H+Diman&publication_year=2022)
Fairclough N (2003) *Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research*. London and New York: Routledge.
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203697078)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysing+Discourse%3A+Textual+Analysis+for+Social+Research&author=N+Fairclough&publication_year=2003&doi=10.4324%2F9780203697078)
Fairclough N, Wodak R (1997) Critical discourse analysis. In: van Dijk T (ed.) *Discourse Studies. A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Vol. 2. Discourse as Social Interaction*. London: Sage, pp.258–284.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Critical+discourse+analysis&author=N+Fairclough&author=R+Wodak&publication_year=1997&pages=258-284)
Ghui (2022a) Decriminalisation of gay sex; A huge step forward in the right direction by PAP, rising costs of living and other stories. *The Independent Singapore*, 27 August. Available at: <https://theindependent.sg/decriminalisation-of-gay-sex-a-huge-step-forward-in-the-right-direction-by-pap-rising-costs-of-living-and-other-stories> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Decriminalisation+of+gay+sex%3B+A+huge+step+forward+in+the+right+direction+by+PAP%2C+rising+costs+of+living+and+other+stories&publication_year=2022)
Ghui (2022b) Gay agenda vs. religious agenda, and other stories of the week. *The Independent Singapore*, 23 August. Available at: <https://theindependent.sg/opinion-gay-agenda-vs-religious-agenda-and-other-stories-of-the-week> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Gay+agenda+vs.+religious+agenda%2C+and+other+stories+of+the+week&publication_year=2022)
Goh Yan Han (2022) 8 highlights from NDR 2022: Masks optional in most indoor settings, Section 377A to be repealed. *The Straits Times*, August 21. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/8-highlights-from-ndr-2022-masks-optional-in-most-indoor-settings-section-377a-to-be-repealed> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=8+highlights+from+NDR+2022%3A+Masks+optional+in+most+indoor+settings%2C+Section+377A+to+be+repealed&author=Yan+Han+Goh&publication_year=2022)
Goh Yan Han, Baharudin H (2022) PAP will not lift whip for Parliament debate on Section 377A repeal: Lawrence Wong. *The Straits Times*, August 22. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/pap-will-not-lift-whip-for-parliament-debate-on-section-377a-repeal-lawrence-wong> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=PAP+will+not+lift+whip+for+Parliament+debate+on+Section+377A+repeal%3A+Lawrence+Wong&author=Yan+Han+Goh&author=H+Baharudin&publication_year=2022)
Halliday MAK (1994) *An Introduction to Functional Grammar*, 2nd edn. London: E. Arnold.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=An+Introduction+to+Functional+Grammar&author=MAK+Halliday&publication_year=1994)
Han Kirsten (2016) Comment: Who gets to speak on cooling-off day? *Yahoo News*, 29 May. Available at: <https://news.yahoo.com/comment-who-gets-to-speak-on-cooling-off-day-082407033.html> (accessed 29 March 2024).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comment%3A+Who+gets+to+speak+on+cooling-off+day%3F&author=Kirsten+Han&publication_year=2016)
Ho Grace (2021) The Straits Times remains best-read title, with clear shift to digital, across all age groups: Survey. *The Straits Times*, 20 September. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/community/the-straits-times-remains-best-read-title-with-clear-shift-to-digital-across-all> (accessed 25 August 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Straits+Times+remains+best-read+title%2C+with+clear+shift+to+digital%2C+across+all+age+groups%3A+Survey&author=Grace+Ho&publication_year=2021)
Holland K, Blood RW, Thomas SL, et al. (2015) Challenging stereotypes and legitimating fat: An analysis of obese people’s views on news media reporting guidelines and promoting body diversity. *Journal of Sociology* 51(2): 431–445.
[Crossref](https://journals.sagepub.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=e_1_3_3_24_1&dbid=4&doi=10.1177%2F17504813241257763&key=10.1177%2F1440783313480395&site=sage)
[Web of Science](https://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=5e3815c904498985e796fc91436abd9a&SrcAuth=atyponcel&SrcApp=literatum&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=000356017800025)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Challenging+stereotypes+and+legitimating+fat%3A+An+analysis+of+obese+people%E2%80%99s+views+on+news+media+reporting+guidelines+and+promoting+body+diversity&author=K+Holland&author=RW+Blood&author=SL+Thomas&publication_year=2015&journal=Journal+of+Sociology&pages=431-445&doi=10.1177%2F1440783313480395)
Hubner A (2021) How did we get here? A framing and source analysis of early COVID-19 media coverage. *Communication Research Reports* 38(2): 112–120.
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112)
[Web of Science](https://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=5e3815c904498985e796fc91436abd9a&SrcAuth=atyponcel&SrcApp=literatum&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=000672477500004)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=How+did+we+get+here%3F+A+framing+and+source+analysis+of+early+COVID-19+media+coverage&author=A+Hubner&publication_year=2021&journal=Communication+Research+Reports&pages=112-120&doi=10.1080%2F08824096.2021.1894112)
Human Rights Watch (2017) Singapore: Laws chill free speech, assembly. Available at: <https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/12/13/singapore-laws-chill-free-speech-assembly> (accessed 29 March 2024).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Singapore%3A+Laws+chill+free+speech%2C+assembly&publication_year=2017)
Hussain Z (2022a) NDR 2022: Trust, unity will be key in post-Covid-19 world. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/national-day-rally-2022-trust-unity-will-be-key-in-post-covid-19-world> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NDR+2022%3A+Trust%2C+unity+will+be+key+in+post-Covid-19+world&author=Z+Hussain&publication_year=2022)
Hussain Z (2022b) SG extra podcast: Section 377A to be repealed: Where does Singapore go from here? *The Straits Times*, 23 August. Singapore. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/sg-extra-podcast-section-377a-to-be-repealed-where-do-we-go-from-here> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=SG+extra+podcast%3A+Section+377A+to+be+repealed%3A+Where+does+Singapore+go+from+here%3F&author=Z+Hussain&publication_year=2022)
Kaur S, Tan N, Dutta MJ (2016) Media, migration and politics: The coverage of the Little India Riot in the Straits times in Singapore. *Journal of Creative Communications* 11(1): 27–43.
[Crossref](https://journals.sagepub.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=e_1_3_3_29_1&dbid=4&doi=10.1177%2F17504813241257763&key=10.1177%2F0973258616630214&site=sage)
[Web of Science](https://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=5e3815c904498985e796fc91436abd9a&SrcAuth=atyponcel&SrcApp=literatum&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=000410825500003)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Media%2C+migration+and+politics%3A+The+coverage+of+the+Little+India+Riot+in+the+Straits+times+in+Singapore&author=S+Kaur&author=N+Tan&author=MJ+Dutta&publication_year=2016&journal=Journal+of+Creative+Communications&pages=27-43&doi=10.1177%2F0973258616630214)
Kincheloe JL, McLaren PL (1994) Rethinking critical theory and qualitative research. In: Denzin N, Lincoln Y (eds) *Handbook of Qualitative Research*. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp.138–157.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Rethinking+critical+theory+and+qualitative+research&author=JL+Kincheloe&author=PL+McLaren&publication_year=1994&pages=138-157)
Kurohi R (2019) Three court challenges against Section 377A to be heard in November. *The Straits Times*, October. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/three-court-challenges-against-section-377a-to-be-heard-in-november> (accessed 29 March 2024).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Three+court+challenges+against+Section+377A+to+be+heard+in+November&author=R+Kurohi&publication_year=2019)
Lau Jean (2022a) NDR 2022: Five things to know as Singapore moves to repeal Section 377A. *The Straits Times*, 21 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/ndr-2022-five-things-to-know-as-singapore-moves-to-repeal-section-377a> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NDR+2022%3A+Five+things+to+know+as+Singapore+moves+to+repeal+Section+377A&author=Jean+Lau&publication_year=2022)
Lau Jean (2022b) NDR 2022: In dealing with Section 377A, policies on family and marriage will not be changed, says PM Lee. *The Straits Times*, 21 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/ndr-2022-in-dealing-with-section-377a-policies-on-family-and-marriage-will-not-be-changed-says-pm-lee> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NDR+2022%3A+In+dealing+with+Section+377A%2C+policies+on+family+and+marriage+will+not+be+changed%2C+says+PM+Lee&author=Jean+Lau&publication_year=2022)
Lau Jean (2022c) NDR 2022: LGBTQ community expresses relief at repeal of Section 377A; religious groups voice concerns. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/ndr-2022-lgbtq-community-express-relief-at-repeal-of-section-377a-religious-groups-voice-concerns> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NDR+2022%3A+LGBTQ+community+expresses+relief+at+repeal+of+Section+377A%3B+religious+groups+voice+concerns&author=Jean+Lau&publication_year=2022)
Lau Jean (2022d) S377A repeal: Education policies will remain anchored on prevailing family values, social norms. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education-policies-will-remain-anchored-on-singapores-prevailing-family-values-and-social-norms-moe> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=S377A+repeal%3A+Education+policies+will+remain+anchored+on+prevailing+family+values%2C+social+norms&author=Jean+Lau&publication_year=2022)
Lau Jean (2022e) Section 377A: Religious groups call for unity; poll finds 43% support repeal, double those against. *The Straits Times*, 25 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/section-377a-religious-groups-call-for-unity-poll-finds-43-per-cent-support-repeal-double-those-against> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Section+377A%3A+Religious+groups+call+for+unity%3B+poll+finds+43%25+support+repeal%2C+double+those+against&author=Jean+Lau&publication_year=2022)
Lee Howard, Lee Terence (2023) Between two Acts: Competing narratives, activism and governance in Singapore’s digital sphere. *Internet Histories* 7(4): 295–312.
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2232214)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Between+two+Acts%3A+Competing+narratives%2C+activism+and+governance+in+Singapore%E2%80%99s+digital+sphere&author=Howard+Lee&author=Terence+Lee&publication_year=2023&journal=Internet+Histories&pages=295-312&doi=10.1080%2F24701475.2023.2232214)
Leo Lakeisha (2022) Timeline: Repealing Section 377A and amending the constitution to protect the definition of marriage. *Channel NewsAsia*. Available at: <https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/timeline-repealing-377a-gay-sex-law-amending-singapore-constitution-marriage-definition-3101551> (accessed 5 August 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Timeline%3A+Repealing+Section+377A+and+amending+the+constitution+to+protect+the+definition+of+marriage&author=Lakeisha+Leo&publication_year=2022)
Liang Annabelle(2021) ‘Hard choices’ for Singapore media after controversial law passed. *Al Jazeera*, 13 October. Available at: <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/13/singapore-media-face-hard-choices-after-new-law-passed> (accessed 7 January 2024).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%E2%80%98Hard+choices%E2%80%99+for+Singapore+media+after+controversial+law+passed&author=Annabelle+Liang&publication_year=2021)
Liew Isabelle, Lau Jean (2022) Section 377A: Push by LGBTQ activists for change in other areas will lead to strong pushback, says observer. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/section-377a-push-by-lgbtq-activists-for-change-in-other-areas-will-lead-to-strong-pushback-says-observer> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Section+377A%3A+Push+by+LGBTQ+activists+for+change+in+other+areas+will+lead+to+strong+pushback%2C+says+observer&author=Isabelle+Liew&author=Jean+Lau&publication_year=2022)
Merriam SB (2006) Transformational learning and HIV-positive young adults. In: Anfara VA, Norma TN (eds) *Theoretical Frameworks in Qualitative Research*. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp.23–38.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Transformational+learning+and+HIV-positive+young+adults&author=SB+Merriam&publication_year=2006&pages=23-38)
Meyer M, Wodak R (2009) Critical discourse analysis: History, agenda, theory, and methodology. In: Meyer M, Wodak R (eds) *Methods for Critical Discourse Analysis*, 2nd edn. London: Sage, pp.1–33.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Critical+discourse+analysis%3A+History%2C+agenda%2C+theory%2C+and+methodology&author=M+Meyer&author=R+Wodak&publication_year=2009&pages=1-33)
Mills MR, Bettis PJ (2006) Organisational identity and identification during a departmental reorganisation. In: Anfara VA, Mertz NT (eds) *Theoretical Frameworks in Qualitative Research*. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp.73–84.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Organisational+identity+and+identification+during+a+departmental+reorganisation&author=MR+Mills&author=PJ+Bettis&publication_year=2006&pages=73-84)
Ortmann S (2010) *Politics and Change in Singapore and Hong Kong: Containing Contention*. USA and Canada: Routledge.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Politics+and+Change+in+Singapore+and+Hong+Kong%3A+Containing+Contention&author=S+Ortmann&publication_year=2010)
Penal Code (Cap 224, 1985 Rev Ed) s 377 (Singapore). Available at: <https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act-Rev/PC1871/Published/20081130?DocDate=19870330> (accessed 29 March 2024).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=accessed+29+March+2024)
Rashith R (2012) Ex-Straits Times editor reveals gov’t meddling in tell-all book. *Yahoo News*. Available at: <https://sg.news.yahoo.com/blogs/singaporescene/singapore-media-great-survivor-020754478.html> (accessed 6 August 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ex-Straits+Times+editor+reveals+gov%E2%80%99t+meddling+in+tell-all+book&author=R+Rashith&publication_year=2012)
Ratcliffe R (2022) Singapore to repeal law that criminalises sex between men. *The Guardian*, 21 August. World. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/21/singapore-to-repeal-law-that-criminalises-sex-between-men> (accessed 27 April 2024).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Singapore+to+repeal+law+that+criminalises+sex+between+men&author=R+Ratcliffe&publication_year=2022)
Richards JC, Schmidt RW (2002) *Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics*, 3rd edn. Harlow: Longman.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dictionary+of+Language+Teaching+and+Applied+Linguistics&author=JC+Richards&author=RW+Schmidt&publication_year=2002)
Ricoeur P (1991) *From Text to Action: Essays in Hermeneutics, II* (trans. Blamey K and Thompson). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=From+Text+to+Action%3A+Essays+in+Hermeneutics%2C+II&author=P+Ricoeur&publication_year=1991)
Romero AM (2022a) Protect Singapore Townhall organisers express disappointment over 377A repealed without “safeguards against LGBTQ+ extremism”. *The Independent Singapore*, 22 August. Available at: <https://theindependent.sg/singapore-377a-repeal-reaction> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Protect+Singapore+Townhall+organisers+express+disappointment+over+377A+repealed+without+%E2%80%9Csafeguards+against+LGBTQ%2B+extremism%E2%80%9D&author=AM+Romero&publication_year=2022)
Romero AM (2022b) Workers’ party: While 377A and definition of marriage are important, ‘there are (also) other issues facing the nation’ – GST “adds to inflation at a time when it is wholly unnecessary”. *The Independent Singapore*, 22 August. Available at: <https://theindependent.sg/workers-party-while-377a-and-definition-of-marriage-are-important-there-are-also-other-issues-facing-the-nation-gst-adds-to-inflation-at-a-time-when-i> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Workers%E2%80%99+party%3A+While+377A+and+definition+of+marriage+are+important%2C+%E2%80%98there+are+%28also%29+other+issues+facing+the+nation%E2%80%99+%E2%80%93+GST+%E2%80%9Cadds+to+inflation+at+a+time+when+it+is+wholly+unnecessary%E2%80%9D&author=AM+Romero&publication_year=2022)
Romero AM (2022c) Singaporeans top concern is high costs of living, post-NDR speech shows. *The Independent Singapore*, 24 August. Available at: <https://theindependent.sg/singaporeans-top-concern-is-high-costs-of-living-post-ndr-speech-shows> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Singaporeans+top+concern+is+high+costs+of+living%2C+post-NDR+speech+shows&author=AM+Romero&publication_year=2022)
Safi M (2018) Campaigners celebrate as India decriminalises homosexuality. *The Guardian*, 6 September. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality> (accessed 29 March 2024).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Campaigners+celebrate+as+India+decriminalises+homosexuality&author=M+Safi&publication_year=2018)
Salleh MNA (2016) Political websites creating a buzz in Singapore. *The Straits Times*, 2 May. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/political-websites-creating-a-buzz-in-singapore> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Political+websites+creating+a+buzz+in+Singapore&author=MNA+Salleh&publication_year=2016)
Tan Bah Bah (2022) S377A: Opposition parties are at a disadvantage. *The Independent Singapore*, 28 August. Available at: <https://theindependent.sg/377a-opposition-parties-are-at-a-disadvantage> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=S377A%3A+Opposition+parties+are+at+a+disadvantage&author=Bah+Bah+Tan&publication_year=2022)
Tan Eugene KB (2022) Repeal of Section 377A: Doing the right thing for all while managing pace of social change. *The Straits Times*, 20 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/repeal-of-s377a-doing-right-thing-for-all-and-managing-pace-of-social-change-to-avoid-society-fracturing> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Repeal+of+Section+377A%3A+Doing+the+right+thing+for+all+while+managing+pace+of+social+change&author=Eugene+KB+Tan&publication_year=2022)
Tandoc JEC (2022) Singapore. *Reuters Institute Digital News Report*. Available at: <https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2022/singapore> (accessed 30 July 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Singapore&author=JEC+Tandoc&publication_year=2022)
Tang Li (2022) The pointless law of Section 377A: Finally, we learn the difference between sin and crime. *The Independent Singapore*, 29 August. Available at: <https://theindependent.sg/opinion-the-pointless-law-of-section-377a-finally-we-learn-the-difference-between-sin-crime> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+pointless+law+of+Section+377A%3A+Finally%2C+we+learn+the+difference+between+sin+and+crime&author=Li+Tang&publication_year=2022)
Tang See Kit (2022) Views on 377A: Government looking at how to safeguard current legal position on marriage, says Shanmugam. *The Straits Times*, 22 July. Available at: <https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/377a-government-looking-how-safeguard-legal-position-marriage-k-shanmugam-2846946> (accessed 29 March 2024).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Views+on+377A%3A+Government+looking+at+how+to+safeguard+current+legal+position+on+marriage%2C+says+Shanmugam&author=See+Kit+Tang&publication_year=2022)
Tham Yuen-C (2022a) NDR 2022: Govt will repeal Section 377A, but also amend constitution to protect marriage from legal challenges. *The Straits Times*, 21 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/ndr-2022-govt-will-repeal-section-377a-decriminalise-sex-between-men> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NDR+2022%3A+Govt+will+repeal+Section+377A%2C+but+also+amend+constitution+to+protect+marriage+from+legal+challenges&author=Yuen-C+Tham&publication_year=2022)
Tham Yuen-C (2022b) Section 377A: Constitution will be amended to protect Parliament's right to define marriage, says Shanmugam. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/constitution-will-be-amended-to-protect-parliaments-right-to-define-marriage-shanmugam> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Section+377A%3A+Constitution+will+be+amended+to+protect+Parliament%27s+right+to+define+marriage%2C+says+Shanmugam&author=Yuen-C+Tham&publication_year=2022)
Tham Yuen-C (2022c) Section 377A: Ministries looking at ways to deal with cancel culture, work pressure, says Shanmugam. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/section-377a-ministries-looking-at-ways-to-deal-with-cancel-culture-work-pressure-says-shanmugam> (accessed 25 December 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Section+377A%3A+Ministries+looking+at+ways+to+deal+with+cancel+culture%2C+work+pressure%2C+says+Shanmugam&author=Yuen-C+Tham&publication_year=2022)
Van Dijk TA (1993) Principles of critical discourse analysis. *Discourse & Society* 4(2): 249–283.
[Crossref](https://journals.sagepub.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=e_1_3_3_63_1&dbid=4&doi=10.1177%2F17504813241257763&key=10.1177%2F0957926593004002006&site=sage)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Principles+of+critical+discourse+analysis&author=TA+Van+Dijk&publication_year=1993&journal=Discourse+%26+Society&pages=249-283&doi=10.1177%2F0957926593004002006)
Van Dijk TA (2001) Critical discourse analysis. In: Tannen D, Schiffrin D, Hamilton H (eds) *The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics*. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, pp.352–371.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Critical+discourse+analysis&author=TA+Van+Dijk&publication_year=2001&pages=352-371)
Van Leeuwen T (2005) *Introducing Social Semiotics*. London and New York: Routledge.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Introducing+Social+Semiotics&author=T+Van+Leeuwen&publication_year=2005)
Van Leeuwen T (2008a) Discourse as the recontextualisation of social practice. In: Coupland N and Jaworski A (eds) *Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis*. Oxford studies in sociolinguistics. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp.3–22.
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323306.003.0001)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Discourse+as+the+recontextualisation+of+social+practice&author=T+Van+Leeuwen&publication_year=2008&pages=3-22&doi=10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195323306.003.0001)
Van Leeuwen T (2008b) Representing social actors. In: Coupland N and Jaworski A (eds) *Discourse and Practice*. Oxford University Press, pp.23–54.
[Crossref](https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323306.003.0002)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Representing+social+actors&author=T+Van+Leeuwen&publication_year=2008&pages=23-54&doi=10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195323306.003.0002)
Widdowson HG (1995) Discourse analysis: A critical view. *Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics* 4(3): 157–172.
[Crossref](https://journals.sagepub.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=e_1_3_3_68_1&dbid=4&doi=10.1177%2F17504813241257763&key=10.1177%2F096394709500400301&site=sage)
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Discourse+analysis%3A+A+critical+view&author=HG+Widdowson&publication_year=1995&journal=Language+and+Literature%3A+International+Journal+of+Stylistics&pages=157-172&doi=10.1177%2F096394709500400301)
Wolcott HF (1995) *The Art of Fieldwork*. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Art+of+Fieldwork&author=HF+Wolcott&publication_year=1995)
Yahya Y (2018) Tommy Koh's Facebook comment reignites debate on Singapore’s gay sex law. *The Straits Times*, 8 September. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/tommy-kohs-facebook-post-on-gay-sex-law-reignites-debate-on-singapores-penal-code> (accessed 29 March 2024).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Tommy+Koh%27s+Facebook+comment+reignites+debate+on+Singapore%E2%80%99s+gay+sex+law&author=Y+Yahya&publication_year=2018)
Yong Clement (2022) NDR 2022: WP recognises right of people to live free from discrimination, will join S377A debate in Parliament. *The Straits Times*, 22 August. Available at: <https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/ndr-2022-wp-recognises-right-of-people-to-live-free-from-discrimination-will-join-s377a-debate-in-parliament> (accessed 11 June 2023).
[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NDR+2022%3A+WP+recognises+right+of+people+to+live+free+from+discrimination%2C+will+join+S377A+debate+in+Parliament&author=Clement+Yong&publication_year=2022)
## Biographies
**Wee Boon Wong** is a Lecturer at Singapore University of Social Sciences. Formerly a PhD Research Scholar at National University of Singapore (NUS), he was a recipient of two graduate student teaching awards conferred by NUS Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences and completed his doctoral studies under the guidance of Associate Professor Michelle M Lazar. Possessing a passion for raising people’s awareness of the discursive strategies that can be involved in the construction of multi modal discourses, his research interests include critical discourse analysis, multi modal communication and representation, and social semiotics.
## Cite
### Cite
#### Cite
Copy Citation
OR
#### Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download citation data to the citation manager of your choice
## Share options
### Share
#### Share this publication
##### Share with email
[Email Link](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showMailPage?doi=10.1177/17504813241257763)
##### Share on social media
[Facebook](https://journals.sagepub.com/#facebook "Share on Facebook")[X (formerly Twitter)](https://journals.sagepub.com/#twitter "Share on X (formerly Twitter)")[LinkedIn](https://journals.sagepub.com/#linkedin "Share on LinkedIn")[WeChat](https://journals.sagepub.com/#wechat "Share on WeChat")
#### Share access to this article
Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.
For more information view the [Sage Journals article sharing page.](https://journals.sagepub.com/page/article-sharing)
## Information, rights and permissions
Information
Authors
### Information
#### Published In
[  View](https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/dcma/19/2 "Go to ")
[Discourse & Communication](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/dcma)
[Volume 19, Issue 2](https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/dcma/19/2)
Pages: 315 - 335
**Article first published online**: June 17, 2024
**Issue published**: April 2025
#### Keywords
1. [CDA](https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/CDA)
2. [critical discourse analysis](https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/critical+discourse+analysis)
3. [Fairclough](https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/Fairclough)
4. [power relations](https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/power+relations)
5. [recontextualisation](https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/recontextualisation)
6. [representation of social actors](https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/representation+of+social+actors)
7. [Section 377A](https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/Section+377A)
8. [Social Actor Network](https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/Social+Actor+Network)
9. [Van Dijk](https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/Van+Dijk)
10. [Van Leeuwen](https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/Van+Leeuwen)
#### Rights and permissions
© The Author(s) 2024.
Request permissions for this article.
[Request permissions](https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=sageuk&publication=l957&title=Representation+of+social+actors+in+The+Straits+Times+and+The+Independent+Singapore%3A+A+comparative+critical+discourse+analysis+of+the+repeal+of+Section+377A+in+Singapore&publicationDate=2025-04-01&author=Wee+Boon+Wong&contentID=10.1177%2F17504813241257763&volumeNum=19&issueNum=2&startPage=315&endPage=335&numPages=21&orderBeanReset=true)
#### Article versions
You are viewing the most recent version of this article. To download and view previous versions, see below:
June 17, 2024 - online first
[10\.1177\_17504813241257763\_Version1.pdf]()
548\.50 KB
### Authors
Show all
#### Wee Boon Wong
Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore
[wbwong.sage@gmail.com](mailto:wbwong.sage@gmail.com)
[View all publications by this author](https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/Wong/Wee+Boon)
#### Notes
Wee Boon Wong, Singapore University of Social Sciences, 463 Clementi Road, Singapore 599494, Singapore. Email: [wbwong.sage@gmail.com](mailto:wbwong.sage@gmail.com)
## Metrics and citations
### Metrics
#### Journals metrics
This article was published in *Discourse & Communication*.
[View All Journal Metrics](https://journals.sagepub.com/metrics/dcm)
***
#### Publication usage\*
Total views and downloads: 415
*\*Publication usage tracking started in December 2016*
***
#### Publications citing this one
Receive email alerts when this publication is cited
[Sign up to citation alerts](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/addCitationAlert?doi=10.1177%2F17504813241257763)
Web of Science: 0
Crossref: 0
There are no citing articles to show.
## Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
### Figures & Media
### Tables
## Get access
### Get access
#### Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
Sage Journals profile
I am signed in as:

[View my profile](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showPreferences)[Sign out](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/doLogout?redirectUri=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763)
I can access personal subscriptions, purchases, paired institutional access and free tools such as favourite journals, email alerts and saved searches.
OR
[Create profile](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/registration)
Institution
*loading institutional access options*
Click the button below for the full-text content
请点击以下获取该全文
[Click here to view / 点击获取全文](http://sage.cnpereading.com/paragraph/article/?doi=10.1177/17504813241257763)
SocietyChinese Institutions / 中国用户
***
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase access
[Item saved, go to cart](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showCart?FlowID=2)
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Article - \$37.50
Issue - \$684.67
Add To Cart
Added to cart
[Checkout](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showCart?FlowID=2)
[Subscribe to this journal](http://www.sagepub.com/journals/Journal201784/#subscribe)
Read with DeepDyve
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
[Start 2 week free trial](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763)
[Need help?](https://journalssolutions.sagepub.com/support/home)
## More
### More
- [Cite](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-self-citation "Cite")
- [Share options](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-share "Share options")
- [Information, rights and permissions](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-info "Information, rights and permissions")
- [Metrics and citations](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#core-collateral-metrics "Metrics and citations")
## Similar articles:
- Open Access
[COVID-19 and figures of blame: Discursive representations of blame for COVID-19 and its impacts in UK online news](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17504813231219458?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.1)
Show details Hide details
[Jamie Matthews](https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/Matthews/Jamie) and more ...
Discourse & Communication
Feb 2024
- Restricted access
[A cudgel of repression: Analysing state instrumentalisation of the ‘fake news’ label in Southeast Asia](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884920984060?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.2)
Show details Hide details
[Ric Neo](https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/Neo/Ric)
Journalism
Dec 2020
- Restricted access
[Representing immigrants as illegals, threats and victims in Malaysia: Elite voices in the media](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926514536837?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.3)
Show details Hide details
[Zuraidah Mohd Don](https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/Don/Zuraidah%20Mohd) and more ...
Discourse & Society
Jul 2014
- Restricted access
[Ideology and cognitive stereotypes in media representation of the Russia–Ukraine conflict](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17506352231201743?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.4)
Show details Hide details
[Charles Ononiwu](https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/Ononiwu/Charles)
Media, War & Conflict
Sep 2023
- Restricted access
[Social hierarchy in local Spanish-language print media: The discursive representation of Latino social actors in the United States](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926514556019?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.5)
Show details Hide details
[Megan Strom](https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/Strom/Megan)
Discourse & Society
Dec 2014
- Restricted access
[Shaping the migrant: Semantic strategies to portray inward and outward migrants as social actors in the Arab press](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17504813221099192?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.6)
Show details Hide details
[Marco Ammar](https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/Ammar/Marco) and more ...
Discourse & Communication
Jun 2022
- Restricted access
[Non-violent revolutions are believed to take place: A Discourse-Historical analysis of the Armenian Velvet Revolution in Armenian news media](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17504813211017708?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.7)
Show details Hide details
[Shushan Azatyan](https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/Azatyan/Shushan) and more ...
Discourse & Communication
Jun 2021
- Restricted access
[The Representation of Non-Protesters in a Student and Teacher Protest: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Reporting in a Greek Newspaper](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926501012005005?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.8)
Show details Hide details
[ANASTASIA G. STAMOU](https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/STAMOU/ANASTASIA%20G.)
Discourse & Society
Sep 2001
- Restricted access
[Representation of social actors in economic and financial crimes reports in selected Nigerian newspapers](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17504813231204734?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.9)
Show details Hide details
[Adesina B Sunday](https://journals.sagepub.com/authored-by/Sunday/Adesina%20B) and more ...
Discourse & Communication
Oct 2023
View more
## Sage recommends:
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Book chapter
[Analysing Online Comments](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529753158.n4)
Show details Hide details
Lyndon Way
Analysing Politics and Protest in Digital Popular Culture
2021
- **SAGE Research Methods**
Entry
[Critical Discourse Analysis](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036815631)
Show details Hide details
Critical Discourse Analysis
2020
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Whole book
[Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020)
Show details Hide details
Ruth Wodak and more...
Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis
2001
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Literature review
[Actor Descriptions, Action Attributions, and Argumentation: Towards a Systematization of CDA Analytical Categories in the Representation of Social Groups1](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446286289.n25)
Show details Hide details
Majid KhosraviNik
Critical Discourse Analysis
2013
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Book chapter
[Analysing Memes](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529753158.n5)
Show details Hide details
Lyndon Way
Analysing Politics and Protest in Digital Popular Culture
2021
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Book chapter
[Critical Discourse Analysis](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473921917.n6)
Show details Hide details
Deborah Cameron and more...
Working with Written Discourse
2014
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Entry
[Singapore](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483333267.n201)
Show details Hide details
Tom Lansford
Political Handbook of the World 2014
2014
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Literature review
[The Representation of Social Actors](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446261415.n76)
Show details Hide details
Theo van Leeuwen
Discourse Studies
2007
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Entry
[Singapore](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483371597.n164)
Show details Hide details
Tom Lansford
Political Handbook of the World 2015
2015
View more
## Sage recommends:
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Book chapter
[Analysing Online Comments](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529753158.n4)
Show details Hide details
Lyndon Way
Analysing Politics and Protest in Digital Popular Culture
2021
- **SAGE Research Methods**
Entry
[Critical Discourse Analysis](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036815631)
Show details Hide details
Critical Discourse Analysis
2020
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Whole book
[Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020)
Show details Hide details
Ruth Wodak and more...
Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis
2001
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Literature review
[Actor Descriptions, Action Attributions, and Argumentation: Towards a Systematization of CDA Analytical Categories in the Representation of Social Groups1](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446286289.n25)
Show details Hide details
Majid KhosraviNik
Critical Discourse Analysis
2013
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Book chapter
[Analysing Memes](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529753158.n5)
Show details Hide details
Lyndon Way
Analysing Politics and Protest in Digital Popular Culture
2021
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Book chapter
[Critical Discourse Analysis](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473921917.n6)
Show details Hide details
Deborah Cameron and more...
Working with Written Discourse
2014
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Entry
[Singapore](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483333267.n201)
Show details Hide details
Tom Lansford
Political Handbook of the World 2014
2014
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Literature review
[The Representation of Social Actors](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446261415.n76)
Show details Hide details
Theo van Leeuwen
Discourse Studies
2007
- **SAGE Knowledge**
Entry
[Singapore](http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483371597.n164)
Show details Hide details
Tom Lansford
Political Handbook of the World 2015
2015
View more
You currently have no access to this content. Visit the [access options](https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showLogin?uri=/doi/10.1177/17504813241257763) page to authenticate.
[View full text](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/17504813241257763)\|[Download PDF](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/17504813241257763?download=true)
Figures
Tables
Others
Close figure viewer
Back to article
Figure title goes here
Change zoom level
[Go to figure location within the article](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#f1 "Go to figure location within the article")
[Download figure](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763 "Download figure")
Toggle share panel
Share on social media
Toggle information panel
All figures
All tables
All others
All figures
All tables
All others
[xrefBack.goTo]()
xrefBack.goTo
Request permissions
Show all
Collapse
Expand Table
Show all references
SHOW ALL BOOKS
Show all
[View all authors and affiliations](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#tab-contributors)
## Also from Sage
- [CQ Library Elevating debateopens in new tab](https://library.cqpress.com/index.php?utm_source=cross-product-footer&utm_medium=cross-product)
- [Sage Data Uncovering insightopens in new tab](https://www.data-planet.com/?utm_source=cross-product-footer&utm_medium=cross-product)
- [Sage Business Cases Shaping futuresopens in new tab](https://sk.sagepub.com/cases?utm_source=cross-product-footer&utm_medium=cross-product)
- [Sage Campus Unleashing potentialopens in new tab](https://classroom.sagepub.com/?utm_source=cross-product-footer&utm_medium=cross-product)
- [Sage Knowledge Multimedia learning resourcesopens in new tab](https://sk.sagepub.com/?utm_source=cross-product-footer&utm_medium=cross-product)
- [Sage Research Methods Supercharging researchopens in new tab](https://methods.sagepub.com/?utm_source=cross-product-footer&utm_medium=cross-product)
- [Sage Video Streaming knowledgeopens in new tab](https://sk.sagepub.com/video?utm_source=cross-product-footer&utm_medium=cross-product)
- [Technology from Sage Library digital servicesopens in new tab](https://www.technologyfromsage.com/?utm_source=cross-product-footer&utm_medium=cross-product)
Back to top
## About
- [About Sage Journals](https://sagepub.com/journals)
- [Accessibility guide](https://journals.sagepub.com/page/help/accessibility)
- [Historical content](https://www.sagepub.com/journals/historical-content)
- [Advertising disclaimer](https://advertising.sagepub.com/advertising-disclaimer)
- [Permissions](https://sagepub.com/journals-permissions)
- [Terms of use](https://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/terms-of-use)
- [Sage discipline hubs](https://journals.sagepub.com/disciplines)
- [Sage microsites](https://journals.sagepub.com/opportunities/microsites)
## Information for
- [Authors](https://sagepub.com/journal-author-gateway?utm_source=journals.sagepub.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=journalauthorgateway&utm_content=footer&_gl=1*10o6ad2*_ga*MjA4MDA2MTMyNy4xNjE0MjUxMjMz*_ga_60R758KFDG*MTYyMjEwMzg3MC45MC4wLjE2MjIxMDQwNTAuMA..)
- [Editors](https://sagepub.com/journal-editor-gateway)
- [Librarians](https://journalssolutions.sagepub.com/support/solutions/7000039280)
- [Promoters / Advertisers](https://sagepub.com/advertising-and-promotion)
- [Researchers](https://journalssolutions.sagepub.com/support/solutions/7000039285)
- [Reviewers](https://sagepub.com/journal-reviewer-gateway?utm_source=journals.sagepub.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=journalreviewergateway&utm_content=footer&_gl=1*1vgao1k*_ga*MjA4MDA2MTMyNy4xNjE0MjUxMjMz*_ga_60R758KFDG*MTYyMjEwMzg3MC45MC4xLjE2MjIxMDYyMjMuMA..)
- [Societies](https://journals.sagepub.com/page/resources/societies)
- [Frequently asked questions](https://journalssolutions.sagepub.com/support/home)
## Discourse & Communication
- ISSN: 1750-4813
- Online ISSN: 1750-4821
- [About Sage](https://group.sagepub.com/about)
- [Contact us](https://journalssolutions.sagepub.com/support/home)
- [CCPA - Do not sell my personal information](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/california-privacy-statement)
- [CCPA](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/california-consumer-privacy-act-ccpa)
- [Privacy Policy](https://sagepub.com/privacy-policy)
Copyright © 2025 by SAGE Publications

✓
Thanks for sharing\!
[AddToAny](https://www.addtoany.com/ "Share Buttons")
[More…](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763#addtoany "Show all")
\_\_("articleCrossmark.closePopup") |
| Readable Markdown | null |
| Shard | 157 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 14321235569752892557 |
| Unparsed URL | com,sagepub!journals,/doi/abs/10.1177/17504813241257763 s443 |