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##### Disclaimer The equations and look-up tables are freely available for software implementation by IT engineers and medical device companies. The GLI software packages are to be used for research, education, training and validation of implementation in software, and not for use in patient treatment. For treatment/diagnostic purposes, please use the GLI reference equations as implemented by medical device companies. Accept ##### Information for each calculator ###### Spirometry The GLI Spirometry Task Force derived continuous prediction equations and their lower limits of normal for spirometric indices. Over 160,000 data points from 72 centres in 33 countries were shared with the GLI. Eliminating data that could not be used (mostly missing ethnic group, some outliers) left 97,759 records of healthy nonsmokers (55.3% females) aged 2.5–95 yrs. Lung function data were collated and prediction equations derived using the LMS method, which allows simultaneous modelling of the mean (mu), the coefficient of variation (sigma) and skewness (lambda) of a distribution family. Reference equations were derived for healthy individuals aged 3–95 yrs for Caucasians (n=57,395), African–Americans (n=3,545), and North (n=4,992) and South East Asians (n=8,255). Forced expiratory value in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) between ethnic groups differed proportionally from that in Caucasians, such that FEV1/FVC remained virtually independent of ethnic group. For individuals not represented by these four groups, or of mixed ethnic origins, a composite equation taken as the average of the above equations is provided to facilitate interpretation until a more appropriate solution is developed. Additional data from the Indian subcontinent and Arabic, Polynesian and Latin American countries, as well as Africa will further improve these equations in the future. Publication: [ERSJournal](http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/40/6/1324.long) ###### Spirometry - race-neutral equations In response to new evidence questioning the use of race-specific reference equations for the interpretation of lung function, the GLI has recently created race-neutral equations, GLI-Global, which do not require race/ethnicity as an input in spirometry interpretation. These equations were derived from the same data as the Quanjer 2012 equations, but applied inverse probability weights so that each racial and ethnic group contribute equally to the predicted values. The use of a single “Global” spirometry equation reflects the wide range of lung function observed within and between populations. Given the inherent limitations of any reference equation, the use of GLI Global equations to interpret spirometry requires careful consideration of an individual’s symptoms and medical history when used to make clinical, employment, and insurance decisions. To obtain race-neutral estimates of spirometry, calculated via the GLI-Global equations please either: - Select "race-neutral" in the Spirometry section on the web page - Use ethnic=0 for all for individuals when using the Excel calculator or the API Please note that at this time race-neutral reference values have not been derived for FEF25-75, FEV0.75, FEV0.75/FVC, and will not return a predicted value nor z-score for these parameters. Publication: [American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine](https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.202205-0963OC) ###### TLCO 25 September 2020: It was recently brought to our attention that females with low TLco values had exceptionally low z-scores when calculated using the GLI TLCO calculator. We subsequently looked through the models and original data and identified an anomaly which was likely due to a discrepancy in the label that was assigned to sex in one of the datasets (n=282 females; n=259 males). Upon identifying this source of error, we re-analyzed the data excluding this centre and recalculated the predicted values and tables. The primary difference is in the predicted values for adult females, and for the calculation of z-scores in adult females; there will be minimal differences in the percent predicted values (average percent predicted change 1.02% (SD 2.0%). Although the differences in males were minimal (average percent predicted change 0.6% (SD 0.4%)), the prediction equations for males also changed in the re-analysis. Although every effort was made to harmonize and clean the data, regrettably this was an error that was missed by our team. We recognize that this will impact on previously calculated values and will make every effort to notify the respiratory community, including the manufacturers, to ensure the updated formulas are implemented. [ERSJournal Correction](https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/56/4/1750010) The aim of the study was to develop The Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) all-age reference values for TL,CO. Data from 19 centres in 14 countries were collected to define TL,CO reference values. Similar to the GLI spirometry project, reference values were derived using the LMS method and the GAMLSS program in R. total of 12 660 TL,CO measurements from asymptomatic, lifetime non-smokers were submitted; 85% of the submitted data were from Caucasians. All data were uncorrected for haemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Following adjustments for elevation above sea level, gas concentration, and assumptions used for calculating the anatomic dead space volume, there was a high degree of overlap among the datasets. Reference values for Caucasians aged 5 to 85 years were derived for TL,CO, carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO) and alveolar volume (VA). Publication: [ERSJournal](http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/50/3/1700010.long) ###### Lung Volumes The Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) all-age reference values for static lung volumes were developed by an ERS Task Force. Data from 17 centres in 12 countries were collected from Caucasian subjects between the ages of 5 and 80 years to define static lung volume reference values. Similar to the GLI spirometry and TL,CO project, reference values were derived using the LMS method and the GAMLSS program in R. A total of 7190 static lung volume measurements using body plethysmography and gas dilution techniques from individual, healthy participants were collated. Measurements of functional residual capacity (FRC) collected using plethysmography and dilution techniques showed physiologically insignificant differences and were combined. Sex specific reference equations including height and age were developed for total lung capacity (TLC), FRC, residual volume (RV), inspiratory capacity (IC), vital capacity (VC) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and RV/TLC datasets. Further details can be found in the publication. Publication: [ERSJournal](https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/57/3/2000289) ###### Multiple Breath Washout Multiple breath washout is a lung function test based on tidal breathing that assesses lung volume and ventilation distribution. The Global Lung Function Initiative methodology was used to develop all-age reference equations for the multiple breath washout indices lung clearance index (LCI) and functional residual capacity (FRC). Multiple breath washout data from healthy individuals were collated from sites. Reference equations were derived from 1581 unique observations from participants between the ages of 2 and 81 years. Equipment type, inert tracer gas, and equipment dead space volume did not significantly affect the prediction equations for either LCI or FRC. Reference equations for LCI include age as the only predictor, whereas sex-specific reference equations for FRC included height and age. Further details can be found in the publication. Publication: [ERSJournal](https://publications.ersnet.org/content/erj/early/2024/09/10/1399300300524-2024) *** See more at: [Lungfunction.org](https://www.lungfunction.org/) Close [](https://www.ersnet.org/) [](https://www.lungfunction.org/) - [Home](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/index.html) - [Help](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/docs.html) - [ LungTracker](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/lung_tracker/) - [Contact](http://www.ers-education.org/guidelines/global-lung-function-initiative/contact-us.aspx) Welcome to the Global Lung Function Initiative calculators for Spirometry, TLCO, Lung volume and Multiple Breath Washout. [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/) for more information on each calculator and [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/docs.html) for Help and more information on how to obtain calculations for single and multiple records and how to access our API.  [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/lung_tracker/) to use our new Lung Function Tracker for longitudinal analysis. ###### Custom calculator ###### Excel calculator ###### Upload Excel File Click "Help" above for usage instructions, particularly the note on ethnicity . Your input data will not be stored on the server if using a modern browser. \*\*Only the first 1000 rows of your file will be calculated\*\* **File submitted\!** Depending on the number of rows this may take some time.  Welcome to the Global Lung Function Initiative calculators for Spirometry, TLCO and Lung volume. [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/) for more information on each calculator and [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/docs.html) for Help and more information on how to obtain calculations for single and multiple records and how to access our API.  [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/lung_tracker/) to use our new Lung Function Tracker for longitudinal analysis.  Print Copy CSV Excel | Calculator | Index | Measured | Predicted | Z-Score | LLN | ULN | % Predicted | BDR % Change | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | Spirometry - pre-BD | FEV1 | | | | | | | | | | FVC | | | | | | | | | | FEV1/FVC | | | | | | | | | | FEF25-75 | | | | | | | | | | FEV0.75 | | | | | | | | | | FEF75 | | | | | | | | | | FEV0.75/FVC | | | | | | | | | Spirometry - post-BD | FEV1 | | | | | | | | | | FVC | | | | | | | | | | FEV1/FVC | | | | | | | | | | FEF25-75 | | | | | | | | | | FEV0.75 | | | | | | | | | | FEF75 | | | | | | | | | | FEV0.75/FVC | | | | | | | | | TLCO | TLCO | | | | | | | | | | VA | | | | | | | | | | KCO | | | | | | | | | Lung Volume | FRC | | | | | | | | | | TLC | | | | | | | | | | RV | | | | | | | | | | RV/TLC | | | | | | | | | | ERV | | | | | | | | | | IC | | | | | | | | | | VC | | | | | | | | | Multiple Breath Washout | FRC\_MBW | | | | | | | | | | LCI | | | | | | | | **Ethnicity:** The TLCO and Volume equations are based on Caucasian data only, however, the returned Spirometry data is based on the value you provided in the Spirometry section in the menu (`Caucasian`). The equations and look-up tables are freely available for software implementation by IT engineers and medical device companies. The GLI software packages are to be used for research, education, training and validation of implementation in software, and not for use in patient treatment. For treatment/diagnostic purposes, please use the GLI reference equations as implemented by medical device companies.  *** Date: Units: Sex: Age: years Height: cm Spiro\_ethnicity: *** Global Lung Function Initiative 2021 \| Version 2.0 \| Icons made by [Freepik](https://www.freepik.com/ "Freepik") and Pixel perfect from [www.flaticon.com](https://www.flaticon.com/ "Flaticon")

Welcome to the Global Lung Function Initiative calculators for Spirometry, TLCO, Lung volume and Multiple Breath Washout. [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/) for more information on each calculator and [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/docs.html) for Help and more information on how to obtain calculations for single and multiple records and how to access our API.  [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/lung_tracker/) to use our new Lung Function Tracker for longitudinal analysis. Welcome to the Global Lung Function Initiative calculators for Spirometry, TLCO and Lung volume. [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/) for more information on each calculator and [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/docs.html) for Help and more information on how to obtain calculations for single and multiple records and how to access our API.  [Click here](https://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/lung_tracker/) to use our new Lung Function Tracker for longitudinal analysis. | Calculator | Index | Measured | Predicted | Z-Score | LLN | ULN | % Predicted | BDR % Change | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | Spirometry - pre-BD | FEV1 | | | | | | | | | | FVC | | | | | | | | | | FEV1/FVC | | | | | | | | | | FEF25-75 | | | | | | | | | | FEV0.75 | | | | | | | | | | FEF75 | | | | | | | | | | FEV0.75/FVC | | | | | | | | | Spirometry - post-BD | FEV1 | | | | | | | | | | FVC | | | | | | | | | | FEV1/FVC | | | | | | | | | | FEF25-75 | | | | | | | | | | FEV0.75 | | | | | | | | | | FEF75 | | | | | | | | | | FEV0.75/FVC | | | | | | | | | TLCO | TLCO | | | | | | | | | | VA | | | | | | | | | | KCO | | | | | | | | | Lung Volume | FRC | | | | | | | | | | TLC | | | | | | | | | | RV | | | | | | | | | | RV/TLC | | | | | | | | | | ERV | | | | | | | | | | IC | | | | | | | | | | VC | | | | | | | | | Multiple Breath Washout | FRC\_MBW | | | | | | | | | | LCI | | | | | | | | **Ethnicity:** The TLCO and Volume equations are based on Caucasian data only, however, the returned Spirometry data is based on the value you provided in the Spirometry section in the menu (`Caucasian`). The equations and look-up tables are freely available for software implementation by IT engineers and medical device companies. The GLI software packages are to be used for research, education, training and validation of implementation in software, and not for use in patient treatment. For treatment/diagnostic purposes, please use the GLI reference equations as implemented by medical device companies.