🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa051)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology","crawl_time":1775618345,"first_indexed_time":1580083909,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Wuhan Institute of Virology - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Wuhan Institute of Virology\n中国科学院武汉病毒研究所\nAbbreviation\nWIV\nPredecessor\nWuhan Microbiology Laboratory\nSouth China Institute of Microbiology\nWuhan Microbiology Institute\nMicrobiology Institute of Hubei Province\nFormation\n1956\nFounder\nChen Huagui, Gao Shangyin\nHeadquarters\nXiaohongshan,\nWuchang District\n,\nWuhan\n,\nHubei\n,\nChina\nCoordinates\n30°22′35″N\n114°15′45″E\n \/ \n30.37639°N 114.26250°E\nDirector-General\nWang Yanyi\nParty Committee Secretary\nXiao Gengfu\n[\n1\n]\nDeputy Director-General\nGong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu\nParent organization\nChinese Academy of Sciences\nStaff\n295\n[\n2\n]\n(2014)\nWebsite\nenglish\n.whiov\n.cas\n.cn\nWuhan Institute of Virology\nSimplified Chinese\n中国\n科学院\n武汉\n病毒\n研究所\nTraditional Chinese\n中國科學院武漢病毒研究所\nTranscriptions\nStandard Mandarin\nHanyu Pinyin\nZhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ\nThe\nWuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences\n(\nWIV\n;\nChinese\n:\n中国科学院武汉病毒研究所\n) is a research institute on\nvirology\nunder the Wuhan Branch of the\nChinese Academy of Sciences\n.\n[\n3\n]\n[\n4\n]\nLocated in\nJiangxia District\n,\nWuhan\n,\nHubei\n, it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first\nbiosafety level 4\n(BSL-4) laboratory\n[\n5\n]\nin 2018. The institute has collaborated with the\nGalveston National Laboratory\nin the United States, the\nCentre International de Recherche en Infectiologie\nin France, and the\nNational Microbiology Laboratory\nin Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of\ncoronaviruses\n.\n[\n6\n]\nHistory\nThe WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the\nChinese Academy of Sciences\n(CAS). It was established by scientists Gao Shangyin, a graduate of\nSoochow University (Suzhou)\n,\n[\n7\n]\nand Chen Huagui.\n[\n8\n]\nIn 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.\n[\n9\n]\nIn 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first\n[\na\n]\nbiosafety level 4\n(BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US$44 million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government's\nCIRI lab\n.\n[\n10\n]\n[\n5\n]\n[\n11\n]\nThe new laboratory building has 3000 m\n2\nof BSL-4 space, and also 20\nBSL-2\nand two\nBSL-3\nlaboratories.\n[\n12\n]\nThe BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for\nConformity\nAssessment (CNAS) in January 2017,\n[\n5\n]\nwith the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.\n[\n13\n]\nThe highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the institute investigates highly dangerous viruses, such as\nSARS\n,\ninfluenza H5N1\n,\nJapanese encephalitis\n, and\ndengue\n.\n[\n14\n]\nThe National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the\nGalveston National Laboratory\nin the\nUniversity of Texas\n.\n[\n15\n]\nIt also had ties with\nCanada\n's\nNational Microbiology Laboratory\nuntil WIV staff scientists\nXiangguo Qiu\nand her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.\n[\n16\n]\nResearchers from the WIV have, in the past, collaborated with international scientists in the creation of\nchimeric\ncoronavirus.\n[\n17\n]\nSome researchers (notably Richard Ebright) believe this work falls under the definition of\ngain of function\nresearch, but many other experts dispute this classification.\n[\n18\n]\nA number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. Many Wuhan lab staff were trained at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France.\n[\n5\n]\nResearchers were also trained in Australia, Canada, the United States and then in-house before the lab was operational.\n[\n12\n]\nScientists such as U.S. molecular biologist\nRichard H. Ebright\n, who had expressed concern of\nprevious escapes of the SARS virus\nat Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories,\n[\n5\n]\ncalled the institute a \"world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology\" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.\n[\n15\n]\nCoronavirus research\nIn 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the\nSARS coronavirus\n, finding that China's\nhorseshoe bats\nare natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.\n[\n19\n]\nContinuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.\n[\n20\n]\nIn 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether\na bat coronavirus\ncould be made to infect a human cell line (\nHeLa\n). The team engineered a\nhybrid virus\n, combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.\n[\n17\n]\n[\n21\n]\nIn 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in\nYunnan\ncontain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of \"the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS\".\n[\n20\n]\n[\n22\n]\nIn 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a\nserological\nstudy of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in\nJinning District\nof Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.\n[\n23\n]\nPrior to and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic,\ncoronavirus\nresearch at the WIV has been conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories.\n[\n24\n]\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nIn December 2019, cases of\npneumonia\nassociated with an unknown\ncoronavirus\nwere reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to\nRaTG13\n, a virus its researchers had discovered in\nhorseshoe bats\nin southwest China.\n[\n25\n]\n[\n26\n]\nAs the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, a team led by\nShi Zhengli\nat the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the\nnovel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)\n, upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,\n[\n27\n]\n[\n28\n]\n[\n29\n]\nand publish papers in\nNature\n.\n[\n27\n]\nOn 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome.\n[\n30\n]\nIn February 2020, in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights,\n[\n31\n]\nthe institute applied for a patent in China for the use of\nremdesivir\n, an experimental drug owned by\nGilead Sciences\n, which the institute found inhibited the virus\nin vitro\n.\n[\n32\n]\nThe WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights \"if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China's epidemic.\"\n[\n33\n]\nIn April 2020, the\nTrump administration\nterminated an\nNIH\ngrant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans.\n[\n34\n]\n[\n35\n]\nNew York-based, NIH–funded\nEcoHealth Alliance\nhas been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.\n[\n36\n]\n[\n37\n]\n[\n38\n]\nUnder political pressure, the\nNational Institutes of Health\n(NIH) withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020.\n[\n39\n]\nRalph Baric\nand Rachel Graham wrote in 2020 that the large collections of bat virome samples stored at the facility, its close proximity to the early outbreak, and questions about its operating procedures, could fuel \"speculation\" about the institute's role in the\norigin of COVID-19\n.\n[\n40\n]\nVirus speculations criticism\nThe laboratory has been the focus of conspiracy theories\n[\n41\n]\n[\n42\n]\nand unsubstantiated speculation about the origin of the virus.\n[\n43\n]\n[\n44\n]\nThis has been a source of political tension between China and other countries, including Australia\n[\n45\n]\nand the United States.\n[\n46\n]\nThere have been allegations that the initial outbreak was provoked by either\nmanipulation or accidental release of a virus\nheld in the WIV facilities, and that the participants may have conspired to cover it up.\n[\n47\n]\nShi Zhengli denied that there was a connection between the WIV and the emergence of COVID-19.\n[\n48\n]\nIn February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team said a\nlaboratory leak\norigin for COVID-19 was \"extremely unlikely\",\n[\n49\n]\n[\n50\n]\nconfirming what experts expected about the likely origins and early transmission.\n[\n51\n]\nHowever, WHO Director-General\nTedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus\nsaid that the report's conclusions were not definitive and data had been withheld from investigators.\n[\n52\n]\nIn response to the report, politicians, including\nJoe Biden\n[\n53\n]\nand\nBoris Johnson\n,\n[\n54\n]\nas well as Ghebreyesus, have called for further investigations into the origins of COVID-19.\n[\n55\n]\n[\n56\n]\n[\n57\n]\n[\n58\n]\n[\n59\n]\nThe scientific opinion that an accidental leak is possible, but unlikely, has remained steady.\n[\n60\n]\n[\n61\n]\nResearch centers\nThe Institute contains the following research centers:\n[\n62\n]\nCenter for Emerging Infectious Disease\nChinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center\nCenter of Applied and Environmental Microbiology\nDepartment of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology\nDepartment of Molecular Virology\nSee also\nChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention\nInvestigations into the origin of COVID-19\nScientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens\nZoonosis\nNotes\n^\nAs of February 2017, there were already two BSL-4 labs in\nTaiwan\n.\n[\n5\n]\nReferences\n^\n\"Current leader\"\n现任领导\n.\nWuhan Institute of Virology, www.whiov.ac.cn\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 24 February 2020\n. Retrieved\n24 February\n2020\n.\nWang Yanyi, born in 1981, PhD, researcher. She is currently the director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the leader of the molecular immunology discipline group... Xiao Gengfu, born in 1966, PhD, researcher. Current Secretary of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology...\n^\n\"Spotlight on Wuhan\"\n.\nNature\n. 13 May 2015.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/nj0447\n.\nISSN\n \n1476-4687\n.\nPMC\n \n7095288\n.\nS2CID\n \n214693785\n.\n^\n\"Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline\"\n.\nReuters\n. 17 December 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 30 March 2021\n. Retrieved\n7 April\n2021\n.\n^\n\"About Us: Brief introduction\"\n. Wuhan Branch. Chinese Academy of Sciences.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\nCyranoski D (23 February 2017).\n\"Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens\"\n.\nNature\n.\n542\n(7642):\n399–\n400.\nBibcode\n:\n2017Natur.542..399C\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/nature.2017.21487\n.\nPMID\n \n28230144\n.\n^\nQiu J (1 June 2020).\n\"How China's 'Bat Woman' Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus\"\n.\nScientific American\n. Retrieved\n5 January\n2024\n.\n^\n\"Biography of Professor Gao Shangyin\"\n. Retrieved\n27 May\n2022\n.\n^\n\"About WIV----Wuhan Institute of Virology\"\n.\n^\n\"History\"\n.\nWuhan Institute of Virology, CAS\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 29 July 2019\n. Retrieved\n26 January\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Inside the Wuhan lab: French engineering, deadly viruses and a big mystery\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n.\n^\n\"China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan\"\n. Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from\nthe original\non 3 March 2016\n. Retrieved\n9 April\n2016\n.\n^\na\nb\nReport of the WHO Consultative Meeting on High\/Maximum Containment (Biosafety Level 4) Laboratories Networking, Lyon, France, 13–15 December 2017\nArchived\n8 February 2021 at the\nWayback Machine\n. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO\/WHE\/CPI\/2018.40).\n^\n\"China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation\"\n.\nxinhuanet\n. 4 January 2018. Archived from\nthe original\non 10 December 2020\n. Retrieved\n12 November\n2020\n.\n^\nDany Shoham (2015) China's Biological Warfare Programme: An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 April–June 2015, pp. 131–156\nChina's Biological Warfare Programme. An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities\nArchived\n10 February 2021 at the\nWayback Machine\n^\na\nb\nTaylor A (29 January 2020).\n\"Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 January 2020\n. Retrieved\n3 February\n2020\n.\n^\nPauls K (15 July 2019).\n\"University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab\"\n.\nCBC News\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 15 April 2020\n. Retrieved\n19 April\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nVineet D Menachery, Boyd L Yount, Kari Debbink, et al. (9 November 2015).\n\"A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence\"\n.\nNature medicine\n.\n21\n(12):\n1508–\n1513.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/NM.3985\n.\nISSN\n \n1078-8956\n.\nPMC\n \n4797993\n.\nPMID\n \n26552008\n.\nS2CID\n \n5953778\n.\nWikidata\n \nQ36702376\n.\n(erratum)\n^\nRobertson L (1 July 2021).\n\"The Wuhan Lab and the Gain-of-Function Disagreement\"\n. Annenberg Public Policy Center\n. Retrieved\n26 January\n2022\n.\n^\nLi W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, Wang H, Crameri G, Hu Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, McEachern J, Field H, Daszak P, Eaton BT, Zhang S, Wang LF (28 October 2005).\n\"Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses\"\n.\nScience\n.\n310\n(5748):\n676–\n679.\nBibcode\n:\n2005Sci...310..676L\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1126\/science.1118391\n.\nPMID\n \n16195424\n.\nS2CID\n \n2971923\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 11 November 2020\n. Retrieved\n23 July\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nCyranoski D (1 December 2017).\n\"Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus – and suggests new outbreak could occur\"\n.\nNature\n.\n552\n(7683):\n15–\n16.\nBibcode\n:\n2017Natur.552...15C\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/d41586-017-07766-9\n.\nPMID\n \n29219990\n.\n^\nButler D (12 November 2015). \"Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research\".\nNature\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/nature.2015.18787\n.\nS2CID\n \n182338924\n.\n^\nDrosten C, Hu B, Zeng LP, Yang XL, Ge XY, Zhang W, Li B, Xie JZ, Shen XR, Zhang YZ, Wang N, Luo DS, Zheng XS, Wang MN, Daszak P, Wang LF, Cui J, Shi ZL (2017).\n\"Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus\"\n.\nPLOS Pathogens\n.\n13\n(11) e1006698.\ndoi\n:\n10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006698\n.\nPMC\n \n5708621\n.\nPMID\n \n29190287\n.\n^\nWang N, Li SY, Yang XL, Huang HM, Zhang YJ, Guo H, Luo CM, Miller M, Zhu G, Chmura AA, Hagan E, Zhou JH, Zhang YZ, Wang LF, Daszak P, Shi ZL (2018).\n\"Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans\"\n.\nChina Virologica Sinica\n.\n33\n(1):\n104–\n107.\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/s12250-018-0012-7\n.\nPMC\n \n6178078\n.\nPMID\n \n29500691\n.\n^\n\"Reply to Science Magazine\"\n(PDF)\n.\nsciencemag.org\n: 9.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 6 December 2020\n. Retrieved\n2 March\n2022\n.\n^\nQiu J\n(11 March 2020).\n\"How China's \"Bat Woman\" Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus\"\n.\nScientific American\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 18 March 2020\n. Retrieved\n18 March\n2020\n.\n^\nRathore JS, Ghosh C (August 25, 2020).\n\"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview\"\n.\nPathogens and Disease\n.\n78\n(6).\ndoi\n:\n10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa042\n.\nISSN\n \n2049-632X\n.\nOCLC\n \n823140442\n.\nPMC\n \n7499575\n.\nPMID\n \n32840560\n.\n^\na\nb\nZhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. (March 2020).\n\"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin\"\n.\nNature\n.\n579\n(7798):\n270–\n273.\nBibcode\n:\n2020Natur.579..270Z\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7\n.\nISSN\n \n1476-4687\n.\nPMC\n \n7095418\n.\nPMID\n \n32015507\n.\n^\nBuckley C, Steven Lee Myers (1 February 2020).\n\"As New Coronavirus Spread, China's Old Habits Delayed Fight\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 19 March 2020\n. Retrieved\n3 February\n2020\n.\n^\nCohen J (1 February 2020).\n\"Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak's origins\"\n.\nScience\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 3 February 2020\n. Retrieved\n4 February\n2020\n.\nThe viral sequences, most researchers say, also knock down the idea the pathogen came from a virology institute in Wuhan.\n^\n\"A letter to all staff and graduate students\"\n.\nWIV Official Website\n(in Chinese). 19 February 2020. Archived from\nthe original\non 26 April 2020\n. Retrieved\n24 May\n2020\n.\n^\n\"China Wants to Patent Gilead's Experimental Coronavirus Drug\"\n.\nBloomberg News\n. 5 February 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 6 February 2020\n. Retrieved\n5 February\n2020\n.\n^\nWang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G (4 February 2020).\n\"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro\"\n.\nNature\n.\n30\n(3):\n269–\n271.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0\n.\nPMC\n \n7054408\n.\nPMID\n \n32020029\n.\n^\nGrady D (6 February 2020).\n\"China Begins Testing an Antiviral Drug in Coronavirus Patients\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 8 February 2020\n. Retrieved\n8 February\n2020\n.\n^\nSubbaraman N (21 August 2020).\n\"\n'Heinous!': Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions\"\n.\nNature\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/d41586-020-02473-4\n.\nPMID\n \n32826989\n.\nS2CID\n \n225249608\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 14 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n12 February\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Under Political Pressure, NIH Blacklists Wuhan Virology Lab\"\n.\nAmerican Institute of Physics\n. 30 April 2020.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 22 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n12 February\n2021\n.\n^\n\"In Major Shift, NIH Admits Funding Risky Virus Research in Wuhan\"\n.\nVanity Fair\n. 22 October 2021.\n^\n\"NIH says grantee failed to report experiment in Wuhan that created a bat virus that made mice sicker\"\n.\n[[\nScience\n|Science]]\n. 21 October 2021.\n^\n\"Fauci stands by gain-of-function research denials, defends collaboration with Wuhan lab\"\n.\nThe Denver Gazette\n. 24 October 2021. Archived from\nthe original\non 21 May 2023\n. Retrieved\n26 October\n2021\n.\n^\n\"NIH Presses U.S. Nonprofit for Information on Wuhan Virology Lab\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n. Retrieved\n6 June\n2021\n.\n^\nGraham RL, Baric RS (2020).\n\"SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence\"\n.\nImmunity\n.\n52\n(5). Elsevier BV:\n734–\n736.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.016\n.\nISSN\n \n1074-7613\n.\nPMC\n \n7207110\n.\nPMID\n \n32392464\n. Retrieved\n19 March\n2025\n.\n^\nHakim MS (February 2021).\n\"SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories\"\n.\nRev Med Virol\n(Review).\n31\n(6) e2222.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/rmv.2222\n.\nPMC\n \n7995093\n.\nPMID\n \n33586302\n.\n^\nEvans NG (26 August 2020).\n\"Human Infection Challenge Studies: a Test for the Social Value Criterion of Research Ethics\"\n.\nmSphere\n.\n5\n(4).\ndoi\n:\n10.1128\/mSphere.00669-20\n.\nPMC\n \n7364225\n.\nPMID\n \n32669462\n.\nSome may verge on the unbelievable, such as the conspiracy theory that gain-of-function research conducted on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses in 2015 is connected to the emergence of COVID-19 that made it to British tabloids\n^\nGraham RL, Baric RS (May 2020).\n\"SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence\"\n.\nImmunity\n.\n52\n(5):\n734–\n736.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.016\n.\nPMC\n \n7207110\n.\nPMID\n \n32392464\n.\n^\nMaxmen A (27 May 2021).\n\"Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers\"\n.\nNature\n.\n594\n(7861):\n15–\n16.\nBibcode\n:\n2021Natur.594...15M\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/d41586-021-01383-3\n.\nPMID\n \n34045757\n.\nS2CID\n \n235232290\n.\npoliticians, journalists, talk-show hosts and some scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected\n^\n\"Australia called for a COVID-19 probe. China responded with a trade war\"\n.\nABC News\n. 2 January 2021\n. Retrieved\n27 July\n2021\n.\n^\nStanway D, Shen S (17 June 2021).\n\"China disease expert says COVID-19 origins probe should shift to U.S.- Global Times\"\n.\nReuters\n. Retrieved\n24 June\n2021\n.\n^\n\"The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a COVID Lab Leak\"\n.\nSnopes.com\n. Snopes. 16 July 2021\n. Retrieved\n21 July\n2021\n.\n^\nZheng-Li S (2021).\n\"Origins of SARS-CoV-2: Focusing on Science\"\n.\nInfectious Diseases & Immunity\n.\n1\n(1):\n3–\n4.\ndoi\n:\n10.1097\/ID9.0000000000000008\n.\nPMC\n \n8057312\n.\nPMID\n \n38630114\n.\n^\n\"Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. 9 February 2021.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 9 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n9 February\n2021\n.\nThe lab leak hypothesis is an extremely unlikely pathway for COVID-19 and will not require further study as part of their work in studying the origins of the virus, Embarek says.\n^\nMallapaty S, Maxmen A, Callaway E (10 February 2021). \"\n'Major stones unturned': COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists\".\nNature\n.\n590\n(7846):\n371–\n372.\nBibcode\n:\n2021Natur.590..371M\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/d41586-021-00375-7\n.\nPMID\n \n33574591\n.\nS2CID\n \n231901451\n.\n^\nFujiyama EW, Moritsugu K (11 February 2021).\n\"EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan\"\n.\nAP News\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 27 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n12 February\n2021\n.\n^\nMiller J, Nebehay S (31 March 2021).\n\"Data withheld from WHO team probing COVID-19 origins in China: Tedros\"\n.\nReuters\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 July 2021\n. Retrieved\n31 July\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Statement by President Joe Biden on the Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19\"\n.\nWhite House\n. 16 May 2021\n. Retrieved\n21 July\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Joe Biden, Boris Johnson call for further Covid-19 origins investigation in China\"\n.\nSMCP\n. 10 June 2021\n. Retrieved\n21 July\n2021\n.\n^\n\"WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open\"\n.\nWHO\n. 30 March 2021\n. Retrieved\n14 June\n2021\n.\n^\n\"WHO says all hypotheses still open in probe into virus origins\"\n.\nReuters\n. 12 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n14 June\n2021\n.\n^\nMaxmen A (27 May 2021).\n\"Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers\"\n.\nNature\n.\n594\n(7861):\n15–\n16.\nBibcode\n:\n2021Natur.594...15M\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/d41586-021-01383-3\n.\nPMID\n \n34045757\n.\nS2CID\n \n235232290\n.\nThe investigation concluded that an animal origin was much more likely than a lab leak. But since then, some politicians, journalists and scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected.\n^\nGorman J, Zimmer C (13 May 2021).\n\"Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 25 May 2021\n. Retrieved\n27 May\n2021\n.\n^\n\"WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak\"\n.\nAssociated Press News\n. 15 July 2021.\n^\nSee, for example, the following:\nTaylor A.\n\"Analysis - The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n.\nBeaumont P (27 May 2021).\n\"Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n.\nRogers A.\n\"The Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory Is a Tale of Weaponized Uncertainty\"\n.\nWired\n. Retrieved\n2 June\n2021\n.\nGraham RL, Baric RS (May 2020).\n\"SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence\"\n.\nImmunity\n.\n52\n(5):\n734–\n736.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.016\n.\nPMC\n \n7207110\n.\nPMID\n \n32392464\n.\nthe available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence\nBarh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, et al. (September 2020). \"Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2\".\nLe Infezioni in Medicina\n(in Italian).\n28\n(3):\n302–\n311.\nPMID\n \n32920565\n.\nConspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities.\nAdil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. (February 2021).\n\"SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19\"\n.\nPostgraduate Medical Journal\n.\n97\n(1144):\n110–\n116.\ndoi\n:\n10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-138386\n.\nPMC\n \n10016996\n.\nPMID\n \n32788312\n.\nS2CID\n \n221124011\n.\nthe findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population\nHakim MS (February 2021).\n\"SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories\"\n.\nReviews in Medical Virology\n.\n31\n(6) e2222.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/rmv.2222\n.\nPMC\n \n7995093\n.\nPMID\n \n33586302\n.\nThere is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2.\n^\nLanese N (26 June 2023).\n\"Declassified US intelligence report finds no evidence of coronavirus 'lab leak' from Wuhan institute\"\n.\nLive Science\n. Retrieved\n29 June\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Administration\"\n.\nWuhan Institute of Virology, CAS\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 29 July 2019\n. Retrieved\n26 January\n2020\n.\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nStreet level view of the Institute (Baidu Maps)","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wuhan+Institute+of+Virology \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wuhan+Institute+of+Virology \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology)\n- [1 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#History)\n- [2 Coronavirus research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#Coronavirus_research)\n  Toggle Coronavirus research subsection\n  - [2\\.1 SARS-related coronaviruses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#SARS-related_coronaviruses)\n  - [2\\.2 COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#COVID-19_pandemic)\n- [3 Virus speculations criticism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#Virus_speculations_criticism)\n- [4 Research centers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#Research_centers)\n- [5 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#See_also)\n- [6 Notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#Notes)\n- [7 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#References)\n- [8 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Wuhan Institute of Virology\n34 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA \"معهد ووهان لأبحاث الفيروسات – Arabic\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 \"উহান ভাইরাসবিজ্ঞান গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান – Bangla\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_de_Virologia_de_Wuhan \"Institut de Virologia de Wuhan – Catalan\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuchansk%C3%BD_institut_virologie \"Wuchanský institut virologie – Czech\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_for_virologi_i_Wuhan \"Institut for virologi i Wuhan – Danish\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Virologie_Wuhan \"Institut für Virologie Wuhan – German\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%99%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD \"Ερευνητικό Ινστιτούτο Ιολογίας της Ουχάν – Greek\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Instituto_de_Virolog%C3%ADa_de_Wuhan \"Instituto de Virología de Wuhan – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhani_Viroloogia_Instituut \"Wuhani Viroloogia Instituut – Estonian\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86 \"مؤسسه ویروس‌شناسی ووهان – Persian\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_de_virologie_de_Wuhan \"Institut de virologie de Wuhan – French\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94 \"מכון ווהאן לווירולוגיה – Hebrew\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_Virologi_Wuhan \"Institut Virologi Wuhan – Indonesian\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Istituto_di_virologia_di_Wuhan \"Istituto di virologia di Wuhan – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80 \"武漢ウイルス研究所 – Japanese\")\n- [Jawa](https:\/\/jv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_Virologi_Wuhan \"Institut Virologi Wuhan – Javanese\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EC%9A%B0%ED%95%9C_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C \"우한 바이러스 연구소 – Korean\")\n- [മലയാളം](https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF \"വുഹാൻ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് ഓഫ് വൈറോളജി – Malayalam\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_Virologi_Wuhan \"Institut Virologi Wuhan – Malay\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_institutt_for_virologi \"Wuhan institutt for virologi – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Instituto_de_Virologia_de_Wuhan \"Instituto de Virologia de Wuhan – Portuguese\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institutul_de_Virusologie_din_Wuhan \"Institutul de Virusologie din Wuhan – Romanian\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8 \"Уханьский институт вирусологии – Russian\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology \"Wuhan Institute of Virology – Simple English\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhans_virologiska_institut \"Wuhans virologiska institut – Swedish\")\n- 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to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\"): [30°22′35″N 114°15′45″E \/ 30\\.37639°N 114.26250°E \/ 30\\.37639; 114.26250](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&params=30_22_35_N_114_15_45_E_type:landmark_region:CN-42)\n\n[![Extended-protected article](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8c\/Extended-protection-shackle.svg\/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended \"This article is extended-confirmed-protected\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nResearch Institute in Wuhan, Hubei, China\n\nNot to be confused with [Wuhan Centre for Disease Control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Centre_for_Disease_Control \"Wuhan Centre for Disease Control\").\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所 |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/3\/36\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_logo.png\/250px-Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_logo.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_logo.png) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9a\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg\/250px-Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg) |   |\n| [![Map](https:\/\/maps.wikimedia.org\/img\/osm-intl,10,30.376388888889,114.2625,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&revid=1342464444&groups=_ca5642dba4b3aa063c9aa030a178d8100231a9ea&parser=legacy)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Map\/10\/30.376388888889\/114.2625\/en) |   |\n| Abbreviation | WIV |\n| Predecessor | Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory South China Institute of Microbiology Wuhan Microbiology Institute Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province |\n| Formation | 1956 |\n| Founder | Chen Huagui, Gao Shangyin |\n| Headquarters | Xiaohongshan, [Wuchang District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuchang_District \"Wuchang District\"), [Wuhan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan \"Wuhan\"), [Hubei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hubei \"Hubei\"), [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China \"China\") |\n| Coordinates | [30°22′35″N 114°15′45″E \/ 30\\.37639°N 114.26250°E \/ 30\\.37639; 114.26250](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&params=30_22_35_N_114_15_45_E_type:landmark_region:CN-42) |\n| Director-General | [Wang Yanyi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Yanyi \"Wang Yanyi\") |\n| [Party Committee Secretary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Party_Committee_Secretary \"Party Committee Secretary\") | Xiao Gengfu[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-1) |\n| Deputy Director-General | Gong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu |\n| Parent organization | [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences \"Chinese Academy of Sciences\") |\n| Staff | 295[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-2) (2014) |\n| Website | [english.whiov.cas.cn](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q30292611#P856 \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |\n\n| Wuhan Institute of Virology |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Simplified Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simplified_Chinese_characters \"Simplified Chinese characters\") | [中国](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD \"wikt:中国\")[科学院](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2 \"wikt:科学院\")[武汉](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89 \"wikt:武汉\")[病毒](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92 \"wikt:病毒\")[研究所](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80 \"wikt:研究所\") |\n| [Traditional Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Chinese_characters \"Traditional Chinese characters\") | 中國科學院武漢病毒研究所 |\n| Transcriptions |   |\n| [Standard Mandarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Chinese \"Standard Chinese\") |   |\n| [Hanyu Pinyin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanyu_Pinyin \"Hanyu Pinyin\") | Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ |\n\nThe **Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences** (**WIV**; [Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simplified_Chinese_characters \"Simplified Chinese characters\"): 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所) is a research institute on [virology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virology \"Virology\") under the Wuhan Branch of the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences \"Chinese Academy of Sciences\").[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-4) Located in [Jiangxia District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jiangxia_District \"Jiangxia District\"), [Wuhan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan \"Wuhan\"), [Hubei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hubei \"Hubei\"), it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first [biosafety level 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biosafety_level_4 \"Biosafety level 4\") (BSL-4) laboratory[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) in 2018. The institute has collaborated with the [Galveston National Laboratory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galveston_National_Laboratory \"Galveston National Laboratory\") in the United States, the [Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centre_International_de_Recherche_en_Infectiologie \"Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie\") in France, and the [National Microbiology Laboratory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Microbiology_Laboratory \"National Microbiology Laboratory\") in Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of [coronaviruses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus \"Coronavirus\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-6)\n\n## History\nThe WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences \"Chinese Academy of Sciences\") (CAS). It was established by scientists Gao Shangyin, a graduate of [Soochow University (Suzhou)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soochow_University_\$Suzhou\$ \"Soochow University (Suzhou)\"),[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-7) and Chen Huagui.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-8) In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-9)\n\nIn 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-10) [biosafety level 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biosafety_level_4 \"Biosafety level 4\") (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US\\$44 million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government's [CIRI lab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centre_International_de_Recherche_en_Infectiologie \"Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-11)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-12) The new laboratory building has 3000 m2 of BSL-4 space, and also 20 [BSL-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BSL_2 \"BSL 2\") and two [BSL-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BSL_3 \"BSL 3\") laboratories.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WHO-13) The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for [Conformity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conformity \"Conformity\") Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-14) The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the institute investigates highly dangerous viruses, such as [SARS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS \"SARS\"), [influenza H5N1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Influenza_H5N1 \"Influenza H5N1\"), [Japanese encephalitis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_encephalitis \"Japanese encephalitis\"), and [dengue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dengue \"Dengue\").[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-Shoham-15)\n\nThe National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the [Galveston National Laboratory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galveston_National_Laboratory \"Galveston National Laboratory\") in the [University of Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Texas \"University of Texas\").[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WPO-16) It also had ties with [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada \"Canada\")'s [National Microbiology Laboratory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Microbiology_Laboratory \"National Microbiology Laboratory\") until WIV staff scientists [Xiangguo Qiu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xiangguo_Qiu \"Xiangguo Qiu\") and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-cbcqiu-17) Researchers from the WIV have, in the past, collaborated with international scientists in the creation of [chimeric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimera_\$virus\$ \"Chimera (virus)\") coronavirus.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature_medicine_201511-18) Some researchers (notably Richard Ebright) believe this work falls under the definition of [gain of function](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mutation \"Mutation\") research, but many other experts dispute this classification.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-FactCheckGoF-19)\n\nA number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. Many Wuhan lab staff were trained at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) Researchers were also trained in Australia, Canada, the United States and then in-house before the lab was operational.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WHO-13) Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist [Richard H. Ebright](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_H._Ebright \"Richard H. Ebright\"), who had expressed concern of [previous escapes of the SARS virus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_laboratory_biosecurity \"List of accidents and incidents involving laboratory biosecurity\") at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) called the institute a \"world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology\" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WPO-16)\n\n## Coronavirus research\n### SARS-related coronaviruses\nIn 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the [SARS coronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS_coronavirus \"SARS coronavirus\"), finding that China's [horseshoe bats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horseshoe_bat \"Horseshoe bat\") are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-20) Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2017-21)\n\nIn 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether [a bat coronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SHC014-CoV \"SHC014-CoV\") could be made to infect a human cell line ([HeLa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HeLa \"HeLa\")). The team engineered a [hybrid virus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimera_\$virus\$ \"Chimera (virus)\"), combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature_medicine_201511-18)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2015bat-22)\n\nIn 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in [Yunnan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yunnan \"Yunnan\") contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of \"the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS\".[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2017-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-23)\n\nIn 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a [serological](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serology \"Serology\") study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in [Jinning District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jinning_District \"Jinning District\") of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-24)\n\nPrior to and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, [coronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus \"Coronavirus\") research at the WIV has been conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-25)\n\n### COVID-19 pandemic\nSee also: [COVID-19 misinformation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation \"COVID-19 misinformation\") and [Investigations into the origin of COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 \"Investigations into the origin of COVID-19\")\n\nIn December 2019, cases of [pneumonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pneumonia \"Pneumonia\") associated with an unknown [coronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus \"Coronavirus\") were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to [RaTG13](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RaTG13 \"RaTG13\"), a virus its researchers had discovered in [horseshoe bats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horseshoe_bat \"Horseshoe bat\") in southwest China.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-26)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-RathoreSingh-27)\n\nAs the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, a team led by [Shi Zhengli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi_Zhengli \"Shi Zhengli\") at the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the [novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novel_coronavirus_\$2019-nCoV\$ \"Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)\"), upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-zhoup-28)[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-29)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-30) and publish papers in *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-zhoup-28) On 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-31) In February 2020, in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights,[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-32) the institute applied for a patent in China for the use of [remdesivir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Remdesivir \"Remdesivir\"), an experimental drug owned by [Gilead Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilead_Sciences \"Gilead Sciences\"), which the institute found inhibited the virus [in vitro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_vitro \"In vitro\").[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-33) The WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights \"if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China's epidemic.\"[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-34)\n\nIn April 2020, the [Trump administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump \"First presidency of Donald Trump\") terminated an [NIH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NIH \"NIH\") grant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-35)[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-36) New York-based, NIH–funded [EcoHealth Alliance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EcoHealth_Alliance \"EcoHealth Alliance\") has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-37)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-38)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-39) Under political pressure, the [National Institutes of Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") (NIH) withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-40)\n\n[Ralph Baric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ralph_Baric \"Ralph Baric\") and Rachel Graham wrote in 2020 that the large collections of bat virome samples stored at the facility, its close proximity to the early outbreak, and questions about its operating procedures, could fuel \"speculation\" about the institute's role in the [origin of COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Origin_of_COVID-19 \"Origin of COVID-19\").[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-41)\n\n## Virus speculations criticism\nMain article: [COVID-19 lab leak theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory \"COVID-19 lab leak theory\")\n\nThe laboratory has been the focus of conspiracy theories[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-Hakim-42)[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-43) and unsubstantiated speculation about the origin of the virus.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-grahamb:20-44)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-45) This has been a source of political tension between China and other countries, including Australia[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-46) and the United States.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-47) There have been allegations that the initial outbreak was provoked by either [manipulation or accidental release of a virus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lab_leak_hypothesis \"COVID-19 lab leak hypothesis\") held in the WIV facilities, and that the participants may have conspired to cover it up.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-48) Shi Zhengli denied that there was a connection between the WIV and the emergence of COVID-19.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-49) In February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team said a [laboratory leak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laboratory_leak \"Laboratory leak\") origin for COVID-19 was \"extremely unlikely\",[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-50)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-51) confirming what experts expected about the likely origins and early transmission.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-APNews20210211-52) However, WHO Director-General [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus \"Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus\") said that the report's conclusions were not definitive and data had been withheld from investigators.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-reuters_tedros-53) In response to the report, politicians, including [Joe Biden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\")[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-54) and [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\"),[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-55) as well as Ghebreyesus, have called for further investigations into the origins of COVID-19.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-56)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-57)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-58)[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-59)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-60) The scientific opinion that an accidental leak is possible, but unlikely, has remained steady.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-61)[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-62)\n\n## Research centers\nThe Institute contains the following research centers:[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-63)\n\n- Center for Emerging Infectious Disease\n- Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center\n- Center of Applied and Environmental Microbiology\n- Department of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology\n- Department of Molecular Virology\n## See also\n- [Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention\")\n- [Investigations into the origin of COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 \"Investigations into the origin of COVID-19\")\n- [Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Origins_of_Novel_Pathogens \"Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens\")\n- [Zoonosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoonosis \"Zoonosis\")\n## Notes\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-10)** As of February 2017, there were already two BSL-4 labs in [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan \"Taiwan\").[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5)\n## References\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-1)**\n   [\"Current leader\" 现任领导](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200224142240\/http:\/\/www.whiov.ac.cn\/jggk_105204\/xrld\/201312\/t20131227_4006476.html)\n   \n   . *Wuhan Institute of Virology, www.whiov.ac.cn*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.whiov.ac.cn\/jggk_105204\/xrld\/201312\/t20131227_4006476.html) on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020. \"Wang Yanyi, born in 1981, PhD, researcher. She is currently the director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the leader of the molecular immunology discipline group... Xiao Gengfu, born in 1966, PhD, researcher. Current Secretary of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology...\"\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-2)**\n   [\"Spotlight on Wuhan\"](https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nj0447). *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*. 13 May 2015. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/nj0447](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnj0447). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1476-4687](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1476-4687). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7095288](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7095288). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [214693785](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:214693785).\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK). *Reuters*. 17 December 2020. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210330110537\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK) from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-4)** [\"About Us: Brief introduction\"](http:\/\/english.whb.cas.cn\/au\/bi\/). Wuhan Branch. Chinese Academy of Sciences.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-5)\n   Cyranoski D (23 February 2017). [\"Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature.2017.21487). *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*. **542** (7642): 399–400\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2017Natur.542..399C](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2017Natur.542..399C). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/nature.2017.21487](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature.2017.21487). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [28230144](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28230144).\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-6)**\n   Qiu J (1 June 2020). [\"How China's 'Bat Woman' Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus\"](https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1\/). *Scientific American*. Retrieved 5 January 2024.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Biography of Professor Gao Shangyin\"](https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/299345593). Retrieved 27 May 2022.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-8)**\n   [\"About WIV----Wuhan Institute of Virology\"](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/About_Us2016\/Brief_Introduction2016\/).\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"History\"](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/About_Us2016\/History2016\/). *Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190729180122\/http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/About_Us2016\/History2016\/) from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"Inside the Wuhan lab: French engineering, deadly viruses and a big mystery\"](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/asia_pacific\/wuhan-lab-covid-china\/2021\/09\/07\/f293325c-fb11-11eb-911c-524bc8b68f17_story.html). *The Washington Post*.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-12)**\n    [\"China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160303215545\/http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/News\/Events\/201502\/t20150203_135923.html). Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/News\/Events\/201502\/t20150203_135923.html) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.\n12. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-WHO_13-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-WHO_13-1) [Report of the WHO Consultative Meeting on High\/Maximum Containment (Biosafety Level 4) Laboratories Networking, Lyon, France, 13–15 December 2017](https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/311625\/WHO-WHE-CPI-2018.40-eng.pdf?sequence=1) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210208090926\/https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/311625\/WHO-WHE-CPI-2018.40-eng.pdf?sequence=1) 8 February 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO\/WHE\/CPI\/2018.40).\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-14)**\n    [\"China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201210014041\/http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2018-01\/04\/c_136872077.htm). *xinhuanet*. 4 January 2018. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2018-01\/04\/c_136872077.htm) on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-Shoham_15-0)** Dany Shoham (2015) China's Biological Warfare Programme: An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 April–June 2015, pp. 131–156 [China's Biological Warfare Programme. An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities](https:\/\/idsa.in\/system\/files\/jds\/jds_9_2_2015_DanyShoham.pdf) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210210162222\/https:\/\/idsa.in\/system\/files\/jds\/jds_9_2_2015_DanyShoham.pdf) 10 February 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-WPO_16-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-WPO_16-1)\n    Taylor A (29 January 2020). [\"Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research\"](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2020\/01\/29\/experts-debunk-fringe-theory-linking-chinas-coronavirus-weapons-research\/). *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200131154230\/https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2020\/01\/29\/experts-debunk-fringe-theory-linking-chinas-coronavirus-weapons-research\/) from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-cbcqiu_17-0)**\n    Pauls K (15 July 2019). [\"University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab\"](https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/manitoba\/lab-researcher-rcmp-national-microbiology-lab-1.5212851). [CBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CBC_News \"CBC News\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200415064232\/https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/manitoba\/lab-researcher-rcmp-national-microbiology-lab-1.5212851) from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-nature_medicine_201511_18-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-nature_medicine_201511_18-1)\n    Vineet D Menachery, Boyd L Yount, Kari Debbink, et al. (9 November 2015). [\"A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4797993). *[Nature medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_Medicine \"Nature Medicine\")*. **21** (12): 1508–1513\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/NM.3985](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2FNM.3985). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1078-8956](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1078-8956). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [4797993](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4797993). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [26552008](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26552008). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [5953778](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:5953778). [Wikidata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WDQ_\$identifier\$ \"WDQ (identifier)\") [Q36702376](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q36702376 \"d:Q36702376\").\n    \n    [(erratum)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q56781330 \"d:Q56781330\")\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-FactCheckGoF_19-0)**\n    Robertson L (1 July 2021). [\"The Wuhan Lab and the Gain-of-Function Disagreement\"](https:\/\/www.factcheck.org\/2021\/05\/the-wuhan-lab-and-the-gain-of-function-disagreement\/). 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[PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [8057312](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8057312). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [38630114](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38630114).\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-50)**\n    [\"Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/live\/2021\/feb\/09\/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396). *The Guardian*. 9 February 2021. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210209201752\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/live\/2021\/feb\/09\/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021. \"The lab leak hypothesis is an extremely unlikely pathway for COVID-19 and will not require further study as part of their work in studying the origins of the virus, Embarek says.\"\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-51)**\n    Mallapaty S, Maxmen A, Callaway E (10 February 2021). \"'Major stones unturned': COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists\". *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*. **590** (7846): 371–372\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2021Natur.590..371M](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2021Natur.590..371M). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/d41586-021-00375-7](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-00375-7). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33574591](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33574591). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [231901451](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:231901451).\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-APNews20210211_52-0)**\n    Fujiyama EW, Moritsugu K (11 February 2021). [\"EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan\"](https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05). *AP News*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210227100554\/https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-reuters_tedros_53-0)**\n    Miller J, Nebehay S (31 March 2021). [\"Data withheld from WHO team probing COVID-19 origins in China: Tedros\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S). *[Reuters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuters \"Reuters\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210731031020\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S) from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.\n53. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-54)**\n    [\"Statement by President Joe Biden on the Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19\"](https:\/\/bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2021\/05\/26\/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-the-investigation-into-the-origins-of-covid-19\/). *[White House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House \"White House\")*. 16 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-55)**\n    [\"Joe Biden, Boris Johnson call for further Covid-19 origins investigation in China\"](https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/diplomacy\/article\/3136810\/eu-leaders-call-complete-access-china-full-covid-19-origins). *SMCP*. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-56)**\n    [\"WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open\"](https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/30-03-2021-who-calls-for-further-studies-data-on-origin-of-sars-cov-2-virus-reiterates-that-all-hypotheses-remain-open). *WHO*. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-57)**\n    [\"WHO says all hypotheses still open in probe into virus origins\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-china-probe-idUSKBN2AC1UV). *Reuters*. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-58)**\n    Maxmen A (27 May 2021). [\"Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01383-3). *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*. **594** (7861): 15–16\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2021Natur.594...15M](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2021Natur.594...15M). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/d41586-021-01383-3](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01383-3). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [34045757](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34045757). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [235232290](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:235232290). \"The investigation concluded that an animal origin was much more likely than a lab leak. But since then, some politicians, journalists and scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected.\"\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-59)**\n    Gorman J, Zimmer C (13 May 2021). [\"Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/05\/13\/science\/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210525212823\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/05\/13\/science\/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html) from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-60)**\n    [\"WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak\"](https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/joe-biden-world-news-health-science-coronavirus-pandemic-c0c594f9060f676c0ea48c2d1c69daec). *Associated Press News*. 15 July 2021.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-61)**\n    See, for example, the following:\n    \n    - Taylor A. [\"Analysis - The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing\"](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2021\/05\/27\/wuhan-lab-theory-evidence\/). *The Washington Post*.\n    - Beaumont P (27 May 2021). [\"Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/may\/27\/did-covid-come-from-a-wuhan-lab-what-we-know-so-far). *The Guardian*.\n    - Rogers A. [\"The Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory Is a Tale of Weaponized Uncertainty\"](https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/covid-19-lab-leak-theory-weaponized-uncertainty\/). *Wired*. Retrieved 2 June 2021.\n    - Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). [\"SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7207110). *Immunity*. **52** (5): 734–736\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.016](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2020.04.016). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7207110](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7207110). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32392464](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32392464). \"the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence\"\n    - Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, et al. (September 2020). \"Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2\". *Le Infezioni in Medicina* (in Italian). **28** (3): 302–311\\. [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32920565](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32920565). \"Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities.\"\n    - Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. (February 2021). [\"SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10016996). *Postgraduate Medical Journal*. **97** (1144): 110–116\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-138386](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fpostgradmedj-2020-138386). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [10016996](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10016996). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32788312](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32788312). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [221124011](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:221124011). \"the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population\"\n    - Hakim MS (February 2021). [\"SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7995093). *Reviews in Medical Virology*. **31** (6) e2222. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1002\/rmv.2222](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Frmv.2222). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7995093](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7995093). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33586302](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33586302). \"There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2.\"\n61. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-62)**\n    Lanese N (26 June 2023). [\"Declassified US intelligence report finds no evidence of coronavirus 'lab leak' from Wuhan institute\"](https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/health\/coronavirus\/declassified-us-intelligence-report-finds-no-evidence-of-coronavirus-lab-leak-from-wuhan-institute). *[Live Science](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live_Science \"Live Science\")*. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-63)**\n    [\"Administration\"](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/About_Us2016\/Administration2016\/). *Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190729175613\/http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/About_Us2016\/Administration2016\/) from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.\n## External links\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Wuhan Institute of Virology](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology \"commons:Category:Wuhan Institute of Virology\").\n\n[Library resources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library \"Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library\") about   \n **Wuhan Institute of Virology**\n***\n\n- [Resources in your library](https:\/\/ftl.toolforge.org\/cgi-bin\/ftl?st=wp&su=Wuhan+Institute+of+Virology)\n- [Resources in other libraries](https:\/\/ftl.toolforge.org\/cgi-bin\/ftl?st=wp&su=Wuhan+Institute+of+Virology&library=0CHOOSE0)\n\n- [Official website](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/) [![Edit this at 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[v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic \"Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:COVID-19_pandemic \"Special:EditPage\/Template:COVID-19 pandemic\")[COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| **[COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\")** (disease) **[SARS-CoV-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2 \"SARS-CoV-2\")** (virus) |   |\n| [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Pre-pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Severe acute respiratory syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS \"SARS\") (SARS) [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MERS \"MERS\") (MERS) [Crimson Contagion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimson_Contagion \"Crimson Contagion\") [Disease X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disease_X \"Disease X\") [Exercise Cygnus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exercise_Cygnus \"Exercise Cygnus\") [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019\") |\n| 2020 | [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020\") |\n| 2021 | [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021\") |\n| 2022 | [January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022\") [February](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022\") [March](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022\") [April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022\") [May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022\") [June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022\") [July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022\") [August](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022\") [September](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022\") [October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 \"Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022\") [November](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022\") [December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022\") |\n| 2023 | [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023\") |\n| [Locations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory \"COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Africa\")([national responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa \"National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa\")) |   |\n|   |   |\n| Northern | [Algeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria\") [Canary Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands\") [Ceuta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt \"COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt\") [Libya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya \"COVID-19 pandemic in Libya\") [Mauritania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania\") [Melilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla \"COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla\") [Morocco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco \"COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco\") [Sudan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan\") [Tunisia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia\") [Western Sahara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara \"COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara\") [Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic\") |\n| Eastern | [Burundi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi\") [Comoros](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros\") [Djibouti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti \"COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti\") [Eritrea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea\") [Ethiopia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia\") [Kenya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya\") [Madagascar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar\") [Mauritius](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius\") [Mayotte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte\") [Réunion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union \"COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion\") [Rwanda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda\") [Seychelles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles \"COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles\") [Somalia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia\") [Puntland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland\") [Somaliland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland\") [South Sudan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan\") [Tanzania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania\") [Uganda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda\") |\n| Southern | [Angola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola \"COVID-19 pandemic in Angola\") [Botswana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana\") [Eswatini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini \"COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini\") [Lesotho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho\") [Malawi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi\") [Mozambique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique\") [Namibia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia\") [South Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa\") [list of deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa \"List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa\") [Zambia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia\") [Zimbabwe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe\") |\n| Central | [Cameroon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon\") [Central African Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic\") [Chad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chad\") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") [Republic of the Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo\") [Gabon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon\") [São Tomé and Príncipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe \"COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe\") |\n| Western | [Benin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin \"COVID-19 pandemic in Benin\") [Burkina Faso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso \"COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso\") [Cape Verde](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde\") [Equatorial Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea\") [Gambia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia\") [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana\") timeline 2020 [March–July](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\$March%E2%80%93July_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)\") [August–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\$August%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") impact [education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana\") [Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea\") [Guinea-Bissau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau\") [Ivory Coast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast\") [Liberia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia\") [Mali](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mali\") [Niger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger \"COVID-19 pandemic in Niger\") [Nigeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\") [Senegal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal\") [Sierra Leone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone\") [Togo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo \"COVID-19 pandemic in Togo\") |\n| [Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Asia\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Central\/North | [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan\") [Kyrgyzstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") timeline [January–June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)\") [July–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)\") impact [economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [political](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia\") [Tajikistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan\") [Turkmenistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan\") [Uzbekistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan\") |\n| East |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong\") [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Japan\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan\") [Tokyo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo\") [2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics \"COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics\") [North Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea\") [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea\") [Macau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Macau\") [Mongolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia\") [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan\") [respirator diplomacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan \"Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan\") |   |\n| [Mainland China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China \"COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China\") | [lockdown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China \"COVID-19 lockdown in China\") [detail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China (page does not exist)\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China \"COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China\") [Beijing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing \"COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing\") [2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics \"COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics\") [Heilongjiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang \"COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang\") [Henan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Henan\") [Hubei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei\") [Inner Mongolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia\") [Liaoning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning \"COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning\") [Shanghai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai \"COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai\") [2022 outbreak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak \"2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak\") [Sichuan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan\") [Tibet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet\") [Xinjiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang \"COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang\") |\n| [South](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Afghanistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan\") [Bangladesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh\") [Bhutan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan\") [Maldives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives\") [Nepal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal\") [Pakistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan\") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan \"2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan\") [Sri Lanka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka\") |   |\n| [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"COVID-19 pandemic in India\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") [lockdown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India \"COVID-19 lockdown in India\") [migrant workers' crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") timeline 2020 [January–May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\$January%E2%80%93May_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)\") [June–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\$June%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)\") [union government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [PM CARES Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PM_CARES_Fund \"PM CARES Fund\") [state government responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India \"COVID-19 vaccination in India\") [Vaccine Maitri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_Maitri \"Vaccine Maitri\") |   |\n| By location | [Andaman and Nicobar Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands\") [Andhra Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh\") [Arunachal Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh\") [Assam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Assam\") [Bihar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar\") [Chandigarh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh\") [Chhattisgarh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh\") [Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu\") [Delhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi\") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi \"2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi\") [Goa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Goa\") [Gujarat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat\") [Haryana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana\") [Himachal Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh\") [Jammu and Kashmir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir\") [Jharkhand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand\") [Karnataka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka \"COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka\") [Kerala](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala\") [Ladakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh\") [Lakshadweep](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep\") [Madhya Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh\") [Maharashtra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra\") [Manipur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur \"COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur\") [Meghalaya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya \"COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya\") [Mizoram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram\") [Nagaland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland\") [Odisha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha \"COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha\") [Puducherry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry\") [Punjab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India \"COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India\") [Rajasthan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan\") [Sikkim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim\") [Tamil Nadu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu\") [Telangana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana\") [Tripura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura\") [Uttar Pradesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh\") [Uttarakhand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand\") [West Bengal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal \"COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal\") |\n| [Southeast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Brunei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei \"COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei\") [Cambodia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia\") [Indonesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia\") timeline [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)\") [social restrictions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions \"Indonesia large-scale social restrictions\") [Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement \"Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement\") [Laos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos \"COVID-19 pandemic in Laos\") [Myanmar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar\") [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)\") [circuit breaker response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures \"2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore\") [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand \"COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand \"COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand\") [Timor-Leste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Timor-Leste \"COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") | impact [social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [political](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia\") [Aid and relief efforts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [movement control order](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysian_movement_control_order \"Malaysian movement control order\") [Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia \"2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\$2023\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [Johor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor \"COVID-19 pandemic in Johor\") [Kuala Lumpur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur\") [Sabah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah\") [Sarawak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak\") [Selangor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor \"COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor\") |\n| [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines\") | timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [community quarantines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines\") [Luzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon \"Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon\") [evacuations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines\") [Bangsamoro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro\") [Bicol Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region\") [Cagayan Valley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley\") [Calabarzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon\") [Caraga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga \"COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga\") [Central Luzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon\") [Central Visayas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas\") [Cordillera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region\") [Davao Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region\") [Eastern Visayas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas\") [Ilocos Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region\") [Metro Manila](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila \"COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila\") [Mimaropa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa\") [Northern Mindanao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao\") [Soccsksargen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen \"COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen\") [Western Visayas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas\") [Zamboanga Peninsula](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula \"COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula\") [Overseas Filipinos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| West | [Armenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia\") [Azerbaijan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan\") [Artsakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh\") [Bahrain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain\") [Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus\") [Northern Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt \"COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt\") [Georgia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\$country\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)\") [Abkhazia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia\") [South Ossetia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia\") [Iran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iran\") [Iraq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq\") [Kurdistan Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel \"COVID-19 pandemic in Israel\") [Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan\") [Kuwait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait\") [Lebanon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon\") [Oman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oman\") [Palestine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine \"COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine\") [Qatar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar\") [Saudi Arabia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia \"COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia\") [Syria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Syria\") [Turkey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates\") [Yemen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen \"COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen\") |\n| [Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Europe\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") timeline [January–June 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)\") [July–December 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)\") [January–June 2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$January%E2%80%93June_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)\") [July–December 2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$July%E2%80%93December_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)\") [January–June 2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$January%E2%80%93June_2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)\") [July–December 2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$July%E2%80%93December_2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\$2023\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)\") [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Broadshare \"Operation Broadshare\") [Operation Rescript](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Rescript \"Operation Rescript\") [contracts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom\") impact [social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom\") |   |\n| By location | [England](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England \"COVID-19 pandemic in England\") timeline 2020 [January–June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)\") [July–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)\") [London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London \"COVID-19 pandemic in London\") [local lockdown regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England \"COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England\") [first tier regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England \"First COVID-19 tier regulations in England\") [Northern Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)\") [Scotland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)\") [Wales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wales\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)\") [Crown Dependencies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies\") [Isle of Man](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man\") [Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey\") [Guernsey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey\") [Overseas territories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories\") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia\") [British Indian Ocean Territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory\") [Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar\") |\n| Eastern | [Belarus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)\") [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan\") [Moldova](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova \"COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova\") [Gagauzia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia\") [Transnistria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") timeline [January–June 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$January%E2%80%93June_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)\") [July–December 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\$July%E2%80%93December_2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)\") [government responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [political impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia\") [Turkey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\") [Ukraine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine\") [Crimea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea\") [Sevastopol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol\") |\n| Western Balkans | [Albania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Albania\") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina\") [Kosovo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo\") [Montenegro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro\") [North Macedonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia\") [Serbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia\") |\n| [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Austria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Austria\") [Belgium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium \"COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria\") [Croatia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia\") [Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus\") [Northern Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus \"COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus\") [Czech Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic\") [Denmark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark \"COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark\") [Faroe Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands\") [Estonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia\") [Finland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Finland\") [Åland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land \"COVID-19 pandemic in Åland\") [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France \"COVID-19 pandemic in France\") [Guadeloupe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe\") [French Guiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana\") [Réunion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union \"COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion\") [Martinique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique \"COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique\") [Mayotte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte\") [Normandy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy \"COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy\") [Saint Martin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany \"COVID-19 pandemic in Germany\") [North Rhine-Westphalia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece \"COVID-19 pandemic in Greece\") [Hungary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy \"COVID-19 pandemic in Italy\") [lockdowns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy \"COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy\") [Latvia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia\") [Lithuania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania\") [Luxembourg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg \"COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg\") [Malta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Malta\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Poland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Poland\") [Portugal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal\") [Romania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Romania\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania\") [Slovakia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia\") [Slovenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia\") [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain \"COVID-19 pandemic in Spain\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain\") [Asturias](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias \"COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias\") [Canary Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands\") [Ceuta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta\") [Community of Madrid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid\") [Melilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla \"COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla\") [Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Operation Gloria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Gloria \"Operation Gloria\") |\n| EFTA countries | [Iceland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland\") [Liechtenstein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein \"COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein\") [Norway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway \"COVID-19 pandemic in Norway\") [Svalbard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard \"COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard\") [Switzerland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland\") |\n| Microstates | [Andorra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra \"COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra\") [Monaco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco \"COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco\") [San Marino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino \"COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino\") [Vatican City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City\") |\n| [North America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America \"COVID-19 pandemic in North America\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Atlantic | [Bermuda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda\") [Greenland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland\") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon\") |\n| Canada | [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [federal aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada \"COVID-19 vaccination in Canada\") [military response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Laser \"Operation Laser\") [Atlantic Bubble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Bubble \"Atlantic Bubble\") [Alberta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta \"COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta\") [British Columbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia \"COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia\") [Manitoba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba\") [New Brunswick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick\") [Newfoundland and Labrador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador \"COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador\") [Northwest Territories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories\") [Nova Scotia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia\") [Nunavut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut\") [Ontario](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)\") [Ottawa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa\") [Peel Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel\") [Toronto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto \"COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto\") [York Region](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York\") [Provincial government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario \"Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario\") [Vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario\") [Prince Edward Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island\") [Quebec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec \"COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec\") [Montreal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal\") [boroughs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Saskatchewan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan\") [Yukon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon\") |\n| Caribbean |   |\n|   |   |\n| Countries | [Antigua and Barbuda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda \"COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda\") [Bahamas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas\") [Barbados](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados \"COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados\") [Cuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba\") [Guantanamo Bay Naval Base](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base\") [Dominica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica\") [Dominican Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic\") [Grenada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada \"COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada\") [Haiti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti \"COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti\") [Jamaica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica\") [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis\") [Saint Lucia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia\") [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\") [Trinidad and Tobago](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago \"COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago\") |\n| [British Overseas Territories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories\") | [Anguilla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla \"COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla\") [British Virgin Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands\") [Cayman Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands\") [Montserrat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat\") [Turks and Caicos Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands\") [response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Broadshare \"Operation Broadshare\") |\n|   |   |\n| [Aruba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba\") [Curaçao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao \"COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao\") [Sint Maarten](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten\") |   |\n| Caribbean Netherlands | [Bonaire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire\") [Saba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saba\") [Sint Eustatius](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius \"COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius\") |\n| French West Indies | [Guadeloupe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe\") [Martinique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique \"COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique\") [Saint Barthélemy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy\") [Saint Martin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin\") |\n| US insular areas | [Puerto Rico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico\") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands\") |\n| Central America | [Belize](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize \"COVID-19 pandemic in Belize\") [Costa Rica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica\") [El Salvador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador \"COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador\") [Guatemala](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala\") [Honduras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras \"COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras\") [Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico\") [vaccination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico \"COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico\") [Nicaragua](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua\") [Panama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama \"COVID-19 pandemic in Panama\") |\n| [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Trump administration communication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic\") timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)\") [social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [2021 hospital crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19 \"2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19\") |   |\n| [responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [federal government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [state and local governments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [California government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [New York government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Texas government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Eastern States Multi-state Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council \"Eastern States Multi-state Council\") [Midwest Governors Regional Pact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact \"Midwest Governors Regional Pact\") [Western States Pact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_States_Pact \"Western States Pact\") |\n| By location | [Alabama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama \"COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama\") [Alaska](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska \"COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska\") [American Samoa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa \"COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa\") [Arizona](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona\") [Navajo Nation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation\") [Arkansas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas\") [California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California \"COVID-19 pandemic in California\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California\") [S.F. Bay Area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area \"COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area\") [Colorado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado \"COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado\") [Connecticut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut \"COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut\") [Delaware](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware \"COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware\") [Florida](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida \"COVID-19 pandemic in Florida\") [Georgia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\$U.S._state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)\") [Guam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guam\") [Hawaii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii\") [Idaho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho \"COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho\") [Illinois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois \"COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois\") [Indiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana\") [Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa\") [Kansas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas\") [Kentucky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky\") [Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana\") [Maine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maine\") [Maryland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland\") [Massachusetts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts \"COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts\") [Boston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston \"COVID-19 pandemic in Boston\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston\") [Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan\") [Minnesota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota \"COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota\") [Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi \"COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi\") [Missouri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri \"COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri\") [Montana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Montana\") [Nebraska](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska\") [Nevada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada\") [New Hampshire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire\") [New Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey\") [New Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico\") [New York](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_\$state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)\") [New York City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City \"COVID-19 pandemic in New York City\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City\") [North Carolina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina\") [North Dakota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota \"COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota\") [Northern Mariana Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands\") [Ohio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio\") [Columbus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio \"COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio\") [Oklahoma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma\") [Oregon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon\") [Portland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon \"COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon\") [Pennsylvania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania\") [Philadelphia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia\") [Puerto Rico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico \"COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico\") [Rhode Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island\") [South Carolina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina\") [South Dakota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota\") [Tennessee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee\") [Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Texas\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas\") [Austin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas \"COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas\") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands\") [Utah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah \"COVID-19 pandemic in Utah\") [Vermont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont\") [Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia\") [Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_\$state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)\") [Washington, D.C.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C. \"COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.\") [White House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak \"White House COVID-19 outbreak\") [West Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia \"COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia\") [Wisconsin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin\") [Wyoming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming\") |\n| [Oceania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [American Samoa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa \"COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa\") [Cook Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands\") [Easter Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island\") [Federated States of Micronesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia\") [Fiji](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji \"COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji\") [French Polynesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia \"COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia\") [Guam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guam\") [Hawaii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii \"COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii\") [Kiribati](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati \"COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati\") [Marshall Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands\") [Nauru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru \"COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru\") [New Caledonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia\") [Niue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue \"COVID-19 pandemic in Niue\") [Northern Mariana Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands\") [Palau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Palau\") [Papua New Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea \"COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea\") [Bougainville](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville\") [Pitcairn Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands\") [Samoa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa \"COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa\") [Solomon Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands\") [Tokelau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau\") [Tonga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga\") [Tuvalu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu\") [Vanuatu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu \"COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu\") [Wallis and Futuna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna \"COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna\") |   |\n| [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Australia\") | timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)\") 2021 [January–June](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$January%E2%80%93June_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)\") [July–December](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$July%E2%80%93December_2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)\") [Australian Capital Territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory\") [Christmas Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island\") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_\$Keeling\$_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands\") [New South Wales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales \"COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales\") [Norfolk Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island\") [Northern Territory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory\") [Queensland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland \"COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland\") [South Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia \"COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia\") [Tasmania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania \"COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania\") [Victoria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria \"COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria\") [Western Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia\") |\n| [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") | timeline [2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2020\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)\") [2021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2021\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)\") [2022](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2022\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)\") [2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\$2023\$ \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)\") [economic impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [government response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Alert levels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand\") [Traffic light system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Protection_Framework \"COVID-19 Protection Framework\") [social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [managed isolation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand\") |\n| [South America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America \"COVID-19 pandemic in South America\") | [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina \"COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina\") [human rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina\") [Bolivia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia\") [Brazil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil \"COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil\") [São Paulo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_\$state\$ \"COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)\") [Chile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile \"COVID-19 pandemic in Chile\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile\") [Easter Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island \"COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island\") [Colombia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia \"Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia\") [Ecuador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador \"COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador\") [Falkland Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands\") [French Guiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana \"COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana\") [Guyana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana \"COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana\") [Paraguay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay \"COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay\") [Peru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru \"COVID-19 pandemic in Peru\") [statistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru \"Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru\") [Cusco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco \"COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco\") [Suriname](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname \"COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname\") [Uruguay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay \"COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay\") [Venezuela](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela \"COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela\") |\n| Others | [Antarctica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica \"COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica\") [Cruise ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships \"COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships\") [*Diamond Princess*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess \"COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess\") [*Grand Princess*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess \"COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess\") [Naval ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships \"COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships\") [*Charles de Gaulle*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle \"COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle\") [USS *Theodore Roosevelt*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt \"COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt\") |\n| [Impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Culture and  entertainment |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Arts and cultural heritage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage\") | [References in popular culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture \"COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture\") [Cinema](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema\") [films affected](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Corona-chan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona-chan \"Corona-chan\") [Disney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company\") [Fashion industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry\") [Music industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry\") [Performing arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts\") [Television](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television\") [U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States\") [U.S. sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting\") [programs affected](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Video games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry\") |\n| [Education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Female education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education\") [Homeschooling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| By country | [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom\") [exam grading controversy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy \"2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States\") |\n| [Sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Bio-secure bubble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bio-secure_bubble \"Bio-secure bubble\") |   |\n| By country | [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports\") |\n| By sport | [Association football](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football\") [Baseball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball\") [Basketball](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball\") [NBA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season \"Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season\") [Combat sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports\") [Cricket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket\") [Disc golf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf\") [Gaelic games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games\") [Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football\") [Ice hockey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey\") [Motorsport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport\") [Rugby league](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league\") |\n| Society  and rights |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Social impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Social media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media\") [Stigma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19 \"Social stigma associated with COVID-19\") [Children](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children\") [foster care in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States\") [Pandemic baking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pandemic_baking \"Pandemic baking\") |\n| Labor | [Healthcare workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers\") [Indian migrant workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Great Resignation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Resignation \"Great Resignation\") [Strikes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [Human rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina\") [Myanmar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"2021 Myanmar coup d'état\") |\n| Legal | [Abortion in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States\") [Crime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime\") [Domestic violence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence\") [Prisons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons\") [U.S. immigration detention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention \"COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention\") |\n| Minority | [Gender](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [LGBT community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community\") [African communities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities\") [Indian migrant workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers\") [Disability community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities\") [Native American communities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities\") [Xenophobia and racism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [Religion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion\") | [Catholic Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church\") [Hajj](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj\") |\n| [Economic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Charitable activity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [COVID-19 scams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_scams \"COVID-19 scams\") [Travel restrictions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| By country | [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland\") [COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment \"COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") [U.K.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\") [U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") |\n| By industry | [Aviation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport\") [Airlines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Cannabis industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry\") [Food industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry\") [meat industry in Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada\") [meat industry in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States\") [restaurant industry in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States\") [Hospitals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals\") [ICU capacity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity\") [Long-term care facilities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities\") [Mink farming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Public transport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport\") [Retail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail\") [Tourism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism\") |\n| Supply and trade | [Shortages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Chip supply](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage \"2020–2023 global chip shortage\") [Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis \"2021–2023 global energy crisis\") [Global supply chain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis \"2021–2023 global supply chain crisis\") [Oil price war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war \"2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war\") [Food security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| [Financial markets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Global stock market crash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_stock_market_crash \"2020 stock market crash\") [COVID-19 recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_recession \"COVID-19 recession\") [Inflation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge \"2021–2022 inflation surge\") |\n| Information |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Journalism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism\") [Media coverage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Wikipedia's response](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| [Misinformation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation \"COVID-19 misinformation\") | [Governments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments \"COVID-19 misinformation by governments\") [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China \"COVID-19 misinformation by China\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States \"COVID-19 misinformation by the United States\") By country [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada \"COVID-19 misinformation in Canada\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines\") [Ivermectin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic\") *[Plandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plandemic \"Plandemic\")* |\n| [Politics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [National responses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation \"List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation\") [List of political officials who have tested positive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 \"List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19\") [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic\") |   |\n| [Political impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia\") |\n| [Protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Abkhazia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Abkhazia_unrest \"2021 Abkhazia unrest\") [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/17A \"17A\") [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia \"COVID-19 protests in Australia\") [Convoy to Canberra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convoy_to_Canberra \"Convoy to Canberra\") [Azerbaijan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Azerbaijani_protests \"2020 Azerbaijani protests\") [Belarus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests \"2020–2021 Belarusian protests\") [Belgium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Brussels_protests \"2022 Brussels protests\") [2020 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020_Brazilian_protests \"2020 Brazilian protests\") [2021 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Brazilian_protests \"2021 Brazilian protests\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests \"2020–2021 Bulgarian protests\") [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada \"COVID-19 protests in Canada\") [convoy protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada_convoy_protest \"Canada convoy protest\") [Chile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests \"2019–2022 Chilean protests\") [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China \"2022 COVID-19 protests in China\") [Beijing Sitong Bridge protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest \"2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest\") [healthcare reform protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests \"2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests\") [2021 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Colombian_protests \"2021 Colombian protests\") [2022 protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Colombian_protests \"2022 Colombian protests\") [Cuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Cuban_protests \"2021 Cuban protests\") [Yellow vests protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellow_vests_protests \"Yellow vests protests\") [labor protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_French_labor_protests \"2021 French labor protests\") [French West Indies social unrest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies \"2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies\") [convoy protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France_convoy_protest \"France convoy protest\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany \"COVID-19 protests in Germany\") [Idar-Oberstein shooting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting \"2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Greek_protests \"2021 Greek protests\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel \"COVID-19 protests in Israel\") [protests against Benjamin Netanyahu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu \"2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy \"Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy\") [Mongolia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Mongolian_protests \"2021 Mongolian protests\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands \"COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands\") [curfew riots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots \"2021 Dutch curfew riots\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 protests in New Zealand\") [Wellington protest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2022_Wellington_protest \"2022 Wellington protest\") [Paraguay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Paraguayan_protests \"2021 Paraguayan protests\") [Serbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests \"2020–2022 Serbian protests\") [Tunisia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Tunisian_protests \"2021 Tunisian protests\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 protests in the United States\") [Open the States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_the_States \"Open the States\") |\n| [International relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations\") | [Aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy \"International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy\") [Moldovan–Romanian collaboration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan \"Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan\") [Vaccine diplomacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_diplomacy \"Vaccine diplomacy\") |\n| [Language](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic\") | [Anthropause](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthropause \"Anthropause\") [Doomscrolling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doomscrolling \"Doomscrolling\") [Flattening the curve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flattening_the_curve \"Flattening the curve\") [Green recovery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green_recovery \"Green recovery\") [Long COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID \"Long COVID\") [Social distancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_distancing \"Social distancing\") [Superspreader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Superspreading_event \"Superspreading event\") [Twindemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twindemic \"Twindemic\") [Zero-COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zero-COVID \"Zero-COVID\") [Zoom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoom_\$software\$ \"Zoom (software)\") [Zoom towns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoom_town \"Zoom town\") |\n| Others | [Animals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals \"COVID-19 pandemic and animals\") [Cluster 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Environment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment\") [Military](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military\") [Pregnant women](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women\") [Science and technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology\") |\n| Health issues |   |\n|   |   |\n| Medical topics | [Transmission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transmission_of_COVID-19 \"Transmission of COVID-19\") [Symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 \"Symptoms of COVID-19\") [Cancer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_and_cancer \"COVID-19 and cancer\") [Endemic COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endemic_COVID-19 \"Endemic COVID-19\") [Skin manifestations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19 \"Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19\") [Long COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_COVID \"Long COVID\") [Mental health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes\") [Pregnancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_in_pregnancy \"COVID-19 in pregnancy\") [Non-COVID-19–related health issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues \"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues\") [Shortages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Rehabilitation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19 \"Rehabilitation after COVID-19\") [Unproven medical methods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 \"List of unproven methods against COVID-19\") |\n| Testing and epidemiology |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Datasets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_datasets \"COVID-19 datasets\") [Death rates by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country \"COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country\") [Disease testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_testing \"COVID-19 testing\") [Breathalyzer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_breathalyzer \"Coronavirus breathalyzer\") [Operation Moonshot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Moonshot \"Operation Moonshot\") [Test to Release](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Test_to_Release \"Test to Release\") [UK Rapid Test Consortium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium \"UK Rapid Test Consortium\") [AbC-19 rapid antibody test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test \"AbC-19 rapid antibody test\") [investigations into the origins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 \"Investigations into the origin of COVID-19\") [lab leak theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory \"COVID-19 lab leak theory\") [Rapid antigen test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test \"COVID-19 rapid antigen test\") [Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation \"Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation\") [Surveillance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_surveillance \"COVID-19 surveillance\") [Undercounting COVID-19 deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country \"Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country\") |   |\n| [Apps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_apps \"COVID-19 apps\") | [Aarogya Setu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aarogya_Setu \"Aarogya Setu\") [BlueTrace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BlueTrace \"BlueTrace\") [careFIJI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CareFIJI \"CareFIJI\") [Coronavirus Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_Australia \"Coronavirus Australia\") [Corona-Warn-App](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona-Warn-App \"Corona-Warn-App\") [COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application \"COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application\") [COVID Alert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID_Alert \"COVID Alert\") (Canada) [COVIDSafe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVIDSafe \"COVIDSafe\") [COVID Tracker Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID_Tracker_Ireland \"COVID Tracker Ireland\") [Covid Watch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covid_Watch \"Covid Watch\") [Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing \"Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing\") [Exposure Notification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exposure_Notification \"Exposure Notification\") [Health Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_Code \"Health Code\") [Healthy Together](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Healthy_Together \"Healthy Together\") [Immuni](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immuni \"Immuni\") [Koronavilkku](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koronavilkku \"Koronavilkku\") [LeaveHomeSafe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LeaveHomeSafe \"LeaveHomeSafe\") [MySejahtera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MySejahtera \"MySejahtera\") [NHS COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_COVID-19 \"NHS COVID-19\") [NZ COVID Tracer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NZ_COVID_Tracer \"NZ COVID Tracer\") [NZ Pass Verifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NZ_Pass_Verifier \"NZ Pass Verifier\") [PathCheck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PathCheck \"PathCheck\") [PeduliLindungi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PeduliLindungi \"PeduliLindungi\") [SafeEntry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SafeEntry \"SafeEntry\") [SafePass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SafePass \"SafePass\") [StaySafe.ph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/StaySafe.ph \"StaySafe.ph\") [SwissCovid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SwissCovid \"SwissCovid\") [TCN Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TCN_Protocol \"TCN Protocol\") [Test, Trace, Protect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Test,_Trace,_Protect \"Test, Trace, Protect\") [Thai Chana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thai_Chana \"Thai Chana\") [TousAntiCovid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TousAntiCovid \"TousAntiCovid\") [TraceTogether](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TraceTogether \"TraceTogether\") [Valtrace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valtrace \"Valtrace\") [Zoe Health Study](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoe_Health_Study \"Zoe Health Study\") |\n| Prevention | [Air purifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_purifier \"Air purifier\") ([Corsi–Rosenthal Box](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box \"Corsi–Rosenthal Box\")) [Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Evacuations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Face masks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Anti-mask sentiment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-mask_sentiment \"Anti-mask sentiment\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\") [Flattening the curve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flattening_the_curve \"Flattening the curve\") [Great Barrington Declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Barrington_Declaration \"Great Barrington Declaration\") [International aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Lockdowns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lockdowns \"COVID-19 lockdowns\") [Public health mitigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 \"Public health mitigation of COVID-19\") [Safe Hands Challenge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safe_Hands_Challenge \"Safe Hands Challenge\") [Social distancing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Workplace hazard controls](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 \"Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19\") [Zero-COVID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zero-COVID \"Zero-COVID\") |\n| [Vaccines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine \"COVID-19 vaccine\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Topics | [Authorizations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations \"List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations\") [Clinical research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research \"COVID-19 vaccine clinical research\") [Deployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines \"Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines\") [Development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development \"History of COVID-19 vaccine development\") [EU Certificate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate \"EU Digital COVID Certificate\") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy \"COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy\") [Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19 \"Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19\") [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States\") [Operation Warp Speed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Warp_Speed \"Operation Warp Speed\") (U.S.) [Post-vaccination complications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination \"Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination\") [Vaccine card](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine_card \"COVID-19 vaccine card\") [Vaccine passports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic\") |\n| Authorized |   |\n|   |   |\n| [DNA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DNA_vaccine \"DNA vaccine\") | [ZyCoV-D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZyCoV-D \"ZyCoV-D\") |\n| [Inactivated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inactivated_vaccine \"Inactivated vaccine\") | [Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine \"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine\") [CoronaVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoronaVac \"CoronaVac\") [Covaxin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covaxin \"Covaxin\") [COVIran Barekat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVIran_Barekat \"COVIran Barekat\") [CoviVac (Russia)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoviVac_\$Russia_COVID-19_vaccine\$ \"CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)\") [FAKHRAVAC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FAKHRAVAC \"FAKHRAVAC\") [Minhai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine \"Minhai COVID-19 vaccine\") [QazCovid-in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QazCovid-in \"QazCovid-in\") [Sinopharm BIBP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sinopharm WIBP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine\") [Turkovac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkovac \"Turkovac\") [Valneva](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine \"Valneva COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [mRNA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MRNA_vaccine \"MRNA vaccine\") | [Moderna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine \"Moderna COVID-19 vaccine\") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [Subunit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subunit_vaccine \"Subunit vaccine\") | [Abdala](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdala_\$vaccine\$ \"Abdala (vaccine)\") [Corbevax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corbevax \"Corbevax\") (Bio E COVID-19) [COVAX-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVAX-19 \"COVAX-19\") [EpiVacCorona](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EpiVacCorona \"EpiVacCorona\") [IndoVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IndoVac \"IndoVac\") [MVC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine \"MVC COVID-19 vaccine\") [Noora](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noora_\$vaccine\$ \"Noora (vaccine)\") [Novavax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine \"Novavax COVID-19 vaccine\") [Razi Cov Pars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Razi_Cov_Pars \"Razi Cov Pars\") [Sinopharm CNBG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine\") [Soberana 02](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soberana_02 \"Soberana 02\") [Soberana Plus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soberana_Plus \"Soberana Plus\") [ZF2001](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZF2001 \"ZF2001\") (Zifivax) |\n| [Viral vector](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viral_vector_vaccine \"Viral vector vaccine\") | [Convidecia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convidecia \"Convidecia\") [Janssen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine \"Janssen COVID-19 vaccine\") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine \"Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sputnik V](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine\") [Sputnik Light](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_Light \"Sputnik Light\") |\n| [Virus-like particles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virus-like_particle \"Virus-like particle\") | [CoVLP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoVLP \"CoVLP\") |\n| In trials |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Attenuated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attenuated_vaccine \"Attenuated vaccine\") | [COVI-VAC (United States)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVI-VAC_\$U.S._COVID-19_vaccine\$ \"COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)\") |\n| DNA | [AG0302-COVID‑19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119 \"AG0302-COVID‑19\") [GX-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GX-19 \"GX-19\") [Inovio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine \"Inovio COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| Inactivated | [KD-414](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KD-414 \"KD-414\") [NDV-HXP-S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NDV-HXP-S \"NDV-HXP-S\") |\n| RNA | [ARCT-021](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARCT-021 \"ARCT-021\") [ARCT-154](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARCT-154 \"ARCT-154\") [Bangavax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangavax \"Bangavax\") [CureVac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine \"CureVac COVID-19 vaccine\") (terminated) [HGC019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HGC019 \"HGC019\") [mRNA-1283](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MRNA-1283 \"MRNA-1283\") [PTX-COVID19-B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PTX-COVID19-B \"PTX-COVID19-B\") [Sanofi–Translate Bio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine\") (terminated) [Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine \"Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine\") [Walvax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine \"Walvax COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| Subunit | [202-CoV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/202-CoV \"202-CoV\") [AKS-452](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AKS-452 \"AKS-452\") [EuCorVac-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EuCorVac-19 \"EuCorVac-19\") [IVX-411](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IVX-411 \"IVX-411\") [Nanocovax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanocovax \"Nanocovax\") [ReCOV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ReCOV \"ReCOV\") [Sanofi–GSK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine \"Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine\") [S-268019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S-268019 \"S-268019\") [SCB-2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCB-2019 \"SCB-2019\") [SCTV01C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCTV01C \"SCTV01C\") [Skycovione](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skycovione \"Skycovione\") [UB-612](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UB-612 \"UB-612\") [V-01](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V-01 \"V-01\") [V451](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V451_vaccine \"V451 vaccine\") (terminated) [Vabiotech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine\") [West China Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine \"West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine\") [Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZF2001 \"ZF2001\") |\n| Viral vector | [AdCLD-CoV19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AdCLD-CoV19 \"AdCLD-CoV19\") [BriLife](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BriLife \"BriLife\") [COH04S1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COH04S1 \"COH04S1\") [DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT \"DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT\") [GRAd-COV2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GRAd-COV2 \"GRAd-COV2\") [ImmunityBio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine \"ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine\") [iNCOVACC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INCOVACC \"INCOVACC\") [INNA-051](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INNA-051 \"INNA-051\") [NDV-HXP-S](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NDV-HXP-S \"NDV-HXP-S\") [Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine \"Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine\") |\n| [Virus-like particles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virus-like_particle \"Virus-like particle\") | [ABNCoV2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABNCoV2 \"ABNCoV2\") [LYB001](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LYB001 \"LYB001\") [MigVax-101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MigVax-101 \"MigVax-101\") [VBI-2902](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VBI-2902 \"VBI-2902\") |\n| [Deployment by location](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines \"Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa \"COVID-19 vaccination in Africa\") | [Algeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria \"COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria\") [Angola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola \"COVID-19 vaccination in Angola\") [Botswana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana \"COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana\") [Burkina Faso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso \"COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso\") [Burundi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi \"COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi\") [Cameroon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon \"COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon\") [Cape Verde](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde \"COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde\") [Cameroon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon \"COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon\") [Chad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad \"COVID-19 vaccination in Chad\") [Comoros](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros\") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\") [Djibouti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti \"COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti\") [Egypt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt \"COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt\") [Equatorial Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea \"COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea\") [Eswatini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini \"COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini\") [Ghana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana\") [Morocco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco \"COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco\") [Nigeria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria \"COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria\") [Senegal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal \"COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal\") [South Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa \"COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa\") [Zimbabwe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe \"COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe\") |\n| Asia | [Bangladesh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh\") [Bhutan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan\") [Mainland China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China \"COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India \"COVID-19 vaccination in India\") [Indonesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia\") [Iran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran \"COVID-19 vaccination in Iran\") [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel \"COVID-19 vaccination in Israel\") [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Japan\") [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan\") [Malaysia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia\") [Nepal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal \"COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal\") [Philippines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Russia\") [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore\") [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea \"COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea\") [Sri Lanka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka \"COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka\") [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan \"COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan\") [Thailand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand \"COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand\") [Turkey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey \"COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey\") [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam \"COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam\") |\n| Europe | [Albania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania \"COVID-19 vaccination in Albania\") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria \"COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria\") [Croatia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia\") [Denmark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark \"COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark\") [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France \"COVID-19 vaccination in France\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany \"COVID-19 vaccination in Germany\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece \"COVID-19 vaccination in Greece\") [Hungary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary \"COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary\") [Iceland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland \"COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland \"COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy \"COVID-19 vaccination in Italy\") [Moldova](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova \"COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova\") [Norway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway \"COVID-19 vaccination in Norway\") [Portugal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal \"COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal\") [Romania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania \"COVID-19 vaccination in Romania\") [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Russia\") [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain \"COVID-19 vaccination in Spain\") [Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden \"COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden\") [Switzerland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland \"COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland\") [Ukraine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom\") |\n| North America | [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada \"COVID-19 vaccination in Canada\") [Ontario](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario\") [Quebec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec \"COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec\") [Haiti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti \"COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti\") [Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico \"COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccination in the United States\") [mandates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States\") |\n| Oceania | [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Australia\") [Fiji](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji \"COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji\") [New Zealand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand \"COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand\") |\n| South America | [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina \"COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina\") [Brazil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil \"COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil\") [Colombia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia \"COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia\") [Peru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru \"COVID-19 vaccination in Peru\") |\n| Others |   |\n| [Treatment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 \"Treatment and management of COVID-19\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Drug development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_drug_development \"COVID-19 drug development\") [Drug repurposing research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research \"COVID-19 drug repurposing research\") [Baricitinib](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baricitinib \"Baricitinib\") [PANORAMIC trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PANORAMIC_trial \"PANORAMIC trial\") (UK) [RECOVERY Trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RECOVERY_Trial \"RECOVERY Trial\") (UK) [Solidarity trial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solidarity_trial \"Solidarity trial\") (WHO) |   |\n| [Monoclonal antibodies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monoclonal_antibody \"Monoclonal antibody\") | [Bamlanivimab\/etesevimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamlanivimab\/etesevimab \"Bamlanivimab\/etesevimab\") [Bamlanivimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bamlanivimab \"Bamlanivimab\") Etesevimab [Bebtelovimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bebtelovimab \"Bebtelovimab\") [Casirivimab\/imdevimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Casirivimab\/imdevimab \"Casirivimab\/imdevimab\") [Regdanvimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regdanvimab \"Regdanvimab\") [Sarilumab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarilumab \"Sarilumab\") [Sotrovimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sotrovimab \"Sotrovimab\") [Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab \"Tixagevimab\/cilgavimab\") [Tocilizumab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tocilizumab \"Tocilizumab\") |\n| [Small molecule antivirals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiviral_drug \"Antiviral drug\") | [Broad-spectrum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug \"Broad-spectrum antiviral drug\") [Ensitrelvir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ensitrelvir \"Ensitrelvir\") [Molnupiravir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molnupiravir \"Molnupiravir\") Co-packaged [Nirmatrelvir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nirmatrelvir \"Nirmatrelvir\") [ritonavir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir \"Nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir\") |\n| [Variants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 \"Variants of SARS-CoV-2\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Specific | [Alpha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant\") [Beta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant\") [Gamma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant\") [Delta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") [Epsilon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant\") [Zeta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant\") [Eta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant\") [Theta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant\") [Iota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant\") [Kappa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant\") [Lambda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant\") [Mu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant\") [Omicron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") [timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") |\n| General | [Cluster 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluster_5 \"Cluster 5\") [Lineage B.1.617](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 \"SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617\") [Variant of concern](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern \"SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern\") |\n| Institutions |   |\n|   |   |\n| Hospitals and medical clinics |   |\n|   |   |\n| Mainland China | [Central Hospital of Wuhan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan \"Central Hospital of Wuhan\") [Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre \"Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre\") [Fangcang hospitals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fangcang_hospital \"Fangcang hospital\") [Huoshenshan Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huoshenshan_Hospital \"Huoshenshan Hospital\") [Leishenshan Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leishenshan_Hospital \"Leishenshan Hospital\") [Xinjia Express Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel \"Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel\") [Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital \"Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital\") |\n| Others | [Hospital ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic\") [Garran Surge Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garran_Surge_Centre \"Garran Surge Centre\") (Australia) [Hospital El Salvador](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospital_El_Salvador \"Hospital El Salvador\") [Kemayoran Athletes Village](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village \"Kemayoran Athletes Village\") (Indonesia) [Pyongyang General Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyongyang_General_Hospital \"Pyongyang General Hospital\") (North Korea) [Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang \"Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang\") (Malaysia) [Mega Ligtas COVID Centers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers \"Mega Ligtas COVID Centers\") (Philippines) [Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre \"Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre\") (Sri Lanka) [Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital \"Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital\") (Turkey) [Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital \"Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital\") (Turkey) [COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom\") [Birmingham](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham \"NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham\") [London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London \"NHS Nightingale Hospital London\") [North East](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East \"NHS Nightingale Hospital North East\") [North West](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West \"NHS Nightingale Hospital North West\") [Yorkshire and the Humber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber \"NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber\") [NHS Louisa Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NHS_Louisa_Jordan \"NHS Louisa Jordan\") (Scotland) [Dragon's Heart Hospital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital \"Dragon's Heart Hospital\") (Wales) |\n| Organizations |   |\n|   |   |\n| [National Cabinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Cabinet_\$Australia\$ \"National Cabinet (Australia)\") (Australia) [ScienceUpFirst](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ScienceUpFirst \"ScienceUpFirst\") (Canada) [Wuhan Institute of Virology]() (China) [Independent SAGE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_SAGE \"Independent SAGE\") (United Kingdom) |   |\n| Health institutes | [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention\") (African Union) [Ghana Infectious Disease Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre \"Ghana Infectious Disease Centre\") (Ghana) [Department of Health (Hong Kong)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_of_Health_\$Hong_Kong\$ \"Department of Health (Hong Kong)\") [Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency \"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency\") (South Korea) [National Institute for Communicable Diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases \"National Institute for Communicable Diseases\") (South Africa) [Taiwan Centers for Disease Control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control \"Taiwan Centers for Disease Control\") (Taiwan) |\n| Pandemic institutes | [National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board \"National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board\") (Australia) [COVID-19 Immunity Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force \"COVID-19 Immunity Task Force\") (Canada) [COVID-19 Supply Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Supply_Council \"COVID-19 Supply Council\") (Canada) [PREPARE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PREPARE \"PREPARE\") (European Union) [National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19 \"National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19\") (India) [COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force \"COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force\") (Indonesia) [National Public Health Emergency Team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_\$2020\$ \"National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)\") (Ireland) [Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting \"Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting\") (Japan) [Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre \"Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre\") (Malaysia) [Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee \"Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee\") (Philippines) [Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases \"Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases\") (Philippines) [Central Epidemic Command Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center \"Central Epidemic Command Center\") (Taiwan) [Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board \"Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board\") (Turkey) [COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium \"COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium\") (United Kingdom) [Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team \"Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team\") (United Kingdom) [Joint Biosecurity Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre \"Joint Biosecurity Centre\") (United Kingdom) [Vaccine Taskforce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaccine_Taskforce \"Vaccine Taskforce\") (United Kingdom) [COVID-19 Advisory Board](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_Advisory_Board \"COVID-19 Advisory Board\") (United States) [Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups \"Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups\") (United States) [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force \"White House Coronavirus Task Force\") (United States) [White House COVID-19 Response Team](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team \"White House COVID-19 Response Team\") (United States) [GACH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GACH \"GACH\") (Uruguay) |\n| Relief funds | [PM CARES Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PM_CARES_Fund \"PM CARES Fund\") (India) [Artist Relief](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artist_Relief \"Artist Relief\") (United States) |\n| People |   |\n|   |   |\n| Medical professionals | [Ai Fen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ai_Fen \"Ai Fen\") [Corona Rintawan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona_Rintawan \"Corona Rintawan\") [Li Wenliang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Wenliang \"Li Wenliang\") [Liu Wen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liu_Wen_\$doctor\$ \"Liu Wen (doctor)\") [Xie Linka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xie_Linka \"Xie Linka\") [Zhang Wenhong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Wenhong \"Zhang Wenhong\") |\n| [Researchers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Coronavirus_researchers \"Category:Coronavirus researchers\") | [Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud \"Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud\") [Roberto Burioni](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roberto_Burioni \"Roberto Burioni\") [Chen Wei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Wei_\$medical_scientist\$ \"Chen Wei (medical scientist)\") [Kizzmekia Corbett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kizzmekia_Corbett \"Kizzmekia Corbett\") [Andrea Crisanti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrea_Crisanti_\$scientist\$ \"Andrea Crisanti (scientist)\") [Peter Daszak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Daszak \"Peter Daszak\") [Christian Drosten](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_Drosten \"Christian Drosten\") [Neil Ferguson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neil_Ferguson_\$epidemiologist\$ \"Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)\") [Dale Fisher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dale_Fisher \"Dale Fisher\") [George F. Gao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_F._Gao \"George F. Gao\") [Azra Ghani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azra_Ghani \"Azra Ghani\") [Sarah Gilbert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarah_Gilbert \"Sarah Gilbert\") [Guan Yi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guan_Yi \"Guan Yi\") [Kentaro Iwata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kentaro_Iwata \"Kentaro Iwata\") [Katalin Karikó](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3 \"Katalin Karikó\") [Matt Keeling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matt_Keeling \"Matt Keeling\") [Trudie Lang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trudie_Lang \"Trudie Lang\") [Li Lanjuan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li_Lanjuan \"Li Lanjuan\") [W. Ian Lipkin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W._Ian_Lipkin \"W. Ian Lipkin\") [Ma Xiaowei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ma_Xiaowei \"Ma Xiaowei\") [Shabir Madhi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shabir_Madhi \"Shabir Madhi\") [Allison McGeer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allison_McGeer \"Allison McGeer\") [Camilla Rothe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camilla_Rothe \"Camilla Rothe\") [Shi Zhengli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi_Zhengli \"Shi Zhengli\") [Moncef Slaoui](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moncef_Slaoui \"Moncef Slaoui\") [Mike Tildesley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mike_Tildesley \"Mike Tildesley\") [John Todd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Todd_\$British_biologist\$ \"John Todd (British biologist)\") [Wang Chen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Chen_\$physician\$ \"Wang Chen (physician)\") [Wang Guangfa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Guangfa \"Wang Guangfa\") [Drew Weissman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drew_Weissman \"Drew Weissman\") [Yuen Kwok-yung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuen_Kwok-yung \"Yuen Kwok-yung\") [Zeng Guang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zeng_Guang \"Zeng Guang\") [Zhang Jixian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Jixian \"Zhang Jixian\") [Zhang Yongzhen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhang_Yongzhen \"Zhang Yongzhen\") [Zhong Nanshan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhong_Nanshan \"Zhong Nanshan\") |\n| Officials |   |\n|   |   |\n| WHO | [Tedros Adhanom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus \"Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus\") (Director-General of the WHO) [Bruce Aylward](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruce_Aylward \"Bruce Aylward\") (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission) [Maria Van Kerkhove](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maria_Van_Kerkhove \"Maria Van Kerkhove\") (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response) [Michael J. Ryan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_J._Ryan_\$doctor\$ \"Michael J. Ryan (doctor)\") (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme) |\n| By location | [Frank Atherton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Atherton \"Frank Atherton\") (Wales) [Ashley Bloomfield](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ashley_Bloomfield \"Ashley Bloomfield\") (New Zealand) [Catherine Calderwood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_Calderwood \"Catherine Calderwood\") (Scotland) [Chang Shan-chwen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chang_Shan-chwen \"Chang Shan-chwen\") (Taiwan) [Anutin Charnvirakul](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anutin_Charnvirakul \"Anutin Charnvirakul\") (Thailand) [Chen Shih-chung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chen_Shih-chung \"Chen Shih-chung\") (Taiwan) [Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chuang_Yin-ching \"Chuang Yin-ching\") (Taiwan) [Victor Costache](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victor_Costache \"Victor Costache\") (Romania) [Fabrizio 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[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9a\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg\/250px-Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg) |   |\n| [![Map](https:\/\/maps.wikimedia.org\/img\/osm-intl,10,30.376388888889,114.2625,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&revid=1342464444&groups=_ca5642dba4b3aa063c9aa030a178d8100231a9ea&parser=legacy)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Map\/10\/30.376388888889\/114.2625\/en) |   |\n| Abbreviation | WIV |\n| Predecessor | Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory South China Institute of Microbiology Wuhan Microbiology Institute Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province |\n| Formation | 1956 |\n| Founder | Chen Huagui, Gao Shangyin |\n| Headquarters | Xiaohongshan, [Wuchang District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuchang_District \"Wuchang District\"), [Wuhan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan \"Wuhan\"), [Hubei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hubei \"Hubei\"), [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China \"China\") |\n| Coordinates | [30°22′35″N 114°15′45″E \/ 30\\.37639°N 114.26250°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&params=30_22_35_N_114_15_45_E_type:landmark_region:CN-42) |\n| Director-General | [Wang Yanyi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wang_Yanyi \"Wang Yanyi\") |\n| [Party Committee Secretary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Party_Committee_Secretary \"Party Committee Secretary\") | Xiao Gengfu[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-1) |\n| Deputy Director-General | Gong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu |\n| Parent organization | [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences \"Chinese Academy of Sciences\") |\n| Staff | 295[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-2) (2014) |\n| Website | [english.whiov.cas.cn](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q30292611#P856 \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |\n\n| Wuhan Institute of Virology |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Simplified Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simplified_Chinese_characters \"Simplified Chinese characters\") | [中国](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD \"wikt:中国\")[科学院](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2 \"wikt:科学院\")[武汉](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89 \"wikt:武汉\")[病毒](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92 \"wikt:病毒\")[研究所](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80 \"wikt:研究所\") |\n| [Traditional Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traditional_Chinese_characters \"Traditional Chinese characters\") | 中國科學院武漢病毒研究所 |\n| Transcriptions |   |\n| [Standard Mandarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Chinese \"Standard Chinese\") |   |\n| [Hanyu Pinyin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanyu_Pinyin \"Hanyu Pinyin\") | Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ |\n\nThe **Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences** (**WIV**; [Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simplified_Chinese_characters \"Simplified Chinese characters\"): 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所) is a research institute on [virology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virology \"Virology\") under the Wuhan Branch of the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences \"Chinese Academy of Sciences\").[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-4) Located in [Jiangxia District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jiangxia_District \"Jiangxia District\"), [Wuhan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan \"Wuhan\"), [Hubei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hubei \"Hubei\"), it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first [biosafety level 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biosafety_level_4 \"Biosafety level 4\") (BSL-4) laboratory[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) in 2018. The institute has collaborated with the [Galveston National Laboratory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galveston_National_Laboratory \"Galveston National Laboratory\") in the United States, the [Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centre_International_de_Recherche_en_Infectiologie \"Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie\") in France, and the [National Microbiology Laboratory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Microbiology_Laboratory \"National Microbiology Laboratory\") in Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of [coronaviruses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus \"Coronavirus\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-6)\n\nHistory\n\nThe WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences \"Chinese Academy of Sciences\") (CAS). It was established by scientists Gao Shangyin, a graduate of [Soochow University (Suzhou)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soochow_University_\$Suzhou\$ \"Soochow University (Suzhou)\"),[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-7) and Chen Huagui.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-8) In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-9)\n\nIn 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-10) [biosafety level 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biosafety_level_4 \"Biosafety level 4\") (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US\\$44 million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government's [CIRI lab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centre_International_de_Recherche_en_Infectiologie \"Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-11)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-12) The new laboratory building has 3000 m2 of BSL-4 space, and also 20 [BSL-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BSL_2 \"BSL 2\") and two [BSL-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BSL_3 \"BSL 3\") laboratories.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WHO-13) The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for [Conformity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conformity \"Conformity\") Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-14) The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the institute investigates highly dangerous viruses, such as [SARS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS \"SARS\"), [influenza H5N1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Influenza_H5N1 \"Influenza H5N1\"), [Japanese encephalitis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_encephalitis \"Japanese encephalitis\"), and [dengue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dengue \"Dengue\").[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-Shoham-15)\n\nThe National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the [Galveston National Laboratory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galveston_National_Laboratory \"Galveston National Laboratory\") in the [University of Texas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Texas \"University of Texas\").[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WPO-16) It also had ties with [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada \"Canada\")'s [National Microbiology Laboratory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Microbiology_Laboratory \"National Microbiology Laboratory\") until WIV staff scientists [Xiangguo Qiu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xiangguo_Qiu \"Xiangguo Qiu\") and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-cbcqiu-17) Researchers from the WIV have, in the past, collaborated with international scientists in the creation of [chimeric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimera_\$virus\$ \"Chimera (virus)\") coronavirus.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature_medicine_201511-18) Some researchers (notably Richard Ebright) believe this work falls under the definition of [gain of function](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mutation \"Mutation\") research, but many other experts dispute this classification.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-FactCheckGoF-19)\n\nA number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. Many Wuhan lab staff were trained at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) Researchers were also trained in Australia, Canada, the United States and then in-house before the lab was operational.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WHO-13) Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist [Richard H. Ebright](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_H._Ebright \"Richard H. Ebright\"), who had expressed concern of [previous escapes of the SARS virus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_laboratory_biosecurity \"List of accidents and incidents involving laboratory biosecurity\") at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) called the institute a \"world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology\" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WPO-16)\n\nCoronavirus research\n\nIn 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the [SARS coronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SARS_coronavirus \"SARS coronavirus\"), finding that China's [horseshoe bats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horseshoe_bat \"Horseshoe bat\") are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-20) Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2017-21)\n\nIn 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether [a bat coronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SHC014-CoV \"SHC014-CoV\") could be made to infect a human cell line ([HeLa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HeLa \"HeLa\")). The team engineered a [hybrid virus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimera_\$virus\$ \"Chimera (virus)\"), combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature_medicine_201511-18)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2015bat-22)\n\nIn 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in [Yunnan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yunnan \"Yunnan\") contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of \"the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS\".[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2017-21)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-23)\n\nIn 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a [serological](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serology \"Serology\") study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in [Jinning District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jinning_District \"Jinning District\") of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-24)\n\nPrior to and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, [coronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus \"Coronavirus\") research at the WIV has been conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-25)\n\nCOVID-19 pandemic\n\nIn December 2019, cases of [pneumonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pneumonia \"Pneumonia\") associated with an unknown [coronavirus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronavirus \"Coronavirus\") were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to [RaTG13](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RaTG13 \"RaTG13\"), a virus its researchers had discovered in [horseshoe bats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horseshoe_bat \"Horseshoe bat\") in southwest China.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-26)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-RathoreSingh-27)\n\nAs the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, a team led by [Shi Zhengli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shi_Zhengli \"Shi Zhengli\") at the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the [novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novel_coronavirus_\$2019-nCoV\$ \"Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)\"), upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-zhoup-28)[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-29)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-30) and publish papers in *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-zhoup-28) On 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-31) In February 2020, in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights,[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-32) the institute applied for a patent in China for the use of [remdesivir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Remdesivir \"Remdesivir\"), an experimental drug owned by [Gilead Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilead_Sciences \"Gilead Sciences\"), which the institute found inhibited the virus [in vitro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_vitro \"In vitro\").[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-33) The WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights \"if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China's epidemic.\"[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-34)\n\nIn April 2020, the [Trump administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump \"First presidency of Donald Trump\") terminated an [NIH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NIH \"NIH\") grant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-35)[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-36) New York-based, NIH–funded [EcoHealth Alliance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EcoHealth_Alliance \"EcoHealth Alliance\") has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-37)[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-38)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-39) Under political pressure, the [National Institutes of Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") (NIH) withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-40)\n\n[Ralph Baric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ralph_Baric \"Ralph Baric\") and Rachel Graham wrote in 2020 that the large collections of bat virome samples stored at the facility, its close proximity to the early outbreak, and questions about its operating procedures, could fuel \"speculation\" about the institute's role in the [origin of COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Origin_of_COVID-19 \"Origin of COVID-19\").[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-41)\n\nVirus speculations criticism\n\nThe laboratory has been the focus of conspiracy theories[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-Hakim-42)[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-43) and unsubstantiated speculation about the origin of the virus.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-grahamb:20-44)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-45) This has been a source of political tension between China and other countries, including Australia[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-46) and the United States.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-47) There have been allegations that the initial outbreak was provoked by either [manipulation or accidental release of a virus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_lab_leak_hypothesis \"COVID-19 lab leak hypothesis\") held in the WIV facilities, and that the participants may have conspired to cover it up.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-48) Shi Zhengli denied that there was a connection between the WIV and the emergence of COVID-19.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-49) In February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team said a [laboratory leak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laboratory_leak \"Laboratory leak\") origin for COVID-19 was \"extremely unlikely\",[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-50)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-51) confirming what experts expected about the likely origins and early transmission.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-APNews20210211-52) However, WHO Director-General [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus \"Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus\") said that the report's conclusions were not definitive and data had been withheld from investigators.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-reuters_tedros-53) In response to the report, politicians, including [Joe Biden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\")[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-54) and [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\"),[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-55) as well as Ghebreyesus, have called for further investigations into the origins of COVID-19.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-56)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-57)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-58)[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-59)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-60) The scientific opinion that an accidental leak is possible, but unlikely, has remained steady.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-61)[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-62)\n\nResearch centers\n\nThe Institute contains the following research centers:[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-63)\n\n- Center for Emerging Infectious Disease\n- Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center\n- Center of Applied and Environmental Microbiology\n- Department of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology\n- Department of Molecular Virology\n\nSee also\n\n- [Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention\")\n- [Investigations into the origin of COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 \"Investigations into the origin of COVID-19\")\n- [Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Origins_of_Novel_Pathogens \"Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens\")\n- [Zoonosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoonosis \"Zoonosis\")\n\nNotes\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-10)** As of February 2017, there were already two BSL-4 labs in [Taiwan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan \"Taiwan\").[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5)\n\nReferences\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-1)**\n   [\"Current leader\" 现任领导](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200224142240\/http:\/\/www.whiov.ac.cn\/jggk_105204\/xrld\/201312\/t20131227_4006476.html)\n   \n   . *Wuhan Institute of Virology, www.whiov.ac.cn*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.whiov.ac.cn\/jggk_105204\/xrld\/201312\/t20131227_4006476.html) on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020. \"Wang Yanyi, born in 1981, PhD, researcher. She is currently the director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the leader of the molecular immunology discipline group... Xiao Gengfu, born in 1966, PhD, researcher. Current Secretary of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology...\"\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-2)**\n   [\"Spotlight on Wuhan\"](https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nj0447). *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*. 13 May 2015. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/nj0447](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnj0447). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1476-4687](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1476-4687). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7095288](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7095288). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [214693785](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:214693785).\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK). *Reuters*. 17 December 2020. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210330110537\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK) from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-4)** [\"About Us: Brief introduction\"](http:\/\/english.whb.cas.cn\/au\/bi\/). Wuhan Branch. Chinese Academy of Sciences.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-5)\n   Cyranoski D (23 February 2017). [\"Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature.2017.21487). *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*. **542** (7642): 399–400\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2017Natur.542..399C](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2017Natur.542..399C). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/nature.2017.21487](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature.2017.21487). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [28230144](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28230144).\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-6)**\n   Qiu J (1 June 2020). [\"How China's 'Bat Woman' Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus\"](https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1\/). *Scientific American*. Retrieved 5 January 2024.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Biography of Professor Gao Shangyin\"](https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/299345593). Retrieved 27 May 2022.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-8)**\n   [\"About WIV----Wuhan Institute of Virology\"](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/About_Us2016\/Brief_Introduction2016\/).\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"History\"](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/About_Us2016\/History2016\/). *Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190729180122\/http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/About_Us2016\/History2016\/) from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"Inside the Wuhan lab: French engineering, deadly viruses and a big mystery\"](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/asia_pacific\/wuhan-lab-covid-china\/2021\/09\/07\/f293325c-fb11-11eb-911c-524bc8b68f17_story.html). *The Washington Post*.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-12)**\n    [\"China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160303215545\/http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/News\/Events\/201502\/t20150203_135923.html). Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. 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Archived from [the original](https:\/\/denvergazette.com\/news\/fauci-stands-by-gain-of-function-research-denials-defends-collaboration-with-wuhan-lab\/article_8ba272e2-2940-532c-9820-4b015465a246.html) on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2021.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-40)**\n    [\"NIH Presses U.S. Nonprofit for Information on Wuhan Virology Lab\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/nih-presses-u-s-nonprofit-for-information-on-wuhan-virology-lab-11597829400). *The Wall Street Journal*. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-41)**\n    Graham RL, Baric RS (2020). [\"SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence\"](https:\/\/www.cell.com\/article\/S1074761320301746\/pdf). *Immunity*. **52** (5). Elsevier BV: 734–736\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.016](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2020.04.016). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1074-7613](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1074-7613). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7207110](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7207110). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32392464](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32392464). Retrieved 19 March 2025.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-Hakim_42-0)**\n    Hakim MS (February 2021). [\"SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7995093). *Rev Med Virol* (Review). **31** (6) e2222. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1002\/rmv.2222](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Frmv.2222). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7995093](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7995093). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33586302](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33586302).\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-43)**\n    Evans NG (26 August 2020). [\"Human Infection Challenge Studies: a Test for the Social Value Criterion of Research Ethics\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7364225). *mSphere*. **5** (4). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1128\/mSphere.00669-20](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FmSphere.00669-20). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7364225](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7364225). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32669462](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32669462). \"Some may verge on the unbelievable, such as the conspiracy theory that gain-of-function research conducted on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses in 2015 is connected to the emergence of COVID-19 that made it to British tabloids\"\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-grahamb:20_44-0)**\n    Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). [\"SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7207110). *Immunity*. **52** (5): 734–736\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.016](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2020.04.016). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7207110](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7207110). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32392464](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32392464).\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-45)**\n    Maxmen A (27 May 2021). [\"Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01383-3). *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*. **594** (7861): 15–16\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2021Natur.594...15M](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2021Natur.594...15M). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/d41586-021-01383-3](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01383-3). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [34045757](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34045757). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [235232290](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:235232290). \"politicians, journalists, talk-show hosts and some scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected\"\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-46)**\n    [\"Australia called for a COVID-19 probe. China responded with a trade war\"](https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-01-03\/heres-what-happened-between-china-and-australia-in-2020\/13019242). *ABC News*. 2 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-47)**\n    Stanway D, Shen S (17 June 2021). [\"China disease expert says COVID-19 origins probe should shift to U.S.- Global Times\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-disease-expert-says-covid-19-origins-probe-should-shift-us-global-times-2021-06-17\/). *Reuters*. Retrieved 24 June 2021.\n47. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-48)**\n    [\"The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a COVID Lab Leak\"](https:\/\/www.snopes.com\/news\/2021\/07\/16\/lab-leak-evidence\/). *Snopes.com*. Snopes. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-49)**\n    Zheng-Li S (2021). [\"Origins of SARS-CoV-2: Focusing on Science\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8057312). *Infectious Diseases & Immunity*. **1** (1): 3–4\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1097\/ID9.0000000000000008](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097%2FID9.0000000000000008). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [8057312](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8057312). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [38630114](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38630114).\n49. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-50)**\n    [\"Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/live\/2021\/feb\/09\/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396). *The Guardian*. 9 February 2021. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210209201752\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/live\/2021\/feb\/09\/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021. \"The lab leak hypothesis is an extremely unlikely pathway for COVID-19 and will not require further study as part of their work in studying the origins of the virus, Embarek says.\"\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-51)**\n    Mallapaty S, Maxmen A, Callaway E (10 February 2021). \"'Major stones unturned': COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists\". *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*. **590** (7846): 371–372\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2021Natur.590..371M](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2021Natur.590..371M). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/d41586-021-00375-7](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-00375-7). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33574591](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33574591). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [231901451](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:231901451).\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-APNews20210211_52-0)**\n    Fujiyama EW, Moritsugu K (11 February 2021). [\"EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan\"](https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05). *AP News*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210227100554\/https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-reuters_tedros_53-0)**\n    Miller J, Nebehay S (31 March 2021). [\"Data withheld from WHO team probing COVID-19 origins in China: Tedros\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S). *[Reuters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuters \"Reuters\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210731031020\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S) from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.\n53. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-54)**\n    [\"Statement by President Joe Biden on the Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19\"](https:\/\/bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2021\/05\/26\/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-the-investigation-into-the-origins-of-covid-19\/). *[White House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House \"White House\")*. 16 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-55)**\n    [\"Joe Biden, Boris Johnson call for further Covid-19 origins investigation in China\"](https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/diplomacy\/article\/3136810\/eu-leaders-call-complete-access-china-full-covid-19-origins). *SMCP*. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-56)**\n    [\"WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open\"](https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/30-03-2021-who-calls-for-further-studies-data-on-origin-of-sars-cov-2-virus-reiterates-that-all-hypotheses-remain-open). *WHO*. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-57)**\n    [\"WHO says all hypotheses still open in probe into virus origins\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-china-probe-idUSKBN2AC1UV). *Reuters*. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-58)**\n    Maxmen A (27 May 2021). [\"Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01383-3). *[Nature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_\$journal\$ \"Nature (journal)\")*. **594** (7861): 15–16\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2021Natur.594...15M](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2021Natur.594...15M). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1038\/d41586-021-01383-3](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01383-3). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [34045757](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34045757). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [235232290](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:235232290). \"The investigation concluded that an animal origin was much more likely than a lab leak. But since then, some politicians, journalists and scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected.\"\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-59)**\n    Gorman J, Zimmer C (13 May 2021). [\"Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/05\/13\/science\/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210525212823\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/05\/13\/science\/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html) from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-60)**\n    [\"WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak\"](https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/joe-biden-world-news-health-science-coronavirus-pandemic-c0c594f9060f676c0ea48c2d1c69daec). *Associated Press News*. 15 July 2021.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-61)**\n    See, for example, the following:\n    \n    - Taylor A. [\"Analysis - The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing\"](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2021\/05\/27\/wuhan-lab-theory-evidence\/). *The Washington Post*.\n    - Beaumont P (27 May 2021). [\"Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/may\/27\/did-covid-come-from-a-wuhan-lab-what-we-know-so-far). *The Guardian*.\n    - Rogers A. [\"The Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory Is a Tale of Weaponized Uncertainty\"](https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/covid-19-lab-leak-theory-weaponized-uncertainty\/). *Wired*. Retrieved 2 June 2021.\n    - Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). [\"SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7207110). *Immunity*. **52** (5): 734–736\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.016](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2020.04.016). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7207110](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7207110). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32392464](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32392464). \"the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence\"\n    - Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, et al. (September 2020). \"Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2\". *Le Infezioni in Medicina* (in Italian). **28** (3): 302–311\\. [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32920565](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32920565). \"Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities.\"\n    - Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. (February 2021). [\"SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10016996). *Postgraduate Medical Journal*. **97** (1144): 110–116\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-138386](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fpostgradmedj-2020-138386). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [10016996](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10016996). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [32788312](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32788312). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [221124011](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:221124011). \"the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population\"\n    - Hakim MS (February 2021). [\"SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7995093). *Reviews in Medical Virology*. **31** (6) e2222. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1002\/rmv.2222](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Frmv.2222). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\$identifier\$ \"PMC (identifier)\") [7995093](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7995093). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\$identifier\$ \"PMID (identifier)\") [33586302](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33586302). \"There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2.\"\n61. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-62)**\n    Lanese N (26 June 2023). [\"Declassified US intelligence report finds no evidence of coronavirus 'lab leak' from Wuhan institute\"](https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/health\/coronavirus\/declassified-us-intelligence-report-finds-no-evidence-of-coronavirus-lab-leak-from-wuhan-institute). *[Live Science](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live_Science \"Live Science\")*. Retrieved 29 June 2023.\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-63)**\n    [\"Administration\"](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/About_Us2016\/Administration2016\/). *Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190729175613\/http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/About_Us2016\/Administration2016\/) from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.\n\nExternal links\n\n- [Official website](http:\/\/english.whiov.cas.cn\/) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q30292611#P856 \"Edit this at Wikidata\")\n- [Street level view of the Institute (Baidu Maps)](https:\/\/map.baidu.com\/search\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80\/@12721027.39,3530942.9800000004,21z,87t,97.41h?querytype=s&da_src=shareurl&wd=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&c=1&src=0&pn=0&sug=0&l=5&b=\$1104297.960000001,-982443.25;22075817.96,9962068.75\$&from=webmap&biz_forward=%7B%22scaler%22:2,%22styles%22:%22pl%22%7D&device_ratio=2#panoid=09000200121905230903149611R&panotype=street&heading=193.22&pitch=6.23&l=21&tn=B_NORMAL_MAP&sc=0&newmap=1&shareurl=1&pid=09000200121905230903149611R)","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Wuhan Institute of Virology 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所 Abbreviation WIV Predecessor Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory South China Institute of Microbiology Wuhan Microbiology Institute Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province Formation 1956 Founder Chen Huagui, Gao Shangyin Headquarters Xiaohongshan, Wuchang District , Wuhan , Hubei , China Coordinates 30°22′35″N 114°15′45″E / 30.37639°N 114.26250°E Director-General Wang Yanyi Party Committee Secretary Xiao Gengfu [ 1 ] Deputy Director-General Gong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu Parent organization Chinese Academy of Sciences Staff 295 [ 2 ] (2014) Website english .whiov .cas .cn Wuhan Institute of Virology Simplified Chinese 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所 Traditional Chinese 中國科學院武漢病毒研究所 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ The Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences ( WIV ; Chinese : 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所 ) is a research institute on virology under the Wuhan Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Located in Jiangxia District , Wuhan , Hubei , it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory [ 5 ] in 2018. The institute has collaborated with the Galveston National Laboratory in the United States, the Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie in France, and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of coronaviruses . [ 6 ] History The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). It was established by scientists Gao Shangyin, a graduate of Soochow University (Suzhou) , [ 7 ] and Chen Huagui. [ 8 ] In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology. [ 9 ] In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first [ a ] biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US$44 million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government's CIRI lab . [ 10 ] [ 5 ] [ 11 ] The new laboratory building has 3000 m 2 of BSL-4 space, and also 20 BSL-2 and two BSL-3 laboratories. [ 12 ] The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017, [ 5 ] with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018. [ 13 ] The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the institute investigates highly dangerous viruses, such as SARS , influenza H5N1 , Japanese encephalitis , and dengue . [ 14 ] The National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the Galveston National Laboratory in the University of Texas . [ 15 ] It also had ties with Canada 's National Microbiology Laboratory until WIV staff scientists Xiangguo Qiu and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019. [ 16 ] Researchers from the WIV have, in the past, collaborated with international scientists in the creation of chimeric coronavirus. [ 17 ] Some researchers (notably Richard Ebright) believe this work falls under the definition of gain of function research, but many other experts dispute this classification. [ 18 ] A number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. Many Wuhan lab staff were trained at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France. [ 5 ] Researchers were also trained in Australia, Canada, the United States and then in-house before the lab was operational. [ 12 ] Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist Richard H. Ebright , who had expressed concern of previous escapes of the SARS virus at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories, [ 5 ] called the institute a "world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses. [ 15 ] Coronavirus research In 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the SARS coronavirus , finding that China's horseshoe bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. [ 19 ] Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences. [ 20 ] In 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether a bat coronavirus could be made to infect a human cell line ( HeLa ). The team engineered a hybrid virus , combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells. [ 17 ] [ 21 ] In 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in Yunnan contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of "the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS". [ 20 ] [ 22 ] In 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a serological study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in Jinning District of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people. [ 23 ] Prior to and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, coronavirus research at the WIV has been conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories. [ 24 ] COVID-19 pandemic In December 2019, cases of pneumonia associated with an unknown coronavirus were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to RaTG13 , a virus its researchers had discovered in horseshoe bats in southwest China. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] As the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, a team led by Shi Zhengli at the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) , upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand, [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and publish papers in Nature . [ 27 ] On 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome. [ 30 ] In February 2020, in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights, [ 31 ] the institute applied for a patent in China for the use of remdesivir , an experimental drug owned by Gilead Sciences , which the institute found inhibited the virus in vitro . [ 32 ] The WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights "if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China's epidemic." [ 33 ] In April 2020, the Trump administration terminated an NIH grant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] New York-based, NIH–funded EcoHealth Alliance has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Under political pressure, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020. [ 39 ] Ralph Baric and Rachel Graham wrote in 2020 that the large collections of bat virome samples stored at the facility, its close proximity to the early outbreak, and questions about its operating procedures, could fuel "speculation" about the institute's role in the origin of COVID-19 . [ 40 ] Virus speculations criticism The laboratory has been the focus of conspiracy theories [ 41 ] [ 42 ] and unsubstantiated speculation about the origin of the virus. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] This has been a source of political tension between China and other countries, including Australia [ 45 ] and the United States. [ 46 ] There have been allegations that the initial outbreak was provoked by either manipulation or accidental release of a virus held in the WIV facilities, and that the participants may have conspired to cover it up. [ 47 ] Shi Zhengli denied that there was a connection between the WIV and the emergence of COVID-19. [ 48 ] In February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team said a laboratory leak origin for COVID-19 was "extremely unlikely", [ 49 ] [ 50 ] confirming what experts expected about the likely origins and early transmission. [ 51 ] However, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that the report's conclusions were not definitive and data had been withheld from investigators. [ 52 ] In response to the report, politicians, including Joe Biden [ 53 ] and Boris Johnson , [ 54 ] as well as Ghebreyesus, have called for further investigations into the origins of COVID-19. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] The scientific opinion that an accidental leak is possible, but unlikely, has remained steady. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Research centers The Institute contains the following research centers: [ 62 ] Center for Emerging Infectious Disease Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center Center of Applied and Environmental Microbiology Department of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department of Molecular Virology See also Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Investigations into the origin of COVID-19 Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens Zoonosis Notes ^ As of February 2017, there were already two BSL-4 labs in Taiwan . [ 5 ] References ^ "Current leader" 现任领导 . Wuhan Institute of Virology, www.whiov.ac.cn . Archived from the original on 24 February 2020 . Retrieved 24 February 2020 . Wang Yanyi, born in 1981, PhD, researcher. She is currently the director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the leader of the molecular immunology discipline group... Xiao Gengfu, born in 1966, PhD, researcher. Current Secretary of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology... ^ "Spotlight on Wuhan" . Nature . 13 May 2015. doi : 10.1038/nj0447 . ISSN 1476-4687 . PMC 7095288 . S2CID 214693785 . ^ "Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline" . Reuters . 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021 . Retrieved 7 April 2021 . ^ "About Us: Brief introduction" . Wuhan Branch. Chinese Academy of Sciences. ^ a b c d e f Cyranoski D (23 February 2017). "Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens" . Nature . 542 (7642): 399– 400. Bibcode : 2017Natur.542..399C . doi : 10.1038/nature.2017.21487 . PMID 28230144 . ^ Qiu J (1 June 2020). "How China's 'Bat Woman' Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus" . Scientific American . Retrieved 5 January 2024 . ^ "Biography of Professor Gao Shangyin" . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ "About WIV----Wuhan Institute of Virology" . ^ "History" . Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS . Archived from the original on 29 July 2019 . Retrieved 26 January 2020 . ^ "Inside the Wuhan lab: French engineering, deadly viruses and a big mystery" . The Washington Post . ^ "China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan" . Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . ^ a b Report of the WHO Consultative Meeting on High/Maximum Containment (Biosafety Level 4) Laboratories Networking, Lyon, France, 13–15 December 2017 Archived 8 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/WHE/CPI/2018.40). ^ "China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation" . xinhuanet . 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020 . Retrieved 12 November 2020 . ^ Dany Shoham (2015) China's Biological Warfare Programme: An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 April–June 2015, pp. 131–156 China's Biological Warfare Programme. An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities Archived 10 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Taylor A (29 January 2020). "Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 31 January 2020 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 . ^ Pauls K (15 July 2019). "University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab" . CBC News . Archived from the original on 15 April 2020 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . ^ a b Vineet D Menachery, Boyd L Yount, Kari Debbink, et al. (9 November 2015). "A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence" . Nature medicine . 21 (12): 1508– 1513. doi : 10.1038/NM.3985 . ISSN 1078-8956 . PMC 4797993 . PMID 26552008 . S2CID 5953778 . Wikidata Q36702376 . (erratum) ^ Robertson L (1 July 2021). "The Wuhan Lab and the Gain-of-Function Disagreement" . Annenberg Public Policy Center . Retrieved 26 January 2022 . ^ Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, Wang H, Crameri G, Hu Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, McEachern J, Field H, Daszak P, Eaton BT, Zhang S, Wang LF (28 October 2005). "Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses" . Science . 310 (5748): 676– 679. Bibcode : 2005Sci...310..676L . doi : 10.1126/science.1118391 . PMID 16195424 . S2CID 2971923 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 . Retrieved 23 July 2020 . ^ a b Cyranoski D (1 December 2017). "Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus – and suggests new outbreak could occur" . Nature . 552 (7683): 15– 16. Bibcode : 2017Natur.552...15C . doi : 10.1038/d41586-017-07766-9 . PMID 29219990 . ^ Butler D (12 November 2015). "Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research". Nature . doi : 10.1038/nature.2015.18787 . S2CID 182338924 . ^ Drosten C, Hu B, Zeng LP, Yang XL, Ge XY, Zhang W, Li B, Xie JZ, Shen XR, Zhang YZ, Wang N, Luo DS, Zheng XS, Wang MN, Daszak P, Wang LF, Cui J, Shi ZL (2017). "Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus" . PLOS Pathogens . 13 (11) e1006698. doi : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698 . PMC 5708621 . PMID 29190287 . ^ Wang N, Li SY, Yang XL, Huang HM, Zhang YJ, Guo H, Luo CM, Miller M, Zhu G, Chmura AA, Hagan E, Zhou JH, Zhang YZ, Wang LF, Daszak P, Shi ZL (2018). "Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans" . China Virologica Sinica . 33 (1): 104– 107. doi : 10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7 . PMC 6178078 . PMID 29500691 . ^ "Reply to Science Magazine" (PDF) . sciencemag.org : 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2020 . Retrieved 2 March 2022 . ^ Qiu J (11 March 2020). "How China's "Bat Woman" Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus" . Scientific American . Archived from the original on 18 March 2020 . Retrieved 18 March 2020 . ^ Rathore JS, Ghosh C (August 25, 2020). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview" . Pathogens and Disease . 78 (6). doi : 10.1093/femspd/ftaa042 . ISSN 2049-632X . OCLC 823140442 . PMC 7499575 . PMID 32840560 . ^ a b Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. (March 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin" . Nature . 579 (7798): 270– 273. Bibcode : 2020Natur.579..270Z . doi : 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 . ISSN 1476-4687 . PMC 7095418 . PMID 32015507 . ^ Buckley C, Steven Lee Myers (1 February 2020). "As New Coronavirus Spread, China's Old Habits Delayed Fight" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 March 2020 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 . ^ Cohen J (1 February 2020). "Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak's origins" . Science . Archived from the original on 3 February 2020 . Retrieved 4 February 2020 . The viral sequences, most researchers say, also knock down the idea the pathogen came from a virology institute in Wuhan. ^ "A letter to all staff and graduate students" . WIV Official Website (in Chinese). 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020 . Retrieved 24 May 2020 . ^ "China Wants to Patent Gilead's Experimental Coronavirus Drug" . Bloomberg News . 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020 . Retrieved 5 February 2020 . ^ Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G (4 February 2020). "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro" . Nature . 30 (3): 269– 271. doi : 10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 . PMC 7054408 . PMID 32020029 . ^ Grady D (6 February 2020). "China Begins Testing an Antiviral Drug in Coronavirus Patients" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 February 2020 . Retrieved 8 February 2020 . ^ Subbaraman N (21 August 2020). " 'Heinous!': Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions" . Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-020-02473-4 . PMID 32826989 . S2CID 225249608 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ "Under Political Pressure, NIH Blacklists Wuhan Virology Lab" . American Institute of Physics . 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ "In Major Shift, NIH Admits Funding Risky Virus Research in Wuhan" . Vanity Fair . 22 October 2021. ^ "NIH says grantee failed to report experiment in Wuhan that created a bat virus that made mice sicker" . [[ Science \|Science]] . 21 October 2021. ^ "Fauci stands by gain-of-function research denials, defends collaboration with Wuhan lab" . The Denver Gazette . 24 October 2021. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ "NIH Presses U.S. Nonprofit for Information on Wuhan Virology Lab" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 6 June 2021 . ^ Graham RL, Baric RS (2020). "SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence" . Immunity . 52 (5). Elsevier BV: 734– 736. doi : 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016 . ISSN 1074-7613 . PMC 7207110 . PMID 32392464 . Retrieved 19 March 2025 . ^ Hakim MS (February 2021). "SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories" . Rev Med Virol (Review). 31 (6) e2222. doi : 10.1002/rmv.2222 . PMC 7995093 . PMID 33586302 . ^ Evans NG (26 August 2020). "Human Infection Challenge Studies: a Test for the Social Value Criterion of Research Ethics" . mSphere . 5 (4). doi : 10.1128/mSphere.00669-20 . PMC 7364225 . PMID 32669462 . Some may verge on the unbelievable, such as the conspiracy theory that gain-of-function research conducted on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses in 2015 is connected to the emergence of COVID-19 that made it to British tabloids ^ Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). "SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence" . Immunity . 52 (5): 734– 736. doi : 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016 . PMC 7207110 . PMID 32392464 . ^ Maxmen A (27 May 2021). "Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers" . Nature . 594 (7861): 15– 16. Bibcode : 2021Natur.594...15M . doi : 10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3 . PMID 34045757 . S2CID 235232290 . politicians, journalists, talk-show hosts and some scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected ^ "Australia called for a COVID-19 probe. China responded with a trade war" . ABC News . 2 January 2021 . Retrieved 27 July 2021 . ^ Stanway D, Shen S (17 June 2021). "China disease expert says COVID-19 origins probe should shift to U.S.- Global Times" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 June 2021 . ^ "The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a COVID Lab Leak" . Snopes.com . Snopes. 16 July 2021 . Retrieved 21 July 2021 . ^ Zheng-Li S (2021). "Origins of SARS-CoV-2: Focusing on Science" . Infectious Diseases & Immunity . 1 (1): 3– 4. doi : 10.1097/ID9.0000000000000008 . PMC 8057312 . PMID 38630114 . ^ "Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says" . The Guardian . 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021 . Retrieved 9 February 2021 . The lab leak hypothesis is an extremely unlikely pathway for COVID-19 and will not require further study as part of their work in studying the origins of the virus, Embarek says. ^ Mallapaty S, Maxmen A, Callaway E (10 February 2021). " 'Major stones unturned': COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists". Nature . 590 (7846): 371– 372. Bibcode : 2021Natur.590..371M . doi : 10.1038/d41586-021-00375-7 . PMID 33574591 . S2CID 231901451 . ^ Fujiyama EW, Moritsugu K (11 February 2021). "EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan" . AP News . Archived from the original on 27 February 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ Miller J, Nebehay S (31 March 2021). "Data withheld from WHO team probing COVID-19 origins in China: Tedros" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 31 July 2021 . Retrieved 31 July 2021 . ^ "Statement by President Joe Biden on the Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19" . White House . 16 May 2021 . Retrieved 21 July 2021 . ^ "Joe Biden, Boris Johnson call for further Covid-19 origins investigation in China" . SMCP . 10 June 2021 . Retrieved 21 July 2021 . ^ "WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open" . WHO . 30 March 2021 . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ "WHO says all hypotheses still open in probe into virus origins" . Reuters . 12 February 2021 . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ Maxmen A (27 May 2021). "Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers" . Nature . 594 (7861): 15– 16. Bibcode : 2021Natur.594...15M . doi : 10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3 . PMID 34045757 . S2CID 235232290 . The investigation concluded that an animal origin was much more likely than a lab leak. But since then, some politicians, journalists and scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected. ^ Gorman J, Zimmer C (13 May 2021). "Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 May 2021 . Retrieved 27 May 2021 . ^ "WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak" . Associated Press News . 15 July 2021. ^ See, for example, the following: Taylor A. "Analysis - The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing" . The Washington Post . Beaumont P (27 May 2021). "Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far" . The Guardian . Rogers A. "The Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory Is a Tale of Weaponized Uncertainty" . Wired . Retrieved 2 June 2021 . Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). "SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence" . Immunity . 52 (5): 734– 736. doi : 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016 . PMC 7207110 . PMID 32392464 . the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, et al. (September 2020). "Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2". Le Infezioni in Medicina (in Italian). 28 (3): 302– 311. PMID 32920565 . Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities. Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. (February 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19" . Postgraduate Medical Journal . 97 (1144): 110– 116. doi : 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138386 . PMC 10016996 . PMID 32788312 . S2CID 221124011 . the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population Hakim MS (February 2021). "SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories" . Reviews in Medical Virology . 31 (6) e2222. doi : 10.1002/rmv.2222 . PMC 7995093 . PMID 33586302 . There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2. ^ Lanese N (26 June 2023). "Declassified US intelligence report finds no evidence of coronavirus 'lab leak' from Wuhan institute" . Live Science . Retrieved 29 June 2023 . ^ "Administration" . Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS . Archived from the original on 29 July 2019 . Retrieved 26 January 2020 . External links Official website Street level view of the Institute (Baidu Maps)
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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology) - [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#History) - [2 Coronavirus research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#Coronavirus_research) Toggle Coronavirus research subsection - [2\.1 SARS-related coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#SARS-related_coronaviruses) - [2\.2 COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#COVID-19_pandemic) - [3 Virus speculations criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#Virus_speculations_criticism) - [4 Research centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#Research_centers) - [5 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#See_also) - [6 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#Notes) - [7 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#References) - [8 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Wuhan Institute of Virology 34 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA "معهد ووهان لأبحاث الفيروسات – Arabic") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 "উহান ভাইরাসবিজ্ঞান গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান – Bangla") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_Virologia_de_Wuhan "Institut de Virologia de Wuhan – Catalan") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchansk%C3%BD_institut_virologie "Wuchanský institut virologie – Czech") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_for_virologi_i_Wuhan "Institut for virologi i Wuhan – Danish") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Virologie_Wuhan "Institut für Virologie Wuhan – German") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%99%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD "Ερευνητικό Ινστιτούτο Ιολογίας της Ουχάν – Greek") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Virolog%C3%ADa_de_Wuhan "Instituto de Virología de Wuhan – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhani_Viroloogia_Instituut "Wuhani Viroloogia Instituut – Estonian") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86 "مؤسسه ویروس‌شناسی ووهان – Persian") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_virologie_de_Wuhan "Institut de virologie de Wuhan – French") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94 "מכון ווהאן לווירולוגיה – Hebrew") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Virologi_Wuhan "Institut Virologi Wuhan – Indonesian") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_di_virologia_di_Wuhan "Istituto di virologia di Wuhan – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80 "武漢ウイルス研究所 – Japanese") - [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Virologi_Wuhan "Institut Virologi Wuhan – Javanese") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%95%9C_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C "우한 바이러스 연구소 – Korean") - [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF "വുഹാൻ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് ഓഫ് വൈറോളജി – Malayalam") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Virologi_Wuhan "Institut Virologi Wuhan – Malay") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_institutt_for_virologi "Wuhan institutt for virologi – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Virologia_de_Wuhan "Instituto de Virologia de Wuhan – Portuguese") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutul_de_Virusologie_din_Wuhan "Institutul de Virusologie din Wuhan – Romanian") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8 "Уханьский институт вирусологии – Russian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology "Wuhan Institute of Virology – Simple English") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhans_virologiska_institut "Wuhans virologiska institut – Swedish") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D "ஊகான் தீநுண்மியியல் ஆய்வு நிறுவனம் – Tamil") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99 "สถาบันวิทยาไวรัสอู่ฮั่น – Thai") - [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology "Wuhan Institute of Virology – Tagalog") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuhan_Viroloji_Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC "Vuhan Viroloji Enstitüsü – Turkish") - [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B "Үһән вирусология институты – Tatar") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97 "Уханьський інститут вірусології – Ukrainian") - [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxan_virusologiya_instituti "Uxan virusologiya instituti – Uzbek") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_Virus_h%E1%BB%8Dc_V%C5%A9_H%C3%A1n "Viện Virus học Vũ Hán – Vietnamese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80 "中国科学院武汉病毒研究所 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30292611#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology) - [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&action=edit "This page is protected. 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114.26250](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&params=30_22_35_N_114_15_45_E_type:landmark_region:CN-42) [![Extended-protected article](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended "This article is extended-confirmed-protected") From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Research Institute in Wuhan, Hubei, China Not to be confused with [Wuhan Centre for Disease Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Centre_for_Disease_Control "Wuhan Centre for Disease Control"). \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所 \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_logo.png/250px-Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_logo.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_logo.png) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg/250px-Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg) \| \| \| [![Map](https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,30.376388888889,114.2625,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&revid=1342464444&groups=_ca5642dba4b3aa063c9aa030a178d8100231a9ea&parser=legacy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/10/30.376388888889/114.2625/en) \| \| \| Abbreviation \| WIV \| \| Predecessor \| Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory South China Institute of Microbiology Wuhan Microbiology Institute Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province \| \| Formation \| 1956 \| \| Founder \| Chen Huagui, Gao Shangyin \| \| Headquarters \| Xiaohongshan, [Wuchang District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchang_District "Wuchang District"), [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei "Hubei"), [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") \| \| Coordinates \| [30°22′35″N 114°15′45″E / 30\.37639°N 114.26250°E / 30\.37639; 114.26250](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&params=30_22_35_N_114_15_45_E_type:landmark_region:CN-42) \| \| Director-General \| [Wang Yanyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yanyi "Wang Yanyi") \| \| [Party Committee Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Committee_Secretary "Party Committee Secretary") \| Xiao Gengfu[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-1) \| \| Deputy Director-General \| Gong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu \| \| Parent organization \| [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Sciences") \| \| Staff \| 295[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-2) (2014) \| \| Website \| [english.whiov.cas.cn](http://english.whiov.cas.cn/) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30292611#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| Wuhan Institute of Virology \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Simplified Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters "Simplified Chinese characters") \| [中国](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD "wikt:中国")[科学院](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2 "wikt:科学院")[武汉](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89 "wikt:武汉")[病毒](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92 "wikt:病毒")[研究所](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80 "wikt:研究所") \| \| [Traditional Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters "Traditional Chinese characters") \| 中國科學院武漢病毒研究所 \| \| Transcriptions \| \| \| [Standard Mandarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese "Standard Chinese") \| \| \| [Hanyu Pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin "Hanyu Pinyin") \| Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ \| The Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIV; [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters "Simplified Chinese characters"): 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所) is a research institute on [virology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology "Virology") under the Wuhan Branch of the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Sciences").[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-4) Located in [Jiangxia District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxia_District "Jiangxia District"), [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei "Hubei"), it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first [biosafety level 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level_4 "Biosafety level 4") (BSL-4) laboratory[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) in 2018. The institute has collaborated with the [Galveston National Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_National_Laboratory "Galveston National Laboratory") in the United States, the [Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_International_de_Recherche_en_Infectiologie "Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie") in France, and the [National Microbiology Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Microbiology_Laboratory "National Microbiology Laboratory") in Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of [coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-6) ## History The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Sciences") (CAS). It was established by scientists Gao Shangyin, a graduate of [Soochow University (Suzhou)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soochow_University_$Suzhou$ "Soochow University (Suzhou)"),[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-7) and Chen Huagui.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-8) In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-9) In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-10) [biosafety level 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level_4 "Biosafety level 4") (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US\$44 million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government's [CIRI lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_International_de_Recherche_en_Infectiologie "Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-11)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-12) The new laboratory building has 3000 m2 of BSL-4 space, and also 20 [BSL-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSL_2 "BSL 2") and two [BSL-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSL_3 "BSL 3") laboratories.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WHO-13) The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for [Conformity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformity "Conformity") Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-14) The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the institute investigates highly dangerous viruses, such as [SARS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS "SARS"), [influenza H5N1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_H5N1 "Influenza H5N1"), [Japanese encephalitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis "Japanese encephalitis"), and [dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue "Dengue").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-Shoham-15) The National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the [Galveston National Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_National_Laboratory "Galveston National Laboratory") in the [University of Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas "University of Texas").[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WPO-16) It also had ties with [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada")'s [National Microbiology Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Microbiology_Laboratory "National Microbiology Laboratory") until WIV staff scientists [Xiangguo Qiu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangguo_Qiu "Xiangguo Qiu") and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-cbcqiu-17) Researchers from the WIV have, in the past, collaborated with international scientists in the creation of [chimeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_$virus$ "Chimera (virus)") coronavirus.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature_medicine_201511-18) Some researchers (notably Richard Ebright) believe this work falls under the definition of [gain of function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation "Mutation") research, but many other experts dispute this classification.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-FactCheckGoF-19) A number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. Many Wuhan lab staff were trained at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) Researchers were also trained in Australia, Canada, the United States and then in-house before the lab was operational.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WHO-13) Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist [Richard H. Ebright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Ebright "Richard H. Ebright"), who had expressed concern of [previous escapes of the SARS virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_laboratory_biosecurity "List of accidents and incidents involving laboratory biosecurity") at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) called the institute a "world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WPO-16) ## Coronavirus research ### SARS-related coronaviruses In 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the [SARS coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS_coronavirus "SARS coronavirus"), finding that China's [horseshoe bats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_bat "Horseshoe bat") are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-20) Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2017-21) In 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether [a bat coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHC014-CoV "SHC014-CoV") could be made to infect a human cell line ([HeLa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa "HeLa")). The team engineered a [hybrid virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_$virus$ "Chimera (virus)"), combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature_medicine_201511-18)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2015bat-22) In 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in [Yunnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan "Yunnan") contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of "the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS".[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2017-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-23) In 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a [serological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology "Serology") study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in [Jinning District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinning_District "Jinning District") of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-24) Prior to and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, [coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus") research at the WIV has been conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-25) ### COVID-19 pandemic See also: [COVID-19 misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") and [Investigations into the origin of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 "Investigations into the origin of COVID-19") In December 2019, cases of [pneumonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia") associated with an unknown [coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus") were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to [RaTG13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RaTG13 "RaTG13"), a virus its researchers had discovered in [horseshoe bats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_bat "Horseshoe bat") in southwest China.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-26)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-RathoreSingh-27) As the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, a team led by [Shi Zhengli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Zhengli "Shi Zhengli") at the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the [novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_coronavirus_$2019-nCoV$ "Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)"), upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-zhoup-28)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-29)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-30) and publish papers in [Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_$journal$ "Nature (journal)").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-zhoup-28) On 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-31) In February 2020, in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights,[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-32) the institute applied for a patent in China for the use of [remdesivir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remdesivir "Remdesivir"), an experimental drug owned by [Gilead Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences "Gilead Sciences"), which the institute found inhibited the virus [in vitro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro "In vitro").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-33) The WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights "if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China's epidemic."[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-34) In April 2020, the [Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") terminated an [NIH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIH "NIH") grant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-35)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-36) New York-based, NIH–funded [EcoHealth Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoHealth_Alliance "EcoHealth Alliance") has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-37)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-38)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-39) Under political pressure, the [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health") (NIH) withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-40) [Ralph Baric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Baric "Ralph Baric") and Rachel Graham wrote in 2020 that the large collections of bat virome samples stored at the facility, its close proximity to the early outbreak, and questions about its operating procedures, could fuel "speculation" about the institute's role in the [origin of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_COVID-19 "Origin of COVID-19").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-41) ## Virus speculations criticism Main article: [COVID-19 lab leak theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory "COVID-19 lab leak theory") The laboratory has been the focus of conspiracy theories[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-Hakim-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-43) and unsubstantiated speculation about the origin of the virus.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-grahamb:20-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-45) This has been a source of political tension between China and other countries, including Australia[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-46) and the United States.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-47) There have been allegations that the initial outbreak was provoked by either [manipulation or accidental release of a virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_hypothesis "COVID-19 lab leak hypothesis") held in the WIV facilities, and that the participants may have conspired to cover it up.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-48) Shi Zhengli denied that there was a connection between the WIV and the emergence of COVID-19.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-49) In February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team said a [laboratory leak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_leak "Laboratory leak") origin for COVID-19 was "extremely unlikely",[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-50)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-51) confirming what experts expected about the likely origins and early transmission.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-APNews20210211-52) However, WHO Director-General [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus") said that the report's conclusions were not definitive and data had been withheld from investigators.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-reuters_tedros-53) In response to the report, politicians, including [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-54) and [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson"),[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-55) as well as Ghebreyesus, have called for further investigations into the origins of COVID-19.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-56)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-57)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-58)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-60) The scientific opinion that an accidental leak is possible, but unlikely, has remained steady.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-62) ## Research centers The Institute contains the following research centers:[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-63) - Center for Emerging Infectious Disease - Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center - Center of Applied and Environmental Microbiology - Department of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Department of Molecular Virology ## See also - [Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention") - [Investigations into the origin of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 "Investigations into the origin of COVID-19") - [Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Origins_of_Novel_Pathogens "Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens") - [Zoonosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis "Zoonosis") ## Notes 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-10) As of February 2017, there were already two BSL-4 labs in [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) ## References 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-1) ["Current leader" 现任领导](https://web.archive.org/web/20200224142240/http://www.whiov.ac.cn/jggk_105204/xrld/201312/t20131227_4006476.html) . Wuhan Institute of Virology, www.whiov.ac.cn. Archived from [the original](http://www.whiov.ac.cn/jggk_105204/xrld/201312/t20131227_4006476.html) on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020. "Wang Yanyi, born in 1981, PhD, researcher. She is currently the director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the leader of the molecular immunology discipline group... Xiao Gengfu, born in 1966, PhD, researcher. Current Secretary of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology..." 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-2) ["Spotlight on Wuhan"](https://www.nature.com/articles/nj0447). [Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_$journal$ "Nature (journal)"). 13 May 2015. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/nj0447](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnj0447). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [1476-4687](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [7095288](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095288). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [214693785](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214693785). 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-3) ["Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline"](https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK). Reuters. 17 December 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210330110537/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK) from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-4) ["About Us: Brief introduction"](http://english.whb.cas.cn/au/bi/). Wuhan Branch. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 5. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-pmid28230144_5-5) Cyranoski D (23 February 2017). ["Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2017.21487). [Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_$journal$ "Nature (journal)"). 542* (7642): 399–400\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2017Natur.542..399C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.542..399C). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/nature.2017.21487](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2017.21487). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [28230144](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28230144). 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-6) Qiu J (1 June 2020). ["How China's 'Bat Woman' Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus"](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1/). Scientific American. Retrieved 5 January 2024. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-7) ["Biography of Professor Gao Shangyin"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299345593). Retrieved 27 May 2022. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-8) ["About WIV----Wuhan Institute of Virology"](http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/Brief_Introduction2016/). 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-9) ["History"](http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/History2016/). Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190729180122/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/History2016/) from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-11) ["Inside the Wuhan lab: French engineering, deadly viruses and a big mystery"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/wuhan-lab-covid-china/2021/09/07/f293325c-fb11-11eb-911c-524bc8b68f17_story.html). The Washington Post. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-12) ["China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215545/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/News/Events/201502/t20150203_135923.html). Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from [the original](http://english.whiov.cas.cn/News/Events/201502/t20150203_135923.html) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016. 12. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-WHO_13-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-WHO_13-1) [Report of the WHO Consultative Meeting on High/Maximum Containment (Biosafety Level 4) Laboratories Networking, Lyon, France, 13–15 December 2017](https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311625/WHO-WHE-CPI-2018.40-eng.pdf?sequence=1) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210208090926/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311625/WHO-WHE-CPI-2018.40-eng.pdf?sequence=1) 8 February 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/WHE/CPI/2018.40). 13. 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[PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [34045757](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045757). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [235232290](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235232290). "politicians, journalists, talk-show hosts and some scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected" 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-46) ["Australia called for a COVID-19 probe. China responded with a trade war"](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-03/heres-what-happened-between-china-and-australia-in-2020/13019242). ABC News. 2 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021. 46. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-47) Stanway D, Shen S (17 June 2021). ["China disease expert says COVID-19 origins probe should shift to U.S.- Global Times"](https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-disease-expert-says-covid-19-origins-probe-should-shift-us-global-times-2021-06-17/). Reuters. Retrieved 24 June 2021. 47. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-48) ["The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a COVID Lab Leak"](https://www.snopes.com/news/2021/07/16/lab-leak-evidence/). Snopes.com. Snopes. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. 48. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-49) Zheng-Li S (2021). ["Origins of SARS-CoV-2: Focusing on Science"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8057312). Infectious Diseases & Immunity. 1 (1): 3–4\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1097/ID9.0000000000000008](https://doi.org/10.1097%2FID9.0000000000000008). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [8057312](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8057312). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [38630114](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38630114). 49. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-50) ["Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396). The Guardian. 9 February 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210209201752/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021. "The lab leak hypothesis is an extremely unlikely pathway for COVID-19 and will not require further study as part of their work in studying the origins of the virus, Embarek says." 50. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-51) Mallapaty S, Maxmen A, Callaway E (10 February 2021). "'Major stones unturned': COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists". [Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_$journal$ "Nature (journal)"). 590 (7846): 371–372\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2021Natur.590..371M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.590..371M). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/d41586-021-00375-7](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-00375-7). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [33574591](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33574591). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [231901451](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231901451). 51. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-APNews20210211_52-0) Fujiyama EW, Moritsugu K (11 February 2021). ["EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan"](https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05). AP News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210227100554/https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021. 52. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-reuters_tedros_53-0) Miller J, Nebehay S (31 March 2021). ["Data withheld from WHO team probing COVID-19 origins in China: Tedros"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S). [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210731031020/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S) from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. 53. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-54) ["Statement by President Joe Biden on the Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19"](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/05/26/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-the-investigation-into-the-origins-of-covid-19/). [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House"). 16 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. 54. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-55) ["Joe Biden, Boris Johnson call for further Covid-19 origins investigation in China"](https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3136810/eu-leaders-call-complete-access-china-full-covid-19-origins). SMCP. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. 55. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-56) ["WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open"](https://www.who.int/news/item/30-03-2021-who-calls-for-further-studies-data-on-origin-of-sars-cov-2-virus-reiterates-that-all-hypotheses-remain-open). WHO. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021. 56. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-57) ["WHO says all hypotheses still open in probe into virus origins"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-probe-idUSKBN2AC1UV). Reuters. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021. 57. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-58) Maxmen A (27 May 2021). ["Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01383-3). [Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_$journal$ "Nature (journal)"). 594 (7861): 15–16\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2021Natur.594...15M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.594...15M). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/d41586-021-01383-3](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01383-3). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [34045757](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045757). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [235232290](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235232290). "The investigation concluded that an animal origin was much more likely than a lab leak. But since then, some politicians, journalists and scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected." 58. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-59) Gorman J, Zimmer C (13 May 2021). ["Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html). The New York Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210525212823/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html) from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021. 59. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-60) ["WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak"](https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-world-news-health-science-coronavirus-pandemic-c0c594f9060f676c0ea48c2d1c69daec). Associated Press News. 15 July 2021. 60. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-61) See, for example, the following: - Taylor A. ["Analysis - The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/27/wuhan-lab-theory-evidence/). The Washington Post. - Beaumont P (27 May 2021). ["Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/27/did-covid-come-from-a-wuhan-lab-what-we-know-so-far). The Guardian. - Rogers A. ["The Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory Is a Tale of Weaponized Uncertainty"](https://www.wired.com/story/covid-19-lab-leak-theory-weaponized-uncertainty/). Wired. Retrieved 2 June 2021. - Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). ["SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207110). Immunity. 52 (5): 734–736\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2020.04.016). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [7207110](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207110). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [32392464](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32392464). "the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence" - Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, et al. (September 2020). "Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2". Le Infezioni in Medicina (in Italian). 28 (3): 302–311\. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [32920565](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920565). "Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities." - Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. (February 2021). ["SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10016996). Postgraduate Medical Journal. 97 (1144): 110–116\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138386](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpostgradmedj-2020-138386). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [10016996](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10016996). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [32788312](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788312). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [221124011](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221124011). "the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population" - Hakim MS (February 2021). ["SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995093). Reviews in Medical Virology. 31 (6) e2222. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1002/rmv.2222](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frmv.2222). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [7995093](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995093). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [33586302](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33586302). "There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2." 61. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-62) Lanese N (26 June 2023). ["Declassified US intelligence report finds no evidence of coronavirus 'lab leak' from Wuhan institute"](https://www.livescience.com/health/coronavirus/declassified-us-intelligence-report-finds-no-evidence-of-coronavirus-lab-leak-from-wuhan-institute). [Live Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Science "Live Science"). Retrieved 29 June 2023. 62. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-63) ["Administration"](http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/Administration2016/). Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190729175613/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/Administration2016/) from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020. ## External links [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Wuhan Institute of Virology](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology "commons:Category:Wuhan Institute of Virology"). [Library resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library "Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library") about Wuhan Institute of Virology * - [Resources in your library](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Wuhan+Institute+of+Virology) - [Resources in other libraries](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Wuhan+Institute+of+Virology&library=0CHOOSE0) - [Official website](http://english.whiov.cas.cn/) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30292611#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata") - [Street level view of the Institute (Baidu 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2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") \| \| 2021 \| [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") \| \| 2022 \| [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022") \| \| 2023 \| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023") \| \| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")([national responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")) \| \| \| \| \| \| Northern \| [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya "COVID-19 pandemic in Libya") [Mauritania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco "COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia "COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia") [Western Sahara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara") [Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic") \| \| Eastern \| [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi "COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti") [Eritrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea "COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia "COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia") [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya "COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya") [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar "COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar") [Mauritius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion") [Rwanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda "COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda") [Seychelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles "COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles") [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia "COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia") [Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland "COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland") [Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland "COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland") [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan") [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania") [Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda "COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda") \| \| Southern \| [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola "COVID-19 pandemic in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana "COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini") [Lesotho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho "COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho") [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi "COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi") [Mozambique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique "COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique") [Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia "COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa") [list of deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa "List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa") [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia "COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe") \| \| Central \| [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon") [Central African Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad "COVID-19 pandemic in Chad") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo") [Gabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon "COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon") [São Tomé and Príncipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe "COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe") \| \| Western \| [Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin "COVID-19 pandemic in Benin") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea") [Gambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana "COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana") timeline 2020 [March–July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_$March%E2%80%93July_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)") [August–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_$August%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") impact [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea") [Guinea-Bissau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau") [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast "COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast") [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia "COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia") [Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali "COVID-19 pandemic in Mali") [Niger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger "COVID-19 pandemic in Niger") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal "COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal") [Sierra Leone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone "COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone") [Togo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo "COVID-19 pandemic in Togo") \| \| [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") \| \| \| \| \| \| Central/North \| [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)") impact [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan") [Turkmenistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan") \| \| East \| \| \| \| \| \| [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong "COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo") [2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau "COVID-19 pandemic in Macau") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan") [respirator diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") \| \| \| [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") \| [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China "COVID-19 lockdown in China") [detail](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China (page does not exist)") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing "COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing") [2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics") [Heilongjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang") [Henan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan "COVID-19 pandemic in Henan") [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei "COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei") [Inner Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia") [Liaoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning "COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning") [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai "COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai") [2022 outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak "2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak") [Sichuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan") [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet "COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet") [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang") \| \| [South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan") [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives "COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal "COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka") \| \| \| [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India") \| \| \| \| \| \| [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India "COVID-19 lockdown in India") [migrant workers' crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") timeline 2020 [January–May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_$January%E2%80%93May_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)") [June–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_$June%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)") [union government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") [state government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Vaccine Maitri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Maitri "Vaccine Maitri") \| \| \| By location \| [Andaman and Nicobar Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands") [Andhra Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh") [Arunachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh") [Assam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam "COVID-19 pandemic in Assam") [Bihar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar "COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar") [Chandigarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh") [Chhattisgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh") [Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu "COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu") [Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi "COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi") [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa "COVID-19 pandemic in Goa") [Gujarat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat "COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat") [Haryana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana "COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana") [Himachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh") [Jammu and Kashmir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir "COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir") [Jharkhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand") [Karnataka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka "COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka") [Kerala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [Ladakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh "COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh") [Lakshadweep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep "COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep") [Madhya Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh") [Maharashtra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra "COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra") [Manipur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur "COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur") [Meghalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya "COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya") [Mizoram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram "COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram") [Nagaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland "COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland") [Odisha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha "COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha") [Puducherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry "COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry") [Punjab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India "COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India") [Rajasthan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan "COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan") [Sikkim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim "COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim") [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu") [Telangana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana "COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana") [Tripura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura "COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura") [Uttar Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh") [Uttarakhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand") [West Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal "COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal") \| \| [Southeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei "COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia "COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia") timeline [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)") [social restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions "Indonesia large-scale social restrictions") [Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement "Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos "COVID-19 pandemic in Laos") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar "COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)") [circuit breaker response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [Timor-Leste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Timor-Leste "COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") \| impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Aid and relief efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [movement control order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order "Malaysian movement control order") [Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_$2023$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor "COVID-19 pandemic in Johor") [Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur") [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah "COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah") [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak "COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak") [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor "COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor") \| \| [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines") \| timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [community quarantines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines") [Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon "Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon") [evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Bangsamoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro") [Bicol Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region") [Cagayan Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley "COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley") [Calabarzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon") [Caraga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga "COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga") [Central Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon") [Central Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas") [Cordillera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region") [Davao Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region") [Eastern Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas") [Ilocos Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region") [Metro Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila "COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila") [Mimaropa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa "COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa") [Northern Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao") [Soccsksargen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen "COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen") [Western Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas") [Zamboanga Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula "COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula") [Overseas Filipinos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| West \| [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan "COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain "COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_$country$ "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)") [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia "COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia") [South Ossetia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran "COVID-19 pandemic in Iran") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq "COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq") [Kurdistan Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel "COVID-19 pandemic in Israel") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan "COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon "COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman "COVID-19 pandemic in Oman") [Palestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine "COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar "COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria "COVID-19 pandemic in Syria") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen "COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen") \| \| [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe") \| \| \| \| \| \| [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") \| \| \| \| \| \| [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") timeline [January–June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)") [July–December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)") [January–June 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$January%E2%80%93June_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)") [July–December 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$July%E2%80%93December_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)") [January–June 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$January%E2%80%93June_2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)") [July–December 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$July%E2%80%93December_2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_$2023$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") [Operation Rescript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rescript "Operation Rescript") [contracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom "Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom") impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") \| \| \| By location \| [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England "COVID-19 pandemic in England") timeline 2020 [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London "COVID-19 pandemic in London") [local lockdown regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England "COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England") [first tier regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England "First COVID-19 tier regulations in England") [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)") [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland "COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)") [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in Wales") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [Crown Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies "COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies") [Isle of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man "COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man") [Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey") [Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey "COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey") [Overseas territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia "COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia") [British Indian Ocean Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory") [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar "COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar") \| \| Eastern \| [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus "COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova") [Gagauzia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia "COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia") [Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria "COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [January–June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$January%E2%80%93June_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)") [July–December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_$July%E2%80%93December_2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)") [government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine") [Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea "COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea") [Sevastopol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol "COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol") \| \| Western Balkans \| [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania "COVID-19 pandemic in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo "COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo") [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro "COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro") [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") \| \| [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria "COVID-19 pandemic in Austria") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium "COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark "COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark") [Faroe Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia "COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland "COVID-19 pandemic in Finland") [Åland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land "COVID-19 pandemic in Åland") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France") [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Normandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy "COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany") [North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece "COVID-19 pandemic in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary "COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia "COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania "COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania") [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg "COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta "COVID-19 pandemic in Malta") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland "COVID-19 pandemic in Poland") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal "COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [Asturias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias "COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Community of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid "COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden "COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Operation Gloria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gloria "Operation Gloria") \| \| EFTA countries \| [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland "COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland") [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein "COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway "COVID-19 pandemic in Norway") [Svalbard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard "COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland") \| \| Microstates \| [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra "COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra") [Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco "COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco") [San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino "COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino") [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City") \| \| [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") \| \| \| \| \| \| Atlantic \| [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda") [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland "COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon") \| \| Canada \| [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [federal aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [military response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Laser "Operation Laser") [Atlantic Bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble "Atlantic Bubble") [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia "COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia") [Manitoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba "COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba") [New Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick "COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick") [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador") [Northwest Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories") [Nova Scotia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia "COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia") [Nunavut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut "COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)") [Ottawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa "COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa") [Peel Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto "COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto") [York Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York") [Provincial government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") [Vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Prince Edward Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec "COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec") [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal "COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal") [boroughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [Yukon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon "COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon") \| \| Caribbean \| \| \| \| \| \| Countries \| [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda") [Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas") [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados "COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba "COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba") [Guantanamo Bay Naval Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base "COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base") [Dominica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica "COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica") [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic") [Grenada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada "COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti "COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti") [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica "COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica") [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis") [Saint Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia") [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines") [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") \| \| [British Overseas Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") \| [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla") [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands") [Cayman Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands") [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat "COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat") [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") \| \| \| \| \| [Aruba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba "COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba") [Curaçao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao "COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao") [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten") \| \| \| Caribbean Netherlands \| [Bonaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire "COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire") [Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba "COVID-19 pandemic in Saba") [Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius") \| \| French West Indies \| [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") \| \| US insular areas \| [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") \| \| Central America \| [Belize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize "COVID-19 pandemic in Belize") [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica "COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica") [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador "COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador") [Guatemala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala "COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala") [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras "COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [Nicaragua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua "COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua") [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama "COVID-19 pandemic in Panama") \| \| [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Trump administration communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [2021 hospital crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19 "2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19") \| \| \| [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [state and local governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [California government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [New York government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Texas government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Eastern States Multi-state Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council "Eastern States Multi-state Council") [Midwest Governors Regional Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact "Midwest Governors Regional Pact") [Western States Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_States_Pact "Western States Pact") \| \| By location \| [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama "COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska "COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska") [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona "COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona") [Navajo Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation "COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "COVID-19 pandemic in California") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California") [S.F. Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area "COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado "COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut "COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware "COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida "COVID-19 pandemic in Florida") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_$U.S._state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho "COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois "COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa "COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky "COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine "COVID-19 pandemic in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan "COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota "COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi "COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri "COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana "COVID-19 pandemic in Montana") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska "COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire "COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_$state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)") [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio") [Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma "COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania "COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania") [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia "COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee "COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah "COVID-19 pandemic in Utah") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont "COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_$state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)") [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C. "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.") [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak "White House COVID-19 outbreak") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin "COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming "COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming") \| \| [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") \| \| \| \| \| \| [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Cook Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Federated States of Micronesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji "COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji") [French Polynesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia "COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Kiribati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati "COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati") [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands") [Nauru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru "COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru") [New Caledonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia "COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia") [Niue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue "COVID-19 pandemic in Niue") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau "COVID-19 pandemic in Palau") [Papua New Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea") [Bougainville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville "COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville") [Pitcairn Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands") [Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa") [Solomon Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands") [Tokelau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau") [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga "COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga") [Tuvalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu") [Vanuatu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu "COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu") [Wallis and Futuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna "COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna") \| \| \| [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia") \| timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)") 2021 [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$January%E2%80%93June_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$July%E2%80%93December_2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)") [Australian Capital Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory") [Christmas Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_$Keeling$_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands") [New South Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales") [Norfolk Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island") [Northern Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory") [Queensland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland "COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland") [South Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia") [Tasmania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania") [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria "COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria") [Western Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia") \| \| [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") \| timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2020$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2021$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2022$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_$2023$ "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Alert levels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand") [Traffic light system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Protection_Framework "COVID-19 Protection Framework") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [managed isolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand") \| \| [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") \| [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia "COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_$state$ "COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador "COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador") [Falkland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana "COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [Cusco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco "COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco") [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname "COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname") [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela "COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela") \| \| Others \| [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") [Cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships") [Diamond Princess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess") [Grand Princess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess") [Naval ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships") [Charles de Gaulle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle "COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle") [USS Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt "COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt") \| \| [Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| Culture and entertainment \| \| \| \| \| \| [Arts and cultural heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage") \| [References in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema") [films affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Corona-chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-chan "Corona-chan") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company") [Fashion industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry") [Music industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry") [Performing arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States") [U.S. sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting") [programs affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry") \| \| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Female education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education") [Homeschooling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| By country \| [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") [exam grading controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy "2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States") \| \| [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Bio-secure bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble "Bio-secure bubble") \| \| \| By country \| [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports") \| \| By sport \| [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football") [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball") [NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season "Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season") [Combat sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports") [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket") [Disc golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf") [Gaelic games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games") [Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey") [Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport") [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league") \| \| Society and rights \| \| \| \| \| \| [Social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") [Stigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19 "Social stigma associated with COVID-19") [Children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children") [foster care in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States") [Pandemic baking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_baking "Pandemic baking") \| \| Labor \| [Healthcare workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Great Resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Resignation "Great Resignation") [Strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [Human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "2021 Myanmar coup d'état") \| \| Legal \| [Abortion in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime") [Domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence") [Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons") [U.S. immigration detention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention "COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention") \| \| Minority \| [Gender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [LGBT community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community") [African communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers") [Disability community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities") [Native American communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities") [Xenophobia and racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion") \| [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church") [Hajj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj") \| \| [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Charitable activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [COVID-19 scams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_scams "COVID-19 scams") [Travel restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| By country \| [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment "COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [U.K.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") \| \| By industry \| [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport") [Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Cannabis industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry") [Food industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry") [meat industry in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada") [meat industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States") [restaurant industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States") [Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals") [ICU capacity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity") [Long-term care facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities") [Mink farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Public transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport") [Retail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism") \| \| Supply and trade \| [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Chip supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage "2020–2023 global chip shortage") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis "2021–2023 global energy crisis") [Global supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis "2021–2023 global supply chain crisis") [Oil price war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war "2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war") [Food security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| [Financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Global stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash") [COVID-19 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [Inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge "2021–2022 inflation surge") \| \| Information \| \| \| \| \| \| [Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism") [Media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Wikipedia's response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") \| [Governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments "COVID-19 misinformation by governments") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China "COVID-19 misinformation by China") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States "COVID-19 misinformation by the United States") By country [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada "COVID-19 misinformation in Canada") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines") [Ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Plandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plandemic "Plandemic") \| \| [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| \| \| \| [National responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation "List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation") [List of political officials who have tested positive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 "List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| \| [Political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") \| \| [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest "2021 Abkhazia unrest") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17A "17A") [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia "COVID-19 protests in Australia") [Convoy to Canberra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_to_Canberra "Convoy to Canberra") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests "2020 Azerbaijani protests") [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests "2020–2021 Belarusian protests") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brussels_protests "2022 Brussels protests") [2020 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazilian_protests "2020 Brazilian protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Brazilian_protests "2021 Brazilian protests") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests "2020–2021 Bulgarian protests") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada "COVID-19 protests in Canada") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest "Canada convoy protest") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests "2019–2022 Chilean protests") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China "2022 COVID-19 protests in China") [Beijing Sitong Bridge protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest "2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest") [healthcare reform protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests "2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests "2021 Colombian protests") [2022 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Colombian_protests "2022 Colombian protests") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests "2021 Cuban protests") [Yellow vests protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests "Yellow vests protests") [labor protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests "2021 French labor protests") [French West Indies social unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies "2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_convoy_protest "France convoy protest") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany "COVID-19 protests in Germany") [Idar-Oberstein shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting "2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Greek_protests "2021 Greek protests") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel "COVID-19 protests in Israel") [protests against Benjamin Netanyahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu "2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy "Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Mongolian_protests "2021 Mongolian protests") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands") [curfew riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots "2021 Dutch curfew riots") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 protests in New Zealand") [Wellington protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Wellington_protest "2022 Wellington protest") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Paraguayan_protests "2021 Paraguayan protests") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests "2020–2022 Serbian protests") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests "2021 Tunisian protests") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 protests in the United States") [Open the States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_the_States "Open the States") \| \| [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations") \| [Aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Moldovan–Romanian collaboration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") [Vaccine diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy "Vaccine diplomacy") \| \| [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic") \| [Anthropause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropause "Anthropause") [Doomscrolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomscrolling "Doomscrolling") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Green recovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_recovery "Green recovery") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") [Superspreader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspreading_event "Superspreading event") [Twindemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twindemic "Twindemic") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") [Zoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_$software$ "Zoom (software)") [Zoom towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_town "Zoom town") \| \| Others \| [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals "COVID-19 pandemic and animals") [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military") [Pregnant women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology") \| \| Health issues \| \| \| \| \| \| Medical topics \| [Transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19") [Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 "Symptoms of COVID-19") [Cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_and_cancer "COVID-19 and cancer") [Endemic COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19 "Endemic COVID-19") [Skin manifestations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19 "Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic") [neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy "COVID-19 in pregnancy") [Non-COVID-19–related health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Rehabilitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19 "Rehabilitation after COVID-19") [Unproven medical methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 "List of unproven methods against COVID-19") \| \| Testing and epidemiology \| \| \| \| \| \| [Datasets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_datasets "COVID-19 datasets") [Death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") [Disease testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") [Breathalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer "Coronavirus breathalyzer") [Operation Moonshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moonshot "Operation Moonshot") [Test to Release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_to_Release "Test to Release") [UK Rapid Test Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium "UK Rapid Test Consortium") [AbC-19 rapid antibody test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test "AbC-19 rapid antibody test") [investigations into the origins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 "Investigations into the origin of COVID-19") [lab leak theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory "COVID-19 lab leak theory") [Rapid antigen test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test "COVID-19 rapid antigen test") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") [Surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance "COVID-19 surveillance") [Undercounting COVID-19 deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country "Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country") \| \| \| [Apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") \| [Aarogya Setu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarogya_Setu "Aarogya Setu") [BlueTrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueTrace "BlueTrace") [careFIJI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CareFIJI "CareFIJI") [Coronavirus Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Australia "Coronavirus Australia") [Corona-Warn-App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-Warn-App "Corona-Warn-App") [COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application "COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application") [COVID Alert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Alert "COVID Alert") (Canada) [COVIDSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIDSafe "COVIDSafe") [COVID Tracker Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland "COVID Tracker Ireland") [Covid Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_Watch "Covid Watch") [Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing "Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing") [Exposure Notification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_Notification "Exposure Notification") [Health Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Code "Health Code") [Healthy Together](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_Together "Healthy Together") [Immuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immuni "Immuni") [Koronavilkku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavilkku "Koronavilkku") [LeaveHomeSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeaveHomeSafe "LeaveHomeSafe") [MySejahtera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySejahtera "MySejahtera") [NHS COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_COVID-19 "NHS COVID-19") [NZ COVID Tracer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer "NZ COVID Tracer") [NZ Pass Verifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_Pass_Verifier "NZ Pass Verifier") [PathCheck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PathCheck "PathCheck") [PeduliLindungi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeduliLindungi "PeduliLindungi") [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") [SafePass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafePass "SafePass") [StaySafe.ph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StaySafe.ph "StaySafe.ph") [SwissCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwissCovid "SwissCovid") [TCN Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCN_Protocol "TCN Protocol") [Test, Trace, Protect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect "Test, Trace, Protect") [Thai Chana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Chana "Thai Chana") [TousAntiCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TousAntiCovid "TousAntiCovid") [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") [Valtrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtrace "Valtrace") [Zoe Health Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Health_Study "Zoe Health Study") \| \| Prevention \| [Air purifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifier "Air purifier") ([Corsi–Rosenthal Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box "Corsi–Rosenthal Box")) [Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Anti-mask sentiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-mask_sentiment "Anti-mask sentiment") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Great Barrington Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration "Great Barrington Declaration") [International aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") [Public health mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19") [Safe Hands Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Hands_Challenge "Safe Hands Challenge") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Workplace hazard controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 "Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") \| \| [Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| \| \| \| \| Topics \| [Authorizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations "List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations") [Clinical research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research "COVID-19 vaccine clinical research") [Deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") [EU Certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate "EU Digital COVID Certificate") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy") [Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19 "Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") (U.S.) [Post-vaccination complications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination "Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination") [Vaccine card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card "COVID-19 vaccine card") [Vaccine passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| Authorized \| \| \| \| \| \| [DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_vaccine "DNA vaccine") \| [ZyCoV-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZyCoV-D "ZyCoV-D") \| \| [Inactivated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine "Inactivated vaccine") \| [Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine "Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine") [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac") [Covaxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin "Covaxin") [COVIran Barekat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIran_Barekat "COVIran Barekat") [CoviVac (Russia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoviVac_$Russia_COVID-19_vaccine$ "CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)") [FAKHRAVAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAKHRAVAC "FAKHRAVAC") [Minhai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine "Minhai COVID-19 vaccine") [QazCovid-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QazCovid-in "QazCovid-in") [Sinopharm BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Sinopharm WIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Turkovac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkovac "Turkovac") [Valneva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine "Valneva COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [mRNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine "MRNA vaccine") \| [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [Subunit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subunit_vaccine "Subunit vaccine") \| [Abdala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdala_$vaccine$ "Abdala (vaccine)") [Corbevax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbevax "Corbevax") (Bio E COVID-19) [COVAX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX-19 "COVAX-19") [EpiVacCorona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpiVacCorona "EpiVacCorona") [IndoVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndoVac "IndoVac") [MVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine "MVC COVID-19 vaccine") [Noora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noora_$vaccine$ "Noora (vaccine)") [Novavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") [Razi Cov Pars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars "Razi Cov Pars") [Sinopharm CNBG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine") [Soberana 02](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_02 "Soberana 02") [Soberana Plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_Plus "Soberana Plus") [ZF2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") (Zifivax) \| \| [Viral vector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine "Viral vector vaccine") \| [Convidecia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convidecia "Convidecia") [Janssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine "Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_Light "Sputnik Light") \| \| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") \| [CoVLP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoVLP "CoVLP") \| \| In trials \| \| \| \| \| \| [Attenuated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine "Attenuated vaccine") \| [COVI-VAC (United States)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVI-VAC_$U.S._COVID-19_vaccine$ "COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)") \| \| DNA \| [AG0302-COVID‑19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119 "AG0302-COVID‑19") [GX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GX-19 "GX-19") [Inovio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine "Inovio COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| Inactivated \| [KD-414](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KD-414 "KD-414") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") \| \| RNA \| [ARCT-021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-021 "ARCT-021") [ARCT-154](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-154 "ARCT-154") [Bangavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangavax "Bangavax") [CureVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine "CureVac COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [HGC019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGC019 "HGC019") [mRNA-1283](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA-1283 "MRNA-1283") [PTX-COVID19-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTX-COVID19-B "PTX-COVID19-B") [Sanofi–Translate Bio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine "Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine "Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine") [Walvax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine "Walvax COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| Subunit \| [202-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/202-CoV "202-CoV") [AKS-452](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS-452 "AKS-452") [EuCorVac-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuCorVac-19 "EuCorVac-19") [IVX-411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVX-411 "IVX-411") [Nanocovax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocovax "Nanocovax") [ReCOV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCOV "ReCOV") [Sanofi–GSK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine "Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine") [S-268019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-268019 "S-268019") [SCB-2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCB-2019 "SCB-2019") [SCTV01C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCTV01C "SCTV01C") [Skycovione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skycovione "Skycovione") [UB-612](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB-612 "UB-612") [V-01](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-01 "V-01") [V451](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V451_vaccine "V451 vaccine") (terminated) [Vabiotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine "Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine") [West China Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine "West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine") [Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") \| \| Viral vector \| [AdCLD-CoV19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdCLD-CoV19 "AdCLD-CoV19") [BriLife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BriLife "BriLife") [COH04S1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COH04S1 "COH04S1") [DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT "DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT") [GRAd-COV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAd-COV2 "GRAd-COV2") [ImmunityBio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine "ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine") [iNCOVACC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INCOVACC "INCOVACC") [INNA-051](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INNA-051 "INNA-051") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") [Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine "Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine") \| \| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") \| [ABNCoV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABNCoV2 "ABNCoV2") [LYB001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYB001 "LYB001") [MigVax-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MigVax-101 "MigVax-101") [VBI-2902](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBI-2902 "VBI-2902") \| \| [Deployment by location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in Africa") \| [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria") [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola "COVID-19 vaccination in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana "COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso") [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi "COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad "COVID-19 vaccination in Chad") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt "COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana "COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco "COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal "COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe") \| \| Asia \| [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan") [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran "COVID-19 vaccination in Iran") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel "COVID-19 vaccination in Israel") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan "COVID-19 vaccination in Japan") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal "COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey "COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam") \| \| Europe \| [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania "COVID-19 vaccination in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia "COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark "COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France "COVID-19 vaccination in France") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany "COVID-19 vaccination in Germany") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece "COVID-19 vaccination in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary "COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary") [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland "COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy "COVID-19 vaccination in Italy") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova "COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway "COVID-19 vaccination in Norway") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal "COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania "COVID-19 vaccination in Romania") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain "COVID-19 vaccination in Spain") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden "COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom") \| \| North America \| [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec "COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti "COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination in the United States") [mandates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States") \| \| Oceania \| [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia "COVID-19 vaccination in Australia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji "COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand") \| \| South America \| [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina "COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil "COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia "COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru "COVID-19 vaccination in Peru") \| \| Others \| \| \| [Treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Drug development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") [Drug repurposing research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research "COVID-19 drug repurposing research") [Baricitinib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricitinib "Baricitinib") [PANORAMIC trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial "PANORAMIC trial") (UK) [RECOVERY Trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial "RECOVERY Trial") (UK) [Solidarity trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_trial "Solidarity trial") (WHO) \| \| \| [Monoclonal antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody "Monoclonal antibody") \| [Bamlanivimab/etesevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab "Bamlanivimab/etesevimab") [Bamlanivimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab "Bamlanivimab") Etesevimab [Bebtelovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebtelovimab "Bebtelovimab") [Casirivimab/imdevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab "Casirivimab/imdevimab") [Regdanvimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regdanvimab "Regdanvimab") [Sarilumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarilumab "Sarilumab") [Sotrovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotrovimab "Sotrovimab") [Tixagevimab/cilgavimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab "Tixagevimab/cilgavimab") [Tocilizumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocilizumab "Tocilizumab") \| \| [Small molecule antivirals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug "Antiviral drug") \| [Broad-spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug "Broad-spectrum antiviral drug") [Ensitrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensitrelvir "Ensitrelvir") [Molnupiravir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnupiravir "Molnupiravir") Co-packaged [Nirmatrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir "Nirmatrelvir") [ritonavir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir "Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir") \| \| [Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") \| \| \| \| \| \| Specific \| [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") [Epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant") [Zeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant") [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant") [Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant") [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant") [Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant") [Mu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant") [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") \| \| General \| [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Lineage B.1.617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 "SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617") [Variant of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern "SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern") \| \| Institutions \| \| \| \| \| \| Hospitals and medical clinics \| \| \| \| \| \| Mainland China \| [Central Hospital of Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan "Central Hospital of Wuhan") [Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre "Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre") [Fangcang hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangcang_hospital "Fangcang hospital") [Huoshenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital "Huoshenshan Hospital") [Leishenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital "Leishenshan Hospital") [Xinjia Express Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel "Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel") [Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital "Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital") \| \| Others \| [Hospital ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic") [Garran Surge Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garran_Surge_Centre "Garran Surge Centre") (Australia) [Hospital El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_El_Salvador "Hospital El Salvador") [Kemayoran Athletes Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village "Kemayoran Athletes Village") (Indonesia) [Pyongyang General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital "Pyongyang General Hospital") (North Korea) [Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang "Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang") (Malaysia) [Mega Ligtas COVID Centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers "Mega Ligtas COVID Centers") (Philippines) [Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre "Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre") (Sri Lanka) [Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital "Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital "Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom") [Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham "NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London "NHS Nightingale Hospital London") [North East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East "NHS Nightingale Hospital North East") [North West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West "NHS Nightingale Hospital North West") [Yorkshire and the Humber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber "NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber") [NHS Louisa Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan "NHS Louisa Jordan") (Scotland) [Dragon's Heart Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital "Dragon's Heart Hospital") (Wales) \| \| Organizations \| \| \| \| \| \| [National Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cabinet_$Australia$ "National Cabinet (Australia)") (Australia) [ScienceUpFirst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceUpFirst "ScienceUpFirst") (Canada) [Wuhan Institute of Virology]() (China) [Independent SAGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_SAGE "Independent SAGE") (United Kingdom) \| \| \| Health institutes \| [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention") (African Union) [Ghana Infectious Disease Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre "Ghana Infectious Disease Centre") (Ghana) [Department of Health (Hong Kong)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_$Hong_Kong$ "Department of Health (Hong Kong)") [Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency "Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency") (South Korea) [National Institute for Communicable Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases "National Institute for Communicable Diseases") (South 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(Singapore) [Jeff Zients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Zients "Jeff Zients") (United States) \| \| Others \| [Chen Qiushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Qiushi "Chen Qiushi") [Brett Crozier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Crozier "Brett Crozier") [Fang Bin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Bin "Fang Bin") [Fang Fang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Fang "Fang Fang") [Joseph Ashitey Hammond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond "Joseph Ashitey Hammond") [Li Zehua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zehua "Li Zehua") [Captain Tom Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore "Captain Tom Moore") [Qiu Menghuang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang "Qiu Menghuang") [Ren Zhiqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang "Ren Zhiqiang") \| \| [List of deaths due to COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19") \| \| \| Data (templates) \| \| \| \| \| \| Global \| WHO situation reports [cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases") [deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths") [World map by countries: confirmed per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") \| \| Asia \| [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Armenia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Armenia medical cases chart") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Artsakh medical cases chart") China [confirmed per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_$dots$ "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)") \| \| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit 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Readable Markdown	\| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所 \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_logo.png/250px-Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_logo.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_logo.png) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg/250px-Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_main_entrance.jpg) \| \| \| [![Map](https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,30.376388888889,114.2625,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&revid=1342464444&groups=_ca5642dba4b3aa063c9aa030a178d8100231a9ea&parser=legacy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/10/30.376388888889/114.2625/en) \| \| \| Abbreviation \| WIV \| \| Predecessor \| Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory South China Institute of Microbiology Wuhan Microbiology Institute Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province \| \| Formation \| 1956 \| \| Founder \| Chen Huagui, Gao Shangyin \| \| Headquarters \| Xiaohongshan, [Wuchang District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchang_District "Wuchang District"), [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei "Hubei"), [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") \| \| Coordinates \| [30°22′35″N 114°15′45″E / 30\.37639°N 114.26250°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology&params=30_22_35_N_114_15_45_E_type:landmark_region:CN-42) \| \| Director-General \| [Wang Yanyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yanyi "Wang Yanyi") \| \| [Party Committee Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Committee_Secretary "Party Committee Secretary") \| Xiao Gengfu[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-1) \| \| Deputy Director-General \| Gong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu \| \| Parent organization \| [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Sciences") \| \| Staff \| 295[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-2) (2014) \| \| Website \| [english.whiov.cas.cn](http://english.whiov.cas.cn/) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30292611#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| Wuhan Institute of Virology \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Simplified Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters "Simplified Chinese characters") \| [中国](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD "wikt:中国")[科学院](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2 "wikt:科学院")[武汉](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89 "wikt:武汉")[病毒](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92 "wikt:病毒")[研究所](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80 "wikt:研究所") \| \| [Traditional Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters "Traditional Chinese characters") \| 中國科學院武漢病毒研究所 \| \| Transcriptions \| \| \| [Standard Mandarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese "Standard Chinese") \| \| \| [Hanyu Pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin "Hanyu Pinyin") \| Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ \| The Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIV; [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters "Simplified Chinese characters"): 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所) is a research institute on [virology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology "Virology") under the Wuhan Branch of the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Sciences").[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-4) Located in [Jiangxia District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxia_District "Jiangxia District"), [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei "Hubei"), it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first [biosafety level 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level_4 "Biosafety level 4") (BSL-4) laboratory[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) in 2018. The institute has collaborated with the [Galveston National Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_National_Laboratory "Galveston National Laboratory") in the United States, the [Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_International_de_Recherche_en_Infectiologie "Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie") in France, and the [National Microbiology Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Microbiology_Laboratory "National Microbiology Laboratory") in Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of [coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-6) History The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences "Chinese Academy of Sciences") (CAS). It was established by scientists Gao Shangyin, a graduate of [Soochow University (Suzhou)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soochow_University_$Suzhou$ "Soochow University (Suzhou)"),[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-7) and Chen Huagui.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-8) In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-9) In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-10) [biosafety level 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level_4 "Biosafety level 4") (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US\$44 million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government's [CIRI lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_International_de_Recherche_en_Infectiologie "Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-11)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-12) The new laboratory building has 3000 m2 of BSL-4 space, and also 20 [BSL-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSL_2 "BSL 2") and two [BSL-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSL_3 "BSL 3") laboratories.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WHO-13) The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for [Conformity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformity "Conformity") Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-14) The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the institute investigates highly dangerous viruses, such as [SARS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS "SARS"), [influenza H5N1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_H5N1 "Influenza H5N1"), [Japanese encephalitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis "Japanese encephalitis"), and [dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue "Dengue").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-Shoham-15) The National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the [Galveston National Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_National_Laboratory "Galveston National Laboratory") in the [University of Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas "University of Texas").[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WPO-16) It also had ties with [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada")'s [National Microbiology Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Microbiology_Laboratory "National Microbiology Laboratory") until WIV staff scientists [Xiangguo Qiu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangguo_Qiu "Xiangguo Qiu") and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-cbcqiu-17) Researchers from the WIV have, in the past, collaborated with international scientists in the creation of [chimeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_$virus$ "Chimera (virus)") coronavirus.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature_medicine_201511-18) Some researchers (notably Richard Ebright) believe this work falls under the definition of [gain of function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation "Mutation") research, but many other experts dispute this classification.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-FactCheckGoF-19) A number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. Many Wuhan lab staff were trained at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) Researchers were also trained in Australia, Canada, the United States and then in-house before the lab was operational.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WHO-13) Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist [Richard H. Ebright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Ebright "Richard H. Ebright"), who had expressed concern of [previous escapes of the SARS virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_laboratory_biosecurity "List of accidents and incidents involving laboratory biosecurity") at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) called the institute a "world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-WPO-16) Coronavirus research In 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the [SARS coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS_coronavirus "SARS coronavirus"), finding that China's [horseshoe bats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_bat "Horseshoe bat") are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-20) Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2017-21) In 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether [a bat coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHC014-CoV "SHC014-CoV") could be made to infect a human cell line ([HeLa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa "HeLa")). The team engineered a [hybrid virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_$virus$ "Chimera (virus)"), combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature_medicine_201511-18)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2015bat-22) In 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in [Yunnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan "Yunnan") contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of "the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS".[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-nature2017-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-23) In 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a [serological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology "Serology") study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in [Jinning District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinning_District "Jinning District") of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-24) Prior to and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, [coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus") research at the WIV has been conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-25) COVID-19 pandemic In December 2019, cases of [pneumonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia") associated with an unknown [coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus") were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to [RaTG13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RaTG13 "RaTG13"), a virus its researchers had discovered in [horseshoe bats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_bat "Horseshoe bat") in southwest China.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-26)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-RathoreSingh-27) As the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, a team led by [Shi Zhengli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Zhengli "Shi Zhengli") at the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the [novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_coronavirus_$2019-nCoV$ "Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)"), upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-zhoup-28)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-29)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-30) and publish papers in [Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_$journal$ "Nature (journal)").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-zhoup-28) On 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-31) In February 2020, in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights,[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-32) the institute applied for a patent in China for the use of [remdesivir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remdesivir "Remdesivir"), an experimental drug owned by [Gilead Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences "Gilead Sciences"), which the institute found inhibited the virus [in vitro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro "In vitro").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-33) The WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights "if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China's epidemic."[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-34) In April 2020, the [Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") terminated an [NIH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIH "NIH") grant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-35)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-36) New York-based, NIH–funded [EcoHealth Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoHealth_Alliance "EcoHealth Alliance") has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-37)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-38)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-39) Under political pressure, the [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health") (NIH) withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-40) [Ralph Baric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Baric "Ralph Baric") and Rachel Graham wrote in 2020 that the large collections of bat virome samples stored at the facility, its close proximity to the early outbreak, and questions about its operating procedures, could fuel "speculation" about the institute's role in the [origin of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_COVID-19 "Origin of COVID-19").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-41) Virus speculations criticism The laboratory has been the focus of conspiracy theories[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-Hakim-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-43) and unsubstantiated speculation about the origin of the virus.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-grahamb:20-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-45) This has been a source of political tension between China and other countries, including Australia[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-46) and the United States.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-47) There have been allegations that the initial outbreak was provoked by either [manipulation or accidental release of a virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_hypothesis "COVID-19 lab leak hypothesis") held in the WIV facilities, and that the participants may have conspired to cover it up.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-48) Shi Zhengli denied that there was a connection between the WIV and the emergence of COVID-19.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-49) In February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team said a [laboratory leak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_leak "Laboratory leak") origin for COVID-19 was "extremely unlikely",[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-50)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-51) confirming what experts expected about the likely origins and early transmission.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-APNews20210211-52) However, WHO Director-General [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus") said that the report's conclusions were not definitive and data had been withheld from investigators.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-reuters_tedros-53) In response to the report, politicians, including [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-54) and [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson"),[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-55) as well as Ghebreyesus, have called for further investigations into the origins of COVID-19.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-56)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-57)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-58)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-60) The scientific opinion that an accidental leak is possible, but unlikely, has remained steady.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-62) Research centers The Institute contains the following research centers:[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-63) - Center for Emerging Infectious Disease - Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center - Center of Applied and Environmental Microbiology - Department of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Department of Molecular Virology See also - [Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention") - [Investigations into the origin of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 "Investigations into the origin of COVID-19") - [Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Origins_of_Novel_Pathogens "Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens") - [Zoonosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis "Zoonosis") Notes 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-10) As of February 2017, there were already two BSL-4 labs in [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_note-pmid28230144-5) References 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-1) ["Current leader" 现任领导](https://web.archive.org/web/20200224142240/http://www.whiov.ac.cn/jggk_105204/xrld/201312/t20131227_4006476.html) . Wuhan Institute of Virology, www.whiov.ac.cn. Archived from [the original](http://www.whiov.ac.cn/jggk_105204/xrld/201312/t20131227_4006476.html) on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020. "Wang Yanyi, born in 1981, PhD, researcher. She is currently the director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the leader of the molecular immunology discipline group... Xiao Gengfu, born in 1966, PhD, researcher. 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[PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [8057312](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8057312). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [38630114](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38630114). 49. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-50) ["Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396). The Guardian. 9 February 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210209201752/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021. 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[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210731031020/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china-report-idUSKBN2BM26S) from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. 53. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-54) ["Statement by President Joe Biden on the Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19"](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/05/26/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-the-investigation-into-the-origins-of-covid-19/). [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House"). 16 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. 54. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-55) ["Joe Biden, Boris Johnson call for further Covid-19 origins investigation in China"](https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3136810/eu-leaders-call-complete-access-china-full-covid-19-origins). SMCP. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. 55. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-56) ["WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open"](https://www.who.int/news/item/30-03-2021-who-calls-for-further-studies-data-on-origin-of-sars-cov-2-virus-reiterates-that-all-hypotheses-remain-open). WHO. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021. 56. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-57) ["WHO says all hypotheses still open in probe into virus origins"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-probe-idUSKBN2AC1UV). Reuters. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021. 57. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-58) Maxmen A (27 May 2021). ["Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-01383-3). 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-59) Gorman J, Zimmer C (13 May 2021). ["Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html). The New York Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210525212823/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html) from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021. 59. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-60) ["WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak"](https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-world-news-health-science-coronavirus-pandemic-c0c594f9060f676c0ea48c2d1c69daec). Associated Press News. 15 July 2021. 60. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-61) See, for example, the following: - Taylor A. ["Analysis - The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/27/wuhan-lab-theory-evidence/). The Washington Post. - Beaumont P (27 May 2021). ["Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/27/did-covid-come-from-a-wuhan-lab-what-we-know-so-far). The Guardian. - Rogers A. ["The Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory Is a Tale of Weaponized Uncertainty"](https://www.wired.com/story/covid-19-lab-leak-theory-weaponized-uncertainty/). Wired. Retrieved 2 June 2021. - Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). ["SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207110). Immunity. 52 (5): 734–736\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2020.04.016). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [7207110](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207110). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [32392464](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32392464). "the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence" - Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, et al. (September 2020). "Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2". Le Infezioni in Medicina (in Italian). 28 (3): 302–311\. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [32920565](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920565). "Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities." - Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. (February 2021). ["SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10016996). Postgraduate Medical Journal. 97 (1144): 110–116\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138386](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpostgradmedj-2020-138386). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [10016996](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10016996). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [32788312](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788312). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [221124011](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221124011). "the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population" - Hakim MS (February 2021). ["SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995093). Reviews in Medical Virology. 31 (6) e2222. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1002/rmv.2222](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frmv.2222). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_$identifier$ "PMC (identifier)") [7995093](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995093). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_$identifier$ "PMID (identifier)") [33586302](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33586302). "There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2." 61. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-62) Lanese N (26 June 2023). ["Declassified US intelligence report finds no evidence of coronavirus 'lab leak' from Wuhan institute"](https://www.livescience.com/health/coronavirus/declassified-us-intelligence-report-finds-no-evidence-of-coronavirus-lab-leak-from-wuhan-institute). [Live Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Science "Live Science"). Retrieved 29 June 2023. 62. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology#cite_ref-63) ["Administration"](http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/Administration2016/). Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190729175613/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/Administration2016/) from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020. External links - [Official website](http://english.whiov.cas.cn/) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30292611#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata") - [Street level view of the Institute (Baidu Maps)](https://map.baidu.com/search/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80/@12721027.39,3530942.9800000004,21z,87t,97.41h?querytype=s&da_src=shareurl&wd=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&c=1&src=0&pn=0&sug=0&l=5&b=$1104297.960000001,-982443.25;22075817.96,9962068.75$&from=webmap&biz_forward=%7B%22scaler%22:2,%22styles%22:%22pl%22%7D&device_ratio=2#panoid=09000200121905230903149611R&panotype=street&heading=193.22&pitch=6.23&l=21&tn=B_NORMAL_MAP&sc=0&newmap=1&shareurl=1&pid=09000200121905230903149611R)
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