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| Boilerpipe Text | Winter Olympic Games
The Olympic flame in
Milan
during the
2026 Winter Olympics
Games
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
2026
Sports
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Cross‑country skiing
Curling
Figure skating
Freestyle skiing
Ice hockey
Luge
Nordic combined
Short track speed skating
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Speed skating
The
Winter Olympic Games
(French:
Jeux olympiques d'hiver
),
[
a
]
also known as the
Olympic Winter Games
or simply the
Winter Olympics
, is a major international
multi-sport event
held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice. The Winter Olympics are usually held in February, during the winter season of the Northern Hemisphere. The IOC is the governing body of the
Olympic Movement
, with the
Olympic Charter
defining its structure and authority.
Milan
and
Cortina d'Ampezzo
of Italy hosted in 2026. The next games are scheduled to be held between 1 to 17 February 2030 at the
French Alps
.
[
2
]
[
3
]
The original five Winter Olympic Sports (consisting of nine disciplines) were
bobsleigh
,
curling
,
ice hockey
,
Nordic skiing
(consisting of the disciplines
military patrol
,
[
b
]
cross-country skiing
,
Nordic combined
, and
ski jumping
), and
skating
(consisting of the disciplines
figure skating
and
speed skating
).
[
c
]
The Winter Olympic Games have evolved since their inception. Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them, such as
alpine skiing
,
luge
,
short track speed skating
,
freestyle skiing
,
skeleton
, and
snowboarding
, have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic program. Some others, including
curling
and
bobsleigh
, have been discontinued and later reintroduced; others have been permanently discontinued, such as
military patrol
, though the modern Winter Olympic sport of
biathlon
is descended from it.
[
b
]
Still others, such as
speed skiing
,
bandy
and
skijoring
, were
demonstration sports
but never incorporated as Olympic sports.
The first Winter Olympic Games, the
1924 Winter Olympics
, were held in
Chamonix
, France. The modern Olympic Games were inspired by the
ancient Olympic Games
, which were held in
Olympia, Greece
, from 776 BCE to 394 CE. The
Baron Pierre de Coubertin
of France founded the
International Olympic Committee
(IOC) 1,500 years later in 1894, leading to the first modern
Summer Olympic Games
in Athens, Greece in 1896. The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by
World War II
, and resumed in
1948
. Until 1992, the
Summer Olympic Games
and the Winter Olympic Games were held in the same year. A decision to change this was made in 1986, when during the
91st International Olympic Committee session
, IOC members decided to alternate the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games on separate four-year cycles in even-numbered years. Also, at that same congress it was decided that
1992 Winter Olympics
would be the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games and that to change the rotation, the games that would be held in 1996 would be brought forward by two years, being scheduled to
1994
, the same four-year cycle as the
Commonwealth Games
, and the men's
FIFA World Cup
. After those games, the next were to be
held in 1998
when the four-year Olympic Cycle resumed.
[
8
]
[
9
]
The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted on three continents by thirteen countries, all of whom are located in the
Northern Hemisphere
. They have been held four times in the
United States
(
1932
,
1960
,
1980
, and
2002
), three times each in
France
(
1924
,
1968
, and
1992
) and
Italy
(
1956
,
2006
, and
2026
), and twice each in
Switzerland
(
1928
and
1948
),
Austria
(
1964
and
1976
),
Norway
(
1952
and
1994
),
Japan
(
1972
and
1998
) and
Canada
(
1988
and
2010
). Also, the Winter Olympic Games have been held once each in
Germany
(
1936
),
Yugoslavia
(
1984
),
Russia
(
2014
),
South Korea
(
2018
), and
China
(
2022
).
As of 2026
, twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games –
Austria
,
Canada
,
Finland
,
France
,
Great Britain
,
Hungary
,
Italy
,
Norway
,
Poland
,
Sweden
,
Switzerland
, and the
United States
. Also,
Czechoslovakia
participated in all Winter Olympic Games before its
dissolution
and its successors,
Czech Republic
and
Slovakia
have participated in all Winter Games thereafter. Six of these countries have won medals at every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. The only country to have won a gold medal at every Winter Olympic Games is the United States.
Norway leads the
all-time medal record
for the Winter Olympic Games, followed by the United States and Germany. When including defunct states, Germany (including the former countries of West Germany and East Germany) leads, followed by Norway, Russia (including the former Soviet Union) and the United States. Norway holds the record for most gold medals in any one Winter Olympics, with 18 in 2026, and overall medals, with 41 in 2026.
Ulrich Salchow
at the 1908 Olympics
A predecessor, the
Nordic Games
, were organised by General
Viktor Gustaf Balck
in
Stockholm
, Sweden, in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926.
[
10
]
Balck was a charter member of the
IOC
and a close friend of
Olympic Games
founder
Pierre de Coubertin
. He attempted to have winter sports, specifically
figure skating
, added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the
1908 Summer Olympics
in London.
[
10
]
Four figure skating events were contested, at which
Ulrich Salchow
(10-time world champion) and
Madge Syers
won the individual titles.
[
11
]
[
12
]
Three years later, Italian count
Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux
proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the
1912 Summer Olympics
in Stockholm, Sweden. The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports.
[
13
]
[
14
]
[
15
]
The idea was resurrected for the
1916 Games
, which were to be held in Berlin, Germany. A
winter sports week
with
speed skating
, figure skating,
ice hockey
and
Nordic skiing
were planned, but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of
World War I
.
[
14
]
Sonia Henie's Olympic gold medal, St. Moritz 1928.
The first Olympics after the war, the
1920 Summer Olympics
, were held in
Antwerp
, Belgium,
[
16
]
and featured figure skating
[
17
]
and an ice hockey tournament. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the games. At the
IOC Congress
held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the
1924 Summer Olympics
, France, would host a separate "International Winter Sports Week" under the patronage of the IOC.
Chamonix
was chosen to host this week (actually 11 days) of events.
The 1924 games
in Chamonix proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events.
[
18
]
Athletes
from Finland
and Norway
won 28 medals, more than the rest of the participating nations combined.
[
19
]
The first gold medal awarded was won by
Charles Jewtraw
of the United States in the 500-meter speed skate.
Sonja Henie
of Norway, at just 11 years old, competed in the ladies' figure skating and, although finishing last, became popular with fans.
Gillis Grafström
of Sweden defended his 1920 gold medal
[
17
]
in men's figure skating, becoming the first Olympian to win gold medals in both Summer and Winter Olympics.
[
20
]
Germany remained banned until 1925, and instead hosted a series of games called
Deutsche Kampfspiele
, starting with the winter edition of 1922 (which predated the first Winter Olympics). In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 games in Chamonix were retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics.
[
14
]
[
18
]
St. Moritz
, Switzerland, was appointed by the IOC to host the
second Winter Games
in 1928.
[
21
]
Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts. The
opening ceremony
was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the games.
[
22
]
Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed-skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled.
[
23
]
The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 games:
Sonja Henie
of
Norway
returned to the Winter Olympics to make history when she won the
ladies' figure skating
at the age of 15. She became the youngest Olympic champion in history, a distinction she held for 70 years, and went on to defend her title at the next two Winter Olympics.
[
24
]
Gillis Grafström
won his third consecutive figure skating gold
[
25
]
and went on to win silver in 1932,
[
26
]
becoming the most decorated men's figure skater to date.
The
next Winter Olympics
, held in Lake Placid, New York, United States was the first to be hosted outside of Europe. Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated.
[
27
]
This was less than in 1928, as the journey to
Lake Placid
was too long and expensive for some European nations that encountered financial problems in the midst of the
Great Depression
. The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports.
[
27
]
Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games, and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January.
[
28
]
Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title,
[
26
]
and
Eddie Eagan
of the United States, who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920,
[
29
]
won the gold medal in the
men's bobsleigh event
[
30
]
to join
Gillis Grafström
as the only athletes to have won gold medals in both the
Summer
and Winter Olympics.
[
27
]
Eagan has the distinction as the only Olympian as of 2020 to accomplish this feat in different sports.
[
31
]
The German towns of
Garmisch and Partenkirchen
joined to organise the
1936 Winter Games
, held from 6–16 February.
[
32
]
This was the last time the
Summer
and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year.
Alpine skiing
made its Olympic debut, but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals.
[
33
]
Because of this decision
the Swiss
and Austrian
skiers refused to compete at the games.
[
33
]
World War II
interrupted the Winter Olympics. The
1940 games
had been awarded to
Sapporo
, Japan, but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese
invasion
of China. The games were then to be held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, but the 1940 games were cancelled following the German
invasion of Poland
in 1939.
[
34
]
Due to the ongoing war, the
1944 games
, originally scheduled for
Cortina D'Ampezzo
, Italy, were cancelled.
[
35
]
The opening ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo
St. Moritz was selected to host the
first post-war games, in 1948
. Switzerland's neutrality had protected the town during World War II, and most venues from the 1928 games remained in place, which made St. Moritz a logical choice. It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice.
[
36
]
Twenty-eight countries competed in Switzerland, but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited because their Olympic committees were not yet recognized. They returned in 1952.
[
37
]
Some controversy emerged when two hockey teams from the
United States
arrived, both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative. The
Olympic flag
presented at the
1920 Summer Olympics
in Antwerp was stolen, as was its replacement. There was unprecedented parity at these games, during which 10 countries won gold medals—more than any games to that point.
[
38
]
The
Olympic Flame
tradition was
introduced at the 1952 games
in
Oslo
: the flame was lit in the fireplace of the house of 19th-century Norwegian skiing pioneer
Sondre Nordheim
and the first Winter torch relay was conducted by 94 torchbearers entirely on their skis.
[
39
]
[
40
]
Bandy
, a popular sport in the Nordic countries, was featured as a demonstration sport, though
only Norway
,
Sweden
,
and Finland
fielded teams. Norwegian athletes won 17 medals, which outpaced all the other nations.
[
41
]
They were led by
Hjalmar Andersen
who won three gold medals in four events in the
speed skating
competition.
[
42
]
After not being able to host the games in 1944,
Cortina d'Ampezzo
was selected to organise the
1956 Winter Olympics
. At the opening ceremonies the final torchbearer, Guido Caroli, entered the
Olympic Stadium
on ice skates. As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell and burned his arm, nearly extinguishing the flame. He was able to recover and light the cauldron.
[
43
]
These were the first Winter Games to be televised, and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience, though no television rights were sold until the
1960 Summer Olympics
in
Rome
.
[
44
]
The Cortina games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events.
[
44
]
The
Soviet Union
made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact, winning more medals than any other nation.
[
45
]
The Soviets' immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete". The
USSR
entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full-time.
[
46
]
[
47
]
Chiharu Igaya
won the first Winter Olympics medal
for Japan
and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom.
[
48
]
The IOC awarded the
1960 Olympics
to
Squaw Valley
, United States.
[
49
]
The announcement of its selection came as a shock as the resort near
Lake Tahoe
was undeveloped and unknown outside the United States. About US$80,000,000 was spent over four years to build cutting-edge infrastructure from scratch. The layout was designed to be intimate, allowing spectators and competitors to reach most of the venues on foot.
[
50
]
[
51
]
The opening and closing ceremonies were the firsts produced by
Walt Disney
Company.
[
52
]
The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first Winter Games to have a dedicated athletes' village,
[
53
]
[
54
]
the first to use a computer (courtesy of
IBM
) to tabulate results, and the first to feature female speed skating events. This edition is the only one to date to not have bobsleigh competitions, as the number of countries registered in the event was insufficient and the costs of building the track were too high for the Organizing Committee. To replace the event, an extra edition from the
FIBT World Championship was held
.
[
52
]
The
Herb Brooks Arena
in
Lake Placid
(
c.
2007
), site of
the "
Miracle on Ice
" in
1980
The Austrian city of
Innsbruck
was the host in
1964
. For the first time, the Olympic torch of the Winter Olympic Games was lit at the traditional ritual held in the temple of Olympia. Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort, unprojected warm weather caused a lack of snow and organisers were unable to save enough snow to be used during the Games, and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice from other places to the sports venues.
[
52
]
Soviet
speed-skater
Lidia Skoblikova
made history by winning all four-speed skating events. Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes.
[
52
]
Also, for the first time
Luge
was added to the Olympic program, but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run.
[
55
]
[
56
]
Held in the French town of
Grenoble
, the
1968 Winter Olympics
were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour. There were 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events.
[
57
]
French
alpine ski racer
Jean-Claude Killy
became only the second person to win all the men's alpine skiing events. Due to the high interest around the world, the organising committee sold television rights for US$2 million, which was more than twice the cost of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games.
[
58
]
For the first time, the organizers chose to decentralize the Games to save costs and the events were spread across three long distances clusters, which led to the need to build three Olympic Villages. Along with the high costs, the organisers claimed that this was necessary to accommodate technological advances, however, critics disputed this, alleging that the layout would incorporate the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the athletes' expense.
[
58
]
The
1972 Winter Games
, held in
Sapporo
, Japan,
[
59
]
were the first to be hosted on a continent other than North America or Europe. The issue of professionalism was disputed during these Games when a number of alpine skiers were found to have participated in a ski camp at
Mammoth Mountain
in the United States; three days before the opening ceremony, IOC president
Avery Brundage
threatened to bar the skiers from competing in the Games as he insisted that they were no longer amateurs having benefited financially from their status as athletes.
[
60
]
Eventually only
Austrian
Karl Schranz
, who earned more than the other skiers, was excluded from the competition.
[
61
]
Canada boycotted the
1972
and the
1976 ice hockey tournaments
in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues.
[
62
]
Canadian authorities also accused the Soviet Union of using state-sponsored athletes, who were de facto professionals.
[
63
]
Francisco Fernández Ochoa
became the first and, as of 2022, the only
Spaniard
to win a Winter Olympic gold medal when he triumphed in the
slalom
.
[
64
]
The
1976 Winter Olympics
had initially been awarded in 1970 to
Denver
,
Colorado
in the United States. These Games would have coincided with the year of Colorado's
centennial
and the
United States Bicentennial
. However, the increasing costs of the event and the oil crisis led to a local plebiscite held in November 1972, that resulted in the city withdrawing from hosting the Games, as the people of Colorado voted against public funding of the Games by a 3:2 margin.
[
65
]
[
66
]
The IOC responded by offering the Games to
Vancouver
-
Garibaldi
,
British Columbia
in
Canada
, which had previously been a finalist bid for the 1976 Games. However, a change in the provincial government resulted in an administration that did not support the Olympic bid, so the IOC's offer was rejected.
[
67
]
Salt Lake City
, previously a candidate for the 1972 Winter Olympics, then put itself forward, but a tense political situation led IOC to invite Innsbruck to host the 1976 Games, as all the infrastructure used during the 1964 Games had been maintained. Despite only having half the usual time to prepare for the Games, Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973.
[
67
]
During the opening ceremonies, two cauldrons were lit because it was the second time that the Austrian town had hosted the Winter Games.
[
67
]
The 1976 Games featured the first
combination bobsleigh-and-luge track
, in neighbouring
Igls
.
[
64
]
The
Soviet Union
won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal.
[
67
]
In 1980
the Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, which had hosted the 1932 Games. Unlike previous editions, Lake Placid had no competitors in this bid process.
Cyprus
made their Olympic debut at the games. The People's Republic of China and
Costa Rica
, the first tropical nation, competed for the first time at the Winter Games. The
Republic of China
boycotted the Games, in protest of the IOC's recognition of the
People's Republic of China
as the only "China", and its request for the Republic of China to compete as "
Chinese Taipei
". The PRC, on the other hand, returned to the Olympics for the first time since 1952 and made its Winter Olympic debut.
[
68
]
[
69
]
American
speed-skater
Eric Heiden
set either an Olympic or World record in every one of the five
events
in which he competed, winning a total of five individual gold medals and breaking the record for most individual golds in a single Olympics (both Summer and Winter).
[
70
]
Hanni Wenzel
won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country,
Liechtenstein
, became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist.
[
71
]
In the "
Miracle on Ice
", the
American hockey team
composed of college players beat the favoured seasoned professionals from the
Soviet Union
, and progressed to eventually win the gold medal.
[
72
]
[
d
]
Alberto Tomba
, winner of five Olympic medals in Calgary, Albertville and Lillehammer
Sapporo
, Japan, and
Gothenburg
, Sweden, were front-runners to host the
1984 Winter Olympics
. It was therefore a surprise when
Sarajevo
, Yugoslavia, was selected as host.
[
74
]
The Games were well-organised and not affected by the run-up to the
war
that engulfed the country eight years later.
[
75
]
A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events. Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier
Jure Franko
won silver in the giant slalom. Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of
British
ice dancers
Jayne Torvill
and
Christopher Dean
; their
Boléro
routine received unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression, earning them the gold medal.
[
75
]
The Olympic Torch from the
1988 Winter Olympic Games
in
Calgary
In 1988, the Canadian city of
Calgary
hosted the
first Winter Olympics
to span three weekends, lasting for a total of 16 days.
[
76
]
New events were added in ski-jumping and speed skating, while future Olympic sports curling,
short track speed skating
and
freestyle skiing
made their debut appearance as demonstration sports. The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time, on the
Olympic Oval
. Dutch skater
Yvonne van Gennip
won three gold medals and set two world records, beating skaters from the favoured
East German team
in every race.
[
77
]
Her medal total was equalled by
Finnish
ski jumper
Matti Nykänen
, who won all three events in his sport.
Alberto Tomba
,
an Italian
skier, made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom. East German
Christa Rothenburger
won the women's 1,000 metre speed skating event. Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the
Summer Games
in
Seoul
, to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year.
[
76
]
The 1988 games are well remembered in popular culture from two films based on its events:
Cool Runnings
about the
Jamaican bobsled team
; and
Eddie the Eagle
about British ski jumper
Michael Edwards
, who finished last but set a British record of 73.5 metres.
The
1992 Winter Games
were the last to be held in the same year as the
Summer Games
.
[
78
]
They were hosted in the French
Savoie
region, with 18 events held in the city of
Albertville
and the remaining events spread out over the Savoie.
[
78
]
Political changes of the time were reflected in the composition of the Olympic teams competing in France: this was the first Games to be held after the
fall of Communism
and the
fall of the Berlin Wall
, and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games.
[
79
]
Former
Yugoslavian
republics
Croatia
and
Slovenia
made their debuts as independent nations; most of the former
Soviet
republics still competed as a single team known as the
Unified Team
, but the
Baltic States
made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II.
[
79
]
At 16 years old,
Finnish
ski jumper
Toni Nieminen
made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion.
[
80
]
New Zealand
skier
Annelise Coberger
became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women's slalom.
The
1994 Winter Olympics
, held in
Lillehammer
, Norway, were the first Winter Games to be held in a different year from the Summer Games. This change resulted from the decision reached in the
91st IOC Session (1986)
to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even-numbered years.
[
81
]
This allowed the IOC to space out the logistical and financial costs of the two events from one another, and generate advertising revenue from the Games every two years instead of four.
[
82
]
Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games. It was the second time the Games were held in Norway, after the
1952 Winter Olympics
in
Oslo
, and the first time the
Olympic Truce
was observed. As a result, after the
dissolution of Czechoslovakia
in 1993, the
Czech Republic
and
Slovakia
made their Olympic debuts.
[
83
]
The women's figure skating competition drew media attention when
American skater
Nancy Kerrigan
was injured on 6 January 1994, in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent
Tonya Harding
.
[
84
]
Both skaters competed in the Games, but the gold medal was narrowly won by
Oksana Baiul
who became
Ukraine
's first Olympic champion, while Kerrigan won the silver medal.
[
85
]
[
86
]
Johann Olav Koss
of
Norway
won three gold medals, coming first in all of the distance speed skating events.
[
87
]
13-year-old
Kim Yoon-Mi
became the youngest-ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women's 3,000-metre speed skating relay.
Bjørn Dæhli
of Norway won a medal in four out of five cross-country events, becoming the most decorated Winter Olympian until then.
Russia
won the most events, with eleven gold medals, while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes, collecting the most medals overall on home ground.
Juan Antonio Samaranch
described Lillehammer as "the best Olympic Winter Games ever" in his closing ceremony speech.
[
88
]
The
1998 Winter Olympics
were held in the Japanese city of
Nagano
and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes.
[
89
]
The
National Hockey League
allowed its players to participate in the men's
ice hockey tournament
for the first time, and the
Czech Republic
won the tournament. Women's ice hockey made its debut, and the
United States
won the gold medal.
[
90
]
Bjørn Dæhlie
of
Norway
won three gold medals in Nordic skiing, becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete, with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall.
[
89
]
[
91
]
Austrian
Hermann Maier
survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the
super-G
and the giant slalom.
[
89
]
Tara Lipinski
of the
United States
, aged just 15, became the youngest ever female gold medallist in an individual event when she won the
Ladies' Singles
, a record that had stood since
Sonja Henie
of
Norway
won the same event, also aged 15, in
St. Moritz in 1928
. New world records were set in
speed skating
largely due to the introduction of the
clap skate
.
[
92
]
The Olympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City
After a tumultuous host city process
, the
2002 Winter Olympics
were held in
Salt Lake City
, United States. 2,399 athletes from 77 National Olympic Committees participated in 78 events in 7 sports.
[
93
]
These Games were the first to take place since the
September 11 attacks
of 2001, which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack. The opening ceremony saw signs of the
aftermath of the events of that day
, including the flag that flew at
Ground Zero
, and honour guards of NYPD and
FDNY
members.
[
94
]
German
Georg Hackl
won a silver in the singles luge, becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics.
[
93
]
Canada
achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men's and women's
ice hockey
gold medals.
[
93
]
Canada became embroiled with
Russia
in a
controversy
that involved the judging of the
pairs figure skating
competition. The Russian pair of
Yelena Berezhnaya
and
Anton Sikharulidze
competed against the Canadian pair of
Jamie Salé
and
David Pelletier
for the gold medal.
[
95
]
The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition, yet the Russians were awarded the gold. The
French
judge,
Marie-Reine Le Gougne
, awarded the gold to the Russians. An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated; in return, the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition.
[
95
]
The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second
medal ceremony
held later in the Games.
[
96
]
Australian
Steven Bradbury
became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short-track speed skating event.
[
97
]
A close-up of the Olympic Flame during the
2006 Winter Olympics
in
Turin
The Italian city of
Turin
hosted the
2006 Winter Olympics
. It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games.
South Korean
athletes won 10 medals, including 6 gold in the short-track speed skating events.
Sun-Yu Jin
won three gold medals while her teammate
Hyun-Soo Ahn
won three gold medals and a bronze.
[
98
]
In the women's
Cross-Country
team pursuit
Canadian
Sara Renner
broke one of her poles and, when he saw her dilemma,
Norwegian
coach
Bjørnar Håkensmoen
decided to lend her a pole. In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team, who finished fourth.
[
98
]
[
99
]
On winning the Super-G,
Kjetil-Andre Aamodt
of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals. He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three Olympics, winning the Super-G in
1992
,
2002
, and
2006
.
Claudia Pechstein
of
Germany
became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals.
[
98
]
In February 2009, Pechstein tested positive for
"blood manipulation"
and received a two-year suspension, which she appealed. The
Court of Arbitration for Sport
upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the
2010 German Olympic team
.
[
100
]
This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal, which overturned the lower court's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver.
[
101
]
In 2003, the IOC awarded the
2010 Winter Olympics
to
Vancouver
, thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics. With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games.
[
102
]
Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events.
[
103
]
The death of
Georgian
luger
Nodar Kumaritashvili
in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the
Whistler Sliding Centre
changing the track layout on safety grounds.
[
104
]
Norwegian
cross-country skier
Marit Bjørgen
won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women's programme. She finished the Olympics with three golds, a silver and a bronze.
[
105
]
For the first time,
Canada
won a gold medal at an Olympic Games it hosted, having failed to do so at both the
1976 Summer Olympics
in
Montreal
and the
1988 Winter Olympics
in
Calgary
. In contrast to the lack of gold medals at these previous Olympics, the Canadian team finished first overall in gold medal wins,
[
106
]
and became the first host nation—since
Norway in 1952
—to lead the gold medal count, with 14 medals. In doing so, it also broke the record for the most gold medals won by a NOC at a single Winter Olympics (the previous was 13, set by the
Soviet Union in 1976
and matched by
Norway in 2002
).
[
107
]
The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the
Russian
athletes. From their first Winter Olympics in
1956
to the 2006 Games, a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal-winning nations, but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals.
President
Dmitry Medvedev
called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games.
[
108
]
Russia's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the
enhancement of an already existing doping scheme
alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi.
[
109
]
The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under-performing Russian team, with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries. At the Albertville Games in 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals, three of which were gold. In Vancouver, the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty-one, with eleven of them being gold. The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as Kazakhstan, South Korea, Japan and China. These results increased the chances of an Asian city hosting the
2018 Winter Olympics
that would be held the following year.
[
110
]
[
111
]
Sochi
, Russia, was selected as the host city for the
2014 Winter Olympics
over
Salzburg
, Austria, and
Pyeongchang
, South Korea. This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics.
[
112
]
The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014.
[
113
]
A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the
Black Sea
coast. All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres (31 mi) away in the alpine region known as
Krasnaya Polyana
.
[
112
]
The Games were the most expensive until the date, with a cost of £30 billion (US$51 billion).
On the snow, Norwegian biathlete
Ole Einar Bjørndalen
took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13, overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time. Another Norwegian, cross-country skier
Marit Bjørgen
took three golds; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals, alongside
Raisa Smetanina
and
Stefania Belmondo
. Snowboarder
Ayumu Hirano
became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the
halfpipe
competition at the age of fifteen.
[
112
]
On the ice, the Netherlands team dominated the speed skating events, taking 23 medals, four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events.
Ireen Wüst
was their most successful competitor, taking two golds and three silvers. In figure skating,
Yuzuru Hanyu
became the first skater to break the 100-point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal. Among the sledding disciplines, luger
Armin Zöggeler
took a bronze, becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games.
[
112
]
Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games, and an investment of £600 million in elite sport,
Russia
initially topped the
medal table
, taking 13 gold and 33 total medals.
[
114
]
However,
Grigory Rodchenkov
, the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory, subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games, and that he had been assisted by the Russian
Federal Security Service
in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so that samples with banned substances could be replaced with "clean" urine.
[
115
]
A subsequent
investigation
commissioned by the
World Anti-Doping Agency
led by
Richard McLaren
concluded that a state-sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from "at least late 2011 to 2015" across the "vast majority" of Summer and Winter Olympic sports.
[
116
]
On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that
Russia
would compete as the
Olympic Athletes from Russia
at the 2018 Winter Olympics
[
117
]
and by the end of 2017 the
IOC Disciplinary Commission
had disqualified 43 Russian athletes, stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table, thus putting Norway in the lead.
[
118
]
[
119
]
[
120
]
However, nine medals were later returned, meaning that Russia reclaimed first place in the overall medal table, and joint first place with Norway in terms of gold medals.
On 6 July 2011,
Pyeongchang
, South Korea, was selected to host the
2018 Winter Olympics
over
Munich
, Germany, and
Annecy
, France.
[
121
]
This was the first time that
South Korea
had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall, after the
1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul
. The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018.
[
122
]
More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events. The main venue cluster was the
Alpensia Resort
in
Daegwallyeong-myeon
, while the ice events are held at
Gangneung Olympic Park
in Pyeongchang's neighbouring sea-city of
Gangneung
.
The lead-up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by
the tensions between North and South Korea
and the ongoing
Russian doping scandal
. Despite
tense relations
,
North Korea
agreed to participate in the Games, enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a
unified Korea
, and field a
unified team
in
women's ice hockey
. Russian athletes, who complied with the IOC's doping regulations, were given the option to compete in Pyeongchang as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR).
[
117
]
The Games saw the addition of
big air snowboarding
,
mass start
speed skating
,
mixed doubles curling
, and mixed team
alpine skiing
to the programme. Like four years early, the Netherlands again dominated speed skating, winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events. Dutch speed skater
Sven Kramer
won gold in the men's 5000m event, becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times. On the snow, Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing, with
Marit Bjørgen
winning bronze in the women's team sprint and gold in the 30-kilometre classical event, bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen, the most won by any athlete (male or female) in Winter Olympics history.
Johannes Høsflot Klæbo
of Norway became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the
men's sprint
at age 21. He was also part of the Norwegian cross-country team winning the men’s relay and team sprint events.
Noriaki Kasai
of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games.
Ester Ledecká
of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom, making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two sports at a single Winter Games.
Norway led the total medal standings with 39, the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29. Host nation
South Korea
won seventeen medals, five of them gold, its highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics.
Beijing
, the capital of the
People's Republic of China
, was elected as the host city for the
2022 Winter Olympics
on 31 July 2015 at the
128th IOC Session
. Beijing became the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Like the Summer Olympics held six months earlier in
Tokyo
, the
COVID-19 pandemic
resulted in the implementation of strict health and safety protocols, including restrictions on public attendance at the Games. The Games included a record 109 events over 15 disciplines in seven sports with seven new medal events, including mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross. The Games were held between 4 and 20 February 2022 at venues in Beijing and
Zhangjiakou
which for the first time were run entirely on
renewable energy
. Several of the events were impacted by temperatures as low as minus 20
Celsius
and strong wind.
The first gold medal of the Games was won by
Therese Johaug
of
Norway
in the women's skiathlon. Johaug had been excluded from the 2018 Winter Olympics in a controversial decision after having used a banned cream for sunburned lips. She went on to also win the women's 10 km and 30 km cross-country distances. Johannes Klæbo continued his dominance of the men’s cross-country sprint events by winning gold in the individual and team events. In the women's snowboard cross,
Lindsey Jacobellis
of the
United States
won the gold, having lost the gold 16 years earlier at the
2006 Winter Olympics
in Torino due to a brutal fall. On the ice, the
Netherlands
dominated with a total of six gold medals and
Irene Schouten
winning the women's mass start, 3,000m and 5,000m distances.
Nils van der Poel
of
Sweden
won the men's 5,000m and 10,000m distances, setting new Olympic records in both distances.
Kamila Valieva
of
Russia
was allowed to compete in the
women's figure skating
despite a failed doping test in December 2021. She failed, however, to win an individual medal after falling in her final routine. Russia's
team gold medal
remained in limbo for two years, pending investigation into Valieva's positive drug test, before the
Court of Arbitration for Sport
(CAS) disqualified Valieva for four years retroactive to 25 December 2021, leading the ISU to re-allocate the medals, upgrading the United States to gold and Japan to silver while downgrading the ROC to bronze.
[
123
]
Finland
claimed its first ice hockey gold, having beaten the Russian Olympic Committee in the men's final on the last day of the Games.
Norway was first in the overall medal standings, claiming 37 medals in total and 16 gold medals, the highest number of gold medals of any country in a single Winter Olympics. This was the tenth time Norway claimed the highest number of gold medals at the Winter Games.
The amount by which greenhouse gas emissions are reduced is forecast to substantially affect the number of Winter Olympic Game venues that will have reliably snowy conditions.
[
124
]
Though Europe and North America have the most potential venues (areas of rectangles in chart), a higher portion of those venues are projected to be climatically unreliable because of global warming (height of columns).
[
125
]
The
2026 Winter Olympics
was held in
Milan
-
Cortina d'Ampezzo
, Italy, and took place from 6 to 22 February 2026.
[
126
]
At the
142nd IOC Session
in July 2024, it was confirmed that the
2030 Winter Olympics
will be hosted by France in the
French Alps
.
[
127
]
The
2034 Winter Olympics
was also awarded to be hosted by the United States in
Utah
; the state previously hosted the 2002 Olympics in
Salt Lake City
.
[
128
]
Juan Antonio Samaranch
, former IOC president, who was in charge of the Olympic movement for more than 20 years
The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after
Salt Lake City
had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games.
[
129
]
Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery
scheme
to curry favour with IOC officials.
[
129
]
Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City's bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member's son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president
Juan Antonio Samaranch
received two rifles valued at $2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member.
[
130
]
The subsequent
United States Department of Justice
investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics (both Summer and Winter) since 1988.
[
131
]
For example, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano's bid for the
1998 Winter Olympics
were described by the investigation committee as "astronomical".
[
132
]
Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support.
[
133
]
The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities.
[
134
]
[
135
]
[
136
]
About eight years before the Winter Olympics, the
IOC
invites National Olympic Committees to submit bids to host the games.
[
137
]
According to the IOC, the host city for the Winter Olympics is responsible for "...establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games, such as sports planning, venues, finance, technology, accommodation, catering, media services, etc., as well as operations during the Games".
[
138
]
Due to the cost of hosting the Games, most host cities never realise a profit on their investment.
[
139
]
For example, the
2006 Winter Olympics
in
Turin
, Italy, cost $3.6 billion to host. By comparison, the
1998 Winter Olympics
in
Nagano
, Japan, cost $12.5 billion.
[
140
]
The organisers of the Nagano Games claimed that the cost of extending the
bullet train
service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag.
[
140
]
The organising committee had hoped that the exposure gained from hosting the Winter Olympics, and the improved access to Nagano from Tokyo, would benefit the local economy for years afterwards. In fact, Nagano's economy did experience a post-Olympic boom for a year or two, but the long-term effects have not materialised as anticipated.
[
140
]
The likelihood of heavy debt is a deterrent to prospective host cities, as well as the prospect of unused sports venues and infrastructure saddling the local community with upkeep costs with no appreciable post-Olympic value.
[
141
]
The Winter Olympics has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location; the men's downhill needs an 800-metre altitude difference along a suitable course. As this is a focal event that is central to the Games, the IOC has previously not agreed to it taking place a long way from the main host city,
[
142
]
in contrast to the Summer Games, where sailing and horse sports have taken place more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) away. The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena and for the hotels and infrastructure needed for all Olympic visitors. Due to cost issues, fewer and fewer cities are willing to host. Both the
Torino 2006
and
Vancouver 2010
Games, which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions, had lower costs since more venues, hotels and transport infrastructure already existed. In contrast, the
Sochi 2014
games had large costs as most installations had to be built.
The IOC has tried to mitigate these concerns. Firstly, it has agreed to fund part of the host city's budget.
[
143
]
Secondly, the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting their region or nation; this rules out a large portion of the developing world.
[
144
]
Finally, any prospective host city is required to add a "legacy plan" to their proposal, with a view to the long-term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have.
[
145
]
Beginning with the
2022 Winter Games
, the IOC allowed greater distances between the alpine events and other events. The
Oslo bid
had 220 kilometres (140 mi) to the
Kvitfjell
downhill arena, while eventual host Beijing had venues 220 km away from the city as well. For the 2026 Winter Games,
Stockholm's unsuccessful bid
proposed to hold the alpine event in
Åre
, 620 kilometres (390 mi) away by road, while the successful bid of 2026 has 410 kilometres (250 mi) between
Milan
and
Cortina
.
In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols. They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics.
[
146
]
The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was
Alois Schloder
, a
West German
hockey player,
[
147
]
but his team was still allowed to compete.
[
148
]
During the 1970s, testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance-enhancing drugs.
[
149
]
The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures, which undermined the credibility of the tests. It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug-testing protocols.
[
150
]
The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent
World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA) in November 1999.
[
151
]
[
152
]
The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of
blood doping
, the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as
Erythropoietin
(EPO) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue.
[
153
]
The Italian police conducted a raid on the
Austrian
cross-country ski team's residence during the Games where they seized blood-doping specimens and equipment.
[
154
]
This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of
haemoglobin
, which is evidence of blood doping.
[
153
]
The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 (later increased to 46) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with.
[
155
]
[
156
]
[
157
]
[
158
]
[
159
]
The Winter Olympics were an ideological front in the
Cold War
since the
Soviet Union
first participated at the
1956 Winter Games
. It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be. The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the
Eastern Bloc
countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The
Soviet Union
entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.
[
46
]
Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until the '90s.
[
47
]
The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers. The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC. Because of its role in World War II, Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics.
[
37
]
In 1950, the IOC recognised the
West German Olympic Committee
, and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games.
[
160
]
East Germany declined and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany.
[
161
]
In 1955, the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state, thereby giving more credibility to East Germany's campaign to become an independent participant. The IOC agreed provisionally to accept the
East German National Olympic Committee
on condition that East and West Germans compete as one team.
[
162
]
The situation became tense when the
Berlin Wall
was constructed by East Germany in 1961 to stop migration of its citizens and Western European nations began refusing visas to East German athletes.
[
163
]
The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC split the teams and threatened to reject host-city bids from any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes.
[
164
]
The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid. Prior to the Games, the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952. China was given permission to compete as the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) and to use the PRC flag and anthem. Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name "Republic of China" (ROC) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem.
[
69
]
The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the "Republic of China".
[
165
]
[
166
]
The IOC renamed the island "
Chinese Taipei
" and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem, stipulations to which Taiwan would not agree. Despite numerous appeals and court hearings, the IOC's decision stood. When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted. They subsequently left the Olympics in protest, just before the opening ceremonies.
[
69
]
Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei. The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal. The agreement remains in place to this day.
[
167
]
The
Olympic Charter
limits
winter sports
to "those sports which are practised on snow or ice".
[
168
]
Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme, which include short-track speed skating, snowboarding, freestyle and moguls skiing. The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America. While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports, countries such as South Korea, Australia and Canada are finding success in these new sports. The results are more parity in the national medal tables, more interest in the Winter Olympics, and higher global television ratings.
[
169
]
Sport
Years
Events
Events list
Alpine skiing
Since 1936
10
[
170
]
Men's:
downhill
,
super G
,
giant slalom
,
slalom
,
alpine combined
.
Women's:
downhill
,
super G
,
giant slalom
,
slalom
,
alpine combined
.
Mixed
parallel slalom
.
Biathlon
Since 1960
[
b
]
11
[
171
]
Men's: sprint 10 km, individual 20 km, pursuit 12.5 km, mass start 15 km, relay 4×7.5 km.
Women's: sprint 7.5 km, individual 15 km, pursuit 10 km, mass start 12.5 km, relay 4×6 km.
Mixed relay 4×6 km.
Bobsleigh
1924–1956, since 1964
4
[
172
]
Men's: four-man race, two-man race. Women's: two-woman race, monobob race.
Cross-country skiing
Since 1924
12
[
173
]
Men's: sprint, team sprint, 15 km, 30 km skiathlon, 50 km mass start, 4×10 km relay.
Women's: sprint, team sprint, 10 km, 15 km skiathlon, 30 km mass start, 4×5 km relay.
Curling
1924, since 1998
3
[
174
]
Men's, women's and mixed doubles tournaments.
Figure skating
Since 1924
[
i
]
5
[
175
]
Men's singles. Women's singles. Pairs. Ice dancing. Team event.
Freestyle skiing
Since 1992
15
[
176
]
Men's:
aerials
,
moguls
,
ski cross
,
halfpipe
,
big air
,
slopestyle
.
Women's:
aerials
,
moguls
,
ski cross
,
halfpipe
,
big air
,
slopestyle
.
Mixed
aerials
.
Ice hockey
Since 1924
[
ii
]
2
[
177
]
Men's and women's tournaments.
Luge
Since 1964
5
[
178
]
Men's singles, Women's singles, Men's doubles, Women's doubles, mixed team relay.
Nordic combined
Since 1924
3
[
179
]
Men's 10 km individual normal hill, 10 km individual large hill, team 4×5 km large hill.
Short track speed skating
Since 1992
9
[
180
]
Men's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m relay.
Women's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m relay.
Mixed 2000 m relay.
Skeleton
1928, 1948, Since 2002
3
[
181
]
Men's and women's events.
Ski jumping
Since 1924
6
[
182
]
Men's: individual normal hill, individual large hill, team large hill.
Women's: individual normal hill.
Mixed team normal hill.
Ski mountaineering
Since 2026
[
iii
]
3
[
183
]
Men's sprint.
Women's sprint.
Mixed relay.
Snowboarding
Since 1998
11
[
184
]
Men's: snowboard cross, parallel, half-pipe, slopestyle, big air.
Women's: snowboard cross, parallel, half-pipe, slopestyle, big air.
Mixed snowboard cross.
Speed skating
Since 1924
14
[
185
]
Men's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, 10,000 m, mass start, team pursuit.
Women's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, mass start, team pursuit.
^
Figure skating events were held at the
1908
and
1920 Summer Olympics
.
^
A
men's ice hockey tournament
was held at the
1920 Summer Olympics
.
^
Optional Sport at the
2026 Winter Olympics
.
Demonstration events
[
edit
]
Demonstration sports
have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals. Demonstration sports were discontinued after
1992
.
[
186
]
Military patrol, a precursor to the
biathlon
, was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928, 1936 and 1948, becoming an official sport in 1960.
[
187
]
The
special figures
figure skating event was only contested at the
1908 Summer Olympics
.
[
188
]
Bandy
(Russian hockey) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia. In the latter it is considered a
national sport
.
[
189
]
It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games.
[
190
]
Ice stock sport
, a German variant of curling, was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria.
[
33
]
The
ski ballet
event, later known as ski-acro, was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992.
[
191
]
Skijöring
, skiing behind dogs, was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928.
[
190
]
A
sled-dog race
was held at Lake Placid in 1932.
[
190
]
Speed skiing
was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics.
[
192
]
Winter pentathlon
, a variant of the
modern pentathlon
, was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included
cross-country skiing
,
shooting
,
downhill skiing
,
fencing
, and
horse riding
.
[
171
]
All-time medal table
[
edit
]
The table below uses official data provided by the
IOC
(full list):
Defunct nation
Accurate as of
2026 Winter Olympics
No.
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Games
1
Norway
166
146
135
447
25
2
United States
126
133
104
363
25
3
Germany
113
107
73
293
14
4
Canada
82
79
85
246
25
5
Soviet Union
78
57
59
194
9
6
Austria
76
97
96
269
25
7
Sweden
73
57
65
195
25
8
Switzerland
69
56
66
191
25
9
Netherlands
63
56
48
167
23
10
Italy
52
49
70
171
25
11
France
50
50
61
161
25
12
Finland
45
66
70
181
25
13
Russia
45
39
34
118
6
14
East Germany
39
36
35
110
6
15
South Korea
36
34
19
89
20
16
China
27
36
29
92
13
17
Japan
22
36
42
100
23
18
Great Britain
15
6
18
39
25
19
Czech Republic
12
13
14
39
9
20
West Germany
11
15
13
39
6
21
Australia
9
9
7
25
21
22
Unified Team
9
6
8
23
1
23
Belarus
8
7
5
20
8
24
Poland
7
10
10
27
25
25
Slovenia
6
9
13
28
10
26
Croatia
4
6
1
11
10
27
Slovakia
4
4
2
10
9
28
Estonia
4
3
2
9
12
29
Ukraine
3
2
4
9
9
30
Czechoslovakia
2
8
15
25
16
31
New Zealand
2
4
3
9
18
32
Kazakhstan
2
3
4
9
9
33
Hungary
2
2
6
10
25
34
Liechtenstein
2
2
6
10
21
35
Belgium
2
2
5
9
23
36
Spain
2
1
5
8
22
37
Latvia
1
4
7
12
13
38
Bulgaria
1
2
5
8
22
39
Brazil
1
0
0
1
10
40
Uzbekistan
1
0
0
1
9
41
Yugoslavia
0
3
1
4
14
42
Denmark
0
2
0
2
16
43
Luxembourg
0
2
0
2
11
44
North Korea
0
1
1
2
9
44
Georgia
0
1
0
1
9
45
Romania
0
0
1
1
9
Medal leaders by year
[
edit
]
Number of occurrences
Rank
Country
Number of games
1
Norway
11 times
2
Soviet Union
7 times
3
Germany
3 times
4
United States
1 time
Sweden
East Germany
Canada
Russia
List of Winter Olympic Games
[
edit
]
List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists
List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games
Lists of Olympic medalists
List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents
Winter Paralympic Games
Paralympic Games
Summer Olympic Games
^
"French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games".
[
1
]
^
a
b
c
The official website of the IOC now treats Men's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as a separate discipline, without mixing it with the sports of
Skiing
or
Biathlon
.
[
4
]
[
5
]
However, the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called
Nordic skiing
.
[
6
]
[
7
]
^
At the closing of the 1924 Games a prize was also awarded for 'alpinisme' (
mountaineering
), a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments:
Pierre de Coubertin
presented a prize for 'alpinisme' to
Charles Granville Bruce
, the leader of the expedition that tried to climb
Mount Everest
in 1922.
^
The US beat the Soviets as part of a
medal round
that also included
Finland
and
Sweden
, so they did not actually win the gold medal until beating Finland a few days later.
[
73
]
^
a
b
This office is technically not head of state in and of itself, but is the presiding officer of the
Federal Council
which collectively acts as head of state.
^
a
b
Unlike the Summer Olympics, the cancelled
1940 Winter Olympics
and
1944 Winter Olympics
are
not
included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games. While the official titles of the Summer Games count
Olympiads
, the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves.
^
The
IOC site for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games
gives an erroneous figure of 77 participated teams; however, one can count 78 participated nations looking through
Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games
. This error probably resulted from the fact that Costa Rica's delegation of one athlete joined the Games after the Opening Ceremony, so 77 National Olympic Committees participated in the Opening Ceremonies and 78 National Olympic Committees participated in the Games.
^
The IOC site for the
2018 Winter Olympic Games
does not include
United Korean
(COR) women's ice hockey team as separate "nation" when counting participating nations. Nevertheless, the IOC shows the Korean team in the
Pyeongchang 2018 Ice Hockey Women's Tournament Results
. Thus, 92 National Olympic Committees teams plus 1 team composed of athletes from both South Korea and North Korea participated in the Games.
^
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(PDF)
. 8 August 2021. p. 53.
Archived
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2022
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2022
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^
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^
Official Report (1924), p. 664: CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE. (Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race)
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d
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d
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c
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b
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b
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at the IOC official website |
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## Contents
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- [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#History)
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- [1\.1 Early years](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#Early_years)
- [1\.2 1920 to 1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#1920_to_1936)
- [1\.3 1948 to 1962](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#1948_to_1962)
- [1\.4 1964 to 1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#1964_to_1980)
- [1\.5 1984 to 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#1984_to_1998)
- [1\.6 2002 to 2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#2002_to_2026)
- [1\.7 Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#Future)
- [1\.8 Controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#Controversy)
- [1\.9 Host city legacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#Host_city_legacy)
- [1\.10 Doping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#Doping)
- [1\.11 Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#Cold_War)
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- [3 All-time medal table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#All-time_medal_table)
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- [3\.1 Medal leaders by year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#Medal_leaders_by_year)
- [4 List of Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#List_of_Winter_Olympic_Games)
- [5 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#See_also)
- [6 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#Notes)
- [7 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#References)
- [8 Sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#Sources)
- [9 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#External_links)
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# Winter Olympic Games
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- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8 "Зимни олимпийски игри – Bulgarian")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95 "विंटर ओलंपिक – Bhojpuri")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8 "শীতকালীন অলিম্পিক গেমস – Bangla")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimske_olimpijske_igre "Zimske olimpijske igre – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocs_Ol%C3%ADmpics_d%27Hivern "Jocs Olímpics d'Hivern – Catalan")
- [閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%95%CC%A4ng-gi%C3%A9_Olympic_%C3%94ng-d%C3%B4ng-hu%C3%B4i "Dĕ̤ng-gié Olympic Ông-dông-huôi – Mindong")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95 "یارییەکانی ئۆڵۆمپیادی زستانە – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimn%C3%AD_olympijsk%C3%A9_hry "Zimní olympijské hry – Czech")
- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC "Хĕллехи Олимп вăййисем – Chuvash")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemau_Olympaidd_y_Gaeaf "Gemau Olympaidd y Gaeaf – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinter-OL "Vinter-OL – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympische_Winterspiele "Olympische Winterspiele – German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C3%AA_Olimpiyat%C3%AA_Z%C4%B1m%C4%B1stani "Kayê Olimpiyatê Zımıstani – Dimli")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%9F%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82 "Χειμερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintraj_Olimpikoj "Vintraj Olimpikoj – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juegos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Invierno "Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliol%C3%BCmpiam%C3%A4ngud "Taliolümpiamängud – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neguko_Olinpiar_Jokoak "Neguko Olinpiar Jokoak – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C "المپیک زمستانی – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talviolympialaiset "Talviolympialaiset – Finnish")
- [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetrar-OL "Vetrar-OL – Faroese")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_olympiques_d%27hiver "Jeux olympiques d'hiver – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympyske_Winterspullen "Olympyske Winterspullen – Western Frisian")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xogos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Inverno "Xogos Olímpicos de Inverno – Galician")
- [Avañe'ẽ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91embosaraipav%E1%BA%BD_Araro%27%C3%BDpe "Ñembosaraipavẽ Araro'ýpe – Guarani")
- [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBng-kui_Olympic_Yun-thung-fi "Tûng-kui Olympic Yun-thung-fi – Hakka Chinese")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D "משחקי החורף האולימפיים – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 "शीतकालीन ओलम्पिक खेल – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimske_olimpijske_igre "Zimske olimpijske igre – Croatian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80 "Ձմեռային օլիմպիական խաղեր – Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Dingin "Olimpiade Musim Dingin – Indonesian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintrala_Olimpiala_Ludi "Vintrala Olimpiala Ludi – Ido")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetrar%C3%B3lymp%C3%ADuleikarnir "Vetrarólympíuleikarnir – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giochi_olimpici_invernali "Giochi olimpici invernali – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF "冬季オリンピック – Japanese")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98 "ზამთრის ოლიმპიური თამაშები – Georgian")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B "Қысқы Олимпиада ойындары – Kazakh")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D "ಚಳಿಗಾಲದ ಒಲಿಂಪಿಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EA%B3%84_%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD "동계 올림픽 – Korean")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_hiemalia "Olympia hiemalia – Latin")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiemos_olimpin%C4%97s_%C5%BEaidyn%C4%97s "Žiemos olimpinės žaidynės – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemas_olimpisk%C4%81s_sp%C4%93les "Ziemas olimpiskās spēles – Latvian")
- [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Dingin "Olimpiade Musim Dingin – Minangkabau")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8 "Зимски олимписки игри – Macedonian")
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC "Өвлийн Олимпын наадам – Mongolian")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE "हिवाळी ऑलिंपिक क्रीडा स्पर्धा – Marathi")
- [Кырык мары](https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93 "Тел Олимпиада мадмашвлӓ – Western Mari")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukan_Olimpik_Musim_Sejuk "Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk – Malay")
- [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9 "زمستونی المپیک – Mazanderani")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympische_Winterspelen "Olympische Winterspelen – Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiske_vinterleikar "Olympiske vinterleikar – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiske_vinterleker "Olympiske vinterleker – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2cs_Olimpics_d%27iv%C3%A8rn "Jòcs Olimpics d'ivèrn – Occitan")
- [Picard](https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_olimpikes_d%27iver "Jus olimpikes d'iver – Picard")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimowe_igrzyska_olimpijskie "Zimowe igrzyska olimpijskie – Polish")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%98%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8D_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%90 "د المپیک ژمنۍ لوبې – Pashto")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Inverno "Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocuri_Olimpice_de_iarn%C4%83 "Jocuri Olimpice de iarnă – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B "Зимние Олимпийские игры – Russian")
- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D2%A5%D2%A5%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0 "Кыһыҥҥы Олимпиада – Yakut")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Gemmes "Winter Olympic Gemmes – Scots")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimske_olimpijske_igre "Zimske olimpijske igre – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games "Winter Olympic Games – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimn%C3%A9_olympijsk%C3%A9_hry "Zimné olympijské hry – Slovak")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loj%C3%ABrat_olimpike_dim%C3%ABrore "Lojërat olimpike dimërore – Albanian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5 "Зимске олимпијске игре – Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiska_vinterspelen "Olympiska vinterspelen – Swedish")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D "குளிர்கால ஒலிம்பிக் விளையாட்டுகள் – Tamil")
- [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0 "Бозиҳои олимпии зимистона – Tajik")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7 "โอลิมปิกฤดูหนาว – Thai")
- [Türkmençe](https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%9Fky_olimpi%C3%BDa_o%C3%BDunlary "Gyşky olimpiýa oýunlary – Turkmen")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palarong_Olimpiko_sa_Taglamig "Palarong Olimpiko sa Taglamig – Tagalog")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1%C5%9F_Olimpiyat_Oyunlar%C4%B1 "Kış Olimpiyat Oyunları – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8 "Зимові Олімпійські ігри – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%BA "سرمائی اولمپک کھیلیں – Urdu")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qishki_Olimpiada_o%CA%BByinlari "Qishki Olimpiada oʻyinlari – Uzbek")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_v%E1%BA%ADn_h%E1%BB%99i_M%C3%B9a_%C4%91%C3%B4ng "Thế vận hội Mùa đông – Vietnamese")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A "冬季奥林匹克运动会 – Wu")
- [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%B8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98 "ზოთონჯიშ ოლიმპიური ლაჸაფეფი – Mingrelian")
- [Yorùbá](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%8Cd%C3%ADje_%C3%92l%C3%ADmp%C3%ADk%C3%AC_%C3%8Cgb%C3%A0_Ot%C3%BAt%C3%B9 "Àwọn Ìdíje Òlímpíkì Ìgbà Otútù – Yoruba")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-k%C3%B9i_Olympic_%C5%AAn-t%C5%8Dng-ho%C4%93 "Tang-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hoē – Minnan")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83 "冬季奧林匹克運動會 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A "冬季奥林匹克运动会 – Chinese")
[Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82414#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links")
- [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games "View the content page [c]")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Major international multi-sport event
For other uses, see [Winter Olympics (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympics_\(disambiguation\) "Winter Olympics (disambiguation)").
| [Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg "Olympic Rings") |
| Main topics |
| [Bids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bids_for_the_Olympic_Games "Bids for the Olympic Games") [Boycotts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_boycotts "List of Olympic Games boycotts") [Ceremonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony "Olympic Games ceremony") [Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Charter "Olympic Charter") [Doping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games "Doping at the Olympic Games") [Host cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities "List of Olympic Games host cities") [IFs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations "List of international sports federations") [IOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") [Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal "Olympic medal") [Medal tables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table "All-time Olympic Games medal table") [Medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists "Lists of Olympic medalists") [NOCs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee "National Olympic Committee") [Olympism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympism "Olympism") [Pierre de Coubertin Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin_Medal "Pierre de Coubertin Medal") [Scandals and controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_scandals,_controversies_and_incidents "List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents") [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_sports "Olympic sports") [Symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_symbols "Olympic symbols") ([Mascots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_mascots "List of Olympic mascots")) [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics_on_television "Olympics on television") [Torch relays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_torch_relays "List of Olympic torch relays") [Venues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues "List of Olympic venues") [Villages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Villages "List of Olympic Villages") [Women participation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participation_of_women_in_the_Olympics "Participation of women in the Olympics") |
| Games |
| [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games") [Winter]() [Youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games "Youth Olympic Games") [Esports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Esports_Games "Olympic Esports Games") |
| Continental games |
| [African](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Games "African Games") [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games "Asian Games") [European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Games "European Games") [Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Games "Pacific Games") [Pan American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games "Pan American Games") |
| Regional games |
| Americas [Bolivarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Games "Bolivarian Games") [Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_Games "Central American Games") [South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Games "South American Games") Asia [Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_Games "Central Asian Games") [East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Games "East Asian Games") [South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Games "South Asian Games") [Southeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEA_Games "SEA Games") [West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asian_Games "West Asian Games") Other [European small states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe "Games of the Small States of Europe") [Mediterranean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Games "Mediterranean Games") [Micronesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesian_Games "Micronesian Games") |
| Defunct games |
| [Ancient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games "Ancient Olympic Games") [Esports Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Esports_Series "Olympic Esports Series") [Intercalated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games#Intercalated_Games "1906 Intercalated Games") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Olympic_Games_sidebar "Template:Olympic Games sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Games_sidebar "Template talk:Olympic Games sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Games_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Games sidebar") |
| Winter Olympic Games |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milan_Cortina_2026_Cauldron_and_Arco_della_Pace_01.jpg)The Olympic flame in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") during the [2026 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics") |
| Games |
| [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics "1932 Winter Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics "1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics "1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics "1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics "1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics "1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics "1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics "1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_sports "Olympic sports") |
| [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics") [Biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the Winter Olympics") [Bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics") [Cross‑country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics") [Curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the Winter Olympics") [Figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_Olympic_Games "Figure skating at the Olympic Games") [Freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Olympic_Games "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games") [Luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the Winter Olympics") [Nordic combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics") [Short track speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics") [Skeleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the Winter Olympics") [Ski jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics") [Snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics") [Speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the Winter Olympics") |
The **Winter Olympic Games** (French: *Jeux olympiques d'hiver*),[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-2) also known as the **Olympic Winter Games** or simply the **Winter Olympics**, is a major international [multi-sport event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-sport_event "Multi-sport event") held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice. The Winter Olympics are usually held in February, during the winter season of the Northern Hemisphere. The IOC is the governing body of the [Olympic Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_movement "Olympic movement"), with the [Olympic Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Charter "Olympic Charter") defining its structure and authority. [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") and [Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo") of Italy hosted in 2026. The next games are scheduled to be held between 1 to 17 February 2030 at the [French Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics "2030 Winter Olympics").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-3)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-4)
The original five Winter Olympic Sports (consisting of nine disciplines) were [bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1924 Winter Olympics"), [curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics"), [ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1924 Winter Olympics"), [Nordic skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Nordic skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics") (consisting of the disciplines [military patrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_patrol_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Military patrol at the 1924 Winter Olympics"),[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOCMilitaryPatrol-5) [cross-country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics"), [Nordic combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1924 Winter Olympics"), and [ski jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1924 Winter Olympics")), and [skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Skating "Ice Skating") (consisting of the disciplines [figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics") and [speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics")).[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-6) The Winter Olympic Games have evolved since their inception. Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them, such as [alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics"), [luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the Winter Olympics"), [short track speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics"), [freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics"), [skeleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the Winter Olympics"), and [snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics"), have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic program. Some others, including [curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the Winter Olympics") and [bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics"), have been discontinued and later reintroduced; others have been permanently discontinued, such as [military patrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_patrol_\(sport\) "Military patrol (sport)"), though the modern Winter Olympic sport of [biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the Winter Olympics") is descended from it.[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOCMilitaryPatrol-5) Still others, such as [speed skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skiing "Speed skiing"), [bandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy "Bandy") and [skijoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skijoring "Skijoring"), were [demonstration sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_sports "Demonstration sports") but never incorporated as Olympic sports.
The first Winter Olympic Games, the [1924 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics"), were held in [Chamonix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix "Chamonix"), France. The modern Olympic Games were inspired by the [ancient Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games "Ancient Olympic Games"), which were held in [Olympia, Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Greece "Olympia, Greece"), from 776 BCE to 394 CE. The [Baron Pierre de Coubertin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin "Pierre de Coubertin") of France founded the [International Olympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") (IOC) 1,500 years later in 1894, leading to the first modern [Summer Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games") in Athens, Greece in 1896. The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), and resumed in [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics"). Until 1992, the [Summer Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games") and the Winter Olympic Games were held in the same year. A decision to change this was made in 1986, when during the [91st International Olympic Committee session](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings "List of IOC meetings"), IOC members decided to alternate the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games on separate four-year cycles in even-numbered years. Also, at that same congress it was decided that [1992 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics") would be the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games and that to change the rotation, the games that would be held in 1996 would be brought forward by two years, being scheduled to [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics"), the same four-year cycle as the [Commonwealth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games"), and the men's [FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup "FIFA World Cup"). After those games, the next were to be [held in 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") when the four-year Olympic Cycle resumed.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-11)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-12)
The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted on three continents by thirteen countries, all of whom are located in the [Northern Hemisphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere "Northern Hemisphere"). They have been held four times in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics "United States at the Olympics") ([1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics "1932 Winter Olympics"), [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics "1960 Winter Olympics"), [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics "1980 Winter Olympics"), and [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics")), three times each in [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics "France at the Olympics") ([1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics"), [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics "1968 Winter Olympics"), and [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics")) and [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics "Italy at the Olympics") ([1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics"), [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics"), and [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics")), and twice each in [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Olympics "Switzerland at the Olympics") ([1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics") and [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics")), [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics "Austria at the Olympics") ([1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics "1964 Winter Olympics") and [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics "1976 Winter Olympics")), [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics "Norway at the Olympics") ([1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics") and [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics")), [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics "Japan at the Olympics") ([1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics") and [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics")) and [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics "Canada at the Olympics") ([1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics") and [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics")). Also, the Winter Olympic Games have been held once each in [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics "Germany at the Olympics") ([1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics "1936 Winter Olympics")), [Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Olympics "Yugoslavia at the Olympics") ([1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics "1984 Winter Olympics")), [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics "Russia at the Olympics") ([2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics")), [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_Olympics "South Korea at the Olympics") ([2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics")), and [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics "China at the Olympics") ([2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics")).
As of 2026[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit), twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games – [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics "Austria at the Olympics"), [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the Winter Olympics"), [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_Olympics "Finland at the Olympics"), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics "France at the Olympics"), [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics "Great Britain at the Olympics"), [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics "Hungary at the Olympics"), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics "Italy at the Olympics"), [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics "Norway at the Olympics"), [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_Olympics "Poland at the Olympics"), [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics "Sweden at the Olympics"), [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Olympics "Switzerland at the Olympics"), and the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics "United States at the Olympics"). Also, [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_Olympics "Czechoslovakia at the Olympics") participated in all Winter Olympic Games before its [dissolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia "Dissolution of Czechoslovakia") and its successors, [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_Olympics "Czech Republic at the Olympics") and [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_at_the_Olympics "Slovakia at the Olympics") have participated in all Winter Games thereafter. Six of these countries have won medals at every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. The only country to have won a gold medal at every Winter Olympic Games is the United States.
Norway leads the [all-time medal record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table "All-time Olympic Games medal table") for the Winter Olympic Games, followed by the United States and Germany. When including defunct states, Germany (including the former countries of West Germany and East Germany) leads, followed by Norway, Russia (including the former Soviet Union) and the United States. Norway holds the record for most gold medals in any one Winter Olympics, with 18 in 2026, and overall medals, with 41 in 2026.
## History
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: History")\]
### Early years
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Early years")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg)
[Ulrich Salchow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow "Ulrich Salchow") at the 1908 Olympics
A predecessor, the [Nordic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Games "Nordic Games"), were organised by General [Viktor Gustaf Balck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Gustaf_Balck "Viktor Gustaf Balck") in [Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), Sweden, in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-origins-13) Balck was a charter member of the [IOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") and a close friend of [Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") founder [Pierre de Coubertin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin "Pierre de Coubertin"). He attempted to have winter sports, specifically [figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating "Figure skating"), added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the [1908 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics "1908 Summer Olympics") in London.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-origins-13) Four figure skating events were contested, at which [Ulrich Salchow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow "Ulrich Salchow") (10-time world champion) and [Madge Syers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madge_Syers "Madge Syers") won the individual titles.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-14)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-15)
Three years later, Italian count [Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Brunetta_d%27Usseaux "Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux") proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the [1912 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics "1912 Summer Olympics") in Stockholm, Sweden. The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-16)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-cbc.ca-17)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-18)
The idea was resurrected for the [1916 Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics "1916 Summer Olympics"), which were to be held in Berlin, Germany. A [winter sports week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Winter_Sports_Week "International Winter Sports Week") with [speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating "Speed skating"), figure skating, [ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey "Ice hockey") and [Nordic skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing "Nordic skiing") were planned, but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-cbc.ca-17)
### 1920 to 1936
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: 1920 to 1936")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg)
Sonia Henie's Olympic gold medal, St. Moritz 1928.
The first Olympics after the war, the [1920 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics "1920 Summer Olympics"), were held in [Antwerp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp"), Belgium,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1920-19) and featured figure skating[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-1920figureskating-20) and an ice hockey tournament. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the games. At the [IOC Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings "List of IOC meetings") held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the [1924 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics "1924 Summer Olympics"), France, would host a separate "International Winter Sports Week" under the patronage of the IOC. [Chamonix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix "Chamonix") was chosen to host this week (actually 11 days) of events.
[The 1924 games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics") in Chamonix proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1924-21) Athletes [from Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Finland at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [and Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1924 Winter Olympics") won 28 medals, more than the rest of the participating nations combined.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-22) The first gold medal awarded was won by [Charles Jewtraw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jewtraw "Charles Jewtraw") of the United States in the 500-meter speed skate. [Sonja Henie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Henie "Sonja Henie") of Norway, at just 11 years old, competed in the ladies' figure skating and, although finishing last, became popular with fans. [Gillis Grafström](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m "Gillis Grafström") of Sweden defended his 1920 gold medal[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-1920figureskating-20) in men's figure skating, becoming the first Olympian to win gold medals in both Summer and Winter Olympics.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-23) Germany remained banned until 1925, and instead hosted a series of games called [Deutsche Kampfspiele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Kampfspiele "Deutsche Kampfspiele"), starting with the winter edition of 1922 (which predated the first Winter Olympics). In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 games in Chamonix were retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-cbc.ca-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1924-21)
[St. Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz "St. Moritz"), Switzerland, was appointed by the IOC to host the [second Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics") in 1928.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-24) Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts. The [opening ceremony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony "Olympic Games ceremony") was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the games.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-25) Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed-skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-warmweather-26) The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 games: [Sonja Henie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Henie "Sonja Henie") of [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1928 Winter Olympics") returned to the Winter Olympics to make history when she won the [ladies' figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics") at the age of 15. She became the youngest Olympic champion in history, a distinction she held for 70 years, and went on to defend her title at the next two Winter Olympics.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1928-27) [Gillis Grafström](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m "Gillis Grafström") won his third consecutive figure skating gold[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-28) and went on to win silver in 1932,[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-1932Figureskating-29) becoming the most decorated men's figure skater to date.
The [next Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics "1932 Winter Olympics"), held in Lake Placid, New York, United States was the first to be hosted outside of Europe. Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1932-30) This was less than in 1928, as the journey to [Lake Placid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York "Lake Placid, New York") was too long and expensive for some European nations that encountered financial problems in the midst of the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"). The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1932-30) Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games, and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-31) Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title,[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-1932Figureskating-29) and [Eddie Eagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Eagan "Eddie Eagan") of the United States, who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920,[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-32) won the gold medal in the [men's bobsleigh event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1932 Winter Olympics")[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-33) to join [Gillis Grafström](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m "Gillis Grafström") as the only athletes to have won gold medals in both the [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games") and Winter Olympics.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1932-30) Eagan has the distinction as the only Olympian as of 2020 to accomplish this feat in different sports.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-34)
The German towns of [Garmisch and Partenkirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen "Garmisch-Partenkirchen") joined to organise the [1936 Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics "1936 Winter Olympics"), held from 6–16 February.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-35) This was the last time the [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics "1936 Summer Olympics") and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year. [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics") made its Olympic debut, but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1936-36) Because of this decision [the Swiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Switzerland at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [and Austrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Austria at the 1936 Winter Olympics") skiers refused to compete at the games.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1936-36)
[World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") interrupted the Winter Olympics. The [1940 games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics "1940 Winter Olympics") had been awarded to [Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo"), Japan, but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese [invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_War_\(1937%E2%80%931945\) "Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)") of China. The games were then to be held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, but the 1940 games were cancelled following the German [invasion of Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland") in 1939.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-37) Due to the ongoing war, the [1944 games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics "1944 Winter Olympics"), originally scheduled for [Cortina D'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_D%27Ampezzo "Cortina D'Ampezzo"), Italy, were cancelled.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-38)
### 1948 to 1962
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: 1948 to 1962")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremonies.jpg)
The opening ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo
St. Moritz was selected to host the [first post-war games, in 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics"). Switzerland's neutrality had protected the town during World War II, and most venues from the 1928 games remained in place, which made St. Moritz a logical choice. It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-39) Twenty-eight countries competed in Switzerland, but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited because their Olympic committees were not yet recognized. They returned in 1952.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1948-40) Some controversy emerged when two hockey teams from the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 1948 Winter Olympics") arrived, both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative. The [Olympic flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_flag#Flag "Olympic flag") presented at the [1920 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics "1920 Summer Olympics") in Antwerp was stolen, as was its replacement. There was unprecedented parity at these games, during which 10 countries won gold medals—more than any games to that point.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-41)
The [Olympic Flame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Flame "Olympic Flame") tradition was [introduced at the 1952 games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics") in [Oslo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo "Oslo"): the flame was lit in the fireplace of the house of 19th-century Norwegian skiing pioneer [Sondre Nordheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondre_Nordheim "Sondre Nordheim") and the first Winter torch relay was conducted by 94 torchbearers entirely on their skis.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1952-42)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-43) [Bandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy "Bandy"), a popular sport in the Nordic countries, was featured as a demonstration sport, though [only Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1952 Winter Olympics"), [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Sweden at the 1952 Winter Olympics"), [and Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Finland at the 1952 Winter Olympics") fielded teams. Norwegian athletes won 17 medals, which outpaced all the other nations.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-44) They were led by [Hjalmar Andersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Andersen "Hjalmar Andersen") who won three gold medals in four events in the [speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics") competition.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-45)
After not being able to host the games in 1944, [Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo") was selected to organise the [1956 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics"). At the opening ceremonies the final torchbearer, Guido Caroli, entered the [Olympic Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_olimpico_del_ghiaccio "Stadio olimpico del ghiaccio") on ice skates. As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell and burned his arm, nearly extinguishing the flame. He was able to recover and light the cauldron.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-46) These were the first Winter Games to be televised, and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience, though no television rights were sold until the [1960 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics "1960 Summer Olympics") in [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome "Rome").[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-g136-47) The Cortina games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-g136-47)
The [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics") made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact, winning more medals than any other nation.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1956-48) The Soviets' immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete". The [USSR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics "Soviet Union at the Olympics") entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full-time.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Benjamin_Daniel-49)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Otto_Schantz-50) [Chiharu Igaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiharu_Igaya "Chiharu Igaya") won the first Winter Olympics medal [for Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Japan at the 1956 Winter Olympics") and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-51)
The IOC awarded the [1960 Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics "1960 Winter Olympics") to [Squaw Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw_Valley_Ski_Resort "Squaw Valley Ski Resort"), United States.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1960-52) The announcement of its selection came as a shock as the resort near [Lake Tahoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe "Lake Tahoe") was undeveloped and unknown outside the United States. About US\$80,000,000 was spent over four years to build cutting-edge infrastructure from scratch. The layout was designed to be intimate, allowing spectators and competitors to reach most of the venues on foot.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-j27-53)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-54) The opening and closing ceremonies were the firsts produced by [Walt Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney "Walt Disney") Company.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-j28-55) The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first Winter Games to have a dedicated athletes' village,[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-56)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-57) the first to use a computer (courtesy of [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM")) to tabulate results, and the first to feature female speed skating events. This edition is the only one to date to not have bobsleigh competitions, as the number of countries registered in the event was insufficient and the costs of building the track were too high for the Organizing Committee. To replace the event, an extra edition from the [FIBT World Championship was held](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBT_World_Championships_1960 "FIBT World Championships 1960").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-j28-55)
### 1964 to 1980
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: 1964 to 1980")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miracle_on_Ice.jpg)
The [Herb Brooks Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Brooks_Arena "Herb Brooks Arena")
in [Lake Placid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York "Lake Placid, New York") (
c.
2007), site of
the "[Miracle on Ice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice "Miracle on Ice")" in [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1980 Winter Olympics")
The Austrian city of [Innsbruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck "Innsbruck") was the host in [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics "1964 Winter Olympics"). For the first time, the Olympic torch of the Winter Olympic Games was lit at the traditional ritual held in the temple of Olympia. Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort, unprojected warm weather caused a lack of snow and organisers were unable to save enough snow to be used during the Games, and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice from other places to the sports venues.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-j28-55) [Soviet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1964 Winter Olympics") speed-skater [Lidia Skoblikova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia_Skoblikova "Lidia Skoblikova") made history by winning all four-speed skating events. Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-j28-55) Also, for the first time [Luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge "Luge") was added to the Olympic program, but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1964-58)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-59)
Held in the French town of [Grenoble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble "Grenoble"), the [1968 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics "1968 Winter Olympics") were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour. There were 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1968-60) [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "France at the 1968 Winter Olympics") alpine ski racer [Jean-Claude Killy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Killy "Jean-Claude Killy") became only the second person to win all the men's alpine skiing events. Due to the high interest around the world, the organising committee sold television rights for US\$2 million, which was more than twice the cost of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-fp277-61) For the first time, the organizers chose to decentralize the Games to save costs and the events were spread across three long distances clusters, which led to the need to build three Olympic Villages. Along with the high costs, the organisers claimed that this was necessary to accommodate technological advances, however, critics disputed this, alleging that the layout would incorporate the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the athletes' expense.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-fp277-61)
The [1972 Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics"), held in [Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo"), Japan,[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1972-62) were the first to be hosted on a continent other than North America or Europe. The issue of professionalism was disputed during these Games when a number of alpine skiers were found to have participated in a ski camp at [Mammoth Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain "Mammoth Mountain") in the United States; three days before the opening ceremony, IOC president [Avery Brundage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Brundage "Avery Brundage") threatened to bar the skiers from competing in the Games as he insisted that they were no longer amateurs having benefited financially from their status as athletes.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-63) Eventually only [Austrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Austria at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [Karl Schranz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schranz "Karl Schranz"), who earned more than the other skiers, was excluded from the competition.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-64) Canada boycotted the [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1972 Winter Olympics") and the [1976 ice hockey tournaments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1976 Winter Olympics") in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Num17-65) Canadian authorities also accused the Soviet Union of using state-sponsored athletes, who were de facto professionals.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-66) [Francisco Fernández Ochoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Ochoa "Francisco Fernández Ochoa") became the first and, as of 2022, the only [Spaniard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Spain at the 1972 Winter Olympics") to win a Winter Olympic gold medal when he triumphed in the [slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-factsheetp5-67)
The [1976 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics "1976 Winter Olympics") had initially been awarded in 1970 to [Denver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver "Denver"), [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") in the United States. These Games would have coincided with the year of Colorado's [centennial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial "Centennial") and the [United States Bicentennial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial "United States Bicentennial"). However, the increasing costs of the event and the oil crisis led to a local plebiscite held in November 1972, that resulted in the city withdrawing from hosting the Games, as the people of Colorado voted against public funding of the Games by a 3:2 margin.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-68)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-69) The IOC responded by offering the Games to [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver")\-[Garibaldi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi_Ranges "Garibaldi Ranges"), [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") in [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada"), which had previously been a finalist bid for the 1976 Games. However, a change in the provincial government resulted in an administration that did not support the Olympic bid, so the IOC's offer was rejected.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1976-70)
[Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City"), previously a candidate for the 1972 Winter Olympics, then put itself forward, but a tense political situation led IOC to invite Innsbruck to host the 1976 Games, as all the infrastructure used during the 1964 Games had been maintained. Despite only having half the usual time to prepare for the Games, Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1976-70) During the opening ceremonies, two cauldrons were lit because it was the second time that the Austrian town had hosted the Winter Games.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1976-70) The 1976 Games featured the first [combination bobsleigh-and-luge track](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igls_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track "Igls bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track"), in neighbouring [Igls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igls "Igls").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-factsheetp5-67) The [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics") won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1976-70)
[In 1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics "1980 Winter Olympics") the Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, which had hosted the 1932 Games. Unlike previous editions, Lake Placid had no competitors in this bid process. [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus") made their Olympic debut at the games. The People's Republic of China and [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica"), the first tropical nation, competed for the first time at the Winter Games. The [Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China "Republic of China") boycotted the Games, in protest of the IOC's recognition of the [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China") as the only "China", and its request for the Republic of China to compete as "[Chinese Taipei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei "Chinese Taipei")". The PRC, on the other hand, returned to the Olympics for the first time since 1952 and made its Winter Olympic debut.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-71)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299-72)
[American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 1980 Winter Olympics") speed-skater [Eric Heiden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Heiden "Eric Heiden") set either an Olympic or World record in every one of the five [events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1980 Winter Olympics") in which he competed, winning a total of five individual gold medals and breaking the record for most individual golds in a single Olympics (both Summer and Winter).[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-73) [Hanni Wenzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanni_Wenzel "Hanni Wenzel") won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country, [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Liechtenstein at the 1980 Winter Olympics"), became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1980-74) In the "[Miracle on Ice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice "Miracle on Ice")", the [American hockey team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "United States men's national ice hockey team") composed of college players beat the favoured seasoned professionals from the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_ice_hockey_team "Soviet Union national ice hockey team"), and progressed to eventually win the gold medal.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-75)[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOC1980-USA-Finland01-77)
### 1984 to 1998
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: 1984 to 1998")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg)
[Alberto Tomba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Tomba "Alberto Tomba"), winner of five Olympic medals in Calgary, Albertville and Lillehammer
[Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo"), Japan, and [Gothenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg "Gothenburg"), Sweden, were front-runners to host the [1984 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics "1984 Winter Olympics"). It was therefore a surprise when [Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo"), Yugoslavia, was selected as host.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-sarajevosurprise-78) The Games were well-organised and not affected by the run-up to the [war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War "Bosnian War") that engulfed the country eight years later.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1984-79) A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events. Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier [Jure Franko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_Franko "Jure Franko") won silver in the giant slalom. Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Great Britain at the 1984 Winter Olympics") ice dancers [Jayne Torvill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Torvill "Jayne Torvill") and [Christopher Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Dean "Christopher Dean"); their *[Boléro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro "Boléro")* routine received unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression, earning them the gold medal.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1984-79)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg)
The Olympic Torch from the [1988 Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympic_Games "1988 Winter Olympic Games") in [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary "Calgary")
In 1988, the Canadian city of [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary "Calgary") hosted the [first Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics") to span three weekends, lasting for a total of 16 days.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1988-80) New events were added in ski-jumping and speed skating, while future Olympic sports curling, [short track speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating "Short track speed skating") and [freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing "Freestyle skiing") made their debut appearance as demonstration sports. The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time, on the [Olympic Oval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Oval "Olympic Oval"). Dutch skater [Yvonne van Gennip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_van_Gennip "Yvonne van Gennip") won three gold medals and set two world records, beating skaters from the favoured [East German team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "East Germany at the 1988 Winter Olympics") in every race.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-81)
Her medal total was equalled by [Finnish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Finland at the 1988 Winter Olympics") ski jumper [Matti Nykänen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_Nyk%C3%A4nen "Matti Nykänen"), who won all three events in his sport. [Alberto Tomba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Tomba "Alberto Tomba"), [an Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Italy at the 1988 Winter Olympics") skier, made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom. East German [Christa Rothenburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Luding-Rothenburger "Christa Luding-Rothenburger") won the women's 1,000 metre speed skating event. Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the [Summer Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics "1988 Summer Olympics") in [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"), to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1988-80) The 1988 games are well remembered in popular culture from two films based on its events: *[Cool Runnings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_Runnings "Cool Runnings")* about the [Jamaican bobsled team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_national_bobsled_team "Jamaica national bobsled team"); and *[Eddie the Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_the_Eagle_\(film\) "Eddie the Eagle (film)")* about British ski jumper [Michael Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_the_Eagle "Eddie the Eagle"), who finished last but set a British record of 73.5 metres.
The [1992 Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics") were the last to be held in the same year as the [Summer Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics "1992 Summer Olympics").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1992-82) They were hosted in the French [Savoie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoie "Savoie") region, with 18 events held in the city of [Albertville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertville "Albertville") and the remaining events spread out over the Savoie.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1992-82) Political changes of the time were reflected in the composition of the Olympic teams competing in France: this was the first Games to be held after the [fall of Communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Communism "Fall of Communism") and the [fall of the Berlin Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall "Fall of the Berlin Wall"), and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_2004,_p._400-83)
Former [Yugoslavian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia") republics [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Croatia at the 1992 Winter Olympics") and [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Slovenia at the 1992 Winter Olympics") made their debuts as independent nations; most of the former [Soviet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") republics still competed as a single team known as the [Unified Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics"), but the [Baltic States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_States "Baltic States") made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_2004,_p._400-83) At 16 years old, [Finnish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Finland at the 1992 Winter Olympics") ski jumper [Toni Nieminen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Nieminen "Toni Nieminen") made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-84) [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "New Zealand at the 1992 Winter Olympics") skier [Annelise Coberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelise_Coberger "Annelise Coberger") became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women's slalom.
The [1994 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics"), held in [Lillehammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillehammer "Lillehammer"), Norway, were the first Winter Games to be held in a different year from the Summer Games. This change resulted from the decision reached in the [91st IOC Session (1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings#IOC_Sessions "List of IOC meetings") to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even-numbered years.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1994-85) This allowed the IOC to space out the logistical and financial costs of the two events from one another, and generate advertising revenue from the Games every two years instead of four.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-86) Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games. It was the second time the Games were held in Norway, after the [1952 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics") in [Oslo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo "Oslo"), and the first time the [Olympic Truce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Truce "Olympic Truce") was observed. As a result, after the [dissolution of Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia "Dissolution of Czechoslovakia") in 1993, the [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Czech Republic at the 1994 Winter Olympics") and [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Slovakia at the 1994 Winter Olympics") made their Olympic debuts.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-87)
The women's figure skating competition drew media attention when [American skater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [Nancy Kerrigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kerrigan "Nancy Kerrigan") was injured on 6 January 1994, in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent [Tonya Harding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Harding "Tonya Harding").[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-88) Both skaters competed in the Games, but the gold medal was narrowly won by [Oksana Baiul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Baiul "Oksana Baiul") who became [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Ukraine at the 1994 Winter Olympics")'s first Olympic champion, while Kerrigan won the silver medal.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-89)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-90) [Johann Olav Koss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Olav_Koss "Johann Olav Koss") of [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics") won three gold medals, coming first in all of the distance speed skating events.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-91)
13-year-old [Kim Yoon-Mi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Yun-Mi_\(speed_skater\) "Kim Yun-Mi (speed skater)") became the youngest-ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women's 3,000-metre speed skating relay. [Bjørn Dæhli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_D%C3%A6hli "Bjørn Dæhli") of Norway won a medal in four out of five cross-country events, becoming the most decorated Winter Olympian until then. [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics") won the most events, with eleven gold medals, while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes, collecting the most medals overall on home ground. [Juan Antonio Samaranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch "Juan Antonio Samaranch") described Lillehammer as "the best Olympic Winter Games ever" in his closing ceremony speech.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-92)
The [1998 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") were held in the Japanese city of [Nagano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_\(city\) "Nagano (city)") and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1998-93) The [National Hockey League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League") allowed its players to participate in the men's [ice hockey tournament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament "Ice hockey at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament") for the first time, and the [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "Czech Republic men's national ice hockey team") won the tournament. Women's ice hockey made its debut, and the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "United States women's national ice hockey team") won the gold medal.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-94) [Bjørn Dæhlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_D%C3%A6hlie "Bjørn Dæhlie") of [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1998 Winter Olympics") won three gold medals in Nordic skiing, becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete, with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1998-93)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-95) [Austrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Austria at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [Hermann Maier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Maier "Hermann Maier") survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the [super-G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_super-G "Alpine skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Men's super-G") and the giant slalom.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1998-93) [Tara Lipinski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Lipinski "Tara Lipinski") of the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 1998 Winter Olympics"), aged just 15, became the youngest ever female gold medallist in an individual event when she won the [Ladies' Singles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics#Ladies "Figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics"), a record that had stood since [Sonja Henie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Henie "Sonja Henie") of [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1928 Winter Olympics") won the same event, also aged 15, in [St. Moritz in 1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics"). New world records were set in [speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics") largely due to the introduction of the [clap skate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clap_skate "Clap skate").[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-96)
### 2002 to 2026
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: 2002 to 2026")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg)
The Olympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City
[After a tumultuous host city process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympic_bid_scandal "2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal"), the [2002 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics") were held in [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah "Salt Lake City, Utah"), United States. 2,399 athletes from 77 National Olympic Committees participated in 78 events in 7 sports.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2002-97) These Games were the first to take place since the [September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") of 2001, which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack. The opening ceremony saw signs of the [aftermath of the events of that day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks"), including the flag that flew at [Ground Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site "World Trade Center site"), and honour guards of NYPD and [FDNY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department "New York City Fire Department") members.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-98)
[German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [Georg Hackl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackl "Georg Hackl") won a silver in the singles luge, becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2002-97) [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics") achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men's and women's [ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics") gold medals.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2002-97) Canada became embroiled with [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Russia at the 2002 Winter Olympics") in a [controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Olympic_Winter_Games_figure_skating_scandal "2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal") that involved the judging of the [pairs figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics") competition. The Russian pair of [Yelena Berezhnaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Berezhnaya "Yelena Berezhnaya") and [Anton Sikharulidze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Sikharulidze "Anton Sikharulidze") competed against the Canadian pair of [Jamie Salé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Sal%C3%A9 "Jamie Salé") and [David Pelletier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pelletier "David Pelletier") for the gold medal.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Roberts-99)
The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition, yet the Russians were awarded the gold. The [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "France at the 2002 Winter Olympics") judge, [Marie-Reine Le Gougne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Reine_Le_Gougne "Marie-Reine Le Gougne"), awarded the gold to the Russians. An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated; in return, the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Roberts-99)
The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second [medal ceremony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony "Olympic Games ceremony") held later in the Games.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-100) [Australian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Australia at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [Steven Bradbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Bradbury_\(speed_skater\) "Steven Bradbury (speed skater)") became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short-track speed skating event.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-101)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braciere_Olimpico.jpg)
A close-up of the Olympic Flame during the [2006 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") in [Turin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin "Turin")
The Italian city of [Turin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin "Turin") hosted the [2006 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics"). It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games. [South Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "South Korea at the 2006 Winter Olympics") athletes won 10 medals, including 6 gold in the short-track speed skating events. [Sun-Yu Jin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Sun-Yu "Jin Sun-Yu") won three gold medals while her teammate [Hyun-Soo Ahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyun-Soo_Ahn "Hyun-Soo Ahn") won three gold medals and a bronze.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2006-102) In the women's [Cross-Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics") team pursuit [Canadian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [Sara Renner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Renner "Sara Renner") broke one of her poles and, when he saw her dilemma, [Norwegian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2006 Winter Olympics") coach [Bjørnar Håkensmoen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnar_H%C3%A5kensmoen "Bjørnar Håkensmoen") decided to lend her a pole. In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team, who finished fourth.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2006-102)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-103)
On winning the Super-G, [Kjetil-Andre Aamodt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjetil-Andre_Aamodt "Kjetil-Andre Aamodt") of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals. He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three Olympics, winning the Super-G in [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics"), [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics"), and [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics"). [Claudia Pechstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Pechstein "Claudia Pechstein") of [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 2006 Winter Olympics") became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2006-102)
In February 2009, Pechstein tested positive for ["blood manipulation"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_doping "Blood doping") and received a two-year suspension, which she appealed. The [Court of Arbitration for Sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport "Court of Arbitration for Sport") upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the [2010 German Olympic team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 2010 Winter Olympics").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-104) This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal, which overturned the lower court's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-105)
In 2003, the IOC awarded the [2010 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics") to [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics. With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-106) Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2010-107) The death of [Georgian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Georgia at the 2010 Winter Olympics") luger [Nodar Kumaritashvili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodar_Kumaritashvili "Nodar Kumaritashvili") in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the [Whistler Sliding Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler_Sliding_Centre "Whistler Sliding Centre") changing the track layout on safety grounds.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-108)
[Norwegian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2010 Winter Olympics") cross-country skier [Marit Bjørgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen "Marit Bjørgen") won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women's programme. She finished the Olympics with three golds, a silver and a bronze.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-109) For the first time, [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics") won a gold medal at an Olympic Games it hosted, having failed to do so at both the [1976 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics "1976 Summer Olympics") in [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") and the [1988 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics") in [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary "Calgary"). In contrast to the lack of gold medals at these previous Olympics, the Canadian team finished first overall in gold medal wins,[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-clinch-110) and became the first host nation—since [Norway in 1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1952 Winter Olympics")—to lead the gold medal count, with 14 medals. In doing so, it also broke the record for the most gold medals won by a NOC at a single Winter Olympics (the previous was 13, set by the [Soviet Union in 1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics") and matched by [Norway in 2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2002 Winter Olympics")).[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-RecordGolds-111)
The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Russia at the 2010 Winter Olympics") athletes. From their first Winter Olympics in [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics") to the 2006 Games, a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal-winning nations, but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals. [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia "President of Russia") [Dmitry Medvedev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev "Dmitry Medvedev") called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-112) Russia's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the [enhancement of an already existing doping scheme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_Russia "Doping in Russia") alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-113)
The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under-performing Russian team, with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries. At the Albertville Games in 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals, three of which were gold. In Vancouver, the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty-one, with eleven of them being gold. The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as Kazakhstan, South Korea, Japan and China. These results increased the chances of an Asian city hosting the [2018 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics") that would be held the following year.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-114)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-115)
[Sochi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi "Sochi"), Russia, was selected as the host city for the [2014 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics") over [Salzburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg "Salzburg"), Austria, and [Pyeongchang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang_County "Pyeongchang County"), South Korea. This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2014-116) The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-117) A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the [Black Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea") coast. All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres (31 mi) away in the alpine region known as [Krasnaya Polyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnaya_Polyana,_Sochi,_Krasnodar_Krai "Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2014-116) The Games were the most expensive until the date, with a cost of £30 billion (US\$51 billion).
On the snow, Norwegian biathlete [Ole Einar Bjørndalen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Einar_Bj%C3%B8rndalen "Ole Einar Bjørndalen") took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13, overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time. Another Norwegian, cross-country skier [Marit Bjørgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen "Marit Bjørgen") took three golds; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals, alongside [Raisa Smetanina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisa_Smetanina "Raisa Smetanina") and [Stefania Belmondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefania_Belmondo "Stefania Belmondo"). Snowboarder [Ayumu Hirano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumu_Hirano "Ayumu Hirano") became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the [halfpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_halfpipe "Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe") competition at the age of fifteen.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2014-116)
On the ice, the Netherlands team dominated the speed skating events, taking 23 medals, four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events. [Ireen Wüst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireen_W%C3%BCst "Ireen Wüst") was their most successful competitor, taking two golds and three silvers. In figure skating, [Yuzuru Hanyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzuru_Hanyu "Yuzuru Hanyu") became the first skater to break the 100-point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal. Among the sledding disciplines, luger [Armin Zöggeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Z%C3%B6ggeler "Armin Zöggeler") took a bronze, becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2014-116)
Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games, and an investment of £600 million in elite sport, [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics") initially topped the [medal table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "2014 Winter Olympics medal table"), taking 13 gold and 33 total medals.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-118) However, [Grigory Rodchenkov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Rodchenkov "Grigory Rodchenkov"), the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory, subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games, and that he had been assisted by the Russian [Federal Security Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Service "Federal Security Service") in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so that samples with banned substances could be replaced with "clean" urine.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-119)
A subsequent [investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_Report "McLaren Report") commissioned by the [World Anti-Doping Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency "World Anti-Doping Agency") led by [Richard McLaren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_McLaren_\(academic\) "Richard McLaren (academic)") concluded that a state-sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from "at least late 2011 to 2015" across the "vast majority" of Summer and Winter Olympic sports.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-120) On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee "Russian Olympic Committee") would compete as the [Olympic Athletes from Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Athletes_from_Russia_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics") at the 2018 Winter Olympics[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-russianban-121) and by the end of 2017 the [IOC Disciplinary Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Commission "Oswald Commission") had disqualified 43 Russian athletes, stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table, thus putting Norway in the lead.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-122)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-123)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-124) However, nine medals were later returned, meaning that Russia reclaimed first place in the overall medal table, and joint first place with Norway in terms of gold medals.
On 6 July 2011, [Pyeongchang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang_County "Pyeongchang County"), South Korea, was selected to host the [2018 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics") over [Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich "Munich"), Germany, and [Annecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annecy "Annecy"), France.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-2018Bids-125) This was the first time that [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall, after the [1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics "1988 Summer Olympics"). The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2018-126) More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events. The main venue cluster was the [Alpensia Resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpensia_Resort "Alpensia Resort") in [Daegwallyeong-myeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegwallyeong-myeon "Daegwallyeong-myeon"), while the ice events are held at [Gangneung Olympic Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangneung_Olympic_Park "Gangneung Olympic Park") in Pyeongchang's neighbouring sea-city of [Gangneung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangneung "Gangneung").
The lead-up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by [the tensions between North and South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics#North_Korean_relations "2018 Winter Olympics") and the ongoing [Russian doping scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_Russia "Doping in Russia"). Despite [tense relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations "North Korea–South Korea relations"), [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") agreed to participate in the Games, enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a [unified Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Korea "Unified Korea"), and field a [unified team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics") in [women's ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "Korea women's national ice hockey team"). Russian athletes, who complied with the IOC's doping regulations, were given the option to compete in Pyeongchang as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR).[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-russianban-121)
The Games saw the addition of [big air snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Big_air "Snowboarding"), [mass start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_start "Mass start") [speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating "Speed skating"), [mixed doubles curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_doubles_curling "Mixed doubles curling"), and mixed team [alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing "Alpine skiing") to the programme. Like four years early, the Netherlands again dominated speed skating, winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events. Dutch speed skater [Sven Kramer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Kramer "Sven Kramer") won gold in the men's 5000m event, becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times. On the snow, Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing, with [Marit Bjørgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen "Marit Bjørgen") winning bronze in the women's team sprint and gold in the 30-kilometre classical event, bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen, the most won by any athlete (male or female) in Winter Olympics history.
[Johannes Høsflot Klæbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_H%C3%B8sflot_Kl%C3%A6bo "Johannes Høsflot Klæbo") of Norway became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the [men's sprint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint "Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint") at age 21. He was also part of the Norwegian cross-country team winning the men’s relay and team sprint events. [Noriaki Kasai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriaki_Kasai "Noriaki Kasai") of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games. [Ester Ledecká](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_Ledeck%C3%A1 "Ester Ledecká") of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom, making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two sports at a single Winter Games.
Norway led the total medal standings with 39, the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29. Host nation [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "South Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics") won seventeen medals, five of them gold, its highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics.
[Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), the capital of the [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China"), was elected as the host city for the [2022 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics") on 31 July 2015 at the [128th IOC Session](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128th_IOC_Session "128th IOC Session"). Beijing became the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Like the Summer Olympics held six months earlier in [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") resulted in the implementation of strict health and safety protocols, including restrictions on public attendance at the Games. The Games included a record 109 events over 15 disciplines in seven sports with seven new medal events, including mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross. The Games were held between 4 and 20 February 2022 at venues in Beijing and [Zhangjiakou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangjiakou "Zhangjiakou") which for the first time were run entirely on [renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy"). Several of the events were impacted by temperatures as low as minus 20 [Celsius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius "Celsius") and strong wind.
The first gold medal of the Games was won by [Therese Johaug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese_Johaug "Therese Johaug") of [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2022 Winter Olympics") in the women's skiathlon. Johaug had been excluded from the 2018 Winter Olympics in a controversial decision after having used a banned cream for sunburned lips. She went on to also win the women's 10 km and 30 km cross-country distances. Johannes Klæbo continued his dominance of the men’s cross-country sprint events by winning gold in the individual and team events. In the women's snowboard cross, [Lindsey Jacobellis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Jacobellis "Lindsey Jacobellis") of the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 2022 Winter Olympics") won the gold, having lost the gold 16 years earlier at the [2006 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") in Torino due to a brutal fall. On the ice, the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Netherlands at the 2022 Winter Olympics") dominated with a total of six gold medals and [Irene Schouten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Schouten "Irene Schouten") winning the women's mass start, 3,000m and 5,000m distances. [Nils van der Poel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_van_der_Poel "Nils van der Poel") of [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Sweden at the 2022 Winter Olympics") won the men's 5,000m and 10,000m distances, setting new Olympic records in both distances. [Kamila Valieva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamila_Valieva "Kamila Valieva") of [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the 2022 Winter Olympics") was allowed to compete in the [women's figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "Figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Women's singles") despite a failed doping test in December 2021. She failed, however, to win an individual medal after falling in her final routine. Russia's [team gold medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Team_event "Figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Team event") remained in limbo for two years, pending investigation into Valieva's positive drug test, before the [Court of Arbitration for Sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport "Court of Arbitration for Sport") (CAS) disqualified Valieva for four years retroactive to 25 December 2021, leading the ISU to re-allocate the medals, upgrading the United States to gold and Japan to silver while downgrading the ROC to bronze.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-127) [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Finland at the 2022 Winter Olympics") claimed its first ice hockey gold, having beaten the Russian Olympic Committee in the men's final on the last day of the Games.
Norway was first in the overall medal standings, claiming 37 medals in total and 16 gold medals, the highest number of gold medals of any country in a single Winter Olympics. This was the tenth time Norway claimed the highest number of gold medals at the Winter Games.
### Future
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Future")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg)
The amount by which greenhouse gas emissions are reduced is forecast to substantially affect the number of Winter Olympic Game venues that will have reliably snowy conditions.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Forbes_20220204-128)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20260201_Reliability_of_venues_for_snow_-_Winter_Olympics.svg)
Though Europe and North America have the most potential venues (areas of rectangles in chart), a higher portion of those venues are projected to be climatically unreliable because of global warming (height of columns).[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-CurrentIssuesTourism_20240913-129)
The [2026 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics") was held in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan")\-[Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo"), Italy, and took place from 6 to 22 February 2026.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2026-130) At the [142nd IOC Session](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/142nd_IOC_Session "142nd IOC Session") in July 2024, it was confirmed that the [2030 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics "2030 Winter Olympics") will be hosted by France in the [French Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Alps "French Alps").[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-131) The [2034 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics "2034 Winter Olympics") was also awarded to be hosted by the United States in [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah "Utah"); the state previously hosted the 2002 Olympics in [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City").[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-SLCtime-132)
### Controversy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Controversy")\]
Main article: [Olympic Games scandals and controversies § Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_scandals_and_controversies#Winter_Olympics "Olympic Games scandals and controversies")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg)
[Juan Antonio Samaranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch "Juan Antonio Samaranch"), former IOC president, who was in charge of the Olympic movement for more than 20 years
The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City") had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-slcorruption-133) Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery [scheme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympic_bid_scandal "2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal") to curry favour with IOC officials.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-slcorruption-133) Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City's bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member's son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president [Juan Antonio Samaranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch "Juan Antonio Samaranch") received two rifles valued at \$2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Cashmore-134)
The subsequent [United States Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics (both Summer and Winter) since 1988.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-135) For example, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano's bid for the [1998 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") were described by the investigation committee as "astronomical".[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-136) Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-137)
The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-138)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-139)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-140)
### Host city legacy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Host city legacy")\]
About eight years before the Winter Olympics, the [IOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") invites National Olympic Committees to submit bids to host the games.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-141) According to the IOC, the host city for the Winter Olympics is responsible for "...establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games, such as sports planning, venues, finance, technology, accommodation, catering, media services, etc., as well as operations during the Games".[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-142) Due to the cost of hosting the Games, most host cities never realise a profit on their investment.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-riskreward-143) For example, the [2006 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") in [Turin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin "Turin"), Italy, cost \$3.6 billion to host. By comparison, the [1998 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") in [Nagano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_\(city\) "Nagano (city)"), Japan, cost \$12.5 billion.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-olympiceffect-144) The organisers of the Nagano Games claimed that the cost of extending the [bullet train](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen "Shinkansen") service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-olympiceffect-144)
The organising committee had hoped that the exposure gained from hosting the Winter Olympics, and the improved access to Nagano from Tokyo, would benefit the local economy for years afterwards. In fact, Nagano's economy did experience a post-Olympic boom for a year or two, but the long-term effects have not materialised as anticipated.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-olympiceffect-144) The likelihood of heavy debt is a deterrent to prospective host cities, as well as the prospect of unused sports venues and infrastructure saddling the local community with upkeep costs with no appreciable post-Olympic value.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-145)
The Winter Olympics has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location; the men's downhill needs an 800-metre altitude difference along a suitable course. As this is a focal event that is central to the Games, the IOC has previously not agreed to it taking place a long way from the main host city,[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-146) in contrast to the Summer Games, where sailing and horse sports have taken place more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) away. The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena and for the hotels and infrastructure needed for all Olympic visitors. Due to cost issues, fewer and fewer cities are willing to host. Both the [Torino 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") and [Vancouver 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics") Games, which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions, had lower costs since more venues, hotels and transport infrastructure already existed. In contrast, the [Sochi 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics") games had large costs as most installations had to be built.
The IOC has tried to mitigate these concerns. Firstly, it has agreed to fund part of the host city's budget.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-147) Secondly, the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting their region or nation; this rules out a large portion of the developing world.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-148) Finally, any prospective host city is required to add a "legacy plan" to their proposal, with a view to the long-term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-legacyplan-149)
Beginning with the [2022 Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics"), the IOC allowed greater distances between the alpine events and other events. The [Oslo bid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_bid_for_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Oslo bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics") had 220 kilometres (140 mi) to the [Kvitfjell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvitfjell "Kvitfjell") downhill arena, while eventual host Beijing had venues 220 km away from the city as well. For the 2026 Winter Games, [Stockholm's unsuccessful bid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm%E2%80%93%C3%85re_bid_for_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Stockholm–Åre bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics") proposed to hold the alpine event in [Åre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85re "Åre"), 620 kilometres (390 mi) away by road, while the successful bid of 2026 has 410 kilometres (250 mi) between [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") and [Cortina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo").
### Doping
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Doping")\]
In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols. They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-150) The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was [Alois Schloder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Schloder "Alois Schloder"), a [West German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "West Germany at the 1972 Winter Olympics") hockey player,[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-OR1972-151) but his team was still allowed to compete.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-152) During the 1970s, testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance-enhancing drugs.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Mottram-153) The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures, which undermined the credibility of the tests. It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug-testing protocols.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-154) The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent [World Anti-Doping Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency "World Anti-Doping Agency") (WADA) in November 1999.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-155)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-wada-156)
The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of [blood doping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_doping "Blood doping"), the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as [Erythropoietin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin "Erythropoietin") (EPO) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-torinodoping-157) The Italian police conducted a raid on the [Austrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Austria at the 2006 Winter Olympics") cross-country ski team's residence during the Games where they seized blood-doping specimens and equipment.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-hearings-158) This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of [haemoglobin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin "Hemoglobin"), which is evidence of blood doping.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-torinodoping-157)
The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 (later increased to 46) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-SochiDoping-159)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-NYT160512-160)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-nyt2-161)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-GN150601-162)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-guardian-upheld-163)
### Cold War
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Cold War")\]
The Winter Olympics were an ideological front in the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") since the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics") first participated at the [1956 Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics"). It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be. The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the [Eastern Bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc") countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics "Soviet Union at the Olympics") entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Benjamin_Daniel-49) Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until the '90s.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Otto_Schantz-50)
The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers. The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC. Because of its role in World War II, Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1948-40) In 1950, the IOC recognised the [West German Olympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Olympic_Sports_Confederation "German Olympic Sports Confederation"), and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Hill-164) East Germany declined and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-165)
In 1955, the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state, thereby giving more credibility to East Germany's campaign to become an independent participant. The IOC agreed provisionally to accept the [East German National Olympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic "National Olympic Committee of the German Democratic Republic") on condition that East and West Germans compete as one team.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-166) The situation became tense when the [Berlin Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall "Berlin Wall") was constructed by East Germany in 1961 to stop migration of its citizens and Western European nations began refusing visas to East German athletes.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-167) The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC split the teams and threatened to reject host-city bids from any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-168)
### Boycott
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Boycott")\]
The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid. Prior to the Games, the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952. China was given permission to compete as the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) and to use the PRC flag and anthem. Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name "Republic of China" (ROC) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299-72) The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the "Republic of China".[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-169)[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-170)
The IOC renamed the island "[Chinese Taipei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei "Chinese Taipei")" and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem, stipulations to which Taiwan would not agree. Despite numerous appeals and court hearings, the IOC's decision stood. When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted. They subsequently left the Olympics in protest, just before the opening ceremonies.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299-72) Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei. The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal. The agreement remains in place to this day.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-171)
## Sports
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Sports")\]
The [Olympic Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Charter "Olympic Charter") limits [winter sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sports "Winter sports") to "those sports which are practised on snow or ice".[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-172) Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme, which include short-track speed skating, snowboarding, freestyle and moguls skiing. The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America. While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports, countries such as South Korea, Australia and Canada are finding success in these new sports. The results are more parity in the national medal tables, more interest in the Winter Olympics, and higher global television ratings.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-173)
### Current sports
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Current sports")\]
| Sport | Years | Events | Events list |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1936 | 10[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-174) | Men's: [downhill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_\(ski_competition\) "Downhill (ski competition)"), [super G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_giant_slalom_skiing "Super giant slalom skiing"), [giant slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom_skiing "Giant slalom skiing"), [slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing "Slalom skiing"), [alpine combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined "Alpine skiing combined"). Women's: [downhill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_\(ski_competition\) "Downhill (ski competition)"), [super G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_giant_slalom_skiing "Super giant slalom skiing"), [giant slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom_skiing "Giant slalom skiing"), [slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing "Slalom skiing"), [alpine combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined "Alpine skiing combined"). Mixed [parallel slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing "Slalom skiing"). |
| [Biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1960[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOCMilitaryPatrol-5) | 11[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-biathlon-175) | Men's: sprint 10 km, individual 20 km, pursuit 12.5 km, mass start 15 km, relay 4×7.5 km. Women's: sprint 7.5 km, individual 15 km, pursuit 10 km, mass start 12.5 km, relay 4×6 km. Mixed relay 4×6 km. |
| [Bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics") | 1924–1956, since 1964 | 4[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-176) | Men's: four-man race, two-man race. Women's: two-woman race, monobob race. |
| [Cross-country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924 | 12[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-177) | Men's: sprint, team sprint, 15 km, 30 km skiathlon, 50 km mass start, 4×10 km relay. Women's: sprint, team sprint, 10 km, 15 km skiathlon, 30 km mass start, 4×5 km relay. |
| [Curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the Winter Olympics") | 1924, since 1998 | 3[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-178) | Men's, women's and mixed doubles tournaments. |
| [Figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924[\[i\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-179) | 5[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-180) | Men's singles. Women's singles. Pairs. Ice dancing. Team event. |
| [Freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1992 | 15[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-181) | Men's: [aerials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_skiing "Aerial skiing"), [moguls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_skiing "Mogul skiing"), [ski cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_cross "Ski cross"), [halfpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-pipe_skiing "Half-pipe skiing"), [big air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpipe "Superpipe"), [slopestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopestyle "Slopestyle"). Women's: [aerials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_skiing "Aerial skiing"), [moguls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_skiing "Mogul skiing"), [ski cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_cross "Ski cross"), [halfpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-pipe_skiing "Half-pipe skiing"), [big air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpipe "Superpipe"), [slopestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopestyle "Slopestyle"). Mixed [aerials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_skiing "Aerial skiing"). |
| [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924[\[ii\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-182) | 2[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-183) | Men's and women's tournaments. |
| [Luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1964 | 5[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-184) | Men's singles, Women's singles, Men's doubles, Women's doubles, mixed team relay. |
| [Nordic combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924 | 3[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-185) | Men's 10 km individual normal hill, 10 km individual large hill, team 4×5 km large hill. |
| [Short track speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1992 | 9[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-186) | Men's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m relay. Women's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m relay. Mixed 2000 m relay. |
| [Skeleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the Winter Olympics") | 1928, 1948, Since 2002 | 3[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-187) | Men's and women's events. |
| [Ski jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924 | 6[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-188) | Men's: individual normal hill, individual large hill, team large hill. Women's: individual normal hill. Mixed team normal hill. |
| [Ski mountaineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_mountaineering_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ski mountaineering at the Winter Olympics") | Since 2026[\[iii\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-189) | 3[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-190) | Men's sprint. Women's sprint. Mixed relay. |
| [Snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1998 | 11[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-191) | Men's: snowboard cross, parallel, half-pipe, slopestyle, big air. Women's: snowboard cross, parallel, half-pipe, slopestyle, big air. Mixed snowboard cross. |
| [Speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924 | 14[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-192) | Men's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, 10,000 m, mass start, team pursuit. Women's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, mass start, team pursuit. |
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-179)** Figure skating events were held at the [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics "1908 Summer Olympics") and [1920 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics "1920 Summer Olympics").
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-182)** A [men's ice hockey tournament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics") was held at the [1920 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics "1920 Summer Olympics").
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-189)** Optional Sport at the [2026 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics").
### Demonstration events
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Demonstration events")\]
[Demonstration sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_sports#Winter_Olympics "Demonstration sports") have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals. Demonstration sports were discontinued after [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics").[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-193) Military patrol, a precursor to the [biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon "Biathlon"), was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928, 1936 and 1948, becoming an official sport in 1960.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-194) The [special figures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_figures "Special figures") figure skating event was only contested at the [1908 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics").[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-195) [Bandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy "Bandy") (Russian hockey) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia. In the latter it is considered a [national sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport "National sport").[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-196) It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-demosports-197)
[Ice stock sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_stock_sport "Ice stock sport"), a German variant of curling, was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1936-36) The [ski ballet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_ballet "Ski ballet") event, later known as ski-acro, was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-198) [Skijöring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skij%C3%B6ring "Skijöring"), skiing behind dogs, was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-demosports-197) A [sled-dog race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled_dog_race_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Sled dog race at the 1932 Winter Olympics") was held at Lake Placid in 1932.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-demosports-197) [Speed skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skiing "Speed skiing") was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-199) [Winter pentathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_pentathlon "Winter pentathlon"), a variant of the [modern pentathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon "Modern pentathlon"), was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included [cross-country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_\(sport\) "Cross-country skiing (sport)"), [shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_sports "Shooting sports"), [downhill skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_\(ski_competition\) "Downhill (ski competition)"), [fencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing "Fencing"), and [horse riding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian at the Summer Olympics").[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-biathlon-175)
## All-time medal table
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: All-time medal table")\]
Main article: [All-time Olympic Games medal table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table "All-time Olympic Games medal table")
The table below uses official data provided by the [IOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") (full list):
**Defunct nation**
*Accurate as of [2026 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics")*
| No. | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Games |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics "Norway at the Olympics") | 166 | 146 | 135 | 447 | 25 |
| 2 |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics "United States at the Olympics") | 126 | 133 | 104 | 363 | 25 |
| 3 |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics "Germany at the Olympics") | 113 | 107 | 73 | 293 | 14 |
| 4 |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics "Canada at the Olympics") | 82 | 79 | 85 | 246 | 25 |
| 5 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics "Soviet Union at the Olympics") | 78 | 57 | 59 | 194 | 9 |
| 6 |  [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics "Austria at the Olympics") | 76 | 97 | 96 | 269 | 25 |
| 7 |  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics "Sweden at the Olympics") | 73 | 57 | 65 | 195 | 25 |
| 8 |  [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Olympics "Switzerland at the Olympics") | 69 | 56 | 66 | 191 | 25 |
| 9 |  [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_Olympics "Netherlands at the Olympics") | 63 | 56 | 48 | 167 | 23 |
| 10 |  [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics "Italy at the Olympics") | 52 | 49 | 70 | 171 | 25 |
| 11 |  [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics "France at the Olympics") | 50 | 50 | 61 | 161 | 25 |
| 12 |  [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_Olympics "Finland at the Olympics") | 45 | 66 | 70 | 181 | 25 |
| 13 |  [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics "Russia at the Olympics") | 45 | 39 | 34 | 118 | 6 |
| 14 |  [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_Olympics "East Germany at the Olympics") | 39 | 36 | 35 | 110 | 6 |
| 15 |  [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_Olympics "South Korea at the Olympics") | 36 | 34 | 19 | 89 | 20 |
| 16 |  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics "China at the Olympics") | 27 | 36 | 29 | 92 | 13 |
| 17 |  [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics "Japan at the Olympics") | 22 | 36 | 42 | 100 | 23 |
| 18 |  [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics "Great Britain at the Olympics") | 15 | 6 | 18 | 39 | 25 |
| 19 |  [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_Olympics "Czech Republic at the Olympics") | 12 | 13 | 14 | 39 | 9 |
| 20 |  [West Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_Olympics "West Germany at the Olympics") | 11 | 15 | 13 | 39 | 6 |
| 21 |  [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_Olympics "Australia at the Olympics") | 9 | 9 | 7 | 25 | 21 |
| 22 |  [Unified Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics "Unified Team at the Olympics") | 9 | 6 | 8 | 23 | 1 |
| 23 |  [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_at_the_Olympics "Belarus at the Olympics") | 8 | 7 | 5 | 20 | 8 |
| 24 |  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_Olympics "Poland at the Olympics") | 7 | 10 | 10 | 27 | 25 |
| 25 |  [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_Olympics "Slovenia at the Olympics") | 6 | 9 | 13 | 28 | 10 |
| 26 |  [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_at_the_Olympics "Croatia at the Olympics") | 4 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 10 |
| 27 |  [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_at_the_Olympics "Slovakia at the Olympics") | 4 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 9 |
| 28 |  [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_at_the_Olympics "Estonia at the Olympics") | 4 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 12 |
| 29 |  [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_Olympics "Ukraine at the Olympics") | 3 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 9 |
| 30 |  [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_Olympics "Czechoslovakia at the Olympics") | 2 | 8 | 15 | 25 | 16 |
| 31 |  [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Olympics "New Zealand at the Olympics") | 2 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 18 |
| 32 |  [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_at_the_Olympics "Kazakhstan at the Olympics") | 2 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 9 |
| 33 |  [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics "Hungary at the Olympics") | 2 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 25 |
| 34 |  [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_at_the_Olympics "Liechtenstein at the Olympics") | 2 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 21 |
| 35 |  [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_Olympics "Belgium at the Olympics") | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 23 |
| 36 |  [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_Olympics "Spain at the Olympics") | 2 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 22 |
| 37 |  [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_at_the_Olympics "Latvia at the Olympics") | 1 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 13 |
| 38 |  [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_at_the_Olympics "Bulgaria at the Olympics") | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 22 |
| 39 |  [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics "Brazil at the Olympics") | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 |
| 40 |  [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan_at_the_Olympics "Uzbekistan at the Olympics") | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 |
| 41 |  [Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Olympics "Yugoslavia at the Olympics") | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 14 |
| 42 |  [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_at_the_Olympics "Denmark at the Olympics") | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 16 |
| 43 |  [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_at_the_Olympics "Luxembourg at the Olympics") | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 11 |
| 44 |  [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_at_the_Olympics "North Korea at the Olympics") | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
| 44 |  [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_at_the_Olympics "Georgia at the Olympics") | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9 |
| 45 |  [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_at_the_Olympics "Romania at the Olympics") | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
### Medal leaders by year
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Medal leaders by year")\]
Main article: [List of Olympic medal leaders by year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medal_leaders_by_year "List of Olympic medal leaders by year")
| |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg) **Winter Olympics [medal table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table "All-time Olympic Games medal table") [leaders by year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medal_leaders_by_year#Winter_Olympics "List of Olympic medal leaders by year")** |
| [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1924 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1928 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1928 Winter Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1932 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 1932 Winter Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1936 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1948 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1948 Winter Olympics") and  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Sweden at the 1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1952 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1956 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1960 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1964 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1968 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1972 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1976 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1980 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1984 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "East Germany at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1988 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1992 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1994 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "1998 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "2002 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "2006 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "2010 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "2014 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "2018 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "2022 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "2026 Winter Olympics medal table"):  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
**Number of occurrences**
| Rank | Country | Number of games |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics "Norway at the Olympics") | 11 times |
| 2 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics "Soviet Union at the Olympics") | 7 times |
| 3 |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics "Germany at the Olympics") | 3 times |
| 4 |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics "United States at the Olympics") | 1 time |
|  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics "Sweden at the Olympics") | | |
|  [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_Olympics "East Germany at the Olympics") | | |
|  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics "Canada at the Olympics") | | |
|  [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics "Russia at the Olympics") | | |
## List of Winter Olympic Games
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: List of Winter Olympic Games")\]
| Year | No. | Host | Games dates / Opened by | Sports (Disciplines) | Competitors | Events | [Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committees "National Olympic Committees") | Top nation | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City | Country | Total | Men | Women | | | | | | | |
| 1924[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1924-21) | [I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics") | [Chamonix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix "Chamonix") |  [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic "French Third Republic") | 25 January – 5 February 1924 Undersecretary of State [Gaston Vidal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Vidal "Gaston Vidal") | 6 (9) | 258 | 247 | 11 | 16 | 16 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1924 Winter Olympics") |
| 1928[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1928-27) | [II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics") | [St. Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz "St. Moritz") |  [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") | 11–19 February 1928 President [Edmund Schulthess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Schulthess "Edmund Schulthess")[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Opened_By-200) | 4 (8) | 464 | 438 | 26 | 14 | 25 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1928 Winter Olympics") |
| 1932[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1932-30) | [III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics "1932 Winter Olympics") | [Lake Placid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York "Lake Placid, New York") |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | 4–15 February 1932 Governor [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") | 4 (7) | 252 | 231 | 21 | 14 | 17 |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 1932 Winter Olympics") |
| 1936[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1936-36) | [IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics "1936 Winter Olympics") | [Garmisch-Partenkirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen "Garmisch-Partenkirchen") |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") | 6–16 February 1936 Chancellor [Adolf Hitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") | 4 (8) | 646 | 566 | 80 | 17 | 28 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1936 Winter Olympics") |
| [1940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics "1940 Winter Olympics") | [\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Cancelled_Games-201) | [Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo") [Garmisch-Partenkirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen "Garmisch-Partenkirchen") |  [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan "Empire of Japan")  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") | *Originally awarded to Japan, then awarded to Germany. Cancelled due to [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II")* | | | | | | | |
| [1944](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics "1944 Winter Olympics") | [\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Cancelled_Games-201) | [Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo") |  [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy") | *Cancelled due to World War II* | | | | | | | |
| 1948[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1948-40) | [V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics") | St. Moritz |  [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") | 30 January – 8 February 1948 President [Enrico Celio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Celio "Enrico Celio")[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Opened_By-200) | 4 (9) | 669 | 592 | 77 | 22 | 28 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1948 Winter Olympics")  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Sweden at the 1948 Winter Olympics") |
| 1952[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1952-42) | [VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics") | [Oslo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo "Oslo") |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") | 14–25 February 1952 [Princess Ragnhild](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Ragnhild,_Mrs._Lorentzen "Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen") | 4 (8) | 694 | 585 | 109 | 22 | 30 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1952 Winter Olympics") |
| 1956[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1956-48) | [VII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics") | [Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo") |  [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") | 26 January – 5 February 1956 President [Giovanni Gronchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi "Giovanni Gronchi") | 4 (8) | 821 | 687 | 134 | 24 | 32 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics") |
| 1960[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1960-52) | [VIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics "1960 Winter Olympics") | [Squaw Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Valley,_California "Olympic Valley, California") |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | 18–28 February 1960 Vice President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") | 4 (8) | 665 | 521 | 144 | 27 | 30 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1960 Winter Olympics") |
| 1964[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1964-58) | [IX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics "1964 Winter Olympics") | [Innsbruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck "Innsbruck") |  [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") | 29 January – 9 February 1964 President [Adolf Schärf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Sch%C3%A4rf "Adolf Schärf") | 6 (10) | 1,091 | 892 | 199 | 34 | 36 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1964 Winter Olympics") |
| 1968[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1968-60) | [X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics "1968 Winter Olympics") | [Grenoble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble "Grenoble") |  [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") | 6–18 February 1968 President [Charles de Gaulle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle") | 6 (10) | 1,158 | 947 | 211 | 35 | 37 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1968 Winter Olympics") |
| 1972[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1972-62) | [XI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics") | [Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo") |  [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan") | 3–13 February 1972 Emperor [Hirohito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito "Hirohito") | 6 (10) | 1,006 | 801 | 205 | 35 | 35 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1972 Winter Olympics") |
| 1976[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1976-70) | [XII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics "1976 Winter Olympics") | Innsbruck |  [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") | 4–15 February 1976 President [Rudolf Kirchschläger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kirchschl%C3%A4ger "Rudolf Kirchschläger") | 6 (10) | 1,123 | 892 | 231 | 37 | 37 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics") |
| 1980[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1980-74) | [XIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics "1980 Winter Olympics") | Lake Placid |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | 13–24 February 1980 Vice President [Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale") | 6 (10) | 1,072 | 840 | 232 | 38 | 37 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1980 Winter Olympics") |
| 1984[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1984-79) | [XIV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics "1984 Winter Olympics") | [Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo") |  [Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia") | 8–19 February 1984 President [Mika Špiljak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_%C5%A0piljak "Mika Špiljak") | 6 (10) | 1,272 | 998 | 274 | 39 | 49 |  [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "East Germany at the 1984 Winter Olympics") |
| 1988[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1988-80) | [XV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics") | [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary "Calgary") |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") | 13–28 February 1988 Governor General [Jeanne Sauvé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9 "Jeanne Sauvé") | 6 (10) | 1,423 | 1,122 | 301 | 46 | 57 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1988 Winter Olympics") |
| 1992[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1992-82) | [XVI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics") | [Albertville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertville "Albertville") |  [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") | 8–23 February 1992 President [François Mitterrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand "François Mitterrand") | 6 (12) | 1,801 | 1,313 | 488 | 57 | 64 |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 1992 Winter Olympics") |
| 1994[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1994-85) | [XVII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics") | [Lillehammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillehammer "Lillehammer") |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") | 12–27 February 1994 King [Harald V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_V "Harald V") | 6 (12) | 1,737 | 1,215 | 522 | 61 | 67 |  [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics") |
| 1998[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1998-93) | [XVIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") | [Nagano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_\(city\) "Nagano (city)") |  [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan") | 7–22 February 1998 Emperor [Akihito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihito "Akihito") | 7 (14) | 2,176 | 1,389 | 787 | 68 | 72 |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 1998 Winter Olympics") |
| 2002[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2002-97) | [XIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics") | [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City") |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | 8–24 February 2002 President [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") | 7 (15) | 2,399 | 1,513 | 886 | 78 | 78[\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-202) |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2002 Winter Olympics") |
| 2006[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2006-102) | [XX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") | [Turin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin "Turin") |  [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") | 10–26 February 2006 President [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi "Carlo Azeglio Ciampi") | 7 (15) | 2,508 | 1,548 | 960 | 84 | 80 |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 2006 Winter Olympics") |
| 2010[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2010-107) | [XXI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics") | [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") | 12–28 February 2010 Governor General [Michaëlle Jean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean "Michaëlle Jean") | 7 (15) | 2,566 | 1,522 | 1,044 | 86 | 82 |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics") |
| 2014[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2014-116) | [XXII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics") | [Sochi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi "Sochi") |  [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") | 7–23 February 2014 President [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") | 7 (15) | 2,873 | **1,714** | 1,159 | 98 | 88 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2014 Winter Olympics")[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-203) |
| 2018[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2018-126) | [XXIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics") | [Pyeongchang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang "Pyeongchang") |  [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") | 9–25 February 2018 President [Moon Jae-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Jae-in "Moon Jae-in") | 7 (15) | **2,922** | 1,680 | 1,242 | 102 | **92+1**[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-204) |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2018 Winter Olympics") |
| 2022*[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2022-205)* | [XXIV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics") | [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") |  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") | 4–20 February 2022 President [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") | 7 (15) | 2,861 | 1,573 | 1,288 | 109 | 91 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2022 Winter Olympics") |
| 2026*[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2026-130)* | [XXV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics") | [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") [Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo") |  [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") | 6–22 February 2026 President [Sergio Mattarella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella "Sergio Mattarella") | **8 (16)** | 2,871 | 1,533 | **1,338** | **116** | **92** |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| *2030*[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2030-206) | *[XXVI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics "2030 Winter Olympics")* | *[French Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Alps "French Alps")* | * [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France")* | *1–17 February 2030* TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA |
| *2034*[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2034-207) | *[XXVII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics "2034 Winter Olympics")* | *[Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah "Utah")*[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-208) | * [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States")* | *10–26 February 2034* TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA |
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multiple_Winter_Olympic_medalists "List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists")
- [List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympic_Games "List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games")
- [Lists of Olympic medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists "Lists of Olympic medalists")
- [List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_scandals,_controversies_and_incidents "List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents")
- [Winter Paralympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games "Winter Paralympic Games")
- [Paralympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games "Paralympic Games")
- [Summer Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games")
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-2)** "French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games".[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-1)
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOCMilitaryPatrol_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOCMilitaryPatrol_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOCMilitaryPatrol_5-2) The official website of the IOC now treats Men's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as a separate discipline, without mixing it with the sports of [Skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing "Nordic skiing") or [Biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon "Biathlon").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOC1924AllSports-7)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOC1924Biathlon-8) However, the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called [Nordic skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing "Nordic skiing").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-OffRep1924MilPat01-9)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-OffRep1924MilPat02-10)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-6)** At the closing of the 1924 Games a prize was also awarded for 'alpinisme' ([mountaineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering "Mountaineering")), a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments: [Pierre de Coubertin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin "Pierre de Coubertin") presented a prize for 'alpinisme' to [Charles Granville Bruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Granville_Bruce "Charles Granville Bruce"), the leader of the expedition that tried to climb [Mount Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") in 1922.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOC1980-USA-Finland01_77-0)** The US beat the Soviets as part of a [medal round](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics#Final_round "Ice hockey at the 1980 Winter Olympics") that also included [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "Finland men's national ice hockey team") and [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "Sweden men's national ice hockey team"), so they did not actually win the gold medal until beating Finland a few days later.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOC1980-USA-Finland02-76)
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Opened_By_200-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Opened_By_200-1) This office is technically not head of state in and of itself, but is the presiding officer of the [Federal Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_\(Switzerland\) "Federal Council (Switzerland)") which collectively acts as head of state.
6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Cancelled_Games_201-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Cancelled_Games_201-1) Unlike the Summer Olympics, the cancelled [1940 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics "1940 Winter Olympics") and [1944 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics "1944 Winter Olympics") are *not* included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games. While the official titles of the Summer Games count [Olympiads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiad "Olympiad"), the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-202)** The [IOC site for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/salt-lake-city-2002) gives an erroneous figure of 77 participated teams; however, one can count 78 participated nations looking through [Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games](https://digital.la84.org/digital/search/searchterm/Official%20Report%20of%20the%20XIX%20Olympic%20Winter%20Games%20Results/field/title/mode/all/conn/and). This error probably resulted from the fact that Costa Rica's delegation of one athlete joined the Games after the Opening Ceremony, so 77 National Olympic Committees participated in the Opening Ceremonies and 78 National Olympic Committees participated in the Games.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-204)** The IOC site for the [2018 Winter Olympic Games](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/pyeongchang-2018) does not include [United Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics") (COR) women's ice hockey team as separate "nation" when counting participating nations. Nevertheless, the IOC shows the Korean team in the [Pyeongchang 2018 Ice Hockey Women's Tournament Results](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/pyeongchang-2018/results/ice-hockey/women). Thus, 92 National Olympic Committees teams plus 1 team composed of athletes from both South Korea and North Korea participated in the Games.
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: References")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-1)**
["Olympic Charter: Section 23 Languages"](https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf) (PDF). 8 August 2021. p. 53. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210514221054/https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-3)**
["Winter Olympics: Italy's Milan-Cortina bid chosen as host for the 2026 Games"](https://www.bbc.com/sport/winter-olympics/48748380). *BBC News*. 24 June 2019.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-4)**
["Milan–Cortina d'Ampezzo bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics"](https://www.milanocortina2026.org/). *milanocortina2026.org*.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOC1924AllSports_7-0)**
["Chamonix 1924 Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/chamonix-1924/results). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOC1924Biathlon_8-0)**
["Chamonix 1924 Military Patrol Men Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/chamonix-1924/results/military-patrol/military-patrol-men). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-OffRep1924MilPat01_9-0)** Official Report (1924), p. 646: Le Programme ... II. — Epreuves par équipes - 12. Ski : Course militaire (20 à 30 kilomètres, avec tir). (The Programme ... II. — Team events - 12. Skiing : Military Race (20 to 30 kilometres, with shooting)).
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-OffRep1924MilPat02_10-0)** Official Report (1924), p. 664: CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE. (Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race)
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-11)**
Archives, L. A. Times (14 October 1986). ["Olympics to Hold Events Every 2 Years: Winter Games to Be Split Off, Start Own 4-Year Cycle in '94"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-14-mn-3527-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-12)**
Riding, Alan (12 February 1993). ["OLYMPICS: One Year to Lillehammer; '94 Olympics Are on Schedule Now That Budget Games Are Over"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/12/sports/olympics-one-year-lillehammer-94-olympics-are-schedule-now-that-budget-games-are.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 12 February 2024.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-origins_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-origins_13-1)
Edgeworth, Ron (May 1994). ["The Nordic Games and the Origins of the Winter Olympic Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110727010955/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv2n2/JOHv2n2h.pdf) (PDF). *International Society of Olympic Historians Journal*. **2** (2). LA84 Foundation. Archived from [the original](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv2n2/JOHv2n2h.pdf) (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-14)**
["1908 Figure Skating Results"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010211191356/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/events/1998/nagano/medals/1908Results.html). *[CNN/SI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN/SI "CNN/SI")*. Archived from [the original](http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/events/1998/nagano/medals/1908Results.html) on 11 February 2001. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-15)**
["Figure Skating History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20040814210217/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/sport_explainers/figureskating_history/). *CNN/SI*. Archived from [the original](http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/sport_explainers/figureskating_history/) on 14 August 2004. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-16)** Judd (2008), p. 21
14. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-cbc.ca_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-cbc.ca_17-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-cbc.ca_17-2)
["1924 Chamonix, France"](https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.722/1924-chamonix-france-1.812439). *[CBC Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Sports "CBC Sports")*. 18 December 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100302162004/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/history/story/2009/11/25/sp-1924-chamonix.html) from the original on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-18)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 283
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1920_19-0)**
["Antwerp 1920"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/antwerp-1920). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-1920figureskating_20-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-1920figureskating_20-1)
["1920 Olympic Figure Skating"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/antwerp-1920/results/figure-skating). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1924_21-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1924_21-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1924_21-2)
["Chamonix 1924"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/chamonix-1924). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-22)**
["1924 Chamonix Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417042619/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1924/). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1924/) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-23)**
["1924 Figure Skating Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/chamonix-1924/results/figure-skating). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-24)** Findling and Pelle (2004), pp. 289–290
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-25)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 290
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-warmweather_26-0)**
["1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417041048/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1928/). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1928/) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
24. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1928_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1928_27-1)
["St. Moritz 1928"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/st-moritz-1928). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-28)**
["1928 Olympics Figure Skating Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/st-moritz-1928/results/figure-skating). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-1932Figureskating_29-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-1932Figureskating_29-1)
["1932 Olympics Figure Skating Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/lake-placid-1932/results/figure-skating). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
27. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1932_30-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1932_30-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1932_30-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1932_30-3)
["Lake Placid 1932"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/lake-placid-1932). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-31)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 298
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-32)**
["Antwerp 1920 Boxing Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/antwerp-1920/results/boxing). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-33)**
["Guardian Story of 1932 Bobsled Team"](https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2010/feb/25/forgotten-story-magnificent-men-flying-machine). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. London. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-34)**
["Olympic Athlete Edward Eagan"](https://olympics.com/en/athletes/edward-eagan). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-35)** Seligmann, Davison, and McDonald (2004), p. 119
33. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1936_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1936_36-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1936_36-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1936_36-3)
["Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/garmisch-partenkirchen-1936). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-37)**
Lund, Mortund (December 2001). ["The First Four Olympics"](https://books.google.com/books?id=XFgEAAAAMBAJ&q=winter+olympics+world+war+2+cancel&pg=PA21). *Skiing Heritage Journal*. International Skiing History Association: 21. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-38)** Mallon and Buchanon (2006), p. xxxii
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-39)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 248
37. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1948_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1948_40-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1948_40-2)
["St. Moritz 1948"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/st-moritz-1948). *IOC*. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-41)** Findling and Pelle (2004), pp. 250–251
39. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1952_42-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1952_42-1)
["Oslo 1952"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/oslo-1952). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-43)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 255
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-44)**
["1952 Oslo Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417040522/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1952/). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1952/) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-45)**
["Speed Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417043455/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1952/SSK/). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1952/SSK/) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-46)**
["1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417041338/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1956/). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1956/) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
44. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-g136_47-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-g136_47-1) Guttman (1986), p. 135
45. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1956_48-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1956_48-1)
["Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956"](https://www.olympics.com/en/olympic-games/cortina-d-ampezzo-1956). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
46. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Benjamin_Daniel_49-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Benjamin_Daniel_49-1)
Benjamin, Daniel (27 July 1992). ["Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090902183140/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html) on 2 September 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
47. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Otto_Schantz_50-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Otto_Schantz_50-1)
Schantz, Otto. ["The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses—from Coubertin to Samaranch"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130505052232/http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf) (PDF). Comité International Pierre De Coubertin. Archived from [the original](http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf) (PDF) on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-51)**
["Chiharu Igaya"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417073527/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ig/chiharu-igaya-1.html). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ig/chiharu-igaya-1.html) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
49. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1960_52-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1960_52-1)
["Squaw Valley 1960"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/squaw-valley-1960). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-j27_53-0)** Judd (2008), pp. 27–28
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-54)**
Shipler, Gary (February 1960). ["Backstage at Winter Olympics"](https://books.google.com/books?id=vyoDAAAAMBAJ&q=1960+winter+olympics&pg=PA136). *[Popular Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science "Popular Science")*: 138. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
52. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-j28_55-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-j28_55-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-j28_55-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-j28_55-3) Judd (2008), p. 28
53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-56)**
Weinreb, Michael. ["How the Olympics Got Disneyfied"](https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/02/how-the-olympics-got-disneyfied/552659/). *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-57)**
["Squaw Valley 1960: How it all began"](https://olympics.com/en/news/squaw-valley-1960-how-it-all-began). *IOC*. 18 February 1960. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
55. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1964_58-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1964_58-1)
["Innsbruck 1964"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/innsbruck-1964). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-59)** Judd (2008), p. 29
57. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1968_60-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1968_60-1)
["Grenoble 1968"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/grenoble-1968). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
58. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-fp277_61-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-fp277_61-1) Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 277
59. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1972_62-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1972_62-1)
["Sapporo 1972"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sapporo-1972). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-63)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 286
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-64)** Fry (2006), pp. 153–154
62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Num17_65-0)**
Podnieks, Andrew; Szemberg, Szymon (2008). ["Story \#17–Protesting amateur rules, Canada leaves international hockey"](http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html). *[International Ice Hockey Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation "International Ice Hockey Federation")*. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-66)**
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64. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-factsheetp5_67-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-factsheetp5_67-1)
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65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-68)**
["Colorado only state ever to turn down Olympics"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090601181029/http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/millennium/1012stone.shtml). *[Rocky Mountain News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News "Rocky Mountain News")*. Denver. Archived from [the original](http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/millennium/1012stone.shtml) on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-69)** Fry (2006), p. 157
67. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1976_70-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1976_70-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1976_70-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1976_70-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1976_70-4)
["Innsbruck 1976"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/innsbruck-1976). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-71)**
["XIII Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120617022813/http://www.kiat.net/olympics/history/winter/w13lakeplacid.html). *Kiat.net*. Archived from [the original](http://www.kiat.net/olympics/history/winter/w13lakeplacid.html) on 17 June 2012.
69. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299_72-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299_72-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299_72-2) Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 299
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-73)** Judd (2008), pp. 135–136
71. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1980_74-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1980_74-1)
["Lake Placid 1980"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/lake-placid-1980). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
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Huber, Jim (22 February 2000). ["A Golden Moment"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516004705/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/thenetwork/news/2000/02/21/cnnsicomprofile_miracleonice/). *CNN/SI*. Archived from [the original](http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/thenetwork/news/2000/02/21/cnnsicomprofile_miracleonice/) on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOC1980-USA-Finland02_76-0)**
["Snapped: the moment that proved miracles do happen"](https://olympics.com/en/news/snapped-the-moment-that-proved-miracles-do-happen). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-sarajevosurprise_78-0)**
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76. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1988_80-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1988_80-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1988_80-2)
["Calgary 1988"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/calgary-1988). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-81)**
["Yvonne van Gennip"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090203211718/http://en.beijing2008.cn/spirit/pastgames/halloffame/v/n214046870.shtml). The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from [the original](http://en.beijing2008.cn/spirit/pastgames/halloffame/v/n214046870.shtml) on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
78. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1992_82-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1992_82-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1992_82-2)
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79. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Findling_and_Pelle_2004,_p._400_83-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Findling_and_Pelle_2004,_p._400_83-1) Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 400
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-84)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 402
81. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1994_85-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1994_85-1)
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82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-86)**
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84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-88)**
["Harding-Kerrigan timeline"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/timeline.htm). *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. 1 March 1999. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-89)**
Barshay, Jill J (3 March 1994). ["Figure Skating; It's Stocks and Bouquets as Baiul returns to Ukraine"](https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/03/sports/figure-skating-it-s-stocks-and-bouquets-as-baiul-returns-to-ukraine.html). *The New York Times*. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). Retrieved 20 March 2009.
86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-90)**
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87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-91)**
["Johann-Olav Koss"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100710191958/http://espn.go.com/olympics/winter/2010/athletes/_/athlete/34390/johann-olav-koss). *[ESPN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN "ESPN")*. Archived from [the original](http://espn.go.com/olympics/winter/2010/athletes/_/athlete/34390/johann-olav-koss) on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-92)**
["Speech of the IOC President at the Closing Ceremony of the XVII Olympic Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160826051116/https://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1994/ore317/ORE317i.pdf) (PDF). *[LA84 Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA84_Foundation "LA84 Foundation")*. 22 February 1998. Archived from [the original](https://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1994/ore317/ORE317i.pdf) (PDF) on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
89. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1998_93-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1998_93-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1998_93-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1998_93-3)
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90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-94)** Judd (2008), p. 126
91. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-95)**
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94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-98)**
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95. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Roberts_99-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Roberts_99-1)
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96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-100)**
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97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-101)**
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98. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2006_102-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2006_102-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2006_102-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2006_102-3)
["Turin 2006"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/turin-2006). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-103)**
Berglund, Nina (20 February 2006). ["Canadians hail Norwegian coach's sportsmanship"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090117180333/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/sports/article1225796.ece). *[Aftenposten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten "Aftenposten")*. Oslo. Archived from [the original](http://www.aftenposten.no/english/sports/article1225796.ece) on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-104)**
Crouse, Karen (11 December 2009). ["Germany's Claudia Pechstein Tries to Restore Reputation"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/12/sports/olympics/12speedskater.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-105)**
Dunbar, Graham (26 January 2010). ["Claudia Pechstein's Doping Appeal Denied"](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/26/claudia-pechsteins-doping_n_436864.html). *[Huffington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post "Huffington Post")*. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-106)**
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103. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2010_107-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2010_107-1)
["Vancouver 2010"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/vancouver-2010). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-108)**
Longman, Jere (13 February 2010). ["Quick to Blame in Luge, and Showing No Shame"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/sports/olympics/14longman.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-109)**
Jones, Tom (28 February 2010). ["Best and worst of the Winter Olympics in Vancouver"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110606155451/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/best-and-worst-of-the-winter-olympics-in-vancouver/1076427). *[St. Petersberg Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times "Tampa Bay Times")*. Archived from [the original](http://www.tampabay.com/sports/best-and-worst-of-the-winter-olympics-in-vancouver/1076427) on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-clinch_110-0)**
["U.S. clinches medals mark, Canada ties gold record"](http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/feb/27/us-clinches-medals-total-canada-most-golds/). *[The Washington Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times "The Washington Times")*. Vancouver. Associated Press. 27 February 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100303001703/http://washingtontimes.com/news/2010/feb/27/us-clinches-medals-total-canada-most-golds/) from the original on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-RecordGolds_111-0)**
["Canada sets Olympic gold record"](https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.722/canada-sets-olympic-gold-record-1.971872). *CBC Sports*. [Canadian Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Press "Canadian Press"). 27 February 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100303045603/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2010/02/27/sp-canada-gold-otp.html?ref=rss) from the original on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-112)**
["Russia's president calls for resignations"](https://www.espn.com/olympics/winter/2010/news/story?id=4955805). *ESPN.com*. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-113)**
Pavitt, Michael (26 October 2017). ["Biathlete Gregorin confirmed as athlete who failed Vancouver 2010 doping retest"](https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1057117/biathlete-gregorin-confirmed-as-athlete-who-failed-vancouver-2010-doping-retest). *Inside the Games*. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-114)**
Armour, Nancy (28 February 2010). ["Surprising success bodes well for South Korea"](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sports/2011217829_apolysouthkoreasrise.html). *[The Seattle Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times "The Seattle Times")*. Associated Press. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-115)**
Sappenfield, Mark (12 February 2010). ["Winter Olympics: Who will win the most medals?"](https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Olympics/Olympics-blog/2010/0212/Winter-Olympics-Who-will-win-the-most-medals). *[The Christian Science Monitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor "The Christian Science Monitor")*. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
112. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2014_116-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2014_116-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2014_116-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2014_116-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2014_116-4)
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113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-117)**
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114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-118)**
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115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-119)**
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116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-120)**
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117. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-russianban_121-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-russianban_121-1)
["IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic Flag"](https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-suspends-russian-noc-and-creates-a-path-for-clean-individual-athletes-to-compete-in-pyeongchang-2018-under-the-olympic-flag). *IOC* (Press release). 5 December 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-122)**
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119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-123)**
["Russia toppled from Sochi 2014 medals first place but final count unknown"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-medals/russia-toppled-from-sochi-2014-medals-first-place-but-final-count-unknown-idUSKBN1DR2HP). *Reuters*. 28 November 2017.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-124)**
["IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findings"](https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-sanctions-six-russian-athletes-and-closes-one-case-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings). *IOC* (Press release). 12 December 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-2018Bids_125-0)**
Barnes, Mike (6 July 2011). ["South Korea to Host 2018 Winter Olympics"](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/south-korea-host-2018-winter-208270/#!). *[The Hollywood Reporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter "The Hollywood Reporter")*. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
122. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2018_126-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2018_126-1)
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123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-127)**
["BEIJING 2022 FIGURE SKATING TEAM EVENT RESULTS"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/beijing-2022/results/figure-skating/team-event). [International Olympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee"). 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Forbes_20220204_128-0)**
Buchholz, Katharina (4 February 2022). ["Will Climate Change End The Winter Olympics?"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/katharinabuchholz/2022/02/04/will-climate-change-end-the-winter-olympics-infographic/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230112112106/https://www.forbes.com/sites/katharinabuchholz/2022/02/04/will-climate-change-end-the-winter-olympics-infographic/) from the original on 12 January 2023.
— Bucholz cites
Scott, Daniel; Knowles, Natalie L. B.; Ma, Siyao; Rutty, Michelle; Steiger, Robert (10 January 2022). ["Climate change and the future of the Olympic Winter Games: athlete and coach perspectives"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13683500.2021.2023480). *Current Issues in Tourism*. **26** (3): 480–495\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/13683500.2021.2023480](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13683500.2021.2023480). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [245865532](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245865532).
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-CurrentIssuesTourism_20240913_129-0)**
Fig. 3 of
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126. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2026_130-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2026_130-1)
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127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-131)**
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128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-SLCtime_132-0)**
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129. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-slcorruption_133-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-slcorruption_133-1)
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130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Cashmore_134-0)** Cashmore (2005), p. 444
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132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-136)** Cashmore (2003), p. 307
133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-137)** Payne (2006), p. 232
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-138)** Miller, Lawrence and McCay (2001), p. 25
135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-139)**
Abrahamson, Alan (6 December 2003). ["Judge Drops Olympic Bid Case"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-dec-06-sp-saltlakecity6-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-140)**
["Samaranch reflects on bid scandal with regret"](https://web.archive.org/web/20020226194341/http://deseretnews.com/oly/view/0%2C3949%2C35000108%2C00.html). *Deseret News*. Salt Lake City. Archived from [the original](http://www.deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,35000108,00.html) on 26 February 2002. Retrieved 22 March 2002 – via WinterSports2002.com.
137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-141)**
Essex \*, Stephen; Chalkley, Brian (April 2004). ["Mega-sporting events in urban and regional policy: a history of the Winter Olympics"](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0266543042000192475). *Planning Perspectives*. **19** (2): 201–204\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2004PlPer..19..201E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PlPer..19..201E). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/0266543042000192475](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0266543042000192475). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0266-5433](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-5433).
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-142)**
["Factsheet - Roles and Responsibilities during the Olympic Games"](https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Factsheets/Roles-and-responsabilities-during-the-Olympic-Games.pdf) (PDF). 13 October 2021. pp. 4–5\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210723212929/https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Factsheets/Roles-and-responsabilities-during-the-Olympic-Games.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-riskreward_143-0)**
Berkes, Howard (1 October 2009). ["Olympic Caveat:Host cities risk debt, scandal"](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113351145). [Morning Edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Edition "Morning Edition"). NPR. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
140. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-olympiceffect_144-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-olympiceffect_144-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-olympiceffect_144-2)
Payne, Bob (6 August 2008). ["The Olympic Effect"](http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111112010111/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26042517/). *[MSNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC "MSNBC")*. Archived from [the original](https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26042517/) on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-145)**
Koba, Mark (11 February 2010). ["The money pit that is hosting Olympic Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101204190846/http://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/news?slug=ys-cnbcolyhost021110). *[CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. Archived from [the original](https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/news?slug=ys-cnbcolyhost021110) on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-146)**
White, Marianne (13 December 2010). ["It's looking downhill for Quebec's Olympic bid"](https://nationalpost.com/sports/olympics/its-looking-downhill-for-quebecs-winter-games-bid). *[National Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post "National Post")*. [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"). Retrieved 21 November 2021.
143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-147)** Preuss (2004), p. 277
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145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-legacyplan_149-0)**
Rogge, Jacques (12 February 2010). ["Jacques Rogge: Vancouver's Winter Olympic legacy can last for 60 years"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/winter-olympics/7215802/Jacques-Rogge-Vancouvers-Winter-Olympic-legacy-can-last-for-60-years.html). *The Daily Telegraph*. London. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/winter-olympics/7215802/Jacques-Rogge-Vancouvers-Winter-Olympic-legacy-can-last-for-60-years.html) from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-150)** Yesalis (2000), p. 57
147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-OR1972_151-0)**
[*The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972*](https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202605/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf) (PDF). The Organising Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games. 1973. p. 386. Archived from [the original](http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf) (PDF) on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-152)**
Hunt, Thomas M. (2007). ["Sports, Drugs, and the Cold War"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120723105856/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Olympika/Olympika_2007/olympika1601d.pdf) (PDF). *Olympika, International Journal of Olympic Studie*. **16** (1). International Centre for Olympic Studies: 22. Archived from [the original](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Olympika/Olympika_2007/olympika1601d.pdf) (PDF) on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Mottram_153-0)** Mottram (2003), p. 313
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-154)** Mottram (2003), p. 310
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-155)** Yesalis (2000), p. 366
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-wada_156-0)**
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153. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-torinodoping_157-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-torinodoping_157-1)
Macur, Juliet (19 February 2006). ["Looking for Doping Evidence, Italian Police Raid Austrians"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/sports/olympics/19drug.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-hearings_158-0)**
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155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-SochiDoping_159-0)**
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156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-NYT160512_160-0)**
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157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-nyt2_161-0)**
Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Schwirtz, Michael (13 May 2016). ["Mystery in Sochi Doping Case Lies With Tamper-Proof Bottle"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/sports/russia-doping-sochi-olympics-2014.html?_r=0). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-GN150601_162-0)**
Gibson, Owen (1 June 2016). ["New doping report will influence decision on Russia's place at Olympics"](https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/01/wada-world-anti-doping-russia-olympics-games-sochi-david-howman). *The Guardian*. London.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-guardian-upheld_163-0)**
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170. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-174)**
["Alpine Skiing"](https://olympics.com/en/sports/Alpine-Skiing/). *IOC*. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
171. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-biathlon_175-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-biathlon_175-1)
["Biathlon"](https://olympics.com/en/sports/Biathlon/). *IOC*. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
172. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-176)**
["Bobsleigh"](https://olympics.com/en/sports/Bobsleigh/). *IOC*. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
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174. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-178)**
["Curling"](https://olympics.com/en/sports/Curling/). *IOC*. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
175. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-180)**
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177. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-183)**
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178. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-184)**
["Luge"](https://olympics.com/en/sports/Luge/). *IOC*. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
179. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-185)**
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180. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-186)**
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181. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-187)**
["Skeleton"](https://olympics.com/en/sports/Skeleton/). *IOC*. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
182. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-188)**
["Ski Jumping"](https://olympics.com/en/sports/Ski-Jumping/). *IOC*. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
183. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-190)**
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184. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-191)**
["Snowboard"](https://olympics.com/en/sports/Snowboard/). *IOC*. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
185. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-192)**
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186. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-193)**
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188. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-195)**
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189. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-196)**
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190. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-demosports_197-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-demosports_197-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-demosports_197-2)
Arnold, Eric (28 January 2010). ["Strangest Olympics Sports in History"](https://www.forbes.com/2010/01/28/olympics-demonstration-sports-lifestyle-sports-strangest-vancouver.html). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
191. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-198)**
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192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-199)**
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193. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-203)**
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194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2022_205-0)**
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195. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2030_206-0)**
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196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2034_207-0)**
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197. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-208)**
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## Sources
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Sources")\]
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- Findling, John; Pelle, Kimberly (1996). [*Historical dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement*](https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00find). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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- Guttman, Allen (1992). [*The Olympics, a history of the modern games*](https://books.google.com/books?id=TbLmQQG-2bQC&q=taiwan+winter+olympics+boycott&pg=PA151). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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- Hazan, Barukh (1982). [*Olympic sports and propaganda games*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LXKQ_gT1w3sC). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Inc. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-87855-436-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87855-436-X "Special:BookSources/0-87855-436-X")
.
- Hill, Christopher R. (1992). [*Olympic Politics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mWQTAQAAIAAJ). Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-7190-3542-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3542-2 "Special:BookSources/0-7190-3542-2")
.
- Judd, Ron C. (2008). [*The Winter Olympics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc2dCHfyh0AC). Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-59485-063-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-063-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-063-9")
.
- Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2006). [*Historical dictionary of the Olympic Movement*](https://books.google.com/books?id=fH3hD3MkIMYC). Oxford, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8108-5574-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5574-7 "Special:BookSources/0-8108-5574-7")
.
- Mandell, Richard D. (1987). [*The Nazi Olympics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8CYYYeTT5mEC). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-252-01325-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01325-5 "Special:BookSources/0-252-01325-5")
.
- Miller, Toby; Lawrence, Geoffrey; McKay, Jim (2001). [*Globalization and sport*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rLjDQgAACAAJ). London: Sage Publications. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-7619-5968-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-5968-8 "Special:BookSources/0-7619-5968-8")
.
- Mottram, David (2003). [*Drugs in sport*](https://books.google.com/books?id=kSvQ7ANeIJQC). New York, NY: Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-415-27937-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27937-2 "Special:BookSources/0-415-27937-2")
.
- Official Report (1924) of both Summer and Winter Games:
M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français (ed.). [*Les Jeux de la VIIIe Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110505162957/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf) (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. Archived from [the original](http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf) (PDF) on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- Payne, Michael (2006). [*Olympic turnaround*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vqtLnCWHDX0C). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-275-99030-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99030-3 "Special:BookSources/0-275-99030-3")
.
- Preuss, Holger (2004). [*The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games 1972–2008*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GQzccu2Qw-oC). Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-84376-893-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84376-893-3 "Special:BookSources/1-84376-893-3")
.
- Schaffer, Kay; Smith, Sidonie (2000). [*Olympics at the Millennium*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nMzYdZpk8qMC). Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8135-2820-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2820-8 "Special:BookSources/0-8135-2820-8")
.
- Seligmann, Matthew S.; Davison, John; McDonald, John (2003). [*Daily Life in Hitler's Germany*](https://books.google.com/books?id=g13k9CMYTbsC). New York, NY: Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-312-32811-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-32811-7 "Special:BookSources/0-312-32811-7")
.
- Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). [*Power, Politics and the Olympic Games*](https://archive.org/details/powerpoliticsoly0000senn). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-88011-958-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88011-958-6 "Special:BookSources/0-88011-958-6")
.
- Wallechinsky, David; Loucky, Jaime (2010). [*The complete book of the Winter Olympics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6EThoEOnGuUC) (8th ed.). Greystone Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-55365-502-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-502-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-502-2")
.
- Whannel, Garry (1992). [*Fields in vision television sport and cultural transformation*](https://archive.org/details/fieldsinvisionte0000whan). New York, NY: Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-2039-7756-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-7756-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-7756-9")
.
- Yesalis, Charles (2000). [*Anabolic steroids and sports and exercise*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pKkBbf7doAUC). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8801-1786-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8801-1786-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8801-1786-9")
.
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: External links")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Winter Olympics](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Winter_Olympics "commons:Category:Winter Olympics").
- [Official website](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games)
- [Winter Olympic Sports](https://olympics.com/en/sports/winter-olympics) at the IOC official website
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Olympic_Games "Template:Olympic Games") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Games "Template talk:Olympic Games") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Games "Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Games")[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg) [Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") | |
|---|---|
| **[Olympic sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_sports "Olympic sports")** **[Olympism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympism "Olympism")** | |
| | |
| [IOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") | [Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Charter "Olympic Charter") [Olympic Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Congress "Olympic Congress") [IOC meetings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings "List of IOC meetings") [International sports federations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations "List of international sports federations") |
| [Medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal "Olympic medal") | [Medal table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal_table "Olympic medal table") [All-time medal table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table "All-time Olympic Games medal table") [youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Youth_Olympic_Games_medal_table "All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table") [Medal table leaders by Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_teams_by_medals_won "List of Olympic teams by medals won") [Medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists "Lists of Olympic medalists") [youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Youth_Olympic_medalists "Lists of Youth Olympic medalists") [Medal ties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ties_for_medals_at_the_Olympics "List of ties for medals at the Olympics") [Incentives by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentives_for_Olympic_medalists_by_country "Incentives for Olympic medalists by country") [Stripped medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stripped_Olympic_medals "List of stripped Olympic medals") [Olympic diploma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_diploma "Olympic diploma") [Olive wreath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_wreath "Olive wreath") |
| [Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee "National Olympic Committee") | [Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Summer_Olympic_Games "List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games") [Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympic_Games "List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games") [tropical nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics") [Country codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOC_country_codes "List of IOC country codes") |
| [Host cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities "List of Olympic Games host cities") | [Bids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bids_for_Olympic_Games "Bids for Olympic Games") [youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bids_for_the_Youth_Olympic_Games "Bids for the Youth Olympic Games") [Venues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues "List of Olympic venues") [youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Youth_Olympic_venues "List of Youth Olympic venues") [Olympic Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Stadium "Olympic Stadium") |
| [Ceremonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony "Olympic Games ceremony") | [People who opened the Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_opened_the_Olympic_Games "List of people who have opened the Olympic Games") [Torch relays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_torch_relays "List of Olympic torch relays") [Torch designs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_and_Paralympic_torch_designs "List of Olympic and Paralympic torch designs") [lighters of the Olympic cauldron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_torchbearers_who_have_lit_the_Olympic_cauldron "List of torchbearers who have lit the Olympic cauldron") [Olympic Mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Mass "Olympic Mass") |
| Media | [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics_on_television "Olympics on television") [Olympic Broadcasting Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Broadcasting_Services "Olympic Broadcasting Services") [Olympic Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Channel "Olympic Channel") [American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Channel_\(American_TV_channel\) "Olympic Channel (American TV channel)") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_coverage_of_the_Olympics "Social media coverage of the Olympics") Films [summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Summer_Olympic_documentary_films "List of Summer Olympic documentary films") [winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Winter_Olympic_documentary_films "List of Winter Olympic documentary films") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_video_games "List of Olympic video games") |
| [Symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_symbols "Olympic symbols") | [Flame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_flame "Olympic flame") [Olympiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiad "Olympiad") [Oath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Oath "Olympic Oath") [Songs and anthems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_songs_and_anthems "List of Olympic songs and anthems") [Hymn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Hymn "Olympic Hymn") [Emblem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_emblem "Olympic emblem") [Poster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_poster "Olympic poster") [Mascots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_mascots "Olympic mascots") [Tattoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_tattoo "Olympic tattoo") Coins [summer (pre-2000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_coins "Summer Olympic coins") [summer (2000-present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Coins_\(2000%E2%80%93present\) "Summer Olympic Coins (2000–present)") [winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_coins "Winter Olympic coins") [Pierre de Coubertin Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin_Medal "Pierre de Coubertin Medal") [Olympic Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Cup "Olympic Cup") [Olympic Diploma of Merit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Diploma_of_Merit "Olympic Diploma of Merit") [Olympic Laurel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Laurel "Olympic Laurel") [Olympic Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Order "Olympic Order") [Olive wreath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_wreath "Olive wreath") |
| Other | [Art competitions at the Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Art competitions at the Summer Olympics") [medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_art_competitions "List of Olympic medalists in art competitions") [Scandals and controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_scandals,_controversies_and_incidents "List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents") [antisemitism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games "Antisemitism in the Olympic Games") [colonialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism_and_the_Olympic_Games "Colonialism and the Olympic Games") [doping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games "Doping at the Olympic Games") [Deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_and_Paralympic_deaths "Olympic and Paralympic deaths") [WWI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I "List of Olympians killed in World War I") [WWII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_II "List of Olympians killed in World War II") [Participation of women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participation_of_women_in_the_Olympics "Participation of women in the Olympics") |
| Related | [Paralympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games "Paralympic Games") Continental [African](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Games "African Games") [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games "Asian Games") [European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Games "European Games") [Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Games "Pacific Games") [Pan-American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games "Pan American Games") [Olympic Esports Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Esports_Series "Olympic Esports Series") [Olympic Esports Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Esports_Games "Olympic Esports Games") [Deaflympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaflympics "Deaflympics") [Special Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics "Special Olympics") [1906 Intercalated Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games "1906 Intercalated Games") [Ancient Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games "Ancient Olympic Games") [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") |
| Olympic Games | |
| [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games") | [1896 Athens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics "1896 Summer Olympics") [1900 Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics "1900 Summer Olympics") [1904 St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics "1904 Summer Olympics") [1908 London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics "1908 Summer Olympics") [1912 Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics "1912 Summer Olympics") [1916 Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics "1916 Summer Olympics")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-WW1-209) [1920 Antwerp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics "1920 Summer Olympics") [1924 Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics "1924 Summer Olympics") [1928 Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics "1928 Summer Olympics") [1932 Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics "1932 Summer Olympics") [1936 Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics "1936 Summer Olympics") [1940 Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics "1940 Summer Olympics")[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-WW2-210) [1944 London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Summer_Olympics "1944 Summer Olympics")[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-WW2-210) [1948 London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics "1948 Summer Olympics") [1952 Helsinki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics "1952 Summer Olympics") [1956 Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics "1956 Summer Olympics") [1960 Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics "1960 Summer Olympics") [1964 Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics "1964 Summer Olympics") [1968 Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics "1968 Summer Olympics") [1972 Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics "1972 Summer Olympics") [1976 Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics "1976 Summer Olympics") [1980 Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics "1980 Summer Olympics") [1984 Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics "1984 Summer Olympics") [1988 Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics "1988 Summer Olympics") [1992 Barcelona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics "1992 Summer Olympics") [1996 Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics "1996 Summer Olympics") [2000 Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics "2000 Summer Olympics") [2004 Athens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics "2004 Summer Olympics") [2008 Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics "2008 Summer Olympics") [2012 London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics "2012 Summer Olympics") [2016 Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics") [2020 Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics "2020 Summer Olympics")[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-COVID2021-211) [2024 Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics "2024 Summer Olympics") *[2028 Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics "2028 Summer Olympics")* *[2032 Brisbane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics "2032 Summer Olympics")* *[2036 TBD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2036_Summer_Olympics "2036 Summer Olympics")* |
| [Winter]() | [1924 Chamonix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics") [1928 St. Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics") [1932 Lake Placid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics "1932 Winter Olympics") [1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics "1936 Winter Olympics") [1940 Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics "1940 Winter Olympics")[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-WW2-210) [1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics "1944 Winter Olympics")[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-WW2-210) [1948 St. Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics") [1952 Oslo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics") [1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics") [1960 Squaw Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics "1960 Winter Olympics") [1964 Innsbruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics "1964 Winter Olympics") [1968 Grenoble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics "1968 Winter Olympics") [1972 Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics") [1976 Innsbruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics "1976 Winter Olympics") [1980 Lake Placid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics "1980 Winter Olympics") [1984 Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics "1984 Winter Olympics") [1988 Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics") [1992 Albertville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics") [1994 Lillehammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics") [1998 Nagano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") [2002 Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics") [2006 Turin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") [2010 Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics") [2014 Sochi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics") [2018 Pyeongchang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics") [2022 Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics") [2026 Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics") *[2030 French Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics "2030 Winter Olympics")* *[2034 Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics "2034 Winter Olympics")* *[2038 TBD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2038_Winter_Olympics "2038 Winter Olympics")* |
| [Youth Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games "Youth Olympic Games") | |
| Summer | [2010 Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics "2010 Summer Youth Olympics") [2014 Nanjing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Summer_Youth_Olympics "2014 Summer Youth Olympics") [2018 Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics "2018 Summer Youth Olympics") *[2026 Dakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Summer_Youth_Olympics "2026 Summer Youth Olympics")* *[2030](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Summer_Youth_Olympics "2030 Summer Youth Olympics")* |
| Winter | [2012 Innsbruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics "2012 Winter Youth Olympics") [2016 Lillehammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Winter_Youth_Olympics "2016 Winter Youth Olympics") [2020 Lausanne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Winter_Youth_Olympics "2020 Winter Youth Olympics") [2024 Gangwon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Winter_Youth_Olympics "2024 Winter Youth Olympics") *[2028 Dolomites and Valtellina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Winter_Youth_Olympics "2028 Winter Youth Olympics")* |
| **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-WW1_209-0)** Cancelled due to [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-WW2_210-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-WW2_210-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-WW2_210-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-WW2_210-3) Cancelled due to [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-COVID2021_211-0)** Postponed to 2021 due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| ** [Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games "Portal:Olympic Games")**  [**Category**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Summer_Olympic_Games "Category:Summer Olympic Games") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [**Commons**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Summer_Olympics "commons:Category:Summer Olympics") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nations_at_the_Olympics "Template:Nations at the Olympics") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nations_at_the_Olympics "Template talk:Nations at the Olympics") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nations_at_the_Olympics "Special:EditPage/Template:Nations at the Olympics")[National Olympic Committees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee "National Olympic Committee") that have competed at the [Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") | |
|---|---|
| [Nations at the Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Summer_Olympic_Games "List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games") [Nations at the Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympic_Games "List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games") [tropical nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics") | |
| Africa | [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_at_the_Olympics "Algeria at the Olympics") [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_at_the_Olympics "Angola at the Olympics") [Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_at_the_Olympics "Benin at the Olympics") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_at_the_Olympics "Botswana at the Olympics") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso_at_the_Olympics "Burkina Faso at the Olympics") [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi_at_the_Olympics "Burundi at the Olympics") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_at_the_Olympics "Cameroon at the Olympics") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_at_the_Olympics "Cape Verde at the Olympics") [Central African Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_at_the_Olympics "Central African Republic at the Olympics") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_at_the_Olympics "Chad at the Olympics") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros_at_the_Olympics "Comoros at the Olympics") [Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_at_the_Olympics "Republic of the Congo at the Olympics") [DR Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_at_the_Olympics "Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_at_the_Olympics "Djibouti at the Olympics") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics "Egypt at the Olympics") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea_at_the_Olympics "Equatorial Guinea at the Olympics") [Eritrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea_at_the_Olympics "Eritrea at the Olympics") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini_at_the_Olympics "Eswatini at the Olympics") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_at_the_Olympics "Ethiopia at the Olympics") [Gabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon_at_the_Olympics "Gabon at the Olympics") [The Gambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia_at_the_Olympics "The Gambia at the Olympics") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_at_the_Olympics "Ghana at the Olympics") [Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_at_the_Olympics "Guinea at the Olympics") [Guinea-Bissau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_at_the_Olympics "Guinea-Bissau at the Olympics") [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_at_the_Olympics "Ivory Coast at the Olympics") [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_at_the_Olympics "Kenya at the Olympics") [Lesotho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_at_the_Olympics "Lesotho at the Olympics") [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_at_the_Olympics "Liberia at the Olympics") [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_at_the_Olympics "Libya at the Olympics") [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_at_the_Olympics "Madagascar at the Olympics") [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi_at_the_Olympics "Malawi at the Olympics") [Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_at_the_Olympics "Mali at the Olympics") [Mauritania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania_at_the_Olympics "Mauritania at the Olympics") [Mauritius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_at_the_Olympics "Mauritius at the Olympics") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_at_the_Olympics "Morocco at the Olympics") [Mozambique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_at_the_Olympics "Mozambique at the Olympics") [Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_at_the_Olympics "Namibia at the Olympics") [Niger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_at_the_Olympics "Niger at the Olympics") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_Olympics "Nigeria at the Olympics") [Rwanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda_at_the_Olympics "Rwanda at the Olympics") [São Tomé and Príncipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_at_the_Olympics "São Tomé and Príncipe at the Olympics") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_at_the_Olympics "Senegal at the Olympics") [Seychelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles_at_the_Olympics "Seychelles at the Olympics") [Sierra Leone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_at_the_Olympics "Sierra Leone at the Olympics") [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_at_the_Olympics "Somalia at the Olympics") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_at_the_Olympics "South Africa at the Olympics") [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_at_the_Olympics "South Sudan at the Olympics") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_at_the_Olympics "Sudan at the Olympics") [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_at_the_Olympics "Tanzania at the Olympics") [Togo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_at_the_Olympics "Togo at the Olympics") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_at_the_Olympics "Tunisia at the Olympics") [Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_at_the_Olympics "Uganda at the Olympics") [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_at_the_Olympics "Zambia at the Olympics") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_Olympics "Zimbabwe at the Olympics") |
| Americas | [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_at_the_Olympics "Antigua and Barbuda at the Olympics") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_at_the_Olympics "Argentina at the Olympics") [Aruba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba_at_the_Olympics "Aruba at the Olympics") [Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas_at_the_Olympics "Bahamas at the Olympics") [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_at_the_Olympics "Barbados at the Olympics") [Belize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize_at_the_Olympics "Belize at the Olympics") [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_at_the_Olympics "Bermuda at the Olympics") [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia_at_the_Olympics "Bolivia at the Olympics") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics "Brazil at the Olympics") [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands_at_the_Olympics "British Virgin Islands at the Olympics") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics "Canada at the Olympics") [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Canada at the Summer Olympics") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the Winter Olympics") [Cayman Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands_at_the_Olympics "Cayman Islands at the Olympics") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_at_the_Olympics "Chile at the Olympics") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_at_the_Olympics "Colombia at the Olympics") [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_at_the_Olympics "Costa Rica at the Olympics") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_Olympics "Cuba at the Olympics") [Dominica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica_at_the_Olympics "Dominica at the Olympics") [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic_at_the_Olympics "Dominican Republic at the Olympics") [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_at_the_Olympics "Ecuador at the Olympics") [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_at_the_Olympics "El Salvador at the Olympics") [Grenada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada_at_the_Olympics "Grenada at the Olympics") [Guatemala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_Olympics "Guatemala at the Olympics") [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana_at_the_Olympics "Guyana at the Olympics") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_at_the_Olympics "Haiti at the Olympics") [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_at_the_Olympics "Honduras at the Olympics") [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_at_the_Olympics "Jamaica at the Olympics") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_Olympics "Mexico at the Olympics") [Nicaragua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_at_the_Olympics "Nicaragua at the Olympics") [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_at_the_Olympics "Panama at the Olympics") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_at_the_Olympics "Paraguay at the Olympics") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_at_the_Olympics "Peru at the Olympics") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_at_the_Olympics "Puerto Rico at the Olympics") [St. Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_at_the_Olympics "Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Olympics") [St. Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia_at_the_Olympics "Saint Lucia at the Olympics") [St. Vincent and the Grenadines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_at_the_Olympics "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics") [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname_at_the_Olympics "Suriname at the Olympics") [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_at_the_Olympics "Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics "United States at the Olympics") [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Summer_Olympics "United States at the Summer Olympics") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Winter_Olympics "United States at the Winter Olympics") [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_at_the_Olympics "Uruguay at the Olympics") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_at_the_Olympics "Venezuela at the Olympics") [Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands_at_the_Olympics "Virgin Islands at the Olympics") |
| Asia | [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics "Afghanistan at the Olympics") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_at_the_Olympics "Bahrain at the Olympics") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_at_the_Olympics "Bangladesh at the Olympics") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan_at_the_Olympics "Bhutan at the Olympics") [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_at_the_Olympics "Brunei at the Olympics") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_at_the_Olympics "Cambodia at the Olympics") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics "China at the Olympics") [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Olympics "Hong Kong at the Olympics") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_Olympics "India at the Olympics") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_at_the_Olympics "Indonesia at the Olympics") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_at_the_Olympics "Iran at the Olympics") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_at_the_Olympics "Iraq at the Olympics") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics "Japan at the Olympics") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_at_the_Olympics "Jordan at the Olympics") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_at_the_Olympics "Kazakhstan at the Olympics") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_at_the_Olympics "Kuwait at the Olympics") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_at_the_Olympics "Kyrgyzstan at the Olympics") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_at_the_Olympics "Laos at the Olympics") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_at_the_Olympics "Lebanon at the Olympics") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_at_the_Olympics "Malaysia at the Olympics") [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives_at_the_Olympics "Maldives at the Olympics") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_at_the_Olympics "Mongolia at the Olympics") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_at_the_Olympics "Myanmar at the Olympics") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_at_the_Olympics "Nepal at the Olympics") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_at_the_Olympics "North Korea at the Olympics") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_at_the_Olympics "Oman at the Olympics") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics "Pakistan at the Olympics") [Palestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_at_the_Olympics "Palestine at the Olympics") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_at_the_Olympics "Philippines at the Olympics") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_at_the_Olympics "Qatar at the Olympics") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_at_the_Olympics "Saudi Arabia at the Olympics") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_at_the_Olympics "Singapore at the Olympics") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_Olympics "South Korea at the Olympics") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_at_the_Olympics "Sri Lanka at the Olympics") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_at_the_Olympics "Syria at the Olympics") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan_at_the_Olympics "Tajikistan at the Olympics") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_at_the_Olympics "Thailand at the Olympics") [Timor-Leste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste_at_the_Olympics "Timor-Leste at the Olympics") [Chinese Taipei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_at_the_Olympics "Chinese Taipei at the Olympics") [Turkmenistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_at_the_Olympics "Turkmenistan at the Olympics") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_at_the_Olympics "United Arab Emirates at the Olympics") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan_at_the_Olympics "Uzbekistan at the Olympics") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_at_the_Olympics "Vietnam at the Olympics") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_at_the_Olympics "Yemen at the Olympics") |
| Europe | [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics "Albania at the Olympics") [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra_at_the_Olympics "Andorra at the Olympics") [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_at_the_Olympics "Armenia at the Olympics") [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics "Austria at the Olympics") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_at_the_Olympics "Azerbaijan at the Olympics") [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_at_the_Olympics "Belarus at the Olympics") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_Olympics "Belgium at the Olympics") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_at_the_Olympics "Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Olympics") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_at_the_Olympics "Bulgaria at the Olympics") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_at_the_Olympics "Croatia at the Olympics") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_at_the_Olympics "Cyprus at the Olympics") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_Olympics "Czech Republic at the Olympics") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_at_the_Olympics "Denmark at the Olympics") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_at_the_Olympics "Estonia at the Olympics") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_Olympics "Finland at the Olympics") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics "France at the Olympics") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_at_the_Olympics "Georgia at the Olympics") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics "Germany at the Olympics") [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Germany at the Summer Olympics") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the Winter Olympics") [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics "Great Britain at the Olympics") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics "Greece at the Olympics") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics "Hungary at the Olympics") [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_at_the_Olympics "Iceland at the Olympics") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_at_the_Olympics "Ireland at the Olympics") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_at_the_Olympics "Israel at the Olympics") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics "Italy at the Olympics") [Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_Olympics "Kosovo at the Olympics") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_at_the_Olympics "Latvia at the Olympics") [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_at_the_Olympics "Liechtenstein at the Olympics") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_at_the_Olympics "Lithuania at the Olympics") [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_at_the_Olympics "Luxembourg at the Olympics") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_at_the_Olympics "Malta at the Olympics") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova_at_the_Olympics "Moldova at the Olympics") [Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco_at_the_Olympics "Monaco at the Olympics") [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_at_the_Olympics "Montenegro at the Olympics") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_Olympics "Netherlands at the Olympics") [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia_at_the_Olympics "North Macedonia at the Olympics") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics "Norway at the Olympics") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_Olympics "Poland at the Olympics") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_at_the_Olympics "Portugal at the Olympics") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_at_the_Olympics "Romania at the Olympics") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics "Russia at the Olympics") [San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino_at_the_Olympics "San Marino at the Olympics") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_at_the_Olympics "Serbia at the Olympics") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_at_the_Olympics "Slovakia at the Olympics") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_Olympics "Slovenia at the Olympics") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_Olympics "Spain at the Olympics") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics "Sweden at the Olympics") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Olympics "Switzerland at the Olympics") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_at_the_Olympics "Turkey at the Olympics") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_Olympics "Ukraine at the Olympics") |
| Oceania | [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_at_the_Olympics "American Samoa at the Olympics") [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_Olympics "Australia at the Olympics") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Australia at the Winter Olympics") [Cook Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_at_the_Olympics "Cook Islands at the Olympics") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_at_the_Olympics "Fiji at the Olympics") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam_at_the_Olympics "Guam at the Olympics") [Kiribati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati_at_the_Olympics "Kiribati at the Olympics") [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands_at_the_Olympics "Marshall Islands at the Olympics") [Micronesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia_at_the_Olympics "Federated States of Micronesia at the Olympics") [Nauru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru_at_the_Olympics "Nauru at the Olympics") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Olympics "New Zealand at the Olympics") [Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_at_the_Olympics "Palau at the Olympics") [Papua New Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_at_the_Olympics "Papua New Guinea at the Olympics") [Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_at_the_Olympics "Samoa at the Olympics") [Solomon Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_at_the_Olympics "Solomon Islands at the Olympics") [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_at_the_Olympics "Tonga at the Olympics") [Tuvalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_Olympics "Tuvalu at the Olympics") [Vanuatu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu_at_the_Olympics "Vanuatu at the Olympics") |
| Other | [Independent Olympians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Olympians_at_the_Olympic_Games "Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games") [Mixed teams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_teams_at_the_Olympics "Mixed teams at the Olympics") [Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [Olympic Athletes from Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Athletes_from_Russia_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [Russian Olympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_Olympics "Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the Olympics") [Refugee Olympic Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Olympic_Team "Refugee Olympic Team") |
| Historical | [Australasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia_at_the_Olympics "Australasia at the Olympics") [Bohemia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia_at_the_Olympics "Bohemia at the Olympics") [British West Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "British West Indies at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_at_the_Olympics "Republic of China at the Olympics") [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_Olympics "Czechoslovakia at the Olympics") [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_Olympics "East Germany at the Olympics") [Netherlands Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles_at_the_Olympics "Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics") [North Borneo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "North Borneo at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [North Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_at_the_Olympics "North Yemen at the Olympics") [Rhodesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_at_the_Olympics "Rhodesia at the Olympics") [Russian Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire_at_the_Olympics "Russian Empire at the Olympics") [Saar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Saar at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [Serbia and Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_at_the_Olympics "Serbia and Montenegro at the Olympics") [South Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "South Yemen at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics "Soviet Union at the Olympics") [West Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_Olympics "West Germany at the Olympics") [Unified Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics "Unified Team at the Olympics") [United Team of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany_at_the_Olympics "United Team of Germany at the Olympics") [Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Olympics "Yugoslavia at the Olympics") |
|  [Olympic Games portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games "Portal:Olympic Games") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Olympic_Games_results "Template:Olympic Games results") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Games_results "Template talk:Olympic Games results") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Games_results "Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Games results")[Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") results | |
|---|---|
| [Summer sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_sports "Summer Olympic sports") | |
| [Archery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Archery at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Athletics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the Summer Olympics") | [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Artistic swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the Summer Olympics") | [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Synchronized swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_swimming_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Artistic swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Badminton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the Summer Olympics") | [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Badminton at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Baseball at the Summer Olympics") | [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Baseball at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Baseball at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Baseball at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Baseball at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Baseball at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics") |
| [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the Summer Olympics") | [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Basketball at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Basque pelota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_pelota_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Basque pelota at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_pelota_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Basque pelota at the 1900 Summer Olympics") |
| [Beach volleyball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics") | [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Beach volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Beach volleyball at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Beach volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Beach volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Beach volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Beach volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Beach volleyball at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Beach volleyball at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Boxing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the Summer Olympics") | [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Boxing at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Breaking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Breaking at the Summer Olympics") | [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Breaking at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Canoeing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_and_kayaking_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing and kayaking at the Summer Olympics") | [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Canoeing at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Cricket at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics") |
| [Croquet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Croquet at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Croquet at the 1900 Summer Olympics") |
| [Cycling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the Summer Olympics") | [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1896 Summer Olympics") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Cycling at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Diving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the Summer Olympics") | [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Diving at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Equestrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian events at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Fencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the Summer Olympics") | [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1896 Summer Olympics") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Fencing at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Field hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the Summer Olympics") | [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Field hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Football at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Association football at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Golf at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Golf at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Golf at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Golf at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Gymnastics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics") | [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Handball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the Summer Olympics") | [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Handball at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Jeu de paume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_de_paume_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Jeu de paume at the Summer Olympics") | [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_de_paume_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Jeu de paume at the 1908 Summer Olympics") |
| [Judo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the Summer Olympics") | [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Judo at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Lacrosse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Lacrosse at the Summer Olympics") | [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Lacrosse at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Lacrosse at the 1908 Summer Olympics") |
| [Modern pentathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the Summer Olympics") | [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Modern pentathlon at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Polo at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Polo at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Polo at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Polo at the 1936 Summer Olympics") |
| [Rackets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rackets_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Rackets at the Summer Olympics") | [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rackets_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Rackets at the 1908 Summer Olympics") |
| [Roque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roque_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Roque at the Summer Olympics") | [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roque_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Roque at the 1904 Summer Olympics") |
| [Rowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Rowing at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Rugby union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Rugby Union at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Rugby union at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Rugby union at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Rugby union at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Rugby union at the 1924 Summer Olympics") |
| [Rugby sevens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics") | [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Rugby sevens at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Rugby sevens at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Sailing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the Summer Olympics") | [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1896 Summer Olympics") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Sailing at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the Summer Olympics") | [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1896 Summer Olympics") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Shooting at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Skateboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Skateboarding at the Summer Olympics") | [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Skateboarding at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Sport climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_climbing_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Sport climbing at the Summer Olympics") | [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_climbing_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_climbing_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Sport climbing at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Surfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Surfing at the Summer Olympics") | [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Surfing at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Softball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Softball at the Summer Olympics") | [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Softball at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Softball at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Softball at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Softball at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Softball at the 2020 Summer Olympics") |
| [Swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the Summer Olympics") | [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1896 Summer Olympics") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Table tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the Summer Olympics") | [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Table tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Taekwondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics") | [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Taekwondo at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Taekwondo at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Taekwondo at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Taekwondo at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Taekwondo at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Taekwondo at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the Summer Olympics") | [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Triathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Triathlon at the Summer Olympics") | [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Triathlon at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Triathlon at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Triathlon at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Triathlon at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Triathlon at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Tug of war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Tug of war at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Tug of war at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Tug of war at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Tug of war at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Tug of war at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Tug of war at the 1920 Summer Olympics") |
| [Volleyball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the Summer Olympics") | [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Volleyball at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| Water motorsports | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_motorsports_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Water motorsports at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_motorsports_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Water motorsports at the 1908 Summer Olympics") |
| [Water polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the Summer Olympics") | [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1900 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Water polo at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Weightlifting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics") | [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1896 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Weightlifting at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Wrestling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the Summer Olympics") | [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1896 Summer Olympics") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1904 Summer Olympics") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1912 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1924 Summer Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1928 Summer Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1932 Summer Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1936 Summer Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1948 Summer Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1956 Summer Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1964 Summer Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1968 Summer Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1972 Summer Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1976 Summer Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1980 Summer Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1984 Summer Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1992 Summer Olympics") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 2020 Summer Olympics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics "Wrestling at the 2024 Summer Olympics") |
| [Winter sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports "Winter Olympic sports") | |
| [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics") | [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1956 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the Winter Olympics") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_patrol_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Military patrol at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1928 Winter Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1932 Winter Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1956 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Cross-country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1928 Winter Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1932 Winter Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1956 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the Winter Olympics") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the Winter Olympics") | [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics") | [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics") | [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1928 Winter Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1932 Winter Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1956 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the Winter Olympics") | [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Nordic combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1928 Winter Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1932 Winter Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1956 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Short track speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics") | [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Skeleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the Winter Olympics") | [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the 1928 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the 1948 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Ski jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1928 Winter Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1932 Winter Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1956 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Ski mountaineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_mountaineering_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ski mountaineering at the Winter Olympics") | [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_mountaineering_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Ski mountaineering at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics") | [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the Winter Olympics") | [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 2026 Winter Olympics") |
|  [Olympic Games portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games "Portal:Olympic Games") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Olympic_Winter_Games_Host_Cities "Template:Olympic Winter Games Host Cities") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Winter_Games_Host_Cities "Template talk:Olympic Winter Games Host Cities") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Winter_Games_Host_Cities "Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Winter Games Host Cities")[Winter Olympic Games]() [host cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities "List of Olympic Games host cities") |
|---|
| **[1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") [Chamonix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix "Chamonix") **[1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") [St. Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz "St. Moritz") **[1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics "1932 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Lake Placid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York "Lake Placid, New York") **[1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics "1936 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") [Garmisch-Partenkirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen "Garmisch-Partenkirchen") **[1940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics "1940 Winter Olympics"):** *None*\[c1\] **[1944](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics "1944 Winter Olympics"):** *None*\[c1\] **[1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") [St. Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz "St. Moritz") **[1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") [Oslo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo "Oslo") **[1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo") **[1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics "1960 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Squaw Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Valley,_California "Olympic Valley, California") **[1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics "1964 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") [Innsbruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck "Innsbruck") **[1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics "1968 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") [Grenoble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble "Grenoble") **[1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan") [Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo") **[1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics "1976 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") [Innsbruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck "Innsbruck") **[1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics "1980 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Lake Placid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York "Lake Placid, New York") **[1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics "1984 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia") [Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo") **[1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary "Calgary") **[1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") [Albertville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertville "Albertville") **[1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") [Lillehammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillehammer "Lillehammer") **[1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan") [Nagano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_\(city\) "Nagano (city)") **[2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City") **[2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Turin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin "Turin") **[2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") **[2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") [Sochi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi "Sochi") **[2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") [Pyeongchang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang_County "Pyeongchang County") **[2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") **[2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") and [Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo") **[*2030*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics "2030 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") *[French Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Alps "French Alps")* **[*2034*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics "2034 Winter Olympics"):** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") *[Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah "Utah")* |
| \[c1\] Cancelled due to [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II")  [Olympic Games portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games "Portal:Olympic Games") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Multi-sport_events "Template:Multi-sport events") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Multi-sport_events "Template talk:Multi-sport events") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multi-sport_events "Special:EditPage/Template:Multi-sport events")[Multi-sport events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-sport_event "Multi-sport event") | |
|---|---|
| Global | |
| [Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") | [Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games") [Winter]() [Paralympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games "Paralympic Games") [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games "Summer Paralympic Games") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games "Winter Paralympic Games") [Youth Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games "Youth Olympic Games") |
| [Parasports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasports "Parasports") | [Arafura Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura_Games "Arafura Games") [Deaflympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaflympics "Deaflympics") [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaflympics "Deaflympics") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaflympics "Deaflympics") [Défi sportif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9fi_sportif "Défi sportif") [IBSA World Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBSA_World_Games "IBSA World Games") [INAS Global Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_Global_Games "INAS Global Games") [Invictus Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invictus_Games "Invictus Games") [World Dwarf Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Dwarf_Games "World Dwarf Games") [Special Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics "Special Olympics") [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics_World_Games "Special Olympics World Games") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics_World_Games "Special Olympics World Games") [World Abilitysport Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Abilitysport_Games "World Abilitysport Games") |
| Professions | [International Army Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Army_Games "International Army Games") [Lumberjack World Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberjack_World_Championship "Lumberjack World Championship") [Military World Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_World_Games "Military World Games") [World Air Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Air_Games "World Air Games") [World Firefighters Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Firefighters_Games "World Firefighters Games") [World Police and Fire Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Police_and_Fire_Games "World Police and Fire Games") [Olympic Esports Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Esports_Games "Olympic Esports Games") [Olympic Esports Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Esports_Series "Olympic Esports Series") [Esports World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports_World_Cup "Esports World Cup") [RoboGames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboGames "RoboGames") [World Cyber Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cyber_Games "World Cyber Games") World Humanoid Robot Games |
| Youth and students | [FISU World University Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FISU_World_University_Games "FISU World University Games") *(Universiade)* [World School Sport Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_School_Sport_Games "World School Sport Games") *(Gymnasiade)* International Youth Green Games [International Children's Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Children%27s_Games "International Children's Games") [SELL Student Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELL_Student_Games "SELL Student Games") [World Interuniversity Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Interuniversity_Games "World Interuniversity Games") [Commonwealth Youth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Games "Commonwealth Youth Games") [CPLP Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPLP_Games "CPLP Games") [University International Sports Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_International_Sports_Festival "University International Sports Festival") |
| Intercommunity | [Arab Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Games "Arab Games") [BRICS Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Games "BRICS Games") [Commonwealth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games") [Croatian World Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_World_Games "Croatian World Games") [Gay Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Games "Gay Games") [Highland games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_games "Highland games") [Islamic Solidarity Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Solidarity_Games "Islamic Solidarity Games") [Jeux de la Francophonie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie "Jeux de la Francophonie") [Lusofonia Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusofonia_Games "Lusofonia Games") [Maccabiah Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabiah_Games "Maccabiah Games") [Pan Armenian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Armenian_Games "Pan Armenian Games") [World Transplant Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Transplant_Games "World Transplant Games") [World Eskimo Indian Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Eskimo_Indian_Olympics "World Eskimo Indian Olympics") [World Indigenous Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Indigenous_Games "World Indigenous Games") [World Polonia Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Polonia_Games "World Polonia Games") Zoroastrian Games |
| Other | [CSIT World Sports Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIT_World_Sports_Games "CSIT World Sports Games") [Dew Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_Tour "Dew Tour") [Enhanced Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Games "Enhanced Games") [Mind Sports Olympiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_Sports_Olympiad "Mind Sports Olympiad") [UCI Cycling World Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Cycling_World_Championships "UCI Cycling World Championships") [World Beach Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Beach_Games "World Beach Games") [World Combat Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Combat_Games "World Combat Games") [World Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Games "World Games") [World Masters Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Masters_Games "World Masters Games") [World Mind Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportAccord_World_Mind_Games "SportAccord World Mind Games") [World Nomad Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Nomad_Games "World Nomad Games") [World Skate Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Skate_Games "World Skate Games") [World Urban Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Urban_Games "World Urban Games") [X Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Games "X Games") |
| Regional | |
| Africa | [African Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Games "African Games") [African Para Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Para_Games "African Para Games") [African Youth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Youth_Games "African Youth Games") [All-Africa University Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Africa_University_Games "All-Africa University Games") [African School Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_School_Games "African School Games") [West African University Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_University_Games "West African University Games") [African Beach Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Beach_Games "African Beach Games") |
| Americas | Pan American [Pan American Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games "Pan American Games") [Parapan American Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapan_American_Games "Parapan American Games") [Junior Pan American Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Pan_American_Games "Junior Pan American Games") [Americas Masters Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas_Masters_Games "Americas Masters Games") Central American and the Caribbean [Central American and Caribbean Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games "Central American and Caribbean Games") [Central American Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_Games "Central American Games") [Latin American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America "Latin America") [ALBA Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALBA_Games "ALBA Games") [Bolivarian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Games "Bolivarian Games") North American [CANUSA Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANUSA_Games "CANUSA Games") [North American Indigenous Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Indigenous_Games "North American Indigenous Games") [North American Outgames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Outgames "North American Outgames") South American [South American Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Games "South American Games") [South American Beach Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Beach_Games "South American Beach Games") [South American Para Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_American_Para_Games&action=edit&redlink=1 "South American Para Games (page does not exist)") [South American University Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FISU_America_Games "FISU America Games") [South American Youth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Youth_Games "South American Youth Games") Caribbean [Caribbean Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Games "Caribbean Games") |
| Asia | Pan Asian [Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games "Asian Games") [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games "Asian Games") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games "Asian Winter Games") [Asian Para Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Para_Games "Asian Para Games") [Asian Beach Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Beach_Games "Asian Beach Games") [Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Indoor_and_Martial_Arts_Games "Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games") [Asian Youth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Youth_Games "Asian Youth Games") Asian Children Games Southeast Asian [SEA Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEA_Games "SEA Games") [ASEAN School Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games "ASEAN School Games") [ASEAN University Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games "ASEAN University Games") [ASEAN Para Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games "ASEAN Para Games") [BIMSTEC Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIMSTEC_Games "BIMSTEC Games") [Central Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_Games "Central Asian Games") [East Asian Youth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games "East Asian Youth Games") [South Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Games "South Asian Games") *[West Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asian_Games "West Asian Games")*1 [GCC Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC_Games "GCC Games") |
| Europe | *[Black Sea Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Games "Black Sea Games")*1 [European Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Games "European Games") [European Masters Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Masters_Games "European Masters Games") [European Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Championships_\(multi-sport_event\) "European Championships (multi-sport event)") [European Para Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Para_Championships "European Para Championships") [European Para Youth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Para_Youth_Games "European Para Youth Games") [European Youth Olympic Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Youth_Olympic_Festival "European Youth Olympic Festival") [EuroGames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroGames "EuroGames") [European Universities Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Universities_Championships "European Universities Championships") [European Universities Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Universities_Games "European Universities Games") [Games of the Small States of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe "Games of the Small States of Europe") [International Erasmus Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Erasmus_Games "International Erasmus Games") |
| Oceania | [Australian Youth Olympic Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Youth_Olympic_Festival "Australian Youth Olympic Festival") [Micronesian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesian_Games "Micronesian Games") [Pacific Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Games "Pacific Games") [Pacific Mini Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Mini_Games "Pacific Mini Games") [Arafura Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura_Games "Arafura Games") [Pan Pacific Masters Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan_Pacific_Masters_Games&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pan Pacific Masters Games (page does not exist)") |
| Intercontinental | [Arab Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Games "Arab Games") [Arctic Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games "Arctic Winter Games") [Asia Pacific Deaf Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Deaf_Games "Asia Pacific Deaf Games") [Asia Pacific Masters Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Masters_Games "Asia Pacific Masters Games") Isles [Indian Ocean Island Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Island_Games "Indian Ocean Island Games") [Island Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Games "Island Games") [Jeux des îles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_des_%C3%AEles "Jeux des îles") [Mediterranean Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Games "Mediterranean Games") |
| National | |
| Americas | |
| | |
| [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Games "Canada Games") [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Games_Society "BC Games Society") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Games "Ontario Games") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Games "Quebec Games") [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Games "Saskatchewan Games") [Western](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada_Summer_Games "Western Canada Summer Games") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Games_of_Colombia "National Games of Colombia") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentinian_Games&action=edit&redlink=1 "Argentinian Games (page does not exist)") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Games_of_America "State Games of America") [amateur juniors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAU_Junior_Olympic_Games "AAU Junior Olympic Games") [seniors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Olympics "Senior Olympics") [Warrior Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_Games "Warrior Games") | |
| [NCSG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_State_Games "National Congress of State Games"), United States3 | [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Sports_Festival "Alabama Sports Festival") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Games "California State Games") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_State_Games "Sunshine State Games") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_State_Games "Bay State Games") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show-Me_State_Games "Show-Me State Games") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sky_State_Games "Big Sky State Games") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornhusker_State_Games "Cornhusker State Games") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Games "Empire State Games") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Games_of_North_Carolina "State Games of North Carolina") [Lakota Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_Nation_Invitational "Lakota Nation Invitational") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_of_Texas "Games of Texas") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger_State_Games "Badger State Games") |
| Asia | [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Games "Bangladesh Games") China [All-China Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Games "All-China Games") [National Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Games_of_China "National Games of China") [National Peasants' Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Games "National Peasants' Games") [National Youth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Youth_Games "China National Youth Games") [National Ethnic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Traditional_Games_of_Ethnic_Minorities_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1 "National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities of China (page does not exist)") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Games_of_India "National Games of India") [Youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khelo_India_Youth_Games "Khelo India Youth Games") [University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khelo_India_University_Games "Khelo India University Games") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Week_\(Indonesia\) "National Sports Week (Indonesia)") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Festival_of_Japan "National Sports Festival of Japan") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukma_Games "Sukma Games") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naadam "Naadam") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Games_of_Nepal "National Games of Nepal") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Games_of_Pakistan "National Games of Pakistan") Philippines [National Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_National_Games "Philippine National Games") [Para Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_National_Para_Games "Philippine National Para Games") [Student](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palarong_Pambansa "Palarong Pambansa") [Youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang_Pinoy "Batang Pinoy") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Biennial_Games "Singapore Biennial Games") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_National_Sports_Festival "Korean National Sports Festival") [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_National_Sports_Festival "Korean National Sports Festival") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_National_Sports_Festival "Korean National Sports Festival") Taiwan [Youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_High_School_Games "National High School Games") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Games "Thailand National Games") [Youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_National_Youth_Games "Thailand National Youth Games") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_National_Games "Vietnam National Games") |
| Europe | [Poland (youth)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Youth_Olympic_Days "Polish Youth Olympic Days") [WheelPower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WheelPower "WheelPower") |
| Oceania | [Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belau_Games "Belau Games") |
| Historical1 | |
| Pre-Modern Olympics (in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD) | [Tailteann Games (ancient)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailteann_Games_\(ancient\) "Tailteann Games (ancient)") [Panhellenic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhellenic_Games "Panhellenic Games") [Ancient Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games "Ancient Olympic Games") [Pythian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythian_Games "Pythian Games") [Nemean Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemean_Games "Nemean Games") [Isthmian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_Games "Isthmian Games") [Heraean Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraean_Games "Heraean Games") [Panathenaic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathenaic_Games "Panathenaic Games") [Roman Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludi_Romani "Ludi Romani") [Cotswold Olimpick Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswold_Olimpick_Games "Cotswold Olimpick Games") [Gog Magog Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_Magog_Games "Gog Magog Games") [Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenlock_Olympian_Games "Wenlock Olympian Games") [Zappas Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappas_Olympics "Zappas Olympics") |
| Alternatives to the Modern Olympics | [Aryan Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_Games "Aryan Games") [Friendship Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_Games "Friendship Games") [GANEFO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GANEFO "GANEFO") [Goodwill Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill_Games "Goodwill Games") [Inter-Allied Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Allied_Games "Inter-Allied Games") [Islamic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Games "Islamic Games") [Liberty Bell Classic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Classic "Liberty Bell Classic") [People's Olympiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Olympiad "People's Olympiad") [Workers' Olympiads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers%27_Olympiads "International Workers' Olympiads") [Spartakiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartakiad "Spartakiad") |
| Defunct regional or community events | [Afro-Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games "Afro-Asian Games") [Asian Indoor Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Indoor_Games "Asian Indoor Games") [Asian Martial Arts Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Asian_Martial_Arts_Games "2009 Asian Martial Arts Games") [Baltic Sea Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea_Games "Baltic Sea Games") [Black Sea Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Games "Black Sea Games") [Central African Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Games "Central African Games") [East Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Games "East Asian Games") [Far Eastern Championship Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Championship_Games "Far Eastern Championship Games") [FESPIC Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FESPIC_Games "FESPIC Games") [Games of the New Emerging Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GANEFO "GANEFO") [Pacific Ocean Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Games "Pacific Ocean Games") [Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartakiad_of_the_Peoples_of_the_USSR "Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR") [Tailteann Games (modern)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailteann_Games_\(Irish_Free_State\) "Tailteann Games (Irish Free State)") [West African Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Games "West African Games") [Women's Islamic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Islamic_Games "Women's Islamic Games") [World Youth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_World_Youth_Games "1998 World Youth Games") [IWAS World Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWAS_World_Games "IWAS World Games") [Cerebral Palsy Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_Palsy_Games "Cerebral Palsy Games") [South African Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Games "South African Games") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Rose_State_Games "Prairie Rose State Games") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Games "Kingdom Games") [Spartakiad of Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartakiad_\(Albania\) "Spartakiad (Albania)") [Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartakiad_of_the_Peoples_of_the_USSR "Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR") [youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starty_nadezhd "Starty nadezhd") |
| [Winter sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sports "Winter sports") | |
| International | [Olympics]() [Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games "Winter Paralympic Games") [Winter University Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FISU_World_University_Games "FISU World University Games") [FIS Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Games "FIS Games") [Nordic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Games "Nordic Games")1 [Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Winter_Games "Commonwealth Winter Games")1 [World Scout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scout_Winter_Games "World Scout Winter Games") [Arctic Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games "Arctic Winter Games") [Kennedy Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Memorial_Winter_Games "Kennedy Memorial Winter Games")1 [New Zealand Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Winter_Games "New Zealand Winter Games") [Winter World Masters Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_World_Masters_Games "Winter World Masters Games") |
| Regional | [National Winter Games of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Winter_Games_of_China "National Winter Games of China") [Asian Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games "Asian Winter Games") [European Youth Olympic Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Youth_Olympic_Festival "European Youth Olympic Festival") [Winter X Games Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_X_Games_Europe "Winter X Games Europe") [Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Winter_Youth_Games "Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games") |
| 1 Defunct 2 [Sub-national](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division "Administrative division") 3 [51 component games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_State_Games#Member_Games "National Congress of State Games") in 36 [U.S. states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state")  **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Multi-sport_events "Category:Multi-sport events")**  **[List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multi-sport_events "List of multi-sport events")**  **[WikiProject](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Multi-sport_events "Wikipedia:WikiProject Multi-sport events")** | |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82414#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/138453350) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172569-4) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1176061) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006026303) [2](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85147037) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135685825) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135685825) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2006341815&CON_LNG=ENG) [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000084283&P_CON_LNG=ENG) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558681105171) |
| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/052611744) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/a55bfdba-424d-4b82-b305-2bce06a58ec9) |
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Winter Olympic Games
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[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games) |
| Readable Markdown | | Winter Olympic Games |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milan_Cortina_2026_Cauldron_and_Arco_della_Pace_01.jpg)The Olympic flame in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") during the [2026 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics") |
| Games |
| [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics "1932 Winter Olympics") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics "1936 Winter Olympics") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics "1960 Winter Olympics") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics "1964 Winter Olympics") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics "1968 Winter Olympics") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics "1976 Winter Olympics") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics "1980 Winter Olympics") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics "1984 Winter Olympics") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics") |
| [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_sports "Olympic sports") |
| [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics") [Biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the Winter Olympics") [Bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics") [Cross‑country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics") [Curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the Winter Olympics") [Figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_Olympic_Games "Figure skating at the Olympic Games") [Freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Olympic_Games "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games") [Luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the Winter Olympics") [Nordic combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics") [Short track speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics") [Skeleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the Winter Olympics") [Ski jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics") [Snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics") [Speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the Winter Olympics") |
The **Winter Olympic Games** (French: *Jeux olympiques d'hiver*),[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-2) also known as the **Olympic Winter Games** or simply the **Winter Olympics**, is a major international [multi-sport event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-sport_event "Multi-sport event") held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice. The Winter Olympics are usually held in February, during the winter season of the Northern Hemisphere. The IOC is the governing body of the [Olympic Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_movement "Olympic movement"), with the [Olympic Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Charter "Olympic Charter") defining its structure and authority. [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") and [Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo") of Italy hosted in 2026. The next games are scheduled to be held between 1 to 17 February 2030 at the [French Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics "2030 Winter Olympics").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-3)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-4)
The original five Winter Olympic Sports (consisting of nine disciplines) were [bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1924 Winter Olympics"), [curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics"), [ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1924 Winter Olympics"), [Nordic skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Nordic skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics") (consisting of the disciplines [military patrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_patrol_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Military patrol at the 1924 Winter Olympics"),[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOCMilitaryPatrol-5) [cross-country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics"), [Nordic combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the 1924 Winter Olympics"), and [ski jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the 1924 Winter Olympics")), and [skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Skating "Ice Skating") (consisting of the disciplines [figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics") and [speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics")).[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-6) The Winter Olympic Games have evolved since their inception. Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them, such as [alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics"), [luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the Winter Olympics"), [short track speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics"), [freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics"), [skeleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the Winter Olympics"), and [snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics"), have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic program. Some others, including [curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the Winter Olympics") and [bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics"), have been discontinued and later reintroduced; others have been permanently discontinued, such as [military patrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_patrol_\(sport\) "Military patrol (sport)"), though the modern Winter Olympic sport of [biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the Winter Olympics") is descended from it.[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOCMilitaryPatrol-5) Still others, such as [speed skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skiing "Speed skiing"), [bandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy "Bandy") and [skijoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skijoring "Skijoring"), were [demonstration sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_sports "Demonstration sports") but never incorporated as Olympic sports.
The first Winter Olympic Games, the [1924 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics"), were held in [Chamonix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix "Chamonix"), France. The modern Olympic Games were inspired by the [ancient Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games "Ancient Olympic Games"), which were held in [Olympia, Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Greece "Olympia, Greece"), from 776 BCE to 394 CE. The [Baron Pierre de Coubertin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin "Pierre de Coubertin") of France founded the [International Olympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") (IOC) 1,500 years later in 1894, leading to the first modern [Summer Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games") in Athens, Greece in 1896. The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), and resumed in [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics"). Until 1992, the [Summer Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games") and the Winter Olympic Games were held in the same year. A decision to change this was made in 1986, when during the [91st International Olympic Committee session](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings "List of IOC meetings"), IOC members decided to alternate the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games on separate four-year cycles in even-numbered years. Also, at that same congress it was decided that [1992 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics") would be the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games and that to change the rotation, the games that would be held in 1996 would be brought forward by two years, being scheduled to [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics"), the same four-year cycle as the [Commonwealth Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games "Commonwealth Games"), and the men's [FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup "FIFA World Cup"). After those games, the next were to be [held in 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") when the four-year Olympic Cycle resumed.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-11)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-12)
The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted on three continents by thirteen countries, all of whom are located in the [Northern Hemisphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere "Northern Hemisphere"). They have been held four times in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics "United States at the Olympics") ([1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics "1932 Winter Olympics"), [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics "1960 Winter Olympics"), [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics "1980 Winter Olympics"), and [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics")), three times each in [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics "France at the Olympics") ([1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics"), [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics "1968 Winter Olympics"), and [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics")) and [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics "Italy at the Olympics") ([1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics"), [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics"), and [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics")), and twice each in [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Olympics "Switzerland at the Olympics") ([1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics") and [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics")), [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics "Austria at the Olympics") ([1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics "1964 Winter Olympics") and [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics "1976 Winter Olympics")), [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics "Norway at the Olympics") ([1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics") and [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics")), [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics "Japan at the Olympics") ([1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics") and [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics")) and [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics "Canada at the Olympics") ([1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics") and [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics")). Also, the Winter Olympic Games have been held once each in [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics "Germany at the Olympics") ([1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics "1936 Winter Olympics")), [Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Olympics "Yugoslavia at the Olympics") ([1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics "1984 Winter Olympics")), [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics "Russia at the Olympics") ([2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics")), [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_Olympics "South Korea at the Olympics") ([2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics")), and [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics "China at the Olympics") ([2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics")).
As of 2026, twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games – [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics "Austria at the Olympics"), [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the Winter Olympics"), [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_Olympics "Finland at the Olympics"), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics "France at the Olympics"), [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics "Great Britain at the Olympics"), [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics "Hungary at the Olympics"), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics "Italy at the Olympics"), [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics "Norway at the Olympics"), [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_Olympics "Poland at the Olympics"), [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics "Sweden at the Olympics"), [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Olympics "Switzerland at the Olympics"), and the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics "United States at the Olympics"). Also, [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_Olympics "Czechoslovakia at the Olympics") participated in all Winter Olympic Games before its [dissolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia "Dissolution of Czechoslovakia") and its successors, [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_Olympics "Czech Republic at the Olympics") and [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_at_the_Olympics "Slovakia at the Olympics") have participated in all Winter Games thereafter. Six of these countries have won medals at every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. The only country to have won a gold medal at every Winter Olympic Games is the United States.
Norway leads the [all-time medal record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table "All-time Olympic Games medal table") for the Winter Olympic Games, followed by the United States and Germany. When including defunct states, Germany (including the former countries of West Germany and East Germany) leads, followed by Norway, Russia (including the former Soviet Union) and the United States. Norway holds the record for most gold medals in any one Winter Olympics, with 18 in 2026, and overall medals, with 41 in 2026.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1908_Olympic_Games_Ulrich_Salchow.jpg)
[Ulrich Salchow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow "Ulrich Salchow") at the 1908 Olympics
A predecessor, the [Nordic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Games "Nordic Games"), were organised by General [Viktor Gustaf Balck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Gustaf_Balck "Viktor Gustaf Balck") in [Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"), Sweden, in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-origins-13) Balck was a charter member of the [IOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") and a close friend of [Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games "Olympic Games") founder [Pierre de Coubertin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin "Pierre de Coubertin"). He attempted to have winter sports, specifically [figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating "Figure skating"), added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the [1908 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics "1908 Summer Olympics") in London.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-origins-13) Four figure skating events were contested, at which [Ulrich Salchow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow "Ulrich Salchow") (10-time world champion) and [Madge Syers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madge_Syers "Madge Syers") won the individual titles.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-14)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-15)
Three years later, Italian count [Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Brunetta_d%27Usseaux "Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux") proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the [1912 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics "1912 Summer Olympics") in Stockholm, Sweden. The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-16)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-cbc.ca-17)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-18)
The idea was resurrected for the [1916 Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics "1916 Summer Olympics"), which were to be held in Berlin, Germany. A [winter sports week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Winter_Sports_Week "International Winter Sports Week") with [speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating "Speed skating"), figure skating, [ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey "Ice hockey") and [Nordic skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing "Nordic skiing") were planned, but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-cbc.ca-17)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonja_Henie_gold_1928.jpg)
Sonia Henie's Olympic gold medal, St. Moritz 1928.
The first Olympics after the war, the [1920 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics "1920 Summer Olympics"), were held in [Antwerp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp"), Belgium,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1920-19) and featured figure skating[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-1920figureskating-20) and an ice hockey tournament. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the games. At the [IOC Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings "List of IOC meetings") held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the [1924 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics "1924 Summer Olympics"), France, would host a separate "International Winter Sports Week" under the patronage of the IOC. [Chamonix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix "Chamonix") was chosen to host this week (actually 11 days) of events.
[The 1924 games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics "1924 Winter Olympics") in Chamonix proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1924-21) Athletes [from Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Finland at the 1924 Winter Olympics") [and Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1924 Winter Olympics") won 28 medals, more than the rest of the participating nations combined.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-22) The first gold medal awarded was won by [Charles Jewtraw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jewtraw "Charles Jewtraw") of the United States in the 500-meter speed skate. [Sonja Henie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Henie "Sonja Henie") of Norway, at just 11 years old, competed in the ladies' figure skating and, although finishing last, became popular with fans. [Gillis Grafström](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m "Gillis Grafström") of Sweden defended his 1920 gold medal[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-1920figureskating-20) in men's figure skating, becoming the first Olympian to win gold medals in both Summer and Winter Olympics.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-23) Germany remained banned until 1925, and instead hosted a series of games called [Deutsche Kampfspiele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Kampfspiele "Deutsche Kampfspiele"), starting with the winter edition of 1922 (which predated the first Winter Olympics). In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 games in Chamonix were retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-cbc.ca-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1924-21)
[St. Moritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz "St. Moritz"), Switzerland, was appointed by the IOC to host the [second Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics") in 1928.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-24) Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts. The [opening ceremony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony "Olympic Games ceremony") was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the games.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-25) Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed-skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-warmweather-26) The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 games: [Sonja Henie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Henie "Sonja Henie") of [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1928 Winter Olympics") returned to the Winter Olympics to make history when she won the [ladies' figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics") at the age of 15. She became the youngest Olympic champion in history, a distinction she held for 70 years, and went on to defend her title at the next two Winter Olympics.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1928-27) [Gillis Grafström](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m "Gillis Grafström") won his third consecutive figure skating gold[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-28) and went on to win silver in 1932,[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-1932Figureskating-29) becoming the most decorated men's figure skater to date.
The [next Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics "1932 Winter Olympics"), held in Lake Placid, New York, United States was the first to be hosted outside of Europe. Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1932-30) This was less than in 1928, as the journey to [Lake Placid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York "Lake Placid, New York") was too long and expensive for some European nations that encountered financial problems in the midst of the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"). The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1932-30) Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games, and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-31) Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title,[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-1932Figureskating-29) and [Eddie Eagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Eagan "Eddie Eagan") of the United States, who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920,[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-32) won the gold medal in the [men's bobsleigh event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the 1932 Winter Olympics")[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-33) to join [Gillis Grafström](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillis_Grafstr%C3%B6m "Gillis Grafström") as the only athletes to have won gold medals in both the [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games") and Winter Olympics.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1932-30) Eagan has the distinction as the only Olympian as of 2020 to accomplish this feat in different sports.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-34)
The German towns of [Garmisch and Partenkirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen "Garmisch-Partenkirchen") joined to organise the [1936 Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics "1936 Winter Olympics"), held from 6–16 February.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-35) This was the last time the [Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics "1936 Summer Olympics") and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year. [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics") made its Olympic debut, but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1936-36) Because of this decision [the Swiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Switzerland at the 1936 Winter Olympics") [and Austrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics "Austria at the 1936 Winter Olympics") skiers refused to compete at the games.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1936-36)
[World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") interrupted the Winter Olympics. The [1940 games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics "1940 Winter Olympics") had been awarded to [Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo"), Japan, but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese [invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_War_\(1937%E2%80%931945\) "Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)") of China. The games were then to be held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, but the 1940 games were cancelled following the German [invasion of Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland") in 1939.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-37) Due to the ongoing war, the [1944 games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics "1944 Winter Olympics"), originally scheduled for [Cortina D'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_D%27Ampezzo "Cortina D'Ampezzo"), Italy, were cancelled.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-38)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremonies.jpg)
The opening ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo
St. Moritz was selected to host the [first post-war games, in 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics "1948 Winter Olympics"). Switzerland's neutrality had protected the town during World War II, and most venues from the 1928 games remained in place, which made St. Moritz a logical choice. It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-39) Twenty-eight countries competed in Switzerland, but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited because their Olympic committees were not yet recognized. They returned in 1952.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1948-40) Some controversy emerged when two hockey teams from the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 1948 Winter Olympics") arrived, both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative. The [Olympic flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_flag#Flag "Olympic flag") presented at the [1920 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics "1920 Summer Olympics") in Antwerp was stolen, as was its replacement. There was unprecedented parity at these games, during which 10 countries won gold medals—more than any games to that point.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-41)
The [Olympic Flame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Flame "Olympic Flame") tradition was [introduced at the 1952 games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics") in [Oslo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo "Oslo"): the flame was lit in the fireplace of the house of 19th-century Norwegian skiing pioneer [Sondre Nordheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondre_Nordheim "Sondre Nordheim") and the first Winter torch relay was conducted by 94 torchbearers entirely on their skis.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1952-42)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-43) [Bandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy "Bandy"), a popular sport in the Nordic countries, was featured as a demonstration sport, though [only Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1952 Winter Olympics"), [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Sweden at the 1952 Winter Olympics"), [and Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Finland at the 1952 Winter Olympics") fielded teams. Norwegian athletes won 17 medals, which outpaced all the other nations.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-44) They were led by [Hjalmar Andersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Andersen "Hjalmar Andersen") who won three gold medals in four events in the [speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics") competition.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-45)
After not being able to host the games in 1944, [Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo") was selected to organise the [1956 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics"). At the opening ceremonies the final torchbearer, Guido Caroli, entered the [Olympic Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_olimpico_del_ghiaccio "Stadio olimpico del ghiaccio") on ice skates. As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell and burned his arm, nearly extinguishing the flame. He was able to recover and light the cauldron.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-46) These were the first Winter Games to be televised, and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience, though no television rights were sold until the [1960 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics "1960 Summer Olympics") in [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome "Rome").[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-g136-47) The Cortina games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-g136-47)
The [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics") made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact, winning more medals than any other nation.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1956-48) The Soviets' immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete". The [USSR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics "Soviet Union at the Olympics") entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full-time.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Benjamin_Daniel-49)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Otto_Schantz-50) [Chiharu Igaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiharu_Igaya "Chiharu Igaya") won the first Winter Olympics medal [for Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Japan at the 1956 Winter Olympics") and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-51)
The IOC awarded the [1960 Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics "1960 Winter Olympics") to [Squaw Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw_Valley_Ski_Resort "Squaw Valley Ski Resort"), United States.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1960-52) The announcement of its selection came as a shock as the resort near [Lake Tahoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe "Lake Tahoe") was undeveloped and unknown outside the United States. About US\$80,000,000 was spent over four years to build cutting-edge infrastructure from scratch. The layout was designed to be intimate, allowing spectators and competitors to reach most of the venues on foot.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-j27-53)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-54) The opening and closing ceremonies were the firsts produced by [Walt Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney "Walt Disney") Company.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-j28-55) The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first Winter Games to have a dedicated athletes' village,[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-56)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-57) the first to use a computer (courtesy of [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM")) to tabulate results, and the first to feature female speed skating events. This edition is the only one to date to not have bobsleigh competitions, as the number of countries registered in the event was insufficient and the costs of building the track were too high for the Organizing Committee. To replace the event, an extra edition from the [FIBT World Championship was held](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBT_World_Championships_1960 "FIBT World Championships 1960").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-j28-55)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miracle_on_Ice.jpg)
The [Herb Brooks Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Brooks_Arena "Herb Brooks Arena")
in [Lake Placid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York "Lake Placid, New York") (
c.
2007), site of
the "[Miracle on Ice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice "Miracle on Ice")" in [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1980 Winter Olympics")
The Austrian city of [Innsbruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck "Innsbruck") was the host in [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics "1964 Winter Olympics"). For the first time, the Olympic torch of the Winter Olympic Games was lit at the traditional ritual held in the temple of Olympia. Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort, unprojected warm weather caused a lack of snow and organisers were unable to save enough snow to be used during the Games, and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice from other places to the sports venues.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-j28-55) [Soviet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1964 Winter Olympics") speed-skater [Lidia Skoblikova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia_Skoblikova "Lidia Skoblikova") made history by winning all four-speed skating events. Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-j28-55) Also, for the first time [Luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge "Luge") was added to the Olympic program, but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1964-58)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-59)
Held in the French town of [Grenoble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble "Grenoble"), the [1968 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics "1968 Winter Olympics") were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour. There were 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1968-60) [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics "France at the 1968 Winter Olympics") alpine ski racer [Jean-Claude Killy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Killy "Jean-Claude Killy") became only the second person to win all the men's alpine skiing events. Due to the high interest around the world, the organising committee sold television rights for US\$2 million, which was more than twice the cost of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-fp277-61) For the first time, the organizers chose to decentralize the Games to save costs and the events were spread across three long distances clusters, which led to the need to build three Olympic Villages. Along with the high costs, the organisers claimed that this was necessary to accommodate technological advances, however, critics disputed this, alleging that the layout would incorporate the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the athletes' expense.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-fp277-61)
The [1972 Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics "1972 Winter Olympics"), held in [Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo"), Japan,[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1972-62) were the first to be hosted on a continent other than North America or Europe. The issue of professionalism was disputed during these Games when a number of alpine skiers were found to have participated in a ski camp at [Mammoth Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain "Mammoth Mountain") in the United States; three days before the opening ceremony, IOC president [Avery Brundage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Brundage "Avery Brundage") threatened to bar the skiers from competing in the Games as he insisted that they were no longer amateurs having benefited financially from their status as athletes.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-63) Eventually only [Austrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Austria at the 1972 Winter Olympics") [Karl Schranz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schranz "Karl Schranz"), who earned more than the other skiers, was excluded from the competition.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-64) Canada boycotted the [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1972 Winter Olympics") and the [1976 ice hockey tournaments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1976 Winter Olympics") in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Num17-65) Canadian authorities also accused the Soviet Union of using state-sponsored athletes, who were de facto professionals.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-66) [Francisco Fernández Ochoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Ochoa "Francisco Fernández Ochoa") became the first and, as of 2022, the only [Spaniard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Spain at the 1972 Winter Olympics") to win a Winter Olympic gold medal when he triumphed in the [slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-factsheetp5-67)
The [1976 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics "1976 Winter Olympics") had initially been awarded in 1970 to [Denver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver "Denver"), [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado "Colorado") in the United States. These Games would have coincided with the year of Colorado's [centennial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial "Centennial") and the [United States Bicentennial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial "United States Bicentennial"). However, the increasing costs of the event and the oil crisis led to a local plebiscite held in November 1972, that resulted in the city withdrawing from hosting the Games, as the people of Colorado voted against public funding of the Games by a 3:2 margin.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-68)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-69) The IOC responded by offering the Games to [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver")\-[Garibaldi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi_Ranges "Garibaldi Ranges"), [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") in [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada"), which had previously been a finalist bid for the 1976 Games. However, a change in the provincial government resulted in an administration that did not support the Olympic bid, so the IOC's offer was rejected.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1976-70)
[Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City"), previously a candidate for the 1972 Winter Olympics, then put itself forward, but a tense political situation led IOC to invite Innsbruck to host the 1976 Games, as all the infrastructure used during the 1964 Games had been maintained. Despite only having half the usual time to prepare for the Games, Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1976-70) During the opening ceremonies, two cauldrons were lit because it was the second time that the Austrian town had hosted the Winter Games.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1976-70) The 1976 Games featured the first [combination bobsleigh-and-luge track](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igls_bobsleigh,_luge,_and_skeleton_track "Igls bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track"), in neighbouring [Igls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igls "Igls").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-factsheetp5-67) The [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics") won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1976-70)
[In 1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics "1980 Winter Olympics") the Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, which had hosted the 1932 Games. Unlike previous editions, Lake Placid had no competitors in this bid process. [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus") made their Olympic debut at the games. The People's Republic of China and [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica"), the first tropical nation, competed for the first time at the Winter Games. The [Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China "Republic of China") boycotted the Games, in protest of the IOC's recognition of the [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China") as the only "China", and its request for the Republic of China to compete as "[Chinese Taipei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei "Chinese Taipei")". The PRC, on the other hand, returned to the Olympics for the first time since 1952 and made its Winter Olympic debut.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-71)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299-72)
[American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 1980 Winter Olympics") speed-skater [Eric Heiden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Heiden "Eric Heiden") set either an Olympic or World record in every one of the five [events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1980 Winter Olympics") in which he competed, winning a total of five individual gold medals and breaking the record for most individual golds in a single Olympics (both Summer and Winter).[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-73) [Hanni Wenzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanni_Wenzel "Hanni Wenzel") won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country, [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics "Liechtenstein at the 1980 Winter Olympics"), became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1980-74) In the "[Miracle on Ice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice "Miracle on Ice")", the [American hockey team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "United States men's national ice hockey team") composed of college players beat the favoured seasoned professionals from the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_ice_hockey_team "Soviet Union national ice hockey team"), and progressed to eventually win the gold medal.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-75)[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOC1980-USA-Finland01-77)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Tomba_Zagreb_2009.jpg)
[Alberto Tomba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Tomba "Alberto Tomba"), winner of five Olympic medals in Calgary, Albertville and Lillehammer
[Sapporo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo "Sapporo"), Japan, and [Gothenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg "Gothenburg"), Sweden, were front-runners to host the [1984 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics "1984 Winter Olympics"). It was therefore a surprise when [Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo "Sarajevo"), Yugoslavia, was selected as host.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-sarajevosurprise-78) The Games were well-organised and not affected by the run-up to the [war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War "Bosnian War") that engulfed the country eight years later.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1984-79) A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events. Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier [Jure Franko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_Franko "Jure Franko") won silver in the giant slalom. Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics "Great Britain at the 1984 Winter Olympics") ice dancers [Jayne Torvill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Torvill "Jayne Torvill") and [Christopher Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Dean "Christopher Dean"); their *[Boléro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro "Boléro")* routine received unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression, earning them the gold medal.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1984-79)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_Torch_Calgary_1988.jpg)
The Olympic Torch from the [1988 Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympic_Games "1988 Winter Olympic Games") in [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary "Calgary")
In 1988, the Canadian city of [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary "Calgary") hosted the [first Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics") to span three weekends, lasting for a total of 16 days.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1988-80) New events were added in ski-jumping and speed skating, while future Olympic sports curling, [short track speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating "Short track speed skating") and [freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing "Freestyle skiing") made their debut appearance as demonstration sports. The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time, on the [Olympic Oval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Oval "Olympic Oval"). Dutch skater [Yvonne van Gennip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_van_Gennip "Yvonne van Gennip") won three gold medals and set two world records, beating skaters from the favoured [East German team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "East Germany at the 1988 Winter Olympics") in every race.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-81)
Her medal total was equalled by [Finnish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Finland at the 1988 Winter Olympics") ski jumper [Matti Nykänen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_Nyk%C3%A4nen "Matti Nykänen"), who won all three events in his sport. [Alberto Tomba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Tomba "Alberto Tomba"), [an Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics "Italy at the 1988 Winter Olympics") skier, made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom. East German [Christa Rothenburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Luding-Rothenburger "Christa Luding-Rothenburger") won the women's 1,000 metre speed skating event. Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the [Summer Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics "1988 Summer Olympics") in [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"), to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1988-80) The 1988 games are well remembered in popular culture from two films based on its events: *[Cool Runnings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_Runnings "Cool Runnings")* about the [Jamaican bobsled team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_national_bobsled_team "Jamaica national bobsled team"); and *[Eddie the Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_the_Eagle_\(film\) "Eddie the Eagle (film)")* about British ski jumper [Michael Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_the_Eagle "Eddie the Eagle"), who finished last but set a British record of 73.5 metres.
The [1992 Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics") were the last to be held in the same year as the [Summer Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics "1992 Summer Olympics").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1992-82) They were hosted in the French [Savoie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoie "Savoie") region, with 18 events held in the city of [Albertville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertville "Albertville") and the remaining events spread out over the Savoie.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1992-82) Political changes of the time were reflected in the composition of the Olympic teams competing in France: this was the first Games to be held after the [fall of Communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Communism "Fall of Communism") and the [fall of the Berlin Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall "Fall of the Berlin Wall"), and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_2004,_p._400-83)
Former [Yugoslavian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia") republics [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Croatia at the 1992 Winter Olympics") and [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Slovenia at the 1992 Winter Olympics") made their debuts as independent nations; most of the former [Soviet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") republics still competed as a single team known as the [Unified Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics"), but the [Baltic States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_States "Baltic States") made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_2004,_p._400-83) At 16 years old, [Finnish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "Finland at the 1992 Winter Olympics") ski jumper [Toni Nieminen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Nieminen "Toni Nieminen") made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-84) [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics "New Zealand at the 1992 Winter Olympics") skier [Annelise Coberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelise_Coberger "Annelise Coberger") became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women's slalom.
The [1994 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics "1994 Winter Olympics"), held in [Lillehammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillehammer "Lillehammer"), Norway, were the first Winter Games to be held in a different year from the Summer Games. This change resulted from the decision reached in the [91st IOC Session (1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings#IOC_Sessions "List of IOC meetings") to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even-numbered years.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1994-85) This allowed the IOC to space out the logistical and financial costs of the two events from one another, and generate advertising revenue from the Games every two years instead of four.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-86) Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games. It was the second time the Games were held in Norway, after the [1952 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics "1952 Winter Olympics") in [Oslo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo "Oslo"), and the first time the [Olympic Truce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Truce "Olympic Truce") was observed. As a result, after the [dissolution of Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia "Dissolution of Czechoslovakia") in 1993, the [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Czech Republic at the 1994 Winter Olympics") and [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Slovakia at the 1994 Winter Olympics") made their Olympic debuts.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-87)
The women's figure skating competition drew media attention when [American skater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 1994 Winter Olympics") [Nancy Kerrigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kerrigan "Nancy Kerrigan") was injured on 6 January 1994, in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent [Tonya Harding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Harding "Tonya Harding").[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-88) Both skaters competed in the Games, but the gold medal was narrowly won by [Oksana Baiul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Baiul "Oksana Baiul") who became [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Ukraine at the 1994 Winter Olympics")'s first Olympic champion, while Kerrigan won the silver medal.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-89)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-90) [Johann Olav Koss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Olav_Koss "Johann Olav Koss") of [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics") won three gold medals, coming first in all of the distance speed skating events.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-91)
13-year-old [Kim Yoon-Mi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Yun-Mi_\(speed_skater\) "Kim Yun-Mi (speed skater)") became the youngest-ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women's 3,000-metre speed skating relay. [Bjørn Dæhli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_D%C3%A6hli "Bjørn Dæhli") of Norway won a medal in four out of five cross-country events, becoming the most decorated Winter Olympian until then. [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics "Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics") won the most events, with eleven gold medals, while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes, collecting the most medals overall on home ground. [Juan Antonio Samaranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch "Juan Antonio Samaranch") described Lillehammer as "the best Olympic Winter Games ever" in his closing ceremony speech.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-92)
The [1998 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") were held in the Japanese city of [Nagano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_\(city\) "Nagano (city)") and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1998-93) The [National Hockey League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League "National Hockey League") allowed its players to participate in the men's [ice hockey tournament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament "Ice hockey at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament") for the first time, and the [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "Czech Republic men's national ice hockey team") won the tournament. Women's ice hockey made its debut, and the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "United States women's national ice hockey team") won the gold medal.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-94) [Bjørn Dæhlie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_D%C3%A6hlie "Bjørn Dæhlie") of [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1998 Winter Olympics") won three gold medals in Nordic skiing, becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete, with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1998-93)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-95) [Austrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Austria at the 1998 Winter Olympics") [Hermann Maier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Maier "Hermann Maier") survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the [super-G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_super-G "Alpine skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Men's super-G") and the giant slalom.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1998-93) [Tara Lipinski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Lipinski "Tara Lipinski") of the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 1998 Winter Olympics"), aged just 15, became the youngest ever female gold medallist in an individual event when she won the [Ladies' Singles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics#Ladies "Figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics"), a record that had stood since [Sonja Henie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Henie "Sonja Henie") of [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1928 Winter Olympics") won the same event, also aged 15, in [St. Moritz in 1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics "1928 Winter Olympics"). New world records were set in [speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics") largely due to the introduction of the [clap skate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clap_skate "Clap skate").[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-96)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2002_Winter_Olympics_flame.jpg)
The Olympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City
[After a tumultuous host city process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympic_bid_scandal "2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal"), the [2002 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics") were held in [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah "Salt Lake City, Utah"), United States. 2,399 athletes from 77 National Olympic Committees participated in 78 events in 7 sports.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2002-97) These Games were the first to take place since the [September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") of 2001, which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack. The opening ceremony saw signs of the [aftermath of the events of that day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks"), including the flag that flew at [Ground Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site "World Trade Center site"), and honour guards of NYPD and [FDNY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department "New York City Fire Department") members.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-98)
[German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [Georg Hackl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hackl "Georg Hackl") won a silver in the singles luge, becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2002-97) [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics") achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men's and women's [ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics") gold medals.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2002-97) Canada became embroiled with [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Russia at the 2002 Winter Olympics") in a [controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Olympic_Winter_Games_figure_skating_scandal "2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal") that involved the judging of the [pairs figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics") competition. The Russian pair of [Yelena Berezhnaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Berezhnaya "Yelena Berezhnaya") and [Anton Sikharulidze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Sikharulidze "Anton Sikharulidze") competed against the Canadian pair of [Jamie Salé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Sal%C3%A9 "Jamie Salé") and [David Pelletier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pelletier "David Pelletier") for the gold medal.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Roberts-99)
The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition, yet the Russians were awarded the gold. The [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "France at the 2002 Winter Olympics") judge, [Marie-Reine Le Gougne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Reine_Le_Gougne "Marie-Reine Le Gougne"), awarded the gold to the Russians. An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated; in return, the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Roberts-99)
The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second [medal ceremony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony "Olympic Games ceremony") held later in the Games.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-100) [Australian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Australia at the 2002 Winter Olympics") [Steven Bradbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Bradbury_\(speed_skater\) "Steven Bradbury (speed skater)") became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short-track speed skating event.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-101)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braciere_Olimpico.jpg)
A close-up of the Olympic Flame during the [2006 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") in [Turin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin "Turin")
The Italian city of [Turin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin "Turin") hosted the [2006 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics"). It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games. [South Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "South Korea at the 2006 Winter Olympics") athletes won 10 medals, including 6 gold in the short-track speed skating events. [Sun-Yu Jin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Sun-Yu "Jin Sun-Yu") won three gold medals while her teammate [Hyun-Soo Ahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyun-Soo_Ahn "Hyun-Soo Ahn") won three gold medals and a bronze.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2006-102) In the women's [Cross-Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics") team pursuit [Canadian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics") [Sara Renner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Renner "Sara Renner") broke one of her poles and, when he saw her dilemma, [Norwegian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2006 Winter Olympics") coach [Bjørnar Håkensmoen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnar_H%C3%A5kensmoen "Bjørnar Håkensmoen") decided to lend her a pole. In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team, who finished fourth.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2006-102)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-103)
On winning the Super-G, [Kjetil-Andre Aamodt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjetil-Andre_Aamodt "Kjetil-Andre Aamodt") of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals. He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three Olympics, winning the Super-G in [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics"), [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics "2002 Winter Olympics"), and [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics"). [Claudia Pechstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Pechstein "Claudia Pechstein") of [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 2006 Winter Olympics") became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2006-102)
In February 2009, Pechstein tested positive for ["blood manipulation"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_doping "Blood doping") and received a two-year suspension, which she appealed. The [Court of Arbitration for Sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport "Court of Arbitration for Sport") upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the [2010 German Olympic team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Germany at the 2010 Winter Olympics").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-104) This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal, which overturned the lower court's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-105)
In 2003, the IOC awarded the [2010 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics") to [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics. With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-106) Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2010-107) The death of [Georgian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Georgia at the 2010 Winter Olympics") luger [Nodar Kumaritashvili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodar_Kumaritashvili "Nodar Kumaritashvili") in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the [Whistler Sliding Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler_Sliding_Centre "Whistler Sliding Centre") changing the track layout on safety grounds.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-108)
[Norwegian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2010 Winter Olympics") cross-country skier [Marit Bjørgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen "Marit Bjørgen") won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women's programme. She finished the Olympics with three golds, a silver and a bronze.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-109) For the first time, [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics") won a gold medal at an Olympic Games it hosted, having failed to do so at both the [1976 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics "1976 Summer Olympics") in [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal "Montreal") and the [1988 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics "1988 Winter Olympics") in [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary "Calgary"). In contrast to the lack of gold medals at these previous Olympics, the Canadian team finished first overall in gold medal wins,[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-clinch-110) and became the first host nation—since [Norway in 1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 1952 Winter Olympics")—to lead the gold medal count, with 14 medals. In doing so, it also broke the record for the most gold medals won by a NOC at a single Winter Olympics (the previous was 13, set by the [Soviet Union in 1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics") and matched by [Norway in 2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2002 Winter Olympics")).[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-RecordGolds-111)
The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Russia at the 2010 Winter Olympics") athletes. From their first Winter Olympics in [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics") to the 2006 Games, a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal-winning nations, but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals. [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia "President of Russia") [Dmitry Medvedev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev "Dmitry Medvedev") called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-112) Russia's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the [enhancement of an already existing doping scheme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_Russia "Doping in Russia") alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-113)
The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under-performing Russian team, with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries. At the Albertville Games in 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals, three of which were gold. In Vancouver, the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty-one, with eleven of them being gold. The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as Kazakhstan, South Korea, Japan and China. These results increased the chances of an Asian city hosting the [2018 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics") that would be held the following year.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-114)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-115)
[Sochi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi "Sochi"), Russia, was selected as the host city for the [2014 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics") over [Salzburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg "Salzburg"), Austria, and [Pyeongchang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang_County "Pyeongchang County"), South Korea. This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2014-116) The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-117) A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the [Black Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea") coast. All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres (31 mi) away in the alpine region known as [Krasnaya Polyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnaya_Polyana,_Sochi,_Krasnodar_Krai "Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2014-116) The Games were the most expensive until the date, with a cost of £30 billion (US\$51 billion).
On the snow, Norwegian biathlete [Ole Einar Bjørndalen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Einar_Bj%C3%B8rndalen "Ole Einar Bjørndalen") took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13, overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time. Another Norwegian, cross-country skier [Marit Bjørgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen "Marit Bjørgen") took three golds; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals, alongside [Raisa Smetanina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisa_Smetanina "Raisa Smetanina") and [Stefania Belmondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefania_Belmondo "Stefania Belmondo"). Snowboarder [Ayumu Hirano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumu_Hirano "Ayumu Hirano") became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the [halfpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_halfpipe "Snowboarding at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe") competition at the age of fifteen.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2014-116)
On the ice, the Netherlands team dominated the speed skating events, taking 23 medals, four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events. [Ireen Wüst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireen_W%C3%BCst "Ireen Wüst") was their most successful competitor, taking two golds and three silvers. In figure skating, [Yuzuru Hanyu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzuru_Hanyu "Yuzuru Hanyu") became the first skater to break the 100-point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal. Among the sledding disciplines, luger [Armin Zöggeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Z%C3%B6ggeler "Armin Zöggeler") took a bronze, becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2014-116)
Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games, and an investment of £600 million in elite sport, [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics "Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics") initially topped the [medal table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics_medal_table "2014 Winter Olympics medal table"), taking 13 gold and 33 total medals.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-118) However, [Grigory Rodchenkov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Rodchenkov "Grigory Rodchenkov"), the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory, subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games, and that he had been assisted by the Russian [Federal Security Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Service "Federal Security Service") in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so that samples with banned substances could be replaced with "clean" urine.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-119)
A subsequent [investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_Report "McLaren Report") commissioned by the [World Anti-Doping Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency "World Anti-Doping Agency") led by [Richard McLaren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_McLaren_\(academic\) "Richard McLaren (academic)") concluded that a state-sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from "at least late 2011 to 2015" across the "vast majority" of Summer and Winter Olympic sports.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-120) On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee "Russian Olympic Committee") would compete as the [Olympic Athletes from Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Athletes_from_Russia_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics") at the 2018 Winter Olympics[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-russianban-121) and by the end of 2017 the [IOC Disciplinary Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Commission "Oswald Commission") had disqualified 43 Russian athletes, stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table, thus putting Norway in the lead.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-122)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-123)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-124) However, nine medals were later returned, meaning that Russia reclaimed first place in the overall medal table, and joint first place with Norway in terms of gold medals.
On 6 July 2011, [Pyeongchang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang_County "Pyeongchang County"), South Korea, was selected to host the [2018 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics "2018 Winter Olympics") over [Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich "Munich"), Germany, and [Annecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annecy "Annecy"), France.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-2018Bids-125) This was the first time that [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall, after the [1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics "1988 Summer Olympics"). The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2018-126) More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events. The main venue cluster was the [Alpensia Resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpensia_Resort "Alpensia Resort") in [Daegwallyeong-myeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegwallyeong-myeon "Daegwallyeong-myeon"), while the ice events are held at [Gangneung Olympic Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangneung_Olympic_Park "Gangneung Olympic Park") in Pyeongchang's neighbouring sea-city of [Gangneung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangneung "Gangneung").
The lead-up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by [the tensions between North and South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics#North_Korean_relations "2018 Winter Olympics") and the ongoing [Russian doping scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_Russia "Doping in Russia"). Despite [tense relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations "North Korea–South Korea relations"), [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") agreed to participate in the Games, enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a [unified Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Korea "Unified Korea"), and field a [unified team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics") in [women's ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "Korea women's national ice hockey team"). Russian athletes, who complied with the IOC's doping regulations, were given the option to compete in Pyeongchang as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR).[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-russianban-121)
The Games saw the addition of [big air snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Big_air "Snowboarding"), [mass start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_start "Mass start") [speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating "Speed skating"), [mixed doubles curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_doubles_curling "Mixed doubles curling"), and mixed team [alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing "Alpine skiing") to the programme. Like four years early, the Netherlands again dominated speed skating, winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events. Dutch speed skater [Sven Kramer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Kramer "Sven Kramer") won gold in the men's 5000m event, becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times. On the snow, Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing, with [Marit Bjørgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen "Marit Bjørgen") winning bronze in the women's team sprint and gold in the 30-kilometre classical event, bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen, the most won by any athlete (male or female) in Winter Olympics history.
[Johannes Høsflot Klæbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_H%C3%B8sflot_Kl%C3%A6bo "Johannes Høsflot Klæbo") of Norway became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the [men's sprint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint "Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint") at age 21. He was also part of the Norwegian cross-country team winning the men’s relay and team sprint events. [Noriaki Kasai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriaki_Kasai "Noriaki Kasai") of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games. [Ester Ledecká](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_Ledeck%C3%A1 "Ester Ledecká") of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom, making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two sports at a single Winter Games.
Norway led the total medal standings with 39, the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29. Host nation [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "South Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics") won seventeen medals, five of them gold, its highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics.
[Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), the capital of the [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China"), was elected as the host city for the [2022 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics") on 31 July 2015 at the [128th IOC Session](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128th_IOC_Session "128th IOC Session"). Beijing became the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Like the Summer Olympics held six months earlier in [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") resulted in the implementation of strict health and safety protocols, including restrictions on public attendance at the Games. The Games included a record 109 events over 15 disciplines in seven sports with seven new medal events, including mixed team competitions in freestyle skiing aerials, ski jumping, and snowboard cross. The Games were held between 4 and 20 February 2022 at venues in Beijing and [Zhangjiakou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangjiakou "Zhangjiakou") which for the first time were run entirely on [renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy "Renewable energy"). Several of the events were impacted by temperatures as low as minus 20 [Celsius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius "Celsius") and strong wind.
The first gold medal of the Games was won by [Therese Johaug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese_Johaug "Therese Johaug") of [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Norway at the 2022 Winter Olympics") in the women's skiathlon. Johaug had been excluded from the 2018 Winter Olympics in a controversial decision after having used a banned cream for sunburned lips. She went on to also win the women's 10 km and 30 km cross-country distances. Johannes Klæbo continued his dominance of the men’s cross-country sprint events by winning gold in the individual and team events. In the women's snowboard cross, [Lindsey Jacobellis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Jacobellis "Lindsey Jacobellis") of the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "United States at the 2022 Winter Olympics") won the gold, having lost the gold 16 years earlier at the [2006 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") in Torino due to a brutal fall. On the ice, the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Netherlands at the 2022 Winter Olympics") dominated with a total of six gold medals and [Irene Schouten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Schouten "Irene Schouten") winning the women's mass start, 3,000m and 5,000m distances. [Nils van der Poel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_van_der_Poel "Nils van der Poel") of [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Sweden at the 2022 Winter Olympics") won the men's 5,000m and 10,000m distances, setting new Olympic records in both distances. [Kamila Valieva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamila_Valieva "Kamila Valieva") of [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the 2022 Winter Olympics") was allowed to compete in the [women's figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles "Figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Women's singles") despite a failed doping test in December 2021. She failed, however, to win an individual medal after falling in her final routine. Russia's [team gold medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Team_event "Figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Team event") remained in limbo for two years, pending investigation into Valieva's positive drug test, before the [Court of Arbitration for Sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport "Court of Arbitration for Sport") (CAS) disqualified Valieva for four years retroactive to 25 December 2021, leading the ISU to re-allocate the medals, upgrading the United States to gold and Japan to silver while downgrading the ROC to bronze.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-127) [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Finland at the 2022 Winter Olympics") claimed its first ice hockey gold, having beaten the Russian Olympic Committee in the men's final on the last day of the Games.
Norway was first in the overall medal standings, claiming 37 medals in total and 16 gold medals, the highest number of gold medals of any country in a single Winter Olympics. This was the tenth time Norway claimed the highest number of gold medals at the Winter Games.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010-2070-2100_Climate_change_threatens_venues_of_Olympic_Winter_Games.svg)
The amount by which greenhouse gas emissions are reduced is forecast to substantially affect the number of Winter Olympic Game venues that will have reliably snowy conditions.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Forbes_20220204-128)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20260201_Reliability_of_venues_for_snow_-_Winter_Olympics.svg)
Though Europe and North America have the most potential venues (areas of rectangles in chart), a higher portion of those venues are projected to be climatically unreliable because of global warming (height of columns).[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-CurrentIssuesTourism_20240913-129)
The [2026 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics") was held in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan")\-[Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo"), Italy, and took place from 6 to 22 February 2026.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games2026-130) At the [142nd IOC Session](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/142nd_IOC_Session "142nd IOC Session") in July 2024, it was confirmed that the [2030 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Winter_Olympics "2030 Winter Olympics") will be hosted by France in the [French Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Alps "French Alps").[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-131) The [2034 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics "2034 Winter Olympics") was also awarded to be hosted by the United States in [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah "Utah"); the state previously hosted the 2002 Olympics in [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City").[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-SLCtime-132)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juan_Antonio_Samaranch_DF-ST-01-00128.jpg)
[Juan Antonio Samaranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch "Juan Antonio Samaranch"), former IOC president, who was in charge of the Olympic movement for more than 20 years
The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City") had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-slcorruption-133) Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery [scheme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympic_bid_scandal "2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal") to curry favour with IOC officials.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-slcorruption-133) Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City's bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member's son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president [Juan Antonio Samaranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch "Juan Antonio Samaranch") received two rifles valued at \$2,000. Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since, as president, he was a non-voting member.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Cashmore-134)
The subsequent [United States Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics (both Summer and Winter) since 1988.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-135) For example, the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano's bid for the [1998 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") were described by the investigation committee as "astronomical".[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-136) Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-137)
The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-138)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-139)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-140)
About eight years before the Winter Olympics, the [IOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") invites National Olympic Committees to submit bids to host the games.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-141) According to the IOC, the host city for the Winter Olympics is responsible for "...establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games, such as sports planning, venues, finance, technology, accommodation, catering, media services, etc., as well as operations during the Games".[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-142) Due to the cost of hosting the Games, most host cities never realise a profit on their investment.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-riskreward-143) For example, the [2006 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") in [Turin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin "Turin"), Italy, cost \$3.6 billion to host. By comparison, the [1998 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics "1998 Winter Olympics") in [Nagano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_\(city\) "Nagano (city)"), Japan, cost \$12.5 billion.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-olympiceffect-144) The organisers of the Nagano Games claimed that the cost of extending the [bullet train](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen "Shinkansen") service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-olympiceffect-144)
The organising committee had hoped that the exposure gained from hosting the Winter Olympics, and the improved access to Nagano from Tokyo, would benefit the local economy for years afterwards. In fact, Nagano's economy did experience a post-Olympic boom for a year or two, but the long-term effects have not materialised as anticipated.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-olympiceffect-144) The likelihood of heavy debt is a deterrent to prospective host cities, as well as the prospect of unused sports venues and infrastructure saddling the local community with upkeep costs with no appreciable post-Olympic value.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-145)
The Winter Olympics has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location; the men's downhill needs an 800-metre altitude difference along a suitable course. As this is a focal event that is central to the Games, the IOC has previously not agreed to it taking place a long way from the main host city,[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-146) in contrast to the Summer Games, where sailing and horse sports have taken place more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) away. The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena and for the hotels and infrastructure needed for all Olympic visitors. Due to cost issues, fewer and fewer cities are willing to host. Both the [Torino 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") and [Vancouver 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics") Games, which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions, had lower costs since more venues, hotels and transport infrastructure already existed. In contrast, the [Sochi 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics "2014 Winter Olympics") games had large costs as most installations had to be built.
The IOC has tried to mitigate these concerns. Firstly, it has agreed to fund part of the host city's budget.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-147) Secondly, the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting their region or nation; this rules out a large portion of the developing world.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-148) Finally, any prospective host city is required to add a "legacy plan" to their proposal, with a view to the long-term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-legacyplan-149)
Beginning with the [2022 Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics "2022 Winter Olympics"), the IOC allowed greater distances between the alpine events and other events. The [Oslo bid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_bid_for_the_2022_Winter_Olympics "Oslo bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics") had 220 kilometres (140 mi) to the [Kvitfjell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvitfjell "Kvitfjell") downhill arena, while eventual host Beijing had venues 220 km away from the city as well. For the 2026 Winter Games, [Stockholm's unsuccessful bid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm%E2%80%93%C3%85re_bid_for_the_2026_Winter_Olympics "Stockholm–Åre bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics") proposed to hold the alpine event in [Åre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85re "Åre"), 620 kilometres (390 mi) away by road, while the successful bid of 2026 has 410 kilometres (250 mi) between [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") and [Cortina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo "Cortina d'Ampezzo").
In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols. They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-150) The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was [Alois Schloder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Schloder "Alois Schloder"), a [West German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics "West Germany at the 1972 Winter Olympics") hockey player,[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-OR1972-151) but his team was still allowed to compete.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-152) During the 1970s, testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance-enhancing drugs.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Mottram-153) The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures, which undermined the credibility of the tests. It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug-testing protocols.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-154) The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent [World Anti-Doping Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency "World Anti-Doping Agency") (WADA) in November 1999.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-155)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-wada-156)
The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of [blood doping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_doping "Blood doping"), the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as [Erythropoietin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin "Erythropoietin") (EPO) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-torinodoping-157) The Italian police conducted a raid on the [Austrian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics "Austria at the 2006 Winter Olympics") cross-country ski team's residence during the Games where they seized blood-doping specimens and equipment.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-hearings-158) This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of [haemoglobin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin "Hemoglobin"), which is evidence of blood doping.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-torinodoping-157)
The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 (later increased to 46) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-SochiDoping-159)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-NYT160512-160)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-nyt2-161)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-GN150601-162)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-guardian-upheld-163)
The Winter Olympics were an ideological front in the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") since the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics "Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics") first participated at the [1956 Winter Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics "1956 Winter Olympics"). It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be. The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the [Eastern Bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc") countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics "Soviet Union at the Olympics") entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Benjamin_Daniel-49) Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until the '90s.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Otto_Schantz-50)
The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers. The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC. Because of its role in World War II, Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1948-40) In 1950, the IOC recognised the [West German Olympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Olympic_Sports_Confederation "German Olympic Sports Confederation"), and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Hill-164) East Germany declined and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-165)
In 1955, the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state, thereby giving more credibility to East Germany's campaign to become an independent participant. The IOC agreed provisionally to accept the [East German National Olympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic "National Olympic Committee of the German Democratic Republic") on condition that East and West Germans compete as one team.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-166) The situation became tense when the [Berlin Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall "Berlin Wall") was constructed by East Germany in 1961 to stop migration of its citizens and Western European nations began refusing visas to East German athletes.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-167) The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC split the teams and threatened to reject host-city bids from any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-168)
The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid. Prior to the Games, the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952. China was given permission to compete as the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) and to use the PRC flag and anthem. Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name "Republic of China" (ROC) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299-72) The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the "Republic of China".[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-169)[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-170)
The IOC renamed the island "[Chinese Taipei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei "Chinese Taipei")" and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem, stipulations to which Taiwan would not agree. Despite numerous appeals and court hearings, the IOC's decision stood. When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted. They subsequently left the Olympics in protest, just before the opening ceremonies.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Findling_and_Pelle_1996_p._299-72) Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei. The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal. The agreement remains in place to this day.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-171)
The [Olympic Charter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Charter "Olympic Charter") limits [winter sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sports "Winter sports") to "those sports which are practised on snow or ice".[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-172) Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme, which include short-track speed skating, snowboarding, freestyle and moguls skiing. The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America. While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports, countries such as South Korea, Australia and Canada are finding success in these new sports. The results are more parity in the national medal tables, more interest in the Winter Olympics, and higher global television ratings.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-173)
| Sport | Years | Events | Events list |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Alpine skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1936 | 10[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-174) | Men's: [downhill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_\(ski_competition\) "Downhill (ski competition)"), [super G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_giant_slalom_skiing "Super giant slalom skiing"), [giant slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom_skiing "Giant slalom skiing"), [slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing "Slalom skiing"), [alpine combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined "Alpine skiing combined"). Women's: [downhill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_\(ski_competition\) "Downhill (ski competition)"), [super G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_giant_slalom_skiing "Super giant slalom skiing"), [giant slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom_skiing "Giant slalom skiing"), [slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing "Slalom skiing"), [alpine combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined "Alpine skiing combined"). Mixed [parallel slalom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing "Slalom skiing"). |
| [Biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1960[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOCMilitaryPatrol-5) | 11[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-biathlon-175) | Men's: sprint 10 km, individual 20 km, pursuit 12.5 km, mass start 15 km, relay 4×7.5 km. Women's: sprint 7.5 km, individual 15 km, pursuit 10 km, mass start 12.5 km, relay 4×6 km. Mixed relay 4×6 km. |
| [Bobsleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics") | 1924–1956, since 1964 | 4[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-176) | Men's: four-man race, two-man race. Women's: two-woman race, monobob race. |
| [Cross-country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924 | 12[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-177) | Men's: sprint, team sprint, 15 km, 30 km skiathlon, 50 km mass start, 4×10 km relay. Women's: sprint, team sprint, 10 km, 15 km skiathlon, 30 km mass start, 4×5 km relay. |
| [Curling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Curling at the Winter Olympics") | 1924, since 1998 | 3[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-178) | Men's, women's and mixed doubles tournaments. |
| [Figure skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Figure skating at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924[\[i\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-179) | 5[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-180) | Men's singles. Women's singles. Pairs. Ice dancing. Team event. |
| [Freestyle skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1992 | 15[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-181) | Men's: [aerials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_skiing "Aerial skiing"), [moguls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_skiing "Mogul skiing"), [ski cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_cross "Ski cross"), [halfpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-pipe_skiing "Half-pipe skiing"), [big air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpipe "Superpipe"), [slopestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopestyle "Slopestyle"). Women's: [aerials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_skiing "Aerial skiing"), [moguls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_skiing "Mogul skiing"), [ski cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_cross "Ski cross"), [halfpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-pipe_skiing "Half-pipe skiing"), [big air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpipe "Superpipe"), [slopestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopestyle "Slopestyle"). Mixed [aerials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_skiing "Aerial skiing"). |
| [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924[\[ii\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-182) | 2[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-183) | Men's and women's tournaments. |
| [Luge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Luge at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1964 | 5[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-184) | Men's singles, Women's singles, Men's doubles, Women's doubles, mixed team relay. |
| [Nordic combined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924 | 3[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-185) | Men's 10 km individual normal hill, 10 km individual large hill, team 4×5 km large hill. |
| [Short track speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1992 | 9[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-186) | Men's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m relay. Women's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m relay. Mixed 2000 m relay. |
| [Skeleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Skeleton at the Winter Olympics") | 1928, 1948, Since 2002 | 3[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-187) | Men's and women's events. |
| [Ski jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924 | 6[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-188) | Men's: individual normal hill, individual large hill, team large hill. Women's: individual normal hill. Mixed team normal hill. |
| [Ski mountaineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_mountaineering_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Ski mountaineering at the Winter Olympics") | Since 2026[\[iii\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-189) | 3[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-190) | Men's sprint. Women's sprint. Mixed relay. |
| [Snowboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1998 | 11[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-191) | Men's: snowboard cross, parallel, half-pipe, slopestyle, big air. Women's: snowboard cross, parallel, half-pipe, slopestyle, big air. Mixed snowboard cross. |
| [Speed skating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics "Speed skating at the Winter Olympics") | Since 1924 | 14[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-192) | Men's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, 10,000 m, mass start, team pursuit. Women's: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, mass start, team pursuit. |
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-179)** Figure skating events were held at the [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics "1908 Summer Olympics") and [1920 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics "1920 Summer Olympics").
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-182)** A [men's ice hockey tournament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics "Ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics") was held at the [1920 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics "1920 Summer Olympics").
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-189)** Optional Sport at the [2026 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics").
### Demonstration events
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Demonstration events")\]
[Demonstration sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_sports#Winter_Olympics "Demonstration sports") have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals. Demonstration sports were discontinued after [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics "1992 Winter Olympics").[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-193) Military patrol, a precursor to the [biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon "Biathlon"), was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928, 1936 and 1948, becoming an official sport in 1960.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-194) The [special figures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_figures "Special figures") figure skating event was only contested at the [1908 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics "Figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics").[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-195) [Bandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy "Bandy") (Russian hockey) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia. In the latter it is considered a [national sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport "National sport").[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-196) It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-demosports-197)
[Ice stock sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_stock_sport "Ice stock sport"), a German variant of curling, was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-Games1936-36) The [ski ballet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_ballet "Ski ballet") event, later known as ski-acro, was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-198) [Skijöring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skij%C3%B6ring "Skijöring"), skiing behind dogs, was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-demosports-197) A [sled-dog race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled_dog_race_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics "Sled dog race at the 1932 Winter Olympics") was held at Lake Placid in 1932.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-demosports-197) [Speed skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skiing "Speed skiing") was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-199) [Winter pentathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_pentathlon "Winter pentathlon"), a variant of the [modern pentathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon "Modern pentathlon"), was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included [cross-country skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_\(sport\) "Cross-country skiing (sport)"), [shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_sports "Shooting sports"), [downhill skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_\(ski_competition\) "Downhill (ski competition)"), [fencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing "Fencing"), and [horse riding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics "Equestrian at the Summer Olympics").[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-biathlon-175)
## All-time medal table
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: All-time medal table")\]
The table below uses official data provided by the [IOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee "International Olympic Committee") (full list):
**Defunct nation**
*Accurate as of [2026 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics "2026 Winter Olympics")*
| No. | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Games |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics "Norway at the Olympics") | 166 | 146 | 135 | 447 | 25 |
| 2 |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics "United States at the Olympics") | 126 | 133 | 104 | 363 | 25 |
| 3 |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics "Germany at the Olympics") | 113 | 107 | 73 | 293 | 14 |
| 4 |  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics "Canada at the Olympics") | 82 | 79 | 85 | 246 | 25 |
| 5 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics "Soviet Union at the Olympics") | 78 | 57 | 59 | 194 | 9 |
| 6 |  [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics "Austria at the Olympics") | 76 | 97 | 96 | 269 | 25 |
| 7 |  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics "Sweden at the Olympics") | 73 | 57 | 65 | 195 | 25 |
| 8 |  [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Olympics "Switzerland at the Olympics") | 69 | 56 | 66 | 191 | 25 |
| 9 |  [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_Olympics "Netherlands at the Olympics") | 63 | 56 | 48 | 167 | 23 |
| 10 |  [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics "Italy at the Olympics") | 52 | 49 | 70 | 171 | 25 |
| 11 |  [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics "France at the Olympics") | 50 | 50 | 61 | 161 | 25 |
| 12 |  [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_Olympics "Finland at the Olympics") | 45 | 66 | 70 | 181 | 25 |
| 13 |  [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics "Russia at the Olympics") | 45 | 39 | 34 | 118 | 6 |
| 14 |  [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_Olympics "East Germany at the Olympics") | 39 | 36 | 35 | 110 | 6 |
| 15 |  [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_Olympics "South Korea at the Olympics") | 36 | 34 | 19 | 89 | 20 |
| 16 |  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics "China at the Olympics") | 27 | 36 | 29 | 92 | 13 |
| 17 |  [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics "Japan at the Olympics") | 22 | 36 | 42 | 100 | 23 |
| 18 |  [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics "Great Britain at the Olympics") | 15 | 6 | 18 | 39 | 25 |
| 19 |  [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_Olympics "Czech Republic at the Olympics") | 12 | 13 | 14 | 39 | 9 |
| 20 |  [West Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_Olympics "West Germany at the Olympics") | 11 | 15 | 13 | 39 | 6 |
| 21 |  [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_Olympics "Australia at the Olympics") | 9 | 9 | 7 | 25 | 21 |
| 22 |  [Unified Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics "Unified Team at the Olympics") | 9 | 6 | 8 | 23 | 1 |
| 23 |  [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_at_the_Olympics "Belarus at the Olympics") | 8 | 7 | 5 | 20 | 8 |
| 24 |  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_Olympics "Poland at the Olympics") | 7 | 10 | 10 | 27 | 25 |
| 25 |  [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_Olympics "Slovenia at the Olympics") | 6 | 9 | 13 | 28 | 10 |
| 26 |  [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_at_the_Olympics "Croatia at the Olympics") | 4 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 10 |
| 27 |  [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_at_the_Olympics "Slovakia at the Olympics") | 4 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 9 |
| 28 |  [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_at_the_Olympics "Estonia at the Olympics") | 4 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 12 |
| 29 |  [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_Olympics "Ukraine at the Olympics") | 3 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 9 |
| 30 |  [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_Olympics "Czechoslovakia at the Olympics") | 2 | 8 | 15 | 25 | 16 |
| 31 |  [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Olympics "New Zealand at the Olympics") | 2 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 18 |
| 32 |  [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_at_the_Olympics "Kazakhstan at the Olympics") | 2 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 9 |
| 33 |  [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics "Hungary at the Olympics") | 2 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 25 |
| 34 |  [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_at_the_Olympics "Liechtenstein at the Olympics") | 2 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 21 |
| 35 |  [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_Olympics "Belgium at the Olympics") | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 23 |
| 36 |  [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_Olympics "Spain at the Olympics") | 2 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 22 |
| 37 |  [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_at_the_Olympics "Latvia at the Olympics") | 1 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 13 |
| 38 |  [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_at_the_Olympics "Bulgaria at the Olympics") | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 22 |
| 39 |  [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics "Brazil at the Olympics") | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 |
| 40 |  [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan_at_the_Olympics "Uzbekistan at the Olympics") | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 |
| 41 |  [Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_Olympics "Yugoslavia at the Olympics") | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 14 |
| 42 |  [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_at_the_Olympics "Denmark at the Olympics") | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 16 |
| 43 |  [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_at_the_Olympics "Luxembourg at the Olympics") | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 11 |
| 44 |  [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_at_the_Olympics "North Korea at the Olympics") | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
| 44 |  [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_at_the_Olympics "Georgia at the Olympics") | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9 |
| 45 |  [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_at_the_Olympics "Romania at the Olympics") | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
### Medal leaders by year
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Medal leaders by year")\]
**Number of occurrences**
| Rank | Country | Number of games |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_Olympics "Norway at the Olympics") | 11 times |
| 2 |  [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics "Soviet Union at the Olympics") | 7 times |
| 3 |  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics "Germany at the Olympics") | 3 times |
| 4 |  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics "United States at the Olympics") | 1 time |
|  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics "Sweden at the Olympics") | | |
|  [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_Olympics "East Germany at the Olympics") | | |
|  [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics "Canada at the Olympics") | | |
|  [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics "Russia at the Olympics") | | |
## List of Winter Olympic Games
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Olympic_Games&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: List of Winter Olympic Games")\]
- [List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multiple_Winter_Olympic_medalists "List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists")
- [List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympic_Games "List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games")
- [Lists of Olympic medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists "Lists of Olympic medalists")
- [List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_scandals,_controversies_and_incidents "List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents")
- [Winter Paralympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games "Winter Paralympic Games")
- [Paralympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games "Paralympic Games")
- [Summer Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games "Summer Olympic Games")
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-2)** "French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games".[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-1)
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOCMilitaryPatrol_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOCMilitaryPatrol_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOCMilitaryPatrol_5-2) The official website of the IOC now treats Men's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as a separate discipline, without mixing it with the sports of [Skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing "Nordic skiing") or [Biathlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon "Biathlon").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOC1924AllSports-7)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOC1924Biathlon-8) However, the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called [Nordic skiing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing "Nordic skiing").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-OffRep1924MilPat01-9)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-OffRep1924MilPat02-10)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-6)** At the closing of the 1924 Games a prize was also awarded for 'alpinisme' ([mountaineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering "Mountaineering")), a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments: [Pierre de Coubertin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin "Pierre de Coubertin") presented a prize for 'alpinisme' to [Charles Granville Bruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Granville_Bruce "Charles Granville Bruce"), the leader of the expedition that tried to climb [Mount Everest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest "Mount Everest") in 1922.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOC1980-USA-Finland01_77-0)** The US beat the Soviets as part of a [medal round](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics#Final_round "Ice hockey at the 1980 Winter Olympics") that also included [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "Finland men's national ice hockey team") and [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team "Sweden men's national ice hockey team"), so they did not actually win the gold medal until beating Finland a few days later.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_note-IOC1980-USA-Finland02-76)
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Opened_By_200-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Opened_By_200-1) This office is technically not head of state in and of itself, but is the presiding officer of the [Federal Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_\(Switzerland\) "Federal Council (Switzerland)") which collectively acts as head of state.
6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Cancelled_Games_201-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Cancelled_Games_201-1) Unlike the Summer Olympics, the cancelled [1940 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics "1940 Winter Olympics") and [1944 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics "1944 Winter Olympics") are *not* included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games. While the official titles of the Summer Games count [Olympiads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiad "Olympiad"), the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-202)** The [IOC site for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/salt-lake-city-2002) gives an erroneous figure of 77 participated teams; however, one can count 78 participated nations looking through [Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games](https://digital.la84.org/digital/search/searchterm/Official%20Report%20of%20the%20XIX%20Olympic%20Winter%20Games%20Results/field/title/mode/all/conn/and). This error probably resulted from the fact that Costa Rica's delegation of one athlete joined the Games after the Opening Ceremony, so 77 National Olympic Committees participated in the Opening Ceremonies and 78 National Olympic Committees participated in the Games.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-204)** The IOC site for the [2018 Winter Olympic Games](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/pyeongchang-2018) does not include [United Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics "Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics") (COR) women's ice hockey team as separate "nation" when counting participating nations. Nevertheless, the IOC shows the Korean team in the [Pyeongchang 2018 Ice Hockey Women's Tournament Results](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/pyeongchang-2018/results/ice-hockey/women). Thus, 92 National Olympic Committees teams plus 1 team composed of athletes from both South Korea and North Korea participated in the Games.
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-1)**
["Olympic Charter: Section 23 Languages"](https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf) (PDF). 8 August 2021. p. 53. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210514221054/https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-3)**
["Winter Olympics: Italy's Milan-Cortina bid chosen as host for the 2026 Games"](https://www.bbc.com/sport/winter-olympics/48748380). *BBC News*. 24 June 2019.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-4)**
["Milan–Cortina d'Ampezzo bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics"](https://www.milanocortina2026.org/). *milanocortina2026.org*.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOC1924AllSports_7-0)**
["Chamonix 1924 Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/chamonix-1924/results). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-IOC1924Biathlon_8-0)**
["Chamonix 1924 Military Patrol Men Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/chamonix-1924/results/military-patrol/military-patrol-men). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-OffRep1924MilPat01_9-0)** Official Report (1924), p. 646: Le Programme ... II. — Epreuves par équipes - 12. Ski : Course militaire (20 à 30 kilomètres, avec tir). (The Programme ... II. — Team events - 12. Skiing : Military Race (20 to 30 kilometres, with shooting)).
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-OffRep1924MilPat02_10-0)** Official Report (1924), p. 664: CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE. (Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race)
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-11)**
Archives, L. A. Times (14 October 1986). ["Olympics to Hold Events Every 2 Years: Winter Games to Be Split Off, Start Own 4-Year Cycle in '94"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-14-mn-3527-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-12)**
Riding, Alan (12 February 1993). ["OLYMPICS: One Year to Lillehammer; '94 Olympics Are on Schedule Now That Budget Games Are Over"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/12/sports/olympics-one-year-lillehammer-94-olympics-are-schedule-now-that-budget-games-are.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 12 February 2024.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-origins_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-origins_13-1)
Edgeworth, Ron (May 1994). ["The Nordic Games and the Origins of the Winter Olympic Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110727010955/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv2n2/JOHv2n2h.pdf) (PDF). *International Society of Olympic Historians Journal*. **2** (2). LA84 Foundation. Archived from [the original](http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv2n2/JOHv2n2h.pdf) (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-14)**
["1908 Figure Skating Results"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010211191356/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/events/1998/nagano/medals/1908Results.html). *[CNN/SI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN/SI "CNN/SI")*. Archived from [the original](http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/events/1998/nagano/medals/1908Results.html) on 11 February 2001. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-15)**
["Figure Skating History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20040814210217/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/sport_explainers/figureskating_history/). *CNN/SI*. Archived from [the original](http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/sport_explainers/figureskating_history/) on 14 August 2004. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-16)** Judd (2008), p. 21
14. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-cbc.ca_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-cbc.ca_17-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-cbc.ca_17-2)
["1924 Chamonix, France"](https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.722/1924-chamonix-france-1.812439). *[CBC Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Sports "CBC Sports")*. 18 December 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100302162004/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/history/story/2009/11/25/sp-1924-chamonix.html) from the original on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-18)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 283
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1920_19-0)**
["Antwerp 1920"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/antwerp-1920). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-1920figureskating_20-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-1920figureskating_20-1)
["1920 Olympic Figure Skating"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/antwerp-1920/results/figure-skating). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1924_21-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1924_21-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1924_21-2)
["Chamonix 1924"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/chamonix-1924). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-22)**
["1924 Chamonix Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417042619/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1924/). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1924/) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-23)**
["1924 Figure Skating Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/chamonix-1924/results/figure-skating). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-24)** Findling and Pelle (2004), pp. 289–290
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-25)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 290
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-warmweather_26-0)**
["1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417041048/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1928/). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1928/) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
24. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1928_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1928_27-1)
["St. Moritz 1928"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/st-moritz-1928). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-28)**
["1928 Olympics Figure Skating Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/st-moritz-1928/results/figure-skating). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-1932Figureskating_29-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-1932Figureskating_29-1)
["1932 Olympics Figure Skating Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/lake-placid-1932/results/figure-skating). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
27. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1932_30-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1932_30-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1932_30-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1932_30-3)
["Lake Placid 1932"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/lake-placid-1932). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-31)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 298
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-32)**
["Antwerp 1920 Boxing Results"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/antwerp-1920/results/boxing). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-33)**
["Guardian Story of 1932 Bobsled Team"](https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2010/feb/25/forgotten-story-magnificent-men-flying-machine). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. London. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-34)**
["Olympic Athlete Edward Eagan"](https://olympics.com/en/athletes/edward-eagan). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-35)** Seligmann, Davison, and McDonald (2004), p. 119
33. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1936_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1936_36-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1936_36-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1936_36-3)
["Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/garmisch-partenkirchen-1936). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-37)**
Lund, Mortund (December 2001). ["The First Four Olympics"](https://books.google.com/books?id=XFgEAAAAMBAJ&q=winter+olympics+world+war+2+cancel&pg=PA21). *Skiing Heritage Journal*. International Skiing History Association: 21. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-38)** Mallon and Buchanon (2006), p. xxxii
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-39)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 248
37. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1948_40-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1948_40-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1948_40-2)
["St. Moritz 1948"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/st-moritz-1948). *IOC*. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-41)** Findling and Pelle (2004), pp. 250–251
39. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1952_42-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1952_42-1)
["Oslo 1952"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/oslo-1952). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-43)** Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 255
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-44)**
["1952 Oslo Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417040522/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1952/). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1952/) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-45)**
["Speed Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417043455/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1952/SSK/). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1952/SSK/) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-46)**
["1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417041338/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1956/). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1956/) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
44. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-g136_47-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-g136_47-1) Guttman (1986), p. 135
45. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1956_48-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1956_48-1)
["Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956"](https://www.olympics.com/en/olympic-games/cortina-d-ampezzo-1956). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
46. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Benjamin_Daniel_49-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Benjamin_Daniel_49-1)
Benjamin, Daniel (27 July 1992). ["Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090902183140/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html) on 2 September 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
47. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Otto_Schantz_50-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Otto_Schantz_50-1)
Schantz, Otto. ["The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses—from Coubertin to Samaranch"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130505052232/http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf) (PDF). Comité International Pierre De Coubertin. Archived from [the original](http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf) (PDF) on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-51)**
["Chiharu Igaya"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417073527/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ig/chiharu-igaya-1.html). *Sports Reference LLC*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ig/chiharu-igaya-1.html) on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
49. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1960_52-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1960_52-1)
["Squaw Valley 1960"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/squaw-valley-1960). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-j27_53-0)** Judd (2008), pp. 27–28
51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-54)**
Shipler, Gary (February 1960). ["Backstage at Winter Olympics"](https://books.google.com/books?id=vyoDAAAAMBAJ&q=1960+winter+olympics&pg=PA136). *[Popular Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science "Popular Science")*: 138. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
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54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-57)**
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58. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-fp277_61-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-fp277_61-1) Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 277
59. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1972_62-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games1972_62-1)
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190. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-demosports_197-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-demosports_197-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-demosports_197-2)
Arnold, Eric (28 January 2010). ["Strangest Olympics Sports in History"](https://www.forbes.com/2010/01/28/olympics-demonstration-sports-lifestyle-sports-strangest-vancouver.html). *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")*. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
191. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-198)**
["Freestyle Skiing History"](https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.722/freestyle-skiing-history-1.790944). *The National Post*. Toronto. CBC Sports. 4 December 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100128224737/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/history/story/2009/11/25/spo-sport-history-freestyleskiing.html) from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-199)**
Janofsky, Michael (18 December 1991). ["Hitting the slopes in the fast lane"](https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/18/sports/albertville-profile-speed-skiing-hitting-the-slopes-in-the-fast-lane.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/S/Skiing). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
193. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-203)**
["Сочи-2014 Медальный зачет"](https://olympics.com/ru/olympic-games/sochi-2014/medals) \[Sochi 2014 Medal count\]. *olympics.com* (in Russian). Retrieved 16 August 2024.
194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2022_205-0)**
["Beijing 2022"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/beijing-2022). *IOC*. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
195. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2030_206-0)**
["French Alps 2030"](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/french-alps-2030). *IOC*. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-Games2034_207-0)**
["Salt Lake City-Utah 2034"](https://www.olympics.com/en/olympic-games/salt-lake-city-utah-2034). *IOC*. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
197. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games#cite_ref-208)**
["Utah 2034"](https://www.olympics.com/en/olympic-games/utah-2034). 26 December 2025.
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[0-435-10045-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-10045-9 "Special:BookSources/0-435-10045-9")
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- Brownell, Susan (2008). [*Beijing's games: What the Olympics mean to China*](https://books.google.com/books?id=CEt7GQbZlNcC). Plymouth, England: Rowman & Littlefield publishers. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7425-5640-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5640-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5640-9")
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- Cashmore, Ernest (2005). [*Making sense of sports*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ivNfFOINNigC). New York, NY: Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-415-34853-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34853-6 "Special:BookSources/0-415-34853-6")
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- Cashmore, Ernest (2003). [*Sports culture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8lEcgZIVrhUC). New York, NY: Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-415-18169-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18169-0 "Special:BookSources/0-415-18169-0")
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- Cooper-Chen, Anne (2005). [*Global entertainment media*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2ma9Ev5O670C). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8058-5168-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-5168-2 "Special:BookSources/0-8058-5168-2")
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- Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). [*Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-313-32278-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32278-3 "Special:BookSources/0-313-32278-3")
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- Findling, John; Pelle, Kimberly (1996). [*Historical dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement*](https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00find). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-313-28477-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28477-6 "Special:BookSources/0-313-28477-6")
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- Fry, John (2006). [*The story of modern skiing*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FOhrjSuy6rsC). Lebanon; New Hampshire: University Press of New England. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-58465-489-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-489-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-489-6")
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- Gershon, Richard A. (2000). [*Telecommunications Management:Industry structures and planning strategies*](https://books.google.com/books?id=H3cu_PFsFYwC). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8058-3002-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-3002-2 "Special:BookSources/0-8058-3002-2")
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- Guttman, Allen (1986). [*Sports Spectators*](https://books.google.com/books?id=CO-gmv1A-gIC). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-231-06401-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06401-2 "Special:BookSources/0-231-06401-2")
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- Guttman, Allen (1992). [*The Olympics, a history of the modern games*](https://books.google.com/books?id=TbLmQQG-2bQC&q=taiwan+winter+olympics+boycott&pg=PA151). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-252-02725-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02725-6 "Special:BookSources/0-252-02725-6")
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- Hazan, Barukh (1982). [*Olympic sports and propaganda games*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LXKQ_gT1w3sC). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Inc. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-87855-436-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87855-436-X "Special:BookSources/0-87855-436-X")
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- Hill, Christopher R. (1992). [*Olympic Politics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mWQTAQAAIAAJ). Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-7190-3542-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3542-2 "Special:BookSources/0-7190-3542-2")
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- Judd, Ron C. (2008). [*The Winter Olympics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc2dCHfyh0AC). Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-59485-063-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-063-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-063-9")
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- Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2006). [*Historical dictionary of the Olympic Movement*](https://books.google.com/books?id=fH3hD3MkIMYC). Oxford, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8108-5574-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5574-7 "Special:BookSources/0-8108-5574-7")
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- Mandell, Richard D. (1987). [*The Nazi Olympics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8CYYYeTT5mEC). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-252-01325-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01325-5 "Special:BookSources/0-252-01325-5")
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- Miller, Toby; Lawrence, Geoffrey; McKay, Jim (2001). [*Globalization and sport*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rLjDQgAACAAJ). London: Sage Publications. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-7619-5968-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-5968-8 "Special:BookSources/0-7619-5968-8")
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- Mottram, David (2003). [*Drugs in sport*](https://books.google.com/books?id=kSvQ7ANeIJQC). New York, NY: Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-415-27937-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27937-2 "Special:BookSources/0-415-27937-2")
.
- Official Report (1924) of both Summer and Winter Games:
M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français (ed.). [*Les Jeux de la VIIIe Olympiade Paris 1924 – Rapport Officiel*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110505162957/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf) (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. Archived from [the original](http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924.pdf) (PDF) on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- Payne, Michael (2006). [*Olympic turnaround*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vqtLnCWHDX0C). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-275-99030-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99030-3 "Special:BookSources/0-275-99030-3")
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- Preuss, Holger (2004). [*The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games 1972–2008*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GQzccu2Qw-oC). Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[1-84376-893-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84376-893-3 "Special:BookSources/1-84376-893-3")
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- Schaffer, Kay; Smith, Sidonie (2000). [*Olympics at the Millennium*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nMzYdZpk8qMC). Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8135-2820-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2820-8 "Special:BookSources/0-8135-2820-8")
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- Seligmann, Matthew S.; Davison, John; McDonald, John (2003). [*Daily Life in Hitler's Germany*](https://books.google.com/books?id=g13k9CMYTbsC). New York, NY: Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-312-32811-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-32811-7 "Special:BookSources/0-312-32811-7")
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- Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). [*Power, Politics and the Olympic Games*](https://archive.org/details/powerpoliticsoly0000senn). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-88011-958-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88011-958-6 "Special:BookSources/0-88011-958-6")
.
- Wallechinsky, David; Loucky, Jaime (2010). [*The complete book of the Winter Olympics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6EThoEOnGuUC) (8th ed.). Greystone Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-55365-502-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-502-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-502-2")
.
- Whannel, Garry (1992). [*Fields in vision television sport and cultural transformation*](https://archive.org/details/fieldsinvisionte0000whan). New York, NY: Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-2039-7756-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-7756-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-7756-9")
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- Yesalis, Charles (2000). [*Anabolic steroids and sports and exercise*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pKkBbf7doAUC). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8801-1786-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8801-1786-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8801-1786-9")
.
- [Official website](https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games)
- [Winter Olympic Sports](https://olympics.com/en/sports/winter-olympics) at the IOC official website |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games s443 |