âčïž Skipped - page is already crawled
| Filter | Status | Condition | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| HTTP status | PASS | download_http_code = 200 | HTTP 200 |
| Age cutoff | PASS | download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH | 0.2 months ago (distributed domain, exempt) |
| History drop | PASS | isNull(history_drop_reason) | No drop reason |
| Spam/ban | PASS | fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0 | ml_spam_score=0 |
| Canonical | PASS | meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed | Not set |
| Property | Value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| URL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt | |||||||||
| Last Crawled | 2026-04-16 22:07:33 (6 days ago) | |||||||||
| First Indexed | 2013-08-19 01:03:50 (12 years ago) | |||||||||
| HTTP Status Code | 200 | |||||||||
| Content | ||||||||||
| Meta Title | Willy Brandt - Wikipedia | |||||||||
| Meta Description | null | |||||||||
| Meta Canonical | null | |||||||||
| Boilerpipe Text | Willy Brandt
Official portrait, 1980
Chancellor of Germany
[
a
]
In office
22 October 1969Â â 7 May 1974
President
Gustav Heinemann
Vice-Chancellor
Walter Scheel
Preceded by
Kurt Georg Kiesinger
Succeeded by
Walter Scheel
(acting)
Helmut Schmidt
Leader of the Social Democratic Party
In office
16 February 1964Â â 14 June 1987
Federal Manager
Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski
Holger Börner
Egon Bahr
Peter Glotz
Preceded by
Erich Ollenhauer
Succeeded by
Hans-Jochen Vogel
Vice-Chancellor of Germany
In office
1 December 1966Â â 22 October 1969
Chancellor
Kurt Georg Kiesinger
Preceded by
Hans-Christoph Seebohm
Succeeded by
Walter Scheel
Minister for Foreign Affairs
In office
1 December 1966Â â 20 October 1969
Chancellor
Kurt Georg Kiesinger
Preceded by
Gerhard Schröder
Succeeded by
Walter Scheel
Governing Mayor of West Berlin
In office
3 October 1957Â â 30 November 1966
Mayor
Franz Amrehn
Heinrich Albertz
Preceded by
Otto Suhr
Succeeded by
Heinrich Albertz
President of the German Bundesrat
In office
1 November 1957Â â 31 October 1958
First Vice President
Kurt Sieveking
Preceded by
Kurt Sieveking
Succeeded by
Wilhelm Kaisen
President
of the
Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin
In office
11 January 1955Â â 2 October 1957
Preceded by
Otto Suhr
Succeeded by
Kurt Landsberg
Parliamentary constituencies
Member of the
Bundestag
for
North Rhine-Westphalia
In office
20 October 1969Â â 8 October 1992
Preceded by
Multi-member district
Succeeded by
Heike Niggemeyer
Member of the
Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin
In office
3 December 1950Â â 14 March 1971
Preceded by
Multi-member district
Succeeded by
Multi-member district
Delegate to the
Bundestag
for
West Berlin
In office
17 October 1961Â â 27 December 1961
Preceded by
Multi-member district
Succeeded by
Hans Wellmann
In office
7 September 1949Â â 15 October 1957
Preceded by
Constituency established
Succeeded by
Multi-member district
Personal details
Born
Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm
18 December 1913
LĂŒbeck
,
Free City of LĂŒbeck
,
German Empire
(now
Schleswig-Holstein
,
Germany
)
Died
8 October 1992
(aged 78)
Unkel
,
Rhineland-Palatinate
, Germany
Resting place
Zehlendorf
, Berlin
Citizenship
Germany (revoked 1938; regained 1948)
Norway (1940â1948)
Party
Social Democratic Party
(1930â1931; from 1948)
Other political
affiliations
Socialist Workers' Party
(1931â1946)
Spouses
Carlotta Thorkildsen
â
â
(
m.
 1941;
div.
 1948)
â
Rut Hansen
â
â
(
m.
 1948;
div.
 1980)
â
Brigitte Seebacher
â
(
m.
 1983)
â
Children
4, including
Matthias
Awards
Nobel Peace Prize
(1971)
Signature
Willy Brandt
(
German:
[ËvÉȘliË
ËbÊant]
â
; born
Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm
; 18 December 1913 â 8 October 1992) was a German politician and statesman who was leader of the
Social Democratic Party of Germany
(SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and concurrently served as the
chancellor of West Germany
from 1969 to 1974.
[
1
]
He was awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize
in
1971
for his efforts to strengthen cooperation in Western Europe through the
EEC
and to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the countries of
Eastern Europe
.
[
2
]
He was the first Social Democratic chancellor since 1930.
[
3
]
Fleeing to Norway and then Sweden during the
Nazi
regime and working as a
left-wing
journalist, he took the name Willy Brandt as a
pseudonym
to avoid detection by Nazi agents, and then formally adopted the name in 1948. Brandt earned initial fame as
governing mayor
of
West Berlin
. He served as the
foreign minister
and as the
vice chancellor
in
Kurt Georg Kiesinger
's cabinet, and became chancellor in 1969.
[
4
]
As chancellor, he maintained West Germany's close alignment with the
United States
and focused on strengthening
European integration
in Western Europe, while launching the new policy of
Ostpolitik
aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe. Brandt was controversial on both the right wing, for his
Ostpolitik
, and on the left wing, for his support of American policies, including his silence on the
Vietnam War
[
5
]
that he broke only in 1973,
[
6
]
and
right-wing authoritarian
regimes.
[
7
]
The
Brandt Report
became a recognised measure for describing the general
NorthâSouth divide
in world economics and politics between an affluent North and a poor South. Brandt was also known for his fierce
anti-communist
policies at the domestic level, culminating in the
Radikalenerlass
(Anti-Radical Decree) in 1972. In 1970, while visiting a memorial to the
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
crushed by the Germans, Brandt unexpectedly knelt and meditated in silence, a moment remembered as the
Kniefall von Warschau
.
Brandt resigned as chancellor in 1974, after
GĂŒnter Guillaume
, one of his closest aides,
was exposed
as an agent of the
Stasi
, the
East German
secret service
. Brandt died from colon cancer in 1992, aged 78.
Early life and World War II
[
edit
]
Herbert Frahm's Norwegian passport photograph,
c.
1938â1940
Willy Brandt was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in the
Free City of LĂŒbeck
(
German Empire
) on 18 December 1913.
[
8
]
His mother was Martha Luise Wilhelmine Frahm (nĂ©e Ewert; 1894â1969), a single parent, who worked as a cashier for a department store. His father was a teacher from
Hamburg
named John Heinrich Möller (1887â1958),
[
9
]
whom Brandt never met. As his mother worked six days a week, he was mainly brought up by his mother's stepfather, Ludwig Frahm. He joined the "Socialist Youth" in 1929 and at age 16 became a full member of the
Social Democratic Party
(SPD) in 1930 despite the age minimum normally being 18. He also wrote for the
Volksbote
, a local Social Democrat daily, under editor-in-chief
Julius Leber
, who would have a "decisive influence" on him.
[
10
]
He, along with half the youth-wing of the LĂŒbeck SPD, left the party to join the more left wing
Socialist Workers Party
(SAP) in October 1931, which was allied to the
POUM
in Spain and, more significant to Brandt, had close ties with the
Norwegian Labour Party
. His break with Leber and the SPD lost him the promised financial support for university studies and his job at the
Volksbote
. After passing his
Abitur
in 1932 at
Johanneum zu LĂŒbeck
, he took work at the shipbroker and ship's agent F.H. Bertling.
[
11
]
In 1933 he left Germany for Norway to escape
Nazi
persecution. It was at this time that he adopted the pseudonym
Willy Brandt
to avoid detection by Nazi agents. In 1934, he took part in the founding of the
International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations
, and was elected to its secretariat.
[
12
]
Willy Brandt became one of
Wilhelm Reich
's subjects for his experiments on the electrophysiology of pleasure and anxiety.
[
13
]
Brandt was in Germany from September to December 1936, disguised as a Norwegian student named
Gunnar Gaasland
. The real Gunnar Gaasland was married to Gertrud Meyer from
LĂŒbeck
in a
marriage of convenience
to protect her from deportation. Meyer had joined Brandt in Norway in July 1933. In 1937, during the
Spanish Civil War
, Brandt worked in
Spain
as a journalist. In 1938, the German government revoked his citizenship, so he applied for Norwegian citizenship. In 1940, he was arrested in Norway by occupying German forces, but his real identity was not uncovered as he wore a Norwegian uniform. Upon his release, he escaped to
neutral Sweden
. In August 1940, he became a Norwegian citizen, receiving his passport from the
Norwegian legation in Stockholm
, where he lived until the end of the war. He lectured in Sweden on 1 December 1940 at
Bommersvik
College about problems experienced by the
social democrats
in
Nazi Germany
and the occupied countries at the start of the
World War II
. In exile in
Norway
and
Sweden
, he learned Norwegian and Swedish. He spoke Norwegian fluently, and retained a close relationship with Norway.
[
14
]
In late 1946, Brandt returned to
Berlin
, working for the Norwegian government. In 1948, he re-joined the SPD and became a German citizen again, formally adopting the pseudonym Willy Brandt as his legal name. In 2021, it became known that Brandt served as a paid informant for the
United States
Counterintelligence Corps
from 1948 to 1952. He supplied reports on circumstances in the
East Germany
, including the situation of East German authorities and industries, as well as Soviet troops.
[
15
]
[
16
]
According to
Thomas Boghardt
, Brandt and SPD man
Hans Emil Hirschfeld
 [
de
]
received 200,000
German Mark
from the Americans in 1950 for promoting his political career, after both had met with the Americans at the German CIA headquarters in
Frankfurt
. Both were sworn to "secrecy". The Americans wanted to strengthen the SPD over the Communists in Berlin. Over the next two years, Hirschfeld received a further 106,000 Marks. Even after the end of his informant activities, he is said to have remained in contact with US intelligence.
[
17
]
Early political career
[
edit
]
Brandt's official
Bundestag
portrait, 1953
Brandt in 1959 as
Governing Mayor of West Berlin
Brandt meeting
John F. Kennedy
in 1961
Chancellor Adenauer (left) and Mayor Brandt (right) at a press conference in Berlin following the construction of the
Berlin Wall
, 1961
Brandt was elected to the West German
Bundestag
(the federal parliament) in the
1949 West German federal election
as a
SPD
delegate from West Berlin, serving there until 1957. Concurrently, he was elected as an SPD representative to the
Abgeordnetenhaus
(the state-level parliament) of West Berlin in the
1950 West Berlin state election
, and served there through 1971. In the
1969 West German federal election
, he was again elected to the Bundestag, but as a delegate from
North Rhine-Westphalia
, and remained in the Bundestag as a delegate from that state until his death in 1992.
[
18
]
In 1950, Brandt, while a member of the Bundestag and the editor-in-chief of the
Berliner Stadtblatt
, received a secret payment of about 170,000 Deutsche Mark from the U.S. government (equivalent to âŹ460,386 in 2021).
[
19
]
From October 1957 to 1966, Willy Brandt served as
Governing Mayor of West Berlin
,
[
20
]
during a period of increasing tension in EastâWest relations that led to the construction of the
Berlin Wall
.
[
21
]
In his first year as mayor of Berlin, he also served as the president of the
Bundesrat
in Bonn. He was an outspoken critic of Soviet repression of the 1956
Hungarian Uprising
and of
Nikita Khrushchev
's 1958 proposal that Berlin receive the status of a "
free city
". He was supported by the influential publisher
Axel Springer
.
[
1
]
As mayor of West Berlin, Brandt accomplished much in the way of urban development. New hotels, office blocks, and flats were constructed, while both
Schloss Charlottenburg
and the
Reichstag building
were restored. Sections of the "Stadtring"
Bundesautobahn 100
inner city
motorway were opened, while a major housing programme was carried out, with roughly 20,000 new dwellings built each year during his time in office.
[
22
]
At the start of 1961, U.S. President
John F. Kennedy
saw Brandt as a figure destined for high office in West Germany and was hoping he would replace
Konrad Adenauer
as chancellor following elections later that year.
[
23
]
Kennedy made this preference clear by inviting Brandt, the West German opposition leader, to an official meeting at the
White House
a month before meeting with Adenauer, the country's leader. For the president, Brandt stood for Germany's future and for overcoming traditional Cold War thinking.
[
24
]
The diplomatic snub strained relations between Kennedy and Adenauer further during an especially tense time for Berlin.
[
25
]
However, following the building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961, Brandt was disappointed and angry with Kennedy. Speaking in Berlin three days later, Brandt criticised Kennedy, asserting, "Berlin expects more than words. It expects political action." He also wrote Kennedy a highly critical public letter in which he warned that the development was liable "to arouse doubts about the ability of the three
Allied Powers
to react and their determination" and he called the situation "a state of accomplished extortion".
[
26
]
Kennedy was furious, but managed to defuse the tension by sending his vice president,
Lyndon B. Johnson
, to Berlin.
[
27
]
In June 1963, Brandt figured prominently in the staging of Kennedy's triumphant
visit to West Berlin
.
[
28
]
Brandt became the chairman of the SPD in 1964,
a post that he retained until 1987, longer than any other party chairman since the founding of the SPD by
August Bebel
.
[
citation needed
]
Brandt was the SPD candidate for the chancellorship in 1961, but he lost to
Konrad Adenauer
's conservative
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
(CDU). In 1965, Brandt ran again, but lost to the popular
Ludwig Erhard
. Erhard's government was short-lived, however, and in 1966 a
grand coalition
between the SPD and CDU was formed, with Brandt serving as
foreign minister
and as the 5th
Vice Chancellor of Germany
.
[
29
]
In the
1969 elections
, again with Brandt as the leading candidate, the SPD became stronger. After three weeks of negotiations, the SPD and the smaller
Free Democratic Party of Germany
(FDP)
formed a coalition
government. Their
Members of the Bundestag
elected Brandt
Chancellor of Germany
.
Brandt with French president
Georges Pompidou
in
Cologne
, 3 July 1972
Monument commemorating the
Kniefall von Warschau
Brandt with U.S. president
Richard Nixon
and
Henry Kissinger
, 2 May 1973
Brandt with Egyptian President
Anwar Sadat
in
Cairo
, 21 April 1974
As chancellor, Brandt developed his
(Neue)
Ostpolitik
("new eastern policy") by stages. He was active in creating a degree of rapprochement with
East Germany
(governed by a regime under
Erich Honecker
), and also in improving relations with the
Soviet Union
, Poland (
Polish People's Republic
),
Czechoslovakia
, and other
Eastern Bloc
(communist) countries.
Brandt introduced his Ostpolitik gradually, starting in 1967 with the establishment of diplomatic relations with
Romania
and making a trade agreement with Czechoslovakia. In 1968, he restored diplomatic relations with
Yugoslavia
.
However, in August 1968, the Kremlin-controlled
invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact troops
ended the
Prague Spring
. It was a profound disappointment for Brandt. He condemned the invasion and put Ostpolitik on hold while he negotiated a coalition with the Free Democrats. In late 1969, he indicated his readiness to meet with East German leadership (then under
Walter Ulbricht
) on the basis of equality, without preconditions. He also expressed an eagerness to meet with the USSR and Poland to resolve frontier questions that had remained unsettled since 1945. Brandt and the East German premier
Willi Stoph
met in
Erfurt
on 19 March 1970 (
Erfurter Gipfeltreffen
 [
de
]
) and in
Kassel
on 21 May 1970 (
Gipfeltreffen in Kassel
 [
de
]
).
Brandt made a six-point proposal that would involve two separate German states that respected each other's territorial integrity and settle disputes peacefully. They would cooperate as neighbours and the rights of the Four Powers in Berlin would be respected by both of them, and finally, the situation around Berlin would be improved. No agreements were reached at first, but talks continued.
On 12 August 1970, he signed a treaty with the Soviet Union (
Treaty of Moscow
, which recognised existing national boundaries and was supposed to normalise relations.) The treaty with Poland in December 1970 (
Treaty of Warsaw
) accepted the current boundaries (
OderâNeisse line
), which had long been in dispute. During a visit to a monument to the
German occupation-era
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
, he unexpectedly, and apparently spontaneously, knelt (
Kniefall von Warschau
), honouring the victims.
This was met with a strong positive reaction worldwide but was highly controversial among the German public at the time.
[
30
]
The Berlin question (
Berlin-Frage
 [
de
]
) was settled on 3 September 1971 (
Four Power Agreement on Berlin
) to West Germany's satisfaction. The crowning step came with the Basic Treaty with East Germany (
Basic Treaty
, signed 21 December 1972). The
status quo
was legitimised, relations were formalised based on equality, and both Germanies joined the United Nations in 1973.
[
31
]
Brandt became the first German chancellor to address the United Nations General Assembly.
Time
magazine in the U.S. named Brandt as its
Man of the Year
for 1970, stating, "Willy Brandt is in effect seeking to end World War II by bringing about a fresh relationship between East and West. He is trying to accept the real situation in Europe, which has lasted for 25 years, but he is also trying to bring about a new reality in his bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc."
[
32
]
President
Richard Nixon
also was pushing
détente
on behalf of the United States. The
Nixon policies
amounted to co-opting Brandt's Ostpolitik.
[
33
]
In 1971, Brandt received the
Nobel Peace Prize
for his work in improving
International relations
with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. Brandt negotiated a peace treaty with Poland and agreements on the boundaries between the two countries, signifying the official and long-delayed end of
World War II
. Brandt negotiated parallel treaties and agreements with Czechoslovakia.
In West Germany, Brandt's
Neue Ostpolitik
was extremely controversial, dividing the populace into two camps. One camp embraced all of the conservative parties, and most notably those West German residents and their families who had been driven west ("die
Heimatvertriebenen
") by Stalinist
ethnic cleansing
from
Historical Eastern Germany
, especially the part that was given to Poland as a consequence of the end of the war; western
Czechoslovakia
(the
Sudetenland
); and the rest of Eastern Europe, such as in
Romania
. These groups of displaced Germans and their descendants loudly voiced their opposition to Brandt's policy, calling it "illegal" and "high treason".
A different camp supported and encouraged Brandt's
Neue Ostpolitik
as aiming at "change through
rapprochement
" (
Wandel durch AnnÀherung
), encouraging change through a policy of engagement with the (communist)
Eastern Bloc
, rather than trying to isolate these countries diplomatically and commercially. Brandt's supporters claim that the policy did help to break down the Eastern Bloc's "
siege mentality
" and also helped to increase its awareness of the contradictions in its brand of socialism/communism, which â together with other events â eventually led to the downfall of Eastern European communism.
Brandt's popularity
[
edit
]
Brandt talking at an
SPD
meeting in
Dortmund
, 1983
Brandt's predecessor as chancellor,
Kurt Georg Kiesinger
(1904â1988), was almost ten years older than Brandt. He had gained his certificate as a lawyer in March 1933 and become a (largely inactive) member of the
Nazi party
, obviously to avoid professional disadvantages. He was an older-fashioned conservative-liberal intellectual. Brandt, having fought the
Nazi regime
and having faced down communist Eastern Germany during several crises while he was the
mayor of Berlin
, became a controversial, but credible, figure in several different factions. As the
Minister of Foreign Affairs
in
Kiesinger's grand coalition cabinet
, Brandt helped to gain further international approval for West Germany, and he laid the foundation stones for his future
Neue Ostpolitik
. There was a wide public-opinion gap between Kiesinger and Brandt in the West German polls.
Both men had come to their own terms with the new
baby boomer
lifestyles (see also
Protests of 1968
). Kiesinger considered them to be "a shameful crowd of long-haired drop-outs who needed a bath and someone to discipline them". On the other hand, Brandt needed a while to get into contact with, and to earn credibility among, the "
Ausserparlamentarische Opposition
" (APO) ("the extra-parliamentary opposition"). The students questioned West German society in general, seeking social, legal, and political
reforms
. The unrest led to a renaissance of right-wing parties in some of the
Bundeslands
' (German states under the Bundesrepublik) Parliaments.
[
34
]
Brandt, however, represented a figure of change, and he followed a course of social, legal, and political reforms. The
West German federal election on 28 September 1969
brought the SPD 224 seats and FDP 30 seats. 249 seats were needed for a majority. SPD and FDP formed a coalition. In his first speech before the Bundestag as the chancellor, Brandt set forth his political course of reforms, ending the speech with his famous words, "Wir wollen mehr Demokratie wagen" (literally: "We want to dare more democracy", or more figuratively, "We want to take a chance on more Democracy"). This speech made Brandt, as well as the Social Democratic Party, popular among most of the students and other young West German baby-boomers who dreamed of a country that would be more open and more colourful than the frugal and still somewhat-authoritarian Bundesrepublik that had been built after World War II. However, Brandt's
Neue Ostpolitik
lost him a large part of the German refugee voters from East Germany, who had been significantly pro-SPD in the postwar years.
Chancellor of domestic reform
[
edit
]
Although Brandt is perhaps best known for his achievements in foreign policy, his government oversaw the implementation of a broad range of social reforms, and was known as a "Kanzler der inneren Reformen" ("Chancellor of domestic reform").
[
35
]
According to the historian
David Childs
, "Brandt was anxious that his government should be a reforming administration and a number of reforms were embarked upon".
[
36
]
Within a few years, the education budget rose from 16 billion to 50 billion DM, while one out of every three DM spent by the new government was devoted to welfare purposes. As noted by the journalist and historian
Marion Dönhoff
, "People were seized by a completely new feeling about life". A mania for large-scale reforms spread like wildfire, affecting schools, universities, the administration, and family legislation. In the autumn of 1970,
Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski
of the SPD declared "Every week more than three plans for reform come up for decision in cabinet and in the Assembly".
[
37
]
Federal spending rose significantly under Brandt;
[
38
]
increasing by an average of 12% per year between 1970 and 1974, with most of the additional spending allocated to transport, education and welfare.
[
39
]
During Brandt's time in office, social expenditure rose from one quarter to a third of GDP.
[
40
]
According to
Helmut Schmidt
, Willy Brandt's domestic reform programme had accomplished more than any previous programme for a comparable period.
[
41
]
Levels of social expenditure were increased,
[
42
]
with more funds allocated towards housing, transportation, schools, and communication,
[
43
]
and substantial federal benefits were provided for farmers.
[
44
]
Various measures were introduced to extend health care coverage,
[
45
]
while federal aid to sports organisations was increased.
[
44
]
A number of social reforms were instituted
[
46
]
whilst the welfare state was significantly expanded
[
47
]
(with total public spending on social programs nearly doubling between 1969 and 1975),
[
48
]
with health, housing, and social welfare legislation bringing about welcome improvements,
[
44
]
and by the end of the Brandt Chancellorship West Germany had one of the most advanced systems of welfare in the world.
[
35
]
Substantial increases were made in
social security
benefits such as injury and sickness benefits,
[
35
]
pensions,
[
49
]
unemployment benefits,
[
35
]
[
50
]
housing allowances,
[
51
]
basic subsistence aid allowances,
[
52
]
and family allowances and living allowances.
[
53
]
In the government's first budget, sickness benefits were increased by 9.3%, pensions for war widows by 25%, pensions for the war wounded by 16%, and retirement pensions by 5%.
[
43
]
Numerically, pensions went up by 6.4% (1970), 5.5% (1971), 9.5% (1972), 11.4% (1973), and 11.2% (1974). Adjusted for changes in the annual price index, pensions went up in real terms by 3.1% (1970), 0.3% (1971), 3.9% (1972), 4.4% (1973), and 4.2% (1974).
[
54
]
Between 1972 and 1974, the purchasing power of pensioners went up by 19%.
[
55
]
In 1970, war pensions were increased by 16%.
[
56
]
War victim's pensions went up by 5.5% in January 1971, and by 6.3% in January 1972. By 1972, war pensions for orphans and parents had gone up by around 40%, and for widows by around 50%. Between 1970 and 1972, the "Landabgaberente" (land transfer pension) went up by 55%.
[
57
]
Between 1969 and 1974, the average real standard rate of income support rose (in 1991 prices) from around 300 DM to around 400 DM.
[
58
]
Between 1970 and 1974, unemployment benefits rose from around 300 euros to around 400 euros per month, and unemployment assistance from just under 200 euros per month to just under 400 euros per month.
[
59
]
In 2001 prices, the average standard social assistance benefit level rose from around 200 euros per month in 1969 to over 250 euros per month in 1974.
[
60
]
During most of Brandt's years as chancellor, the majority of benefits increased as a percentage of average net earnings.
[
61
]
In 1970, seagoing pilots became retrospectively insurable and gained full social security as members of the Non-Manual Workers Insurance Institute. That same year, a special regulation came into force for District Master Chimney Sweeps, making them fully insurable under the Craftsman's Insurance Scheme.
[
56
]
An increase was made in tax-free allowances for children, which enabled 1,000,000 families to claim an allowance for the second child, compared to 300,000 families previously.
[
43
]
The Second Modification and Supplementation Law (1970) increased the allowance for the third child from DM 50 to DM 60, raised the income-limit for the second child allowance from DM 7,800 to DM 13,200; subsequently increased to DM 15,000 by the third modification law (December 1971), DM 16,800 by the fourth modification law (November 1973), and to DM 18,360 by the fifth modification law (December 1973).
[
51
]
A flexible retirement age after 62 years was introduced (1972) for invalids and disabled persons,
[
62
]
and social assistance was extended to those who previously had to be helped by their relatives.
[
46
]
From 1971, special subventions were provided to enable young farmers to quit farming "and facilitate their entry into the non-agricultural pension system by means of back payments".
[
63
]
The Third Modification Law (1974) extended individual entitlements to
social assistance
by means of higher-income limits compatible with the receipt of benefits and lowered age limits for certain special benefits. Rehabilitation measures were also extended, child supplements were expressed as percentages of standard amounts and were thus indexed to their changes, and the grandparents of recipients were exempted from potential liability to reimburse the expenditure of the social assistance carrier.
[
51
]
The Third Social Welfare Amendment Act (1974) brought considerable improvements for the disabled, those in need of care, and older persons,
[
64
]
and a new fund of 100 million marks for disabled children was established.
[
43
]
Allowances for retraining and advanced training and for refugees from East Germany were also increased,
[
43
]
together with federal grants for sport.
[
43
]
In addition, increases were made in the pensions of 2.5 million war victims.
[
37
]
Following a sudden increase in the price of oil, a law was passed in December 1973 granting recipients of social assistance and housing allowances a single heating-oil allowance (a procedure repeated in the winter of 1979 during the Schmidt Administration).
[
65
]
Improvements and automatic adjustments of maintenance allowances for participants in vocational training measures were also carried out,
[
57
]
and increased allowances were provided for training and retraining, together with special allowances for refugees from East Germany.
[
66
]
There was determined, by statutory regulation issued in February 1970, the category of persons most seriously disabled "to whom, with regard to maintenance aid, an increased demand (50% of the appropriate rate) is being conceded, and, within the scope of relief in special living conditions: a higher rate of nursing aid".
[
67
]
In 1971, the retirement age for miners was lowered to 50.
[
68
]
An April 1972 law providing for "promotion of social aid services" aimed to remedy, through various beneficial measures (particularly in the field of national insurance and working conditions), the staff-shortage suffered by social establishments in their medico-social, educational and other work. A bill to harmonise re-education benefits and another bill relating to severely disabled persons became law in May and September 1972 respectively.
[
62
]
In 1972, winter payments for construction workers were introduced.
[
69
]
[
70
]
[
71
]
To assist family planning and marriage and family guidance, the government allocated DM 2,232,000 in 1973 for the payment and for the basic and further training of staff. A special effort was also made in 1973 to organise the recreation of
disabled persons
, with a holiday guide for the disabled issued with the aid of the Federal Ministry of Family and Youth Affairs and Health in order to help them find suitable holiday accommodation for themselves and their families. From 1972 to 1973, the total amount of individual aids granted by the Guarantee Fund for the integration of young immigrants increased from 17 million DM to 26 million DM.
[
72
]
Under a law passed in April 1974, the protection hitherto granted to the victims of war or industrial accidents for the purpose of their occupational and social reintegration was extended to all disabled persons, whatever the cause of their disability, provided that their capacity to work had been reduced by at least 50%.
[
73
]
In the field of health care, various measures were introduced to improve the quality and availability of health care provision. Free hospital care was introduced for 9 million recipients of social relief,
[
37
]
while a contributory medical service for 23 million panel patients was introduced.
[
37
]
Pensioners were exempted from paying a 2% health insurance contribution,
[
43
]
while improvements in health insurance provision were carried out,
[
35
]
as characterised by an expanded sickness insurance scheme, with the inclusion of preventative treatment.
[
51
]
The income limit for compulsory sickness insurance was indexed to changes in the wage level (1970),
[
51
]
and the right to medical cancer screening for 23.5 million people was introduced.
[
74
]
In January 1971, the reduction of sickness allowance in case of hospitalisation was discontinued.
[
75
]
That same year, compulsory health insurance was extended to the self-employed.
[
76
]
In 1970, the government included nonmedical psychotherapists and psychoanalysts in the national health insurance program.
[
77
]
Pupils, students and children in kindergartens were incorporated into the accident insurance scheme,
[
51
]
which benefited 11 million children.
[
37
]
Free medical checkups were introduced that same year,
[
78
]
while the Farmers' Sickness Insurance Law (1972) introduced compulsory sickness insurance for independent farmers, family workers in agriculture, and pensioners under the farmers' pension scheme, medical benefits for all covered groups, and cash benefits for family workers under compulsory coverage for pension insurance.
[
51
]
Participation in the employer's health insurance was extended to four million employees.
[
74
]
A Development Law of December 1970 made it possible for all employees to voluntarily become members of the statutory sickness insurance. The level of income for compulsory sickness insurance was indexed to 75% of the respective assessment level for pension insurance, while voluntarily insured employees were granted a claim to an allowance towards their sickness insurance from their employer. This law also introduced a new type of sickness insurance benefit, namely facilities for the early diagnosis of disease. Apart from the discretionary service of disease prevention, which had existed since 1923, insured persons now had a right in certain circumstances to medical examinations aimed at the early diagnosis of disease. According to one study, this marked a change in the concept of sickness insurance: it now aimed at securing good health.
[
65
]
The Hospital Financing Law (1972) secured the supply of hospitals and reduced the cost of hospital care, "defined the financing of hospital investment as a public responsibility, single states to issue plans for hospital development, and the federal government to bear the cost of hospital investment covered in the plans, rates for hospital care thus based on running costs alone, hospitals to ensure that public subsidies together with insurance fund payments for patients cover total costs".
[
51
]
The Benefit Improvement Law (1973) made entitlement to hospital care legally binding (entitlements already enjoyed in practice), abolished time limits for hospital care, introduced entitlement to household assistance under specific conditions, and also introduced entitlement to leave of absence from work and cash benefits in the event of a child's illness.
[
51
]
In 1971, to encourage the growth of registered family holiday centres, the Federal Government granted subsidies for the building and appointing of 28 of these centres at a total cost of 8 million DM.
[
75
]
Free preliminary investigations were introduced for 2.5 million children up until the age of 4 for the early detection and correction of developmental disorders, and health research was expanded. Federal grants were increased, especially for the Cancer Research Centre in Heidelberg, while a Federal Institute for Sport Science was set up, together with the Institute for Social Medicine and Epidemiology in Berlin. In addition, funding for new rehabilitation facilities was increased.
[
57
]
The Pension Reform Law (1972) guaranteed all retirees a minimum pension regardless of their contributions
[
79
]
and institutionalized the norm that the standard pension (of average earners with forty years of contributions) should not fall below 50% of current gross earnings.
[
51
]
The 1972 pension reforms improved eligibility conditions and benefits for nearly every subgroup of the West German population.
[
80
]
The income replacement rate for employees who made full contributions was raised to 70% of average earnings. The reform also replaced 65 as the mandatory retirement age with a "retirement window" ranging between 63 and 65 for employees who had worked for at least thirty-five years. Employees who qualified as disabled and had worked for at least thirty-five years were extended a more generous retirement window, which ranged between the ages of 60 and 62. Women who had worked for at least fifteen years (ten of which had to be after the age of 40) and the long-term unemployed were also granted the same retirement window as the disabled. In addition, there were no benefit reductions for employees who had decided to retire earlier than the age of 65.
[
81
]
The legislation also changed the way in which pensions were calculated for low-income earners who had been covered for twenty-five or more years. If the pension benefit fell below a specified level, then such workers were allowed to substitute a wage figure of 75% of the average wage during this period, thus creating something like a minimum wage benefit.
[
82
]
According to one study, the 1972 pension reform "enhanced" the reduction of poverty in old age.
[
83
]
Voluntary retirement at 63 with no deductions in the level of benefits was introduced,
[
80
]
together with the index-linking of war victims' pensions to wage increases.
[
35
]
Guaranteed minimum pension benefits for all West Germans were introduced,
[
48
]
along with automatic pension increases for war widows (1970).
[
78
]
Fixed minimum rates for women in receipt of very low pensions were also introduced, together with equal treatment for war widows.
[
84
]
Improvements in pension provision were made for women and the self-employed,
[
85
]
a new minimum pension for workers with at least twenty-five years' insurance was introduced,
[
52
]
faster pension indexation was implemented, with the annual adjustment of pensions brought forward by six months,
[
86
]
and the Seventh Modification Law (1973) linked the indexation of farmers' pensions to the indexation of the general pension insurance scheme.
[
51
]
A new pension for "severely handicapped" persons was introduced in 1972,
[
87
]
along with occupational injury annuities
[
88
]
and a special pension for long-standing insurant from the age of 63 and a pension due to "limited earning capacity" from the age of 62.
[
89
]
In addition, a special pension benefit was introduced for workers aged 60 and above after unemployment.
[
90
]
Under the Severely Handicapped Persons Act of April 1974, a seriously disabled person could retire early on an old age pension at the age of 62 years, provided that he "complied with the other provisions of the legislation on pension insurance".
[
73
]
In education, the Brandt Administration sought to widen educational opportunities for all West Germans. The government presided over an increase in the number of teachers,
[
37
]
generous public stipends were introduced for students to cover their living costs,
[
46
]
and West German universities were converted from elite schools into mass institutions.
[
46
]
The school leaving age was raised to 16,
[
91
]
and spending on research and education was increased by nearly 300% between 1970 and 1974.
[
91
]
Working through a planning committee set up for the "joint task" of university development, the Federal Government started to make investment costs in 1971.
[
92
]
Fees for higher or further education were abolished,
[
35
]
while a considerable increase in the number of higher education institutions took place.
[
35
]
A much-needed school and college construction program was carried out,
[
35
]
together with the introduction of postgraduate support for highly qualified graduates, providing them with the opportunity to earn their doctorates or undertake research studies.
[
93
]
A law on individual promotion of vocational training came into force in October 1971, which provided for financial grants for attendance at further general or technical teaching establishments from the second year of studies at higher technical schools, academies and higher education establishments, training centres of second degree, or certain courses of television teaching. Grants were also made in certain cases for attendance at training centres located outside the Federal Republic.
[
75
]
The education budget was doubled from 3% to 6%, while an expansion of secondary education took place. The number of university students went up from 100,000 to 650,000, 30,000 more places were created in the schools, and an additional 1 billion marks were allocated for new school buildings. In addition, the provision of scholarships was expanded, with the 1970 programme providing for, in the words of one observer, "5,000 new scholarships for graduates, and double that number were being awarded three years later".
[
66
]
Grants were introduced for pupils from lower income groups to stay on at school, together with grants for those going into any kind of higher or further education.
[
93
]
[
94
]
Increases were also made in educational allowances,
[
51
]
as well as spending on science.
[
53
]
In 1972, the government allocated 2.1 million DM in grants to promote marriage and family education.
[
62
]
Under the Approbationsordnung (medical education profession act) of 1970, the subject of psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy at German universities became a compulsory subject for medical students,
[
95
]
and that same year education of clinical and biomedical engineers was introduced.
[
96
]
The Brandt Administration also introduced enabling legislation for the introduction of comprehensives, but left it to the Lander "to introduce them at their discretion". While the more left-wing Lander "rapidly began to do so", other Lander found "all sorts of pretexts for delaying the scheme". By the mid-1980s, Berlin had 25 comprehensives while Bavaria only had 1, and in most LĂ€nder comprehensives were still viewed as "merely experimental".
[
97
]
Housing and urban development
[
edit
]
In the field of housing, various measures were carried out to benefit householders, such as improving the rights of tenants and increasing rental assistance. According to the Rent Subsidies Act (Wohngeldgesetz) of 1970, "low-income tenants and owners of accommodations are supported with rents and burdens subsidies".
[
98
]
The determination of the income of families taken into consideration for housing allowances was simplified,
[
99
]
and increased levels of protection and support for low-income tenants and householders were introduced,
[
35
]
which led to a drop in the number of eviction notices. By 1974, three times as much was paid out in rent subsidies as in 1969, and nearly one and a half million households received rental assistance.
[
64
]
Increases were made in public housing subsidies,
[
100
]
as characterised by a 36% increase in the social housing budget in 1970
[
43
]
and by the introduction of a programme for the construction of 200,000 public housing units (1971).
[
101
]
From 1970 to 1971, an 18.1% increase in building permits for social housing units was made.
[
102
]
Other reforms aimed at improving tenants' rights included protection against conversion of rental housing into condominiums, the prohibition of the misappropriation of living space, new regulation of the apartment broker system, and a fee scale for engineers and architects. In addition, the income limits for eligibility for social housing were raised and adapted in order to reflect general income trends.
[
57
]
A loose form of rent regulation was introduced under the name of
Vergleichmieten
(comparable rents),
[
103
]
together with the provision of "for family-friendly housing" freight or rent subsidies to owners of apartments or houses whose ceiling had been adapted to increased expenses or incomes (1970).
[
104
]
In addition, a law for the creation of property for workers was passed, under which a married worker would normally keep up to 95% of his pay, and graded tax remission for married wage-earners applied up to a wage of 48,000 marks, which indicated the economic prosperity of West Germany at that time.
[
43
]
The Town Planning Act (1971) encouraged the preservation of historical heritage and helped open up the way to the future of many German cities,
[
84
]
while the Urban Renewal Act (1971) helped the states to restore their inner cities and to develop new neighbourhoods.
[
105
]
In addition, the Guidelines of December 1972 on the usage of federal funds in assisting social housing construction laid down that a certain standard needed to be observed when building homes for severely disabled persons.
[
106
]
The Second Housing Allowance Law of December 1970 simplified the administration of housing allowances and extended entitlements, increased the income limit to 9,600 DM per year plus 2,400 DM for each family member, raised the general deduction on income to determine reckonable income from 15% to 20%, allowance rates listed in tables replacing complicated calculation procedure based on "bearable rent burdens".
[
51
]
The Housing Construction Modification Law (1971) increased the income-limit for access to low rent apartments under the social housing programme from 9,000 DM to 12,000 DM per annum plus 3,000 DM (instead of 2,400) for each family member. The law also introduced special subsidies to reduce the debt burden for builders not surpassing the regular income limit by more than 40%. Under a 1973 law, the limits were increased to 1,000 DM plus 9,000 DM and 4,200 DM for additional family members.
[
51
]
The Rent Improvement Law (1971) strengthened the position of tenants. Under this legislation, notice was to be ruled illegal "where appropriate substitute accommodation not available; landlords obliged to specify reasons for notice",
[
51
]
whilst the Eviction Protection Law (1971) established tenant protection against rent rises and notice. The notice was only lawful if in the "justified interest of the landlord". Under this law, higher rents were not recognised as "justified interest".
[
51
]
The Second Eviction Protection Law (1972) made the tenant protection introduced under the Eviction Protection Law of 1971 permanent. Under this new law, the notice was only lawful where the landlord proved a justified personal interest in the apartment. In addition, rent increases were only lawful if they were not above normal comparable rents in the same area.
[
51
]
Directives on the housing of foreign workers came into force in April 1971. These directives imposed certain requirements for space, hygiene, safety, and amenities in the accommodations offered by employers. That same year, the Federal Government granted a sum of 17 million DM to the LĂ€nder for the improvement and modernisation of housing built before 21 June 1948.
[
75
]
In addition, according to a 1971 regulation of the Board of the Federal Labour Office, "construction of workers' hostels qualified for government financial support under certain conditions".
[
107
]
The "German Council for town development", which was set up by virtue of Article 89 of a law to foster urban building, was partly aimed at planning a favourable environment for families (such as the provision of playgrounds). In 1971, the Federal Labour Office made available DM 425 million in the form of loans to provide 157,293 beds in 2,494 hostels. A year later, the Federal Government (Bund), the LĂ€nder and the Federal Labour Office promoted the construction of dwellings for migrant workers. They set aside 10 million DM for this purpose, which allowed the financing of 1650 family dwellings that year.
[
62
]
Development measures were begun in 1972 with federal financial aid granted to the Lander for improvement measures relating to towns and villages, and in the 1972 budget, DM 50 million was earmarked, i.e. a third of the total cost of some 300 schemes. A council for urban development was formed in May 1972 with the purpose of promoting future work and measures in the field of urban renovation.
[
62
]
In 1973, the government provided assistance of DM 28 million for the modernisation of old dwellings.
[
72
]
New rules were introduced regarding improvements in the law relating to rented property, and control of the rise in rents and protection against cancellation of leases also safeguarded the rights of migrant workers in the sphere of housing.
[
62
]
A law of July 1973 fixed the fundamental and minimum requirements regarding workers' dwellings, mainly concerning space, ventilation and lighting, protection against damp, heat and noise, power and heating facilities and sanitary installations.
[
72
]
Civil, family, and animal rights
[
edit
]
Regarding civil rights, the Brandt Administration introduced a broad range of socially liberal reforms aimed at making West Germany a more open society. Greater legal rights for women were introduced, as exemplified by the standardisation of pensions, divorce laws, regulations governing the use of surnames, and the introduction of measures to bring more women into politics.
[
84
]
The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18,
[
108
]
the age of eligibility for political office was lowered to 21,
[
93
]
and the age of majority was lowered to 18 in March 1974.
[
93
]
The Third Law for the Liberalisation of the Penal Code (1970) liberalised "the right to political demonstration",
[
41
]
[
93
]
while equal rights were granted to illegitimate children that same year.
[
52
]
A 1971 amendment to a federal civil service reform bill enabled fathers to apply for part-time civil service work.
[
109
]
In 1971, corporal punishment was banned in schools,
[
110
]
and that same year a new Highway Code was introduced.
[
111
]
In 1973, a measure was introduced that facilitated the adoption of young children by reducing the minimum age for adoptive parents from 35 to 25.
[
72
]
A woman's policy machinery at the national level was established in 1972
[
112
]
while amnesty was guaranteed for minor offences connected with demonstrations.
[
93
]
From 1970 onwards, parents as well as landlords were no longer legally prohibited "to give or rent rooms or flats to unmarried couples or to allow them to stay overnight".
[
113
]
In October 1972, the legal aid system was improved with the compensation paid to private lawyers for legal services to the poor increased.
[
114
]
The Bausparkassen Act of 1972
[
115
]
placed all bausparkassen (
building societies
) under the supervision of the Federal Banking Supervisory Office from January 1974 onwards, and confined them "to the contract saving business and related activities".
[
116
]
The Animal Protection Act, passed in 1972, introduced various safeguards for animals such as not permitting the causing of pain, injury, or suffering to an animal without justification, and limiting experiments to the minimum number of animals necessary.
[
117
]
In 1971, rules were introduced making it possible for former guestworkers "to receive an unlimited residence permit after a five-year stay".
[
118
]
A number of reforms were also carried out to the armed forces,
[
44
]
as characterised by a reduction in basic military training from 18 to 15 months, a reorganisation of education and training, and personnel and procurement procedures.
[
64
]
Education for the troops was improved,
[
119
]
a personnel reshuffle of top management in the Bundeswehr was carried out,
[
120
]
academic education was mandated for officers beyond their basic military training, and a new recruiting policy for Bundeswehr personnel was introduced with the intention of building an army that reflected West Germany's pluralistic society. Defence Minister
Helmut Schmidt
led the development of the first Joint Service Regulation ZDv 10/1 (Assistance for Innere Fuehrung, classified: restricted), which revitalised the concept of Innere Fuehrung while also affirming the value of the "citizen in uniform". According to one study, as a result of this reform, "a strong civil mindset displaced the formerly dominant military mindset", and forced the Bundeswehr's elder generation to accept a new type of soldier envisioned by Schmidt.
[
121
]
In addition, the Federal Cost of Moving Act increased the relocation allowance (with effect from 1 November 1973), with the basic allowances raised by DM 50 and DM 100 respectively, while extra allowances for families were raised to a uniform amount of 125 DM.
[
122
]
In 1970, the Armed Forces Vocational Schools and the Vocational Advancement Organization extended their services for the first time to conscripts, "so far as military duty permitted".
[
122
]
New enlistment bonuses were authorised and previous bonus schemes were improved,
[
122
]
and new pay regulations were introduced that improved the financial situation of military personnel and civil servants.
[
122
]
In July 1973, the 3rd Amendment to the Civilian Service Act came into force; "a prerequisite for the creation of additional civilian service places for recognised conscientious objectors". The amendment provided that men recognised as conscientious objectors while performing military service should immediately be transferred to a civilian service assignment.
[
122
]
The maximum amount for servicemen enlisting for at least 12 years was increased from DM 6,000 to DM 9,000,
[
122
]
and from October 1971 onwards, long-term personnel were paid grants towards the cost of attending educational institutes of the "second educational route" or participating in state-recognized general education courses provided by private correspondence schools and the "television college".
[
122
]
In 1972, two Bundeswehr universities were established;
[
123
]
[
124
]
a reform which, according to one historian, "fought against the closed nature of the military and guaranteed that officers would be better able to successfully interact with the civilian world".
[
125
]
From April 1973, the general maintenance payments under the Law amending the Maintenance Security Act and the Workplace Protection Act were increased, while increases were also made in the special allowance (Christmas bonus) for conscripts, together with the dismissal allowance. The expense allowance for troops on duty-related absence from place of employment was improved, together with travel subsidies and provisions for military service-damaged soldiers and their families.
[
126
]
In addition, the position of non-commissioned officers was improved.
[
127
]
Consumers' and workers' rights
[
edit
]
Brandt visiting a coal mine in
Dortmund
-
Eving
, 1974
Legislation aimed at safeguarding consumers was also implemented under the Brandt Administration. The consumer's right of withdrawal in case of hire purchase was strengthened in March 1974,
[
128
]
and fixed prices for branded products were abolished by law in January that same year, which meant that manufacturers' recommended prices were not binding for retailers.
[
128
]
In addition, a progressive anticartel law was passed.
[
44
]
The Law on Compensation for Measures of Criminal Prosecution and Penalties, passed in March 1971, provided for standardised compensation in certain situations.
[
129
]
[
130
]
[
131
]
In addition, the budget for communications was increased.
[
66
]
In terms of working conditions, a number of reforms were introduced aimed at strengthening the rights of workers both at home and in the workplace. The Sickness Act of 1970 provided equal treatment of workers and employees in the event of incapacity for work,
[
86
]
while maternity leave was increased.
[
132
]
Legislation was introduced in 1970, which ensured continued payment of wages for workers disabled by illness.
[
79
]
In 1970 all employees unfit for work (except for women in receipt of maternity benefits and temporarily and inconsiderably employed persons) were provided with an unconditional legal claim against their employer to continued payment of their gross wage for a period of 6 weeks, as also in the case of spa treatment approved by an Insurance Fund, the Fund bearing the full cost thereof. Previously, payment of the employer's supplement and sick pay were only made from the day on which the doctor certified unfitness for work.
[
56
]
In 1972, an Act on Agency Work was passed, which sought to prevent work agencies from providing job placement services and aimed to provide minimum job protection for employees in agency work.
[
133
]
A law on the hiring out of manpower, passed in October 1972, contained provisions to stipulate prior authorization for the hiring out of manpower, to draw a distinction between the system governing workers hired out and the placing of workers, to regulate and improve the rights of hired out workers pertaining to working conditions and social insurance, and provide for more severe penalties and fines to be imposed on offenders.
[
62
]
Improvements were also made in income and work conditions for home workers,
[
134
]
accident insurance was extended to non-working adults,
[
48
]
and the Border Zone Assistance Act (1971) increased levels of assistance to the declining zonal peripheral area.
[
135
]
The Occupational Safety Act (1973) required employers to provide company doctors and safety experts.
[
136
]
A directive on protection against noise at the place of work was adopted in November 1970. If measurements showed or there was reason to assume that a noise level guide value of 90 dB(A) may be exceeded at the place of work, then the authority had to instruct the employer to arrange check-ups of the employees concerned, and these employees had to use personal noise protection devices.
[
62
]
A matching fund program for 15 million employees was also introduced, which stimulated them to accumulate capital.
[
44
]
A ministerial order of January 1970 extended protection in cases of partial unemployment to home workers, while an ordinance of August 1970 fixed the conditions of health necessary for service in the merchant navy. A general provision of October 1970 determined in detail the circumstances in which the competent authority must take action based on the act on the technical means of work. The requirement also stipulated the extent to which the technical standards established by national and international organisations can be regarded as "rules of the art".
[
99
]
By a decree of the Federal Minister for Labour and Social Order, the Federal Institute for Industrial Protection became the Federal Agency for Industrial Protection and Accident Research. Amongst its designated tasks were the promotion of industrial protection, accident prevention on the journey to and from work and accident prevention in the home and leisure activities, the encouragement of training and advanced training in the area of industrial protection, and the promotion and coordination of accident research. A regulation was issued in 1972 which permitted for the first time the employment of women as drivers of trams, omnibuses and lorries, while further regulations laid down new provisions for lifts and work with compressed air.
[
62
]
The Factory Constitution Law (1971) strengthened the rights of individual employees "to be informed and to be heard on matters concerning their place of work". The Works Council was provided with greater authority while trade unions were given the right of entry into the factory "provided they informed the employer of their intention to do so",
[
36
]
while a law was passed to encourage wider share ownership by workers and other rank-and-file employees.
[
36
]
The Industrial Relations Law (1972) and the Personnel Representation Act (1974) broadened the rights of employees in matters which immediately affected their places of work, while also improving the possibilities for codetermination on operations committees, together with access of trade unions to companies.
[
79
]
The Works Constitution Act of 1972 required, in cases of collective dismissal at an establishment normally employing more than twenty employees, that management and the works council must negotiate a social plan that stipulates compensation for workers who lose their jobs. In cases where the two parties could not agree on a social plan, the law provided for binding arbitration.
[
137
]
In 1972, the rights of works councils to information from management were not only strengthened, but works councils were also provided with full codetermination rights on issues such as working time arrangements in the plant, the setting of piece rates, plant wage systems, the establishment of vacation times, work breaks, overtime, and short-time work.
[
138
]
Legislation was passed which acknowledged for the first time the presence of trade unions in the workplace, expanded the means of action of the works councils, and improved their work basics as well as those of the youth councils.
[
139
]
A law of January 1972 on the organisation of labour in enterprises significantly extended the works council's right of cooperation and co-management in the matter of vocational training. That same year, the Safety Institute of the Federal Republic of Germany was transformed into a public Federal Agency (Bundesanstalt) with significantly enlarged powers, in the context of which special emphasis would be placed on its new task of promoting and coordinating research in the area of accident prevention.
[
62
]
New provisions were introduced for the rehabilitation of severely disabled people ("Schwerbehinderte") and accident victims.
[
84
]
The Severely Disabled Persons Act of April 1974 obliged all employers with more than fifteen employees to ensure that 6% of their workforce consisted of people officially recognised as being severely disabled. Employers who failed to do so were assessed 100 DM per month for every job falling below the required quota. These compensatory payments were used to "subsidise the adaptation of workplaces to the requirements of those who were severely handicapped".
[
52
]
A law passed in January 1974, designed to protect members of the supervisory boards of companies who are undergoing training, was aimed at ensuring that the representatives of young workers and youthful members of works councils still undergoing training could perform their duties with greater independence and without fear of disadvantageous consequences for their future careers. On request, workers' representatives on completion of their training courses had to have an employment relationship of unlimited duration.
[
73
]
In the field of transport, the Municipal Transportation Finance Law of 1971 established federal guidelines for subsidies to municipal governments,
[
140
]
while the Federal Transport Plan of 1973 provided a framework for all transport, including public transport.
[
141
]
In addition, the Severely Handicapped Persons Act of April 1974 extended the welfare and promotional obligations of the employer and provided a right to an extra holiday consisting of six working days.
[
106
]
A federal environmental programme was established in 1971,
[
142
]
and in 1972 laws were passed to regulate garbage elimination and air pollution via emissions.
[
143
]
Matching grants covering 90% of infrastructure development were allocated to local communities, which led to a dramatic increase in the number of public swimming pools and other facilities of consumptive infrastructure throughout West Germany.
[
46
]
The federal crime-fighting apparatus was also modernised,
[
44
]
while a Foreign Tax Act was passed which limited the possibility of tax evasion.
[
144
]
In addition, efforts were made to improve the railways and motorways.
[
44
]
In 1971, a law was passed setting the maximum lead content at 0.4 grams per liter of gasoline,
[
145
]
and in 1972 DDT was banned.
[
146
]
The Federal Emissions Control Law, passed in March 1974, provided protection from noxious gases, noise, and air-borne particulate matter.
[
147
]
In August 1971, a law came into force directed at reducing atmospheric pollution from lead compounds in four-stroke engine fuels. As a safeguard against radiation, a decree on the system of authorisations for medicaments treated with ionising radiation or containing radioactive substances, in its version of 8 August 1967, was remodelled by a new Decree of 10 May 1971 which added some radionuclides to the list of medicaments which doctors in private practice were authorised to use.
Taking into account the enormous high peaks of air traffic noise and its concentration at a limited number of airports, the Law for Protection against Aircraft Noise of 1971 sought to balance two conflicting demands, the first being the legitimate demand by industry, business and the public for an efficient air traffic system, and secondly, the understandable and by no means less legitimate claims of the affected people for protection and compensation. The legislation regulated the establishment of so-called "LĂ€rmschutzzonen" (protection areas against aircraft noise) for all 11 international airports and for those 34 military airports used for jet aircraft, and the law also authorised the Federal Department of the Interior to decree protection areas for each of those mentioned airports with approval by the "Bundesrat", the representation of the German Federal States.
[
148
]
Under the Brandt Administration, West Germany attained a lower rate of inflation than in other industrialised countries at that time,
[
43
]
while a rise in the standard of living took place, helped by the floating and revaluation of the mark.
[
43
]
This was characterised by the real incomes of employees increasing more sharply than incomes from entrepreneurial work, with the proportion of employees' incomes in the overall national income rising from 65% to 70% between 1969 and 1973, while the proportion of income from entrepreneurial work and property fell over that same period from just under 35% to 30%.
[
64
]
In addition, the percentage of West Germans living in poverty (based on various definitions) fell between 1969 and 1973.
[
149
]
[
150
]
According to one estimate, the percentage of West Germans living in poverty fell from 9.7% to 8.9% between 1969 and 1973, and from 20.2% to 14.0% according to another estimate.
[
151
]
According to another estimate, the percentage of West Germans living in poverty during this period fell from 2.7% to 1.4%.
[
152
]
Brandt's
Ostpolitik
led to a meltdown of the narrow majority Brandt's coalition enjoyed in the
Bundestag
. In October 1970, FDP deputies
Erich Mende
,
Heinz Starke
, and Siegfried Zoglmann crossed the floor to join the CDU. On 23 February 1972, SPD deputy
Herbert Hupka
, who was also leader of the
Bund der Vertriebenen
, joined the CDU in disagreement with Brandt's reconciliatory efforts towards the east. On 23 April 1972, Wilhelm Helms (FDP) left the coalition. The FDP politicians Knud von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm and Gerhard Kienbaum also declared that they would vote against Brandt, completing the loss of Brandt's majority. On 24 April 1972, a
constructive vote of no confidence
was proposed, to be voted on three days later. In the event this motion passed, CDU leader
Rainer Barzel
would have replaced Brandt as chancellor.
On paper, the opposition now had 250 votes; just one over the 249 needed to oust Brandt. Even Brandt himself believed he was finished, and a number of unions went on strike in anticipation of Brandt's expected defeat on the floor of the Bundestag. To everyone's surprise, the motion failed: Barzel got only 247 votes out of 260 votes cast, two short of what he needed to become Chancellor. There were also 10 votes against the motion and three invalid ballots. Most SPD and FDP deputies abstained, which had the same effect as voting for Brandt.
Though Brandt remained chancellor, he had lost his majority. Subsequent initiatives in parliament, most notably on the budget, failed. Because of this stalemate, the Bundestag was dissolved, and new elections were called. During the 1972 campaign, many popular West German artists, intellectuals, writers, actors and professors supported Brandt and the SPD. Among them were
GĂŒnter Grass
,
Walter Jens
, and even the
soccer
player
Paul Breitner
. Brandt's
Ostpolitik
as well as his reformist domestic policies were popular with parts of the young generation, and he led the SPD to its best-ever federal election result in late 1972.
However, the
Willy-Wahl
, Brandt's landslide win, was the beginning of the end, and Brandt's role in government started to decline. Many of his reforms met with resistance from state governments, dominated by CDU/CSU. The spirit of reformist optimism was cut short by the
1973 oil crisis
and the major public services strike of 1974, which gave Germany's trade unions, led by
Heinz Kluncker
, a big wage increase but reduced Brandt's financial leeway for further reforms. Brandt was said to be more of a dreamer than a manager and was personally haunted by depression. To counter any notions about being sympathetic to Communism or soft on
left-wing
extremists, Brandt implemented tough legislation that barred "radicals" from public service (
Radikalenerlass
).
Brandt, photographed in 1974, with
GĂŒnter Guillaume
. This image was taken a month before Brandt's resignation as chancellor.
Brandt, photographed at an
SPD
conference in
Munich
, with his successor
Helmut Schmidt
, 1982
Around 1973, West German security organisations received information that one of Brandt's personal assistants,
GĂŒnter Guillaume
, was a spy for the East German intelligence services. Brandt was asked to continue working as usual, and he agreed to do so, even taking a private vacation with Guillaume. Guillaume was arrested on 24 April 1974 and later sentenced to 13 years in prison for
treason
.
[
153
]
Brandt resigned from his position as chancellor on 6 May 1974, but he remained a member of the
Bundestag
and chairman of the Social Democrats until 1987.
This
espionage
affair is widely considered to have been just the trigger for Brandt's resignation, not the fundamental cause. As Brandt himself later said, "I was exhausted, for reasons which had nothing to do with the affair [the Guillaume espionage scandal] going on at the time."
[
154
]
Brandt was dogged by scandals about serial adultery and reportedly also struggled with alcohol and depression.
[
155
]
There was also the economic fallout on West Germany of the
1973 oil crisis
, which may seem to have given enough stress to finish off Brandt as the Chancellor.
[
citation needed
]
Guillaume had been an espionage agent for
East Germany
, who was supervised by
Markus Wolf
, the head of the
Main Directorate for Reconnaissance
(
Hauptverwaltung AufklÀrung
or HVAâthe foreign intelligence service) of the East German Ministry for State Security. Wolf stated after the reunification that the resignation of Brandt had never been intended, and that the planting and handling of Guillaume had been one of the biggest mistakes of the East German secret services.
Brandt was succeeded as the Chancellor of the Bundesrepublik by his fellow Social Democrat,
Helmut Schmidt
. For the rest of his life, Brandt remained suspicious that his fellow Social Democrat (and longtime rival)
Herbert Wehner
had been scheming for Brandt's downfall.
[
citation needed
]
However, there is scant evidence to corroborate this suspicion.
Post-Chancellorship
[
edit
]
Brandt at a party rally in
MĂŒnster
, 1988
After his term as the Chancellor, Brandt retained his seat in the
Bundestag
, and he remained the Chairman of the Social Democratic Party through 1987. Beginning in 1987, Brandt stepped down to become the Honorary Chairman of the party. Brandt was also a member of the
European Parliament
from 1979 to 1983.
Socialist International
Congress 1983. Brandt with outgoing general secretary
Bernt Carlsson
(left) and new general secretary Pentti VÀÀnÀnen (right).
For sixteen years (1976â1992), Brandt was the
president of the Socialist International
. During that period, the number of Socialist International's mainly European member parties grew until there were more than a hundred socialist, social democratic, and labour political parties around the world. For the first seven years, this growth in SI membership had been prompted by the efforts of the Socialist International's Secretary-General, the Swede
Bernt Carlsson
. However, in early 1983, a dispute arose about what Carlsson perceived as the SI president's authoritarian approach. Carlsson then rebuked Brandt, saying, "This is a Socialist International â not a German International".
Next, against some vocal opposition, Brandt decided to move the next Socialist International Congress from
Sydney, Australia
to
Portugal
. Following this Socialist Congress in April 1983, Brandt retaliated against Carlsson by forcing him to step down from his position. However, the
Austrian Chancellor
,
Bruno Kreisky
, argued on behalf of Brandt: "It is a question of whether it is better to be pure or to have greater numbers".
[
156
]
Carlsson was succeeded by the Finn
Pentti VÀÀnÀnen
as Secretary General of the
Socialist International
.
[
157
]
During Brandt's presidency, the SI developed activities and dialogue on a number of International issues. This concerned the EastâWest conflict and
arms race
, on which the SI held high-level consultations with the leaderships of the United States and the Soviet Union, and on
Afghanistan after 1979
.
[
158
]
The SI met with President
Jimmy Carter
and Vice Presidents
Walter Mondale
and
George Bush
, and with the
CPSU
Secretaries General Leonid Brezhnev and
Mikhail Gorbachev
and
Soviet Head of State
Andrei Gromyko
. The SI also developed active contacts to promote dialogue concerning regional conflicts. Those included the Middle East, where they helped to build contacts between Israel and the
PLO
, and also in
Southern Africa
and Central America.
[
159
]
In 1984, as the chairman of the SPD, Brandt initiated party dialogues with the
Chinese Communist Party
(CCP), making SPD the first international party relationship CCP established outside of other
communist parties
.
[
160
]
In 1977, Brandt was appointed as the chairman of the Independent Commission for International Developmental Issues. This produced a report in 1980, which called for drastic changes in the global attitude towards development in the Third World. This became known as the
Brandt Report
.
In October 1979, Brandt met with the East German dissident,
Rudolf Bahro
, who had written
The Alternative
. Bahro and his supporters were attacked by the East German state security organisation
Stasi
, headed by
Erich Mielke
, for his writings, which had laid the theoretical foundation of a left-wing opposition to the ruling SED party and its dependent allies, and which promoted new and changed parties. All of this is now described as "change from within". Brandt had asked for Bahro's release, and Brandt welcomed Bahro's theories, which advanced the debate within his own Social Democratic Party.
On 11 September 1988, Brandt described the hope for
German reunification
as a delusion.
[
161
]
In late 1989, Brandt became one of the first leftwing leaders in West Germany to publicly favor a quick reunification of Germany, instead of some sort of two-state federation or other kind of interim arrangement. Brandt's public statement, "Now grows together what belongs together", was widely quoted in those days.
One of Brandt's last public appearances was in flying to
Baghdad
,
Iraq
, to free Western hostages held by
Saddam Hussein
, following the
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
in 1990. Brandt secured the release of a large number of them, and on 9 November 1990, his airplane landed with 174 freed hostages on board at
Frankfurt Airport
.
[
162
]
Brandt died of
colon cancer
at his home in
Unkel
, a town on the
River Rhine
, on 8 October 1992, at the age of 78.
[
163
]
He was given a
state funeral
and was buried at the cemetery at
Zehlendorf
in Berlin.
[
164
]
The Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation was established in 1994. It serves to honour the memory of Brandt's political accomplishments and his commitment to peace, freedom and democracy. The foundation runs two permanent exhibitions: one in Berlin and
the other
in
LĂŒbeck
, where Brandt was born. Other works of the foundation include oversight of Brandt's papers, speeches and letters (the Berlin Edition), historical research, as well as organising lectures and international conferences.
[
165
]
In 1997, a
park
in
Stockholm
was named in Brandt's honour. It is close to where he lived during his exile in
Sweden
1941â1945.
[
166
]
[
167
]
When the SPD moved its headquarters from Bonn back to Berlin in the mid-1990s, the new headquarters was named the "Willy Brandt Haus". One of the buildings of the
European Parliament in Brussels
was named after him in 2008.
On 6 December 2000, a
memorial to Brandt
and
Warschauer Kniefall
was unveiled in
Warsaw
, Poland.
German artist
Johannes Heisig
painted several portraits of Brandt, of which one was unveiled as part of an honouring event at the
German Historical Institute
,
Washington, D.C.
on 18 March 2003. Spokesmen amongst others were former German Federal Minister
Egon Bahr
and former U.S. Secretary of State
Henry Kissinger
.
[
168
]
In 2009, the Willy-Brandt-Memorial was opened up in Nuremberg at the Willy-Brandt Square.
[
169
]
It was created by the artist
Josef Tabachnyk
.
In 2009, the
University of Erfurt
renamed its
graduate school
of
public administration
as the
Willy Brandt School of Public Policy
. A
private
German-language
secondary school
in
Warsaw
,
Poland
, is also named after Brandt.
The main boulevard at the north entrance of the
Montenegrin
capital
Podgorica
was named Willy Brandt Boulevard in 2011.
[
170
]
Brandt also has an unusual memorial in
Hammersmith
in
London
,
United Kingdom
. In 1963, when he was mayor of West Berlin, Brandt travelled to
Hammersmith
with a
street lamp
from West Berlin and presented it to the mayor of Hammersmith to mark its twinning with
Neukölln
. The lamp now stands on the wall of
Westcott Lodge
, facing
Furnival Gardens
, with a commemorative plaque below it.
[
171
]
Although Brandt had only served five years in office as
Chancellor of Germany
, he remains one of the most popular politicians in the history of the
Federal Republic of Germany
.
Berlin Brandenburg Airport
, which opened in late 2020, is also named in his honour.
Peter Brandt (right) during the
protests of 1968
From 1941 until 1948, Brandt was married to Anna Carlotta Thorkildsen (the daughter of a Norwegian father and a German-American mother). They had a daughter, Ninja Frahm (born in 1940).
[
172
]
[
173
]
After Brandt and Thorkildsen were divorced in 1948, Brandt married the Norwegian-born German writer
Rut Hansen
in the same year. Hansen and Brandt had three sons:
Peter Brandt
 [
de
]
(born in 1948),
Lars Brandt
 [
de
]
(born in 1951) and
Matthias Brandt
(born in 1961). After 32 years of marriage, Willy Brandt and Rut Hansen Brandt divorced in 1980, and from the day that they were divorced, they never saw each other again.
[
172
]
On 9 December 1983, Brandt married
Brigitte Seebacher
 [
de
]
(born in 1946).
[
172
]
Â
Malaysia : Honorary Grand Commander of the
Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
(S.S.M.) (1969)
[
174
]
1960
Mein Weg nach Berlin
(
My Path to Berlin
), autobiography written with Leo Lania
1966
DrauĂen. Schriften wĂ€hrend der Emigration
. (
Outside: Writings during the Emigration
)
ISBN
Â
3-8012-1094-4
1968
Friedenspolitik in Europa
(
The Politics of Peace in Europe
)
1976
Begegnungen und Einsichten 1960â1975
(
Encounters and Insights 1960â1975
)
ISBN
Â
3-455-08979-8
1982
Links und frei. Mein Weg 1930â1950
(
Left and Free: My Path 1930â1950
)
1986
Der organisierte Wahnsinn
(
Organized Lunacy
)
1989
Erinnerungen
(
Memories
)
ISBN
Â
3-549-07353-4
2002 Berliner Ausgabe, Werkauswahl, ed. for Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt Stiftung by
Helga Grebing
, Gregor Schöllgen and Heinrich August Winkler, 10 volumes, Dietz Verlag, Bonn 2002f, Collected Writings
ISBN
Â
3-8012-0305-0
^
Due to the division of Germany, Willy Brandt was only the Federal Chancellor in
West Germany
. The term
West Germany
is the common English name for the
Federal Republic of Germany
between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the
German reunification
through the accession of
East Germany
on 3 October 1990. The office of the chancellor did not exist in East Germany.
^
a
b
"Willy Brandt | German Chancellor, Nobel Peace Prize Winner | Britannica"
.
britannica.com
. 12 April 2024
. Retrieved
13 May
2024
.
^
"The 1971 Nobel Prize â Presentation Speech"
.
nobelprize.org
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Since
Hermann MĂŒller
^
Marshall 1997
.
^
"Event â GHI Washington"
.
ghi-dc.org
. 30 September 2015
. Retrieved
2 May
2024
.
^
"BRANDT AND PARTY MAKE PEACE APPEAL"
.
The New York Times
. 16 January 1973
. Retrieved
2 May
2024
.
^
Greve, Michael S.; Kriele, Martin (1986).
"Willy Brandt and the Sandinistas: The Neutralization of the SPD"
.
The National Interest
(4). Center for the National Interest:
100â
103.
ISSN
Â
0884-9382
.
JSTOR
Â
42894439
. Retrieved
2 May
2024
.
^
Jessup, John E. (1998).
An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945â1996
. Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press
. p. 89. Archived from
the original
on 10 October 2017
. Retrieved
18 September
2017
.
^
Kilian, Dieter E. (2011).
Politik und MilitÀr in Deutschland: Die BundesprÀsidenten und Bundeskanzler und ihre Beziehung zu Soldatentum und Bundeswehr
.
Books on Demand
.
ISBN
Â
9783937885360
.
^
Marshall 1997
, p. 8.
^
"Working-class youngster in LĂŒbeck"
.
Willy Brandt Biografie
. 1 June 2017
. Retrieved
13 May
2024
.
(source names F. H. Bertling)
^
Marshall 1997
, pp. 9â16.
^
Bennett, Philip (14 January 2025).
"Wilhelm Reich's Early Writings on Work Democracy: A Theoretical Basis for Challenging Fascism Then and Now"
(PDF)
.
The International Journal of Psychoanalysis
.
95
(2):
53â
73.
doi
:
10.1080/10455751003655898
.
^
"The years of exile and the postwar period (1933â1947) - Willy Brandt and the unification of Europe"
.
cvce.eu
. Retrieved
13 May
2024
.
^
Klaus Wiegrefe (17 December 2021),
"Informant »O-35-VIII«: Willy Brandt war fĂŒr den US-Geheimdienst aktiv"
,
Der Spiegel
(in German),
ISSN
Â
2195-1349
, retrieved
18 December
2021
.
^
Schlitt, Anna-Lena (18 December 2021).
"Willy Brandt war Informant fĂŒr US-MilitĂ€rgeheimdienst"
.
Die Zeit
.
^
Thomas Boghardt.
"Covert Legions: U.S. Army Intelligence in Germany, 1944-1949"
(PDF)
. U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 378. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 4 April 2022
. Retrieved
5 July
2024
.
^
Noack, Hans-Joachim (2013).
Willy Brandt: Ein Leben, ein Jahrhundert
. Berlin:
Rowohlt
.
ISBN
Â
978-3871346453
.
^
"Washington unterstĂŒtzte Willy Brandt mit geheimen Zahlungen"
[Washington supported Willy Brandt with secret payments].
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
(in German). 10 June 2016
. Retrieved
21 June
2020
.
^
United States Department of State (1993).
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958â1960, Berlin Crisis, 1958â1959, Volume VIII
(Report).
United States Government Publishing Office
. Retrieved
8 March
2024
.
The election of Willy Brandt as Governing Mayor in October 1957 following the death of
Otto Suhr
infused new vigor into the administration of the city.
^
"Willy Brandt"
.
bbc.co.uk
. 5 September 2006
. Retrieved
8 March
2024
.
^
"Willy Brandt : Biography"
.
Spartacus Educational
. Archived from
the original
on 9 October 2011
. Retrieved
27 February
2019
.
^
Kempe (2011)
, p. 98
^
Daum (2008)
.
^
Kempe (2011)
, p. 166
^
Kempe (2011)
, pp. 375â376
^
Daum (2008)
, pp. 27â28
^
Daum (2008)
, pp. 125â162.
^
Marshall 1997
, pp. 42â65.
^
especially by those who had been
forced to flee
from the former German provinces of
Lower
and
Upper Silesia
,
East Prussia
, and the eastern parts of
Brandenburg
(
Neumark
) and
Pomerania
(
Farther Pomerania
), which were annexed by the
Provisional Government of National Unity
of Poland and by the
Soviet Union
.
^
Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, eds.
Statesmen Who Changed the World: A Bio-Bibliographical Dictionary of Diplomacy
(Greenwood, 1993) pp. 60â63
^
"Man Of The Year: On the Road to a New Reality"
.
Time
. 4 January 1971
. Retrieved
16 April
2022
.
^
Juneau (2011)
^
In the
Landtagswahl in Bayern on 20 November 1966
 [
de
]
, the
National Democratic Party of Germany
got 7.4% of the votes. In the
Hessian state election on 6 November 1966
, the NPD got 7.95% of the votes.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Radice & Radice (1986)
^
a
b
c
Childs (1992)
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Dönhoff (1982)
^
Adnan Yaseen Hussein and Wisam Ali Thabet (2021). Economic reforms of the Willy Brandt government 1969â1972. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology, 18(10), 3132â3145. Retrieved from https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/10324
^
The Politics of the New Germany By Simon Green, Publisher: Taylor & Francis, 2013
^
The Federal Republic of Germany: The End of an Era
edited by Ewa Kolinsky, pp. 228â229
^
a
b
Braunthal (1994)
^
"The Population of the Federal Republic of Germany"
(PDF)
.
cicred.org
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 6 April 2017
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
Prittie (1974)
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Binder (1975)
^
Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany
(PDF)
. European Observatory on Health Care Systems,
World Health Organization
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 13 May 2011
. Retrieved
14 December
2012
.
^
a
b
c
d
e
Sinn (2007)
^
Flacks, Richard; Lichtenstein, Nelson (3 February 2015).
"The Port Huron Statement: Sources and Legacies of the New Left's Founding Manifesto"
.
University of Pennsylvania Press
. p.Â
187
.
ISBN
Â
9780812246926
â via Internet Archive.
^
a
b
c
"Dalton, Politics in Germany â Chapter 10"
.
socsci.uci.edu
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
Callaghan (2000)
^
[1]
[
dead link
]
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
Flora (1986)
^
a
b
c
d
Walker, Lawson & Townsend (1984)
^
a
b
Wilsford (1995)
^
Potthoff & Miller (2006)
^
"GHDI â Document â Page"
.
germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
a
b
c
Schewe, Nordhorn & Schenke (1972)
^
a
b
c
d
Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (1 January 1972).
"Wahlprogramm der SPD: mit Willy Brandt fur Frieden, Sicherheit und eine bessere Qualitat des Lebens"
â via Internet Archive.
^
"IZA Discussion Paper No. 124"
(PDF)
.
ftp.iza.org
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Boss, Alfred (November 2008).
"Zur Entwicklung des Anspruchslohns in Deutschland"
(PDF)
.
ifw-mewmbers.ifw-kiel.de
.
Kiel Institute for the World Economy
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 29 October 2016
. Retrieved
4 June
2017
.
^
"Table of Contents"
(PDF)
.
ilo.org
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Flora (1986)
, p.Â
48
.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
"Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1972"
(PDF)
.
aei.pitt.edu
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Merkl, Peter H. (1 January 2012).
Small Town and Village in Bavaria: The Passing of a Way of Life
.
Berghahn Books
.
ISBN
Â
9780857453471
.
^
a
b
c
d
Schmidt (1982)
^
a
b
Kohler, Zacher & Partington (1982)
^
a
b
c
The Velvet Chancellors: A History of Post-war Germany by Terence Prittie
^
"Information Bulletin on Social Policy"
. Council of Europe, Documentation Section and Library. 1 January 1972 â via Google Books.
^
"Study of the European Communities re-adaptation aids in the coal and steel industries â Archive of European Integration"
.
aei.pitt.edu
. 26 March 2013
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Markovits, Andrei (14 April 2016).
The Politics of West German Trade Unions: Strategies of Class and Interest Representation in Growth and Crisis
.
Routledge
.
ISBN
Â
9781317230762
â via Google Books.
^
Federalism and Labour Market Policy: Comparing Different Governance and Employment Strategies
. IIGR, Queen's University. 1 January 2004. p. 102.
ISBN
Â
9781553390060
â via Google Books.
^
[2]
[
dead link
]
^
a
b
c
d
"Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1973"
(PDF)
.
aei.pitt.edu
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
a
b
c
"Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1974"
(PDF)
.
aei.pitt.edu
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
a
b
"DER SPIEGEL 16/1972 â Anders als zu Kaisers und zu Katzers Zeiten"
.
Der Spiegel
. 9 April 1972
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
a
b
c
d
"Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1971"
(PDF)
.
aei.pitt.edu
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Tomka (2004)
, p. 64
^
Cocks, Geoffrey (1 January 1997).
Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Goring Institute
.
Transaction Publishers
.
ISBN
Â
9781412832366
â via Google Books.
^
a
b
"Innere Reformen"
.
hdg.de
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
a
b
c
"August 1970: The first policy statement"
. Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung. 28 October 1969. Archived from
the original
on 24 July 2011
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
a
b
Mares (2006)
^
Silvia & Stolpe (2007)
^
Williamson & Pampel (2002)
^
"The Politics of Pension Reform in Germany"
(PDF)
.
lse.ac.uk
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 7 April 2017
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
a
b
c
d
Brandt (1992)
^
Blackburn (2003)
^
a
b
"Sozialliberale Koalition und innere Reformen"
(in German). bpb.de. 5 April 2002
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
Ebbinghaus, Bernhard (20 July 2006).
Reforming Early Retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
Â
9780199286119
.
^
Unemployment in Theory and Practice edited by Thomas Lange
^
Lewicki, Patricia Maria (25 March 2014).
Sustainability of the German Pension Scheme: Employment at Higher Ages and Incentives for Delayed Retirement
. KIT Scientific Publishing.
ISBN
Â
9783731501718
â via Google Books.
^
Kumashiro, Masaharu (2 September 2003).
Aging and Work
. CRC Press.
ISBN
Â
9780203218556
â via Google Books.
^
a
b
Lane (1985)
^
Johnson, N. (22 October 2013).
State & Government in the Federal Republic of Germany: The Executive at Work
. Elsevier.
ISBN
Â
9781483293011
â via Google Books.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Winkler (2007)
^
Die Bildungsgewerkschaft (10 June 2015).
"The Introduction Of Tuition Fees In Germany And The International Covenant On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights"
(PDF)
.
gew.de
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 5 August 2013
. Retrieved
19 March
2023
.
^
Köllner, V. (February 1995). "[Education in Psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy in the German Federal Republic]".
Ther Umsch
(in German).
52
(2):
118â
122.
PMID
Â
7892672
.
^
Dyro, Joseph F. (1 January 2004).
Clinical Engineering Handbook
. Academic Press.
ISBN
Â
9780122265709
â via Google Books.
^
Ardagh (1996)
^
Neuhaus, Rolf (1 January 1979).
"Social security, how it works in the Federal Republic of Germany"
. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
. Retrieved
24 March
2026
â via Google Books.
^
a
b
"Expose sur l'Ă©volution de la situation sociale dans la communautĂ© en 1970 (joint au QuatriĂšme rapport gĂ©nĂ©ral sur l'activitĂ© de la communautĂ©) = Report on the development of the social situation in the Community in 1970 (annex to the Fourth general report on the activities of the Community) February 1971 â Archive of European Integration"
.
aei.pitt.edu
. 1971
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Patton (1999)
^
Bezelga & Brandon (1991)
^
"1971 â Frischer Wind durch innere Reformen der Bonner Koalition â chroniknet Artikel und private Fotos"
.
chroniknet.de
. 29 May 1977. Archived from
the original
on 23 September 2015
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
Power (2002)
^
"Digitales Archiv Marburg â Das DigAM Projekt"
.
digam.net
. 28 October 1969
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
Kommers (1997)
, p. 93
^
a
b
"Comparative study on the Rehabilitation of Handicapped Persons in the Countries of the Community"
(PDF)
.
aei.pitt.edu
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (11 April 2002).
Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
Â
9780198033752
â via Google Books.
^
Pridham (1977)
^
Cooke & Gash (2007)
^
Kaplan (2012)
, p.Â
123
^
Transport, European Conference of Ministers of (1 February 1972).
Eighteenth Annual Report and Resolutions of the Council of Ministers
.
OECD Publishing
.
ISBN
Â
9789282106303
â via Google Books.
^
Huber & Stephens (2001)
^
Goodin, Robert E. (21 February 2008).
Discretionary Time
.
Cambridge University Press
. p. 174.
ISBN
Â
9781139470773
.
^
Paterson, Alan; Goriely, Tamara (1 January 1996).
A reader on resourcing civil justice
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
Â
9780198764618
â via Google Books.
^
The Bauspar System in Germany
(PDF)
. European Office of the Verband der Privaten Bausparkassen. January 2013. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 22 September 2015
. Retrieved
28 August
2015
.
^
Boléat, Mark (1 January 1985).
National Housing Finance Systems: A Comparative Study
.
Mark Boleat
.
ISBN
Â
9780709932499
â via Google Books.
^
Phillips, Mary T.; Sechzer, Jeri A. (6 December 2012).
Animal Research and Ethical Conflict: An Analysis of the Scientific Literature: 1966â1986
.
Springer Science+Business Media
.
ISBN
Â
9781461236207
â via Google Books.
^
Larres, Klaus; Panayi, Panikos (27 August 2014).
The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1949: Politics, Society and Economy Before and After Unification
.
Routledge
.
ISBN
Â
9781317891741
â via Google Books.
^
"The Economist"
.
Economist Newspaper Limited
. 1 January 1974 â via Google Books.
^
"Helmut Schmidt â Biografie
Who's Who
"
.
whoswho.de
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
"Citizen in Uniform: Democratic Germany and the Changing Bundeswehr"
(PDF)
.
strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 10 December 2016
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
"White Paper: the Security of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Development of the Federal Armed Forces"
. Federal Minister of Defence. 1 January 1973 â via Google Books.
^
Deichen, Michael.
"Studierendenbereich: Beitrag aus dem IntranetBw anlĂ€Ălich des 40 jĂ€hrigen Bestehens der UniversitĂ€ten der Bundeswehr"
.
hsu-hh.de
. Archived from
the original
on 28 January 2017
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Szabo, Stephen F. (1 January 1990).
The Bundeswehr and Western Security
.
Macmillan Publishers
.
ISBN
Â
9780333498804
â via Google Books.
^
Herspring, Dale R. (27 March 2013).
Civil-Military Relations and Shared Responsibility: A Four-Nation Study
.
Johns Hopkins University Press
.
ISBN
Â
9781421409290
â via Google Books.
^
"Answer of the Federal Government to the minor interpellation of the Members of Parliament Ms. TĂŒbler, Dr. Wörner, Handlos, de Terra, Rommerskirchen, Ernesti, Biehle, Löher, Dr. Kraske, Damm, Dr. Heck, Schröder (LĂŒneburg), Franke (OsnabrĂŒck), Dr. Jenninger and colleagues and the CDU/CSU parliamentary group"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 31 October 2016
. Retrieved
24 March
2026
.
^
"Helmut Schmidt, West German chancellor â obituary"
.
telegraph.co.uk
. 10 November 2015.
Archived
from the original on 12 January 2022
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
a
b
"Germany'74 â Economy"
. 20 December 1974. Archived from
the original
on 3 March 2016
. Retrieved
23 March
2026
.
^
"Questionnaire related to the right of anyone deprived of his or her liberty by arrest or detention to bring proceedings before court, in order that the court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his or her detention and order his or her release is not lawful"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 1 October 2015
. Retrieved
24 March
2026
.
^
Randelzhofer, Albrecht; Tomuschat, Christian (11 March 1999).
State Responsibility and the Individual: Reparation in Instances of Grave Violations of Human Rights
.
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
.
ISBN
Â
9041111476
â via Google Books.
^
David, René (1 January 1972).
International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law
.
Brill Publishers
.
ISBN
Â
3166446176
â via Google Books.
^
"Digitales Archiv Marburg â Das DigAM Projekt"
.
digam.net
. Archived from
the original
on 6 October 2014.
^
Schiek (2006)
^
"GHDI â Document"
.
germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org
. 24 September 1973
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
Scheffer (2008)
, pp.Â
555â556
^
"Dezember 1973 â Regierung Uruguay Parteien Zeitungen "El Popular" "Cronica" Verband â chroniknet â Schlagzeilen, Ereignisse, Fotos mit Geschichte, Community"
.
chroniknet.de
. Archived from
the original
on 23 September 2015
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
Abraham & Houseman (1994)
^
Thelen (1991)
, p.Â
100
^
"IZPB"
.
bpb.de
(in German)
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
"When will Japan Choose Light Rail Transit?"
.
jrtr.net
. Archived from
the original
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
13 December
2018
.
^
Banister (2002)
^
SchÀfers (1998)
^
Glatzer, Wolfgang; Societies, International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial (21 August 1992).
Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960â1990
.
McGillâQueen's University Press
. p. 230.
ISBN
Â
9780773509092
â via Google Books.
^
"GHDI â Document"
.
germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org
. 17 May 1974
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
Katzenstein, Peter J. (1 January 1989).
Industry and Politics in West Germany: Toward the Third Republic
. Cornell University Press.
ISBN
Â
0801495954
â via Google Books.
^
Chaney, Sandra (15 July 2013).
Nature Of The Miracle Years: Conservation in West Germany, 1945â1975
.
Berghahn Books
.
ISBN
Â
9780857458414
â via Google Books.
^
Federal Republic of Germany: Spatial Development and Problems by Peter Schöller, Willi Walter Puls, and Hanns JĂŒrgen Buchholz
^
Theodor M. Johannsen.
"Automated cartography as an aid to decree protection areas against air traffic noise"
(PDF)
. pp.Â
138â
145. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 May 2014
. Retrieved
15 June
2013
.
^
Flora (1986)
, p.Â
54
.
^
"Germany â Chartbook of Economic Inequality"
.
chartbookofeconomicinequality.com
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Blanke, B.; Smith, R. (18 August 1999).
Cities in Transition: New Challenges, New Responsibilities
. Springer.
ISBN
Â
9780333982273
â via Google Books.
^
Glatzer, Wolfgang; Societies, International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial (21 August 1992).
Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960â1990
.
McGillâQueen's University Press
. p. 209.
ISBN
Â
9780773509092
â via Google Books.
^
Winkler, Heinrich August (2006).
Germany: 1933â1990
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
Â
978-0-19-926598-5
.
^
quoted in: Gregor Schöllgen.
Der Kanzler und sein Spion
. In:
Die Zeit
2003, Vol. 40, 25 September 2003
^
Schöllgen (2001)
^
"Never at a Loss for Words"
.
Time
. 18 April 1983. Archived from
the original
on 14 January 2009
. Retrieved
9 July
2008
.
^
"Progressive Politics For A Fairer World"
.
socialistinternational.org
. Retrieved
14 November
2012
.
^
Bukovsky Archives, CPSU Politburo "Information for Brandt and Sorsa about disarmament and Afghanistan", 1 February 1980* (Pb 182/2)
.
^
VÀÀnÀnen (2012)
, pp. 258â259
^
"German vice chancellor visits China in difficult times"
.
Deutsche Welle
. 16 November 2025
. Retrieved
23 November
2025
.
^
Michael Borchard (1 October 2008).
"Schlaglichter der deutschen Einheit. Eine kommentierte Chronik (1987-1990)"
.
kas.de
(in German).
Konrad Adenauer Foundation
. p. 11.
^
"Mideast Tensions",
TENSIONS; Buildup in Gulf Seen as a Signal On Use of Force
,
The New York Times
, 9 November 1990. Retrieved 3 January 2008
^
Binder, David (9 October 1992).
"Willy Brandt Dead at 78; Forged West Germany's Reconciliation With the East"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
Â
0362-4331
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
Marshall, Tyler (18 October 1992).
"Germans Lay Beloved Statesman Brandt to Rest: Funeral: "He shaped an era", the country's president says of the former West Berlin mayor, foreign minister and chancellor"
.
Los Angeles Times
.
ISSN
Â
0458-3035
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
"Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt Stiftung: The foundation"
.
willy-brandt.de
. Archived from
the original
on 5 May 2015
. Retrieved
15 September
2015
.
^
"Park fÄr namn efter Willy Brandt"
.
dn.se
. Dagens Nyheter. 18 March 1997
. Retrieved
19 February
2022
.
^
"Skylt pÄ Willy Brandts hus i Hammarbyhöjden"
.
stockholmskallan.stockholm.se
. Stockholm Municipality. 2 December 2021
. Retrieved
19 February
2022
.
^
"Honoring Willy Brandt"
(PDF)
. GHI Bulletin No. 33 (Fall 2003). Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 September 2011.
^
"EnthĂŒllung der Skulptur "Willy Brandt"
"
(PDF)
.
nuernberg.de
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 3 January 2015
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
"Dan online â Podgoricom: â 2011-06-10"
.
dan.co.me
.
^
"West Berlin Street Lamp"
.
londonremembers.com
. Archived from
the original
on 16 March 2016
. Retrieved
1 April
2016
.
^
a
b
c
"Obituary: Willy Brandt"
.
The Independent
. 10 October 1992
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
.
^
"In die Vergangenheit"
.
Der Spiegel
(in German). 2 July 1967
. Retrieved
15 July
2025
.
^
"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat"
. Archived from
the original
on 19 July 2019
. Retrieved
24 August
2018
.
Keller, Andrei V. "Masculine Friendship?: Willy Brandt and Leonid Brezhnev in the Context of the Energy Dialogue between West Germany and the USSR, 1970â1973."
The Soviet and post-Soviet Review
44.2 (2017): 99â132.
Kaplan, Gisela (2012).
Contemporary Western European Feminism
. Routledge.
ISBN
Â
9780415636810
.
Juneau, Jean-François (2011). "The limits of linkage: the Nixon administration and Willy Brandt's
Ostpolitik
, 1969â1972".
International History Review
.
33
(2):
277â
297.
doi
:
10.1080/07075332.2011.555447
.
S2CID
Â
154269345
.
Kempe, Frederick (2011).
Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Most Dangerous Place on Earth
. Penguin Group.
ISBN
Â
978-0-399-15729-5
.
Daum, Andreas
(2008).
Kennedy in Berlin
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
Â
978-0-521-85824-3
.
Cooke, Lynn Prince; Gash, Vanessa (2007).
"Panacea or Pitfall? Women's Part-time Employment and Marital Stability in West Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States"
(PDF)
.
GeNet Working Paper
.
28
. Gender Equality Network. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 17 March 2012.
Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Sager, Alexander (ed.).
Germany: the Long Road West, volume II: 1933â1990
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
Â
978-0-19-926598-5
.
Hofmann, Arne. "Small steps towards new frontiers? Ideas, concepts and the emergence of a détente strategy in the thinking of Willy Brandt and John F. Kennedy."
Historical Research
79.205 (2006): 429â449.
Mares, Isabela (2006).
Taxation, Wage Bargaining, and Unemployment
.
Cambridge University Press
.
ISBN
Â
9780511625688
.
Blackburn, Robin (2003).
Banking on Death: or, Investing in Life: the History and Future of Pensions
. Verso Books.
ISBN
Â
9781859844090
.
Banister, David (2002).
Transport Planning
. Spon.
ISBN
Â
9780415261715
.
Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D. (2001).
Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Parties and Policies in Global Markets
.
University of Chicago Press
.
ISBN
Â
9780226356471
.
Callaghan, John T. (2000).
The Retreat of Social Democracy
.
Manchester University Press
.
ISBN
Â
9780719050312
.
Patton, David F. (1999).
Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany
. New York: St. Martin's Press.
ISBN
Â
9780312213619
.
Kommers, Donald P. (1997).
The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany
.
Duke University Press
.
ISBN
Â
9780822318385
.
Marshall, Barbara (1997).
Willy Brandt: A Political Biography
. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
doi
:
10.1057/9780230390096
.
ISBN
Â
978-1-349-39586-6
.
Marshall, Barbara.
Willy Brandt: A Political Biography
(1996) 184pp
Ardagh, John (1996).
Germany and the Germans
. Penguin Books.
ISBN
Â
9780140252668
.
Braunthal, Gerard (1994).
The German Social Democrats since 1969: a Party in Power and Opposition
. Westview Press.
ISBN
Â
9780813315355
.
Abraham, Katharine G.; Houseman, Susan N. (1994).
"Does employment protection inhibit labor market flexibility? Lessons from Germany, France, and Belgium"
(PDF)
. In Rebecca M. Blank (ed.).
Social Protection versus Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-Off?
.
University of Chicago Press
.
ISBN
Â
0-226-05678-3
.
Brandt, Willy (1992).
My Life in Politics
. Viking.
ISBN
Â
9780670844357
.
Childs, David (1992).
Germany in the Twentieth Century
. Icon.
ISBN
Â
9780064308625
.
Bezelga, Artur; Brandon, Peter S. (1991).
Management, Quality and Economics in Building
. Spon.
ISBN
Â
9780419174707
.
Flora, Peter
(1986).
Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II
. Walter de Gruyter.
ISBN
Â
9783110111316
.
Lane, Peter (1985).
Europe Since 1945: an Introduction
. Barnes & Noble.
ISBN
Â
9780389205753
.
Dönhoff, Marion
(1982).
Foe Into Friend: the Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt
. translated by
Gabriele Annan
. Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN
Â
9780312296926
.
Kohler, Peter A.; Zacher, Hans F.;
Partington, Martin
, eds. (1982).
The Evolution of Social Insurance 1881â1981: Studies of Germany, France, Great Britain, Austria, and Switzerland
. Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN
Â
9780312272852
.
Kellerman, Barbara. "Mentoring in political life: The case of Willy Brandt."
American Political Science Review
(1978): 422â433.
online
Binder, David (1975).
The Other German: Willy Brandt's Life & Times
. New Republic.
ISBN
Â
9780915220090
.
Miard-Delacroix, HĂ©lĂšne
.
Willy Brandt: Life of a statesman
(Bloomsbury, 2016).
Potthoff, Heinrich; Miller, Susanne (2006).
The Social Democratic Party of Germany 1848â2005
. translated by Martin Kane. Dietz Verlag J. H. W. Nachf.
ISBN
Â
9783801203658
.
Power, Anne (2002).
Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850
.
Taylor & Francis
.
ISBN
Â
9780415089357
.
Pridham, Geoffrey (1977).
Christian Democracy in Western Germany: the CDU/CSU in Government and Opposition 1945â1976
. Croom Helm.
ISBN
Â
9780856645082
.
Prittie, Terence (1974).
Willy Brandt: Portrait of a Statesman
. Schocken.
ISBN
Â
9780805235616
.
Radice; Radice (1986).
Socialists in the Recession: the Search for Solidarity
. Macmillan.
ISBN
Â
9780333388464
.
Rother, Bernd, and Klaus Larres, eds.
Willy Brandt and International Relations: Europe, the USA and Latin America, 1974â1992
(Bloomsbury, 2018).
SchÀfers, Bernhard (1998).
The State of Germany Atlas
. Routledge.
ISBN
Â
9780415188265
.
Scheffer (2008).
Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain
.
ISBN
Â
9781109097603
.
Schewe, Dieter; Nordhorn, Karlhugo; Schenke, Klaus (1972).
Survey of Social Security in the Federal Republic of Germany
. Translated by Frank Kenny. Bonn: Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs.
Schiek, Dagmar (2006).
"Agency work â from marginalisation towards acceptance? Agency work in EU social and employment policy and the "implementation" of the draft directive on agency work into German law"
(PDF)
.
German Law Journal
.
5
(10):
1233â
1257.
doi
:
10.1017/S2071832200013195
.
S2CID
Â
141058426
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 22 May 2013.
Schmidt, Helmut (1982). Wolfram F. Hanrieder (ed.).
Perspectives on Politics
. Westview Press.
ISBN
Â
9780865312050
.
Schöllgen, Gregor (2001).
Willy Brandt. Die Biographie
. Berlin: PropylÀen.
ISBN
Â
3-549-07142-6
.
Schoenborn, Benedikt.
Reconciliation Road: Willy Brandt, Ostpolitik and the Quest for European Peace
(Berghahn Books, 2020).
online review
Silvia, Stephen J.; Stolpe, Michael (2007).
Health Care and Pension Reform
(PDF)
. AICGS Policy Report. Vol. 30. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies,
Johns Hopkins University Press
.
ISBN
Â
978-1-933942-08-7
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 28 November 2008.
Sinn, Hans-Werner (2007).
Can Germany Be Saved? The Malaise of the World's First Welfare State
.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
.
ISBN
Â
9780262195584
.
Solsten, Eric (1999).
Germany: a Country Study
. Diane.
ISBN
Â
9780788181795
.
Thelen, Kathleen Ann (1991).
Union of Parts: Labor Politics in Postwar Germany
.
Cornell University Press
.
ISBN
Â
9780801425868
.
Tomka, BĂ©la (2004).
Welfare in East and West: Hungarian Social Security in an International Comparison, 1918â1990
. Akademie-Verlag.
ISBN
Â
9783050038711
.
[
permanent dead link
]
VÀÀnÀnen, Pentti (2012).
Purppuraruusu ja samettinyrkki
(in Finnish) (1st ed.). Kellastupa.
ISBN
Â
9789525787115
.
Vivekanandan, Bhagavathi.
Global Visions of Olof Palme, Bruno Kreisky and Willy Brandt: International Peace and Security, Co-operation, and Development
(Springer, 2016).
Walker, Robert; Lawson, Roger; Townsend, Peter, eds. (1984).
Responses to Poverty: Lessons from Europe
. Associated University Presses.
ISBN
Â
0-8386-3222-X
.
Williamson, John B.; Pampel, Fred C. (2002).
Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
Â
9780195068597
.
Wilsford, David, ed. (1995).
Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: a Biographical Dictionary
. Greenwood Press.
ISBN
Â
9780313286230
.
Helga Grebing,
Willy Brandt. Der andere Deutsche
. (
ISBN
Â
978-3-7705-4710-4
)
(in German)
Mandel, Ernest
(NovemberâDecember 1992).
"Willy Brandt and Petra Kelly"
.
New Left Review
.
I
(196). New Left Review.
Barbara Marshall,
Willy Brandt, A Political Biography
(
ISBN
Â
0-312-16438-6
)
Nestore di Meola,
Willy Brandt raccontato da Klaus Lindenberg
(
ISBN
Â
88-7284-712-5
)
(in Italian)
Hans-Joachim Noack,
Willy Brandt, Ein Leben, Ein Jahrhundert
(
ISBN
Â
978-3-87134-645-3
)
(in German)
The following titles are in German:
Egon Bahr
:
"Das musst du erzÀhlen". Erinnerungen an Willy Brandt
. PropylÀen, Berlin 2013
ISBN
Â
978-3-549-07422-0
.
Lars Brandt:
Andenken
. Carl-Hanser-Verlag, MĂŒnchen 2006
ISBN
Â
3-446-20710-4
.
Brigitte Seebacher-Brandt:
Willy Brandt
. Piper-Verlag, MĂŒnchen 2013
ISBN
Â
978-3-492-30430-6
.
Helga Grebing:
Willy Brandt. Der andere Deutsche
. Wilhelm-Fink-Verlag, Paderborn 2008
ISBN
Â
978-3-7705-4710-4
.
Peter Hoeres:
AuĂenpolitik und Ăffentlichkeit. Massenmedien, Meinungsforschung und Arkanpolitik in den deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen von Erhard bis Brandt
. (Reihe: "Studien zur Internationalen Geschichte Bd. 32"), De Gruyter Oldenbourg, MĂŒnchen 2013.
Gunter Hofmann:
Willy Brandt und Helmut Schmidt. Geschichte einer schwierigen Freundschaft
. Verlag C.H. Beck, MĂŒnchen 2012
ISBN
Â
978-3-406-63977-7
.
Torsten Körner:
Die Familie Willy Brandt
. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2013,
ISBN
Â
978-3-10-040407-7
.
Gertrud Lenz:
Gertrud Meyer 1914â2002. Ein politisches Leben im Schatten Willy Brandt
. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2013
ISBN
Â
978-3-506-77569-6
.
Einhart Lorenz:
Willy Brandt. Deutscher â EuropĂ€er â WeltbĂŒrger
.
Kohlhammer Verlag
, Stuttgart 2012
ISBN
Â
978-3-17-021245-9
.
Peter Merseburger
:
Willy Brandt, 1913â1992. VisionĂ€r und Realist
. DVA, Stuttgart 2002,
ISBN
Â
3-423-34097-5
.(also on 6 CDs, 2004
ISBN
Â
3-8291-1398-6
.)
Judith Michel:
Willy Brandts Amerikabild und -politik 1933â1993
. Bonn University Press im Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010.
Horst Möller, Maurice Vaïsse (Hrsg.):
Willy Brandt und Frankreich
. Oldenbourg-Verlag, MĂŒnchen 2005
ISBN
Â
3-486-57649-6
(Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte fĂŒr Zeitgeschichte, Sondernummer).
Albrecht MĂŒller:
Brandt aktuell â Treibjagd auf einen HoffnungstrĂ€ger
. Westend Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2013
ISBN
Â
978-3-86489-064-2
.
Hans-Joachim Noack:
Willy Brandt. Ein Leben, ein Jahrhundert
. Rowohlt Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2013
ISBN
Â
978-3-87134-645-3
.
Steffen RaĂloff (Hrsg.):
"Willy Brandt ans Fenster!" Das Erfurter Gipfeltreffen 1970 und die Geschichte des "Erfurter Hofes"
. Glaux-Verlag, Jena 2007
ISBN
Â
978-3-940265-05-0
.
Bernd Rother (Hrsg.):
Willy Brandts AuĂenpolitik
. Springer VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2014
ISBN
Â
978-3-658-02918-0
.
Kai SchlĂŒter:
GĂŒnter Grass auf Tour fĂŒr Willy Brandt. Die legendĂ€re Wahlkampftour 1969
. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2011
ISBN
Â
978-3-86153-647-5
.
Jan Schönfelder; Rainer Erices:
Willy Brandt in Erfurt. Das erste deutsch-deutsche Gipfeltreffen 1970
. Christoph-Links-Verlag, Berlin 2010
ISBN
Â
978-3-86153-568-3
.
The Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation
Willy-Brandt-Forum in Unkel
Official Biography of Willy Brandt
by Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation
Adam Sneyd, "Brandt Commission"
in Globalization and Autonomy Online Compendium, edited by William D. Coleman and Nancy Johnson
Biography of Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt and the unification of Europe
from Center for European Studies collection
Ubben Lecture
at DePauw University
Appearances
on
C-SPAN
Willy Brandt
on Nobelprize.org | |||||||||
| Markdown | [Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#bodyContent)
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
- [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]")
- [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia")
- [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events")
- [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]")
- [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works")
- [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia")
Contribute
- [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia")
- [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia")
- [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors")
- [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]")
- [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia")
- [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]")
[  ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page)
[Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]")
Appearance
- [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)
- [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Willy+Brandt "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Willy+Brandt "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")
Personal tools
- [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)
- [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Willy+Brandt "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Willy+Brandt "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")
## Contents
move to sidebar
hide
- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt)
- [1 Early life and World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Early_life_and_World_War_II)
- [2 Early political career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Early_political_career)
- [3 Chancellor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Chancellor)
Toggle Chancellor subsection
- [3\.1 Foreign policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Foreign_policy)
- [3\.2 Domestic policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Domestic_policies)
- [3\.2.1 Brandt's popularity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Brandt's_popularity)
- [3\.3 Chancellor of domestic reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Chancellor_of_domestic_reform)
- [3\.3.1 Social assistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Social_assistance)
- [3\.3.2 Health care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Health_care)
- [3\.3.3 Retirement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Retirement)
- [3\.3.4 Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Education)
- [3\.3.5 Housing and urban development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Housing_and_urban_development)
- [3\.3.6 Civil, family, and animal rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Civil,_family,_and_animal_rights)
- [3\.3.7 Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Military)
- [3\.3.8 Consumers' and workers' rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Consumers'_and_workers'_rights)
- [3\.3.9 Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Environment)
- [3\.3.10 Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Economy)
- [3\.4 1972 crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#1972_crisis)
- [3\.5 New elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#New_elections)
- [3\.6 Guillaume affair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Guillaume_affair)
- [4 Post-Chancellorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Post-Chancellorship)
Toggle Post-Chancellorship subsection
- [4\.1 Socialist International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Socialist_International)
- [4\.2 Brandt Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Brandt_Report)
- [4\.3 Reunification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Reunification)
- [4\.4 Hostages in Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Hostages_in_Iraq)
- [5 Death and legacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Death_and_legacy)
- [6 Brandt's family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Brandt's_family)
- [7 Honours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Honours)
Toggle Honours subsection
- [7\.1 Foreign honours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Foreign_honours)
- [8 Selected works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Selected_works)
- [9 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Notes)
- [10 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#References)
- [11 Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Bibliography)
- [12 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#Further_reading)
- [13 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Willy Brandt
101 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Alemannic")
- [AragonĂ©s](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Aragonese")
- [ۧÙŰč۱ۚÙŰ©](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AA "ÙÙÙÙ ŰšŰ±Ű§ÙŰŻŰȘ â Arabic")
- [Ù
۔۱Ù](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AA "ÙÙÙÙ ŰšŰ±Ű§ÙŰŻŰȘ â Egyptian Arabic")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Asturian")
- [AzÉrbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villi_Brandt "Villi Brandt â Azerbaijani")
- [ŰȘÛ۱کۏÙ](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA "ÙÛÙÛ ŰšŰ±Ű§ÙŰȘ â South Azerbaijani")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Balinese")
- [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Bavarian")
- [ĐДлаŃŃŃĐșĐ°Ń (ŃĐ°ŃĐ°ŃĐșĐ”ĐČŃŃĐ°)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82 "ĐŃĐ»Ń ĐŃĐ°ĐœŃ â Belarusian (TaraĆĄkievica orthography)")
- [ĐДлаŃŃŃĐșĐ°Ń](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82 "ĐŃĐ»Ń ĐŃĐ°ĐœŃ â Belarusian")
- [ĐŃлгаŃŃĐșĐž](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4 "ĐОлО ĐŃĐ°ĐœĐŽ â Bulgarian")
- [àŠŹàŠŸàŠàŠČàŠŸ](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F "àŠàŠàŠČàŠż àŠŹà§àŠ°à§àŠŻàŠŸàŠšà§àŠ â Bangla")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Bosnian")
- [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Catalan")
- [ÄeĆĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Dimli")
- [Dolnoserbski](https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Lower Sorbian")
- [ÎλληΜÎčÎșÎŹ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84 "ÎίλÎč ÎÏÏÎ±ÎœÏ â Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Basque")
- [Ùۧ۱۳Û](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA "ÙÛÙÛ ŰšŰ±Ű§ÙŰȘ â Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â French")
- [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Northern Frisian")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Western Frisian")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Galician")
- [ŚąŚŚšŚŚȘ](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%98 "ŚŚŚŚ ŚŚšŚ ŚŚ â Hebrew")
- [à€čà€żà€šà„à€Šà„](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F "à€”à€żà€Čà„ à€Źà„à€°à€Ÿà€à€ â Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Croatian")
- [Hornjoserbsce](https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Upper Sorbian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Hungarian")
- [ŐŐĄŐ”Ő„ÖŐ„Ő¶](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%BF "ŐŐ«ŐŹŐ« ÔČÖŐĄŐ¶Ő€Őż â Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Interlingua")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Indonesian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Ido")
- [Ăslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Italian")
- [æ„æŹèȘ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88 "ăŽăŁăȘăŒă»ăă©ăłă â Japanese")
- [á„áá ááŁáá](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 "áááá áá ááááąá â Georgian")
- [Qaraqalpaqsha](https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Kara-Kalpak")
- [íê”ìŽ](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%80%ED%8A%B8 "ëč늏 ëžëíž â Korean")
- [Ripoarisch](https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Colognian")
- [KurdĂź](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Kurdish")
- [ĐŃŃĐłŃĐ·ŃĐ°](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8 "ĐŃĐ°ĐœĐŽŃ ĐОллО â Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Brandt "Gulielmus Brandt â Latin")
- [LĂ«tzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Luxembourgish")
- [LietuviĆł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Lithuanian")
- [LatvieĆĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villijs_Brants "Villijs Brants â Latvian")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Malagasy")
- [ĐĐ°ĐșĐ”ĐŽĐŸĐœŃĐșĐž](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82 "ĐОлО ĐŃĐ°ĐœŃ â Macedonian")
- [ĐĐŸĐœĐłĐŸĐ»](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82 "ĐОллО ĐŃĐ°ĐœĐŽŃ â Mongolian")
- [à€źà€°à€Ÿà€ à„](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F "à€”à€żà€Čà„ à€Źà„à€°à€Ÿà€à€ â Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Malay")
- [Ù
ۧŰČÙ۱ÙÙÛ](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA "ÙÛÙÛ ŰšŰ±Ű§ÙŰȘ â Mazanderani")
- [PlattdĂŒĂŒtsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Low German")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmĂ„l](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Norwegian BokmĂ„l")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Occitan")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Polish")
- [PiemontĂšis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Piedmontese")
- [ÙŸÙۏۧۚÛ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA "ÙÙÛ ŰšŰ±Ű§ÙŰȘ â Western Punjabi")
- [PortuguĂȘs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Quechua")
- [RomĂąnÄ](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Romanian")
- [Đ ŃŃŃĐșĐžĐč](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8 "ĐŃĐ°ĐœĐŽŃ, ĐОллО â Russian")
- [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Sardinian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / ŃŃĐżŃĐșĐŸŃ
ŃĐČĐ°ŃŃĐșĐž](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Serbo-Croatian")
- [à·à·à¶à·à¶œ](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A "à·à·à¶œà· බà·âරනà·à¶§à· â Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Simple English")
- [SlovenÄina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Slovak")
- [SlovenĆĄÄina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Slovenian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Albanian")
- [ĐĄŃĐżŃĐșĐž / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82 "ĐОлО ĐŃĐ°ĐœŃ â Serbian")
- [Seeltersk](https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Saterland Frisian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Swahili")
- [ĐąĐŸÒ·ĐžĐșÓŁ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82 "УОллО ĐŃĐ°ĐœĐŽŃ â Tajik")
- [àčàžàžą](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C "àž§àžŽàž„àž„àž” àžàžŁàž±àžàžàč â Thai")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Tagalog")
- [TĂŒrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Turkish")
- [ĐŁĐșŃĐ°ŃĐœŃŃĐșĐ°](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82 "ĐŃĐ»Đ»Ń ĐŃĐ°ĐœĐŽŃ â Ukrainian")
- [ۧ۱ۯÙ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA "ÙÙÛ ŰšŰ±Ű§ÙŰȘ â Urdu")
- [OÊ»zbekcha / ŃзбДĐșŃĐ°](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Uzbek")
- [Tiáșżng Viá»t](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Vietnamese")
- [VolapĂŒk](https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â VolapĂŒk")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Waray")
- [ćŽèŻ](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9 "绎ć©Â·ćć
°çč â Wu")
- [ááá ááááŁá á](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 "áááá áá ááááąá â Mingrelian")
- [YorĂčbĂĄ](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Yoruba")
- [ZeĂȘuws](https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "Willy Brandt â Zeelandic")
- [çČ”èȘ](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E7%89%B9 "ćšć©ćžèçč â Cantonese")
- [äžæ](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9 "绎ć©Â·ćć
°çč â Chinese")
[Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2514#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links")
- [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt "View the content page [c]")
- [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Willy_Brandt "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]")
English
- [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt)
- [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit "Edit this page [e]")
- [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]")
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
- [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt)
- [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit "Edit this page [e]")
- [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=history)
General
- [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Willy_Brandt "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]")
- [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Willy_Brandt "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]")
- [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]")
- [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&oldid=1346771465 "Permanent link to this revision of this page")
- [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=info "More information about this page")
- [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Willy_Brandt&id=1346771465&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page")
- [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWilly_Brandt)
Print/export
- [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Willy_Brandt&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file")
- [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]")
In other projects
- [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt)
- [Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt)
- [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2514 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]")
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974
Not to be confused with [Vassily Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassily_Brandt "Vassily Brandt").
This article is about the German politician. For people with a similar name, see [William Brandt (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brandt_\(disambiguation\) "William Brandt (disambiguation)").
| Willy Brandt | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F057884-0009,_Willy_Brandt.jpg)Official portrait, 1980 | |
| [Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-1) | |
| **In office** 22 October 1969 â 7 May 1974 | |
| President | [Gustav Heinemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann "Gustav Heinemann") |
| [Vice-Chancellor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany "Vice-Chancellor of Germany") | Walter Scheel |
| Preceded by | [Kurt Georg Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") |
| Succeeded by | [Walter Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") (acting) [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") |
| [Leader of the Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany") | |
| **In office** 16 February 1964 â 14 June 1987 | |
| Federal Manager | [Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") [Holger Börner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner "Holger Börner") [Egon Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr") [Peter Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glotz "Peter Glotz") |
| Preceded by | [Erich Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") |
| Succeeded by | [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") |
| [Vice-Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany "Vice-Chancellor of Germany") | |
| **In office** 1 December 1966 â 22 October 1969 | |
| Chancellor | Kurt Georg Kiesinger |
| Preceded by | [Hans-Christoph Seebohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm "Hans-Christoph Seebohm") |
| Succeeded by | Walter Scheel |
| [Minister for Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_\(Germany\) "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)") | |
| **In office** 1 December 1966 â 20 October 1969 | |
| Chancellor | Kurt Georg Kiesinger |
| Preceded by | [Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") |
| Succeeded by | Walter Scheel |
| [Governing Mayor of West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin "Governing Mayor of Berlin") | |
| **In office** 3 October 1957 â 30 November 1966 | |
| Mayor | [Franz Amrehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Amrehn "Franz Amrehn") Heinrich Albertz |
| Preceded by | [Otto Suhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Suhr "Otto Suhr") |
| Succeeded by | [Heinrich Albertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Albertz "Heinrich Albertz") |
| [President of the German Bundesrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_German_Bundesrat "President of the German Bundesrat") | |
| **In office** 1 November 1957 â 31 October 1958 | |
| [First Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Bundesrat#Presidency "German Bundesrat") | [Kurt Sieveking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Sieveking "Kurt Sieveking") |
| Preceded by | Kurt Sieveking |
| Succeeded by | [Wilhelm Kaisen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kaisen "Wilhelm Kaisen") |
| [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin#Presidents "Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin") of the [Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin "Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin") | |
| **In office** 11 January 1955 â 2 October 1957 | |
| Preceded by | Otto Suhr |
| Succeeded by | [Kurt Landsberg](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Landsberg "de:Kurt Landsberg") |
| Parliamentary constituencies | |
| Member of the [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") for [North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia") | |
| **In office** 20 October 1969 â 8 October 1992 | |
| Preceded by | *Multi-member district* |
| Succeeded by | [Heike Niggemeyer](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Niggemeyer "de:Heike Niggemeyer") |
| Member of the [Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin "Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin") | |
| **In office** 3 December 1950 â 14 March 1971 | |
| Preceded by | *Multi-member district* |
| Succeeded by | *Multi-member district* |
| Delegate to the [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") for [West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin "West Berlin") | |
| **In office** 17 October 1961 â 27 December 1961 | |
| Preceded by | *Multi-member district* |
| Succeeded by | [Hans Wellmann](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Wellmann_\(politician,_1911\) "de:Hans Wellmann (politician, 1911)") |
| **In office** 7 September 1949 â 15 October 1957 | |
| Preceded by | *Constituency established* |
| Succeeded by | *Multi-member district* |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (1913-12-18)18 December 1913 [LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck "LĂŒbeck"), [Free City of LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck "Free City of LĂŒbeck"), [German Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") (now [Schleswig-Holstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein "Schleswig-Holstein"), [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany")) |
| Died | 8 October 1992(1992-10-08) (aged 78) [Unkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkel "Unkel"), [Rhineland-Palatinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate "Rhineland-Palatinate"), Germany |
| Resting place | [Zehlendorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehlendorf_\(Berlin\) "Zehlendorf (Berlin)"), Berlin |
| Citizenship | Germany (revoked 1938; regained 1948) Norway (1940â1948) |
| [Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party "Political party") | [Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") (1930â1931; from 1948) |
| Other political affiliations | [Socialist Workers' Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Workers' Party of Germany") (1931â1946) |
| Spouses | Carlotta Thorkildsen â â ( m. 1941; div. 1948\) â [Rut Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_Brandt "Rut Brandt") â â ( m. 1948; div. 1980\) â Brigitte Seebacher â ( m. 1983\) â |
| Children | 4, including [Matthias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Brandt "Matthias Brandt") |
| Awards | [Nobel Peace Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize "Nobel Peace Prize") (1971) |
| Signature | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willy_Brandt_signature.svg "Willy Brandt's signature") |
**Willy Brandt** (German: [\[ËvÉȘliË ËbÊant\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German "Help:IPA/Standard German") [â](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Willy_Brandt.ogg "File:De-Willy Brandt.ogg"); born **Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm**; 18 December 1913 â 8 October 1992) was a German politician and statesman who was leader of the [Social Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and concurrently served as the [chancellor of West Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany") from 1969 to 1974.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-britannica.com-2) He was awarded the [Nobel Peace Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize "Nobel Peace Prize") in [1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1971 Nobel Peace Prize") for his efforts to strengthen cooperation in Western Europe through the [EEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEC "EEC") and to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the countries of [Eastern Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-3) He was the first Social Democratic chancellor since 1930.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-4)
Fleeing to Norway and then Sweden during the [Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") regime and working as a [left-wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics "Left-wing politics") journalist, he took the name Willy Brandt as a [pseudonym](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym "Pseudonym") to avoid detection by Nazi agents, and then formally adopted the name in 1948. Brandt earned initial fame as [governing mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin "Governing Mayor of Berlin") of [West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin "West Berlin"). He served as the [foreign minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_\(Germany\) "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)") and as the [vice chancellor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_West_Germany "Vice-Chancellor of West Germany") in [Kurt Georg Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger")'s cabinet, and became chancellor in 1969.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1997-5)
As chancellor, he maintained West Germany's close alignment with the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") and focused on strengthening [European integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration "European integration") in Western Europe, while launching the new policy of *[Ostpolitik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostpolitik "Ostpolitik")* aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe. Brandt was controversial on both the right wing, for his *Ostpolitik*, and on the left wing, for his support of American policies, including his silence on the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Homepage_%E2%80%93_GHI_Washington_2015_m749-6) that he broke only in 1973,[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1973_j788-7) and [right-wing authoritarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship "Right-wing dictatorship") regimes.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Greve_Kriele_1986_pp._100%E2%80%93103-8) The [Brandt Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt_Report "Brandt Report") became a recognised measure for describing the general [NorthâSouth divide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World "NorthâSouth divide in the World") in world economics and politics between an affluent North and a poor South. Brandt was also known for his fierce [anti-communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist "Anti-communist") policies at the domestic level, culminating in the *[Radikalenerlass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalenerlass "Radikalenerlass")* (Anti-Radical Decree) in 1972. In 1970, while visiting a memorial to the [Warsaw Ghetto Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising") crushed by the Germans, Brandt unexpectedly knelt and meditated in silence, a moment remembered as the *[Kniefall von Warschau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau "Kniefall von Warschau")*.
Brandt resigned as chancellor in 1974, after [GĂŒnter Guillaume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume "GĂŒnter Guillaume"), one of his closest aides, [was exposed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_affair "Guillaume affair") as an agent of the [Stasi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi "Stasi"), the [East German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDR "GDR") [secret service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_service "Secret service"). Brandt died from colon cancer in 1992, aged 78.
## Early life and World War II
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Early life and World War II")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Frahm_circa_1933%E2%80%931940.jpg)
Herbert Frahm's Norwegian passport photograph,
c.
1938â1940
Willy Brandt was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in the [Free City of LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck "Free City of LĂŒbeck") ([German Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire")) on 18 December 1913.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-9) His mother was Martha Luise Wilhelmine Frahm (nĂ©e Ewert; 1894â1969), a single parent, who worked as a cashier for a department store. His father was a teacher from [Hamburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") named John Heinrich Möller (1887â1958),[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-10) whom Brandt never met. As his mother worked six days a week, he was mainly brought up by his mother's stepfather, Ludwig Frahm. He joined the "Socialist Youth" in 1929 and at age 16 became a full member of the [Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") (SPD) in 1930 despite the age minimum normally being 18. He also wrote for the *Volksbote*, a local Social Democrat daily, under editor-in-chief [Julius Leber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Leber "Julius Leber"), who would have a "decisive influence" on him.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19978-11)
He, along with half the youth-wing of the LĂŒbeck SPD, left the party to join the more left wing [Socialist Workers Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Workers' Party of Germany") (SAP) in October 1931, which was allied to the [POUM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification "Workers' Party of Marxist Unification") in Spain and, more significant to Brandt, had close ties with the [Norwegian Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(Norway\) "Labour Party (Norway)"). His break with Leber and the SPD lost him the promised financial support for university studies and his job at the *Volksbote*. After passing his *[Abitur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur")* in 1932 at *Johanneum zu LĂŒbeck*, he took work at the shipbroker and ship's agent F.H. Bertling.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-w493-12) In 1933 he left Germany for Norway to escape [Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") persecution. It was at this time that he adopted the pseudonym **Willy Brandt** to avoid detection by Nazi agents. In 1934, he took part in the founding of the [International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Revolutionary_Youth_Organizations "International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations"), and was elected to its secretariat.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19979%E2%80%9316-13) Willy Brandt became one of [Wilhelm Reich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich "Wilhelm Reich")'s subjects for his experiments on the electrophysiology of pleasure and anxiety.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-14)
Brandt was in Germany from September to December 1936, disguised as a Norwegian student named **Gunnar Gaasland**. The real Gunnar Gaasland was married to Gertrud Meyer from [LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck "LĂŒbeck") in a [marriage of convenience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience "Marriage of convenience") to protect her from deportation. Meyer had joined Brandt in Norway in July 1933. In 1937, during the [Spanish Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War"), Brandt worked in [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") as a journalist. In 1938, the German government revoked his citizenship, so he applied for Norwegian citizenship. In 1940, he was arrested in Norway by occupying German forces, but his real identity was not uncovered as he wore a Norwegian uniform. Upon his release, he escaped to [neutral Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II "Sweden during World War II"). In August 1940, he became a Norwegian citizen, receiving his passport from the [Norwegian legation in Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_legation_in_Stockholm "Norwegian legation in Stockholm"), where he lived until the end of the war. He lectured in Sweden on 1 December 1940 at [Bommersvik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bommersvik "Bommersvik") College about problems experienced by the [social democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democrats "Social democrats") in [Nazi Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") and the occupied countries at the start of the [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). In exile in [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") and [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), he learned Norwegian and Swedish. He spoke Norwegian fluently, and retained a close relationship with Norway.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-15)
In late 1946, Brandt returned to [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), working for the Norwegian government. In 1948, he re-joined the SPD and became a German citizen again, formally adopting the pseudonym Willy Brandt as his legal name. In 2021, it became known that Brandt served as a paid informant for the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Counterintelligence Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps "Counterintelligence Corps") from 1948 to 1952. He supplied reports on circumstances in the [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"), including the situation of East German authorities and industries, as well as Soviet troops.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-16)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-17) According to [Thomas Boghardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boghardt "Thomas Boghardt"), Brandt and SPD man [Hans Emil Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Emil_Hirschfeld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Emil Hirschfeld (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Emil_Hirschfeld "de:Hans Emil Hirschfeld")\] received 200,000 [German Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Mark "German Mark") from the Americans in 1950 for promoting his political career, after both had met with the Americans at the German CIA headquarters in [Frankfurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt"). Both were sworn to "secrecy". The Americans wanted to strengthen the SPD over the Communists in Berlin. Over the next two years, Hirschfeld received a further 106,000 Marks. Even after the end of his informant activities, he is said to have remained in contact with US intelligence.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-18)
## Early political career
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Early political career")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willy_Brandt_1953_Edit.jpg)
Brandt's official [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") portrait, 1953
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willy_Brandt_\(1959\).jpg)
Brandt in 1959 as [Governing Mayor of West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin "Governing Mayor of Berlin")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_meeting_with_Willy_Brandt,_March_13,_1961.jpg)
Brandt meeting [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") in 1961
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046883,_Mauerbau_Berlin,_Adenauer_und_Brandt_mit_Presse.jpg)
Chancellor Adenauer (left) and Mayor Brandt (right) at a press conference in Berlin following the construction of the [Berlin Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall "Berlin Wall"), 1961
Brandt was elected to the West German [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") (the federal parliament) in the [1949 West German federal election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election "1949 West German federal election") as a [SPD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") delegate from West Berlin, serving there until 1957. Concurrently, he was elected as an SPD representative to the [Abgeordnetenhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin "Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin") (the state-level parliament) of West Berlin in the [1950 West Berlin state election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_West_Berlin_state_election "1950 West Berlin state election"), and served there through 1971. In the [1969 West German federal election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election "1969 West German federal election"), he was again elected to the Bundestag, but as a delegate from [North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia"), and remained in the Bundestag as a delegate from that state until his death in 1992.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Noack-19)
In 1950, Brandt, while a member of the Bundestag and the editor-in-chief of the *Berliner Stadtblatt*, received a secret payment of about 170,000 Deutsche Mark from the U.S. government (equivalent to âŹ460,386 in 2021).[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-faz16-20)
From October 1957 to 1966, Willy Brandt served as [Governing Mayor of West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin "Governing Mayor of Berlin"),[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Operations_1993-21) during a period of increasing tension in EastâWest relations that led to the construction of the [Berlin Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall "Berlin Wall").[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-BBC_2006_m144-22) In his first year as mayor of Berlin, he also served as the president of the [Bundesrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany "Bundesrat of Germany") in Bonn. He was an outspoken critic of Soviet repression of the 1956 [Hungarian Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 "Hungarian Revolution of 1956") and of [Nikita Khrushchev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev "Nikita Khrushchev")'s 1958 proposal that Berlin receive the status of a "[free city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state "City-state")". He was supported by the influential publisher [Axel Springer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer "Axel Springer").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-britannica.com-2)
As mayor of West Berlin, Brandt accomplished much in the way of urban development. New hotels, office blocks, and flats were constructed, while both [Schloss Charlottenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Charlottenburg "Schloss Charlottenburg") and the [Reichstag building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_building "Reichstag building") were restored. Sections of the "Stadtring" [Bundesautobahn 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_100 "Bundesautobahn 100") [inner city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_city "Inner city") motorway were opened, while a major housing programme was carried out, with roughly 20,000 new dwellings built each year during his time in office.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-23)
At the start of 1961, U.S. President [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") saw Brandt as a figure destined for high office in West Germany and was hoping he would replace [Konrad Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") as chancellor following elections later that year.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-24) Kennedy made this preference clear by inviting Brandt, the West German opposition leader, to an official meeting at the [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House") a month before meeting with Adenauer, the country's leader. For the president, Brandt stood for Germany's future and for overcoming traditional Cold War thinking.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-25)
The diplomatic snub strained relations between Kennedy and Adenauer further during an especially tense time for Berlin.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-26) However, following the building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961, Brandt was disappointed and angry with Kennedy. Speaking in Berlin three days later, Brandt criticised Kennedy, asserting, "Berlin expects more than words. It expects political action." He also wrote Kennedy a highly critical public letter in which he warned that the development was liable "to arouse doubts about the ability of the three [Allied Powers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") to react and their determination" and he called the situation "a state of accomplished extortion".[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-27) Kennedy was furious, but managed to defuse the tension by sending his vice president, [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson"), to Berlin.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-28) In June 1963, Brandt figured prominently in the staging of Kennedy's triumphant [visit to West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner "Ich bin ein Berliner").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-29)
Brandt became the chairman of the SPD in 1964, a post that he retained until 1987, longer than any other party chairman since the founding of the SPD by [August Bebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bebel "August Bebel").\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Brandt was the SPD candidate for the chancellorship in 1961, but he lost to [Konrad Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer")'s conservative [Christian Democratic Union of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany "Christian Democratic Union of Germany") (CDU). In 1965, Brandt ran again, but lost to the popular [Ludwig Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard"). Erhard's government was short-lived, however, and in 1966 a [grand coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_coalition "Grand coalition") between the SPD and CDU was formed, with Brandt serving as [foreign minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_minister "Foreign minister") and as the 5th [Vice Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chancellor_of_Germany "Vice Chancellor of Germany").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199742%E2%80%9365-30)
## Chancellor
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Chancellor")\]
In the [1969 elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election "1969 West German federal election"), again with Brandt as the leading candidate, the SPD became stronger. After three weeks of negotiations, the SPD and the smaller [Free Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Free Democratic Party of Germany") (FDP) [formed a coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-liberal_coalition "Social-liberal coalition") government. Their [Members of the Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Bundestag "Member of the Bundestag") elected Brandt [Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany").
### Foreign policy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Foreign policy")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F037099-0021,_K%C3%B6ln,_Staatsempfang_f%C3%BCr_Pr%C3%A4sident_Pompidou.jpg)
Brandt with French president [Georges Pompidou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pompidou "Georges Pompidou") in [Cologne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"), 3 July 1972
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willy_Brandt_Square_02.jpg)
Monument commemorating the [Kniefall von Warschau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau "Kniefall von Warschau")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_to_discuss_US-West_German_relations_-_NARA_-_194507.tif)
Brandt with U.S. president [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") and [Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger"), 2 May 1973
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadat-Brandt.jpg)
Brandt with Egyptian President [Anwar Sadat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat "Anwar Sadat") in [Cairo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo "Cairo"), 21 April 1974
As chancellor, Brandt developed his *(Neue) [Ostpolitik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostpolitik "Ostpolitik")* ("new eastern policy") by stages. He was active in creating a degree of rapprochement with [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") (governed by a regime under [Erich Honecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Honecker "Erich Honecker")), and also in improving relations with the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), Poland ([Polish People's Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic "Polish People's Republic")), [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_\(1948%E2%80%931989\) "History of Czechoslovakia (1948â1989)"), and other [Eastern Bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc") (communist) countries.
Brandt introduced his Ostpolitik gradually, starting in 1967 with the establishment of diplomatic relations with [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania "Socialist Republic of Romania") and making a trade agreement with Czechoslovakia. In 1968, he restored diplomatic relations with [Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia").
However, in August 1968, the Kremlin-controlled [invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia "Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia") ended the [Prague Spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Spring "Prague Spring"). It was a profound disappointment for Brandt. He condemned the invasion and put Ostpolitik on hold while he negotiated a coalition with the Free Democrats. In late 1969, he indicated his readiness to meet with East German leadership (then under [Walter Ulbricht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht "Walter Ulbricht")) on the basis of equality, without preconditions. He also expressed an eagerness to meet with the USSR and Poland to resolve frontier questions that had remained unsettled since 1945. Brandt and the East German premier [Willi Stoph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Stoph "Willi Stoph") met in [Erfurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt "Erfurt") on 19 March 1970 ([Erfurter Gipfeltreffen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erfurter_Gipfeltreffen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erfurter Gipfeltreffen (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurter_Gipfeltreffen "de:Erfurter Gipfeltreffen")\]) and in [Kassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel "Kassel") on 21 May 1970 ([Gipfeltreffen in Kassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipfeltreffen_in_Kassel_1970&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gipfeltreffen in Kassel 1970 (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipfeltreffen_in_Kassel_1970 "de:Gipfeltreffen in Kassel 1970")\]).
Brandt made a six-point proposal that would involve two separate German states that respected each other's territorial integrity and settle disputes peacefully. They would cooperate as neighbours and the rights of the Four Powers in Berlin would be respected by both of them, and finally, the situation around Berlin would be improved. No agreements were reached at first, but talks continued.
On 12 August 1970, he signed a treaty with the Soviet Union ([Treaty of Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_\(1970\) "Treaty of Moscow (1970)"), which recognised existing national boundaries and was supposed to normalise relations.) The treaty with Poland in December 1970 ([Treaty of Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_\(1970\) "Treaty of Warsaw (1970)")) accepted the current boundaries ([OderâNeisse line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line "OderâNeisse line")), which had long been in dispute. During a visit to a monument to the [German occupation-era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government "General Government") [Warsaw Ghetto Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising"), he unexpectedly, and apparently spontaneously, knelt ([Kniefall von Warschau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau "Kniefall von Warschau")), honouring the victims.
This was met with a strong positive reaction worldwide but was highly controversial among the German public at the time.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-31)
The Berlin question ([Berlin-Frage](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin-Frage&action=edit&redlink=1 "Berlin-Frage (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Frage "de:Berlin-Frage")\]) was settled on 3 September 1971 ([Four Power Agreement on Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin "Four Power Agreement on Berlin")) to West Germany's satisfaction. The crowning step came with the Basic Treaty with East Germany ([Basic Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Treaty,_1972 "Basic Treaty, 1972"), signed 21 December 1972). The [status quo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo "Status quo") was legitimised, relations were formalised based on equality, and both Germanies joined the United Nations in 1973.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-32)
Brandt became the first German chancellor to address the United Nations General Assembly. *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* magazine in the U.S. named Brandt as its [Man of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year "Time Person of the Year") for 1970, stating, "Willy Brandt is in effect seeking to end World War II by bringing about a fresh relationship between East and West. He is trying to accept the real situation in Europe, which has lasted for 25 years, but he is also trying to bring about a new reality in his bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc."[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Time_1971-33) President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") also was pushing [détente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente "Détente") on behalf of the United States. The [Nixon policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration "Foreign policy of the Richard Nixon administration") amounted to co-opting Brandt's Ostpolitik.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-34)
In 1971, Brandt received the [Nobel Peace Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize "Nobel Peace Prize") for his work in improving [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations "International relations") with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. Brandt negotiated a peace treaty with Poland and agreements on the boundaries between the two countries, signifying the official and long-delayed end of [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). Brandt negotiated parallel treaties and agreements with Czechoslovakia.
In West Germany, Brandt's *Neue Ostpolitik* was extremely controversial, dividing the populace into two camps. One camp embraced all of the conservative parties, and most notably those West German residents and their families who had been driven west ("die [Heimatvertriebenen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimatvertriebenen "Heimatvertriebenen")") by Stalinist [ethnic cleansing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing "Ethnic cleansing") from [Historical Eastern Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Eastern_Germany "Historical Eastern Germany"), especially the part that was given to Poland as a consequence of the end of the war; western [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia") (the [Sudetenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland "Sudetenland")); and the rest of Eastern Europe, such as in [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania"). These groups of displaced Germans and their descendants loudly voiced their opposition to Brandt's policy, calling it "illegal" and "high treason".
A different camp supported and encouraged Brandt's *Neue Ostpolitik* as aiming at "change through [rapprochement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapprochement "Rapprochement")" (*Wandel durch AnnĂ€herung*), encouraging change through a policy of engagement with the (communist) [Eastern Bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc"), rather than trying to isolate these countries diplomatically and commercially. Brandt's supporters claim that the policy did help to break down the Eastern Bloc's "[siege mentality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_mentality "Siege mentality")" and also helped to increase its awareness of the contradictions in its brand of socialism/communism, which â together with other events â eventually led to the downfall of Eastern European communism.
### Domestic policies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Domestic policies")\]
#### Brandt's popularity
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Brandt's popularity")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F064862-0019,_Dortmund,_SPD-Parteitag,_Willy_Brandt.jpg)
Brandt talking at an [SPD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") meeting in [Dortmund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund "Dortmund"), 1983
Brandt's predecessor as chancellor, [Kurt Georg Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") (1904â1988), was almost ten years older than Brandt. He had gained his certificate as a lawyer in March 1933 and become a (largely inactive) member of the [Nazi party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_party "Nazi party"), obviously to avoid professional disadvantages. He was an older-fashioned conservative-liberal intellectual. Brandt, having fought the [Nazi regime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_regime "Nazi regime") and having faced down communist Eastern Germany during several crises while he was the [mayor of Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Berlin "Mayor of Berlin"), became a controversial, but credible, figure in several different factions. As the [Minister of Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office "Federal Foreign Office") in [Kiesinger's grand coalition cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiesinger_cabinet "Kiesinger cabinet"), Brandt helped to gain further international approval for West Germany, and he laid the foundation stones for his future *Neue Ostpolitik*. There was a wide public-opinion gap between Kiesinger and Brandt in the West German polls.
Both men had come to their own terms with the new [baby boomer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boomers "Baby boomers") lifestyles (see also [Protests of 1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_of_1968 "Protests of 1968")). Kiesinger considered them to be "a shameful crowd of long-haired drop-outs who needed a bath and someone to discipline them". On the other hand, Brandt needed a while to get into contact with, and to earn credibility among, the "[Ausserparlamentarische Opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausserparlamentarische_Opposition "Ausserparlamentarische Opposition")" (APO) ("the extra-parliamentary opposition"). The students questioned West German society in general, seeking social, legal, and political [reforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform "Reform"). The unrest led to a renaissance of right-wing parties in some of the [Bundeslands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesland_\(Germany\) "Bundesland (Germany)")' (German states under the Bundesrepublik) Parliaments.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-35)
Brandt, however, represented a figure of change, and he followed a course of social, legal, and political reforms. The [West German federal election on 28 September 1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election "1969 West German federal election") brought the SPD 224 seats and FDP 30 seats. 249 seats were needed for a majority. SPD and FDP formed a coalition. In his first speech before the Bundestag as the chancellor, Brandt set forth his political course of reforms, ending the speech with his famous words, "Wir wollen mehr Demokratie wagen" (literally: "We want to dare more democracy", or more figuratively, "We want to take a chance on more Democracy"). This speech made Brandt, as well as the Social Democratic Party, popular among most of the students and other young West German baby-boomers who dreamed of a country that would be more open and more colourful than the frugal and still somewhat-authoritarian Bundesrepublik that had been built after World War II. However, Brandt's *Neue Ostpolitik* lost him a large part of the German refugee voters from East Germany, who had been significantly pro-SPD in the postwar years.
| |
|---|
| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_democracy "Category:Social democracy") on |
| [Social democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy "Social democracy") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fist_and_rose "Fist and rose") |
| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_social_democracy "History of social democracy") [Age of Enlightenment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment "Age of Enlightenment") [French Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution") [Utopian socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_socialism "Utopian socialism") [Revolutions of 1848](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848 "Revolutions of 1848") [Reformistârevolutionary dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_\(1889%E2%80%931914\) "Social democracy") [Internationalistâdefencist schism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism "Internationalistâdefencist schism") [Frankfurt Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration "Frankfurt Declaration") [Godesberg Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godesberg_Program "Godesberg Program") [Pink tide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide "Pink tide") [Pasokification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasokification "Pasokification") |
| Concepts [Critical social work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_social_work "Critical social work") [Class collaboration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_collaboration "Class collaboration") [Gradualism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualism "Gradualism") [Labor rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_rights "Labor rights") [Land reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform "Land reform") [Left-wing nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism "Left-wing nationalism") [Mixed economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy "Mixed economy") [Nationalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization "Nationalization") [Reformism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformism "Reformism") [Social corporatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_corporatism "Social corporatism") [Social justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice "Social justice") [Social market economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_market_economy "Social market economy") [Tripartism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartism "Tripartism") [Welfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_spending "Welfare spending") [state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state "Welfare state") |
| Ideologies [Bevanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevanism "Bevanism") [Brownism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownism "Brownism") [Democratic socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism "Democratic socialism") [Ethical socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_socialism "Ethical socialism") [Evolutionary socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions "Eduard Bernstein") [Figuerism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figuerism "Figuerism") [Gaitskellism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaitskellism "Gaitskellism") [Kirchnerism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchnerism "Kirchnerism") [Liberal socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_socialism "Liberal socialism") [Lulism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulism "Lulism") [Mosaddeghism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaddeghism "Mosaddeghism") [Socialism of the 21st century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century "Socialism of the 21st century") |
| [People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_democrats "List of social democrats") [Allende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende "Salvador Allende") [Ardern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern "Jacinda Ardern") [Attlee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee "Clement Attlee") [Awolowo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo "Obafemi Awolowo") [Bebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bebel "August Bebel") [Ben-Gurion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion "David Ben-Gurion") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_L._Berger "Victor L. Berger") [Bernstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein "Eduard Bernstein") [Betancourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt "RĂłmulo Betancourt") [Bhutto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto") [Brandt]() [Branting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting "Hjalmar Branting") [Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown "Gordon Brown") [Callaghan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Callaghan "James Callaghan") [Cantor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Cantor "Dan Cantor") [CĂĄrdenas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas "LĂĄzaro CĂĄrdenas") [Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Clark "Helen Clark") [Craxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettino_Craxi "Bettino Craxi") [Crosland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Crosland "Anthony Crosland") [Curtin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin "John Curtin") [DaszyĆski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski "Ignacy DaszyĆski") [Douglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Douglas "Tommy Douglas") [Drees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Drees "Willem Drees") [Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert "Friedrich Ebert") [Ecevit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit "BĂŒlent Ecevit") [Engels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels "Friedrich Engels") [Erlander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tage_Erlander "Tage Erlander") [Fraser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fraser "Peter Fraser") [Gaitskell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell "Hugh Gaitskell") [Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi "Indira Gandhi") [Gerhardsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen "Einar Gerhardsen") [Gorbachev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev") [GonzĂĄlez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez "Felipe GonzĂĄlez") [Goulart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart "JoĂŁo Goulart") [Hardie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Hardie "Keir Hardie") [Hilferding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding "Rudolf Hilferding") [Hook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook "Sidney Hook") [Ä°nönĂŒ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC "Erdal Ä°nönĂŒ") [JaurĂšs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s "Jean JaurĂšs") [Jenkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins "Roy Jenkins") [Junmai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsun_Chang "Carsun Chang") [Katayama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama "Tetsu Katayama") [Kerensky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky "Alexander Kerensky") [Kirk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kirk "Norman Kirk") [Kreisky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky "Bruno Kreisky") [Lagos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos "Ricardo Lagos") [Layton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Layton "Jack Layton") [LĂ©vesque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque "RenĂ© LĂ©vesque") [Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lewis "Stephen Lewis") [MacDonald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald "Ramsay MacDonald") [Mandela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela "Nelson Mandela") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx "Karl Marx") [Mosaddegh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh "Mohammad Mosaddegh") [Nehru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru "Jawaharlal Nehru") [Palme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Palme "Olof Palme") [Prodi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi "Romano Prodi") [SĂĄnchez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez "Pedro SĂĄnchez") [Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") [Savage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage "Michael Joseph Savage") [Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz "Olaf Scholz") [Stauning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning "Thorvald Stauning") [Den Uyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl "Joop den Uyl") [Vail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Vail "Charles H. Vail") [Webb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield "Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield") [Whitlam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Whitlam "Gough Whitlam") [Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson "Harold Wilson") |
| [Parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties "List of social democratic parties") [CPDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_for_Social_Democracy_\(Equatorial_Guinea\) "Convergence for Social Democracy (Equatorial Guinea)") [ESDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Social_Democratic_Party "Egyptian Social Democratic Party") [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)") [LSDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Lithuania "Social Democratic Party of Lithuania") [MLSTPâPSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_%E2%80%93_Social_Democratic_Party "Movement for the Liberation of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe â Social Democratic Party") [MSZDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Hungary "Social Democratic Party of Hungary") [MSZP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Party "Hungarian Socialist Party") [NDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party "New Democratic Party") [PES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists "Party of European Socialists") PS [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_\(Andorra\) "Social Democratic Party (Andorra)") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_\(France\) "Socialist Party (France)") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_\(Portugal\) "Socialist Party (Portugal)") [PSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_\(Romania\) "Social Democratic Party (Romania)") [PSDE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Social_Democratic_Party "European Social Democratic Party") [PSDSH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Albania "Social Democratic Party of Albania") [PSOE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party "Spanish Socialist Workers' Party") [PSSh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania "Socialist Party of Albania") S [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democrats_\(Denmark\) "Social Democrats (Denmark)") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%22Harmony%22 "Social Democratic Party \"Harmony\"") [SAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party "Swedish Social Democratic Party") [SD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democrats_\(Slovenia\) "Social Democrats (Slovenia)") [SDE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_\(Estonia\) "Social Democratic Party (Estonia)") [SDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Front_\(Cameroon\) "Social Democratic Front (Cameroon)") [SDK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democrats_\(Kyrgyzstan\) "Social Democrats (Kyrgyzstan)") [SDLP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party "Social Democratic and Labour Party") SDP [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Croatia "Social Democratic Party of Croatia") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland "Social Democratic Party of Finland") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_\(Japan\) "Social Democratic Party (Japan)") [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Montenegro "Social Democratic Party of Montenegro") [SDPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_India "Social Democratic Party of India") [SDSM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Union_of_Macedonia "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia") [Smer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_%E2%80%93_Social_Democracy "Direction â Social Democracy") [SOCDEM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democracy_\(Czech_Republic\) "Social Democracy (Czech Republic)") [SocDems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democrats_\(Ireland\) "Social Democrats (Ireland)") [SPD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") [SDP BiH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina") [SPDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Serbia "Social Democratic Party of Serbia") [SP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland "Social Democratic Party of Switzerland") [SPĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria "Social Democratic Party of Austria") [WP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_\(Singapore\) "Workers' Party (Singapore)") |
| Organizations [International Trade Union Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation "International Trade Union Confederation") [International Union of Socialist Youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth "International Union of Socialist Youth") [Progressive Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Alliance "Progressive Alliance") [Socialist International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International "Socialist International") [Young European Socialists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_European_Socialists "Young European Socialists") [Network of Social Democracy in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_of_Social_Democracy_in_Asia "Network of Social Democracy in Asia") |
| Related [Anti-Stalinist left](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left "Anti-Stalinist left") [Fist and rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fist_and_rose "Fist and rose") "[The Internationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internationale "The Internationale")" [Progressivism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism "Progressivism") [Social fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_fascism "Social fascism") *[Tankie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankie "Tankie")* [Three Arrows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Arrows "Three Arrows") |
| **[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) [Politics portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics "Portal:Politics")** **[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg) [Socialism portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Socialism "Portal:Socialism")** |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar "Template:Social democracy sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy_sidebar "Template talk:Social democracy sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy sidebar") |
| |
|---|
| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Socialism_in_Germany "Category:Socialism in Germany") on |
| Socialism in Germany |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg) |
| Ideologies [Anarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany "Anarchism in Germany") [Communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism "Communism") and [Marxism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism "Marxism") [Autonomism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomism#West_Germany "Autonomism") [Leninism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism "Leninism") [MarxismâLeninism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism "MarxismâLeninism") [Maoism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism "Maoism") [Trotskyism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyism "Trotskyism") [Left communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_communism "Left communism") [Council communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_communism "Council communism") [Orthodox Marxism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism "Orthodox Marxism") [Christian socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialism "Christian socialism") [Catholic socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism_and_socialism "Catholicism and socialism") [Democratic socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism "Democratic socialism") [Eco-socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-socialism "Eco-socialism") [Lassalleanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassalleanism "Lassalleanism") [Liberal socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_socialism#Germany "Liberal socialism") [Revolutionary socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism "Revolutionary socialism") [Social democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy "Social democracy") [Third Way](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Way_in_Germany "Third Way in Germany") [Socialist conservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-conservatism#Germany "Left-conservatism") [State socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_socialism "State socialism") [Strasserism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasserism "Strasserism") |
| Principles [Anti-capitalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-capitalism "Anti-capitalism") [Anti-fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism "Anti-fascism") [Anti-imperialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism#Communist_and_socialist "Anti-imperialism") [Environmental justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justice "Environmental justice") [Equality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equality "Social equality") [Equality of opportunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_opportunity "Equality of opportunity") [Land reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Germany "Land reform in Germany") [Proletariat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat "Proletariat") [Radical democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_democracy "Radical democracy") [Redistribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth "Redistribution of income and wealth") [Social corporatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_corporatism "Social corporatism") [Social justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice "Social justice") [Social market economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_market_economy#Germany "Social market economy") [Social security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security_in_Germany "Social security in Germany") [Solidarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity "Solidarity") [State intervention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_intervention "State intervention") |
| History [March Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849 "German revolutions of 1848â1849") [Anti-Socialist Laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws "Anti-Socialist Laws") [Gotha Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotha_Program "Gotha Program") [State Socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Socialism_\(Germany\) "State Socialism (Germany)") [Erfurt Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt_Program "Erfurt Program") [November Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919 "German revolution of 1918â1919") [Kiel mutiny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_mutiny "Kiel mutiny") [Spartacist uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacist_uprising "Spartacist uprising") [Bavarian Soviet Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic "Bavarian Soviet Republic") [Weimar Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Constitution "Weimar Constitution") [Resistance to Nazism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism#Workers'_and_left-wing_resistance "German resistance to Nazism") [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") [Frankfurt Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration "Frankfurt Declaration") [Godesberg Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godesberg_Program "Godesberg Program") [West German student movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_German_student_movement "West German student movement") |
| Intellectuals [Adorno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno "Theodor W. Adorno") [Benjamin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin "Walter Benjamin") [Brecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht "Bertolt Brecht") [Eisler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Eisler "Hanns Eisler") [Engels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels "Friedrich Engels") [Fromm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Fromm "Erich Fromm") [Hess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Hess "Moses Hess") [Kautsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kautsky "Karl Kautsky") [Lassalle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle "Ferdinand Lassalle") [Luxemburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg "Rosa Luxemburg") [Mann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann "Thomas Mann") [Marcuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse "Herbert Marcuse") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx "Karl Marx") [MĂŒhsam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam "Erich MĂŒhsam") [Niekisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch "Ernst Niekisch") [Tillich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich "Paul Tillich") [Wecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Wecker "Konstantin Wecker") [Zetkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Zetkin "Clara Zetkin") |
| Politicians [Bebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bebel "August Bebel") [Bernstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein "Eduard Bernstein") [Brandt]() [Dutschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke "Rudi Dutschke") [Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert "Friedrich Ebert") [Honecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Honecker "Erich Honecker") [Kaiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Kaiser "Jakob Kaiser") [Kipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_Kipping "Katja Kipping") [Klingbeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Klingbeil "Lars Klingbeil") [Lafontaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine "Oskar Lafontaine") [Lauterbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lauterbach "Karl Lauterbach") [K. Liebknecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht "Karl Liebknecht") [W. Liebknecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht "Wilhelm Liebknecht") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1876\) "Hermann MĂŒller (politician, born 1876)") [Naumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann "Friedrich Naumann") [Pieck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck "Wilhelm Pieck") [Ramelow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_Ramelow "Bodo Ramelow") [Reichinnek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Reichinnek "Heidi Reichinnek") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schulz "Martin Schulz") [Schumacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher "Kurt Schumacher") [G. Strasser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Strasser "Gregor Strasser") [O. Strasser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Strasser "Otto Strasser") [ThĂ€lmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann "Ernst ThĂ€lmann") [Toller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Toller "Ernst Toller") [Ulbricht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht "Walter Ulbricht") [Nahles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Nahles "Andrea Nahles") [Wagenknecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht "Sahra Wagenknecht") |
| Parties Active [Communist Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany_\(1990\) "Communist Party of Germany (1990)") (KPD) [Die Linke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Linke "Die Linke") [Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance "Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance") (BSW) [Social Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") (SPD) Defunct [Communist Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany "Communist Party of Germany") (KPD) [General German Workers' Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_German_Workers%27_Association "General German Workers' Association") (ADAV) [Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany") (USPD) [Lassallean General German Workers' Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassallean_General_German_Workers%27_Association "Lassallean General German Workers' Association") (LADAV) [Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany") (MSPD) [National-Social Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National-Social_Association "National-Social Association") (NSV) [Old Social Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Old Social Democratic Party of Germany") (ASPD) [Saxon People's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_People%27s_Party "Saxon People's Party") [Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany") (SDAP) [Socialist Unity Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Unity Party of Germany") (SED) [Socialist Workers' Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Workers' Party of Germany") (SAPD) |
| Organisations Active [Friedrich Ebert Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert_Foundation "Friedrich Ebert Foundation") [Rosa Luxemburg Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg_Foundation "Rosa Luxemburg Foundation") Defunct *[Antifaschistische Aktion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion "Antifaschistische Aktion")* [Black Band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Band_\(resistance_group\) "Black Band (resistance group)") [Iron Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Front "Iron Front") [Red Army Faction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_Faction "Red Army Faction") *[Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold "Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold")* [Revolutionary Cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Cells_\(German_group\) "Revolutionary Cells (German group)") *[Roter FrontkÀmpferbund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund "Roter FrontkÀmpferbund")* [Ruhr Red Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army "Ruhr Red Army") [Spartacus League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_League "Spartacus League") |
| Media Active *[Die Tageszeitung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung "Die Tageszeitung")* *[Junge Welt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junge_Welt "Junge Welt")* *[Neues Deutschland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland "Neues Deutschland")* Defunct *[Badisches Volksecho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badisches_Volksecho "Badisches Volksecho")* *[Bauern Echo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauern_Echo "Bauern Echo")* *[Deutsche Volkszeitung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Volkszeitung_\(1945\) "Deutsche Volkszeitung (1945)")* *[Nachrichten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachrichten "Nachrichten")* |
| Related topics [Anti-Germans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Germans_\(political_current\) "Anti-Germans (political current)") [Antifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa_\(Germany\) "Antifa (Germany)") [Fantifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantifa "Fantifa") [Frankfurt School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School "Frankfurt School") [History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany") [Three Arrows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Arrows "Three Arrows") |
|  [Germany portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany "Portal:Germany") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg) [Socialism portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Socialism "Portal:Socialism") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Socialism_in_Germany "Template:Socialism in Germany") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Socialism_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template talk:Socialism in Germany (page does not exist)") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_in_Germany "Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism in Germany") |
### Chancellor of domestic reform
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Chancellor of domestic reform")\]
Although Brandt is perhaps best known for his achievements in foreign policy, his government oversaw the implementation of a broad range of social reforms, and was known as a "Kanzler der inneren Reformen" ("Chancellor of domestic reform").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) According to the historian [David Childs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Childs "David Childs"), "Brandt was anxious that his government should be a reforming administration and a number of reforms were embarked upon".[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Childs-37) Within a few years, the education budget rose from 16 billion to 50 billion DM, while one out of every three DM spent by the new government was devoted to welfare purposes. As noted by the journalist and historian [Marion Dönhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_D%C3%B6nhoff "Marion Dönhoff"), "People were seized by a completely new feeling about life". A mania for large-scale reforms spread like wildfire, affecting schools, universities, the administration, and family legislation. In the autumn of 1970, [Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") of the SPD declared "Every week more than three plans for reform come up for decision in cabinet and in the Assembly".[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38)
Federal spending rose significantly under Brandt;[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-39) increasing by an average of 12% per year between 1970 and 1974, with most of the additional spending allocated to transport, education and welfare.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-40) During Brandt's time in office, social expenditure rose from one quarter to a third of GDP.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-41)
According to [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt"), Willy Brandt's domestic reform programme had accomplished more than any previous programme for a comparable period.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Braunthal-42) Levels of social expenditure were increased,[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-43) with more funds allocated towards housing, transportation, schools, and communication,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) and substantial federal benefits were provided for farmers.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) Various measures were introduced to extend health care coverage,[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-46) while federal aid to sports organisations was increased.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) A number of social reforms were instituted[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Sinn-47) whilst the welfare state was significantly expanded[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-48) (with total public spending on social programs nearly doubling between 1969 and 1975),[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-socsci-49) with health, housing, and social welfare legislation bringing about welcome improvements,[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) and by the end of the Brandt Chancellorship West Germany had one of the most advanced systems of welfare in the world.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36)
Substantial increases were made in [social security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security "Social security") benefits such as injury and sickness benefits,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) pensions,[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-50) unemployment benefits,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-51) housing allowances,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) basic subsistence aid allowances,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Walker-53) and family allowances and living allowances.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Wilsford-54) In the government's first budget, sickness benefits were increased by 9.3%, pensions for war widows by 25%, pensions for the war wounded by 16%, and retirement pensions by 5%.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) Numerically, pensions went up by 6.4% (1970), 5.5% (1971), 9.5% (1972), 11.4% (1973), and 11.2% (1974). Adjusted for changes in the annual price index, pensions went up in real terms by 3.1% (1970), 0.3% (1971), 3.9% (1972), 4.4% (1973), and 4.2% (1974).[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-55) Between 1972 and 1974, the purchasing power of pensioners went up by 19%.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-56) In 1970, war pensions were increased by 16%.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Surveyof-57) War victim's pensions went up by 5.5% in January 1971, and by 6.3% in January 1972. By 1972, war pensions for orphans and parents had gone up by around 40%, and for widows by around 50%. Between 1970 and 1972, the "Landabgaberente" (land transfer pension) went up by 55%.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-archive.org-58) Between 1969 and 1974, the average real standard rate of income support rose (in 1991 prices) from around 300 DM to around 400 DM.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-59) Between 1970 and 1974, unemployment benefits rose from around 300 euros to around 400 euros per month, and unemployment assistance from just under 200 euros per month to just under 400 euros per month.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-60) In 2001 prices, the average standard social assistance benefit level rose from around 200 euros per month in 1969 to over 250 euros per month in 1974.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-61) During most of Brandt's years as chancellor, the majority of benefits increased as a percentage of average net earnings.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlora1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGaWtd5zJfB8CpgPA48_48]-62)
In 1970, seagoing pilots became retrospectively insurable and gained full social security as members of the Non-Manual Workers Insurance Institute. That same year, a special regulation came into force for District Master Chimney Sweeps, making them fully insurable under the Craftsman's Insurance Scheme.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Surveyof-57) An increase was made in tax-free allowances for children, which enabled 1,000,000 families to claim an allowance for the second child, compared to 300,000 families previously.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) The Second Modification and Supplementation Law (1970) increased the allowance for the third child from DM 50 to DM 60, raised the income-limit for the second child allowance from DM 7,800 to DM 13,200; subsequently increased to DM 15,000 by the third modification law (December 1971), DM 16,800 by the fourth modification law (November 1973), and to DM 18,360 by the fifth modification law (December 1973).[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) A flexible retirement age after 62 years was introduced (1972) for invalids and disabled persons,[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) and social assistance was extended to those who previously had to be helped by their relatives.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Sinn-47) From 1971, special subventions were provided to enable young farmers to quit farming "and facilitate their entry into the non-agricultural pension system by means of back payments".[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-64)
#### Social assistance
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Social assistance")\]
The Third Modification Law (1974) extended individual entitlements to [social assistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_assistance "Social assistance") by means of higher-income limits compatible with the receipt of benefits and lowered age limits for certain special benefits. Rehabilitation measures were also extended, child supplements were expressed as percentages of standard amounts and were thus indexed to their changes, and the grandparents of recipients were exempted from potential liability to reimburse the expenditure of the social assistance carrier.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The Third Social Welfare Amendment Act (1974) brought considerable improvements for the disabled, those in need of care, and older persons,[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated7-65) and a new fund of 100 million marks for disabled children was established.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44)
Allowances for retraining and advanced training and for refugees from East Germany were also increased,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) together with federal grants for sport.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) In addition, increases were made in the pensions of 2.5 million war victims.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38) Following a sudden increase in the price of oil, a law was passed in December 1973 granting recipients of social assistance and housing allowances a single heating-oil allowance (a procedure repeated in the winter of 1979 during the Schmidt Administration).[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-TheEvolution-66) Improvements and automatic adjustments of maintenance allowances for participants in vocational training measures were also carried out,[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-archive.org-58) and increased allowances were provided for training and retraining, together with special allowances for refugees from East Germany.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-ReferenceA-67)
There was determined, by statutory regulation issued in February 1970, the category of persons most seriously disabled "to whom, with regard to maintenance aid, an increased demand (50% of the appropriate rate) is being conceded, and, within the scope of relief in special living conditions: a higher rate of nursing aid".[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-68) In 1971, the retirement age for miners was lowered to 50.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-69) An April 1972 law providing for "promotion of social aid services" aimed to remedy, through various beneficial measures (particularly in the field of national insurance and working conditions), the staff-shortage suffered by social establishments in their medico-social, educational and other work. A bill to harmonise re-education benefits and another bill relating to severely disabled persons became law in May and September 1972 respectively.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) In 1972, winter payments for construction workers were introduced.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-71)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-72)
To assist family planning and marriage and family guidance, the government allocated DM 2,232,000 in 1973 for the payment and for the basic and further training of staff. A special effort was also made in 1973 to organise the recreation of [disabled persons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability "Disability"), with a holiday guide for the disabled issued with the aid of the Federal Ministry of Family and Youth Affairs and Health in order to help them find suitable holiday accommodation for themselves and their families. From 1972 to 1973, the total amount of individual aids granted by the Guarantee Fund for the integration of young immigrants increased from 17 million DM to 26 million DM.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_b-73) Under a law passed in April 1974, the protection hitherto granted to the victims of war or industrial accidents for the purpose of their occupational and social reintegration was extended to all disabled persons, whatever the cause of their disability, provided that their capacity to work had been reduced by at least 50%.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_c-74)
#### Health care
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Health care")\]
In the field of health care, various measures were introduced to improve the quality and availability of health care provision. Free hospital care was introduced for 9 million recipients of social relief,[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38) while a contributory medical service for 23 million panel patients was introduced.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38) Pensioners were exempted from paying a 2% health insurance contribution,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) while improvements in health insurance provision were carried out,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) as characterised by an expanded sickness insurance scheme, with the inclusion of preventative treatment.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The income limit for compulsory sickness insurance was indexed to changes in the wage level (1970),[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) and the right to medical cancer screening for 23.5 million people was introduced.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-spiegel.de-75) In January 1971, the reduction of sickness allowance in case of hospitalisation was discontinued.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_a-76) That same year, compulsory health insurance was extended to the self-employed.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-77) In 1970, the government included nonmedical psychotherapists and psychoanalysts in the national health insurance program.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-78)
Pupils, students and children in kindergartens were incorporated into the accident insurance scheme,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) which benefited 11 million children.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38) Free medical checkups were introduced that same year,[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-hdg.de-79) while the Farmers' Sickness Insurance Law (1972) introduced compulsory sickness insurance for independent farmers, family workers in agriculture, and pensioners under the farmers' pension scheme, medical benefits for all covered groups, and cash benefits for family workers under compulsory coverage for pension insurance.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) Participation in the employer's health insurance was extended to four million employees.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-spiegel.de-75) A Development Law of December 1970 made it possible for all employees to voluntarily become members of the statutory sickness insurance. The level of income for compulsory sickness insurance was indexed to 75% of the respective assessment level for pension insurance, while voluntarily insured employees were granted a claim to an allowance towards their sickness insurance from their employer. This law also introduced a new type of sickness insurance benefit, namely facilities for the early diagnosis of disease. Apart from the discretionary service of disease prevention, which had existed since 1923, insured persons now had a right in certain circumstances to medical examinations aimed at the early diagnosis of disease. According to one study, this marked a change in the concept of sickness insurance: it now aimed at securing good health.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-TheEvolution-66)
The Hospital Financing Law (1972) secured the supply of hospitals and reduced the cost of hospital care, "defined the financing of hospital investment as a public responsibility, single states to issue plans for hospital development, and the federal government to bear the cost of hospital investment covered in the plans, rates for hospital care thus based on running costs alone, hospitals to ensure that public subsidies together with insurance fund payments for patients cover total costs".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The Benefit Improvement Law (1973) made entitlement to hospital care legally binding (entitlements already enjoyed in practice), abolished time limits for hospital care, introduced entitlement to household assistance under specific conditions, and also introduced entitlement to leave of absence from work and cash benefits in the event of a child's illness.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) In 1971, to encourage the growth of registered family holiday centres, the Federal Government granted subsidies for the building and appointing of 28 of these centres at a total cost of 8 million DM.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_a-76) Free preliminary investigations were introduced for 2.5 million children up until the age of 4 for the early detection and correction of developmental disorders, and health research was expanded. Federal grants were increased, especially for the Cancer Research Centre in Heidelberg, while a Federal Institute for Sport Science was set up, together with the Institute for Social Medicine and Epidemiology in Berlin. In addition, funding for new rehabilitation facilities was increased.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-archive.org-58)
#### Retirement
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Retirement")\]
The Pension Reform Law (1972) guaranteed all retirees a minimum pension regardless of their contributions[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-willy-brandt.org-80) and institutionalized the norm that the standard pension (of average earners with forty years of contributions) should not fall below 50% of current gross earnings.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The 1972 pension reforms improved eligibility conditions and benefits for nearly every subgroup of the West German population.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated6-81) The income replacement rate for employees who made full contributions was raised to 70% of average earnings. The reform also replaced 65 as the mandatory retirement age with a "retirement window" ranging between 63 and 65 for employees who had worked for at least thirty-five years. Employees who qualified as disabled and had worked for at least thirty-five years were extended a more generous retirement window, which ranged between the ages of 60 and 62. Women who had worked for at least fifteen years (ten of which had to be after the age of 40) and the long-term unemployed were also granted the same retirement window as the disabled. In addition, there were no benefit reductions for employees who had decided to retire earlier than the age of 65.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-82) The legislation also changed the way in which pensions were calculated for low-income earners who had been covered for twenty-five or more years. If the pension benefit fell below a specified level, then such workers were allowed to substitute a wage figure of 75% of the average wage during this period, thus creating something like a minimum wage benefit.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-83) According to one study, the 1972 pension reform "enhanced" the reduction of poverty in old age.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-84)
Voluntary retirement at 63 with no deductions in the level of benefits was introduced,[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated6-81) together with the index-linking of war victims' pensions to wage increases.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) Guaranteed minimum pension benefits for all West Germans were introduced,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-socsci-49) along with automatic pension increases for war widows (1970).[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-hdg.de-79) Fixed minimum rates for women in receipt of very low pensions were also introduced, together with equal treatment for war widows.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-MyLife-85) Improvements in pension provision were made for women and the self-employed,[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-86) a new minimum pension for workers with at least twenty-five years' insurance was introduced,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Walker-53) faster pension indexation was implemented, with the annual adjustment of pensions brought forward by six months,[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-bpb.de-87) and the Seventh Modification Law (1973) linked the indexation of farmers' pensions to the indexation of the general pension insurance scheme.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52)
A new pension for "severely handicapped" persons was introduced in 1972,[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-88) along with occupational injury annuities[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-89) and a special pension for long-standing insurant from the age of 63 and a pension due to "limited earning capacity" from the age of 62.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-90) In addition, a special pension benefit was introduced for workers aged 60 and above after unemployment.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-91) Under the Severely Handicapped Persons Act of April 1974, a seriously disabled person could retire early on an old age pension at the age of 62 years, provided that he "complied with the other provisions of the legislation on pension insurance".[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_c-74)
#### Education
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Education")\]
In education, the Brandt Administration sought to widen educational opportunities for all West Germans. The government presided over an increase in the number of teachers,[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38) generous public stipends were introduced for students to cover their living costs,[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Sinn-47) and West German universities were converted from elite schools into mass institutions.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Sinn-47) The school leaving age was raised to 16,[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Lane-92) and spending on research and education was increased by nearly 300% between 1970 and 1974.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Lane-92) Working through a planning committee set up for the "joint task" of university development, the Federal Government started to make investment costs in 1971.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-93) Fees for higher or further education were abolished,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) while a considerable increase in the number of higher education institutions took place.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) A much-needed school and college construction program was carried out,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) together with the introduction of postgraduate support for highly qualified graduates, providing them with the opportunity to earn their doctorates or undertake research studies.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94) A law on individual promotion of vocational training came into force in October 1971, which provided for financial grants for attendance at further general or technical teaching establishments from the second year of studies at higher technical schools, academies and higher education establishments, training centres of second degree, or certain courses of television teaching. Grants were also made in certain cases for attendance at training centres located outside the Federal Republic.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_a-76)
The education budget was doubled from 3% to 6%, while an expansion of secondary education took place. The number of university students went up from 100,000 to 650,000, 30,000 more places were created in the schools, and an additional 1 billion marks were allocated for new school buildings. In addition, the provision of scholarships was expanded, with the 1970 programme providing for, in the words of one observer, "5,000 new scholarships for graduates, and double that number were being awarded three years later".[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-ReferenceA-67) Grants were introduced for pupils from lower income groups to stay on at school, together with grants for those going into any kind of higher or further education.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-95) Increases were also made in educational allowances,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) as well as spending on science.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Wilsford-54) In 1972, the government allocated 2.1 million DM in grants to promote marriage and family education.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) Under the Approbationsordnung (medical education profession act) of 1970, the subject of psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy at German universities became a compulsory subject for medical students,[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-96) and that same year education of clinical and biomedical engineers was introduced.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-97) The Brandt Administration also introduced enabling legislation for the introduction of comprehensives, but left it to the Lander "to introduce them at their discretion". While the more left-wing Lander "rapidly began to do so", other Lander found "all sorts of pretexts for delaying the scheme". By the mid-1980s, Berlin had 25 comprehensives while Bavaria only had 1, and in most LĂ€nder comprehensives were still viewed as "merely experimental".[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-98)
#### Housing and urban development
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Housing and urban development")\]
In the field of housing, various measures were carried out to benefit householders, such as improving the rights of tenants and increasing rental assistance. According to the Rent Subsidies Act (Wohngeldgesetz) of 1970, "low-income tenants and owners of accommodations are supported with rents and burdens subsidies".[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-99) The determination of the income of families taken into consideration for housing allowances was simplified,[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt.edu-100) and increased levels of protection and support for low-income tenants and householders were introduced,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) which led to a drop in the number of eviction notices. By 1974, three times as much was paid out in rent subsidies as in 1969, and nearly one and a half million households received rental assistance.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated7-65) Increases were made in public housing subsidies,[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-101) as characterised by a 36% increase in the social housing budget in 1970[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) and by the introduction of a programme for the construction of 200,000 public housing units (1971).[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-102) From 1970 to 1971, an 18.1% increase in building permits for social housing units was made.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-chroniknet.de-103) Other reforms aimed at improving tenants' rights included protection against conversion of rental housing into condominiums, the prohibition of the misappropriation of living space, new regulation of the apartment broker system, and a fee scale for engineers and architects. In addition, the income limits for eligibility for social housing were raised and adapted in order to reflect general income trends.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-archive.org-58)
A loose form of rent regulation was introduced under the name of *Vergleichmieten* (comparable rents),[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-104) together with the provision of "for family-friendly housing" freight or rent subsidies to owners of apartments or houses whose ceiling had been adapted to increased expenses or incomes (1970).[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-digam.net-105) In addition, a law for the creation of property for workers was passed, under which a married worker would normally keep up to 95% of his pay, and graded tax remission for married wage-earners applied up to a wage of 48,000 marks, which indicated the economic prosperity of West Germany at that time.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) The Town Planning Act (1971) encouraged the preservation of historical heritage and helped open up the way to the future of many German cities,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-MyLife-85) while the Urban Renewal Act (1971) helped the states to restore their inner cities and to develop new neighbourhoods.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-106) In addition, the Guidelines of December 1972 on the usage of federal funds in assisting social housing construction laid down that a certain standard needed to be observed when building homes for severely disabled persons.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-ReferenceB-107)
The Second Housing Allowance Law of December 1970 simplified the administration of housing allowances and extended entitlements, increased the income limit to 9,600 DM per year plus 2,400 DM for each family member, raised the general deduction on income to determine reckonable income from 15% to 20%, allowance rates listed in tables replacing complicated calculation procedure based on "bearable rent burdens".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The Housing Construction Modification Law (1971) increased the income-limit for access to low rent apartments under the social housing programme from 9,000 DM to 12,000 DM per annum plus 3,000 DM (instead of 2,400) for each family member. The law also introduced special subsidies to reduce the debt burden for builders not surpassing the regular income limit by more than 40%. Under a 1973 law, the limits were increased to 1,000 DM plus 9,000 DM and 4,200 DM for additional family members.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The Rent Improvement Law (1971) strengthened the position of tenants. Under this legislation, notice was to be ruled illegal "where appropriate substitute accommodation not available; landlords obliged to specify reasons for notice",[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) whilst the Eviction Protection Law (1971) established tenant protection against rent rises and notice. The notice was only lawful if in the "justified interest of the landlord". Under this law, higher rents were not recognised as "justified interest".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The Second Eviction Protection Law (1972) made the tenant protection introduced under the Eviction Protection Law of 1971 permanent. Under this new law, the notice was only lawful where the landlord proved a justified personal interest in the apartment. In addition, rent increases were only lawful if they were not above normal comparable rents in the same area.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52)
Directives on the housing of foreign workers came into force in April 1971. These directives imposed certain requirements for space, hygiene, safety, and amenities in the accommodations offered by employers. That same year, the Federal Government granted a sum of 17 million DM to the LĂ€nder for the improvement and modernisation of housing built before 21 June 1948.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_a-76) In addition, according to a 1971 regulation of the Board of the Federal Labour Office, "construction of workers' hostels qualified for government financial support under certain conditions".[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-108) The "German Council for town development", which was set up by virtue of Article 89 of a law to foster urban building, was partly aimed at planning a favourable environment for families (such as the provision of playgrounds). In 1971, the Federal Labour Office made available DM 425 million in the form of loans to provide 157,293 beds in 2,494 hostels. A year later, the Federal Government (Bund), the LĂ€nder and the Federal Labour Office promoted the construction of dwellings for migrant workers. They set aside 10 million DM for this purpose, which allowed the financing of 1650 family dwellings that year.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63)
Development measures were begun in 1972 with federal financial aid granted to the Lander for improvement measures relating to towns and villages, and in the 1972 budget, DM 50 million was earmarked, i.e. a third of the total cost of some 300 schemes. A council for urban development was formed in May 1972 with the purpose of promoting future work and measures in the field of urban renovation.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) In 1973, the government provided assistance of DM 28 million for the modernisation of old dwellings.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_b-73) New rules were introduced regarding improvements in the law relating to rented property, and control of the rise in rents and protection against cancellation of leases also safeguarded the rights of migrant workers in the sphere of housing.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) A law of July 1973 fixed the fundamental and minimum requirements regarding workers' dwellings, mainly concerning space, ventilation and lighting, protection against damp, heat and noise, power and heating facilities and sanitary installations.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_b-73)
#### Civil, family, and animal rights
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Civil, family, and animal rights")\]
Regarding civil rights, the Brandt Administration introduced a broad range of socially liberal reforms aimed at making West Germany a more open society. Greater legal rights for women were introduced, as exemplified by the standardisation of pensions, divorce laws, regulations governing the use of surnames, and the introduction of measures to bring more women into politics.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-MyLife-85) The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18,[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-109) the age of eligibility for political office was lowered to 21,[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94) and the age of majority was lowered to 18 in March 1974.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94) The Third Law for the Liberalisation of the Penal Code (1970) liberalised "the right to political demonstration",[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Braunthal-42)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94) while equal rights were granted to illegitimate children that same year.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Walker-53) A 1971 amendment to a federal civil service reform bill enabled fathers to apply for part-time civil service work.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-110) In 1971, corporal punishment was banned in schools,[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-111) and that same year a new Highway Code was introduced.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-112) In 1973, a measure was introduced that facilitated the adoption of young children by reducing the minimum age for adoptive parents from 35 to 25.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_b-73)
A woman's policy machinery at the national level was established in 1972[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-113) while amnesty was guaranteed for minor offences connected with demonstrations.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94) From 1970 onwards, parents as well as landlords were no longer legally prohibited "to give or rent rooms or flats to unmarried couples or to allow them to stay overnight".[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-114) In October 1972, the legal aid system was improved with the compensation paid to private lawyers for legal services to the poor increased.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-115) The Bausparkassen Act of 1972[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-116) placed all bausparkassen ([building societies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_society "Building society")) under the supervision of the Federal Banking Supervisory Office from January 1974 onwards, and confined them "to the contract saving business and related activities".[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-117) The Animal Protection Act, passed in 1972, introduced various safeguards for animals such as not permitting the causing of pain, injury, or suffering to an animal without justification, and limiting experiments to the minimum number of animals necessary.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-118) In 1971, rules were introduced making it possible for former guestworkers "to receive an unlimited residence permit after a five-year stay".[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-119)
#### Military
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Military")\]
A number of reforms were also carried out to the armed forces,[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) as characterised by a reduction in basic military training from 18 to 15 months, a reorganisation of education and training, and personnel and procurement procedures.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated7-65) Education for the troops was improved,[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-120) a personnel reshuffle of top management in the Bundeswehr was carried out,[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-121) academic education was mandated for officers beyond their basic military training, and a new recruiting policy for Bundeswehr personnel was introduced with the intention of building an army that reflected West Germany's pluralistic society. Defence Minister [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") led the development of the first Joint Service Regulation ZDv 10/1 (Assistance for Innere Fuehrung, classified: restricted), which revitalised the concept of Innere Fuehrung while also affirming the value of the "citizen in uniform". According to one study, as a result of this reform, "a strong civil mindset displaced the formerly dominant military mindset", and forced the Bundeswehr's elder generation to accept a new type of soldier envisioned by Schmidt.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-122) In addition, the Federal Cost of Moving Act increased the relocation allowance (with effect from 1 November 1973), with the basic allowances raised by DM 50 and DM 100 respectively, while extra allowances for families were raised to a uniform amount of 125 DM.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123)
In 1970, the Armed Forces Vocational Schools and the Vocational Advancement Organization extended their services for the first time to conscripts, "so far as military duty permitted".[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) New enlistment bonuses were authorised and previous bonus schemes were improved,[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) and new pay regulations were introduced that improved the financial situation of military personnel and civil servants.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) In July 1973, the 3rd Amendment to the Civilian Service Act came into force; "a prerequisite for the creation of additional civilian service places for recognised conscientious objectors". The amendment provided that men recognised as conscientious objectors while performing military service should immediately be transferred to a civilian service assignment.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) The maximum amount for servicemen enlisting for at least 12 years was increased from DM 6,000 to DM 9,000,[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) and from October 1971 onwards, long-term personnel were paid grants towards the cost of attending educational institutes of the "second educational route" or participating in state-recognized general education courses provided by private correspondence schools and the "television college".[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) In 1972, two Bundeswehr universities were established;[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-124)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-125) a reform which, according to one historian, "fought against the closed nature of the military and guaranteed that officers would be better able to successfully interact with the civilian world".[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-126) From April 1973, the general maintenance payments under the Law amending the Maintenance Security Act and the Workplace Protection Act were increased, while increases were also made in the special allowance (Christmas bonus) for conscripts, together with the dismissal allowance. The expense allowance for troops on duty-related absence from place of employment was improved, together with travel subsidies and provisions for military service-damaged soldiers and their families.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-127) In addition, the position of non-commissioned officers was improved.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-128)
#### Consumers' and workers' rights
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Consumers' and workers' rights")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F042103-0033,_Dortmund,_Brandt_besichtigt_Kohlenbergwerk.jpg)
Brandt visiting a coal mine in [Dortmund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund "Dortmund")\-[Eving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eving "Eving"), 1974
Legislation aimed at safeguarding consumers was also implemented under the Brandt Administration. The consumer's right of withdrawal in case of hire purchase was strengthened in March 1974,[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-sophienschule.de-129) and fixed prices for branded products were abolished by law in January that same year, which meant that manufacturers' recommended prices were not binding for retailers.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-sophienschule.de-129) In addition, a progressive anticartel law was passed.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) The Law on Compensation for Measures of Criminal Prosecution and Penalties, passed in March 1971, provided for standardised compensation in certain situations.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-130)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-131)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-132) In addition, the budget for communications was increased.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-ReferenceA-67)
In terms of working conditions, a number of reforms were introduced aimed at strengthening the rights of workers both at home and in the workplace. The Sickness Act of 1970 provided equal treatment of workers and employees in the event of incapacity for work,[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-bpb.de-87) while maternity leave was increased.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-133) Legislation was introduced in 1970, which ensured continued payment of wages for workers disabled by illness.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-willy-brandt.org-80) In 1970 all employees unfit for work (except for women in receipt of maternity benefits and temporarily and inconsiderably employed persons) were provided with an unconditional legal claim against their employer to continued payment of their gross wage for a period of 6 weeks, as also in the case of spa treatment approved by an Insurance Fund, the Fund bearing the full cost thereof. Previously, payment of the employer's supplement and sick pay were only made from the day on which the doctor certified unfitness for work.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Surveyof-57) In 1972, an Act on Agency Work was passed, which sought to prevent work agencies from providing job placement services and aimed to provide minimum job protection for employees in agency work.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-134) A law on the hiring out of manpower, passed in October 1972, contained provisions to stipulate prior authorization for the hiring out of manpower, to draw a distinction between the system governing workers hired out and the placing of workers, to regulate and improve the rights of hired out workers pertaining to working conditions and social insurance, and provide for more severe penalties and fines to be imposed on offenders.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63)
Improvements were also made in income and work conditions for home workers,[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-135) accident insurance was extended to non-working adults,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-socsci-49) and the Border Zone Assistance Act (1971) increased levels of assistance to the declining zonal peripheral area.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-136) The Occupational Safety Act (1973) required employers to provide company doctors and safety experts.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-137) A directive on protection against noise at the place of work was adopted in November 1970. If measurements showed or there was reason to assume that a noise level guide value of 90 dB(A) may be exceeded at the place of work, then the authority had to instruct the employer to arrange check-ups of the employees concerned, and these employees had to use personal noise protection devices.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) A matching fund program for 15 million employees was also introduced, which stimulated them to accumulate capital.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45)
A ministerial order of January 1970 extended protection in cases of partial unemployment to home workers, while an ordinance of August 1970 fixed the conditions of health necessary for service in the merchant navy. A general provision of October 1970 determined in detail the circumstances in which the competent authority must take action based on the act on the technical means of work. The requirement also stipulated the extent to which the technical standards established by national and international organisations can be regarded as "rules of the art".[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt.edu-100)
By a decree of the Federal Minister for Labour and Social Order, the Federal Institute for Industrial Protection became the Federal Agency for Industrial Protection and Accident Research. Amongst its designated tasks were the promotion of industrial protection, accident prevention on the journey to and from work and accident prevention in the home and leisure activities, the encouragement of training and advanced training in the area of industrial protection, and the promotion and coordination of accident research. A regulation was issued in 1972 which permitted for the first time the employment of women as drivers of trams, omnibuses and lorries, while further regulations laid down new provisions for lifts and work with compressed air.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) The Factory Constitution Law (1971) strengthened the rights of individual employees "to be informed and to be heard on matters concerning their place of work". The Works Council was provided with greater authority while trade unions were given the right of entry into the factory "provided they informed the employer of their intention to do so",[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Childs-37) while a law was passed to encourage wider share ownership by workers and other rank-and-file employees.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Childs-37) The Industrial Relations Law (1972) and the Personnel Representation Act (1974) broadened the rights of employees in matters which immediately affected their places of work, while also improving the possibilities for codetermination on operations committees, together with access of trade unions to companies.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-willy-brandt.org-80)
The Works Constitution Act of 1972 required, in cases of collective dismissal at an establishment normally employing more than twenty employees, that management and the works council must negotiate a social plan that stipulates compensation for workers who lose their jobs. In cases where the two parties could not agree on a social plan, the law provided for binding arbitration.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-138) In 1972, the rights of works councils to information from management were not only strengthened, but works councils were also provided with full codetermination rights on issues such as working time arrangements in the plant, the setting of piece rates, plant wage systems, the establishment of vacation times, work breaks, overtime, and short-time work.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-139) Legislation was passed which acknowledged for the first time the presence of trade unions in the workplace, expanded the means of action of the works councils, and improved their work basics as well as those of the youth councils.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated8-140)
A law of January 1972 on the organisation of labour in enterprises significantly extended the works council's right of cooperation and co-management in the matter of vocational training. That same year, the Safety Institute of the Federal Republic of Germany was transformed into a public Federal Agency (Bundesanstalt) with significantly enlarged powers, in the context of which special emphasis would be placed on its new task of promoting and coordinating research in the area of accident prevention.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) New provisions were introduced for the rehabilitation of severely disabled people ("Schwerbehinderte") and accident victims.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-MyLife-85) The Severely Disabled Persons Act of April 1974 obliged all employers with more than fifteen employees to ensure that 6% of their workforce consisted of people officially recognised as being severely disabled. Employers who failed to do so were assessed 100 DM per month for every job falling below the required quota. These compensatory payments were used to "subsidise the adaptation of workplaces to the requirements of those who were severely handicapped".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Walker-53)
A law passed in January 1974, designed to protect members of the supervisory boards of companies who are undergoing training, was aimed at ensuring that the representatives of young workers and youthful members of works councils still undergoing training could perform their duties with greater independence and without fear of disadvantageous consequences for their future careers. On request, workers' representatives on completion of their training courses had to have an employment relationship of unlimited duration.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_c-74) In the field of transport, the Municipal Transportation Finance Law of 1971 established federal guidelines for subsidies to municipal governments,[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-141) while the Federal Transport Plan of 1973 provided a framework for all transport, including public transport.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-142) In addition, the Severely Handicapped Persons Act of April 1974 extended the welfare and promotional obligations of the employer and provided a right to an extra holiday consisting of six working days.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-ReferenceB-107)
#### Environment
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Environment")\]
A federal environmental programme was established in 1971,[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-143) and in 1972 laws were passed to regulate garbage elimination and air pollution via emissions.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-144) Matching grants covering 90% of infrastructure development were allocated to local communities, which led to a dramatic increase in the number of public swimming pools and other facilities of consumptive infrastructure throughout West Germany.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Sinn-47) The federal crime-fighting apparatus was also modernised,[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) while a Foreign Tax Act was passed which limited the possibility of tax evasion.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-145) In addition, efforts were made to improve the railways and motorways.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) In 1971, a law was passed setting the maximum lead content at 0.4 grams per liter of gasoline,[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-146) and in 1972 DDT was banned.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-147) The Federal Emissions Control Law, passed in March 1974, provided protection from noxious gases, noise, and air-borne particulate matter.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-148)
In August 1971, a law came into force directed at reducing atmospheric pollution from lead compounds in four-stroke engine fuels. As a safeguard against radiation, a decree on the system of authorisations for medicaments treated with ionising radiation or containing radioactive substances, in its version of 8 August 1967, was remodelled by a new Decree of 10 May 1971 which added some radionuclides to the list of medicaments which doctors in private practice were authorised to use.
Taking into account the enormous high peaks of air traffic noise and its concentration at a limited number of airports, the Law for Protection against Aircraft Noise of 1971 sought to balance two conflicting demands, the first being the legitimate demand by industry, business and the public for an efficient air traffic system, and secondly, the understandable and by no means less legitimate claims of the affected people for protection and compensation. The legislation regulated the establishment of so-called "LĂ€rmschutzzonen" (protection areas against aircraft noise) for all 11 international airports and for those 34 military airports used for jet aircraft, and the law also authorised the Federal Department of the Interior to decree protection areas for each of those mentioned airports with approval by the "Bundesrat", the representation of the German Federal States.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-149)
#### Economy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Economy")\]
Under the Brandt Administration, West Germany attained a lower rate of inflation than in other industrialised countries at that time,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) while a rise in the standard of living took place, helped by the floating and revaluation of the mark.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) This was characterised by the real incomes of employees increasing more sharply than incomes from entrepreneurial work, with the proportion of employees' incomes in the overall national income rising from 65% to 70% between 1969 and 1973, while the proportion of income from entrepreneurial work and property fell over that same period from just under 35% to 30%.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated7-65) In addition, the percentage of West Germans living in poverty (based on various definitions) fell between 1969 and 1973.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlora1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGaWtd5zJfB8CpgPA54_54]-150)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-151) According to one estimate, the percentage of West Germans living in poverty fell from 9.7% to 8.9% between 1969 and 1973, and from 20.2% to 14.0% according to another estimate.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-152) According to another estimate, the percentage of West Germans living in poverty during this period fell from 2.7% to 1.4%.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-153)
### 1972 crisis
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: 1972 crisis")\]
Brandt's *Ostpolitik* led to a meltdown of the narrow majority Brandt's coalition enjoyed in the *Bundestag*. In October 1970, FDP deputies [Erich Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende"), [Heinz Starke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Starke "Heinz Starke"), and Siegfried Zoglmann crossed the floor to join the CDU. On 23 February 1972, SPD deputy [Herbert Hupka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hupka "Herbert Hupka"), who was also leader of the *[Bund der Vertriebenen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Expellees "Federation of Expellees")*, joined the CDU in disagreement with Brandt's reconciliatory efforts towards the east. On 23 April 1972, Wilhelm Helms (FDP) left the coalition. The FDP politicians Knud von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm and Gerhard Kienbaum also declared that they would vote against Brandt, completing the loss of Brandt's majority. On 24 April 1972, a [constructive vote of no confidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence "Constructive vote of no confidence") was proposed, to be voted on three days later. In the event this motion passed, CDU leader [Rainer Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") would have replaced Brandt as chancellor.
On paper, the opposition now had 250 votes; just one over the 249 needed to oust Brandt. Even Brandt himself believed he was finished, and a number of unions went on strike in anticipation of Brandt's expected defeat on the floor of the Bundestag. To everyone's surprise, the motion failed: Barzel got only 247 votes out of 260 votes cast, two short of what he needed to become Chancellor. There were also 10 votes against the motion and three invalid ballots. Most SPD and FDP deputies abstained, which had the same effect as voting for Brandt.
### New elections
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: New elections")\]
Main article: [1972 West German federal election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election "1972 West German federal election")
Though Brandt remained chancellor, he had lost his majority. Subsequent initiatives in parliament, most notably on the budget, failed. Because of this stalemate, the Bundestag was dissolved, and new elections were called. During the 1972 campaign, many popular West German artists, intellectuals, writers, actors and professors supported Brandt and the SPD. Among them were [GĂŒnter Grass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass "GĂŒnter Grass"), [Walter Jens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Jens "Walter Jens"), and even the [soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer "Soccer") player [Paul Breitner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Breitner "Paul Breitner"). Brandt's **Ostpolitik** as well as his reformist domestic policies were popular with parts of the young generation, and he led the SPD to its best-ever federal election result in late 1972.
However, the **Willy-Wahl**, Brandt's landslide win, was the beginning of the end, and Brandt's role in government started to decline. Many of his reforms met with resistance from state governments, dominated by CDU/CSU. The spirit of reformist optimism was cut short by the [1973 oil crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis "1973 oil crisis") and the major public services strike of 1974, which gave Germany's trade unions, led by [Heinz Kluncker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Kluncker "Heinz Kluncker"), a big wage increase but reduced Brandt's financial leeway for further reforms. Brandt was said to be more of a dreamer than a manager and was personally haunted by depression. To counter any notions about being sympathetic to Communism or soft on [left-wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics "Left-wing politics") extremists, Brandt implemented tough legislation that barred "radicals" from public service (**[Radikalenerlass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalenerlass "Radikalenerlass")**).
### Guillaume affair
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Guillaume affair")\]
Main article: [Guillaume affair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_affair "Guillaume affair")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F042453-0011,_Niedersachsen,_Brandt_im_Wahlkampf.jpg)
Brandt, photographed in 1974, with [GĂŒnter Guillaume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume "GĂŒnter Guillaume"). This image was taken a month before Brandt's resignation as chancellor.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F062773-0037,_M%C3%BCnchen,_SPD-Parteitag,_Brandt,_Schmidt.jpg)
Brandt, photographed at an [SPD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") conference in [Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich "Munich"), with his successor [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt"), 1982
Around 1973, West German security organisations received information that one of Brandt's personal assistants, [GĂŒnter Guillaume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume "GĂŒnter Guillaume"), was a spy for the East German intelligence services. Brandt was asked to continue working as usual, and he agreed to do so, even taking a private vacation with Guillaume. Guillaume was arrested on 24 April 1974 and later sentenced to 13 years in prison for [treason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason "Treason").[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-154) Brandt resigned from his position as chancellor on 6 May 1974, but he remained a member of the [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") and chairman of the Social Democrats until 1987.
This [espionage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage "Espionage") affair is widely considered to have been just the trigger for Brandt's resignation, not the fundamental cause. As Brandt himself later said, "I was exhausted, for reasons which had nothing to do with the affair \[the Guillaume espionage scandal\] going on at the time."[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-155) Brandt was dogged by scandals about serial adultery and reportedly also struggled with alcohol and depression.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-156) There was also the economic fallout on West Germany of the [1973 oil crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis "1973 oil crisis"), which may seem to have given enough stress to finish off Brandt as the Chancellor.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Guillaume had been an espionage agent for [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"), who was supervised by [Markus Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf "Markus Wolf"), the head of the [Main Directorate for Reconnaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Reconnaissance "Main Directorate for Reconnaissance") (*Hauptverwaltung AufklĂ€rung* or HVAâthe foreign intelligence service) of the East German Ministry for State Security. Wolf stated after the reunification that the resignation of Brandt had never been intended, and that the planting and handling of Guillaume had been one of the biggest mistakes of the East German secret services.
Brandt was succeeded as the Chancellor of the Bundesrepublik by his fellow Social Democrat, [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt"). For the rest of his life, Brandt remained suspicious that his fellow Social Democrat (and longtime rival) [Herbert Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") had been scheming for Brandt's downfall.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] However, there is scant evidence to corroborate this suspicion.
## Post-Chancellorship
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Post-Chancellorship")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079282-0022,_M%C3%BCnster,_SPD-Parteitag,_Willy_Brandt.jpg)
Brandt at a party rally in [MĂŒnster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster "MĂŒnster"), 1988
After his term as the Chancellor, Brandt retained his seat in the [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag"), and he remained the Chairman of the Social Democratic Party through 1987. Beginning in 1987, Brandt stepped down to become the Honorary Chairman of the party. Brandt was also a member of the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") from 1979 to 1983.
### Socialist International
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Socialist International")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WillyBrandtBerntCarlssonPenttiV%C3%A4%C3%A4n%C3%A4nen.jpg)
[Socialist International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International "Socialist International") Congress 1983. Brandt with outgoing general secretary [Bernt Carlsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt_Carlsson "Bernt Carlsson") (left) and new general secretary Pentti VÀÀnÀnen (right).
For sixteen years (1976â1992), Brandt was the [president of the Socialist International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International#Presidents "Socialist International"). During that period, the number of Socialist International's mainly European member parties grew until there were more than a hundred socialist, social democratic, and labour political parties around the world. For the first seven years, this growth in SI membership had been prompted by the efforts of the Socialist International's Secretary-General, the Swede [Bernt Carlsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt_Carlsson "Bernt Carlsson"). However, in early 1983, a dispute arose about what Carlsson perceived as the SI president's authoritarian approach. Carlsson then rebuked Brandt, saying, "This is a Socialist International â not a German International".
Next, against some vocal opposition, Brandt decided to move the next Socialist International Congress from [Sydney, Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia "Sydney, Australia") to [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"). Following this Socialist Congress in April 1983, Brandt retaliated against Carlsson by forcing him to step down from his position. However, the [Austrian Chancellor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria "Chancellor of Austria"), [Bruno Kreisky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky "Bruno Kreisky"), argued on behalf of Brandt: "It is a question of whether it is better to be pure or to have greater numbers".[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-157) Carlsson was succeeded by the Finn [Pentti VÀÀnÀnen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentti_V%C3%A4%C3%A4n%C3%A4nen "Pentti VÀÀnÀnen") as Secretary General of the [Socialist International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International "Socialist International").[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-158)
During Brandt's presidency, the SI developed activities and dialogue on a number of International issues. This concerned the EastâWest conflict and [arms race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race "Arms race"), on which the SI held high-level consultations with the leaderships of the United States and the Soviet Union, and on [Afghanistan after 1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "SovietâAfghan War").[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-159) The SI met with President [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") and Vice Presidents [Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale") and [George Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush"), and with the [CPSU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPSU "CPSU") Secretaries General Leonid Brezhnev and [Mikhail Gorbachev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev") and [Soviet Head of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union "List of heads of state of the Soviet Union") [Andrei Gromyko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko "Andrei Gromyko"). The SI also developed active contacts to promote dialogue concerning regional conflicts. Those included the Middle East, where they helped to build contacts between Israel and the [PLO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization "Palestine Liberation Organization"), and also in [Southern Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa "Southern Africa") and Central America.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-160) In 1984, as the chairman of the SPD, Brandt initiated party dialogues with the [Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") (CCP), making SPD the first international party relationship CCP established outside of other [communist parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party "Communist party").[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-161)
### Brandt Report
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Brandt Report")\]
Main article: [List of international trips made by Willy Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Willy_Brandt "List of international trips made by Willy Brandt")
In 1977, Brandt was appointed as the chairman of the Independent Commission for International Developmental Issues. This produced a report in 1980, which called for drastic changes in the global attitude towards development in the Third World. This became known as the [Brandt Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt_Report "Brandt Report").
### Reunification
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Reunification")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0316-035,_Wismar,_SPD-Wahlkundgebung,_Willy_Brandt.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0928-036,_Dessau,_SPD-Wahlkundgebung,_Willy_Brandt.jpg)
Brandt giving a speech in [Wismar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wismar "Wismar") ahead of the [1990 East German general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_East_German_general_election "1990 East German general election") (left) and in [Dessau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau "Dessau") shortly before [German reunification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification") (right), 1990
In October 1979, Brandt met with the East German dissident, [Rudolf Bahro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro "Rudolf Bahro"), who had written *The Alternative*. Bahro and his supporters were attacked by the East German state security organisation [Stasi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi "Stasi"), headed by [Erich Mielke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mielke "Erich Mielke"), for his writings, which had laid the theoretical foundation of a left-wing opposition to the ruling SED party and its dependent allies, and which promoted new and changed parties. All of this is now described as "change from within". Brandt had asked for Bahro's release, and Brandt welcomed Bahro's theories, which advanced the debate within his own Social Democratic Party.
On 11 September 1988, Brandt described the hope for [German reunification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification") as a delusion.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-162) In late 1989, Brandt became one of the first leftwing leaders in West Germany to publicly favor a quick reunification of Germany, instead of some sort of two-state federation or other kind of interim arrangement. Brandt's public statement, "Now grows together what belongs together", was widely quoted in those days.
### Hostages in Iraq
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Hostages in Iraq")\]
One of Brandt's last public appearances was in flying to [Baghdad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad"), [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"), to free Western hostages held by [Saddam Hussein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein"), following the [Iraqi invasion of Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait "Iraqi invasion of Kuwait") in 1990. Brandt secured the release of a large number of them, and on 9 November 1990, his airplane landed with 174 freed hostages on board at [Frankfurt Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport "Frankfurt Airport").[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-163)
## Death and legacy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Death and legacy")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022_Warszawa_pomnik_Willy%27ego_Brandta,_6.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willy_Brandt_Memorial-Nuremberg.jpg)
[Willy Brandt Monument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt_Monument_\(Warsaw\) "Willy Brandt Monument (Warsaw)") in [Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") (left) and artist [Josef Tabachnyk's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Tabachnyk "Josef Tabachnyk") memorial to Brandt in [Nuremberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg "Nuremberg") (right)
Brandt died of [colon cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer "Colorectal cancer") at his home in [Unkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkel "Unkel"), a town on the [River Rhine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rhine "River Rhine"), on 8 October 1992, at the age of 78.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-164) He was given a [state funeral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funeral "State funeral") and was buried at the cemetery at [Zehlendorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehlendorf_\(Berlin\) "Zehlendorf (Berlin)") in Berlin.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-165)
The Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation was established in 1994. It serves to honour the memory of Brandt's political accomplishments and his commitment to peace, freedom and democracy. The foundation runs two permanent exhibitions: one in Berlin and [the other](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt_House,_L%C3%BCbeck "Willy Brandt House, LĂŒbeck") in [LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck "LĂŒbeck"), where Brandt was born. Other works of the foundation include oversight of Brandt's papers, speeches and letters (the Berlin Edition), historical research, as well as organising lectures and international conferences.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-166)
In 1997, a [park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandts_Park "Willy Brandts Park") in [Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") was named in Brandt's honour. It is close to where he lived during his exile in [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") 1941â1945.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-167)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-168)
When the SPD moved its headquarters from Bonn back to Berlin in the mid-1990s, the new headquarters was named the "Willy Brandt Haus". One of the buildings of the [European Parliament in Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold "Espace LĂ©opold") was named after him in 2008.
On 6 December 2000, a [memorial to Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt_Monument_\(Warsaw\) "Willy Brandt Monument (Warsaw)") and *[Warschauer Kniefall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschauer_Kniefall "Warschauer Kniefall")* was unveiled in [Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), Poland.
German artist [Johannes Heisig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Heisig "Johannes Heisig") painted several portraits of Brandt, of which one was unveiled as part of an honouring event at the [German Historical Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Historical_Institutes "German Historical Institutes"), [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") on 18 March 2003. Spokesmen amongst others were former German Federal Minister [Egon Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr") and former U.S. Secretary of State [Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger").[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-GHI-169)
In 2009, the Willy-Brandt-Memorial was opened up in Nuremberg at the Willy-Brandt Square.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-170) It was created by the artist [Josef Tabachnyk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Tabachnyk "Josef Tabachnyk").
In 2009, the [University of Erfurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Erfurt "University of Erfurt") renamed its [graduate school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school "Graduate school") of [public administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration "Public administration") as the [Willy Brandt School of Public Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt_School_of_Public_Policy "Willy Brandt School of Public Policy"). A [private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school "Private school") German-language [secondary school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school "Secondary school") in [Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland"), is also named after Brandt.
The main boulevard at the north entrance of the [Montenegrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro") capital [Podgorica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgorica "Podgorica") was named Willy Brandt Boulevard in 2011.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-171)
Brandt also has an unusual memorial in [Hammersmith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith "Hammersmith") in [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London"), [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"). In 1963, when he was mayor of West Berlin, Brandt travelled to [Hammersmith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith "Hammersmith") with a [street lamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_light "Street light") from West Berlin and presented it to the mayor of Hammersmith to mark its twinning with [Neukölln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln "Neukölln"). The lamp now stands on the wall of [Westcott Lodge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcott_Lodge "Westcott Lodge"), facing [Furnival Gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnival_Gardens "Furnival Gardens"), with a commemorative plaque below it.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-172)
Although Brandt had only served five years in office as [Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany"), he remains one of the most popular politicians in the history of the [Federal Republic of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany "Federal Republic of Germany").
[Berlin Brandenburg Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport "Berlin Brandenburg Airport"), which opened in late 2020, is also named in his honour.
## Brandt's family
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Brandt's family")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_\(17086177105\).jpg)
Peter Brandt (right) during the [protests of 1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_of_1968 "Protests of 1968")
From 1941 until 1948, Brandt was married to Anna Carlotta Thorkildsen (the daughter of a Norwegian father and a German-American mother). They had a daughter, Ninja Frahm (born in 1940).[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-:0-173)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Spiegel-174) After Brandt and Thorkildsen were divorced in 1948, Brandt married the Norwegian-born German writer [Rut Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_Brandt "Rut Brandt") in the same year. Hansen and Brandt had three sons: [Peter Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Brandt_\(historian\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Brandt (historian) (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brandt_\(Historiker\) "de:Peter Brandt (Historiker)")\] (born in 1948), [Lars Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lars_Brandt_\(author\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lars Brandt (author) (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Brandt "de:Lars Brandt")\] (born in 1951) and [Matthias Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Brandt "Matthias Brandt") (born in 1961). After 32 years of marriage, Willy Brandt and Rut Hansen Brandt divorced in 1980, and from the day that they were divorced, they never saw each other again.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-:0-173) On 9 December 1983, Brandt married [Brigitte Seebacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Seebacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Seebacher (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Seebacher "de:Brigitte Seebacher")\] (born in 1946).[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-:0-173)
## Honours
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Honours")\]
### Foreign honours
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Foreign honours")\]
-  Malaysia : Honorary Grand Commander of the [Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia#Grand_Commander "Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia") (S.S.M.) (1969)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-175)
## Selected works
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Selected works")\]
- 1960 *Mein Weg nach Berlin* (*My Path to Berlin*), autobiography written with Leo Lania
- 1966 *DrauĂen. Schriften wĂ€hrend der Emigration*. (*Outside: Writings during the Emigration*) [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-8012-1094-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8012-1094-4 "Special:BookSources/3-8012-1094-4")
- 1968 *Friedenspolitik in Europa* (*The Politics of Peace in Europe*)
- 1976 *Begegnungen und Einsichten 1960â1975* (*Encounters and Insights 1960â1975*)
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-455-08979-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-455-08979-8 "Special:BookSources/3-455-08979-8")
- 1982 *Links und frei. Mein Weg 1930â1950* (*Left and Free: My Path 1930â1950*)
- 1986 *Der organisierte Wahnsinn* (*Organized Lunacy*)
- 1989 *Erinnerungen* (*Memories*)
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-549-07353-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-549-07353-4 "Special:BookSources/3-549-07353-4")
- 2002 Berliner Ausgabe, Werkauswahl, ed. for Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt Stiftung by [Helga Grebing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Grebing "Helga Grebing"), Gregor Schöllgen and Heinrich August Winkler, 10 volumes, Dietz Verlag, Bonn 2002f, Collected Writings
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-8012-0305-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8012-0305-0 "Special:BookSources/3-8012-0305-0")
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-1)** Due to the division of Germany, Willy Brandt was only the Federal Chancellor in [West Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany"). The term **West Germany** is the common English name for the **Federal Republic of Germany** between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the [German reunification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification") through the accession of [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") on 3 October 1990. The office of the chancellor did not exist in East Germany.
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: References")\]
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-britannica.com_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-britannica.com_2-1)
["Willy Brandt \| German Chancellor, Nobel Peace Prize Winner \| Britannica"](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Willy-Brandt). *britannica.com*. 12 April 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-3)**
["The 1971 Nobel Prize â Presentation Speech"](https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1971/press.html). *nobelprize.org*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-4)** Since [Hermann MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1876\) "Hermann MĂŒller (politician, born 1876)")
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1997_5-0)** [Marshall 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFMarshall1997).
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Homepage_%E2%80%93_GHI_Washington_2015_m749_6-0)**
["Event â GHI Washington"](https://www.ghi-dc.org/events/event/date/willy-brandt-and-the-americas-1974-1992-10-06-2016). *ghi-dc.org*. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1973_j788_7-0)**
["BRANDT AND PARTY MAKE PEACE APPEAL"](https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/16/archives/brandt-and-party-make-peace-appeal.html). *The New York Times*. 16 January 1973. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Greve_Kriele_1986_pp._100%E2%80%93103_8-0)**
Greve, Michael S.; Kriele, Martin (1986). ["Willy Brandt and the Sandinistas: The Neutralization of the SPD"](http://www.jstor.org/stable/42894439). *The National Interest* (4). Center for the National Interest: 100â103\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0884-9382](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0884-9382). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [42894439](https://www.jstor.org/stable/42894439). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-9)**
Jessup, John E. (1998). [*An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945â1996*](https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024655/https://www.questia.com/read/106899354/an-encyclopedic-dictionary-of-conflict-and-conflict). Westport, CT: [Greenwood Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group "Greenwood Publishing Group"). p. 89. Archived from [the original](https://www.questia.com/read/106899354/an-encyclopedic-dictionary-of-conflict-and-conflict) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-10)**
Kilian, Dieter E. (2011). [*Politik und MilitÀr in Deutschland: Die BundesprÀsidenten und Bundeskanzler und ihre Beziehung zu Soldatentum und Bundeswehr*](https://books.google.com/books?id=7tRyJy-An1MC&q=John+Heinrich+M%C3%B6ller+1887&pg=PA381). [Books on Demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-publishing "Self-publishing"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9783937885360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783937885360 "Special:BookSources/9783937885360")
.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19978_11-0)** [Marshall 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFMarshall1997), p. 8.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-w493_12-0)**
["Working-class youngster in LĂŒbeck"](https://www.willy-brandt-biography.com/working-class-youngster-in-luebeck/). *Willy Brandt Biografie*. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
(source names F. H. Bertling)
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19979%E2%80%9316_13-0)** [Marshall 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFMarshall1997), pp. 9â16.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-14)**
Bennett, Philip (14 January 2025). ["Wilhelm Reich's Early Writings on Work Democracy: A Theoretical Basis for Challenging Fascism Then and Now"](https://www.cnsjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Bennett.20.1.Mar_.101.pdf) (PDF). *[The International Journal of Psychoanalysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Psychoanalysis "The International Journal of Psychoanalysis")*. **95** (2): 53â73\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/10455751003655898](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10455751003655898).
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-15)**
["The years of exile and the postwar period (1933â1947) - Willy Brandt and the unification of Europe"](https://www.cvce.eu/en/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/f28057ae-f00f-4677-8327-d97d19023b80/94934910-918b-4133-917f-b28e40000a38). *cvce.eu*. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-16)**
Klaus Wiegrefe (17 December 2021), ["Informant »O-35-VIII«: Willy Brandt war fĂŒr den US-Geheimdienst aktiv"](https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/willy-brandt-war-bis-1952-informant-des-us-geheimdienstes-cic-a-1d29dd17-55a0-44b9-8f65-7d726772f988), *Der Spiegel* (in German), [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2195-1349](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349), retrieved 18 December 2021
.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-17)**
Schlitt, Anna-Lena (18 December 2021). ["Willy Brandt war Informant fĂŒr US-MilitĂ€rgeheimdienst"](https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2021-12/willy-brandt-us-geheimdienst-cic-informant). *[Die Zeit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit "Die Zeit")*.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-18)**
Thomas Boghardt. ["Covert Legions: U.S. Army Intelligence in Germany, 1944-1949"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220404161854/https://history.army.mil/html/books/045/45-5/cmhPub_45-5.pdf) (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 378. Archived from [the original](https://history.army.mil/html/books/045/45-5/cmhPub_45-5.pdf) (PDF) on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Noack_19-0)**
Noack, Hans-Joachim (2013). *Willy Brandt: Ein Leben, ein Jahrhundert*. Berlin: [Rowohlt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag "Rowohlt Verlag"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3871346453](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3871346453 "Special:BookSources/978-3871346453")
.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-faz16_20-0)**
["Washington unterstĂŒtzte Willy Brandt mit geheimen Zahlungen"](https://m.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/historiker-enthuellt-washington-unterstuetzte-willy-brandt-mit-geheimen-zahlungen-14280080.html) \[Washington supported Willy Brandt with secret payments\]. *[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung")* (in German). 10 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Operations_1993_21-0)**
United States Department of State (1993). [Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958â1960, Berlin Crisis, 1958â1959, Volume VIII](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v08/d19) (Report). [United States Government Publishing Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office "United States Government Publishing Office"). Retrieved 8 March 2024. "The election of Willy Brandt as Governing Mayor in October 1957 following the death of [Otto Suhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Suhr "Otto Suhr") infused new vigor into the administration of the city."
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-BBC_2006_m144_22-0)**
["Willy Brandt"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/brandt_willy.shtml). *bbc.co.uk*. 5 September 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-23)**
["Willy Brandt : Biography"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111009112249/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERbrandtW.htm). [Spartacus Educational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_Educational "Spartacus Educational"). Archived from [the original](https://spartacus-educational.com/GERbrandtW.htm) on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-24)** [Kempe (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKempe2011), p. 98
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-25)** [Daum (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFDaum2008).
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-26)** [Kempe (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKempe2011), p. 166
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-27)** [Kempe (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKempe2011), pp. 375â376
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-28)** [Daum (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFDaum2008), pp. 27â28
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-29)** [Daum (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFDaum2008), pp. 125â162.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199742%E2%80%9365_30-0)** [Marshall 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFMarshall1997), pp. 42â65.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-31)** especially by those who had been [forced to flee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_\(1944%E2%80%931950\) "Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â1950)") from the former German provinces of [Lower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia "Province of Lower Silesia") and [Upper Silesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia "Province of Upper Silesia"), [East Prussia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia "East Prussia"), and the eastern parts of [Brandenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg "Province of Brandenburg") ([Neumark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumark "Neumark")) and [Pomerania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_\(1815%E2%80%931945\) "Province of Pomerania (1815â1945)") ([Farther Pomerania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farther_Pomerania "Farther Pomerania")), which were annexed by the [Provisional Government of National Unity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity "Provisional Government of National Unity") of Poland and by the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union").
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-32)** Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, eds. *Statesmen Who Changed the World: A Bio-Bibliographical Dictionary of Diplomacy* (Greenwood, 1993) pp. 60â63
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Time_1971_33-0)**
["Man Of The Year: On the Road to a New Reality"](https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,942376,00.html). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. 4 January 1971. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-34)** [Juneau (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFJuneau2011)
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-35)** In the [Landtagswahl in Bayern on 20 November 1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landtagswahl_in_Bayern_1966&action=edit&redlink=1 "Landtagswahl in Bayern 1966 (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtagswahl_in_Bayern_1966 "de:Landtagswahl in Bayern 1966")\], the [National Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "National Democratic Party of Germany") got 7.4% of the votes. In the [Hessian state election on 6 November 1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Hessian_state_election "1966 Hessian state election"), the NPD got 7.95% of the votes.
35. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-9) [Radice & Radice (1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFRadiceRadice1986)
36. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Childs_37-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Childs_37-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Childs_37-2) [Childs (1992)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFChilds1992)
37. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-5) [Dönhoff (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFD%C3%B6nhoff1982)
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-39)** [Adnan Yaseen Hussein and Wisam Ali Thabet (2021). Economic reforms of the Willy Brandt government 1969â1972. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology, 18(10), 3132â3145. Retrieved from https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/10324](https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/10324)
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-40)** [The Politics of the New Germany By Simon Green, Publisher: Taylor & Francis, 2013](https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Politics_of_the_New_Germany/u-7FBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+SPD-FDP+government+under+Willy+Brandt+presided+over&pg=PT153&printsec=frontcover)
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-41)** *The Federal Republic of Germany: The End of an Era* edited by Ewa Kolinsky, pp. 228â229
41. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Braunthal_42-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Braunthal_42-1) [Braunthal (1994)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBraunthal1994)
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-43)**
["The Population of the Federal Republic of Germany"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170406232622/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c17.pdf) (PDF). *cicred.org*. Archived from [the original](http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c17.pdf) (PDF) on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
43. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-10) [Prittie (1974)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFPrittie1974)
44. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-7) [Binder (1975)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBinder1975)
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-46)**
[*Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110513054407/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/80776/E68952.pdf) (PDF). European Observatory on Health Care Systems, [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization"). Archived from [the original](http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/80776/E68952.pdf) (PDF) on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
46. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Sinn_47-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Sinn_47-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Sinn_47-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Sinn_47-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Sinn_47-4) [Sinn (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSinn2007)
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-48)**
Flacks, Richard; Lichtenstein, Nelson (3 February 2015). ["The Port Huron Statement: Sources and Legacies of the New Left's Founding Manifesto"](https://archive.org/details/porthuronstateme0000unse). [University of Pennsylvania Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press "University of Pennsylvania Press"). p. [187](https://archive.org/details/porthuronstateme0000unse/page/187). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780812246926](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812246926 "Special:BookSources/9780812246926")
â via Internet Archive.
48. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-socsci_49-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-socsci_49-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-socsci_49-2)
["Dalton, Politics in Germany â Chapter 10"](http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~rdalton/germany/ch10/chap10.htm). *socsci.uci.edu*. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-50)** [Callaghan (2000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFCallaghan2000)
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-51)** [\[1\]](https://core.ac.uk/download/files/153/6356755.pdf) \[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
51. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-11) [***m***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-12) [***n***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-13) [***o***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-14) [***p***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-15) [***q***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-16) [Flora (1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFFlora1986)
52. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Walker_53-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Walker_53-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Walker_53-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Walker_53-3) [Walker, Lawson & Townsend (1984)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFWalkerLawsonTownsend1984)
53. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Wilsford_54-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Wilsford_54-1) [Wilsford (1995)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFWilsford1995)
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-55)** [Potthoff & Miller (2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFPotthoffMiller2006)
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-56)**
["GHDI â Document â Page"](http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=1655). *germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org*. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
56. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Surveyof_57-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Surveyof_57-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Surveyof_57-2) [Schewe, Nordhorn & Schenke (1972)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFScheweNordhornSchenke1972)
57. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-archive.org_58-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-archive.org_58-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-archive.org_58-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-archive.org_58-3)
Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (1 January 1972). ["Wahlprogramm der SPD: mit Willy Brandt fur Frieden, Sicherheit und eine bessere Qualitat des Lebens"](https://archive.org/details/WahlprogrammDerSpdMitWillyBrandtFrFriedenSicherheitUndEine) â via Internet Archive.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-59)**
["IZA Discussion Paper No. 124"](http://ftp.iza.org/dp124.pdf) (PDF). *ftp.iza.org*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-60)**
Boss, Alfred (November 2008). ["Zur Entwicklung des Anspruchslohns in Deutschland"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161029174159/https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/zur-entwicklung-des-anspruchslohns-in-deutschland/KWP_1463.pdf) (PDF). *ifw-mewmbers.ifw-kiel.de*. [Kiel Institute for the World Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Institute_for_the_World_Economy "Kiel Institute for the World Economy"). Archived from [the original](https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/zur-entwicklung-des-anspruchslohns-in-deutschland/KWP_1463.pdf) (PDF) on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-61)**
["Table of Contents"](http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---sro-moscow/documents/publication/wcms_344665.pdf) (PDF). *ilo.org*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlora1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGaWtd5zJfB8CpgPA48_48]_62-0)** [Flora (1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFFlora1986), p. [48](https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C&pg=PA48).
62. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-9)
["Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1972"](http://aei.pitt.edu/9826/1/9826.pdf) (PDF). *aei.pitt.edu*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-64)**
Merkl, Peter H. (1 January 2012). [*Small Town and Village in Bavaria: The Passing of a Way of Life*](https://books.google.com/books?id=e4h3iUhlfdkC&pg=PA43). [Berghahn Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghahn_Books "Berghahn Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780857453471](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857453471 "Special:BookSources/9780857453471")
.
64. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated7_65-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated7_65-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated7_65-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated7_65-3) [Schmidt (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSchmidt1982)
65. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-TheEvolution_66-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-TheEvolution_66-1) [Kohler, Zacher & Partington (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKohlerZacherPartington1982)
66. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-2) The Velvet Chancellors: A History of Post-war Germany by Terence Prittie
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-68)**
["Information Bulletin on Social Policy"](https://books.google.com/books?id=HWcWAAAAYAAJ&q=There%20has,%20by%20statutory%20regulation%20issued%20on%2024%20February%201970,%20furthermore%20been%20determined%20the%20category%20of%20persons%20most%20seriously%20disabled%20\(e.g.%20people%20suffering%20from%20paiaplegia\),%20to%20whom). Council of Europe, Documentation Section and Library. 1 January 1972 â via Google Books.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-69)**
["Study of the European Communities re-adaptation aids in the coal and steel industries â Archive of European Integration"](http://aei.pitt.edu/41190/). *aei.pitt.edu*. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-70)**
Markovits, Andrei (14 April 2016). [*The Politics of West German Trade Unions: Strategies of Class and Interest Representation in Growth and Crisis*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KEv7CwAAQBAJ&q=germany%20bad%20weather%20payments%201972&pg=PA360). [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781317230762](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317230762 "Special:BookSources/9781317230762")
â via Google Books.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-71)**
[*Federalism and Labour Market Policy: Comparing Different Governance and Employment Strategies*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ValbA8Kp3loC&q=germany%20bad%20weather%20payments%201972&pg=PA102). IIGR, Queen's University. 1 January 2004. p. 102. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781553390060](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781553390060 "Special:BookSources/9781553390060")
â via Google Books.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-72)** [\[2\]](http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/Publications/Monthly_Report/1979/1979_04_monthly_report.pdf?__blob=publicationFile) \[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
72. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_b_73-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_b_73-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_b_73-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_b_73-3)
["Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1973"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191957/http://aei.pitt.edu/9801/1/9801.pdf) (PDF). *aei.pitt.edu*. Archived from [the original](http://aei.pitt.edu/9801/1/9801.pdf) (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
73. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_c_74-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_c_74-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_c_74-2)
["Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1974"](http://aei.pitt.edu/9842/1/9842.pdf) (PDF). *aei.pitt.edu*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
74. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-spiegel.de_75-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-spiegel.de_75-1)
["DER SPIEGEL 16/1972 â Anders als zu Kaisers und zu Katzers Zeiten"](http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-42953833.html). *Der Spiegel*. 9 April 1972. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
75. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_a_76-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_a_76-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_a_76-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_a_76-3)
["Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1971"](http://aei.pitt.edu/9805/1/9805.pdf) (PDF). *aei.pitt.edu*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-77)** [Tomka (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFTomka2004), p. 64
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-78)**
Cocks, Geoffrey (1 January 1997). [*Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Goring Institute*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VhS8y2tRf6YC&pg=PA369). [Transaction Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers "Transaction Publishers"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781412832366](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412832366 "Special:BookSources/9781412832366")
â via Google Books.
78. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-hdg.de_79-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-hdg.de_79-1)
["Innere Reformen"](http://www.hdg.de/lemo/html/DasGeteilteDeutschland/KontinuitaetUndWandel/SozialLiberaleKoalition/innereReformen.html). *hdg.de*. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
79. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-willy-brandt.org_80-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-willy-brandt.org_80-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-willy-brandt.org_80-2)
["August 1970: The first policy statement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201622/http://www.willy-brandt.org/bwbs_biografie/The_first_policy_statement_B403.html). Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung. 28 October 1969. Archived from [the original](http://www.willy-brandt.org/bwbs_biografie/The_first_policy_statement_B403.html) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
80. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated6_81-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated6_81-1) [Mares (2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFMares2006)
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-82)** [Silvia & Stolpe (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSilviaStolpe2007)
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-83)** [Williamson & Pampel (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFWilliamsonPampel2002)
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-84)**
["The Politics of Pension Reform in Germany"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170407083756/http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/pensions_conference/Hinrichs.pdf) (PDF). *lse.ac.uk*. Archived from [the original](http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/pensions_conference/Hinrichs.pdf) (PDF) on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
84. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-MyLife_85-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-MyLife_85-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-MyLife_85-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-MyLife_85-3) [Brandt (1992)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBrandt1992)
85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-86)** [Blackburn (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBlackburn2003)
86. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-bpb.de_87-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-bpb.de_87-1)
["Sozialliberale Koalition und innere Reformen"](http://www.bpb.de/izpb/10109/sozialliberale-koalition-und-innere-reformen?p=3) (in German). bpb.de. 5 April 2002. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-88)**
Ebbinghaus, Bernhard (20 July 2006). [*Reforming Early Retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eCDJ8OAKjygC&q=german%20pension%20handicapped%20persons%201972&pg=PA142). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780199286119](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199286119 "Special:BookSources/9780199286119")
.
88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-89)** Unemployment in Theory and Practice edited by Thomas Lange
89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-90)**
Lewicki, Patricia Maria (25 March 2014). [*Sustainability of the German Pension Scheme: Employment at Higher Ages and Incentives for Delayed Retirement*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rE1BAwAAQBAJ&q=german%20widows%20pension%201972&pg=PA18). KIT Scientific Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9783731501718](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783731501718 "Special:BookSources/9783731501718")
â via Google Books.
90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-91)**
Kumashiro, Masaharu (2 September 2003). [*Aging and Work*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QILX3GWEP5kC&q=german%20unemployment%20benefits%20age%2060%201972&pg=PA46). CRC Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780203218556](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203218556 "Special:BookSources/9780203218556")
â via Google Books.
91. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Lane_92-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Lane_92-1) [Lane (1985)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFLane1985)
92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-93)**
Johnson, N. (22 October 2013). [*State & Government in the Federal Republic of Germany: The Executive at Work*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4W0vBQAAQBAJ&q=federal%20republic%20germany%20law%201971%20investment%20universities&pg=PA240). Elsevier. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781483293011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483293011 "Special:BookSources/9781483293011")
â via Google Books.
93. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-5) [Winkler (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFWinkler2007)
94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-95)**
Die Bildungsgewerkschaft (10 June 2015). ["The Introduction Of Tuition Fees In Germany And The International Covenant On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130805140952/http://www.gew.de/Binaries/Binary37514/GEW_fzs_UN_Opinion.pdf) (PDF). *gew.de*. Archived from [the original](http://www.gew.de/Binaries/Binary37514/GEW_fzs_UN_Opinion.pdf) (PDF) on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-96)**
Köllner, V. (February 1995). "\[Education in Psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy in the German Federal Republic\]". *Ther Umsch* (in German). **52** (2): 118â122\. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [7892672](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7892672).
96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-97)**
Dyro, Joseph F. (1 January 2004). [*Clinical Engineering Handbook*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EIeQhdrW2VMC&pg=PA67). Academic Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780122265709](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780122265709 "Special:BookSources/9780122265709")
â via Google Books.
97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-98)** [Ardagh (1996)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFArdagh1996)
98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-99)**
Neuhaus, Rolf (1 January 1979). ["Social security, how it works in the Federal Republic of Germany"](https://books.google.com/books?id=aEhDAQAAIAAJ&q=1970). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Retrieved 24 March 2026 â via Google Books.
99. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt.edu_100-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt.edu_100-1)
["Expose sur l'Ă©volution de la situation sociale dans la communautĂ© en 1970 (joint au QuatriĂšme rapport gĂ©nĂ©ral sur l'activitĂ© de la communautĂ©) = Report on the development of the social situation in the Community in 1970 (annex to the Fourth general report on the activities of the Community) February 1971 â Archive of European Integration"](http://aei.pitt.edu/32294/). *aei.pitt.edu*. 1971. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-101)** [Patton (1999)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFPatton1999)
101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-102)** [Bezelga & Brandon (1991)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBezelgaBrandon1991)
102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-chroniknet.de_103-0)**
["1971 â Frischer Wind durch innere Reformen der Bonner Koalition â chroniknet Artikel und private Fotos"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230026/http://www.chroniknet.de/indx_de.0.html?article=259111&year=1971). *chroniknet.de*. 29 May 1977. Archived from [the original](http://www.chroniknet.de/indx_de.0.html?article=259111&year=1971) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-104)** [Power (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFPower2002)
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-digam.net_105-0)**
["Digitales Archiv Marburg â Das DigAM Projekt"](http://www.digam.net/dokument.php?ID=9019&PHPSESSID=23da32f4275c4cbefc5d9395393ba4cf). *digam.net*. 28 October 1969. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-106)** [Kommers (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKommers1997), p. 93
106. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-ReferenceB_107-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-ReferenceB_107-1)
["Comparative study on the Rehabilitation of Handicapped Persons in the Countries of the Community"](http://aei.pitt.edu/36404/1/A2595.pdf) (PDF). *aei.pitt.edu*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-108)**
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (11 April 2002). [*Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qdRx7qLF8KIC&pg=PA58). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780198033752](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198033752 "Special:BookSources/9780198033752")
â via Google Books.
108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-109)** [Pridham (1977)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFPridham1977)
109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-110)** [Cooke & Gash (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFCookeGash2007)
110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-111)** [Kaplan (2012)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKaplan2012), p. [123](https://books.google.com/books?id=ocq05ABvJYYC&pg=PA123)
111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-112)**
Transport, European Conference of Ministers of (1 February 1972). [*Eighteenth Annual Report and Resolutions of the Council of Ministers*](https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1cAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17). [OECD Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD "OECD"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9789282106303](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789282106303 "Special:BookSources/9789282106303")
â via Google Books.
112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-113)** [Huber & Stephens (2001)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFHuberStephens2001)
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-114)**
Goodin, Robert E. (21 February 2008). [*Discretionary Time*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pKuzRB8PRBwC&pg=PA174). [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). p. 174. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781139470773](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139470773 "Special:BookSources/9781139470773")
.
114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-115)**
Paterson, Alan; Goriely, Tamara (1 January 1996). [*A reader on resourcing civil justice*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YFc5AQAAIAAJ&q=west%20germany%201972%20financing%20legal%20aid). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780198764618](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198764618 "Special:BookSources/9780198764618")
â via Google Books.
115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-116)**
[*The Bauspar System in Germany*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150922045007/http://www.bausparkassen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/english/Bausparen_in_Deutschland_en_130109.pdf) (PDF). European Office of the Verband der Privaten Bausparkassen. January 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.bausparkassen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/english/Bausparen_in_Deutschland_en_130109.pdf) (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-117)**
Boléat, Mark (1 January 1985). [*National Housing Finance Systems: A Comparative Study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=d-IlR-UVHSgC&pg=PA202). [Mark Boleat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Boleat "Mark Boleat"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780709932499](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780709932499 "Special:BookSources/9780709932499")
â via Google Books.
117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-118)**
Phillips, Mary T.; Sechzer, Jeri A. (6 December 2012). [*Animal Research and Ethical Conflict: An Analysis of the Scientific Literature: 1966â1986*](https://books.google.com/books?id=M_DjBwAAQBAJ&q=federal%20republic%20germany%201972%20animal%20protection&pg=PA103). [Springer Science+Business Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781461236207](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461236207 "Special:BookSources/9781461236207")
â via Google Books.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-119)**
Larres, Klaus; Panayi, Panikos (27 August 2014). [*The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1949: Politics, Society and Economy Before and After Unification*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dFRdBAAAQBAJ&q=federal%20republic%20germany%20language%20law%201973&pg=PA61). [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781317891741](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317891741 "Special:BookSources/9781317891741")
â via Google Books.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-120)**
["The Economist"](https://books.google.com/books?id=zCNXAAAAYAAJ&q=helmut%20schmidt%20reforms%201969-72%20improved%20education%20for%20the%20troops). [Economist Newspaper Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist"). 1 January 1974 â via Google Books.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-121)**
["Helmut Schmidt â Biografie *Who's Who*"](http://www.whoswho.de/bio/helmut-schmidt.html). *whoswho.de*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-122)**
["Citizen in Uniform: Democratic Germany and the Changing Bundeswehr"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161210080849/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2012summer/Koltermann.pdf) (PDF). *strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil*. Archived from [the original](http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2012summer/Koltermann.pdf) (PDF) on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
122. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-6)
["White Paper: the Security of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Development of the Federal Armed Forces"](https://books.google.com/books?id=_aotAAAAIAAJ&q=new%20enlistment%20bonuses). Federal Minister of Defence. 1 January 1973 â via Google Books.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-124)**
Deichen, Michael. ["Studierendenbereich: Beitrag aus dem IntranetBw anlĂ€Ălich des 40 jĂ€hrigen Bestehens der UniversitĂ€ten der Bundeswehr"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170128213910/http://www.hsu-hh.de/studbereich/index_JpZ7Fen7NtFT1vcw.html). *hsu-hh.de*. Archived from [the original](http://www.hsu-hh.de/studbereich/index_JpZ7Fen7NtFT1vcw.html) on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-125)**
Szabo, Stephen F. (1 January 1990). [*The Bundeswehr and Western Security*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ3fAAAAMAAJ&q=helmut%20schmidt%20bundeswehr%20universities%201972). [Macmillan Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers "Macmillan Publishers"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780333498804](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333498804 "Special:BookSources/9780333498804")
â via Google Books.
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-126)**
Herspring, Dale R. (27 March 2013). [*Civil-Military Relations and Shared Responsibility: A Four-Nation Study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=c48my4z2d8cC&q=helmut%20schmidt%20bundeswehr%20universities%201972&pg=PT82). [Johns Hopkins University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press "Johns Hopkins University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781421409290](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421409290 "Special:BookSources/9781421409290")
â via Google Books.
126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-127)**
["Answer of the Federal Government to the minor interpellation of the Members of Parliament Ms. TĂŒbler, Dr. Wörner, Handlos, de Terra, Rommerskirchen, Ernesti, Biehle, Löher, Dr. Kraske, Damm, Dr. Heck, Schröder (LĂŒneburg), Franke (OsnabrĂŒck), Dr. Jenninger and colleagues and the CDU/CSU parliamentary group"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024211/http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/07/017/0701748.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/07/017/0701748.pdf) (PDF) on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2026.
127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-128)**
["Helmut Schmidt, West German chancellor â obituary"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11986614/Helmut-Schmidt-West-German-chancellor-obituary.html). *telegraph.co.uk*. 10 November 2015. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11986614/Helmut-Schmidt-West-German-chancellor-obituary.html) from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
128. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-sophienschule.de_129-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-sophienschule.de_129-1)
["Germany'74 â Economy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212819/http://www.sophienschule.de/comenius/timeline/index_files/Ger74economy.htm). 20 December 1974. Archived from [the original](http://www.sophienschule.de/comenius/timeline/index_files/Ger74economy.htm) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2026.
129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-130)**
["Questionnaire related to the right of anyone deprived of his or her liberty by arrest or detention to bring proceedings before court, in order that the court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his or her detention and order his or her release is not lawful"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151001053657/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Detention/DraftBasicPrinciples/Germany131007_Quest_Germany_en.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Detention/DraftBasicPrinciples/Germany131007_Quest_Germany_en.pdf) (PDF) on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2026.
130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-131)**
Randelzhofer, Albrecht; Tomuschat, Christian (11 March 1999). [*State Responsibility and the Individual: Reparation in Instances of Grave Violations of Human Rights*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FxOODVZ7TsEC&pg=PA263). [Martinus Nijhoff Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers "Brill Publishers"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9041111476](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9041111476 "Special:BookSources/9041111476")
â via Google Books.
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-132)**
David, René (1 January 1972). [*International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law*](https://books.google.com/books?id=uR8C-vcwOEIC&pg=PA50). [Brill Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers "Brill Publishers"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3166446176](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3166446176 "Special:BookSources/3166446176")
â via Google Books.
132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-133)**
["Digitales Archiv Marburg â Das DigAM Projekt"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121730/http://digam.net/dokument0625.html?ID=9020). *digam.net*. Archived from [the original](http://digam.net/dokument0625.html?ID=9020) on 6 October 2014.
133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-134)** [Schiek (2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSchiek2006)
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-135)**
["GHDI â Document"](http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=907). *germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org*. 24 September 1973. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-136)** [Scheffer (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFScheffer2008), pp. [555â556](https://books.google.com/books?id=H8bOCZReMTMC&pg=PA555)
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-137)**
["Dezember 1973 â Regierung Uruguay Parteien Zeitungen "El Popular" "Cronica" Verband â chroniknet â Schlagzeilen, Ereignisse, Fotos mit Geschichte, Community"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225953/http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?year=1973&month=12). *chroniknet.de*. Archived from [the original](http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?year=1973&month=12) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-138)** [Abraham & Houseman (1994)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFAbrahamHouseman1994)
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-139)** [Thelen (1991)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFThelen1991), p. [100](https://books.google.com/books?id=BokmF9j1hx0C&pg=PA100)
139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated8_140-0)**
["IZPB"](http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/MXQU1P,0,0,Informationen_zur_politischen). *bpb.de* (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2012.
140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-141)**
["When will Japan Choose Light Rail Transit?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052336/http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr38/f10_uts.html). *jrtr.net*. Archived from [the original](http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr38/f10_uts.html) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-142)** [Banister (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBanister2002)
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-143)** [SchÀfers (1998)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSch%C3%A4fers1998)
143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-144)**
Glatzer, Wolfgang; Societies, International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial (21 August 1992). [*Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960â1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWtQkfScAEC&pg=PA230). [McGillâQueen's University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press "McGillâQueen's University Press"). p. 230. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780773509092](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773509092 "Special:BookSources/9780773509092")
â via Google Books.
144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-145)**
["GHDI â Document"](http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=908). *germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org*. 17 May 1974. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-146)**
Katzenstein, Peter J. (1 January 1989). [*Industry and Politics in West Germany: Toward the Third Republic*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Q83kxhOsgxYC&pg=PA140). Cornell University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0801495954](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801495954 "Special:BookSources/0801495954")
â via Google Books.
146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-147)**
Chaney, Sandra (15 July 2013). [*Nature Of The Miracle Years: Conservation in West Germany, 1945â1975*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2UksBuLkuKsC&pg=PA131). [Berghahn Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghahn_Books "Berghahn Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780857458414](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857458414 "Special:BookSources/9780857458414")
â via Google Books.
147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-148)** Federal Republic of Germany: Spatial Development and Problems by Peter Schöller, Willi Walter Puls, and Hanns JĂŒrgen Buchholz
148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-149)**
Theodor M. Johannsen. ["Automated cartography as an aid to decree protection areas against air traffic noise"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220245/http://mapcontext.com/autocarto/proceedings/auto-carto-4-vol-1/pdf/automated-cartography-as-an-aid-to-define-protection-areas-against-air-traffic-noise.pdf) (PDF). pp. 138â145\. Archived from [the original](http://mapcontext.com/autocarto/proceedings/auto-carto-4-vol-1/pdf/automated-cartography-as-an-aid-to-define-protection-areas-against-air-traffic-noise.pdf) (PDF) on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlora1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGaWtd5zJfB8CpgPA54_54]_150-0)** [Flora (1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFFlora1986), p. [54](https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C&pg=PA54).
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-151)**
["Germany â Chartbook of Economic Inequality"](http://www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com/inequality-by-country/germany/). *chartbookofeconomicinequality.com*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-152)**
Blanke, B.; Smith, R. (18 August 1999). [*Cities in Transition: New Challenges, New Responsibilities*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lvKFDAAAQBAJ&q=poverty%20germany%201969-1973&pg=PA95). Springer. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780333982273](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333982273 "Special:BookSources/9780333982273")
â via Google Books.
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-153)**
Glatzer, Wolfgang; Societies, International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial (21 August 1992). [*Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960â1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWtQkfScAEC&q=poverty%20germany%201969-1973&pg=PA209). [McGillâQueen's University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press "McGillâQueen's University Press"). p. 209. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780773509092](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773509092 "Special:BookSources/9780773509092")
â via Google Books.
153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-154)**
Winkler, Heinrich August (2006). [*Germany: 1933â1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gXflC2Ipo_QC&dq=G%C3%BCnter+Guillaume+arrested&pg=PA294). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-926598-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5")
.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-155)** quoted in: Gregor Schöllgen. [*Der Kanzler und sein Spion*](http://www.zeit.de/2003/40/P-Schreiber?page=all). In: *[Die Zeit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit "Die Zeit")* 2003, Vol. 40, 25 September 2003
155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-156)** [Schöllgen (2001)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSch%C3%B6llgen2001)
156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-157)**
["Never at a Loss for Words"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090114075326/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953794-1,00.html). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. 18 April 1983. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953794-1,00.html) on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-158)**
["Progressive Politics For A Fairer World"](http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=8). *socialistinternational.org*. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-159)** [Bukovsky Archives, CPSU Politburo "Information for Brandt and Sorsa about disarmament and Afghanistan", 1 February 1980\* (Pb 182/2)](https://bukovsky-archive.com/2016/07/08/1-february-1980-pb-1822/).
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-160)** [VÀÀnĂ€nen (2012)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFV%C3%A4%C3%A4n%C3%A4nen2012), pp. 258â259
160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-161)**
["German vice chancellor visits China in difficult times"](https://www.dw.com/en/german-vice-chancellor-visits-china-in-difficult-times/a-74751588). *[Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle "Deutsche Welle")*. 16 November 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025.
161. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-162)**
Michael Borchard (1 October 2008). ["Schlaglichter der deutschen Einheit. Eine kommentierte Chronik (1987-1990)"](https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=b766e451-ebe2-cbd4-72f0-a1824f960320&groupId=252038). *kas.de* (in German). [Konrad Adenauer Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation "Konrad Adenauer Foundation"). p. 11.
162. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-163)** "Mideast Tensions", [TENSIONS; Buildup in Gulf Seen as a Signal On Use of Force](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7DB1238F933A25752C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=MIDEAST), *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, 9 November 1990. Retrieved 3 January 2008
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-164)**
Binder, David (9 October 1992). ["Willy Brandt Dead at 78; Forged West Germany's Reconciliation With the East"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/09/world/willy-brandt-dead-at-78-forged-west-germany-s-reconciliation-with-the-east.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 17 April 2017.
164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-165)**
Marshall, Tyler (18 October 1992). ["Germans Lay Beloved Statesman Brandt to Rest: Funeral: "He shaped an era", the country's president says of the former West Berlin mayor, foreign minister and chancellor"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-10-18-mn-1142-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0458-3035](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035). Retrieved 17 April 2017.
165. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-166)**
["Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt Stiftung: The foundation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062201/http://www.willy-brandt.de/en/foundation.html). *willy-brandt.de*. Archived from [the original](http://www.willy-brandt.de/en/foundation.html) on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
166. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-167)**
["Park fÄr namn efter Willy Brandt"](https://www.dn.se/arkiv/stockholm/park-far-namn-efter-willy-brandt/). *dn.se*. Dagens Nyheter. 18 March 1997. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-168)**
["Skylt pÄ Willy Brandts hus i Hammarbyhöjden"](https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/28155). *stockholmskallan.stockholm.se*. Stockholm Municipality. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-GHI_169-0)**
["Honoring Willy Brandt"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024000/http://www.ghi-dc.org/publications/ghipubs/bu/033/90.pdf) (PDF). GHI Bulletin No. 33 (Fall 2003). Archived from [the original](http://www.ghi-dc.org/publications/ghipubs/bu/033/90.pdf) (PDF) on 27 September 2011.
169. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-170)**
["EnthĂŒllung der Skulptur "Willy Brandt""](https://web.archive.org/web/20150103052510/http://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/baureferat/dokumente/wettbewerbe/pm_enthuellung_willybrandt.pdf) (PDF). *nuernberg.de*. Archived from [the original](http://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/baureferat/dokumente/wettbewerbe/pm_enthuellung_willybrandt.pdf) (PDF) on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
170. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-171)**
["Dan online â Podgoricom: â 2011-06-10"](http://www.dan.co.me/?nivo=3&rubrika=Podgoricom&clanak=283467&datum=2011-06-10). *dan.co.me*.
171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-172)**
["West Berlin Street Lamp"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160316040021/http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/west-berlin-street-lamp). *londonremembers.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/west-berlin-street-lamp) on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
172. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-:0_173-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-:0_173-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-:0_173-2)
["Obituary: Willy Brandt"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-willy-brandt-1556598.html). *The Independent*. 10 October 1992. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Spiegel_174-0)**
["In die Vergangenheit"](https://www.spiegel.de/politik/in-die-vergangenheit-a-59924013-0002-0001-0000-000046214153?context=issue). *Der Spiegel* (in German). 2 July 1967. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
174. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-175)**
["Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp). Archived from [the original](http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/) on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
## Bibliography
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Bibliography")\]
- Keller, Andrei V. "Masculine Friendship?: Willy Brandt and Leonid Brezhnev in the Context of the Energy Dialogue between West Germany and the USSR, 1970â1973." *The Soviet and post-Soviet Review* 44.2 (2017): 99â132.
- Kaplan, Gisela (2012). *Contemporary Western European Feminism*. Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780415636810](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415636810 "Special:BookSources/9780415636810")
.
- Juneau, Jean-François (2011). "The limits of linkage: the Nixon administration and Willy Brandt's *Ostpolitik*, 1969â1972". *[International History Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_History_Review "International History Review")*. **33** (2): 277â297\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/07075332.2011.555447](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2011.555447). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [154269345](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154269345).
- Kempe, Frederick (2011). [*Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Most Dangerous Place on Earth*](https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp). Penguin Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-399-15729-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5")
.
- [Daum, Andreas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Daum "Andreas Daum") (2008). *Kennedy in Berlin*. Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-85824-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3")
.
- Cooke, Lynn Prince; Gash, Vanessa (2007). ["Panacea or Pitfall? Women's Part-time Employment and Marital Stability in West Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317052939/http://www.genet.ac.uk/workpapers/GeNet2007p28.pdf) (PDF). *GeNet Working Paper*. **28**. Gender Equality Network. Archived from [the original](http://www.genet.ac.uk/workpapers/GeNet2007p28.pdf) (PDF) on 17 March 2012.
- Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Sager, Alexander (ed.). *Germany: the Long Road West, volume II: 1933â1990*. [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-926598-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5")
.
- Hofmann, Arne. "Small steps towards new frontiers? Ideas, concepts and the emergence of a dĂ©tente strategy in the thinking of Willy Brandt and John F. Kennedy." *Historical Research* 79.205 (2006): 429â449.
- Mares, Isabela (2006). [*Taxation, Wage Bargaining, and Unemployment*](https://archive.org/details/taxationwagebarg0000mare). [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780511625688](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511625688 "Special:BookSources/9780511625688")
.
- Blackburn, Robin (2003). *Banking on Death: or, Investing in Life: the History and Future of Pensions*. Verso Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781859844090](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859844090 "Special:BookSources/9781859844090")
.
- Banister, David (2002). *Transport Planning*. Spon. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780415261715](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415261715 "Special:BookSources/9780415261715")
.
- Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D. (2001). *Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Parties and Policies in Global Markets*. [University of Chicago Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press "University of Chicago Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780226356471](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226356471 "Special:BookSources/9780226356471")
.
- Callaghan, John T. (2000). *The Retreat of Social Democracy*. [Manchester University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press "Manchester University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780719050312](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719050312 "Special:BookSources/9780719050312")
.
- Patton, David F. (1999). *Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany*. New York: St. Martin's Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780312213619](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312213619 "Special:BookSources/9780312213619")
.
- Kommers, Donald P. (1997). *The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany*. [Duke University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press "Duke University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780822318385](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822318385 "Special:BookSources/9780822318385")
.
- Marshall, Barbara (1997). *Willy Brandt: A Political Biography*. Palgrave Macmillan UK. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1057/9780230390096](https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230390096). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-349-39586-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-39586-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-349-39586-6")
.
- Marshall, Barbara. *Willy Brandt: A Political Biography* (1996) 184pp
- Ardagh, John (1996). *Germany and the Germans*. Penguin Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780140252668](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140252668 "Special:BookSources/9780140252668")
.
- Braunthal, Gerard (1994). *The German Social Democrats since 1969: a Party in Power and Opposition*. Westview Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780813315355](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813315355 "Special:BookSources/9780813315355")
.
- Abraham, Katharine G.; Houseman, Susan N. (1994). ["Does employment protection inhibit labor market flexibility? Lessons from Germany, France, and Belgium"](https://www.nber.org/chapters/c11255.pdf) (PDF). In Rebecca M. Blank (ed.). [*Social Protection versus Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-Off?*](https://archive.org/details/socialprotection0000unse). [University of Chicago Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press "University of Chicago Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-226-05678-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-05678-3 "Special:BookSources/0-226-05678-3")
.
- Brandt, Willy (1992). [*My Life in Politics*](https://archive.org/details/mylifeinpolitics00bran). Viking. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780670844357](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670844357 "Special:BookSources/9780670844357")
.
- Childs, David (1992). [*Germany in the Twentieth Century*](https://archive.org/details/germanyintwentie0000chil). Icon. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780064308625](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780064308625 "Special:BookSources/9780064308625")
.
- Bezelga, Artur; Brandon, Peter S. (1991). *Management, Quality and Economics in Building*. Spon. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780419174707](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780419174707 "Special:BookSources/9780419174707")
.
- [Flora, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Flora "Peter Flora") (1986). [*Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C). Walter de Gruyter. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9783110111316](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110111316 "Special:BookSources/9783110111316")
.
- Lane, Peter (1985). [*Europe Since 1945: an Introduction*](https://archive.org/details/europesince1945i0000lane). Barnes & Noble. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780389205753](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780389205753 "Special:BookSources/9780389205753")
.
- [Dönhoff, Marion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_D%C3%B6nhoff "Marion Dönhoff") (1982). *Foe Into Friend: the Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt*. translated by [Gabriele Annan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Annan "Gabriele Annan"). Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780312296926](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312296926 "Special:BookSources/9780312296926")
.
- Kohler, Peter A.; Zacher, Hans F.; [Partington, Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Partington "Martin Partington"), eds. (1982). *The Evolution of Social Insurance 1881â1981: Studies of Germany, France, Great Britain, Austria, and Switzerland*. Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780312272852](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312272852 "Special:BookSources/9780312272852")
.
- Kellerman, Barbara. "Mentoring in political life: The case of Willy Brandt." *American Political Science Review* (1978): 422â433. [online](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1954102)
- Binder, David (1975). [*The Other German: Willy Brandt's Life & Times*](https://archive.org/details/othergermanwilly0000bind). New Republic. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780915220090](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780915220090 "Special:BookSources/9780915220090")
.
- [Miard-Delacroix, HĂ©lĂšne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Miard-Delacroix "HĂ©lĂšne Miard-Delacroix"). *Willy Brandt: Life of a statesman* (Bloomsbury, 2016).
- Potthoff, Heinrich; Miller, Susanne (2006). *The Social Democratic Party of Germany 1848â2005*. translated by Martin Kane. Dietz Verlag J. H. W. Nachf. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9783801203658](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783801203658 "Special:BookSources/9783801203658")
.
- Power, Anne (2002). *Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850*. [Taylor & Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis "Taylor & Francis"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780415089357](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415089357 "Special:BookSources/9780415089357")
.
- Pridham, Geoffrey (1977). [*Christian Democracy in Western Germany: the CDU/CSU in Government and Opposition 1945â1976*](https://archive.org/details/christiandemocra0000prid_e1w2). Croom Helm. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780856645082](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780856645082 "Special:BookSources/9780856645082")
.
- Prittie, Terence (1974). [*Willy Brandt: Portrait of a Statesman*](https://archive.org/details/willybrandtportr00prit). Schocken. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780805235616](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805235616 "Special:BookSources/9780805235616")
.
- Radice; Radice (1986). *Socialists in the Recession: the Search for Solidarity*. Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780333388464](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333388464 "Special:BookSources/9780333388464")
.
- Rother, Bernd, and Klaus Larres, eds. *Willy Brandt and International Relations: Europe, the USA and Latin America, 1974â1992* (Bloomsbury, 2018).
- SchÀfers, Bernhard (1998). *The State of Germany Atlas*. Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780415188265](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415188265 "Special:BookSources/9780415188265")
.
- Scheffer (2008). *Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain*. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781109097603](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781109097603 "Special:BookSources/9781109097603")
.
- Schewe, Dieter; Nordhorn, Karlhugo; Schenke, Klaus (1972). *Survey of Social Security in the Federal Republic of Germany*. Translated by Frank Kenny. Bonn: Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs.
- Schiek, Dagmar (2006). ["Agency work â from marginalisation towards acceptance? Agency work in EU social and employment policy and the "implementation" of the draft directive on agency work into German law"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130522000412/http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol05No10/PDF_Vol_05_No_10_1233-1257_Private_Schiek.pdf) (PDF). *[German Law Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Law_Journal "German Law Journal")*. **5** (10): 1233â1257\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S2071832200013195](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS2071832200013195). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [141058426](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141058426). Archived from [the original](http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol05No10/PDF_Vol_05_No_10_1233-1257_Private_Schiek.pdf) (PDF) on 22 May 2013.
- Schmidt, Helmut (1982). Wolfram F. Hanrieder (ed.). *Perspectives on Politics*. Westview Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780865312050](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865312050 "Special:BookSources/9780865312050")
.
- Schöllgen, Gregor (2001). *Willy Brandt. Die Biographie*. Berlin: PropylÀen. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-549-07142-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-549-07142-6 "Special:BookSources/3-549-07142-6")
.
- Schoenborn, Benedikt. *Reconciliation Road: Willy Brandt, Ostpolitik and the Quest for European Peace* (Berghahn Books, 2020). [online review](https://hdiplo.org/to/E521)
- Silvia, Stephen J.; Stolpe, Michael (2007). [*Health Care and Pension Reform*](https://web.archive.org/web/20081128115116/http://www.aicgs.org/documents/pubs/polrep30.pdf) (PDF). AICGS Policy Report. Vol. 30. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, [Johns Hopkins University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press "Johns Hopkins University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-933942-08-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933942-08-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-933942-08-7")
. Archived from [the original](http://www.aicgs.org/documents/pubs/polrep30.pdf) (PDF) on 28 November 2008.
- Sinn, Hans-Werner (2007). [*Can Germany Be Saved? The Malaise of the World's First Welfare State*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0KnP2KKdzyAC&pg=PA182). [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262195584](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262195584 "Special:BookSources/9780262195584")
.
- Solsten, Eric (1999). *Germany: a Country Study*. Diane. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780788181795](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788181795 "Special:BookSources/9780788181795")
.
- Thelen, Kathleen Ann (1991). *Union of Parts: Labor Politics in Postwar Germany*. [Cornell University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press "Cornell University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780801425868](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801425868 "Special:BookSources/9780801425868")
.
- Tomka, BĂ©la (2004). [*Welfare in East and West: Hungarian Social Security in an International Comparison, 1918â1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f-FH0WZEGqQC&pg=PA64). Akademie-Verlag. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9783050038711](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783050038711 "Special:BookSources/9783050038711")
.
\[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
- VÀÀnÀnen, Pentti (2012). *Purppuraruusu ja samettinyrkki* (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Kellastupa. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9789525787115](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789525787115 "Special:BookSources/9789525787115")
.
- Vivekanandan, Bhagavathi. *Global Visions of Olof Palme, Bruno Kreisky and Willy Brandt: International Peace and Security, Co-operation, and Development* (Springer, 2016).
- Walker, Robert; Lawson, Roger; Townsend, Peter, eds. (1984). *Responses to Poverty: Lessons from Europe*. Associated University Presses. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8386-3222-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3222-X "Special:BookSources/0-8386-3222-X")
.
- Williamson, John B.; Pampel, Fred C. (2002). [*Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective*](https://archive.org/details/oldagesecurityin0000will). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780195068597](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195068597 "Special:BookSources/9780195068597")
.
- Wilsford, David, ed. (1995). [*Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: a Biographical Dictionary*](https://archive.org/details/politicalleaders00wils). Greenwood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780313286230](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313286230 "Special:BookSources/9780313286230")
.
## Further reading
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Further reading")\]
- Helga Grebing, *Willy Brandt. Der andere Deutsche*. (
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-7705-4710-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4710-4 "Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4710-4")
) (in German)
- [Mandel, Ernest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel "Ernest Mandel") (NovemberâDecember 1992). ["Willy Brandt and Petra Kelly"](http://newleftreview.org/I/196/ernest-mandel-petra-kelly-and-willy-brandt). *[New Left Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left_Review "New Left Review")*. **I** (196). New Left Review.
- Barbara Marshall, *Willy Brandt, A Political Biography* (
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-312-16438-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16438-6 "Special:BookSources/0-312-16438-6")
)
- Nestore di Meola, *Willy Brandt raccontato da Klaus Lindenberg* (
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[88-7284-712-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7284-712-5 "Special:BookSources/88-7284-712-5")
) (in Italian)
- Hans-Joachim Noack, *Willy Brandt, Ein Leben, Ein Jahrhundert* (
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-87134-645-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87134-645-3 "Special:BookSources/978-3-87134-645-3")
) (in German)
The following titles are in German:
- [Egon Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr"): *"Das musst du erzÀhlen". Erinnerungen an Willy Brandt*. PropylÀen, Berlin 2013
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-549-07422-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-549-07422-0 "Special:BookSources/978-3-549-07422-0")
.
- Lars Brandt: *Andenken*. Carl-Hanser-Verlag, MĂŒnchen 2006
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-446-20710-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-446-20710-4 "Special:BookSources/3-446-20710-4")
.
- Brigitte Seebacher-Brandt: *Willy Brandt*. Piper-Verlag, MĂŒnchen 2013
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-492-30430-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-492-30430-6 "Special:BookSources/978-3-492-30430-6")
.
- Helga Grebing: *Willy Brandt. Der andere Deutsche*. Wilhelm-Fink-Verlag, Paderborn 2008
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-7705-4710-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4710-4 "Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4710-4")
.
- Peter Hoeres: *AuĂenpolitik und Ăffentlichkeit. Massenmedien, Meinungsforschung und Arkanpolitik in den deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen von Erhard bis Brandt*. (Reihe: "Studien zur Internationalen Geschichte Bd. 32"), De Gruyter Oldenbourg, MĂŒnchen 2013.
- Gunter Hofmann: *Willy Brandt und Helmut Schmidt. Geschichte einer schwierigen Freundschaft*. Verlag C.H. Beck, MĂŒnchen 2012
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-406-63977-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-63977-7 "Special:BookSources/978-3-406-63977-7")
.
- Torsten Körner: *Die Familie Willy Brandt*. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2013,
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-10-040407-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-10-040407-7 "Special:BookSources/978-3-10-040407-7")
.
- Gertrud Lenz: *Gertrud Meyer 1914â2002. Ein politisches Leben im Schatten Willy Brandt*. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2013
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-506-77569-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-77569-6 "Special:BookSources/978-3-506-77569-6")
.
- Einhart Lorenz: *Willy Brandt. Deutscher â EuropĂ€er â WeltbĂŒrger*. [Kohlhammer Verlag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag "Kohlhammer Verlag"), Stuttgart 2012
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-17-021245-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-021245-9 "Special:BookSources/978-3-17-021245-9")
.
- [Peter Merseburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Merseburger "Peter Merseburger"): *Willy Brandt, 1913â1992. VisionĂ€r und Realist*. DVA, Stuttgart 2002,
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-423-34097-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-423-34097-5 "Special:BookSources/3-423-34097-5")
.(also on 6 CDs, 2004
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-8291-1398-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8291-1398-6 "Special:BookSources/3-8291-1398-6")
.)
- Judith Michel: *Willy Brandts Amerikabild und -politik 1933â1993*. Bonn University Press im Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010.
- Horst Möller, Maurice VaĂŻsse (Hrsg.): *Willy Brandt und Frankreich*. Oldenbourg-Verlag, MĂŒnchen 2005
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-486-57649-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-57649-6 "Special:BookSources/3-486-57649-6")
(Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte fĂŒr Zeitgeschichte, Sondernummer).
- Albrecht MĂŒller: *Brandt aktuell â Treibjagd auf einen HoffnungstrĂ€ger*. Westend Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2013
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-86489-064-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86489-064-2 "Special:BookSources/978-3-86489-064-2")
.
- Hans-Joachim Noack: *Willy Brandt. Ein Leben, ein Jahrhundert*. Rowohlt Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2013
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-87134-645-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87134-645-3 "Special:BookSources/978-3-87134-645-3")
.
- Steffen RaĂloff (Hrsg.): *"Willy Brandt ans Fenster!" Das Erfurter Gipfeltreffen 1970 und die Geschichte des "Erfurter Hofes"*. Glaux-Verlag, Jena 2007
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-940265-05-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940265-05-0 "Special:BookSources/978-3-940265-05-0")
.
- Bernd Rother (Hrsg.): *Willy Brandts AuĂenpolitik*. Springer VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2014
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-658-02918-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-02918-0 "Special:BookSources/978-3-658-02918-0")
.
- Kai SchlĂŒter: *GĂŒnter Grass auf Tour fĂŒr Willy Brandt. Die legendĂ€re Wahlkampftour 1969*. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2011
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-86153-647-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-647-5 "Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-647-5")
.
- Jan Schönfelder; Rainer Erices: *Willy Brandt in Erfurt. Das erste deutsch-deutsche Gipfeltreffen 1970*. Christoph-Links-Verlag, Berlin 2010
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-86153-568-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-568-3 "Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-568-3")
.
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: External links")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Willy Brandt](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Willy_Brandt "commons:Category:Willy Brandt").
Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Willy Brandt](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Willy_Brandt "q:Special:Search/Willy Brandt")***.
- [The Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation](https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062201/http://www.willy-brandt.de/en/foundation.html)
- [Willy-Brandt-Forum in Unkel](http://www.willy-brandt-forum.com/)
- [Official Biography of Willy Brandt](https://web.archive.org/web/20120322233043/http://www.bwbs.de/bwbs_biografie/index_en.html) by Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation
- [Adam Sneyd, "Brandt Commission"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060721023939/http://www.globalautonomy.ca/global1/glossary_entry.jsp?id=EV.0025) in Globalization and Autonomy Online Compendium, edited by William D. Coleman and Nancy Johnson
- [Biography of Willy Brandt](http://www.brandt21forum.info/Bio_Brandt.htm)
- [Willy Brandt and the unification of Europe](http://www.cvce.eu/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/f28057ae-f00f-4677-8327-d97d19023b80) from Center for European Studies collection
- [Ubben Lecture](http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=17907) at DePauw University
- [Appearances](https://www.c-span.org/person/?19664) on [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN")
- [Willy Brandt](https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/529) on Nobelprize.org [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2514#P8024 "Edit this at Wikidata")
| Political offices | | |
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by[Otto Suhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Suhr "Otto Suhr") | **President of the [West Berlin House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin "Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin")** 1955â1957 | Succeeded by[Kurt Landsberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Landsberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Landsberg (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Landsberg "de:Kurt Landsberg")\] |
| **[Mayor of West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin "Governing Mayor of Berlin")** 1957â1966 | Succeeded by[Heinrich Albertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Albertz "Heinrich Albertz") | |
| Preceded by[Kurt Sieveking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Sieveking "Kurt Sieveking") | **[President of the Bundesrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_German_Bundesrat "President of the German Bundesrat")** 1957â1958 | Succeeded by[Wilhelm Kaisen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kaisen "Wilhelm Kaisen") |
| Preceded by[Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") | **[Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_\(Germany\) "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)")** 1966â1969 | Succeeded by[Walter Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") |
| Preceded by[Hans-Christoph Seebohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm "Hans-Christoph Seebohm") | **[Vice-Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany "Vice-Chancellor of Germany")** 1966â1969 | |
| Preceded by[Kurt Georg Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") | **[Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany")** 1969â1974 | Succeeded by[Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") |
| Party political offices | | |
| Preceded by[Erich Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") | **[Leader of the Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany")** 1964â1987 | Succeeded by[Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") |
| Preceded by[Bruno Pittermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Pittermann "Bruno Pittermann") | **President of the [Socialist International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International "Socialist International")** 1976â1992 | Succeeded by[Pierre Mauroy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy "Pierre Mauroy") |
| Willy Brandt navigational boxes | | |
|---|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_Germany "Template:Chancellors of Germany") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_Germany "Template talk:Chancellors of Germany") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_Germany "Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of Germany")[Chancellors of Germany (since 1867)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany") | | |
| [North German Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation "North German Confederation") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_\(1867%E2%80%931918\).svg "Flag of Germany") Bundeskanzler (1867â1871) | [Otto von Bismarck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck "Otto von Bismarck") | |
| [German Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_\(1867%E2%80%931918\).svg "Flag of Germany") Reichskanzler (1871â1918) | [Otto von Bismarck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck "Otto von Bismarck") [Leo von Caprivi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi "Leo von Caprivi") [Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-SchillingsfĂŒrst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst "Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-SchillingsfĂŒrst") [Bernhard von BĂŒlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow "Bernhard von BĂŒlow") [Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg "Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg") [Georg Michaelis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis "Georg Michaelis") [Georg von Hertling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling "Georg von Hertling") [Prince Maximilian of Baden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden "Prince Maximilian of Baden") | |
| [Weimar Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_\(3-2\).svg "Flag of Germany") Reichskanzler (1919â1933) | [Friedrich Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert "Friedrich Ebert") [Philipp Scheidemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann "Philipp Scheidemann") (as MinisterprĂ€sident) [Gustav Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Bauer "Gustav Bauer") (as MinisterprĂ€sident, later Chancellor) [Hermann MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1876\) "Hermann MĂŒller (politician, born 1876)") [Constantin Fehrenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach "Constantin Fehrenbach") [Joseph Wirth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wirth "Joseph Wirth") [Wilhelm Cuno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Cuno "Wilhelm Cuno") [Gustav Stresemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann "Gustav Stresemann") [Wilhelm Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx "Wilhelm Marx") [Hans Luther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Luther "Hans Luther") [Wilhelm Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx "Wilhelm Marx") [Hermann MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1876\) "Hermann MĂŒller (politician, born 1876)") [Heinrich BrĂŒning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning "Heinrich BrĂŒning") [Franz von Papen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Papen "Franz von Papen") [Kurt von Schleicher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher "Kurt von Schleicher") [Adolf Hitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") | |
| [Nazi Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_\(1933%E2%80%931935\).svg "Flag of Germany") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_\(1935%E2%80%931945\).svg "Flag of Germany") Reichskanzler (1933â1945) | [Adolf Hitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") *[Joseph Goebbels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels "Joseph Goebbels")* (de facto) *[Count Schwerin von Krosigk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk "Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk")* (de facto) | |
| [Federal Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg "Flag of Germany") [Bundeskanzler (1949âpresent)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany") | [Konrad Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") [Ludwig Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard") [Kurt Georg Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") [Willy Brandt]() [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Helmut Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl") [Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel") [Olaf Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz "Olaf Scholz") [Friedrich Merz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Merz "Friedrich Merz") | |
| [List of chancellors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_Germany "List of chancellors of Germany") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cabinet_Brandt_I "Template:Cabinet Brandt I") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_Brandt_I "Template talk:Cabinet Brandt I") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_Brandt_I "Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet Brandt I")[First Brandt cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Brandt_cabinet "First Brandt cabinet") (1969â1972) | | |
| **[Willy Brandt]()** (SPD) [Walter Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") (FDP) [Hans-Dietrich Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") (FDP) [Gerhard Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn "Gerhard Jahn") (SPD) [Alex Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_M%C3%B6ller "Alex Möller") (SPD) [Karl Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schiller "Karl Schiller") (SPD) [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") (SPD) [Josef Ertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ertl "Josef Ertl") (FDP) [Walter Arendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Arendt "Walter Arendt") (SPD) [Georg Leber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Leber "Georg Leber") (SPD) [KÀte Strobel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel "KÀte Strobel") (SPD) [Lauritz Lauritzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauritz_Lauritzen "Lauritz Lauritzen") (SPD) [Egon Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") (SPD) [Hans Leussink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Leussink "Hans Leussink") (none) [Klaus von Dohnanyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_von_Dohnanyi "Klaus von Dohnanyi") (SPD) [Erhard Eppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Eppler "Erhard Eppler") (SPD) [Horst Ehmke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ehmke "Horst Ehmke") (SPD) | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesadler_Bundesorgane.svg "Bundesadler") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cabinet_Brandt_II "Template:Cabinet Brandt II") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_Brandt_II "Template talk:Cabinet Brandt II") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_Brandt_II "Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet Brandt II")[Second Brandt cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Brandt_cabinet "Second Brandt cabinet") (1972â1974) | | |
| **[Willy Brandt]()** (SPD) [Walter Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") (FDP) [Hans-Dietrich Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") (FDP) [Gerhard Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn "Gerhard Jahn") (SPD) [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") (SPD) [Hans Friderichs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Friderichs "Hans Friderichs") (FDP) [Josef Ertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ertl "Josef Ertl") (FDP) [Walter Arendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Arendt "Walter Arendt") (SPD) [Georg Leber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Leber "Georg Leber") (SPD) [Katharina Focke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Focke "Katharina Focke") (SPD) [Lauritz Lauritzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauritz_Lauritzen "Lauritz Lauritzen") (SPD) [Egon Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") (SPD) [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") (SPD) [Klaus von Dohnanyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_von_Dohnanyi "Klaus von Dohnanyi") (SPD) [Erhard Eppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Eppler "Erhard Eppler") (SPD) [Horst Ehmke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ehmke "Horst Ehmke") (SPD) [Egon Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr") (SPD) [Werner Maihofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Maihofer "Werner Maihofer") (FDP) | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesadler_Bundesorgane.svg "Bundesadler") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:German_chancellor_candidates "Template:German chancellor candidates") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:German_chancellor_candidates&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template talk:German chancellor candidates (page does not exist)") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_chancellor_candidates "Special:EditPage/Template:German chancellor candidates")[Chancellor candidates of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_candidate "Chancellor candidate") | | |
| For [CDU/CSU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU "CDU/CSU") | [Konrad Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") (**[1949](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election "1949 West German federal election")**, **[1953](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election "1953 West German federal election")**, **[1957](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election "1957 West German federal election")**, **[1961](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election "1957 West German federal election")**) [Ludwig Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard") (**[1965](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election "1965 West German federal election")**) [Kurt Georg Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") ([1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election "1969 West German federal election")) [Rainer Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") ([1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election "1972 West German federal election")) [Helmut Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl") ([1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election "1976 West German federal election"), **[1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election "1983 West German federal election")**, **[1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election "1987 West German federal election")**, **[1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_German_federal_election "1990 German federal election")**, **[1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_German_federal_election "1994 German federal election")**, [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_German_federal_election "1998 German federal election")) [Franz Josef StrauĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strau%C3%9F "Franz Josef StrauĂ") ([1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election "1980 West German federal election")) [Edmund Stoiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber "Edmund Stoiber") ([2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_German_federal_election "2002 German federal election")) [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel") (**[2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_German_federal_election "2005 German federal election")**, **[2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_German_federal_election "2009 German federal election")**, **[2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_German_federal_election "2013 German federal election")**, **[2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_German_federal_election "2017 German federal election")**) [Armin Laschet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Laschet "Armin Laschet") ([2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_German_federal_election "2021 German federal election")) [Friedrich Merz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Merz "Friedrich Merz") (**[2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_German_federal_election "2025 German federal election")**) | |
| For [SPD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPD "SPD") | [Kurt Schumacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher "Kurt Schumacher") ([1949](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election "1949 West German federal election")) [Erich Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") ([1953](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election "1953 West German federal election"), [1957](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election "1957 West German federal election")) [Willy Brandt]() ([1961](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election "1961 West German federal election"), [1965](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election "1965 West German federal election"), **[1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election "1969 West German federal election")**, **[1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election "1972 West German federal election")**) [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") (**[1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election "1976 West German federal election")**, **[1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election "1976 West German federal election")**) [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") ([1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election "1983 West German federal election")) [Johannes Rau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Rau "Johannes Rau") ([1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election "1987 West German federal election")) [Oskar Lafontaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine "Oskar Lafontaine") ([1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_German_federal_election "1990 German federal election")) [Rudolf Scharping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Scharping "Rudolf Scharping") ([1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_German_federal_election "1994 German federal election")) [Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") (**[1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_German_federal_election "1998 German federal election")**, **[2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_German_federal_election "2002 German federal election")**, [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_German_federal_election "2005 German federal election")) [Frank-Walter Steinmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier "Frank-Walter Steinmeier") ([2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_German_federal_election "2009 German federal election")) [Peer SteinbrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck "Peer SteinbrĂŒck") ([2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_German_federal_election "2013 German federal election")) [Martin Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schulz "Martin Schulz") ([2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_German_federal_election "2017 German federal election")) [Olaf Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz "Olaf Scholz") (**[2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_German_federal_election "2021 German federal election")**, [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_German_federal_election "2025 German federal election")) | |
| For [FDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_\(Germany\) "Free Democratic Party (Germany)") | [Guido Westerwelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle "Guido Westerwelle") ([2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_German_federal_election "2002 German federal election")) | |
| For [Greens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens "Alliance '90/The Greens") | [Annalena Baerbock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock "Annalena Baerbock") ([2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_German_federal_election "2021 German federal election")) | |
| For [AfD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany "Alternative for Germany") | [Alice Weidel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Weidel "Alice Weidel") ([2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_German_federal_election "2025 German federal election")) | |
| For [BSW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance "Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance") | [Sahra Wagenknecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht "Sahra Wagenknecht") ([2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_German_federal_election "2025 German federal election")) | |
| *Note: The candidate became chancellor in the marked election years.* | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_German_Federal_Council "Template:Presidents of the German Federal Council") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_German_Federal_Council "Template talk:Presidents of the German Federal Council") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_German_Federal_Council "Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the German Federal Council")[Presidents of the German Bundesrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_German_Bundesrat "President of the German Bundesrat") | | |
| [Karl Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Arnold "Karl Arnold") [Hans Ehard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Ehard "Hans Ehard") [Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinrich_Wilhelm_Kopf "Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf") [Reinhold Maier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Maier "Reinhold Maier") [Georg August Zinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_August_Zinn "Georg August Zinn") [Peter Altmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Altmeier "Peter Altmeier") [Kai-Uwe von Hassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel "Kai-Uwe von Hassel") [Kurt Sieveking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Sieveking "Kurt Sieveking") [Willy Brandt]() [Wilhelm Kaisen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kaisen "Wilhelm Kaisen") [Franz-Josef Röder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Josef_R%C3%B6der "Franz-Josef Röder") [Franz Meyers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Meyers "Franz Meyers") [Kurt Georg Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") [Georg Diederichs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Diederichs "Georg Diederichs") [Helmut Lemke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Lemke "Helmut Lemke") [Klaus SchĂŒtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Sch%C3%BCtz "Klaus SchĂŒtz") [Herbert Weichmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Weichmann "Herbert Weichmann") [Franz-Josef Röder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Josef_R%C3%B6der "Franz-Josef Röder") [Hans Koschnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Koschnick "Hans Koschnick") [Heinz KĂŒhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_K%C3%BChn "Heinz KĂŒhn") [Alfons Goppel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Goppel "Alfons Goppel") [Hans Filbinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Filbinger "Hans Filbinger") [Alfred Kubel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kubel "Alfred Kubel") [Albert Osswald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Osswald "Albert Osswald") [Bernhard Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Vogel_\(politician\) "Bernhard Vogel (politician)") [Gerhard Stoltenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg "Gerhard Stoltenberg") [Dietrich Stobbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Stobbe "Dietrich Stobbe") [Hans-Ulrich Klose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Klose "Hans-Ulrich Klose") [Werner Zeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Zeyer "Werner Zeyer") [Johannes Rau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Rau "Johannes Rau") [Franz Josef Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss "Franz Josef Strauss") [Lothar SpĂ€th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Sp%C3%A4th "Lothar SpĂ€th") [Ernst Albrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Albrecht_\(politician,_born_1930\) "Ernst Albrecht (politician, born 1930)") [Holger Börner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner "Holger Börner") [Walter Wallmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Wallmann "Walter Wallmann") [Björn Engholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Engholm "Björn Engholm") [Walter Momper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Momper "Walter Momper") [Henning Voscherau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_Voscherau "Henning Voscherau") [Alfred Gomolka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gomolka "Alfred Gomolka") [Berndt Seite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berndt_Seite "Berndt Seite") [Oskar Lafontaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine "Oskar Lafontaine") [Klaus Wedemeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Wedemeier "Klaus Wedemeier") [Edmund Stoiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber "Edmund Stoiber") [Erwin Teufel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Teufel "Erwin Teufel") [Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") [Hans Eichel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eichel "Hans Eichel") [Roland Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Koch "Roland Koch") [Kurt Biedenkopf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf "Kurt Biedenkopf") [Kurt Beck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Beck "Kurt Beck") [Klaus Wowereit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Wowereit "Klaus Wowereit") [Wolfgang Böhmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_B%C3%B6hmer "Wolfgang Böhmer") [Dieter Althaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Althaus "Dieter Althaus") [Matthias Platzeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Platzeck "Matthias Platzeck") [Peter Harry Carstensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Harry_Carstensen "Peter Harry Carstensen") [Harald Ringstorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Ringstorff "Harald Ringstorff") [Ole von Beust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_von_Beust "Ole von Beust") [Peter MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Peter MĂŒller (politician)") [Jens Böhrnsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_B%C3%B6hrnsen "Jens Böhrnsen") [Hannelore Kraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannelore_Kraft "Hannelore Kraft") [Horst Seehofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Seehofer "Horst Seehofer") [Winfried Kretschmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_Kretschmann "Winfried Kretschmann") [Stephan Weil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Weil "Stephan Weil") [Volker Bouffier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Bouffier "Volker Bouffier") [Stanislaw Tillich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaw_Tillich "Stanislaw Tillich") [Malu Dreyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malu_Dreyer "Malu Dreyer") [Michael MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1964\) "Michael MĂŒller (politician, born 1964)") [Daniel GĂŒnther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_G%C3%BCnther "Daniel GĂŒnther") [Dietmar Woidke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_Woidke "Dietmar Woidke") [Reiner Haseloff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiner_Haseloff "Reiner Haseloff") [Bodo Ramelow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_Ramelow "Bodo Ramelow") [Peter Tschentscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tschentscher "Peter Tschentscher") [Manuela Schwesig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Schwesig "Manuela Schwesig") [Anke Rehlinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anke_Rehlinger "Anke Rehlinger") [Andreas Bovenschulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Bovenschulte "Andreas Bovenschulte") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg "Coat of Arms of Germany") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mayors_of_Berlin "Template:Mayors of Berlin") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mayors_of_Berlin "Template talk:Mayors of Berlin") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors_of_Berlin "Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors of Berlin")[Mayors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin "Governing Mayor of Berlin") of [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") | | |
| [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin")1 (1809â1948) | [Leopold von Gerlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Leopold_von_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach (page does not exist)") [Johann BĂŒsching](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_B%C3%BCsching&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann BĂŒsching (page does not exist)") [Friedrich von BĂ€rensprung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_von_B%C3%A4rensprung&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich von BĂ€rensprung (page does not exist)") [Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Krausnick "Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick") [Franz Christian Naunyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Christian_Naunyn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Christian Naunyn (page does not exist)") [Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Krausnick "Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick") [Karl Theodor Seydel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Theodor_Seydel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Theodor Seydel (page does not exist)") [Arthur Hobrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hobrecht "Arthur Hobrecht") [Max von Forckenbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Forckenbeck "Max von Forckenbeck") [Robert Zelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zelle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Zelle (page does not exist)") [Martin Kirschner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Kirschner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Kirschner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Adolf Wermuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Wermuth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Wermuth (page does not exist)") [Gustav BöĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_B%C3%B6%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustav Böà (page does not exist)") [Arthur Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Scholz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arthur Scholz (page does not exist)") [Heinrich Sahm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Sahm "Heinrich Sahm") [Oskar Maretzky](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Maretzky&action=edit&redlink=1 "Oskar Maretzky (page does not exist)")2 [Julius Lippert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Lippert "Julius Lippert")2 [Ludwig Steeg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Steeg "Ludwig Steeg")2 [Arthur Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Werner "Arthur Werner") [Otto Ostrowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Ostrowski "Otto Ostrowski") [Louise Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Schroeder "Louise Schroeder") [Ferdinand Friedensburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg "Ferdinand Friedensburg") [Ernst Reuter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Reuter "Ernst Reuter") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Berlin_COA.svg "Coat of arms of Berlin") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Berlin_\(1956%E2%80%931990\).svg "Flag of East Berlin") [East Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin "East Berlin")1 (1948â90) | [Friedrich Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert,_Jr. "Friedrich Ebert, Jr.") [Herbert Fechner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Fechner "Herbert Fechner") [Erhard Krack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Krack "Erhard Krack") [Ingrid Pankraz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Pankraz "Ingrid Pankraz") [Christian Hartenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Hartenhauer "Christian Hartenhauer") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Hartenhauer "de:Christian Hartenhauer")\] [Tino Schwierzina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tino_Schwierzina "Tino Schwierzina") [Thomas KrĂŒger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kr%C3%BCger "Thomas KrĂŒger") | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Berlin.svg "Flag of Berlin, from 1948 to 1990, adopted flag of West Berlin") [West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin "West Berlin")3 (1948â90) | [Ernst Reuter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Reuter "Ernst Reuter") [Walther Schreiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Schreiber "Walther Schreiber") [Otto Suhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Suhr "Otto Suhr") [Willy Brandt]() [Heinrich Albertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Albertz "Heinrich Albertz") [Klaus SchĂŒtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Sch%C3%BCtz "Klaus SchĂŒtz") [Dietrich Stobbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Stobbe "Dietrich Stobbe") [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") [Richard von WeizsĂ€cker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker "Richard von WeizsĂ€cker") [Eberhard Diepgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Diepgen "Eberhard Diepgen") [Walter Momper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Momper "Walter Momper") | |
| [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin")3 (1990âpresent) | [Walter Momper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Momper "Walter Momper") [Eberhard Diepgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Diepgen "Eberhard Diepgen") [Klaus Wowereit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Wowereit "Klaus Wowereit") [Michael MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1964\) "Michael MĂŒller (politician, born 1964)") [Franziska Giffey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziska_Giffey "Franziska Giffey") [Kai Wegner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Wegner "Kai Wegner") | |
| 1*OberbĂŒrgermeister* ([Lord Mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor "Lord Mayor")) 2 *StadtprĂ€sident* (City President) 3 *Regierender BĂŒrgermeister* (Governing Mayor) | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Template:Social Democratic Party of Germany") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Template talk:Social Democratic Party of Germany") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Special:EditPage/Template:Social Democratic Party of Germany")[Social Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") | | |
| President of Germany | | |
| | | |
| Weimar Republic (1918â1933) | [Friedrich Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert "Friedrich Ebert") | |
| Federal Republic (1949âpresent) | [Gustav Heinemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann "Gustav Heinemann") [Johannes Rau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Rau "Johannes Rau") [Jens Böhrnsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_B%C3%B6hrnsen "Jens Böhrnsen") (*Acting*) [Frank-Walter Steinmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier "Frank-Walter Steinmeier") | |
| Chancellor of Germany | | |
| | | |
| Weimar Republic (1918â1933) | [Friedrich Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert "Friedrich Ebert") (*de facto*) [Philipp Scheidemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann "Philipp Scheidemann") (as Reich Minister President) [Gustav Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Bauer "Gustav Bauer") [Hermann MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1876\) "Hermann MĂŒller (politician, born 1876)") | |
| Federal Republic (1949âpresent) | [Willy Brandt]() [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") [Olaf Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz "Olaf Scholz") | |
| Federal chairmen (since 1946) | [Kurt Schumacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher "Kurt Schumacher") [Erich Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") [Willy Brandt]() [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") [Björn Engholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Engholm "Björn Engholm") [Rudolf Scharping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Scharping "Rudolf Scharping") [Oskar Lafontaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine "Oskar Lafontaine") [Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") [Franz MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") [Matthias Platzeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Platzeck "Matthias Platzeck") [Kurt Beck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Beck "Kurt Beck") [Franz MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") [Sigmar Gabriel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel "Sigmar Gabriel") [Martin Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schulz "Martin Schulz") [Andrea Nahles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Nahles "Andrea Nahles") [Saskia Esken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Esken "Saskia Esken") & [Norbert Walter-Borjans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Walter-Borjans "Norbert Walter-Borjans") [Saskia Esken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Esken "Saskia Esken") & [Lars Klingbeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Klingbeil "Lars Klingbeil") | |
| Leaders in the Bundestag | [Kurt Schumacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher "Kurt Schumacher") [Erich Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") [Fritz Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Erler_\(politician\) "Fritz Erler (politician)") [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Herbert Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") [Hans-Ulrich Klose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Klose "Hans-Ulrich Klose") [Rudolf Scharping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Scharping "Rudolf Scharping") [Peter Struck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Struck_\(politician\) "Peter Struck (politician)") [Ludwig Stiegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Stiegler "Ludwig Stiegler") [Franz MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") [Peter Struck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Struck_\(politician\) "Peter Struck (politician)") [Frank-Walter Steinmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier "Frank-Walter Steinmeier") [Thomas Oppermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Oppermann "Thomas Oppermann") [Andrea Nahles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Nahles "Andrea Nahles") [Rolf MĂŒtzenich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_M%C3%BCtzenich "Rolf MĂŒtzenich") | |
| General Secretaries (since 1999) | [Franz MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") [Olaf Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz "Olaf Scholz") [Klaus Uwe Benneter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Uwe_Benneter "Klaus Uwe Benneter") [Hubertus Heil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus_Heil "Hubertus Heil") [Andrea Nahles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Nahles "Andrea Nahles") [Yasmin Fahimi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Fahimi "Yasmin Fahimi") [Katarina Barley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Barley "Katarina Barley") [Hubertus Heil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus_Heil "Hubertus Heil") [Lars Klingbeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Klingbeil "Lars Klingbeil") [Kevin KĂŒhnert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_K%C3%BChnert "Kevin KĂŒhnert") | |
| Governments | [Scheidemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheidemann_cabinet "Scheidemann cabinet") [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer_cabinet "Bauer cabinet") MĂŒller ([I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_M%C3%BCller_cabinet "First MĂŒller cabinet") [II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_M%C3%BCller_cabinet "Second MĂŒller cabinet")) Wirth ([I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Wirth_cabinet "First Wirth cabinet") [II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Wirth_cabinet "Second Wirth cabinet")) [Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiesinger_cabinet "Kiesinger cabinet") Brandt ([I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Brandt_cabinet "First Brandt cabinet") [II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Brandt_cabinet "Second Brandt cabinet")) Schmidt ([I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Schmidt_cabinet "First Schmidt cabinet") [II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Schmidt_cabinet "Second Schmidt cabinet") [III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Schmidt_cabinet "Third Schmidt cabinet")) Schröder ([I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Schr%C3%B6der_cabinet "First Schröder cabinet") [II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Schr%C3%B6der_cabinet "Second Schröder cabinet")) Merkel ([I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Merkel_cabinet "First Merkel cabinet") [III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Merkel_cabinet "Third Merkel cabinet") [IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Merkel_cabinet "Fourth Merkel cabinet")) [Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholz_cabinet "Scholz cabinet") [Merz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merz_cabinet "Merz cabinet") | |
| Affiliated organisations | [Friedrich Ebert Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert_Foundation "Friedrich Ebert Foundation") [Jusos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusos "Jusos") [German Trade Union Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Trade_Union_Confederation "German Trade Union Confederation") [Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund_Deutschland "Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Deutschland") [Parlamentarische Linke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarische_Linke "Parlamentarische Linke") [Seeheimer Kreis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeheimer_Kreis "Seeheimer Kreis") [SPD Women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPD_Women "SPD Women") | |
| Related articles | [Grand coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_coalition_\(Germany\) "Grand coalition (Germany)") [Socialâliberal coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%E2%80%93liberal_coalition "Socialâliberal coalition") [Redâgreen coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance "Redâgreen alliance") [Redâredâgreen coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%E2%80%93red%E2%80%93green_coalition "Redâredâgreen coalition") [Kenya coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93red%E2%80%93green_coalition "Blackâredâgreen coalition") | |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany "Category:Christian Democratic Union of Germany") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SPDHeads "Template:SPDHeads") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SPDHeads "Template talk:SPDHeads") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SPDHeads "Special:EditPage/Template:SPDHeads")Chairmen of the [Social Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") | | |
| SPD (1890â1933) | [Paul Singer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Singer_\(politician\) "Paul Singer (politician)") & [Alwin Gerisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Gerisch "Alwin Gerisch") (1890â92) [Paul Singer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Singer_\(politician\) "Paul Singer (politician)") & [August Bebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bebel "August Bebel") (1892â1911) [August Bebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bebel "August Bebel") & [Hugo Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Haase "Hugo Haase") (1911â13) [Hugo Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Haase "Hugo Haase") & [Friedrich Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert "Friedrich Ebert") (1913â16) [Friedrich Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert "Friedrich Ebert") / [Philipp Scheidemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann "Philipp Scheidemann") (1917â19) [Otto Wels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wels "Otto Wels") & [Herman MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1876\) "Hermann MĂŒller (politician, born 1876)") (1919â22) [Otto Wels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wels "Otto Wels") & [Herman MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1876\) "Hermann MĂŒller (politician, born 1876)") & [Arthur Crispien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Crispien "Arthur Crispien") (1922â28) [Otto Wels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wels "Otto Wels") & [Arthur Crispien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Crispien "Arthur Crispien") (1928â31) [Arthur Crispien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Crispien "Arthur Crispien") & [Otto Wels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wels "Otto Wels") & [Hans Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Vogel "Hans Vogel") (1931â33) | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands,_Logo_um_2000.svg "SPD logo") |
| [SPD-in-exile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopade "Sopade") (1933â1945) | [Otto Wels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wels "Otto Wels") & [Hans Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Vogel "Hans Vogel") (1933â39) [Hans Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Vogel "Hans Vogel") (1939â45) | |
| SPD (since 1945) | [Kurt Schumacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher "Kurt Schumacher") (1945â52) [Erich Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") (1953â63) [Willy Brandt]() (1964â87) [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") (1987â91) [Björn Engholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Engholm "Björn Engholm") (1991â93 [Rudolf Scharping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Scharping "Rudolf Scharping") (1993â95) [Oskar Lafontaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine "Oskar Lafontaine") (1995â99) [Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") (1999â2004) [Franz MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") (2004â05) [Matthias Platzeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Platzeck "Matthias Platzeck") (2005â06) [Kurt Beck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Beck "Kurt Beck") (2006â08) [Franz MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") (2008â09) [Sigmar Gabriel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel "Sigmar Gabriel") (2009â17) [Martin Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schulz "Martin Schulz") (2017â18) [Andrea Nahles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Nahles "Andrea Nahles") (2018â19) [Saskia Esken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Esken "Saskia Esken") & [Norbert Walter-Borjans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Walter-Borjans "Norbert Walter-Borjans") (2019â21) [Saskia Esken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Esken "Saskia Esken") & [Lars Klingbeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Klingbeil "Lars Klingbeil") (2021â25) [BĂ€rbel Bas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rbel_Bas "BĂ€rbel Bas") & [Lars Klingbeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Klingbeil "Lars Klingbeil") (2025âpresent) | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Foreign_ministers_of_Germany "Template:Foreign ministers of Germany") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_ministers_of_Germany "Template talk:Foreign ministers of Germany") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_ministers_of_Germany "Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign ministers of Germany")[Foreign ministers of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_\(Germany\) "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)") | | |
|  [German Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") (1871â1918) | [Thile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Thile "Hermann von Thile") [Balan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ludwig_von_Balan "Hermann Ludwig von Balan") [B. E. von BĂŒlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Ernst_von_B%C3%BClow "Bernhard Ernst von BĂŒlow") [Radowitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Maria_von_Radowitz_Jr. "Joseph Maria von Radowitz Jr.") [Hohenlohe-SchillingsfĂŒrst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst "Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-SchillingsfĂŒrst") [Limburg-Stirum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_zu_Limburg-Stirum "Friedrich zu Limburg-Stirum") [Busch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Busch "Clemens Busch") [Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hatzfeldt "Paul von Hatzfeldt") [Bismarck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_von_Bismarck "Herbert von Bismarck") [Marschall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Marschall_von_Bieberstein "Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein") [B. von BĂŒlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow "Bernhard von BĂŒlow") [Richthofen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_von_Richthofen "Oswald von Richthofen") [Tschirschky-Bögendorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Tschirschky "Heinrich von Tschirschky") [Schoen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Schoen "Wilhelm von Schoen") [Kiderlen-Waechter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Kiderlen-Waechter "Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter") [Jagow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_von_Jagow "Gottlieb von Jagow") [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann "Arthur Zimmermann") [KĂŒhlmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_K%C3%BChlmann "Richard von KĂŒhlmann") [Hintze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hintze "Paul von Hintze") [Solf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Solf "Wilhelm Solf") [Brockdorff-Rantzau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau "Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau") | |
|  [Weimar Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") (1918â33) | [Brockdorff-Rantzau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau "Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1876\) "Hermann MĂŒller (politician, born 1876)") [Köster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_K%C3%B6ster "Adolf Köster") [Simons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Simons "Walter Simons") [Rosen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Rosen "Friedrich Rosen") [Wirth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wirth "Joseph Wirth") [Rathenau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Rathenau "Walther Rathenau") [Rosenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Rosenberg "Hans von Rosenberg") [Stresemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann "Gustav Stresemann") [Curtius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Curtius "Julius Curtius") [BrĂŒning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning "Heinrich BrĂŒning") [Neurath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath "Konstantin von Neurath") | |
|  [Nazi Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") (1933â45) | [Neurath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath "Konstantin von Neurath") [Ribbentrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop "Joachim von Ribbentrop") [Seyss-Inquart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart "Arthur Seyss-Inquart") [Schwerin von Krosigk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk "Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk") | |
|  [German Democratic Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany")1 (1949â90) | [Dertinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Dertinger "Georg Dertinger") [Ackermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Ackermann "Anton Ackermann") [Bolz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Bolz "Lothar Bolz") [Winzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Winzer "Otto Winzer") [O. Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Fischer_\(politician\) "Oskar Fischer (politician)") [Meckel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Meckel "Markus Meckel") [de MaiziĂšre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re "Lothar de MaiziĂšre") | |
|  [Federal Republic of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") (1949âpresent) | [Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") [von Brentano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano "Heinrich von Brentano") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") [Brandt]() [Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") [Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") Genscher [Kinkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel "Klaus Kinkel") [J. Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joschka_Fischer "Joschka Fischer") [Steinmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier "Frank-Walter Steinmeier") [Westerwelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle "Guido Westerwelle") Steinmeier [Gabriel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel "Sigmar Gabriel") [Maas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiko_Maas "Heiko Maas") [Baerbock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock "Annalena Baerbock") [Wadephul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wadephul "Johann Wadephul") | |
| 1 East Germany | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates "Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates "Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates "Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates")[Laureates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates "List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates") of the [Nobel Peace Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize "Nobel Peace Prize") | | |
| 1901â1925 | [1901](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1901 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Henry Dunant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dunant "Henry Dunant") / [FrĂ©dĂ©ric Passy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy "FrĂ©dĂ©ric Passy") 1902: [Ălie Ducommun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun "Ălie Ducommun") / [Charles Gobat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat "Charles Albert Gobat") 1903: [Randal Cremer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Cremer "Randal Cremer") 1904: [Institute of International Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_International_Law "Institute of International Law") 1905: [Bertha von Suttner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner "Bertha von Suttner") 1906: [Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") 1907: [Ernesto Moneta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta "Ernesto Teodoro Moneta") / [Louis Renault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Renault_\(jurist\) "Louis Renault (jurist)") 1908: [Klas Arnoldson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson "Klas Pontus Arnoldson") / [Fredrik Bajer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer "Fredrik Bajer") 1909: [A. M. F. Beernaert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert "Auguste Beernaert") / [Paul Estournelles de Constant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant "Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant") 1910: [International Peace Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau "International Peace Bureau") 1911: [Tobias Asser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Asser "Tobias Asser") / [Alfred Fried](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried "Alfred Hermann Fried") 1912: [Elihu Root](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Root "Elihu Root") 1913: [Henri La Fontaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine "Henri La Fontaine") 1914 1915 1916 1917: [International Committee of the Red Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross "International Committee of the Red Cross") 1918 1919: [Woodrow Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") 1920: [LĂ©on Bourgeois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois "LĂ©on Bourgeois") 1921: [Hjalmar Branting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting "Hjalmar Branting") / [Christian Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange "Christian Lous Lange") 1922: [Fridtjof Nansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen "Fridtjof Nansen") 1923 1924 1925: [Austen Chamberlain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain "Austen Chamberlain") / [Charles Dawes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes "Charles G. Dawes") |  |
| 1926â1950 | 1926: [Aristide Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand "Aristide Briand") / [Gustav Stresemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann "Gustav Stresemann") 1927: [Ferdinand Buisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson "Ferdinand Buisson") / [Ludwig Quidde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde "Ludwig Quidde") 1928 1929: [Frank B. Kellogg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg "Frank B. Kellogg") 1930: [Nathan Söderblom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom "Nathan Söderblom") 1931: [Jane Addams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams "Jane Addams") / [Nicholas Butler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler "Nicholas Murray Butler") 1932 1933: [Norman Angell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell "Norman Angell") 1934: [Arthur Henderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Henderson "Arthur Henderson") 1935: [Carl von Ossietzky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky "Carl von Ossietzky") 1936: [Carlos Saavedra Lamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas "Carlos Saavedra Lamas") 1937: [Robert Cecil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood "Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood") 1938: [Nansen International Office for Refugees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees "Nansen International Office for Refugees") 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944: [International Committee of the Red Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross "International Committee of the Red Cross") 1945: [Cordell Hull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull "Cordell Hull") 1946: [Emily Balch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch "Emily Greene Balch") / [John Mott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mott "John Mott") 1947: [Friends Service Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness "Quaker Peace and Social Witness") / [American Friends Service Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee "American Friends Service Committee") 1948 1949: [John Boyd Orr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr "John Boyd Orr") 1950: [Ralph Bunche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche "Ralph Bunche") | |
| 1951â1975 | 1951: [LĂ©on Jouhaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux "LĂ©on Jouhaux") 1952: [Albert Schweitzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer "Albert Schweitzer") 1953: [George C. Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall "George C. Marshall") 1954: [United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees "United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees") 1955 1956 1957: [Lester B. Pearson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson "Lester B. Pearson") 1958: [Georges Pire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Pire "Dominique Pire") 1959: [Philip Noel-Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker "Philip Noel-Baker") 1960: [Albert Luthuli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Luthuli "Albert Luthuli") 1961: [Dag Hammarskjöld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld "Dag Hammarskjöld") 1962: [Linus Pauling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling "Linus Pauling") 1963: [International Committee of the Red Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross "International Committee of the Red Cross") / [League of Red Cross Societies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies "International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1964 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Martin Luther King Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr.") [1965](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1965 Nobel Peace Prize"): [UNICEF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF "UNICEF") [1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1966 Nobel Peace Prize") [1967](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1967 Nobel Peace Prize") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1968 Nobel Peace Prize"): [RenĂ© Cassin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin "RenĂ© Cassin") [1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1969 Nobel Peace Prize"): [International Labour Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization "International Labour Organization") [1970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1970 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Norman Borlaug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug "Norman Borlaug") [1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1971 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Willy Brandt]() 1972 [1973](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1973 Nobel Peace Prize"): *[LĂȘ Äức Thá»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D "LĂȘ Äức Thá»") (declined award)* / [Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") 1974: [SeĂĄn MacBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride "SeĂĄn MacBride") / [Eisaku SatĆ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D "Eisaku SatĆ") 1975: [Andrei Sakharov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov "Andrei Sakharov") | |
| 1976â2000 | 1976: [Betty Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Williams "Betty Williams") / [Mairead Corrigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairead_Maguire "Mairead Maguire") 1977: [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") 1978: [Anwar Sadat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat "Anwar Sadat") / [Menachem Begin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin "Menachem Begin") 1979: [Mother Teresa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa "Mother Teresa") 1980: [Adolfo PĂ©rez Esquivel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel "Adolfo PĂ©rez Esquivel") 1981: [United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees "United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees") 1982: [Alva Myrdal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_Myrdal "Alva Myrdal") / [Alfonso GarcĂa Robles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles "Alfonso GarcĂa Robles") 1983: [Lech WaĆÄsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa "Lech WaĆÄsa") 1984: [Desmond Tutu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu "Desmond Tutu") 1985: [International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War "International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War") 1986: [Elie Wiesel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wiesel "Elie Wiesel") 1987: [Ăscar Arias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias "Ăscar Arias") 1988: [UN Peacekeeping Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping "United Nations peacekeeping") 1989: [Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama "14th Dalai Lama") 1990: [Mikhail Gorbachev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev") 1991: [Aung San Suu Kyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi "Aung San Suu Kyi") 1992: [Rigoberta MenchĂș](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA "Rigoberta MenchĂș") 1993: [Nelson Mandela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela "Nelson Mandela") / [F. W. de Klerk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk "F. W. de Klerk") 1994: [Shimon Peres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres "Shimon Peres") / [Yitzhak Rabin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin "Yitzhak Rabin") / [Yasser Arafat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat "Yasser Arafat") 1995: [Pugwash Conferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs "Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs") / [Joseph Rotblat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat "Joseph Rotblat") 1996: [Carlos Belo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo "Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo") / [JosĂ© Ramos-Horta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta "JosĂ© Ramos-Horta") 1997: [International Campaign to Ban Landmines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines "International Campaign to Ban Landmines") / [Jody Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Williams "Jody Williams") 1998: [John Hume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hume "John Hume") / [David Trimble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble "David Trimble") 1999: [MĂ©decins Sans FrontiĂšres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res "MĂ©decins Sans FrontiĂšres") 2000: [Kim Dae-jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung "Kim Dae-jung") | |
| 2001âpresent | [2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2001 Nobel Peace Prize"): [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") / [Kofi Annan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2002 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") [2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2003 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Shirin Ebadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi "Shirin Ebadi") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2004 Nobel Peace Prize"): [WangarÄ© Maathai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai "WangarÄ© Maathai") [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2005 Nobel Peace Prize"): [International Atomic Energy Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency "International Atomic Energy Agency") / [Mohamed ElBaradei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei "Mohamed ElBaradei") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2006 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Grameen Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grameen_Bank "Grameen Bank") / [Muhammad Yunus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus "Muhammad Yunus") [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2007 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore") / [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2008 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Martti Ahtisaari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari "Martti Ahtisaari") [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2009 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2010 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Liu Xiaobo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo "Liu Xiaobo") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2011 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Ellen Johnson Sirleaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf") / [Leymah Gbowee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee "Leymah Gbowee") / [Tawakkol Karman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman "Tawakkol Karman") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2012 Nobel Peace Prize"): [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2013 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons "Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2014 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Kailash Satyarthi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi "Kailash Satyarthi") / [Malala Yousafzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai "Malala Yousafzai") [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2015 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet "Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2016 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Juan Manuel Santos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos "Juan Manuel Santos") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2017 Nobel Peace Prize"): [International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons "International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2018 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Denis Mukwege](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Mukwege "Denis Mukwege") / [Nadia Murad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Murad "Nadia Murad") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2019 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Abiy Ahmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed "Abiy Ahmed") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2020 Nobel Peace Prize"): [World Food Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme "World Food Programme") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2021 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Maria Ressa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ressa "Maria Ressa") / [Dmitry Muratov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov "Dmitry Muratov") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2022 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Ales Bialiatski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski "Ales Bialiatski") / [Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_\(society\) "Memorial (society)") / [Center for Civil Liberties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_\(human_rights_organization\) "Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2023 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Narges Mohammadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi "Narges Mohammadi") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2024 Nobel Peace Prize"): [Nihon Hidankyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo "Nihon Hidankyo") [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2025 Nobel Peace Prize"): [MarĂa Corina Machado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Corina_Machado "MarĂa Corina Machado") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1971_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1971 Nobel Prize winners") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1971_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template talk:1971 Nobel Prize winners") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1971_Nobel_Prize_winners "Special:EditPage/Template:1971 Nobel Prize winners")1971 [Nobel Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize "Nobel Prize") laureates | | |
| [Chemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry "Nobel Prize in Chemistry") | [Gerhard Herzberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg "Gerhard Herzberg") (Canada) | |
| [Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature "Nobel Prize in Literature") ([1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature "1971 Nobel Prize in Literature")) | [Pablo Neruda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda "Pablo Neruda") (Chile) | |
| [Peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize "Nobel Peace Prize") ([1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1971 Nobel Peace Prize")) | [Willy Brandt]() (Germany) | |
| [Physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics") | [Dennis Gabor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gabor "Dennis Gabor") (United Kingdom) | |
| [Physiology or Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine") | [Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr. "Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.") (United States) | |
| [Economic Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences") | [Simon Kuznets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuznets "Simon Kuznets") (United States) | |
| [Nobel Prize recipients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates "List of Nobel laureates") [1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1966_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1966 Nobel Prize winners") [1967](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1967_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1967 Nobel Prize winners") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1968_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1968 Nobel Prize winners") [1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1969_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1969 Nobel Prize winners") [1970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1970_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1970 Nobel Prize winners") **1971** [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1972_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1972 Nobel Prize winners") [1973](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1973_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1973 Nobel Prize winners") [1974](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1974_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1974 Nobel Prize winners") [1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1975_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1975 Nobel Prize winners") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners "Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year "Template:Time Persons of the Year") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year "Template talk:Time Persons of the Year") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year "Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year")[*Time* Persons of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year "Time Person of the Year") | | |
| 1927â1950 | [Charles Lindbergh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh "Charles Lindbergh") (1927) [Walter Chrysler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Chrysler "Walter Chrysler") (1928) [Owen D. Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_D._Young "Owen D. Young") (1929) [Mahatma Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi "Mahatma Gandhi") (1930) [Pierre Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval "Pierre Laval") (1931) [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (1932) [Hugh S. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson "Hugh S. Johnson") (1933) [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (1934) [Haile Selassie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie "Haile Selassie") (1935) [Wallis Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson "Wallis Simpson") (1936) [Chiang Kai-shek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek") / [Soong Mei-ling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling "Soong Mei-ling") (1937) [Adolf Hitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") (1938) [Joseph Stalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin") (1939) [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") (1940) [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (1941) [Joseph Stalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin") (1942) [George Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall "George C. Marshall") (1943) [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") (1944) [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") (1945) [James F. Byrnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Byrnes "James F. Byrnes") (1946) [George Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall "George C. Marshall") (1947) [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") (1948) [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") (1949) [The American Fighting-Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") (1950) | |
| 1951â1975 | [Mohammed Mosaddeq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh "Mohammad Mosaddegh") (1951) [Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II "Elizabeth II") (1952) [Konrad Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") (1953) [John Foster Dulles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles "John Foster Dulles") (1954) [Harlow Curtice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Curtice "Harlow Curtice") (1955) [Hungarian Freedom Fighters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 "Hungarian Revolution of 1956") (1956) [Nikita Khrushchev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev "Nikita Khrushchev") (1957) [Charles de Gaulle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle "Charles de Gaulle") (1958) [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") (1959) U.S. Scientists: [George Beadle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Beadle "George Beadle") / [Charles Draper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper "Charles Stark Draper") / [John Enders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders "John Franklin Enders") / [Donald Glaser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Glaser "Donald Glaser") / [Joshua Lederberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg "Joshua Lederberg") / [Willard Libby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Libby "Willard Libby") / [Linus Pauling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling "Linus Pauling") / [Edward Purcell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell "Edward Mills Purcell") / [Isidor Rabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Rabi "Isidor Rabi") / [Emilio SegrĂš](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8 "Emilio SegrĂš") / [William Shockley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley "William Shockley") / [Edward Teller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teller "Edward Teller") / [Charles Townes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes "Charles H. Townes") / [James Van Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Allen "James Van Allen") / [Robert Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward "Robert Burns Woodward") (1960) [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") (1961) [Pope John XXIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII "Pope John XXIII") (1962) [Martin Luther King Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr.") (1963) [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") (1964) [William Westmoreland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland "William Westmoreland") (1965) [The Generation Twenty-Five and Under](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boomers "Baby boomers") (1966) [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") (1967) [The Apollo 8 Astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8"): [William Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders "William Anders") / [Frank Borman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman "Frank Borman") / [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") (1968) [The Middle Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_America_\(United_States\) "Middle America (United States)") (1969) [Willy Brandt]() (1970) [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") (1971) [Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") / [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") (1972) [John Sirica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sirica "John Sirica") (1973) [King Faisal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia "Faisal of Saudi Arabia") (1974) American Women: [Susan Brownmiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller "Susan Brownmiller") / [Kathleen Byerly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly "Kathleen Byerly") / [Alison Cheek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Cheek "Alison Cheek") / [Jill Conway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway "Jill Ker Conway") / [Betty Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford "Betty Ford") / [Ella Grasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Grasso "Ella Grasso") / [Carla Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills "Carla Anderson Hills") / [Barbara Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Jordan "Barbara Jordan") / [Billie Jean King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King "Billie Jean King") / [Susie Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_Sharp "Susie Sharp") / [Carol Sutton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Sutton_\(journalist\) "Carol Sutton (journalist)") / [Addie Wyatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt "Addie L. Wyatt") (1975) | |
| 1976â2000 | [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") (1976) [Anwar Sadat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat "Anwar Sadat") (1977) [Deng Xiaoping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping "Deng Xiaoping") (1978) [Ayatollah Khomeini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini "Ruhollah Khomeini") (1979) [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") (1980) [Lech WaĆÄsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa "Lech WaĆÄsa") (1981) [The Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer "Personal computer") (1982) [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") / [Yuri Andropov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Andropov "Yuri Andropov") (1983) [Peter Ueberroth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth "Peter Ueberroth") (1984) [Deng Xiaoping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping "Deng Xiaoping") (1985) [Corazon Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino "Corazon Aquino") (1986) [Mikhail Gorbachev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev") (1987) [The Endangered Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism "Environmentalism") (1988) [Mikhail Gorbachev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev") (1989) [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") (1990) [Ted Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Turner "Ted Turner") (1991) [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") (1992) The Peacemakers: [Yasser Arafat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat "Yasser Arafat") / [F. W. de Klerk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk "F. W. de Klerk") / [Nelson Mandela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela "Nelson Mandela") / [Yitzhak Rabin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin "Yitzhak Rabin") (1993) [Pope John Paul II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II") (1994) [Newt Gingrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich "Newt Gingrich") (1995) [David Ho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ho "David Ho") (1996) [Andrew Grove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Grove "Andrew Grove") (1997) [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") / [Ken Starr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Starr "Ken Starr") (1998) [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") (1999) [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") (2000) | |
| 2001âpresent | [Rudolph Giuliani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani "Rudy Giuliani") (2001) The Whistleblowers: [Cynthia Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_\(accountant\) "Cynthia Cooper (accountant)") / [Coleen Rowley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleen_Rowley "Coleen Rowley") / [Sherron Watkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherron_Watkins "Sherron Watkins") (2002) [The American Soldier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") (2003) [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") (2004) The Good Samaritans: [Bono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono "Bono") / [Bill Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates "Bill Gates") / [Melinda Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates "Melinda French Gates") (2005) [You](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_\(Time_Person_of_the_Year\) "You (Time Person of the Year)") (2006) [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") (2007) [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") (2008) [Ben Bernanke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke "Ben Bernanke") (2009) [Mark Zuckerberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg") (2010) [The Protester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest "Protest") (2011) [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") (2012) [Pope Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis "Pope Francis") (2013) [Ebola Fighters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic "Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic"): Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. [Kent Brantly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Brantly "Kent Brantly") / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / [Salome Karwah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Karwah "Salome Karwah") (2014) [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel") (2015) [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (2016) [The Silence Breakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeToo_movement "MeToo movement") (2017) The Guardians: [Jamal Khashoggi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi "Jamal Khashoggi") / [Maria Ressa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ressa "Maria Ressa") / [Wa Lone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa_Lone "Wa Lone") / [Kyaw Soe Oo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo "Kyaw Soe Oo") / Staff of *[The Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting "Capital Gazette shooting")* (2018) [Greta Thunberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Thunberg "Greta Thunberg") (2019) [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") / [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") (2020) [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") (2021) [Volodymyr Zelenskyy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy "Volodymyr Zelenskyy") / [Spirit of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians "Ukrainians") (2022) [Taylor Swift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift "Taylor Swift") (2023) [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (2024) The Architects of AI: [Sam Altman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Altman "Sam Altman") / [Dario Amodei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Amodei "Dario Amodei") / [Demis Hassabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demis_Hassabis "Demis Hassabis") / [Jensen Huang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen_Huang "Jensen Huang") / [Fei-Fei Li](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li "Fei-Fei Li") / [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") / [Lisa Su](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Su "Lisa Su") / [Mark Zuckerberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg") (2025) | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Freedom_Award_laureates "Template:Freedom Award laureates") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Freedom_Award_laureates "Template talk:Freedom Award laureates") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Freedom_Award_laureates "Special:EditPage/Template:Freedom Award laureates")[Freedom Award laureates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Award "Freedom Award") | | |
| [Willy Brandt]() (1957) [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") (1958) [William Joseph Donovan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joseph_Donovan "William Joseph Donovan") (1959) [Richard Evelyn Byrd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd "Richard Evelyn Byrd") (1960) [George Meany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meany "George Meany") (1965) [David Dubinsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dubinsky "David Dubinsky") (1966) [David Sarnoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff "David Sarnoff") (1967) [Lucius D. Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay "Lucius D. Clay") (1969) [Jacob K. Javits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits "Jacob K. Javits") (1970) [Bruno Kreisky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky "Bruno Kreisky") (1975) [Leo Cherne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Cherne "Leo Cherne") (1976) [Hubert Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey") (1977) [Joseph Buttinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Buttinger "Joseph Buttinger") (1978) [Mary Pillsbury Lord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pillsbury_Lord "Mary Pillsbury Lord") (1979) [Lane Kirkland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Kirkland "Lane Kirkland"), [Irena Kirkland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irena_Kirkland&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irena Kirkland (page does not exist)") (1981) [Elie Wiesel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wiesel "Elie Wiesel"), [John C. Whitehead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Whitehead "John C. Whitehead") (1987) [Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sadruddin_Aga_Khan "Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan"), [Lech WaĆÄsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa "Lech WaĆÄsa") (1989) [Fang Lizhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi "Fang Lizhi"), [Li Shuxian](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Shuxian_\(scientist\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Li Shuxian (scientist) (page does not exist)") (1991) [Cyrus Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Vance "Cyrus Vance") (1992) [George Soros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros "George Soros"), [Dwayne Andreas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Andreas "Dwayne Andreas") (1993) [Theodore J. Forstmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_J._Forstmann "Theodore J. Forstmann"), [Felix Rohatyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Rohatyn "Felix Rohatyn") (1994) [Aung San Suu Kyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi "Aung San Suu Kyi"), [Sadako Ogata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadako_Ogata "Sadako Ogata"), [Richard Holbrooke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke "Richard Holbrooke") (1995) [Robert P. De Vecchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._De_Vecchi "Robert P. De Vecchi") (1997) [Madeleine Albright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Albright "Madeleine Albright") (1999) [John McCain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") (2001) [Reynold Levy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynold_Levy "Reynold Levy"), [Hamid Karzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai "Hamid Karzai") (2002) [VĂĄclav Havel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel "VĂĄclav Havel") (2003) [RomĂ©o Dallaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire "RomĂ©o Dallaire") (2004) [George H.W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush "George H.W. Bush"), [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") (2005) [Ellen Johnson Sirleaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf") (2006) [AntĂłnio Guterres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres "AntĂłnio Guterres"), [Angelina Jolie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Jolie "Angelina Jolie") (2007) [Kofi Annan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan") (2008) [Brokaw family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brokaw "Tom Brokaw") (2011) [John C. Whitehead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Whitehead "John C. Whitehead") (2012) [George Soros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros "George Soros") (2013) The humanitarian aid worker (2014) [Shimon Peres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres "Shimon Peres") (2015) [Spyros Galinos](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spyros_Galinos&action=edit&redlink=1 "Spyros Galinos (page does not exist)") (2016) | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia "Template:Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia "Template talk:Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia "Special:EditPage/Template:Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia")Grand Commanders of the [Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia "Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia") | | |
| Grand Commanders | 1966: [Ismail Abdul Rahman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Abdul_Rahman "Ismail Abdul Rahman") 1967: [Tan Siew Sin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Siew_Sin "Tan Siew Sin") 1967: [V. T. Sambanthan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._T._Sambanthan "V. T. Sambanthan") 1968: [Syed Sheh Barakbah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Sheh_Barakbah "Syed Sheh Barakbah") 1970: [Mohamed Azmi Mohamed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Azmi_Mohamed "Mohamed Azmi Mohamed") 1973: [Mohamed Salleh Ismael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Salleh_Ismael "Mohamed Salleh Ismael") 1975: [Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Suffian_Mohamed_Hashim "Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim") 1976: [Rahah Noah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahah_Noah "Rahah Noah") 1979: [Omar Yoke Lin Ong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Yoke_Lin "Ong Yoke Lin") 1980: [Ismail Mohd Ali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Mohd_Ali "Ismail Mohd Ali") 1981: [Jugah Barieng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugah_Barieng "Jugah Barieng") 1982: [Syed Nasir Ismail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Nasir_Ismail "Syed Nasir Ismail") 1983: [Raja Azlan Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azlan_Shah_of_Perak "Azlan Shah of Perak") 1985: [Salleh Abas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salleh_Abas "Salleh Abas") 1987: [Ahmad Zaidi Adruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Zaidi_Adruce "Ahmad Zaidi Adruce") 1987: [Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Shahabuddin "Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin") 1989: [Abdul Hamid Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Omar "Abdul Hamid Omar") 1990: [Suhailah Noah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhailah_Noah "Suhailah Noah") 1991: [Daim Zainuddin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daim_Zainuddin "Daim Zainuddin") 1991: [Lim Chong Eu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim_Chong_Eu "Lim Chong Eu") 1992: [Raja Mohar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Mohar "Raja Mohar") 1993: [Mohammed Hanif Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Hanif_Omar "Mohammed Hanif Omar") 1995: [Ghafar Baba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghafar_Baba "Ghafar Baba") 1997: [Eusoff Chin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusoff_Chin "Eusoff Chin") 1998: [Mohamed Zahir Ismail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Zahir_Ismail "Mohamed Zahir Ismail") 2000: [Ibrahim Ismail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Ismail_\(general\) "Ibrahim Ismail (general)") 2001: [Sulaiman Ninam Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman_Ninam_Shah "Sulaiman Ninam Shah") 2002: [Mohamed Dzaiddin Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Dzaiddin_Abdullah "Mohamed Dzaiddin Abdullah") 2003: [Abdullah Mohd Salleh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Mohd_Salleh "Abdullah Mohd Salleh") 2003: [Fatimah Hashim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah_Hashim "Fatimah Hashim") 2003: [Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siti_Hasmah_Mohamad_Ali "Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali") 2004: [Ling Liong Sik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling_Liong_Sik "Ling Liong Sik") 2005: [Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Fairuz_Abdul_Halim "Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim") 2005: [Ghazali Shafie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazali_Shafie "Ghazali Shafie") 2006: [Musa Hitam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Hitam "Musa Hitam") 2008: [Abdul Hamid Mohamad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Mohamad "Abdul Hamid Mohamad") 2008: [Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sarji_Abdul_Hamid "Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid") 2008: [Lim Keng Yaik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim_Keng_Yaik "Lim Keng Yaik") 2009: [Endon Mahmood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endon_Mahmood "Endon Mahmood") 2009: [Jeanne Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Abdullah "Jeanne Abdullah") 2009: [Zaki Azmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaki_Azmi "Zaki Azmi") 2010: [Azizan Zainul Abidin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azizan_Zainul_Abidin "Azizan Zainul Abidin") 2011: [Abdullah Ayub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ayub "Abdullah Ayub") 2012: [Arifin Zakaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifin_Zakaria "Arifin Zakaria") 2017: [Michael Chen Wing Sum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chen_Wing_Sum "Michael Chen Wing Sum") 2017: [Md Raus Sharif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Md_Raus_Sharif "Md Raus Sharif") 2017: [Samy Vellu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Vellu "Samy Vellu") 2020: [Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengku_Maimun_Tuan_Mat "Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat") 2020: [Arshad Ayub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshad_Ayub_\(educator\) "Arshad Ayub (educator)") 2020: [Richard Malanjum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Malanjum "Richard Malanjum") 2021: Raja Muhammad Alias Raja Muhammad Ali 2022: [Mohamed Hashim Mohd Ali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Hashim_Mohd_Ali "Mohamed Hashim Mohd Ali") | |
| Honorary Grand Commanders | 1966: [Lee Tong Won](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Tong_Won&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lee Tong Won (page does not exist)") 1967: [Dawee Chullasapya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawee_Chullasapya "Dawee Chullasapya") 1968: [Ardeshir Zahedi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeshir_Zahedi "Ardeshir Zahedi") 1969: [Habib Bourguiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba "Habib Bourguiba") 1969: [Willy Brandt]() 1971: [Maraden Panggabean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraden_Panggabean "Maraden Panggabean") 1972: [Hamengkubuwono IX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_IX "Hamengkubuwono IX") 1972: [Martin Charteris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Charteris "Martin Charteris") 1972: [Prasert Ruchirawongse](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasert_Ruchirawongse&action=edit&redlink=1 "Prasert Ruchirawongse (page does not exist)") 1973: [Bhanubandhu Yugala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanubandhu_Yugala "Bhanubandhu Yugala") 1973: [Chatichai Choonhavan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan "Chatichai Choonhavan") 1973: [George David Woods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_David_Woods "George David Woods") 1973: [Kris Sivara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Sivara "Kris Sivara") 1973: [Swaeng Senanarong](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swaeng_Senanarong&action=edit&redlink=1 "Swaeng Senanarong (page does not exist)") 1979: [Serm Na Nakorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serm_Na_Nakorn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Serm Na Nakorn (page does not exist)") 1982: [Abdullah Abdulaziz Al Saud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia") 2003: [Antonio Puri Purini](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Puri_Purini&action=edit&redlink=1 "Antonio Puri Purini (page does not exist)") 2003: [Franco Frattini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Frattini "Franco Frattini") 2003: [Gaetano Gifuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Gifuni "Gaetano Gifuni") 2009: [Sirindhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirindhorn "Sirindhorn") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:European_Parliament_MEPs,_1979-1984_\(Germany\)_by_party "Template:European Parliament MEPs, 1979-1984 (Germany) by party") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:European_Parliament_MEPs,_1979-1984_\(Germany\)_by_party "Template talk:European Parliament MEPs, 1979-1984 (Germany) by party") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Parliament_MEPs,_1979-1984_\(Germany\)_by_party "Special:EditPage/Template:European Parliament MEPs, 1979-1984 (Germany) by party")[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union")[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") German members of the European Parliament (1979â1984) | | |
| [Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") | [Rudi Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Arndt "Rudi Arndt") [Willy Brandt]() [Ludwig Fellermaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Fellermaier "Ludwig Fellermaier") [Katharina Focke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Focke "Katharina Focke") [Bruno Friedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Friedrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bruno Friedrich (page does not exist)") [Volkmar Gabert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_Gabert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Gabert (page does not exist)") [Klaus HĂ€nsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_H%C3%A4nsch "Klaus HĂ€nsch") [Karl Hauenschild](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hauenschild "Karl Hauenschild") [Luise Herklotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Herklotz "Luise Herklotz") [Magdalene Hoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_Hoff "Magdalene Hoff") [Jan Klinkenborg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Klinkenborg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jan Klinkenborg (page does not exist)") [Heinz KĂŒhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_K%C3%BChn "Heinz KĂŒhn") [Erwin Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Lange (page does not exist)") [Erdmann Linde](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erdmann_Linde&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erdmann Linde (page does not exist)") [Rolf Linkohr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Linkohr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Linkohr (page does not exist)") [Eugen Loderer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Loderer "Eugen Loderer") [Heinke Salisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinke_Salisch "Heinke Salisch") [Rudolf Schieler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Schieler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Schieler (page does not exist)") [Dieter Schinzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Schinzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Schinzel (page does not exist)") [Gerhard Schmid](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Schmid&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Schmid (page does not exist)") [Heinz Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Schmitt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Schmitt (page does not exist)") [Karl Schön](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Sch%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Schön (page does not exist)") [Olaf Schwencke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Schwencke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Schwencke (page does not exist)") [Horst Seefeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Seefeld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Seefeld (page does not exist)") [Hans-Joachim Seeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Joachim_Seeler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Joachim Seeler (page does not exist)") [Lieselotte Seibel-Emmerling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieselotte_Seibel-Emmerling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lieselotte Seibel-Emmerling (page does not exist)") [Hellmut Sieglerschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Sieglerschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hellmut Sieglerschmidt (page does not exist)") [Heinz Oskar Vetter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Oskar_Vetter "Heinz Oskar Vetter") [Thomas von der Vring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_von_der_Vring "Thomas von der Vring") [Manfred Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Wagner_\(politician,_born_1934\) "Manfred Wagner (politician, born 1934)") [Gerd Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Walter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Walter (page does not exist)") [Beate Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beate_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Beate Weber (page does not exist)") [Klaus Wettig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Wettig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Wettig (page does not exist)") [Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidemarie_Wieczorek-Zeul "Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul") | |
| [Christian Democratic Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany "Christian Democratic Union of Germany") | [Jochen van Aerssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_van_Aerssen "Jochen van Aerssen") [Siegbert Alber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegbert_Alber "Siegbert Alber") [Philipp von Bismarck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_von_Bismarck "Philipp von Bismarck") [Erik Blumenfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Blumenfeld "Erik Blumenfeld") [Isidor FrĂŒh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Fr%C3%BCh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Isidor FrĂŒh (page does not exist)") [Wilhelm Hahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Hahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Hahn (page does not exist)") [Kai-Uwe von Hassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel "Kai-Uwe von Hassel") [Wilhelm Helms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Helms "Wilhelm Helms") [Karl-Heinz Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hoffmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hoffmann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hans Katzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Katzer "Hans Katzer") [Egon Klepsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Klepsch "Egon Klepsch") [Herbert Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Köhler (page does not exist)") [Horst Langes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Langes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Langes (page does not exist)") [Gerd Lemmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Lemmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Lemmer (page does not exist)") [Marlene Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Lenz "Marlene Lenz") [Rudolf Luster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Luster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Luster (page does not exist)") [Ernst Majonica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Majonica "Ernst Majonica") [Kurt MalangrĂ©](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Malangr%C3%A9 "Kurt MalangrĂ©") [Meinholf Mertens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meinholf_Mertens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meinholf Mertens (page does not exist)") [Ernst MĂŒller-Hermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann "Ernst MĂŒller-Hermann") [Franz-Josef Nordlohne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz-Josef_Nordlohne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz-Josef Nordlohne (page does not exist)") [Gero Pfennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gero_Pfennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gero Pfennig (page does not exist)") [Hans-Gert Pöttering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Gert_P%C3%B6ttering "Hans-Gert Pöttering") [Albert PĂŒrtsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_P%C3%BCrtsen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert PĂŒrtsen (page does not exist)") [Renate-Charlotte Rabbethge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renate-Charlotte_Rabbethge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Renate-Charlotte Rabbethge (page does not exist)") [GĂŒnter Rinsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Rinsche&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Rinsche (page does not exist)") [Bernhard SĂ€lzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_S%C3%A4lzer "Bernhard SĂ€lzer") [Casimir Johannes, Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Johannes,_Prince_of_Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg "Casimir Johannes, Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg") [Wolfgang Schall](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schall&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schall (page does not exist)") [Paul Schnitker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Schnitker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Schnitker (page does not exist)") [Konrad Schön](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Sch%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad Schön (page does not exist)") [Hanna Walz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Walz "Hanna Walz") [Kurt Wawrzik](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Wawrzik&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Wawrzik (page does not exist)") [Karl von Wogau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Wogau "Karl von Wogau") [Joachim Wuermeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Wuermeling "Joachim Wuermeling") | |
| [Christian Social Union in Bavaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria "Christian Social Union in Bavaria") | [Heinrich Aigner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Aigner "Heinrich Aigner") [Reinhold Bocklet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Bocklet "Reinhold Bocklet") [Ingo Friedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingo_Friedrich "Ingo Friedrich") [Karl Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fuchs_\(politician\) "Karl Fuchs (politician)") [Alfons Goppel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Goppel "Alfons Goppel") [Otto von Habsburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg "Otto von Habsburg") [Hans August LĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans August LĂŒcker (page does not exist)") [Ursula Schleicher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Schleicher "Ursula Schleicher") | |
| [Free Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_\(Germany\) "Free Democratic Party (Germany)") | [Mechthild von Alemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mechthild_von_Alemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mechthild von Alemann (page does not exist)") [Martin Bangemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bangemann "Martin Bangemann") [Ulrich Irmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Irmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Irmer (page does not exist)") [Heinrich JĂŒrgens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_J%C3%BCrgens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich JĂŒrgens (page does not exist)") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 1st Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 1st Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 1st Bundestag")  [Members of the 1st Bundestag (1949â1953)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_1st_Bundestag "List of members of the 1st Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Erich Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_K%C3%B6hler "Erich Köhler") until 18 October 1950; [Hermann Ehlers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ehlers "Hermann Ehlers") from 19 October 1950 (CDU)** | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template:1st Bundestag CDU and CSU") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template talk:1st Bundestag CDU and CSU") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag CDU and CSU") CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Konrad Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") until 21 September 1949; [Heinrich von Brentano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano "Heinrich von Brentano") from 30 September 1949** | | |
| **CDU:** [Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") [Albers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Albers "Johannes Albers") [Arndgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Arndgen "Josef Arndgen") [Bartram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bartram "Walter Bartram") (from 13 May 1952) [Bauknecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Bauknecht "Bernhard Bauknecht") [Baur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Baur_\(politician\) "Georg Baur (politician)") [Bausch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bausch "Paul Bausch") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Becker_\(politician,_born_1905\) "Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)") [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Blank "Theodor Blank") [Brauksiepe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe "Aenne Brauksiepe") [Brentano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano "Heinrich von Brentano") [Brese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Brese "Wilhelm Brese") [Brökelschen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Br%C3%B6kelschen "Else Brökelschen") [Brönner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Br%C3%B6nner "Josef Brönner") [Brookmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brookmann "Walter Brookmann") [Bucerius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Bucerius "Gerd Bucerius") [Degener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Degener "Johannes Degener") (until 31 December 1951) [Dietz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dietz "Maria Dietz") [Dresbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Dresbach "August Dresbach") [Eckstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Eckstein "Heinrich Eckstein") [Ehlers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ehlers "Hermann Ehlers") [Ehren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ehren "Hermann Ehren") [EplĂ©e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_A._Epl%C3%A9e "Hermann A. EplĂ©e") (from 16 January 1953) [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard") [Etzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Etzel "Franz Etzel") (until 4 January 1953) [Etzenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Etzenbach "Peter Etzenbach") [Even](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Even "Johannes Even") [Feldmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Feldmann "Aloys Feldmann") [Frey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frey "Martin Frey") [Friedensburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg "Ferdinand Friedensburg") (from 1 February 1952) [Gengler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gengler "Karl Gengler") [Gerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Gerns "Heinrich Gerns") [Gerstenmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier "Eugen Gerstenmaier") [Gibbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gibbert "Paul Gibbert") [Giencke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Giencke "Christian Giencke") [GlĂŒsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing "Hermann GlĂŒsing") [Gockeln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Gockeln "Josef Gockeln") [Götz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_\(politician\) "Hermann Götz (politician)") [Gröwel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarete_Gr%C3%B6wel "Margarete Gröwel") [GĂŒnther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_G%C3%BCnther_\(politician\) "Bernhard GĂŒnther (politician)") [Hagge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hagge "Johannes Hagge") (from 24 June 1953 FDP) [Handschumacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Handschumacher "Johannes Handschumacher") (from 21 January 1953) [Heiler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marie_Heiler "Anne Marie Heiler") [Heix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heix "Martin Heix") [Henle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Henle "GĂŒnter Henle") [Hilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Hilbert "Anton Hilbert") [Hilpert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Hilpert "Werner Hilpert") (until 10 October 1949) [Höfler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%B6fler "Heinrich Höfler") [Hohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hohl "Heinrich Hohl") (from 3 November 1949) [Holzapfel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Holzapfel "Friedrich Holzapfel") (until 20 January 1953) [Hoogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Hoogen "Matthias Hoogen") [Hoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Hoppe "Anton Hoppe") [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Horn_\(politician\) "Peter Horn (politician)") (from 10 June 1950) [Huth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Huth "Eugen Huth") [Junglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Junglas "Johann Junglas") [Kaiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Kaiser "Jakob Kaiser") [Kather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Kather "Linus Kather") [Kemper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kemper_\(politician,_born_1888\) "Heinrich Kemper (politician, born 1888)") [Kern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kern "Karl Kern") [Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_K%C3%B6hler "Erich Köhler") [Kopf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kopf "Hermann Kopf") [Krone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Krone "Heinrich Krone") [KĂŒhling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_K%C3%BChling "Georg KĂŒhling") [Kuntscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kuntscher "Ernst Kuntscher") [Kunze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kunze_\(politician\) "Johannes Kunze (politician)") [Lehr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lehr "Robert Lehr") [Leibfried](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Leibfried "Eugen Leibfried") [Lemmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer "Ernst Lemmer") (from 1 February 1952) [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Lenz_\(politician,_born_1910\) "Aloys Lenz (politician, born 1910)") [Leonhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leonhard "Gottfried Leonhard") [LĂŒbke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke "Heinrich LĂŒbke") (until 30 September 1950) [LĂŒcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke "Paul LĂŒcke") [Majonica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Majonica "Ernst Majonica") (from 19 November 1950) [Massoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Massoth "Willy Massoth") [Maxsein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Katharina_Maxsein "Agnes Katharina Maxsein") (from 1 February 1952) [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Mayer_\(politician,_born_1899\) "Hugo Mayer (politician, born 1899)") [Mehs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Mehs "Matthias Joseph Mehs") [Mensing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Mensing "Fritz Mensing") [Morgenthaler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelin_Morgenthaler "Wendelin Morgenthaler") [Muckermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Muckermann "Richard Muckermann") [MĂŒhlenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BChlenberg "Franz MĂŒhlenberg") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1884\) "Karl MĂŒller (politician, born 1884)") [MĂŒller-Hermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann "Ernst MĂŒller-Hermann") (from 1 January 1952) [Naegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Naegel "Wilhelm Naegel") [Neber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Neber "Jakob Neber") [Nellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nellen "Peter Nellen") [Neuburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Neuburger "August Neuburger") [Niggemeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Niggemeyer "Maria Niggemeyer") [Oetzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Oetzel "Richard Oetzel") (from 24 January 1953) [Orth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Orth "Eduard Orth") [Pelster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Pelster "Georg Pelster") [Pfender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Pfender "Franz Pfender") [Pferdmenges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pferdmenges "Robert Pferdmenges") (from 12 January 1950) [Povel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Povel "Bernard Povel") (until 21 October 1952) [PĂŒnder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_P%C3%BCnder "Hermann PĂŒnder") [Raestrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Raestrup "Bernhard Raestrup") [Rehling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Rehling "Luise Rehling") [Rösch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_R%C3%B6sch "Julie Rösch") [RĂŒmmele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_R%C3%BCmmele "Oskar RĂŒmmele") [Sabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Sabel "Anton Sabel") [Scharnberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Scharnberg "Hugo Scharnberg") [Schill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Schill "Lambert Schill") [Schlange-Schöningen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schlange-Sch%C3%B6ningen "Hans Schlange-Schöningen") (until 9 June 1950) [Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schmitt_\(politician\) "Joseph Schmitt (politician)") [Schmitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schmitz "Hans Schmitz") [SchmĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker "Kurt SchmĂŒcker") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") [Schröter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schr%C3%B6ter_\(politician\) "Carl Schröter (politician)") (until 25 February 1952) [Schuler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schuler_\(politician,_born_1885\) "Fritz Schuler (politician, born 1885)") [Schulze-Pellengahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Schulze-Pellengahr "Hubert Schulze-Pellengahr") [SchĂŒttler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Sch%C3%BCttler "Josef SchĂŒttler") [Serres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Serres "GĂŒnther Serres") [Sewald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Sewald "GĂŒnther Sewald") (until 25 November 1949) [Siebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Siebel "Theodor Siebel") [Stauch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stauch "Robert Stauch") [SteinbiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_Steinbi%C3%9F "Viktoria SteinbiĂ") [Storch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Storch "Anton Storch") [Struve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlef_Struve "Detlef Struve") [Tillmanns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tillmanns "Robert Tillmanns") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Vogel_\(politician,_born_1906\) "Rudolf Vogel (politician, born 1906)") [Wacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Wacker "Oskar Wacker") [Wackerzapp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Wackerzapp "Oskar Wackerzapp") [Wahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Wahl "Eduard Wahl") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Weber "Helene Weber") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weber_\(politician,_born_1898\) "Karl Weber (politician, born 1898)") [WeiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Wei%C3%9F_\(politician,_born_1887\) "Franz WeiĂ (politician, born 1887)") [Winkelheide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide "Bernhard Winkelheide") [Wuermeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling "Franz-Josef Wuermeling") **CSU:** [Bauereisen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bauereisen_\(politician,_born_1895\) "Friedrich Bauereisen (politician, born 1895)") [Bodensteiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bodensteiner "Hans Bodensteiner") (from 14 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP)) [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Fuchs "Gustav Fuchs") [Fugger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Ernst_Graf_Fugger_von_Gl%C3%B6tt "Joseph-Ernst Graf Fugger von Glött") [Funk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Funk "Friedrich Funk") [Horlacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Horlacher "Michael Horlacher") [Jaeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jaeger "Richard Jaeger") [Kahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Kahn (page does not exist)") [Karpf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Karpf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Karpf (page does not exist)") [Kemmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Kemmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Emil Kemmer (page does not exist)") [Kleindinst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Ferdinand_Kleindinst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Ferdinand Kleindinst (page does not exist)") [Laforet](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Laforet&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Laforet (page does not exist)") [Loibl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Loibl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Loibl (page does not exist)") (until 16 April 1951) [Nickl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christof_Nickl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christof Nickl (page does not exist)") [Niklas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Niklas "Wilhelm Niklas") (from 30 May 1951) [Oesterle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Oesterle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Oesterle (page does not exist)") [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Probst "Maria Probst") [SchĂ€ffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer "Fritz SchĂ€ffer") [Schatz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schatz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Schatz (page does not exist)") [SchĂŒtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans SchĂŒtz (page does not exist)") [Semler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Semler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Semler (page does not exist)") (from 14 May 1950) [Solleder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Solleder&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Solleder (page does not exist)") [Spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Spies (page does not exist)") [Spreti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Spreti "Karl von Spreti") [Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss "Franz Josef Strauss") [StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") | | |
| SPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_SPD "Template:1st Bundestag SPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_SPD "Template talk:1st Bundestag SPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_SPD "Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag SPD")SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Kurt Schumacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher "Kurt Schumacher") until 20 August 1952; [Erich Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") from 7 October 1952** | | |
| **Members:** [Albertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Albertz "Luise Albertz") [Albrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Albrecht "Lisa Albrecht") [Altmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Altmaier "Jakob Altmaier") [Ansorge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ansorge "Maria Ansorge") (from 17 November 1951) [Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Arndt "Adolf Arndt") [Arnholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Arnholz "Otto Arnholz") [Baade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Baade "Fritz Baade") [BĂ€rsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_B%C3%A4rsch "Siegfried BĂ€rsch") [Baur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Baur "Valentin Baur") [Bazille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Bazille "Helmut Bazille") [Behrisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Behrisch "Arno Behrisch") [Bergmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_\(politician\) "Karl Bergmann (politician)") [BergstrĂ€sser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Bergstr%C3%A4sser "Ludwig BergstrĂ€sser") [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Berlin "August Berlin") [BettgenhĂ€user](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Bettgenh%C3%A4user "Emil BettgenhĂ€user") [Bielig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bielig "Karl Bielig") [Birkelbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Birkelbach "Willi Birkelbach") [Blachstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blachstein "Peter Blachstein") [BleiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Blei%C3%9F "Paul BleiĂ") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_B%C3%B6hm_\(politician\) "Johannes Böhm (politician)") [Brandt]() [Brill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Brill "Hermann Brill") [Bromme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bromme "Paul Bromme") [BrĂŒnen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Br%C3%BCnen "Eberhard BrĂŒnen") [Brunner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Brunner_\(politician,_born_1905\) "Karl Brunner (politician, born 1905)") (until 13 November 1951) [Cramer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Cramer_\(politician\) "Johann Cramer (politician)") [Dannebom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Dannebom "Otto Dannebom") [Diel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Diel "Anton Diel") [Döhring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_D%C3%B6hring "Clara Döhring") [Eichler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Eichler "Willi Eichler") [Ekstrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Ekstrand "Hans Ekstrand") [Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Erler_\(politician\) "Fritz Erler (politician)") [Faller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Freitag_\(politician\) "Walter Freitag (politician)") (from 4 December 1951) [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Fischer_\(politician,_born_1904\) "Wilhelm Fischer (politician, born 1904)") (until 21 October 1951) [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") (from 17 May 1951) [Freidhof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Freidhof "Rudolf Freidhof") [Freitag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Freitag_\(politician\) "Walter Freitag (politician)") [Geritzmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Geritzmann "Robert Geritzmann") [Gleisner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gleisner "Alfred Gleisner") [Görlinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G%C3%B6rlinger "Robert Görlinger") [Graf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Graf_\(politician,_born_1892\) "Otto Graf (politician, born 1892)") [Greve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Greve "Otto Heinrich Greve") [GĂŒlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_G%C3%BClich "Wilhelm GĂŒlich") [Happe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Happe_\(politician,_born_1894\) "Heinrich Happe (politician, born 1894)") [Heiland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf-Ernst_Heiland "Rudolf-Ernst Heiland") [Heinen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Heinen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Heinen (page does not exist)") (from 24 July 1953) [Hennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arno_Hennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arno Hennig (page does not exist)") [HenĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hen%C3%9Fler "Fritz HenĂler") [Herbig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Herbig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustav Herbig (page does not exist)") (until 1 December 1951) [Herrmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matth%C3%A4us_Herrmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "MatthĂ€us Herrmann (page does not exist)") [Höcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_H%C3%B6cker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Höcker (page does not exist)") [Höhne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_H%C3%B6hne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Höhne (page does not exist)") [Hubert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elinor Hubert (page does not exist)") [Imig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Imig "Heinrich Imig") [Jacobi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Jacobi "Werner Jacobi") [Jacobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jacobs_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Jacobs (politician) (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jahn "Hans Jahn") [Kalbfell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kalbfell&action=edit&redlink=1 "Oskar Kalbfell (page does not exist)") [Kalbitzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Kalbitzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hellmut Kalbitzer (page does not exist)") [Keilhack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irma_Keilhack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irma Keilhack (page does not exist)") [Keuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Keuning&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Keuning (page does not exist)") [Kinat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Richard_Kinat&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Richard Kinat (page does not exist)") [Kipp-Kaule](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Kipp-Kaule&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liesel Kipp-Kaule (page does not exist)") [Klabunde](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Klabunde&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Klabunde (page does not exist)") (until 21 November 1950) [Knoeringen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldemar_von_Knoeringen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waldemar von Knoeringen (page does not exist)") (until 3 April 1951) [Knothe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Knothe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Knothe (page does not exist)") (until 20 February 1952) [Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Koch "Harald Koch") [Königswarter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_K%C3%B6nigswarter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Königswarter (page does not exist)") (from 1 February 1952) [Korspeter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Korspeter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lisa Korspeter (page does not exist)") [Krahnstöver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_Krahnst%C3%B6ver "Anni Krahnstöver") [Kreyssig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kreyssig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Kreyssig (page does not exist)") (from 4 April 1951) [Kriedemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)") [Kurlbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kurlbaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kurlbaum (page does not exist)") [Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Lange (page does not exist)") [Lausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Lausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Lausen (page does not exist)") [Leddin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Leddin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bruno Leddin (page does not exist)") (until 25 March 1951) [Löbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L%C3%B6be "Paul Löbe") [Lockmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrud_Lockmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gertrud Lockmann (page does not exist)") (from 28 November 1950) [LohmĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Lohm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernhard LohmĂŒller (page does not exist)") (until 2 March 1952) [Ludwig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Ludwig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Ludwig (page does not exist)") [LĂŒtkens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_L%C3%BCtkens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard LĂŒtkens (page does not exist)") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") [Matzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Matzner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Oskar Matzner (page does not exist)") [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Mayer (page does not exist)") [Meitmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Meitmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Meitmann (page does not exist)") [Mellies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Mellies&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Mellies (page does not exist)") [Menzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Menzel (page does not exist)") [Merten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Merten_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Merten (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 23 April 1951) [Mertins](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Mertins&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arthur Mertins (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meyer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Meyer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Meyer-Laule](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmy_Meyer-Laule&action=edit&redlink=1 "Emmy Meyer-Laule (page does not exist)") [Missmahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Missmahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedhelm Missmahl (page does not exist)") [Mommer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mommer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Mommer (page does not exist)") [Moosdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Moosdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Moosdorf (page does not exist)") (from 4 May 1952) [MĂŒcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willibald_M%C3%BCcke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willibald MĂŒcke (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Heinrich MĂŒller (politician)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [Nadig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieda_Nadig "Frieda Nadig") [Neubauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Neubauer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Neubauer (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 1 February 1952) [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Neumann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Neumann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Nölting](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erik_N%C3%B6lting&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erik Nölting (page does not exist)") (until 15 July 1953) [Nowack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nowack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Nowack (page does not exist)") [Odenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Odenthal&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Odenthal (page does not exist)") (from 28 September 1951) [Ohlig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Ohlig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Ohlig (page does not exist)") [Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") [Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Paul "Ernst Paul") [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Peters "Georg Peters") [Pohle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Pohle (page does not exist)") [Preller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Preller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Preller (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 16 March 1951) [Priebe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moritz-Ernst_Priebe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Moritz-Ernst Priebe (page does not exist)") [Reitzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Reitzner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Reitzner (page does not exist)") [Richter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Richter (page does not exist)") [Ritzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Georg_Ritzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Georg Ritzel (page does not exist)") [Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Roth_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Roth (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 14 May 1951) [Ruhnke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich-Wilhelm_Ruhnke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich-Wilhelm Ruhnke (page does not exist)") [Runge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Runge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Runge (page does not exist)") [Sander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustav Sander (page does not exist)") [Sassnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Sassnick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Sassnick (page does not exist)") [Schanzenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)") [Schellenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)") (from 1 February 1952) [Schmid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_\(German_politician\) "Carlo Schmid (German politician)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Schoettle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)") [Schönauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Schönauer (page does not exist)") (until 2 April 1950) [Schöne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Sch%C3%B6ne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Schöne (page does not exist)") [Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Schroeder "Louise Schroeder") [Schröter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Schr%C3%B6ter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Schröter (page does not exist)") (from 1 February 1952) [Schumacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher "Kurt Schumacher") (until 20 August 1952) [Segitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Segitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Segitz (page does not exist)") (from 4 December 1951) [Seuffert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Seuffert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Seuffert (page does not exist)") [Stech](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Stech&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Stech (page does not exist)") [Steinhörster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Steinh%C3%B6rster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Steinhörster (page does not exist)") [Stierle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stierle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Stierle (page does not exist)") [Stopperich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Stopperich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Stopperich (page does not exist)") (until 6 January 1952) [Striebeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Striebeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Striebeck (page does not exist)") [Strobel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel "KĂ€te Strobel") [Suhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Suhr "Otto Suhr") (until 31 January 1952) [Temmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Temmen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Temmen (page does not exist)") [Tenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Tenhagen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Tenhagen (page does not exist)") [Troppenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Troppenz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Troppenz (page does not exist)") [Veit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Veit&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Veit (page does not exist)") [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner (page does not exist)") [Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") [Wehr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Wehr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Philipp Wehr (page does not exist)") (from 21 May 1952) [Weinhold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Weinhold&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Weinhold (page does not exist)") [Welke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Welke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Welke (page does not exist)") [Weltner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Weltner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Weltner (page does not exist)") [Wenzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wenzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Wenzel (page does not exist)") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Winter_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Winter (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 9 November 1952) [Wolff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeanette_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jeanette Wolff (page does not exist)") (from 1 February 1952) [Wönner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_W%C3%B6nner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Wönner (page does not exist)") [Zinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_August_Zinn "Georg August Zinn") (until 21 January 1951) [ZĂŒhlke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Z%C3%BChlke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst ZĂŒhlke (page does not exist)") | | |
| FDP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_FDP "Template:1st Bundestag FDP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_FDP "Template talk:1st Bundestag FDP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_FDP "Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag FDP")FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Theodor Heuss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss "Theodor Heuss") until 12 September 1949; [Hermann SchÀfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer "Hermann SchÀfer") until 10 January 1951; [August-Martin Euler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August-Martin_Euler "August-Martin Euler") until 6 May 1952; Hermann SchÀfer from 6 May 1952 | | |
| **Members:** [Atzenroth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Atzenroth "Karl Atzenroth") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Becker_\(politician\) "Max Becker (politician)") [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Blank_\(politician\) "Martin Blank (politician)") [BlĂŒcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher "Franz BlĂŒcher") [Dannemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dannemann "Robert Dannemann") [Dehler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dehler "Thomas Dehler") [Dirscherl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Dirscherl "Hans Dirscherl") [Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Eberhard "Anton Eberhard") (from 3 October 1952) [Euler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August-Martin_Euler "August-Martin Euler") [Fassbender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Fassbender "Heinrich Fassbender") [Friedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Friedrich_\(politician,_born_1917\) "Hans Friedrich (politician, born 1917)") (from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 16 November 1950 BHE/DG, from 2 April 1952 FDP-Gast) [FrĂŒhwald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Fr%C3%BChwald_\(politician,_born_1890\) "Konrad FrĂŒhwald (politician, born 1890)") [Funcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Funcke "Oscar Funcke") (from 14 September 1951) [Gaul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gaul "Karl Gaul") [Golitschek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus_von_Golitschek "Hubertus von Golitschek") [Grundmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Grundmann "Arthur Grundmann") [Hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hammer_\(politician\) "Richard Hammer (politician)") [Hasemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Hasemann "Walther Hasemann") [Henn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Henn_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Henn (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 1 February 1952) [Heuss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss "Theodor Heuss") (until 15 September 1949) [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curt_Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Curt Hoffmann (page does not exist)") (from 15 June 1951) [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hoffmann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hoffmann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Höpker-Aschoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6pker-Aschoff "Hermann Höpker-Aschoff") (until 9 September 1951) [HĂŒbner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_H%C3%BCbner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl HĂŒbner (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 1 February 1952) [HĂŒtter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarete_H%C3%BCtter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margarete HĂŒtter (page does not exist)") (from 15 September 1949) [Ilk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herta_Ilk "Herta Ilk") (from 3 November 1949) [Jaeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hans_Jaeger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Hans Jaeger (page does not exist)") (from 22 January 1953) [Juncker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Ludwig_Juncker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Ludwig Juncker (page does not exist)") [Kneipp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kneipp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Kneipp (page does not exist)") [Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kohl_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kohl (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 31 January 1952) [KĂŒhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walther KĂŒhn (page does not exist)") [Langer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Langer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Langer (page does not exist)") (from 10 June 1952 Non-attached, from 29 March 1953 WAV) [Leuchtgens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Leuchtgens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Leuchtgens (page does not exist)") (from 21 January 1950 DRP, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 6 December 1950 DP, from 27 July 1953 partei- und Non-attached) [Leuze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Leuze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eduard Leuze (page does not exist)") (from 21 March 1952) [Linnert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Linnert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Linnert (page does not exist)") (until 27 October 1949) [Luchtenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Luchtenberg "Paul Luchtenberg") (from 30 October 1950) [Margulies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Margulies&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Margulies (page does not exist)") [Mauk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Mauk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Mauk (page does not exist)") (from 7 April 1952) [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Mayer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Mayer (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 18 December 1952) [Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende") [Middelhauve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Middelhauve "Friedrich Middelhauve") (until 17 October 1950) [Mulert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friederike_Mulert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friederike Mulert (page does not exist)") (from 1 February 1952) [Neumayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Neumayer "Fritz Neumayer") [Nöll](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Philipp_N%C3%B6ll_von_der_Nahmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Philipp Nöll von der Nahmer (page does not exist)") [Nowack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Nowack "Wilhelm Nowack") (until 30 September 1952) [Oellers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Oellers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Oellers (page does not exist)") (until 5 June 1951) [Onnen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Onnen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Onnen (page does not exist)") [Pfleiderer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Georg_Pfleiderer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Georg Pfleiderer (page does not exist)") [PreiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F "Ludwig PreiĂ") [Preusker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor-Emanuel_Preusker "Victor-Emanuel Preusker") [Rademacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Max_Rademacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Max Rademacher (page does not exist)") [Rath](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rath_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Rath (politician) (page does not exist)") [Rechenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Albrecht_Freiherr_von_Rechenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Albrecht Freiherr von Rechenberg (page does not exist)") (until 19 January 1953) [Reif](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Reif&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Reif (page does not exist)") [Revenstorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Revenstorff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Revenstorff (page does not exist)") [RĂŒdiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_R%C3%BCdiger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl RĂŒdiger (page does not exist)") (until 20 February 1951) [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer "Hermann SchĂ€fer") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Schneider_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)") [Stahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Stahl (page does not exist)") [Stegner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artur_Stegner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Artur Stegner (page does not exist)") [Trischler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Trischler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Trischler (page does not exist)") [Vries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_de_Vries "Axel de Vries") (from 5 January 1953) [Wellhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wellhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wellhausen (page does not exist)") [Wildermuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann-Eberhard_Wildermuth "Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth") (until 9 March 1952) [Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Will&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Will (page does not exist)") (from 1 February 1952) [Wirths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wirths "Carl Wirths") [Zawadil](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Zawadil&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Zawadil (page does not exist)") (from 26 November 1952 DP) | | |
| DP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_DP "Template:1st Bundestag DP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_DP "Template talk:1st Bundestag DP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_DP "Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag DP")DP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Heinrich Hellwege](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege "Heinrich Hellwege") until 2 November 1949; [Friedrich Klinge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Klinge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Klinge (page does not exist)") until 21 December 1949; [Hans MĂŒhlenfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_M%C3%BChlenfeld "Hans MĂŒhlenfeld") until 15 March 1953; [Hans-Joachim von Merkatz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz "Hans-Joachim von Merkatz") from 17 March 1953 | | |
| **Members:** [Ahrens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Ahrens "Adolf Ahrens") [Bahlburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bahlburg "Wilhelm Bahlburg") (from 13 September 1951 Non-attached, from 24 January 1952 DP-Gast, from 10 September 1952 Non-attached) [Campe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Campe "Carl von Campe") (from 23 January 1950, until 8 January 1952) [Eickhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Eickhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Eickhoff (page does not exist)") [Ewers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Ewers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Ewers (page does not exist)") [Farke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Farke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Farke (page does not exist)") [Fricke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Joachim_Fricke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Joachim Fricke (page does not exist)") (from 22 March 1952) [Hedler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Hedler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Hedler (page does not exist)") (from 19 January 1950 Non-attached, from 28 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 16 September 1950 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV) [Hellwege](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege "Heinrich Hellwege") [JaffĂ©](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jaff%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert JaffĂ© (page does not exist)") (from 9 January 1952) [Kalinke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Kalinke "Margot Kalinke") [Klinge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Klinge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Klinge (page does not exist)") (until 21 December 1949) [Kuhlemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Kuhlemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christian Kuhlemann (page does not exist)") [Matthes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Matthes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Matthes (page does not exist)") [Merkatz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz "Hans-Joachim von Merkatz") [MĂŒhlenfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_M%C3%BChlenfeld "Hans MĂŒhlenfeld") (until 15 May 1953) [Seebohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm "Hans-Christoph Seebohm") [Tobaben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tobaben "Peter Tobaben") [Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Walter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Walter (page does not exist)") [Wittenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wittenburg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wittenburg (page does not exist)") [Woltje](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Woltje&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Woltje (page does not exist)") (from 30 May 1953) | | |
| BP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_BP "Template:1st Bundestag BP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_BP "Template talk:1st Bundestag BP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_BP "Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag BP")BP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Gebhard Seelos](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gebhard_Seelos&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gebhard Seelos (page does not exist)") until 25 September 1951; [Hugo Decker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Decker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Decker (page does not exist)") from 25 September 1951 | | |
| **Members:** [Aretin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_von_Aretin "Anton von Aretin") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Aumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Aumer "Hermann Aumer") (from 8 September 1950 Non-attached) [Baumgartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Baumgartner "Joseph Baumgartner") (until 1 January 1951) [Besold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Besold "Anton Besold") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Decker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Decker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Decker (page does not exist)") [Donhauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Donhauser "Anton Donhauser") (from 8 September 1950 Non-attached, from 17 September 1952 CSU) [Eichner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Eichner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Eichner (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Etzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Etzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Etzel (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 3 December 1952 Non-attached (GVP)) [Falkner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Falkner "Ernst Falkner") (until 27 October 1950) [Fink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Fink "Conrad Fink") (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 5 January 1952 CSU) [FĂŒrstenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimar_Freiherr_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg "Elimar Freiherr von FĂŒrstenberg") (from 7 November 1950 Non-attached, from 19 January 1951 CSU) [Lampl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Lampl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roman Lampl (page does not exist)") (from 10 November 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU) [Maerkl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Maerkl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Maerkl (page does not exist)") (from 1 September 1952) [Mayerhofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Mayerhofer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Mayerhofer (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Meitinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Meitinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Xaver Meitinger (page does not exist)") (from 26 September 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU) [Oettingen-Wallerstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_F%C3%BCrst_zu_Oettingen-Wallerstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen FĂŒrst zu Oettingen-Wallerstein (page does not exist)") (from 8 January 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU, until 1 September 1952) [Parzinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sepp_Parzinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sepp Parzinger (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Rahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Rahn (page does not exist)") (from 14 January 1950, from 8 September 1950 Non-attached, from 17 October 1950 WAV-Gast, from 14 February 1951 CSU) [Seelos](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gebhard_Seelos&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gebhard Seelos (page does not exist)") (until 25 September 1951) [Volkholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Volkholz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Volkholz (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Wartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wartner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Wartner (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Ziegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ziegler_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Ziegler (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 30 December 1949) | | |
| KPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_KPD "Template:1st Bundestag KPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_KPD "Template talk:1st Bundestag KPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_KPD "Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag KPD")KPD | | |
| **Speaker:** [Max Reimann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reimann "Max Reimann") | | |
| **Members:** [Agatz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Agatz "Willi Agatz") [Fisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fisch "Walter Fisch") [Gundelach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Gundelach "Gustav Gundelach") [Harig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Harig "Paul Harig") [Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kohl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kohl (page does not exist)") (from 26 January 1950) [Leibbrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Leibbrand&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Leibbrand (page does not exist)") (until 26 January 1950) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Kurt MĂŒller (politician)") (from 10 May 1950 Non-attached) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_M%C3%BCller "Oskar MĂŒller") [Niebergall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Niebergall "Otto Niebergall") [Niebes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Niebes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Niebes (page does not exist)") (from 10 July 1952) [Nuding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Nuding "Hermann Nuding") (until 20 April 1951) [Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Paul_\(politician\) "Hugo Paul (politician)") [Reimann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reimann "Max Reimann") [Renner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Renner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Renner (page does not exist)") [Rische](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Rische&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Rische (page does not exist)") [Strohbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrud_Strohbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gertrud Strohbach (page does not exist)") (from 16 May 1951) [Thiele](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grete_Thiele&action=edit&redlink=1 "Grete Thiele (page does not exist)") [Vesper](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Vesper&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Vesper (page does not exist)") (until 30 June 1952) | | |
| WAV | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_WAV "Template:1st Bundestag WAV") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_WAV "Template talk:1st Bundestag WAV") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_WAV "Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag WAV")WAV | | |
| **Speaker:** [Alfred Loritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Loritz "Alfred Loritz") | | |
| **Members:** [Bieganowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Maria_Bieganowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anna Maria Bieganowski (page does not exist)") (from 21 March 1952, from 23 April 1952 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached) [Fröhlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Gerd_Fr%C3%B6hlich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Gerd Fröhlich (page does not exist)") (from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached) [Goetzendorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Goetzendorff&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Goetzendorff (page does not exist)") (from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 29 April 1953 WAV) [Keller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilfried_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilfried Keller (page does not exist)") (from 24 April 1952, from 6 December 1951 DP, Non-attached) [Löfflad](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_L%C3%B6fflad&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Löfflad (page does not exist)") (from 6 December 1951 DP) [Loritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Loritz "Alfred Loritz") (from 6 December 1951 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV) [Paschek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Paschek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Paschek (page does not exist)") (from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 30 January 1951 WAV, from 6 December 1951 DP, until 22 April 1952) [Reindl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Reindl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Reindl (page does not exist)") (from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1888\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Schmidt (politician, born 1888) (page does not exist)") (from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached) [Schuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Schuster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Schuster (page does not exist)") (from 6 December 1951 DP) [Tichi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Tichi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Tichi (page does not exist)") (from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached) [Wallner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Wallner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Wallner (page does not exist)") (from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached) [Weickert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Weickert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stephan Weickert (page does not exist)") (from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, until 16 March 1952) [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Wittmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad Wittmann (page does not exist)") (from 6 December 1951 DP, from 9 May 1952 Non-attached, from 5 July 1952 CDU/CSU-Gast) | | |
| ZENTRUM | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_ZENTRUM "Template:1st Bundestag ZENTRUM") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_ZENTRUM "Template talk:1st Bundestag ZENTRUM") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_ZENTRUM "Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag ZENTRUM")ZENTRUM | | |
| **Speaker:** [Helene Wessel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Wessel "Helene Wessel") | | |
| **Members:** [Amelunxen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Amelunxen "Rudolf Amelunxen") (until 7 October 1949) [Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Arnold "Thea Arnold") (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached (GVP)) [Bertram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Bertram "Helmut Bertram") (from 3 November 1949, from 14 December 1951 FU) [Determann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Determann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gregor Determann (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Glasmeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Glasmeyer "Heinrich Glasmeyer") (from 23 November 1951 CDU) [Hamacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Hamacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Hamacher (page does not exist)") (until 29 July 1951) [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hoffmann_\(CVP_politician\) "Johannes Hoffmann (CVP politician)") (, from 14 December 1951 FU) [Krause](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krause_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Krause (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 18 October 1950) [Pannenbecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Pannenbecker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Pannenbecker (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Reismann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Reismann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernhard Reismann (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Ribbeheger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Ribbeheger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Ribbeheger (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1951 FU) [Wessel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Wessel "Helene Wessel") (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 13 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP)) [Willenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Willenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alex Willenberg (page does not exist)") (from 26 October 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU) | | |
| DRP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_DRP "Template:1st Bundestag DRP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_DRP "Template talk:1st Bundestag DRP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_DRP "Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag DRP")DRP | | |
| **Members:** [Dorls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Dorls "Fritz Dorls") (from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, am 23 October 1952 Mandatsaberkennung) [Frommhold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frommhold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Frommhold (page does not exist)") (from 7 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 26 March 1952 DP-Gast, from 11 February 1953 Non-attached) [Jaeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Jaeger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elfriede Jaeger (page does not exist)") (from 29 February 1952) [Miessner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herwart_Miessner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herwart Miessner (page does not exist)") (from 5 October 1950 FDP-Gast, from 20 December 1950 FDP) [RöĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Richter_%E2%80%93_Fritz_R%C3%B6%C3%9Fler_alias_%E2%80%9EDr_Franz_Richter%E2%80%9C&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Richter â Fritz RöĂler alias âDr Franz Richterâ (page does not exist)") (from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 6 September 1950 Non-attached, from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, until 21 February 1952) [Thadden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden "Adolf von Thadden") (from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte; 1950 DRP, from 20 April 1950 Non-attached) | | |
| OTHER | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_OTHER "Template:1st Bundestag OTHER") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_OTHER "Template talk:1st Bundestag OTHER") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_OTHER "Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag OTHER")OTHER | | |
| **Members:** [Clausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Clausen "Hermann Clausen") (from 23 January 1952 FU-Gast, from 3 July 1953 Non-attached) [Edert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Edert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eduard Edert (page does not exist)") (CDU/CSU-Gast) [Freudenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Freudenberg_\(politician\) "Richard Freudenberg (politician)") (from 5 December 1952 Non-attached) [Ott](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ott&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Ott (page does not exist)") (Non-attached, from 4 May 1950 WAV-Gast, from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached, from 26 March 1952 DP/DPB-Gast, from 26 June 1952 Non-attached) | | |
| [List of members of the 1st Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_1st_Bundestag "List of members of the 1st Bundestag") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 2nd Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 2nd Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 2nd Bundestag")  [Members of the 2nd Bundestag (1953â1957)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag "List of members of the 2nd Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Eugen Gerstenmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier "Eugen Gerstenmaier") (CDU)** | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template:2nd Bundestag CDU and CSU") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template talk:2nd Bundestag CDU and CSU") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag CDU and CSU")CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Heinrich von Brentano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano "Heinrich von Brentano") until 7 June 1955; [Heinrich Krone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Krone "Heinrich Krone") from 15 June 1955\]\]** | | |
| **CDU:** [Ackermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Ackermann "Annemarie Ackermann") [Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") [Albers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Albers "Johannes Albers") [Albrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Albrecht_\(politician,_born_1914\) "Ernst Albrecht (politician, born 1914)") (from 11 May 1956) [Arndgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Arndgen "Josef Arndgen") [Baier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Baier "Fritz Baier") (from 26 June 1956) [Barlage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Barlage "Heinrich Barlage") [Bartram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bartram "Walter Bartram") [Bauknecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Bauknecht "Bernhard Bauknecht") [Bausch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bausch "Paul Bausch") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Becker_\(politician,_born_1905\) "Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)") [Berendsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Berendsen "Fritz Berendsen") [Bergmeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Bergmeyer "Bernhard Bergmeyer") [Bismarck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Christian_Archibald_von_Bismarck "Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck") [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Blank "Theodor Blank") [Bleyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Bleyler "Hildegard Bleyler") [Blöcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%B6cker "Hans Blöcker") (from 8 November 1954) [Bock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bock "Paul Bock") [Bodelschwingh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_von_Bodelschwingh_\(politician\) "Ernst von Bodelschwingh (politician)") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hm "Franz Böhm") [Brand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wilhelm_Brand "Peter Wilhelm Brand") [Brauksiepe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe "Aenne Brauksiepe") [Brenner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Brenner_\(politician\) "Josef Brenner (politician)") (from 5 May 1957) [Brentano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano "Heinrich von Brentano") [Brese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Brese "Wilhelm Brese") [Brökelschen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Br%C3%B6kelschen "Else Brökelschen") [Brönner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Br%C3%B6nner "Josef Brönner") [Brookmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brookmann "Walter Brookmann") (until 31 August 1957) [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Br%C3%BCck "Valentin BrĂŒck") (until 17 September 1957) [Bucerius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Bucerius "Gerd Bucerius") [Buchka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Buchka "Karl von Buchka") [Burgemeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Burgemeister "Alfred Burgemeister") [BĂŒrkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_B%C3%BCrkel "Dietrich BĂŒrkel") [Caspers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Caspers "Johannes Caspers") [Cillien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Cillien "Adolf Cillien") [Conring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Conring_\(politician\) "Hermann Conring (politician)") [Czaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Czaja "Herbert Czaja") [Diedrichsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Diedrichsen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Diedrichsen (page does not exist)") [Dietz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dietz "Maria Dietz") [Dresbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Dresbach "August Dresbach") [Eckstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Eckstein "Heinrich Eckstein") [Ehlers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ehlers "Hermann Ehlers") (until 29 October 1954) [Ehren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ehren "Hermann Ehren") [Engelbrecht-Greve](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Engelbrecht-Greve&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Engelbrecht-Greve (page does not exist)") [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard") [Etzenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Etzenbach "Peter Etzenbach") [Even](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Even "Johannes Even") [Farny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Farny "Oskar Farny") (until 11 November 1953) [Feldmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Feldmann "Aloys Feldmann") [Finckh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Finckh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Finckh (page does not exist)") [Franzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Franzen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jakob Franzen (page does not exist)") [Friedensburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg "Ferdinand Friedensburg") [Friese](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Friese_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Friese (politician) (page does not exist)") [Furler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Furler "Hans Furler") [Ganswindt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisfrometh_Ganswindt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisfrometh Ganswindt (page does not exist)") (from 9 November 1955) [Gantenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathilde_Gantenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mathilde Gantenberg (page does not exist)") (from 8 October 1956) [Gedat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav-Adolf_Gedat&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustav-Adolf Gedat (page does not exist)") [Gengler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gengler "Karl Gengler") [Gerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Gerns "Heinrich Gerns") [Gerstenmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier "Eugen Gerstenmaier") [Gibbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gibbert "Paul Gibbert") [Giencke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Giencke "Christian Giencke") [Glasmeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Glasmeyer "Heinrich Glasmeyer") [GlĂŒsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing "Hermann GlĂŒsing") [Gockeln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Gockeln "Josef Gockeln") [Goldhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Goldhagen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Goldhagen (page does not exist)") [Gontrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Gontrum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Gontrum (page does not exist)") [Götz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_\(politician\) "Hermann Götz (politician)") [Grantze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Grantze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Grantze (page does not exist)") (from 17 November 1955) [Griem](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Griem_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Griem (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 7 November 1955) [GĂŒnther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_G%C3%BCnther_\(politician\) "Bernhard GĂŒnther (politician)") [Hahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hahn_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hahn (politician) (page does not exist)") [Harnischfeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Harnischfeger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Harnischfeger (page does not exist)") [Hassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel "Kai-Uwe von Hassel") (until 4 November 1954) [HĂ€ussler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_H%C3%A4ussler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin HĂ€ussler (page does not exist)") [Hellwig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hellwig "Fritz Hellwig") [Hesberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Hesberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Hesberg (page does not exist)") [Heye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmuth_Heye "Hellmuth Heye") [Hilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Hilbert "Anton Hilbert") [Höck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_H%C3%B6ck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Höck (page does not exist)") [Höfler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%B6fler "Heinrich Höfler") [Holla](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Holla&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Holla (page does not exist)") [Hoogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Hoogen "Matthias Hoogen") [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Horn_\(politician\) "Peter Horn (politician)") [Huth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Huth "Eugen Huth") [Illerhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Illerhaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joseph Illerhaus (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artur_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Artur Jahn (page does not exist)") [Jochmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedwig_Jochmus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hedwig Jochmus (page does not exist)") [Josten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Josten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Peter Josten (page does not exist)") [Kaiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pia_Kaiser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pia Kaiser (page does not exist)") (from 17 September 1956) [Kaiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Kaiser "Jakob Kaiser") [Kather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Kather "Linus Kather") (from 15 June 1954 GB/BHE) [Kemper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kemper_\(politician,_born_1888\) "Heinrich Kemper (politician, born 1888)") [Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") [Kirchhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peterheinrich_Kirchhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peterheinrich Kirchhoff (page does not exist)") [Kliesing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kliesing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kliesing (page does not exist)") [Knapp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Knapp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Oskar Knapp (page does not exist)") [Knobloch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Knobloch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Knobloch (page does not exist)") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_K%C3%B6hler "Erich Köhler") [Kolbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Kolbe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walther Kolbe (page does not exist)") (until 25 December 1953) [Koops](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Koops&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Koops (page does not exist)") [Kopf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kopf "Hermann Kopf") [Kortmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Kortmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Kortmann (page does not exist)") [Krammig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Krammig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Krammig (page does not exist)") [Kratz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Kratz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Kratz (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 4 January 1957, until 11 April 1957) [Kroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Kroll&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Kroll (page does not exist)") [Krone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Krone "Heinrich Krone") [KĂŒhlthau](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_K%C3%BChlthau&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter KĂŒhlthau (page does not exist)") [Kuntscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kuntscher "Ernst Kuntscher") [Kunze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kunze_\(politician\) "Johannes Kunze (politician)") [Leibfried](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Leibfried "Eugen Leibfried") (until 21 June 1956) [Leibing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Leibing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christian Leibing (page does not exist)") (from 8 August 1955) [Leiske](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Leiske&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Leiske (page does not exist)") [Lemmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer "Ernst Lemmer") [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Lenz "Otto Lenz") (until 2 May 1957) [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Lenz_\(politician,_born_1910\) "Aloys Lenz (politician, born 1910)") [Lenze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Lenze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Lenze (page does not exist)") [Leonhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leonhard "Gottfried Leonhard") [Leverkuehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Leverkuehn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Leverkuehn (page does not exist)") [Lindenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Lindenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Lindenberg (page does not exist)") [Lindrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Lindrath "Hermann Lindrath") [Löhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_L%C3%B6hr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Löhr (page does not exist)") [Lotze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Lotze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Lotze (page does not exist)") (from 1 November 1954) [LĂŒbke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke "Heinrich LĂŒbke") [LĂŒcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke "Paul LĂŒcke") [Lulay](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Adam_Lulay&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Adam Lulay (page does not exist)") [Majonica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Majonica "Ernst Majonica") [Massoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Massoth "Willy Massoth") [Maucher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Maucher "Eugen Maucher") (until 16 September 1956) [Maxsein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Katharina_Maxsein "Agnes Katharina Maxsein") [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Mayer (page does not exist)") (from 20 November 1953) [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Mayer_\(politician,_born_1899\) "Hugo Mayer (politician, born 1899)") [Menke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Menke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Menke (page does not exist)") [Mensing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Mensing "Fritz Mensing") [Moerchel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Moerchel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Moerchel (page does not exist)") [Morgenthaler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelin_Morgenthaler "Wendelin Morgenthaler") [Muckermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Muckermann "Richard Muckermann") [MĂŒhlenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BChlenberg "Franz MĂŒhlenberg") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebhard_M%C3%BCller "Gebhard MĂŒller") (until 11 November 1953) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1884\) "Karl MĂŒller (politician, born 1884)") [MĂŒller-Hermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann "Ernst MĂŒller-Hermann") [MĂŒser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franzjosef_M%C3%BCser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franzjosef MĂŒser (page does not exist)") [Naegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Naegel "Wilhelm Naegel") (until 24 May 1956) [Nellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nellen "Peter Nellen") [Neuburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Neuburger "August Neuburger") [Niggemeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Niggemeyer "Maria Niggemeyer") [Oetzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Oetzel "Richard Oetzel") [Orth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Orth "Eduard Orth") (until 7 October 1956) [Pelster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Pelster "Georg Pelster") [Pferdmenges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pferdmenges "Robert Pferdmenges") [Pitz-Savelsberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisfrometh_Pitz-Savelsberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisfrometh Pitz-Savelsberg (page does not exist)") [Platner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Platner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eduard Platner (page does not exist)") (from 12 December 1956 DP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Pohle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Pohle (page does not exist)") [Praetorius](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisela_Praetorius&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gisela Praetorius (page does not exist)") [PĂŒnder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_P%C3%BCnder "Hermann PĂŒnder") [Raestrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Raestrup "Bernhard Raestrup") [Rasner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Rasner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Will Rasner (page does not exist)") [Rehling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Rehling "Luise Rehling") [Richarts](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Richarts&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Richarts (page does not exist)") [Röder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Josef_R%C3%B6der "Franz-Josef Röder") (from 4 January 1957) [Rösch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_R%C3%B6sch "Julie Rösch") [Ruf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Ruf (page does not exist)") [RĂŒmmele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_R%C3%BCmmele "Oskar RĂŒmmele") [Sabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Sabel "Anton Sabel") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Sch%C3%A4fer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred SchĂ€fer (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 4 January 1957) [Scharnberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Scharnberg "Hugo Scharnberg") [Scheppmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Scheppmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Scheppmann (page does not exist)") [Schill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Schill "Lambert Schill") [Schlick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schlick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Schlick (page does not exist)") [Schmidt-Wittmack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlfranz_Schmidt-Wittmack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karlfranz Schmidt-Wittmack (page does not exist)") (from 22 April 1954 Non-attached, Loss of mandate 23 February 1956) [SchmĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker "Kurt SchmĂŒcker") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schneider_\(politician,_1892\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Schneider (politician, 1892) (page does not exist)") [Schrader](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Schrader_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Schrader (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") [Schuler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schuler_\(politician,_born_1885\) "Fritz Schuler (politician, born 1885)") (until 30 July 1955) [Schulze-Pellengahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Schulze-Pellengahr "Hubert Schulze-Pellengahr") [SchĂŒttler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Sch%C3%BCttler "Josef SchĂŒttler") [Schwarz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Schwarz_\(politician\) "Werner Schwarz (politician)") [Schwarzhaupt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisfrometh_Schwarzhaupt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisfrometh Schwarzhaupt (page does not exist)") [Seffrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Seffrin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roland Seffrin (page does not exist)") [Serres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Serres "GĂŒnther Serres") [SfromaĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilmar_Sfroma%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilmar SfromaĂ (page does not exist)") [Sfromel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Sfromel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anton Sfromel (page does not exist)") (until 16 September 1957) [Siebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Siebel "Theodor Siebel") [Siemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J_Hermann_Siemer&action=edit&redlink=1 "J Hermann Siemer (page does not exist)") [Solke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Solke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Emil Solke (page does not exist)") [Spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Spies_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Spies (politician) (page does not exist)") [Stauch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stauch "Robert Stauch") [SteinbiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_Steinbi%C3%9F "Viktoria SteinbiĂ") [Steinhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Steinhauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Steinhauer (page does not exist)") (from 12 April 1957) [Stingl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Stingl "Josef Stingl") [Storch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Storch "Anton Storch") [Storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leo Storm (page does not exist)") [Struve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlef_Struve "Detlef Struve") [Teriete](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Teriete&action=edit&redlink=1 "Theodor Teriete (page does not exist)") [Thies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Thies&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Thies (page does not exist)") (from 30 May 1956) [Tillmanns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tillmanns "Robert Tillmanns") (until 12 November 1955) [Varelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Varelmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Varelmann (page does not exist)") [Vietje](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisfrometh_Vietje&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisfrometh Vietje (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Vogel_\(politician,_born_1906\) "Rudolf Vogel (politician, born 1906)") [VoĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Vo%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich VoĂ (page does not exist)") [Wacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Wacker "Oskar Wacker") [Wahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Wahl "Eduard Wahl") [Walz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Walz "Karl Walz") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Weber "Helene Weber") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weber_\(politician,_born_1898\) "Karl Weber (politician, born 1898)") [Wehking](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wehking&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Wehking (page does not exist)") [Welskop](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Welskop&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Welskop (page does not exist)") [Welter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmi_Welter "Emmi Welter") (from 4 January 1954) [Werber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Werber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Werber (page does not exist)") [Wiedeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Wiedeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Wiedeck (page does not exist)") [Willeke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Willeke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Wilhelm Willeke (page does not exist)") [Windelen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen "Heinrich Windelen") (from 28 September 1957) [Winkelheide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide "Bernhard Winkelheide") [Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Wolf (page does not exist)") (from 13 November 1953) [Wuermeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling "Franz-Josef Wuermeling") [Wullenhaupt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wullenhaupt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Wullenhaupt (page does not exist)") **CSU:** [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bauer_\(politician\) "Josef Bauer (politician)") [Bauereisen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bauereisen_\(politician,_born_1895\) "Friedrich Bauereisen (politician, born 1895)") [Demmelmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Demmelmeier "Hans Demmelmeier") [Dittrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Dittrich "Stefan Dittrich") [Dollinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dollinger "Werner Dollinger") [Donhauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Donhauser "Anton Donhauser") [Franz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Franz "Ludwig Franz") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Fuchs "Gustav Fuchs") [Funk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Funk "Friedrich Funk") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Geiger "Hugo Geiger") [Geisendörfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeborg_Geisend%C3%B6rfer "Ingeborg Geisendörfer") [Gleissner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Gleissner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Gleissner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Graf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Graf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Graf (page does not exist)") (from 26 October 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Gumrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Gumrum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Gumrum (page does not exist)") (from 26 October 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Henckel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Graf_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck "Georg Graf Henckel von Donnersmarck") [Höcherl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl "Hermann Höcherl") [Horlacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Horlacher "Michael Horlacher") [Jaeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jaeger "Richard Jaeger") [Kahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Kahn (page does not exist)") [Karpf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Karpf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Karpf (page does not exist)") [Kemmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Kemmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Emil Kemmer (page does not exist)") [Kihn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Alfred_Kihn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Alfred Kihn (page does not exist)") [Klausner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Klausner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Klausner (page does not exist)") [Kleindinst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Ferdinand_Kleindinst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Ferdinand Kleindinst (page does not exist)") [Kramel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Kramel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Angelo Kramel (page does not exist)") [Kuchtner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edeltraud_Kuchtner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edeltraud Kuchtner (page does not exist)") [Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Lang (page does not exist)") [Lermer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Lermer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Lermer (page does not exist)") [Leukert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Leukert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edmund Leukert (page does not exist)") [LĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans August LĂŒcker (page does not exist)") [Manteuffel-Szoege](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Baron_Manteuffel-Szoege&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Baron Manteuffel-Szoege (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Meyer_\(politician\) "Philipp Meyer (politician)") [Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Miller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anton Miller (politician) (page does not exist)") [Niederalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Niederalt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Niederalt (page does not exist)") [Oesterle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Oesterle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Oesterle (page does not exist)") [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Probst "Maria Probst") [Riederer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Freiherr_Riederer_von_Paar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Freiherr Riederer von Paar (page does not exist)") [Rinke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rinke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Rinke (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€ffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer "Fritz SchĂ€ffer") [Schuberth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schuberth "Hans Schuberth") [SchĂŒtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans SchĂŒtz (page does not exist)") [Seidl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seidl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Seidl (page does not exist)") [Spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Spies (page does not exist)") [Spörl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Sp%C3%B6rl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Spörl (page does not exist)") [Spreti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Spreti "Karl von Spreti") (until 5 March 1956) [Stiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stiller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Stiller (page does not exist)") [Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss "Franz Josef Strauss") [StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") [Unertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Unertl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Xaver Unertl (page does not exist)") [Wacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Wacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Wacher (page does not exist)") [Wieninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wieninger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Wieninger (page does not exist)") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Winter (page does not exist)") (from 6 March 1956) [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Wittmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Wittmann (politician) (page does not exist)") **CVP:** [Ruland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ruland&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Ruland (page does not exist)") (from 4 January 1957, from 23 May 1957 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion) [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Schneider_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 4 January 1957, Non-attached, from 23 May 1957 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion) | | |
| SPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_SPD "Template:2nd Bundestag SPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_SPD "Template talk:2nd Bundestag SPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_SPD "Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag SPD")SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Erich Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer")** | | |
| **Members:** [Albertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Albertz "Luise Albertz") [Albrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Albrecht "Lisa Albrecht") [Altmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Altmaier "Jakob Altmaier") [Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Arndt "Adolf Arndt") [Arnholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Arnholz "Otto Arnholz") [Baade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Baade "Fritz Baade") [Bals](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bals&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Bals (page does not exist)") [Banse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Banse "Wilhelm Banse") [BĂ€rsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_B%C3%A4rsch "Siegfried BĂ€rsch") [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannsheinz_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hannsheinz Bauer (page does not exist)") [Baur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Baur "Valentin Baur") [Bazille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Bazille "Helmut Bazille") [Behrisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Behrisch "Arno Behrisch") [Bennemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franziska_Bennemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franziska Bennemann (page does not exist)") [Bergmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_\(politician\) "Karl Bergmann (politician)") [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Berlin "August Berlin") [BettgenhĂ€user](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Bettgenh%C3%A4user "Emil BettgenhĂ€user") [Beyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucie_Beyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lucie Beyer (page does not exist)") [Birkelbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Birkelbach "Willi Birkelbach") [Blachstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blachstein "Peter Blachstein") [BleiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Blei%C3%9F "Paul BleiĂ") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_B%C3%B6hm_\(politician\) "Johannes Böhm (politician)") (until 18 July 1957) [Brandt]() [Bruse](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Bruse&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Bruse (page does not exist)") [Corterier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Corterier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Corterier (page does not exist)") [Dannebom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Dannebom "Otto Dannebom") [Daum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Daum_\(politician\) "Robert Daum (politician)") [Deist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Deist "Heinrich Deist") [Dewald](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Dewald&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Dewald (page does not exist)") [Diekmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Diekmann "Bruno Diekmann") [Diel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Diel "Anton Diel") [Döhring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_D%C3%B6hring "Clara Döhring") [Dopatka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dopatka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Dopatka (page does not exist)") (from 21 November 1955) [Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Erler_\(politician\) "Fritz Erler (politician)") [Eschmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Eschmann "Fritz Eschmann") [Faller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Faller "Walter Faller") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") [Frehsee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frehsee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Frehsee (page does not exist)") [Freidhof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Freidhof "Rudolf Freidhof") [Frenzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Frenzel "Alfred Frenzel") [Gefeller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Gefeller "Wilhelm Gefeller") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Geiger (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 1 January 1954) [Geritzmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Geritzmann "Robert Geritzmann") [Gleisner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gleisner "Alfred Gleisner") [Görlinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G%C3%B6rlinger "Robert Görlinger") (until 10 February 1954) [Greve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Greve "Otto Heinrich Greve") [Grunner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Grunner "Josef Grunner") (from 11 June 1957, until 21 June 1957) [GĂŒlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_G%C3%BClich "Wilhelm GĂŒlich") [Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Hansen "Werner Hansen") [Hansing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Hansing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Hansing (page does not exist)") [Hauffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hauffe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Hauffe (page does not exist)") [Heide](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Karl_Heide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Karl Heide (page does not exist)") [Heiland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf-Ernst_Heiland "Rudolf-Ernst Heiland") [Heinrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Heinrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Heinrich (page does not exist)") [Heise](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Heise&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margarete Heise (page does not exist)") [Hellenbrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hellenbrock&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Hellenbrock (page does not exist)") [Herklotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Herklotz "Luise Herklotz") (from 24 September 1956) [Hermsdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hermsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hermsdorf (page does not exist)") [Herold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Herold (page does not exist)") [Höcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_H%C3%B6cker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Höcker (page does not exist)") [Höhne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_H%C3%B6hne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Höhne (page does not exist)") [Hörauf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6rauf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Wilhelm Hörauf (page does not exist)") [Hubert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elinor Hubert (page does not exist)") [Hufnagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hufnagel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Hufnagel (page does not exist)") [Jacobi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Jacobi "Werner Jacobi") [Jacobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jacobs_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Jacobs (politician) (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jahn "Hans Jahn") [Jaksch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzel_Jaksch "Wenzel Jaksch") [Kahn-Ackermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kahn-Ackermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kahn-Ackermann (page does not exist)") [Kalbitzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Kalbitzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hellmut Kalbitzer (page does not exist)") [Keilhack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irma_Keilhack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irma Keilhack (page does not exist)") [Kettig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Kettig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alma Kettig (page does not exist)") [Keuning](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Keuning&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Keuning (page does not exist)") [Kinat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Richard_Kinat&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Richard Kinat (page does not exist)") [Kipp-Kaule](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Kipp-Kaule&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liesel Kipp-Kaule (page does not exist)") [Klingelhöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Klingelh%C3%B6fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustav Klingelhöfer (page does not exist)") [Koenen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Koenen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jakob Koenen (page does not exist)") [Könen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_K%C3%B6nen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Könen (page does not exist)") [Königswarter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_K%C3%B6nigswarter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Königswarter (page does not exist)") [Korspeter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Korspeter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lisa Korspeter (page does not exist)") [Kreyssig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kreyssig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Kreyssig (page does not exist)") [Kriedemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)") [KĂŒhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_K%C3%BChn "Heinz KĂŒhn") [Kurlbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kurlbaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kurlbaum (page does not exist)") [Ladebeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artur_Ladebeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Artur Ladebeck (page does not exist)") [Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Lange (page does not exist)") [Leitow](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Leitow&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Leitow (page does not exist)") (from 3 August 1956) [Lockmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrud_Lockmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gertrud Lockmann (page does not exist)") [Ludwig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Ludwig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Ludwig (page does not exist)") [LĂŒtkens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_L%C3%BCtkens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard LĂŒtkens (page does not exist)") (until 17 November 1955) [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") [Mattick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mattick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Mattick (page does not exist)") [Matzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Matzner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Oskar Matzner (page does not exist)") [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Mayer (page does not exist)") [Meitmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Meitmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Meitmann (page does not exist)") [Mellies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Mellies&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Mellies (page does not exist)") [Menzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Menzel (page does not exist)") [Merten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Merten_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Merten (politician) (page does not exist)") [Metzger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Metzger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Metzger (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meyer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trudel_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Trudel Meyer (page does not exist)") [Meyer-Laule](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmy_Meyer-Laule&action=edit&redlink=1 "Emmy Meyer-Laule (page does not exist)") [Missmahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Missmahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedhelm Missmahl (page does not exist)") (from 1 September 1954) [Moll](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Moll&action=edit&redlink=1 "Matthias Moll (page does not exist)") [Mommer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mommer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Mommer (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Hans MĂŒller (politician)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [Nadig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieda_Nadig "Frieda Nadig") [Neubauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Neubauer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Neubauer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Neumann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Neumann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Odenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Odenthal&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Odenthal (page does not exist)") [Ohlig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Ohlig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Ohlig (page does not exist)") [Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") [Op](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Op_den_Orth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Op den Orth (page does not exist)") [Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Paul "Ernst Paul") [Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luise_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Luise Peter (page does not exist)") (from 24 July 1957) [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Peters "Georg Peters") [Pohle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Pohle (page does not exist)") [Pöhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_P%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Pöhler (page does not exist)") [Preller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Preller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Preller (politician) (page does not exist)") [Prennel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Prennel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Prennel (page does not exist)") (from 9 November 1955) [Priebe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moritz-Ernst_Priebe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Moritz-Ernst Priebe (page does not exist)") [Pusch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Pusch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Pusch (page does not exist)") [Putzig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Putzig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Putzig (page does not exist)") (from 13 February 1954) [Rasch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Rasch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Rasch (page does not exist)") [Ratzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Ratzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Ratzel (page does not exist)") (from 15 September 1955) [Regling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Regling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Regling (page does not exist)") [Rehs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Rehs "Reinhold Rehs") [Reitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Reitz (page does not exist)") [Reitzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Reitzner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Reitzner (page does not exist)") [Renger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Renger "Annemarie Renger") [Richter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Richter (page does not exist)") [Ritzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Georg_Ritzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Georg Ritzel (page does not exist)") [Rudoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Rudoll&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margarete Rudoll (page does not exist)") [Ruhnke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich-Wilhelm_Ruhnke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich-Wilhelm Ruhnke (page does not exist)") [Runge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Runge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Runge (page does not exist)") [Sassnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Sassnick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Sassnick (page does not exist)") (until 6 November 1955) [Schanzenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)") [Schellenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)") [Scheuren](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Scheuren&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Scheuren (page does not exist)") [Schmid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_\(German_politician\) "Carlo Schmid (German politician)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmitt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmitt (page does not exist)") [Schoettle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)") [Schöne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Sch%C3%B6ne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Schöne (page does not exist)") [Schreiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_Schreiner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nikolaus Schreiner (page does not exist)") (from 4 January 1957) [Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Schroeder "Louise Schroeder") (until 4 June 1957) [Schröter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Schr%C3%B6ter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Schröter (page does not exist)") [Seidel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Seidel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Seidel (page does not exist)") [Seither](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Seither&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Seither (page does not exist)") [Seuffert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Seuffert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Seuffert (page does not exist)") [Stierle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stierle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Stierle (page does not exist)") [StrĂ€ter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Str%C3%A4ter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich StrĂ€ter (page does not exist)") [Strobel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel "KĂ€te Strobel") [StĂŒmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_St%C3%BCmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand StĂŒmer (page does not exist)") (from 30 March 1954) [Tausch-Treml](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Tausch-Treml&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Tausch-Treml (page does not exist)") (from 25 June 1957) [Tenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Tenhagen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Tenhagen (page does not exist)") (until 22 August 1954) [Thieme](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Thieme&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Thieme (page does not exist)") [Traub](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Traub_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Traub (politician) (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Traub_\(Politiker\) "de:Wilhelm Traub (Politiker)")\] (until 8 September 1955) [Trittelvitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Trittelvitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Trittelvitz (page does not exist)") (until 12 September 1956) [Veit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Veit&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Veit (page does not exist)") (until 10 December 1953) [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner (page does not exist)") [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Wagner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Wagner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") [Wehr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Wehr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Philipp Wehr (page does not exist)") [Welke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Welke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Welke (page does not exist)") [Weltner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Weltner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Weltner (page does not exist)") [Wenzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wenzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Wenzel (page does not exist)") [Wienand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wienand "Karl Wienand") [Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Peter_Will&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Peter Will (page does not exist)") (from 4 January 1957) [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Winter_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Winter (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 7 March 1954) [Wittrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wittrock&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Wittrock (page does not exist)") [Wolff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeanette_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jeanette Wolff (page does not exist)") [Ziegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Ziegler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Ziegler (page does not exist)") (until 27 July 1956) [ZĂŒhlke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Z%C3%BChlke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst ZĂŒhlke (page does not exist)") | | |
| FDP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_FDP "Template:2nd Bundestag FDP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_FDP "Template talk:2nd Bundestag FDP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_FDP "Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag FDP")FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Erich Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende") | | |
| **Members:** [Atzenroth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Atzenroth "Karl Atzenroth") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Becker_\(politician\) "Max Becker (politician)") [Berg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Berg_\(politician\) "Hermann Berg (politician)") (from 27 June 1955, from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Blank_\(politician\) "Martin Blank (politician)") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [BlĂŒcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher "Franz BlĂŒcher") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Bucher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Bucher "Ewald Bucher") [Dannemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dannemann "Robert Dannemann") (until 1 July 1955) [Dehler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dehler "Thomas Dehler") [Drechsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Drechsel "Walter Drechsel") [Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Eberhard "Anton Eberhard") [Euler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August-Martin_Euler "August-Martin Euler") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Fassbender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Fassbender "Heinrich Fassbender") (from 18 November 1955 DP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Friese-Korn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Friese-Korn "Lotte Friese-Korn") [FrĂŒhwald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Fr%C3%BChwald_\(politician,_born_1890\) "Konrad FrĂŒhwald (politician, born 1890)") [Gaul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gaul "Karl Gaul") [Golitschek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus_von_Golitschek "Hubertus von Golitschek") (from 18 April 1956) [Graaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Graaff "Carlo Graaff") (from 4 July 1955) [Hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hammer_\(politician\) "Richard Hammer (politician)") [Held](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Held&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Held (page does not exist)") (from 13 September 1954) [Henn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Henn_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Henn (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Hepp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hepp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hepp (page does not exist)") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hoffmann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hoffmann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [HĂŒbner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_H%C3%BCbner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl HĂŒbner (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [HĂŒtter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarete_H%C3%BCtter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margarete HĂŒtter (page does not exist)") (from 29 September 1955) [Ilk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herta_Ilk "Herta Ilk") [Jentzsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Jentzsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Jentzsch (page does not exist)") [KĂŒhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walther KĂŒhn (page does not exist)") [Lahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Lahr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Lahr (page does not exist)") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lenz "Hans Lenz") [Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus,_Prince_of_L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg "Hubertus, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg") (from 6 June 1957 Non-attached, from 25 June 1957 DP/FVP) [Luchtenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Luchtenberg "Paul Luchtenberg") (from 18 September 1954, until 9 April 1956) [LĂŒders](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie-Elisfrometh_L%C3%BCders&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marie-Elisfrometh LĂŒders (page does not exist)") [Manteuffel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasso_von_Manteuffel "Hasso von Manteuffel") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Margulies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Margulies&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Margulies (page does not exist)") [Mauk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Mauk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Mauk (page does not exist)") [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Mayer (page does not exist)") (until 14 May 1956) [Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende") [Middelhauve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Middelhauve "Friedrich Middelhauve") (until 10 September 1954) [Miessner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herwart_Miessner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herwart Miessner (page does not exist)") [Neumayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Neumayer "Fritz Neumayer") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Onnen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Onnen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Onnen (page does not exist)") [Pfleiderer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Georg_Pfleiderer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Georg Pfleiderer (page does not exist)") (until 20 September 1955) [PreiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F "Ludwig PreiĂ") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Preusker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor-Emanuel_Preusker "Victor-Emanuel Preusker") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Rademacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Max_Rademacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Max Rademacher (page does not exist)") [Reif](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Reif&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Reif (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer "Hermann SchĂ€fer") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") [SchloĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Schlo%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hanns SchloĂ (page does not exist)") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Schneider_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Schwann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schwann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schwann (page does not exist)") [Stahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Stahl (page does not exist)") [Stammberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Stammberger "Wolfgang Stammberger") [Starke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Starke "Heinz Starke") [Stegner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artur_Stegner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Artur Stegner (page does not exist)") (from 13 January 1954 Non-attached, from 6 February 1957 GB/BHE) [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Weber (page does not exist)") (from 15 May 1956) [Wellhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wellhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wellhausen (page does not exist)") (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 23 June 1956 CDU/CSU) [Weyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Weyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Weyer (page does not exist)") (until 17 September 1954) [Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Will&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Will (page does not exist)") [Wirths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wirths "Carl Wirths") (until 16 June 1955) **DPS:** [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Schneider (page does not exist)") (from 4 January 1957, Guest of FDP-Fraktion) [Schwertner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Schwertner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Schwertner (page does not exist)") (from 4 January 1957, from 8 January 1957 Guest of FDP-Fraktion) [Wedel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wedel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Wedel (page does not exist)") (from 4 January 1957, Non-attached, from 8 January 1957 Guest of FDP-Fraktion) | | |
| GB/BHE | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_GB/BHE "Template:2nd Bundestag GB/BHE") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_GB/BHE "Template talk:2nd Bundestag GB/BHE") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_GB/BHE "Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag GB/BHE")GB/BHE | | |
| **Speaker: [Horst Haasler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Haasler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Haasler (page does not exist)") until 15 March 1955; [Karl Mocker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mocker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Mocker (page does not exist)") 15 March 1955 till 26 April 1956; [Erwin Feller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Feller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Feller (page does not exist)") from 26 April 1956\]\]** | | |
| **Members:** [Bender](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_F_Bender&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold F Bender (page does not exist)") (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/OberlÀnder, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) [Czermak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Czermak "Fritz Czermak") (from 14 July 1955 FDP) [Eckhardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Eckhardt "Walter Eckhardt") (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/OberlÀnder, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) [Elsner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Elsner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Elsner (page does not exist)") [Engell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Egon_Engell&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Egon Engell (page does not exist)") [Feller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Feller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Feller (page does not exist)") [Fiedler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Fiedler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eduard Fiedler (page does not exist)") (until 13 October 1953) [Finck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Gr%C3%A4fin_Finck_von_Finckenstein "Eva GrÀfin Finck von Finckenstein") (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/OberlÀnder, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) [Finselberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erni_Finselberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erni Finselberger (page does not exist)") [Gemein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Gemein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Gemein (page does not exist)") [Gille](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Gille&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Gille (page does not exist)") [Haasler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Haasler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Haasler (page does not exist)") (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/OberlÀnder, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) [Keller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilfried_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilfried Keller (page does not exist)") [Klötzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kl%C3%B6tzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Klötzer (page does not exist)") [Körner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_K%C3%B6rner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Körner (page does not exist)") (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 FDP, from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Kraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Kraft "Waldemar Kraft") (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/OberlÀnder, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) [Kunz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Kunz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Kunz (page does not exist)") [Kutschera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Kutschera_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Kutschera (politician) (page does not exist)") [Meyer-Ronnenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Meyer-Ronnenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Meyer-Ronnenberg (page does not exist)") (from 20 August 1954 CDU/CSU) [Mocker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mocker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Mocker (page does not exist)") [OberlÀnder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Oberl%C3%A4nder "Theodor OberlÀnder") (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/OberlÀnder, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) [Petersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Petersen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Petersen (page does not exist)") [Reichstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Reichstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Reichstein (page does not exist)") [Samwer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Franz_Samwer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Franz Samwer (page does not exist)") (from 15 October 1953, from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/OberlÀnder, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) [Seiboth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Seiboth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Frank Seiboth (page does not exist)") [Sornik](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sornik&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Sornik (page does not exist)") [Srock](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Srock&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Srock (page does not exist)") [Strosche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes-Helmut_Strosche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes-Helmut Strosche (page does not exist)") | | |
| DP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_DP "Template:2nd Bundestag DP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_DP "Template talk:2nd Bundestag DP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_DP "Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag DP")DP | | |
| **Speaker: [Hans-Joachim von Merkatz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz "Hans-Joachim von Merkatz") until 11 September 1955; [Ernst-Christoph BrĂŒhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst-Christoph_Br%C3%BChler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst-Christoph BrĂŒhler (page does not exist)") from 11 September 1955\]\]** | | |
| **Members:** [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Becker_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Becker (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [BrĂŒhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst-Christoph_Br%C3%BChler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst-Christoph BrĂŒhler (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Eickhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Eickhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Eickhoff (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [ElbrĂ€chter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Elbr%C3%A4chter "Alexander ElbrĂ€chter") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Hellwege](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege "Heinrich Hellwege") (until 27 May 1955) [Kalinke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Kalinke "Margot Kalinke") (from 3 June 1955, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Matthes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Matthes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Matthes (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Merkatz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz "Hans-Joachim von Merkatz") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_M%C3%BCller_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl MĂŒller (German politician) (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Schild](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schild "Heinrich Schild") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Schneider_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Schranz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Schranz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Schranz (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Seebohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm "Hans-Christoph Seebohm") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Walter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Walter (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Wittenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wittenburg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wittenburg (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Zimmermann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Zimmermann (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) | | |
| OTHER | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_OTHER "Template:2nd Bundestag OTHER") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_OTHER "Template talk:2nd Bundestag OTHER") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_OTHER "Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag OTHER")Independent | | |
| **Members:** [Böhner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_B%C3%B6hner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Böhner (page does not exist)") (Non-attached, until 8 January 1954) [Brockmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brockmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Brockmann (page does not exist)") (Non-attached) [Heix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heix "Martin Heix") (from 23 September 1953 CDU/CSU) [Rösing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_R%C3%B6sing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Rösing (page does not exist)") (from 14 January 1954, Non-attached, from 25 June 1954 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 6 June 1955 CDU/CSU) | | |
| [List of members of the 2nd Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag "List of members of the 2nd Bundestag") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_4th_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 4th Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_4th_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 4th Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_4th_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 4th Bundestag")  [Members of the 4th Bundestag (1961â1965)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_4th_Bundestag "List of members of the 4th Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Eugen Gerstenmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier "Eugen Gerstenmaier") (CDU)** | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:4th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template:4th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:4th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template talk:4th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Special:EditPage/Template:4th Bundestag CDU and CSU")CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Heinrich von Brentano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano "Heinrich von Brentano") until 14 November 1964; [Rainer Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") from 1 December 1964** | | |
| **CDU:** [Ackermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Ackermann "Annemarie Ackermann") (from 16 January 1965) [Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") [Adorno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Adorno "Eduard Adorno") [Arndgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Arndgen "Josef Arndgen") [Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Arnold_\(politician\) "Gottfried Arnold (politician)") [Artzinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Artzinger "Helmut Artzinger") [Baier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Baier "Fritz Baier") [Baldauf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Baldauf "Albert Baldauf") [Balkenhol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Balkenhol "Bernhard Balkenhol") [Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") [Bauknecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Bauknecht "Bernhard Bauknecht") [Bausch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bausch "Paul Bausch") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Becker_\(politician,_born_1905\) "Curt Becker (politician, born 1905)") (from 11 June 1964) [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Becker_\(politician,_born_1905\) "Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)") [Benda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Benda "Ernst Benda") [Berberich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Berberich "August Berberich") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Berger_\(politician\) "Ulrich Berger (politician)") (from 22 December 1964) [Bewerunge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bewerunge "Karl Bewerunge") [Biechele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Biechele "Hermann Biechele") [Bieringer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Bieringer "Adolf Bieringer") [Birrenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Birrenbach "Kurt Birrenbach") [Bismarck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Christian_Archibald_von_Bismarck "Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck") [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Blank "Theodor Blank") [Bleyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Bleyler "Hildegard Bleyler") [Blöcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%B6cker "Hans Blöcker") [Blohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Blohm "Irma Blohm") [Blumenfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Blumenfeld "Erik Blumenfeld") [Bodelschwingh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_von_Bodelschwingh_\(politician\) "Ernst von Bodelschwingh (politician)") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hm "Franz Böhm") [Böhme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_B%C3%B6hme "Georg Böhme") [Brand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wilhelm_Brand "Peter Wilhelm Brand") [Brauksiepe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe "Aenne Brauksiepe") [Brentano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano "Heinrich von Brentano") (until 14 November 1964) [Brese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Brese "Wilhelm Brese") [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Br%C3%BCck "Valentin BrĂŒck") [Bucerius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Bucerius "Gerd Bucerius") (until 22 March 1962) [BĂŒhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_August_B%C3%BChler "Karl August BĂŒhler") [Burgbacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Burgbacher "Fritz Burgbacher") [Burgemeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Burgemeister "Alfred Burgemeister") [Conring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Conring_\(politician\) "Hermann Conring (politician)") [Czaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Czaja "Herbert Czaja") [Delden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembert_van_Delden "Rembert van Delden") [Deringer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arved_Deringer "Arved Deringer") [Dichgans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Dichgans "Hans Dichgans") [DiebĂ€cker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Dieb%C3%A4cker "Hermann DiebĂ€cker") [Draeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Draeger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Draeger (page does not exist)") [Dresbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Dresbach "August Dresbach") [Ehren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ehren "Hermann Ehren") (from 4 October 1962 until 30 November 1964) [Eichelbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Theodor_Eichelbaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Theodor Eichelbaum (page does not exist)") [ElbrĂ€chter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Elbr%C3%A4chter "Alexander ElbrĂ€chter") [Engelbrecht-Greve](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Engelbrecht-Greve&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Engelbrecht-Greve (page does not exist)") (until 7 December 1962) [EnglĂ€nder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Engl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margarete EnglĂ€nder (page does not exist)") (from 1 August 1962) [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard") [Etzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Etzel "Franz Etzel") [Even](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Even "Johannes Even") (until 24 November 1964) [Even](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bert_Even&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bert Even (page does not exist)") [Exner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Exner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Exner (page does not exist)") (from 30 November 1964) [Falke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Falke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Falke (page does not exist)") [Finckh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Finckh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Finckh (page does not exist)") (until 28 April 1962) [Franzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Franzen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jakob Franzen (page does not exist)") (until 8 October 1965) [Frey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frey "Martin Frey") [Friedensburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg "Ferdinand Friedensburg") [Fritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fritz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Fritz (page does not exist)") (until 5 January 1965) [Furler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Furler "Hans Furler") [GaĂmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ga%C3%9Fmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter GaĂmann (page does not exist)") [Gedat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav-Adolf_Gedat&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustav-Adolf Gedat (page does not exist)") [Gehring](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Gehring&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albrecht Gehring (page does not exist)") [Gerlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Richard_Gerlich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Richard Gerlich (page does not exist)") (from 24 August 1963) [Gerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Gerns "Heinrich Gerns") (until 20 August 1963) [Gerstenmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier "Eugen Gerstenmaier") [Gewandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Gewandt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Gewandt (page does not exist)") [Gibbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gibbert "Paul Gibbert") [Giencke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Giencke "Christian Giencke") [GlĂŒsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing "Hermann GlĂŒsing") [Goldhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Goldhagen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Goldhagen (page does not exist)") (until 7 January 1964) [Gossel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Gossel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Gossel (page does not exist)") [Gottesleben](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Gottesleben&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leo Gottesleben (page does not exist)") [Götz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_\(politician\) "Hermann Götz (politician)") [Gradl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Gradl "Johann Baptist Gradl") [Griesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annemarie_Griesinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Annemarie Griesinger (page does not exist)") (from 23 November 1964) [GĂŒde](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_G%C3%BCde&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max GĂŒde (page does not exist)") [GĂŒnther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_G%C3%BCnther_\(politician\) "Bernhard GĂŒnther (politician)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Haase (page does not exist)") [Hagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marlis_Gr%C3%A4fin_vom_Hagen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marlis GrĂ€fin vom Hagen (page does not exist)") (from 20 January 1964) [Hahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Hahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Hahn (page does not exist)") (from 9 May 1962 until 16 November 1964) [Hahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hahn_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hahn (politician) (page does not exist)") [Harnischfeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Harnischfeger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Harnischfeger (page does not exist)") [HĂ€rzschel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_H%C3%A4rzschel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt HĂ€rzschel (page does not exist)") (from 28 October 1963) [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Hauser (page does not exist)") [HĂ€ussler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_H%C3%A4ussler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin HĂ€ussler (page does not exist)") (from 20 April 1964) [Heck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Heck "Bruno Heck") [Heix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heix "Martin Heix") [Hesberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Hesberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Hesberg (page does not exist)") [Hesemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Hesemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Clemens Hesemann (page does not exist)") [Hilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Hilbert "Anton Hilbert") [Höchst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_H%C3%B6chst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Höchst (page does not exist)") [Höfler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%B6fler "Heinrich Höfler") (until 21 October 1963) [Holkenbrink](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Holkenbrink&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Holkenbrink (page does not exist)") [Hoogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Hoogen "Matthias Hoogen") (until 11 December 1964) [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Horn_\(politician\) "Peter Horn (politician)") [Hörnemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_H%C3%B6rnemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Hörnemann (page does not exist)") [HĂŒbner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_H%C3%BCbner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl HĂŒbner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Huthmacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Huthmacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen Huthmacher (page does not exist)") (until 13 February 1962) [Huys](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Huys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lambert Huys (page does not exist)") [Illerhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Illerhaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joseph Illerhaus (page does not exist)") [Jacobi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Jacobi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Jacobi (page does not exist)") [Josten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Josten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Peter Josten (page does not exist)") [Jungmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Jungmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Jungmann (page does not exist)") [Kalinke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Kalinke "Margot Kalinke") [Kanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kanka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Kanka (page does not exist)") [Katzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Katzer "Hans Katzer") [Klee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie-Elisabeth_Klee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marie-Elisabeth Klee (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Klein_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Klein (politician) (page does not exist)") [Kliesing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kliesing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kliesing (page does not exist)") [Klinker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Klinker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Klinker (page does not exist)") (from 10 December 1962) [Knobloch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Knobloch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Knobloch (page does not exist)") [Kopf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kopf "Hermann Kopf") [Krone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Krone "Heinrich Krone") [KrĂŒger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kr%C3%BCger "Hans KrĂŒger") [KĂŒhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_K%C3%BChn_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich KĂŒhn (politician) (page does not exist)") [Kuntscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kuntscher "Ernst Kuntscher") [Kurtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Kurtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Kurtz (page does not exist)") (from 12 October 1964) [Leicht](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Leicht&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Leicht (page does not exist)") [Lemmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer "Ernst Lemmer") [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Lenz_\(politician,_born_1910\) "Aloys Lenz (politician, born 1910)") [Lenze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Lenze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Lenze (page does not exist)") [Leonhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leonhard "Gottfried Leonhard") [Löhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_L%C3%B6hr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Löhr (page does not exist)") [LĂŒcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke "Paul LĂŒcke") [Luda](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Luda&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Luda (page does not exist)") [Majonica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Majonica "Ernst Majonica") [Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Berthold Martin (page does not exist)") [Maucher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Maucher "Eugen Maucher") [Maxsein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Katharina_Maxsein "Agnes Katharina Maxsein") [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Mayer (page does not exist)") [Meis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Meis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Meis (page does not exist)") [Mengelkamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Mengelkamp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Theodor Mengelkamp (page does not exist)") [Menke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Menke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Menke (page does not exist)") [Merkatz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz "Hans-Joachim von Merkatz") [Mick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Mick (page does not exist)") [Missbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artur_Missbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Artur Missbach (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1916\) "Adolf MĂŒller (politician, born 1916)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_M%C3%BCller_\(CDU_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes MĂŒller (CDU politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_M%C3%BCller_\(CDU_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef MĂŒller (CDU politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller-Hermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann "Ernst MĂŒller-Hermann") [MĂŒser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franzjosef_M%C3%BCser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franzjosef MĂŒser (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Peter_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Peter Neumann (page does not exist)") [Nieberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Nieberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Nieberg (page does not exist)") [OberlĂ€nder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Oberl%C3%A4nder "Theodor OberlĂ€nder") (from 9 May 1963) [Oetzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Oetzel "Richard Oetzel") [Pannhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Pannhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Pannhoff (page does not exist)") [Pferdmenges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pferdmenges "Robert Pferdmenges") (until 28 September 1962) [Pflaumbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pflaumbaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Pflaumbaum (page does not exist)") [Philipp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Philipp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Philipp (page does not exist)") [Pitz-Savelsberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Pitz-Savelsberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisabeth Pitz-Savelsberg (page does not exist)") [Poepke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Poepke "Arnold Poepke") [Porten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Porten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Porten (page does not exist)") [PreiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F "Ludwig PreiĂ") (from 24 November 1964) [Rasner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Rasner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Will Rasner (page does not exist)") [Rauhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Rauhaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Rauhaus (page does not exist)") [Rehling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Rehling "Luise Rehling") (until 29 May 1964) [Reinhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Reinhard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Reinhard (page does not exist)") [Richarts](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Richarts&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Richarts (page does not exist)") [Riedel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Riedel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Clemens Riedel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Rollmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Rollmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Rollmann (page does not exist)") [Rommerskirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Rommerskirchen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Rommerskirchen (page does not exist)") [Rösing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_R%C3%B6sing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Rösing (page does not exist)") (from 30 June 1965) [Ruf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Ruf (page does not exist)") [Ruland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ruland&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Ruland (page does not exist)") (from 19 February 1962 until 28 September 1964) [Scheppmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Scheppmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Scheppmann (page does not exist)") [Schlick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schlick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Schlick (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [SchmĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker "Kurt SchmĂŒcker") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schneider_\(politician,_born_1892\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Schneider (politician, born 1892) (page does not exist)") (from 27 March 1962) [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") [Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christa_Schroeder_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christa Schroeder (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schulhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schulhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Schulhoff (page does not exist)") [Schwarz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Schwarz_\(politician\) "Werner Schwarz (politician)") [Schwarzhaupt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzhaupt "Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt") [Schwörer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer "Hermann Schwörer") [Seebohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm "Hans-Christoph Seebohm") [Seffrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Seffrin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roland Seffrin (page does not exist)") [Serres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Serres "GĂŒnther Serres") [Siemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J_Hermann_Siemer&action=edit&redlink=1 "J Hermann Siemer (page does not exist)") [Sinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Sinn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edmund Sinn (page does not exist)") [Stauch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stauch "Robert Stauch") [Stecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Stecker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Stecker (page does not exist)") [Stein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Stein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustav Stein (page does not exist)") [Steinmetz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Steinmetz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Steinmetz (page does not exist)") [Stingl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Stingl "Josef Stingl") [Stoltenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg "Gerhard Stoltenberg") [Stommel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Stommel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Stommel (page does not exist)") (from 4 December 1964) [StooĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Stoo%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich StooĂ (page does not exist)") [Storch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Storch "Anton Storch") [Storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Karl_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich-Karl Storm (page does not exist)") [Struve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlef_Struve "Detlef Struve") [SĂŒsterhenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_S%C3%BCsterhenn "Adolf SĂŒsterhenn") [Teriete](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Teriete&action=edit&redlink=1 "Theodor Teriete (page does not exist)") [Tobaben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tobaben "Peter Tobaben") [Toussaint](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Toussaint&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Toussaint (page does not exist)") [Varelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Varelmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Varelmann (page does not exist)") [Verhoeven](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Verhoeven&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arnold Verhoeven (page does not exist)") [Vietje](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Vietje&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisabeth Vietje (page does not exist)") (until 2 May 1963) [Vittinghoff-Schell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix_von_Vittinghoff-Schell&action=edit&redlink=1 "Felix von Vittinghoff-Schell (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Vogel_\(politician,_born_1906\) "Rudolf Vogel (politician, born 1906)") (until 15 April 1964) [Wahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Wahl "Eduard Wahl") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Weber "Helene Weber") (until 25 July 1962) [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weber_\(politician,_born_1898\) "Karl Weber (politician, born 1898)") [Wehking](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wehking&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Wehking (page does not exist)") [Welter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmi_Welter "Emmi Welter") [Wendelborn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Wendelborn "Helmut Wendelborn") [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Werner (page does not exist)") [Wilhelmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wilhelmi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wilhelmi (page does not exist)") [Willeke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Willeke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Wilhelm Willeke (page does not exist)") (until 24 June 1965) [Windelen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen "Heinrich Windelen") [Winkelheide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide "Bernhard Winkelheide") [Wittmer-Eigenbrodt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Wittmer-Eigenbrodt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Wittmer-Eigenbrodt (page does not exist)") [Wuermeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling "Franz-Josef Wuermeling") [Wullenhaupt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wullenhaupt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Wullenhaupt (page does not exist)") [Zimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Zimmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Zimmer (page does not exist)") **CSU:** [Aigner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Aigner "Heinrich Aigner") [Althammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Althammer "Walter Althammer") [Balke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Balke "Siegfried Balke") [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bauer_\(politician\) "Josef Bauer (politician)") [Besold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Besold "Anton Besold") [Brenck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Brenck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Brenck (page does not exist)") [Dittrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Dittrich "Stefan Dittrich") [Dollinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dollinger "Werner Dollinger") [Drachsler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Drachsler "Hans Drachsler") [Eckhardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Eckhardt "Walter Eckhardt") (from 21 July 1964) [Ehnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ehnes "Georg Ehnes") [Franz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Franz "Ludwig Franz") [Funk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Funk "Friedrich Funk") (until 5 August 1963) [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Geiger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Geiger (page does not exist)") (from 8 June 1965) [Geisendörfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeborg_Geisend%C3%B6rfer "Ingeborg Geisendörfer") [Gleissner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Gleissner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Gleissner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Guttenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Freiherr_von_und_zu_Guttenberg "Karl Theodor Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg") [Haas](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centa_Haas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Centa Haas (page does not exist)") (from 9 August 1963) [Haniel-Niethammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_von_Haniel-Niethammer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz von Haniel-Niethammer (page does not exist)") [Höcherl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl "Hermann Höcherl") [Hösl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_H%C3%B6sl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alex Hösl (page does not exist)") [Jaeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jaeger "Richard Jaeger") [Kemmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Kemmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Emil Kemmer (page does not exist)") (until 7 October 1964) [Kempfler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kempfler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Kempfler (page does not exist)") [Knorr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Knorr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Knorr (page does not exist)") [Krug](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Krug&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Krug (page does not exist)") [Kuchtner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edeltraud_Kuchtner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edeltraud Kuchtner (page does not exist)") [Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Lang (page does not exist)") (until 1 June 1965) [Lemmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Lemmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Lemmrich (page does not exist)") [Lermer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Lermer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Lermer (page does not exist)") (until 15 July 1964) [Leukert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Leukert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edmund Leukert (page does not exist)") (from 27 June 1962) [LĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans August LĂŒcker (page does not exist)") [Manteuffel-Szoege](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Baron_Manteuffel-Szoege&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Baron Manteuffel-Szoege (page does not exist)") (until 8 June 1962) [Memmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linus_Memmel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Linus Memmel (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Meyer_\(politician\) "Philipp Meyer (politician)") (until 29 January 1962) [Niederalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Niederalt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Niederalt (page does not exist)") [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Probst "Maria Probst") [Ramminger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Ramminger&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Ramminger (page does not exist)") [Schlee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Schlee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albrecht Schlee (page does not exist)") (from 15 February 1963) [SchĂŒtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans SchĂŒtz (page does not exist)") (until 5 February 1963) [Seidl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seidl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Seidl (page does not exist)") [Spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Spies (page does not exist)") [Stiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stiller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Stiller (page does not exist)") [Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss "Franz Josef Strauss") [StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") [SĂŒhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_S%C3%BChler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustav SĂŒhler (page does not exist)") [Unertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Unertl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Xaver Unertl (page does not exist)") [Vogt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Vogt (page does not exist)") [Wacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Wacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Wacher (page does not exist)") (until 26 March 1963) [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Wagner "Leo Wagner") [Weigl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Weigl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Weigl (page does not exist)") [Weinkamm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Weinkamm "Otto Weinkamm") [Weinzierl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Weinzierl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Weinzierl (page does not exist)") [Wieninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wieninger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Wieninger (page does not exist)") [Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Winter (page does not exist)") (from 2 February 1962) [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Wittmann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Wittmann (German politician) (page does not exist)") (from 26 October 1964) [Ziegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ziegler "Erich Ziegler") (from 1 April 1963) [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann "Friedrich Zimmermann") | | |
| SPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:4th_Bundestag_SPD "Template:4th Bundestag SPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:4th_Bundestag_SPD "Template talk:4th Bundestag SPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4th_Bundestag_SPD "Special:EditPage/Template:4th Bundestag SPD")SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Erich Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") until 14 December 1963; [Fritz Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Erler_\(politician\) "Fritz Erler (politician)") from 3 March 1964** | | |
| **Members:** [Albertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Albertz "Luise Albertz") [Altmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Altmaier "Jakob Altmaier") (until 8 February 1963) [Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artur_Anders&action=edit&redlink=1 "Artur Anders (page does not exist)") (from 17 April 1963) [Arendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Arendt "Walter Arendt") [Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Arndt "Adolf Arndt") [Auge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Auge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Auge (page does not exist)") [Baade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Baade "Fritz Baade") [Bading](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harri_Bading&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harri Bading (page does not exist)") [Bals](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bals&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Bals (page does not exist)") [Bartsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Bartsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Bartsch (page does not exist)") (from 23 October 1963) [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannsheinz_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hannsheinz Bauer (page does not exist)") [BĂ€uerle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_B%C3%A4uerle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi BĂ€uerle (page does not exist)") (from 31 May 1963) [BĂ€umer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_B%C3%A4umer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf BĂ€umer (page does not exist)") [Bazille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Bazille "Helmut Bazille") [Bechert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bechert "Karl Bechert") [Behrendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Behrendt "Walter Behrendt") [Berger-Heise](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Berger-Heise&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margarete Berger-Heise (page does not exist)") [Bergmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_\(politician\) "Karl Bergmann (politician)") [Berkhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Berkhan "Karl Wilhelm Berkhan") [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Berlin "August Berlin") [Beuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Beuster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Beuster (page does not exist)") [Beyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucie_Beyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lucie Beyer (page does not exist)") [Biegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curt_Biegler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Curt Biegler (page does not exist)") [Biermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Biermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Biermann (page does not exist)") [Birkelbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Birkelbach "Willi Birkelbach") (until 30 September 1964) [Blachstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blachstein "Peter Blachstein") [BleiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Blei%C3%9F "Paul BleiĂ") [Börner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner "Holger Börner") [Brandt]() (until 27 December 1961) [Brauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Brauer "Max Brauer") [Braun](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Braun_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Braun (politician) (page does not exist)") [Brecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julyus_Brecht&action=edit&redlink=1 "Julyus Brecht (page does not exist)") (until 10 July 1962) [BrĂŒnen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Br%C3%BCnen "Eberhard BrĂŒnen") [Bruse](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Bruse&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Bruse (page does not exist)") (from 16 July 1962) [Buchstaller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Buchstaller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Buchstaller (page does not exist)") [Busch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Busch_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arthur Busch (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 26 January 1962) [BĂŒttner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_B%C3%BCttner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz BĂŒttner (page does not exist)") [Corterier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Corterier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Corterier (page does not exist)") [Cramer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Cramer_\(politician\) "Johann Cramer (politician)") [Deist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Deist "Heinrich Deist") (until 7 March 1964) [Diekmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Diekmann "Bruno Diekmann") [Döhring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_D%C3%B6hring "Clara Döhring") [Dopatka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dopatka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Dopatka (page does not exist)") [Dröscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dr%C3%B6scher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Dröscher (page does not exist)") [Eilers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede_Eilers "Elfriede Eilers") [Elsner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilse_Elsner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ilse Elsner (page does not exist)") [Eppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Eppler "Erhard Eppler") [Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Erler_\(politician\) "Fritz Erler (politician)") [Eschmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Eschmann "Fritz Eschmann") [Faller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Faller "Walter Faller") [Felder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Felder "Josef Felder") [Figgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Figgen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Figgen (page does not exist)") [FlĂ€mig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fl%C3%A4mig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard FlĂ€mig (page does not exist)") (from 15 February 1963) [Folger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Folger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Folger (page does not exist)") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") [Frede](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Frede&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Frede (page does not exist)") [Frehsee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frehsee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Frehsee (page does not exist)") [Freyh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Freyh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Freyh (page does not exist)") (from 22 December 1961) [Fritsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Fritsch_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Fritsch (politician) (page does not exist)") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Geiger (politician) (page does not exist)") [Gerlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Gerlach (page does not exist)") [Glombig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Glombig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen Glombig (page does not exist)") (from 25 January 1962) [Gscheidle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Gscheidle "Kurt Gscheidle") [Haage](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Haage&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Haage (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Haase (page does not exist)") (from 10 November 1961) [Hamacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Hamacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Hamacher (page does not exist)") [Hansing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Hansing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Hansing (page does not exist)") [Harm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Harm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Harm (page does not exist)") (until 10 August 1964) [Hauffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hauffe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Hauffe (page does not exist)") [Heide](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Karl_Heide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Karl Heide (page does not exist)") [Heiland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf-Ernst_Heiland "Rudolf-Ernst Heiland") (until 6 May 1965) [Heinemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann "Gustav Heinemann") [Hellenbrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hellenbrock&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Hellenbrock (page does not exist)") [Herberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Herberts&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Herberts (page does not exist)") (from 12 March 1964) [Herklotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Herklotz "Luise Herklotz") [Hermsdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hermsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hermsdorf (page does not exist)") [Herold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Herold (page does not exist)") [Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hirsch_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Hirsch (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hoegner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Hoegner "Wilhelm Hoegner") (until 4 January 1962) [Höhmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_H%C3%B6hmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Höhmann (page does not exist)") [Höhne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_H%C3%B6hne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Höhne (page does not exist)") [Hörauf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6rauf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Wilhelm Hörauf (page does not exist)") [Hörmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_H%C3%B6rmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hörmann (page does not exist)") [Hubert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elinor Hubert (page does not exist)") [HĂŒbner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_H%C3%BCbner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus HĂŒbner (page does not exist)") (from 13 May 1965) [Hufnagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hufnagel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Hufnagel (page does not exist)") [Hussong](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hussong&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Hussong (page does not exist)") [Iven](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Iven&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Iven (page does not exist)") [Jacobi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Jacobi "Werner Jacobi") [Jacobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jacobs_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Jacobs (politician) (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn "Gerhard Jahn") [Jaksch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzel_Jaksch "Wenzel Jaksch") [Junghans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Junghans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Junghans (page does not exist)") [Junker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Junker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Junker (page does not exist)") [JĂŒrgensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_J%C3%BCrgensen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nikolaus JĂŒrgensen (page does not exist)") [Kaffka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kaffka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kaffka (page does not exist)") [Kahn-Ackermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kahn-Ackermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kahn-Ackermann (page does not exist)") (from 10 January 1962) [Kalbitzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Kalbitzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hellmut Kalbitzer (page does not exist)") [Keilhack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irma_Keilhack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irma Keilhack (page does not exist)") (until 19 January 1962) [Kettig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_Kettig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alma Kettig (page does not exist)") [Killat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Killat&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arthur Killat (page does not exist)") [Kipp-Kaule](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Kipp-Kaule&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liesel Kipp-Kaule (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Klein (page does not exist)") (until 22 October 1963) [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingeborg Kleinert (page does not exist)") (from 13 November 1964) [Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Koch (page does not exist)") [Koenen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Koenen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jakob Koenen (page does not exist)") [Kohlberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Kohlberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Kohlberger (page does not exist)") [Könen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_K%C3%B6nen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Könen (page does not exist)") [Korspeter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Korspeter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lisa Korspeter (page does not exist)") [Krappe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edith_Krappe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edith Krappe (page does not exist)") [Kraus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kraus_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Kraus (politician) (page does not exist)") [Kreyssig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kreyssig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Kreyssig (page does not exist)") [Kriedemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)") [KĂŒbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_K%C3%BCbler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul KĂŒbler (page does not exist)") [KĂŒhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_K%C3%BChn "Heinz KĂŒhn") (until 9 April 1963) [Kulawig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alwin_Kulawig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alwin Kulawig (page does not exist)") [Kurlbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kurlbaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kurlbaum (page does not exist)") [Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Lange (page does not exist)") [Langebeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Langebeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Langebeck (page does not exist)") [Lautenschlager](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lautenschlager&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Lautenschlager (page does not exist)") [Leber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Leber "Georg Leber") [Lemper](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Lemper&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hubert Lemper (page does not exist)") [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Lenz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Lenz (page does not exist)") [Liehr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Liehr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harry Liehr (page does not exist)") (from 11 January 1962) [Lohmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Lohmar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Lohmar (page does not exist)") [Lösche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dora_L%C3%B6sche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dora Lösche (page does not exist)") (from 18 April 1963) [LĂŒcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_L%C3%BCcke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes LĂŒcke (page does not exist)") [Ludwig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Ludwig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Ludwig (page does not exist)") (from 6 January 1962 until 18 February 1962) [LĂŒnenstraĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_L%C3%BCnenstra%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz LĂŒnenstraĂ (page does not exist)") (until 16 May 1963) [Marquardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marquardt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marquardt (page does not exist)") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") [Matthöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer "Hans Matthöfer") [Mattick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mattick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Mattick (page does not exist)") [Matzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Matzner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Oskar Matzner (page does not exist)") [Maybaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Maybaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Maybaum (page does not exist)") (from 22 May 1963) [Meermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedwig_Meermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hedwig Meermann (page does not exist)") [Menzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Menzel (page does not exist)") (until 24 September 1963) [Merten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Merten_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Merten (politician) (page does not exist)") [Metter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Metter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Metter (page does not exist)") [Metzger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Metzger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Metzger (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Wilhelm_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Wilhelm Meyer (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meyer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Michels](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Michels (page does not exist)") [Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_M%C3%B6ller "Alex Möller") [Mommer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mommer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Mommer (page does not exist)") [Morgenstern](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Morgenstern&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Morgenstern (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_M%C3%BCller_\(SPD_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans MĂŒller (SPD politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Heinrich MĂŒller (politician)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller-Emmert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_M%C3%BCller-Emmert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf MĂŒller-Emmert (page does not exist)") [Nellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nellen "Peter Nellen") [Neubauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Neubauer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Neubauer (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 16 April 1963) [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Neumann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Neumann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Nissen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe-Jens_Nissen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe-Jens Nissen (page does not exist)") (until 1 October 1964) [Ohlemeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ohlemeyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Ohlemeyer (page does not exist)") (from 14 June 1965) [Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") (until 14 December 1963) [Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Paul "Ernst Paul") [Peiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Peiter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Peiter (page does not exist)") (from 22 February 1962) [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Peters "Georg Peters") [Pohle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Pohle (page does not exist)") (until 3 November 1961) [Pohlenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Pohlenz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Pohlenz (page does not exist)") (from 30 September 1963 until 10 June 1965) [Pöhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_P%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Pöhler (page does not exist)") [Porzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Porzner "Konrad Porzner") (from 21 May 1962) [Priebe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moritz-Ernst_Priebe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Moritz-Ernst Priebe (page does not exist)") [Ravens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ravens "Karl Ravens") [Regling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Regling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Regling (page does not exist)") [Rehs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Rehs "Reinhold Rehs") [Reichhardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reichhardt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reichhardt (page does not exist)") (from 5 October 1964) [Reischl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reischl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reischl (page does not exist)") [Reitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Reitz (page does not exist)") [Reitzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Reitzner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Reitzner (page does not exist)") (until 11 May 1962) [Renger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Renger "Annemarie Renger") [Riegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Riegel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Riegel (page does not exist)") [Rinderspacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Rinderspacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Rinderspacher (page does not exist)") [Ritzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Georg_Ritzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Georg Ritzel (page does not exist)") [Roesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Roesch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Roesch (page does not exist)") [Rohde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Rohde "Helmut Rohde") [Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Ross (page does not exist)") (from 18 August 1964) [Rudoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Rudoll&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margarete Rudoll (page does not exist)") [SĂ€nger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_S%C3%A4nger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz SĂ€nger (page does not exist)") [Saxowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Saxowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Saxowski (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") [Schanzenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)") [Schellenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)") [Scheuren](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Scheuren&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Scheuren (page does not exist)") [SchlĂŒter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Schl%C3%BCter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut SchlĂŒter (page does not exist)") (from 11 September 1964) [Schmid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_\(German_politician\) "Carlo Schmid (German politician)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") (until 19 January 1962) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1914\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schmidt (politician, born 1914) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmitt-Vockenhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmitt-Vockenhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmitt-Vockenhausen (page does not exist)") [Schoettle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Schr%C3%B6der_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Schröder (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 6 September 1964) [SchĂŒtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Sch%C3%BCtz "Klaus SchĂŒtz") (until 9 January 1962) [Schwabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwabe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schwabe (page does not exist)") [Seibert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Seibert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Philipp Seibert (page does not exist)") [Seidel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Seidel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Seidel (page does not exist)") [Seifriz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Stefan_Seifriz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Stefan Seifriz (page does not exist)") [Seither](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Seither&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Seither (page does not exist)") [Seppi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Seppi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elfriede Seppi (page does not exist)") [Seuffert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Seuffert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Seuffert (page does not exist)") [Seume](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seume&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Seume (page does not exist)") [Stammberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Stammberger "Wolfgang Stammberger") [Steinhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Steinhoff "Fritz Steinhoff") [Stephan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Stephan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Stephan (page does not exist)") [Striebeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Striebeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Striebeck (page does not exist)") [Strobel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel "KĂ€te Strobel") [Strohmayr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Strohmayr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Strohmayr (page does not exist)") [TamblĂ©](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Tambl%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard TamblĂ© (page does not exist)") [Theis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Theis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hanns Theis (page does not exist)") [Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Urban&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Urban (page does not exist)") [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner (page does not exist)") (until 19 December 1961) [Wegener](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Wegener&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Wegener (page does not exist)") [Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") [Welke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Welke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Welke (page does not exist)") [Wellmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wellmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wellmann (page does not exist)") (from 1 January 1962) [Welslau](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Welslau&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Welslau (page does not exist)") [Weltner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Weltner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Weltner (page does not exist)") [Wessel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Wessel "Helene Wessel") [Wienand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wienand "Karl Wienand") [Wilhelm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Wilhelm (page does not exist)") [Winterstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladislaus_Winterstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ladislaus Winterstein (page does not exist)") (from 26 October 1964 until 2 November 1964) [Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") [Wittrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wittrock&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Wittrock (page does not exist)") (until 8 May 1963) [Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Wolf (page does not exist)") (from 19 December 1963) [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Else_Zimmermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Else Zimmermann (page does not exist)") [Zinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_August_Zinn "Georg August Zinn") (until 13 December 1961) [ZĂŒhlke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Z%C3%BChlke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst ZĂŒhlke (page does not exist)") | | |
| FDP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:4th_Bundestag_FDP "Template:4th Bundestag FDP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:4th_Bundestag_FDP "Template talk:4th Bundestag FDP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4th_Bundestag_FDP "Special:EditPage/Template:4th Bundestag FDP")FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Erich Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende") until 17 October 1963; [Knut von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm "Knut von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm") from 5 November 1963 | | |
| **Members:** [Achenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach "Ernst Achenbach") [Aschoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Aschoff "Albrecht Aschoff") [Atzenroth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Atzenroth "Karl Atzenroth") [Bucher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Bucher "Ewald Bucher") [Burckardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burckardt "Richard Burckardt") [Busse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Busse_\(politician\) "Hermann Busse (politician)") [DahlgrĂŒn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgr%C3%BCn "Rolf DahlgrĂŒn") [Danz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Danz "Werner Danz") [Dehler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dehler "Thomas Dehler") [Deneke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volrad_Deneke "Volrad Deneke") (from 26 July 1963) [Diemer-Nicolaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Diemer-Nicolaus "Emmy Diemer-Nicolaus") [Döring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_D%C3%B6ring "Wolfgang Döring") (until 17 January 1963) [Dörinkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_D%C3%B6rinkel "Wolfram Dörinkel") [Dorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Dorn_\(politician\) "Wolfram Dorn (politician)") [DĂŒrr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_D%C3%BCrr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann DĂŒrr (page does not exist)") [Effertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Effertz "Josef Effertz") [Eisenmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Eisenmann "Otto Eisenmann") [Emde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Emde "Hans Georg Emde") [Ertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ertl "Josef Ertl") [Flitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedi_Flitz "Hedi Flitz") [Funcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liselotte_Funcke "Liselotte Funcke") [Hamm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Hamm "Ludwig Hamm") [Hammersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hammersen "Walter Hammersen") [Hellige](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Hellige&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walther Hellige (page does not exist)") [Heuser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedda_Heuser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hedda Heuser (page does not exist)") (from 6 December 1962) [Hoven](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Hoven&action=edit&redlink=1 "Viktor Hoven (page does not exist)") [Imle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Imle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Imle (page does not exist)") [Keller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Keller (page does not exist)") (until 21 July 1963) [Kiep-Altenloh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Kiep-Altenloh "Emilie Kiep-Altenloh") [Kohut](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Adolph_Kohut&action=edit&redlink=1 "Oswald Adolph Kohut (page does not exist)") [Kreitmeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Kreitmeyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Kreitmeyer (page does not exist)") [KrĂŒmmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ewald_Kr%C3%BCmmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ewald KrĂŒmmer (page does not exist)") (from 24 January 1963) [Kubitza](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Kubitza&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Kubitza (page does not exist)") [KĂŒhlmann-Stumm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm "Knut von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm") [KĂŒhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walther KĂŒhn (page does not exist)") (until 4 December 1962) [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lenz "Hans Lenz") [Löbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_L%C3%B6be&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Löbe (page does not exist)") [Logemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Logemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Logemann (page does not exist)") [MĂ€lzig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_M%C3%A4lzig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad MĂ€lzig (page does not exist)") [Margulies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Margulies&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Margulies (page does not exist)") (until 27 August 1964) [Mauk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Mauk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Mauk (page does not exist)") [Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende") [Menne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Menne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alexander Menne (page does not exist)") [Mertes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Mertes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Mertes (page does not exist)") [Miessner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herwart_Miessner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herwart Miessner (page does not exist)") [Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") [Moersch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Moersch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Moersch (page does not exist)") (from 1 September 1964) [MĂŒhlen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Freiherr_von_M%C3%BChlen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Freiherr von MĂŒhlen (page does not exist)") [Murr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonhard_Murr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leonhard Murr (page does not exist)") [Ollesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Ollesch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Ollesch (page does not exist)") [Opitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Opitz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Opitz (politician) (page does not exist)") [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Peters (page does not exist)") [Rademacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Max_Rademacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Max Rademacher (page does not exist)") [Ramms](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Wilhelm_Ramms&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Wilhelm Ramms (page does not exist)") [Reichmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Reichmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Reichmann (page does not exist)") [Rieger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rieger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Rieger (page does not exist)") [Rutschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rutschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Rutschke (page does not exist)") [Sander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Sander (page does not exist)") [Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinrich_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinrich Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Schneider (page does not exist)") [Schultz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz-Rudolf_Schultz "Fritz-Rudolf Schultz") [Soetebier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Soetebier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Soetebier (page does not exist)") [SpitzmĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Spitzm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt SpitzmĂŒller (page does not exist)") [Starke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Starke "Heinz Starke") [Supf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Supf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Supf (page does not exist)") [WĂ€chter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerold_W%C3%A4chter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerold WĂ€chter (page does not exist)") [Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Walter_\(politician\) "Fritz Walter (politician)") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Weber (page does not exist)") [Zoglmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Zoglmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Zoglmann (page does not exist)") | | |
| OTHER | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:4th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template:4th Bundestag OTHER") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:4th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template talk:4th Bundestag OTHER") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4th_Bundestag_OTHER "Special:EditPage/Template:4th Bundestag OTHER")Independent | | |
| **Members:** [Gontrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Gontrum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Gontrum (page does not exist)") | | |
| [List of members of the 4th Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_4th_Bundestag "List of members of the 4th Bundestag") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_5th_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 5th Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_5th_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 5th Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_5th_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 5th Bundestag")  [Members of the 5th Bundestag (1965â1969)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_5th_Bundestag "List of members of the 5th Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Eugen Gerstenmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier "Eugen Gerstenmaier") (CDU) until 31 January 1969; [Kai-Uwe von Hassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel "Kai-Uwe von Hassel") (CDU) from 5 February 1969** | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:5th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template:5th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:5th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template talk:5th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:5th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Special:EditPage/Template:5th Bundestag CDU and CSU")CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Rainer Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel")** | | |
| **CDU:** [Abelein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Abelein "Manfred Abelein") [Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") (until 19 April 1967) [Adorno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Adorno "Eduard Adorno") [Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Arnold_\(politician\) "Gottfried Arnold (politician)") [Artzinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Artzinger "Helmut Artzinger") [Baier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Baier "Fritz Baier") [Balkenhol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Balkenhol "Bernhard Balkenhol") [Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") [Bauknecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Bauknecht "Bernhard Bauknecht") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Becker_\(politician,_born_1905\) "Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)") [Benda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Benda "Ernst Benda") [Berberich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Berberich "August Berberich") [Berendsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Berendsen "Fritz Berendsen") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Berger_\(politician\) "Ulrich Berger (politician)") [Bewerunge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bewerunge "Karl Bewerunge") [Biechele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Biechele "Hermann Biechele") [Birrenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Birrenbach "Kurt Birrenbach") [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Blank "Theodor Blank") [Blöcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%B6cker "Hans Blöcker") [Blohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Blohm "Irma Blohm") [Blumenfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Blumenfeld "Erik Blumenfeld") [Brand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wilhelm_Brand "Peter Wilhelm Brand") [Brauksiepe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe "Aenne Brauksiepe") [Bremer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Bremer "Rolf Bremer") [Brese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Brese "Wilhelm Brese") [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Br%C3%BCck "Valentin BrĂŒck") [Budde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Budde "Heinz Budde") [BĂŒhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_August_B%C3%BChler "Karl August BĂŒhler") [Burgbacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Burgbacher "Fritz Burgbacher") [Burgemeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Burgemeister "Alfred Burgemeister") [Burger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Burger_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Burger (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Conring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Conring_\(politician\) "Hermann Conring (politician)") [Czaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Czaja "Herbert Czaja") [Damm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Damm_\(politician,_born_1927\) "Carl Damm (politician, born 1927)") [Delden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembert_van_Delden "Rembert van Delden") [Deringer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arved_Deringer "Arved Deringer") [Dichgans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Dichgans "Hans Dichgans") [DiebĂ€cker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Dieb%C3%A4cker "Hermann DiebĂ€cker") [Draeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Draeger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Draeger (page does not exist)") [Eckardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_von_Eckardt "Felix von Eckardt") [ElbrĂ€chter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Elbr%C3%A4chter "Alexander ElbrĂ€chter") [Enk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Enk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arthur Enk (page does not exist)") [Enseling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Enseling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisabeth Enseling (page does not exist)") (from 28 April 1966) [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Erhard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Erhard (page does not exist)") [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard") [Ernesti](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Ernesti&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leo Ernesti (page does not exist)") (from 9 July 1967) [Erpenbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Erpenbeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand Erpenbeck (page does not exist)") [Even](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bert_Even&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bert Even (page does not exist)") [Exner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Exner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Exner (page does not exist)") [Falke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Falke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Falke (page does not exist)") (from 27 July 1967) [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Franke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Franke (page does not exist)") [Franzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Franzen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jakob Franzen (page does not exist)") [Freiwald](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Freiwald&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Freiwald (page does not exist)") [Frerichs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ke_Frerichs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Göke Frerichs (page does not exist)") [Frey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frey "Martin Frey") [Frieler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frieler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Frieler (page does not exist)") [Fritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Fritz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Fritz (page does not exist)") [Furler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Furler "Hans Furler") [GeiĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_Gei%C3%9Fler "Heiner GeiĂler") (until 11 October 1967) [Gerstenmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier "Eugen Gerstenmaier") [Gewandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Gewandt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Gewandt (page does not exist)") [Gibbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gibbert "Paul Gibbert") (until 30 December 1967) [Giulini](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Giulini&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Giulini (page does not exist)") [GlĂŒsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing "Hermann GlĂŒsing") [Gottesleben](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Gottesleben&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leo Gottesleben (page does not exist)") [Götz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_\(politician\) "Hermann Götz (politician)") [Gradl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Gradl "Johann Baptist Gradl") [Griesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annemarie_Griesinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Annemarie Griesinger (page does not exist)") [GĂŒde](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_G%C3%BCde&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max GĂŒde (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Haase (page does not exist)") [HĂ€fele](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansj%C3%B6rg_H%C3%A4fele&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansjörg HĂ€fele (page does not exist)") [Hahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hahn_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hahn (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hammans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hammans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Hammans (page does not exist)") [Hanz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Hanz&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Hanz (page does not exist)") [HĂ€rzschel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_H%C3%A4rzschel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt HĂ€rzschel (page does not exist)") (from 19 October 1967) [Hassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel "Kai-Uwe von Hassel") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alo Hauser (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Hauser (page does not exist)") [HĂ€ussler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_H%C3%A4ussler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin HĂ€ussler (page does not exist)") [Heck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Heck "Bruno Heck") [Hesberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Hesberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Hesberg (page does not exist)") [Hilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Hilbert "Anton Hilbert") [Hofmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hofmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Hofmann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Holkenbrink](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Holkenbrink&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Holkenbrink (page does not exist)") (until 17 July 1967) [Holzmeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieselotte_Holzmeister&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lieselotte Holzmeister (page does not exist)") (from 5 February 1968) [Hörnemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_H%C3%B6rnemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Hörnemann (page does not exist)") [Horstmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Horstmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Horstmeier (page does not exist)") [Horten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alphons_Horten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alphons Horten (page does not exist)") [Huys](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Huys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lambert Huys (page does not exist)") [Illerhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Illerhaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joseph Illerhaus (page does not exist)") [Jacobi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Jacobi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Jacobi (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Edgar_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Edgar Jahn (page does not exist)") [Josten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Josten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Peter Josten (page does not exist)") [Jungmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Jungmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Jungmann (page does not exist)") [Kalinke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Kalinke "Margot Kalinke") [Katzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Katzer "Hans Katzer") [Kiep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Leisler_Kiep "Walther Leisler Kiep") [Klee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie-Elisabeth_Klee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marie-Elisabeth Klee (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Klein_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Klein (politician) (page does not exist)") [Klepsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Klepsch "Egon Klepsch") [Kliesing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kliesing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kliesing (page does not exist)") [Klinker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Klinker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Klinker (page does not exist)") [Knobloch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Knobloch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Knobloch (page does not exist)") (from 24 July 1967) [Kopf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kopf "Hermann Kopf") [Köppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_K%C3%B6ppler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Köppler (page does not exist)") [Krammig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Krammig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Krammig (page does not exist)") [Krampe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Krampe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Krampe (page does not exist)") (from 11 October 1966) [Kraske](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Kraske&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad Kraske (page does not exist)") [Krone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Krone "Heinrich Krone") [KĂŒhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_K%C3%BChn_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich KĂŒhn (politician) (page does not exist)") [Kuntscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kuntscher "Ernst Kuntscher") [Lampersbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lampersbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Lampersbach (page does not exist)") [Leicht](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Leicht&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Leicht (page does not exist)") [Lemmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer "Ernst Lemmer") [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Otto_Lenz "Carl Otto Lenz") [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Lenz_\(politician,_born_1910\) "Aloys Lenz (politician, born 1910)") [Lenze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Lenze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Lenze (page does not exist)") [Lindenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Lindenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Lindenberg (page does not exist)") (from 29 September 1967) [Löhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_L%C3%B6hr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Löhr (page does not exist)") [LĂŒcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke "Paul LĂŒcke") [Luda](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Luda&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Luda (page does not exist)") [Majonica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Majonica "Ernst Majonica") [Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Berthold Martin (page does not exist)") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") [Maucher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Maucher "Eugen Maucher") [Maxsein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Katharina_Maxsein "Agnes Katharina Maxsein") [Meis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Meis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Meis (page does not exist)") [Meister](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Meister_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Meister (politician) (page does not exist)") [Mengelkamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Mengelkamp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Theodor Mengelkamp (page does not exist)") (until 21 July 1967) [Merkatz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz "Hans-Joachim von Merkatz") [Mick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Mick (page does not exist)") [Missbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artur_Missbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Artur Missbach (page does not exist)") [Mönikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_M%C3%B6nikes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anna Mönikes (page does not exist)") (from 12 October 1967) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1916\) "Adolf MĂŒller (politician, born 1916)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_M%C3%BCller_\(CDU_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes MĂŒller (CDU politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_M%C3%BCller_\(CDU_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef MĂŒller (CDU politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller-Hermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann "Ernst MĂŒller-Hermann") [MĂŒser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_M%C3%BCser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi MĂŒser (page does not exist)") [Nordenskjöld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_von_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter von Nordenskjöld (page does not exist)") [OrgaĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Orga%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard OrgaĂ (page does not exist)") [Petersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Petersen_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Petersen (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Philipp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Philipp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Philipp (page does not exist)") (until 20 April 1966) [Picard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Picard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Picard (page does not exist)") [Pieser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liselotte_Pieser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liselotte Pieser (page does not exist)") (from 26 June 1968) [Pitz-Savelsberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Pitz-Savelsberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisabeth Pitz-Savelsberg (page does not exist)") [Porten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Porten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Porten (page does not exist)") [Prassler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Prassler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Prassler (page does not exist)") [PreiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F "Ludwig PreiĂ") [Rasner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Rasner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Will Rasner (page does not exist)") [Rawe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rawe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Rawe (page does not exist)") [Reinhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Reinhard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Reinhard (page does not exist)") [Reinholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Reinholz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Reinholz (page does not exist)") (from 24 July 1967) [Richarts](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Richarts&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Richarts (page does not exist)") (until 16 September 1969) [Riedel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Riedel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Clemens Riedel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Rinsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Rinsche&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Rinsche (page does not exist)") [Ritgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Ritgen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Ritgen (page does not exist)") [Ritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Ritz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Burkhard Ritz (page does not exist)") [Rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edelhard_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edelhard Rock (page does not exist)") [Rollmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Rollmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Rollmann (page does not exist)") [Rommerskirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Rommerskirchen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Rommerskirchen (page does not exist)") [Rösing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_R%C3%B6sing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Rösing (page does not exist)") [Rösler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Baptist_R%C3%B6sler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Baptist Rösler (page does not exist)") (from 24 September 1969) [Ruf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Ruf (page does not exist)") [Russe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Russe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Josef Russe (page does not exist)") [Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botho_Prinz_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein "Botho Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein") [Schmid-Burgk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Schmid-Burgk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Schmid-Burgk (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schmitt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Schmitt (politician) (page does not exist)") [SchmĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker "Kurt SchmĂŒcker") [Schober](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Schober&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Schober (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schr%C3%B6der_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Schröder (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christa_Schroeder_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christa Schroeder (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schulhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schulhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Schulhoff (page does not exist)") [Schwarzhaupt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzhaupt "Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt") [Schwörer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer "Hermann Schwörer") [Seebohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm "Hans-Christoph Seebohm") (until 17 September 1967) [Serres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Serres "GĂŒnther Serres") [Siemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J_Hermann_Siemer&action=edit&redlink=1 "J Hermann Siemer (page does not exist)") [Sinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Sinn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edmund Sinn (page does not exist)") [Springorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Springorum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Springorum (page does not exist)") [Stahlberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Stahlberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Stahlberg (page does not exist)") [Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Stark "Anton Stark") [Stecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Stecker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Stecker (page does not exist)") [Stein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Stein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustav Stein (page does not exist)") [Steinmetz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Steinmetz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Steinmetz (page does not exist)") [Stingl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Stingl "Josef Stingl") (until 15 June 1968) [Stoltenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg "Gerhard Stoltenberg") [Stommel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Stommel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Stommel (page does not exist)") [StooĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Stoo%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich StooĂ (page does not exist)") [Storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Karl_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich-Karl Storm (page does not exist)") [Struve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlef_Struve "Detlef Struve") [SĂŒsterhenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_S%C3%BCsterhenn "Adolf SĂŒsterhenn") [Teriete](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Teriete&action=edit&redlink=1 "Theodor Teriete (page does not exist)") [Tobaben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tobaben "Peter Tobaben") [Toussaint](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Toussaint&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Toussaint (page does not exist)") [Varelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Varelmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Varelmann (page does not exist)") [Verbeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Verbeek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Verbeek (page does not exist)") (until 13 December 1966) [Vittinghoff-Schell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix_Freiherr_von_Vittinghoff-Schell&action=edit&redlink=1 "Felix Freiherr von Vittinghoff-Schell (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Vogel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Vogel (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 6 October 1966) [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Vogel "Bernhard Vogel") (until 17 July 1967) [Wahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Wahl "Eduard Wahl") [Weiland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Weiland&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Weiland (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1966) [Weimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Weimer&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Weimer (page does not exist)") [Wendelborn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Wendelborn "Helmut Wendelborn") [Wex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Wex "Helga Wex") (from 28 April 1967) [Wilhelmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wilhelmi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wilhelmi (page does not exist)") [Wilper](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wilper&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Wilper (page does not exist)") (until 3 July 1967) [Windelen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen "Heinrich Windelen") [Winkelheide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide "Bernhard Winkelheide") [Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erika_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erika Wolf (page does not exist)") [Wörner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner "Manfred Wörner") [Wrangel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Baron_von_Wrangel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Baron von Wrangel (page does not exist)") [Wuermeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling "Franz-Josef Wuermeling") [Wullenhaupt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wullenhaupt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Wullenhaupt (page does not exist)") [Zink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Zink "Otto Zink") **CSU:** [Aigner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Aigner "Heinrich Aigner") [Althammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Althammer "Walter Althammer") [Balke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Balke "Siegfried Balke") [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bauer_\(politician\) "Josef Bauer (politician)") [Besold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Besold "Anton Besold") [Brenck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Brenck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Brenck (page does not exist)") [Dittrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Dittrich "Stefan Dittrich") [Dollinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dollinger "Werner Dollinger") [Eckhardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Eckhardt "Walter Eckhardt") [Ehnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ehnes "Georg Ehnes") [Franz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Franz "Ludwig Franz") [Geisendörfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeborg_Geisend%C3%B6rfer "Ingeborg Geisendörfer") [Geisenhofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Geisenhofer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Xaver Geisenhofer (page does not exist)") (from 3 May 1967) [Gierenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Gierenstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Gierenstein (page does not exist)") [Gleissner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Gleissner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Gleissner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Guttenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Freiherr_von_und_zu_Guttenberg "Karl Theodor Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg") [Höcherl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl "Hermann Höcherl") [Hösl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_H%C3%B6sl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alex Hösl (page does not exist)") [Hudak](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adalbert_Hudak&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adalbert Hudak (page does not exist)") [Jaeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jaeger "Richard Jaeger") [Kempfler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kempfler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Kempfler (page does not exist)") [Krug](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Krug&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Krug (page does not exist)") [Kuchtner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edeltraud_Kuchtner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edeltraud Kuchtner (page does not exist)") [Lemmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Lemmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Lemmrich (page does not exist)") [Leukert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Leukert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edmund Leukert (page does not exist)") [LĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans August LĂŒcker (page does not exist)") [Memmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linus_Memmel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Linus Memmel (page does not exist)") [Niederalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Niederalt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Niederalt (page does not exist)") [Ott](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Ott&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anton Ott (page does not exist)") [Pohle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Pohle (page does not exist)") [Prinz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Konstantin_of_Bavaria "Prince Konstantin of Bavaria") (until 30 July 1969) [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Probst "Maria Probst") (until 1 May 1967) [Rainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Rainer_\(politician,_born_1921\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Rainer (politician, born 1921) (page does not exist)") [Röhner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_R%C3%B6hner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Röhner (page does not exist)") [Schlager](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schlager&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schlager (page does not exist)") [Schlee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Schlee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albrecht Schlee (page does not exist)") [Schmidhuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schmidhuber "Peter Schmidhuber") [Schulze-Vorberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Schulze-Vorberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Schulze-Vorberg (page does not exist)") [Spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Spies (page does not exist)") (from 4 August 1969) [Stiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stiller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Stiller (page does not exist)") [Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss "Franz Josef Strauss") [StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") [Unertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Unertl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Xaver Unertl (page does not exist)") [Vogt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Vogt (page does not exist)") [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Wagner "Leo Wagner") [Weigl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Weigl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Weigl (page does not exist)") [Wieninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wieninger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Wieninger (page does not exist)") [Ziegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ziegler "Erich Ziegler") [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann "Friedrich Zimmermann") (until 15 October 1969) **CSU (GDP):** [Becher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Becher "Walter Becher") [Prochazka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Prochazka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Prochazka (page does not exist)") | | |
| SPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:5th_Bundestag_SPD "Template:5th Bundestag SPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:5th_Bundestag_SPD "Template talk:5th Bundestag SPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:5th_Bundestag_SPD "Special:EditPage/Template:5th Bundestag SPD")SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Fritz Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Erler_\(politician\) "Fritz Erler (politician)") until 22 February 1967; [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") from 14 March 1967** | | |
| **Members:** [Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Adams "Rudi Adams") (from 8 December 1966) [Albertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Albertz "Luise Albertz") [Apel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Apel "Hans Apel") [Arendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Arendt "Walter Arendt") [Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_Arndt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus Arndt (page does not exist)") (from 4 June 1968) [Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Dieter_Arndt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Dieter Arndt (page does not exist)") [Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Arndt "Adolf Arndt") [Auge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Auge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Auge (page does not exist)") [Bading](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harri_Bading&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harri Bading (page does not exist)") [Bals](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bals&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Bals (page does not exist)") [Baltes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Baltes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Andreas Baltes (page does not exist)") (from 15 December 1967) [Barche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Barche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Barche (page does not exist)") (from 14 April 1967) [Bardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bardens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Bardens (page does not exist)") [Bartsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Bartsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Bartsch (page does not exist)") [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannsheinz_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hannsheinz Bauer (page does not exist)") [BĂ€uerle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_B%C3%A4uerle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi BĂ€uerle (page does not exist)") [Bayerl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfons_Bayerl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfons Bayerl (page does not exist)") (from 27 October 1967) [Bazille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Bazille "Helmut Bazille") [Bechert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bechert "Karl Bechert") [Behrendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Behrendt "Walter Behrendt") [Berger-Heise](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Berger-Heise&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margarete Berger-Heise (page does not exist)") [Bergmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_\(politician\) "Karl Bergmann (politician)") [Berkhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Berkhan "Karl Wilhelm Berkhan") [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Berlin "August Berlin") [Beuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Beuster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Beuster (page does not exist)") [Biermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Biermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Biermann (page does not exist)") [Blachstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blachstein "Peter Blachstein") (until 31 May 1968) [Blume](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Blume_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Blume (politician) (page does not exist)") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_B%C3%B6hm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Böhm (page does not exist)") [Börner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner "Holger Börner") [Braun](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Braun_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Braun (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 17 July 1966) [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Br%C3%BCck "Alwin BrĂŒck") [BrĂŒnen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Br%C3%BCnen "Eberhard BrĂŒnen") [Buchstaller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Buchstaller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Buchstaller (page does not exist)") [BĂŒhling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_B%C3%BChling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard BĂŒhling (page does not exist)") [Buschfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Buschfort&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Buschfort (page does not exist)") [BĂŒttner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_B%C3%BCttner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz BĂŒttner (page does not exist)") [Collet](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Collet&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Collet (page does not exist)") [Corterier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Corterier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Corterier (page does not exist)") [Cramer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Cramer_\(politician\) "Johann Cramer (politician)") [Diekmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Diekmann "Bruno Diekmann") [Dortans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Dortans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Dortans (page does not exist)") (from 30 June 1969) [Dröscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dr%C3%B6scher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Dröscher (page does not exist)") [Eckerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Eckerland&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Eckerland (page does not exist)") [Eilers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede_Eilers "Elfriede Eilers") [Elsner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilse_Elsner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ilse Elsner (page does not exist)") [Enders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelin_Enders "Wendelin Enders") (from 9 May 1967) [Eppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Eppler "Erhard Eppler") [Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Erler_\(politician\) "Fritz Erler (politician)") (until 22 February 1967) [Eschmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Eschmann "Fritz Eschmann") [Esters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Esters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Esters (page does not exist)") (from 15 January 1969) [Faller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Faller "Walter Faller") [Felder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Felder "Josef Felder") [FellerMayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_FellerMayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig FellerMayer (page does not exist)") [Feuring](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Feuring&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Feuring (page does not exist)") (from 2 January 1967) [Figgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Figgen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Figgen (page does not exist)") (until 6 December 1966) [FlĂ€mig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fl%C3%A4mig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard FlĂ€mig (page does not exist)") [Folger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Folger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Folger (page does not exist)") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") [Frede](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Frede&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Frede (page does not exist)") (until 23 November 1967) [Frehsee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frehsee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Frehsee (page does not exist)") [Freyh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Freyh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Freyh (page does not exist)") [Fritsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Fritsch_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Fritsch (politician) (page does not exist)") [Fritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Walter_Fritz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Walter Fritz (page does not exist)") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Geiger (politician) (page does not exist)") [Gerlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Gerlach (page does not exist)") [Gertzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gertzen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Gertzen (page does not exist)") [Glombig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Glombig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen Glombig (page does not exist)") [Gscheidle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Gscheidle "Kurt Gscheidle") [Haage](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Haage&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Haage (page does not exist)") [Haar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Haar (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Haase (page does not exist)") [Haehser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Haehser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Haehser (page does not exist)") [Hamacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Hamacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Hamacher (page does not exist)") [Hansing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Hansing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Hansing (page does not exist)") [Hauck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hauck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Hauck (page does not exist)") [Hauffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hauffe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Hauffe (page does not exist)") [Hein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Hein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Hein (page does not exist)") (until 22 December 1966) [Heinemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann "Gustav Heinemann") (until 24 June 1969) [Hellenbrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hellenbrock&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Hellenbrock (page does not exist)") [Herberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Herberts&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Herberts (page does not exist)") [Herklotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Herklotz "Luise Herklotz") [Hermsdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hermsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hermsdorf (page does not exist)") [Herold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Herold (page does not exist)") [Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hirsch_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Hirsch (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hofmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hofmann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hofmann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Höhmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_H%C3%B6hmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Höhmann (page does not exist)") [Höhne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_H%C3%B6hne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Höhne (page does not exist)") [Hölzle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_H%C3%B6lzle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Hölzle (page does not exist)") (from 20 February 1967) [Hörauf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6rauf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Wilhelm Hörauf (page does not exist)") [Hörmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_H%C3%B6rmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hörmann (page does not exist)") [Hubert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elinor Hubert (page does not exist)") [HĂŒbner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_H%C3%BCbner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus HĂŒbner (page does not exist)") (from 6 December 1966 until 14 January 1969) [Hufnagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hufnagel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Hufnagel (page does not exist)") [Hussong](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hussong&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Hussong (page does not exist)") (until 10 December 1967) [Ils](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Ils&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Ils (page does not exist)") [Iven](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Iven&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Iven (page does not exist)") [Jacobi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Jacobi "Werner Jacobi") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn "Gerhard Jahn") [Jaksch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzel_Jaksch "Wenzel Jaksch") (until 27 November 1966) [Jaschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Jaschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Jaschke (page does not exist)") [Josef](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Josef_Zebisch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Josef Zebisch (page does not exist)") [Junghans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Junghans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Junghans (page does not exist)") [Junker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Junker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Junker (page does not exist)") [JĂŒrgensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_J%C3%BCrgensen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nikolaus JĂŒrgensen (page does not exist)") [Kaffka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kaffka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kaffka (page does not exist)") [Kahn-Ackermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kahn-Ackermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kahn-Ackermann (page does not exist)") [Karius](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Karius&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Karius (page does not exist)") (from 18 August 1969) [Kern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hans_Kern "Karl-Hans Kern") (from 27 February 1967) [Killat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Killat&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arthur Killat (page does not exist)") [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingeborg Kleinert (page does not exist)") (from 14 December 1967) [Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Koch (page does not exist)") [Koenen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Koenen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jakob Koenen (page does not exist)") [Kohlberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Kohlberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Kohlberger (page does not exist)") [Könen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_K%C3%B6nen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Könen (page does not exist)") [Korspeter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Korspeter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lisa Korspeter (page does not exist)") [Krappe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edith_Krappe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edith Krappe (page does not exist)") [Kriedemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)") [Krips](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursula_Krips&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ursula Krips (page does not exist)") (until 31 January 1969) [KĂŒbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_K%C3%BCbler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul KĂŒbler (page does not exist)") (until 9 August 1969) [Kulawig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alwin_Kulawig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alwin Kulawig (page does not exist)") [Kunze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Kunze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Kunze (page does not exist)") [Kurlbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kurlbaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kurlbaum (page does not exist)") [Kurlbaum-Beyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucie_Kurlbaum-Beyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lucie Kurlbaum-Beyer (page does not exist)") [Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Lange (page does not exist)") [Langebeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Langebeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Langebeck (page does not exist)") [Lautenschlager](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lautenschlager&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Lautenschlager (page does not exist)") [Leber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Leber "Georg Leber") [Lemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lemp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Lemp (page does not exist)") (from 29 November 1967) [Lemper](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Lemper&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hubert Lemper (page does not exist)") [Lenders](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Lenders&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Lenders (page does not exist)") [Liedtke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liedtke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Liedtke (page does not exist)") [Liehr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Liehr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harry Liehr (page does not exist)") [Löbbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_L%C3%B6bbert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Löbbert (page does not exist)") [Lohmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Lohmar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Lohmar (page does not exist)") [Lösche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dora_L%C3%B6sche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dora Lösche (page does not exist)") (from 29 July 1966) [Lotze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Lotze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudi Lotze (page does not exist)") [Marquardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marquardt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marquardt (page does not exist)") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") [Matthes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Matthes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Matthes (page does not exist)") [Matthöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer "Hans Matthöfer") [Mattick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mattick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Mattick (page does not exist)") [Maybaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Maybaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Maybaum (page does not exist)") [Meermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedwig_Meermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hedwig Meermann (page does not exist)") [Meinecke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Meinecke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Meinecke (page does not exist)") [Merten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Merten_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Merten (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 12 December 1967) [Metzger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Metzger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Metzger (page does not exist)") [Michels](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Michels (page does not exist)") [Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_M%C3%B6ller "Alex Möller") [Mommer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mommer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Mommer (page does not exist)") [Morgenstern](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Morgenstern&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Morgenstern (page does not exist)") (until 14 September 1966) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_M%C3%BCller_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl MĂŒller (German politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller-Emmert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_M%C3%BCller-Emmert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf MĂŒller-Emmert (page does not exist)") [MĂŒthling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_M%C3%BCthling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans MĂŒthling (page does not exist)") [Nann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Nann (page does not exist)") (from 17 February 1969) [Neemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Neemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Neemann (page does not exist)") [Nellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nellen "Peter Nellen") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Neumann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Neumann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Neumann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Neumann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Paul "Ernst Paul") [Peiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Peiter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Peiter (page does not exist)") (from 19 September 1967) [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Peters "Georg Peters") [Pöhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_P%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Pöhler (page does not exist)") [Porzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Porzner "Konrad Porzner") [Raffert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Raffert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Raffert (page does not exist)") [Rau](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Rau&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Rau (page does not exist)") [Ravens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ravens "Karl Ravens") [Regling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Regling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Regling (page does not exist)") [Rehs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Rehs "Reinhold Rehs") [Reischl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reischl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reischl (page does not exist)") [Reitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Reitz (page does not exist)") [Renger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Renger "Annemarie Renger") [Richter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Richter "Klaus Richter") [Riegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Riegel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Riegel (page does not exist)") [Rinderspacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Rinderspacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Rinderspacher (page does not exist)") [Rohde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Rohde "Helmut Rohde") [Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Ross (page does not exist)") (from 21 September 1966) [Rudoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Rudoll&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margarete Rudoll (page does not exist)") [SĂ€nger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_S%C3%A4nger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz SĂ€nger (page does not exist)") [Saxowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Saxowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Saxowski (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") (until 14 February 1967) [Schanzenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)") [Schellenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)") [Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schiller "Karl Schiller") [Schimschok](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hildegard_Schimschok&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hildegard Schimschok (page does not exist)") [SchlĂŒter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Schl%C3%BCter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut SchlĂŒter (page does not exist)") (until 7 April 1967) [Schmid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_\(German_politician\) "Carlo Schmid (German politician)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Schmidt_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmitt-Vockenhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmitt-Vockenhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmitt-Vockenhausen (page does not exist)") [Schoettle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)") [Schonhofen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schonhofen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Schonhofen (page does not exist)") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schulte&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schulte (page does not exist)") [Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Peter_Schulz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Peter Schulz (page does not exist)") [Schwabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwabe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schwabe (page does not exist)") [Seibert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Seibert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Philipp Seibert (page does not exist)") [Seidel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Seidel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Seidel (page does not exist)") [Seifriz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Stefan_Seifriz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Stefan Seifriz (page does not exist)") [Seither](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Seither&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Seither (page does not exist)") [Seppi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Seppi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elfriede Seppi (page does not exist)") [Seuffert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Seuffert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Seuffert (page does not exist)") (until 18 October 1967) [Seume](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seume&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Seume (page does not exist)") [Sieglerschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Sieglerschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hellmut Sieglerschmidt (page does not exist)") (from 4 June 1969) [Spillecke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Spillecke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Spillecke (page does not exist)") [Stammberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Stammberger "Wolfgang Stammberger") [Stein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Stein_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Stein (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 14 September 1967) [Steinhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Steinhoff "Fritz Steinhoff") [Stephan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Stephan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Stephan (page does not exist)") [Strobel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel "KĂ€te Strobel") [Strohmayr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Strohmayr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Strohmayr (page does not exist)") [Tallert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Tallert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harry Tallert (page does not exist)") [TamblĂ©](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Tambl%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard TamblĂ© (page does not exist)") [Tönjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_T%C3%B6njes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Tönjes (page does not exist)") [Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Urban&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Urban (page does not exist)") [Vit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Vit&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Vit (page does not exist)") [Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") [Welke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Welke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Welke (page does not exist)") [Wellmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wellmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wellmann (page does not exist)") (until 30 May 1969) [Welslau](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Welslau&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Welslau (page does not exist)") [Wendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Wendt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Wendt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wessel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Wessel "Helene Wessel") (until 13 October 1969) [Westphal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Westphal "Heinz Westphal") [Wiefel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Wiefel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bruno Wiefel (page does not exist)") [Wienand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wienand "Karl Wienand") [Wilhelm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Wilhelm (page does not exist)") [Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") [Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Wolf (page does not exist)") [Wuwer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wuwer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Wuwer (page does not exist)") [Zerbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Zerbe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edwin Zerbe (page does not exist)") (until 2 May 1967) **SPD (GDP):** [Ahrens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Ahrens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Ahrens (page does not exist)") [Kreutzmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Kreutzmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Kreutzmann (page does not exist)") | | |
| FDP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:5th_Bundestag_FDP "Template:5th Bundestag FDP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:5th_Bundestag_FDP "Template talk:5th Bundestag FDP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:5th_Bundestag_FDP "Special:EditPage/Template:5th Bundestag FDP")FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Knut von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm "Knut von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm") until 23 January 1968; [Wolfgang Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") from 23 January 1968 | | |
| **Members:** [Achenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach "Ernst Achenbach") [Borm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Borm "William Borm") [Bucher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Bucher "Ewald Bucher") [Busse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Busse_\(politician\) "Hermann Busse (politician)") [DahlgrĂŒn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgr%C3%BCn "Rolf DahlgrĂŒn") [Dehler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dehler "Thomas Dehler") (until 21 July 1967) [Diemer-Nicolaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Diemer-Nicolaus "Emmy Diemer-Nicolaus") [Dorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Dorn_\(politician\) "Wolfram Dorn (politician)") [Effertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Effertz "Josef Effertz") (until 4 July 1968) [Eisenmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Eisenmann "Otto Eisenmann") (until 1 June 1967) [Emde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Emde "Hans Georg Emde") [Ertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ertl "Josef Ertl") [Friderichs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Friderichs "Hans Friderichs") [Funcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liselotte_Funcke "Liselotte Funcke") [Geldner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Geldner_\(politician\) "Karl Geldner (politician)") [Gemmingen-Hornberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Freiherr_von_Gemmingen-Hornberg "Gustav Freiherr von Gemmingen-Hornberg") (from 11 October 1967) [Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") [Graaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Graaff "Carlo Graaff") [Haas](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Haas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albrecht Haas (page does not exist)") [Hamm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Hamm "Ludwig Hamm") (until 12 May 1966) [Hellige](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Hellige&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walther Hellige (page does not exist)") [Heuser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedda_Heuser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hedda Heuser (page does not exist)") (from 11 July 1968) [Imle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Imle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Imle (page does not exist)") (from 2 June 1967) [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Jung "Kurt Jung") (from 17 May 1966) [Kubitza](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Kubitza&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Kubitza (page does not exist)") [KĂŒhlmann-Stumm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm "Knut von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm") [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lenz "Hans Lenz") (until 5 October 1967) [Logemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Logemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Logemann (page does not exist)") [Mauk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Mauk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Mauk (page does not exist)") [Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende") [Menne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Menne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alexander Menne (page does not exist)") [Mertes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Mertes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Mertes (page does not exist)") [Miessner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herwart_Miessner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herwart Miessner (page does not exist)") [Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") [Moersch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Moersch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Moersch (page does not exist)") [MĂŒhlhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_M%C3%BChlhan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernhard MĂŒhlhan (page does not exist)") [Ollesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Ollesch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Ollesch (page does not exist)") [Opitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Opitz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Opitz (politician) (page does not exist)") [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Peters (page does not exist)") [Porsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Porsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Porsch (page does not exist)") (from 27 July 1967) [Ramms](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Wilhelm_Ramms&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Wilhelm Ramms (page does not exist)") [Reichmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Reichmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Reichmann (page does not exist)") [Rutschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rutschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Rutschke (page does not exist)") [Saam](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Saam&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Saam (page does not exist)") [Sander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Sander (page does not exist)") [Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinrich_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinrich Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schultz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz-Rudolf_Schultz "Fritz-Rudolf Schultz") [SpitzmĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Spitzm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt SpitzmĂŒller (page does not exist)") [Staratzke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_Staratzke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Werner Staratzke (page does not exist)") [Starke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Starke "Heinz Starke") [WĂ€chter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerold_W%C3%A4chter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerold WĂ€chter (page does not exist)") [Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Walter_\(politician\) "Fritz Walter (politician)") [Wurbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wurbs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Wurbs (page does not exist)") [Zoglmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Zoglmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Zoglmann (page does not exist)") | | |
| [List of members of the 5th Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_5th_Bundestag "List of members of the 5th Bundestag") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_6th_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 6th Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_6th_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 6th Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_6th_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 6th Bundestag")  [Members of the 6th Bundestag (1969â1972)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_6th_Bundestag "List of members of the 6th Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Kai-Uwe von Hassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel "Kai-Uwe von Hassel") (CDU)** | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:6th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template:6th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:6th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template talk:6th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:6th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Special:EditPage/Template:6th Bundestag CDU and CSU")CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Rainer Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel")** | | |
| **CDU:** [Abelein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Abelein "Manfred Abelein") [Adorno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Adorno "Eduard Adorno") (until 21 August 1972) [Alber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegbert_Alber "Siegbert Alber") [Alten-Nordheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odal_von_Alten-Nordheim "Odal von Alten-Nordheim") [Amrehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Amrehn "Franz Amrehn") [Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Arnold_\(politician\) "Gottfried Arnold (politician)") [Artzinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Artzinger "Helmut Artzinger") [Bach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Bach "Franz Josef Bach") [Baier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Baier "Fritz Baier") [Balkenhol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Balkenhol "Bernhard Balkenhol") [Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Becker_\(politician,_born_1905\) "Curt Becker (politician, born 1905)") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Becker_\(politician,_born_1905\) "Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)") [Benda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Benda "Ernst Benda") (until 8 December 1971) [Berberich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Berberich "August Berberich") [Berding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Berding "Franz Berding") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieselotte_Berger "Lieselotte Berger") (from 26 August 1971) [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Berger_\(politician\) "Ulrich Berger (politician)") [Bewerunge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bewerunge "Karl Bewerunge") [Biechele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Biechele "Hermann Biechele") [Birrenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Birrenbach "Kurt Birrenbach") [Bismarck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_von_Bismarck "Philipp von Bismarck") [Bittelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Bittelmann "Otto Bittelmann") [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Blank "Theodor Blank") (until 21 April 1972) [Blumenfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Blumenfeld "Erik Blumenfeld") [Bockelberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_von_Bockelberg "Helmut von Bockelberg") [Böhme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_B%C3%B6hme_\(politician,_born_1925\) "GĂŒnter Böhme (politician, born 1925)") [Brandes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Brandes "Bruno Brandes") (until 29 October 1969) [Brauksiepe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe "Aenne Brauksiepe") [Breidbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Breidbach "Ferdinand Breidbach") [Bremer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Bremer "Rolf Bremer") [Bremm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Bremm "Klaus Bremm") [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Br%C3%BCck "Valentin BrĂŒck") (from 14 August 1970) [Burgbacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Burgbacher "Fritz Burgbacher") [Burgemeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Burgemeister "Alfred Burgemeister") (until 23 April 1970) [Burger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Burger_\(politician\) "Albert Burger (politician)") [Czaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Czaja "Herbert Czaja") [Damm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Damm_\(politician,_born_1927\) "Carl Damm (politician, born 1927)") [Delden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembert_van_Delden "Rembert van Delden") [Dichgans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Dichgans "Hans Dichgans") [Draeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Draeger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Draeger (page does not exist)") [Eckardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_von_Eckardt "Felix von Eckardt") [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Erhard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Erhard (page does not exist)") [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard") [Ernesti](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Ernesti&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leo Ernesti (page does not exist)") [Erpenbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Erpenbeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand Erpenbeck (page does not exist)") [Evers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Evers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Evers (page does not exist)") [Eyrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Eyrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Eyrich (page does not exist)") [Fircks](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Freiherr_von_Fircks&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Freiherr von Fircks (page does not exist)") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Franke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Franke (page does not exist)") [Freiwald](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Freiwald&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Freiwald (page does not exist)") [Frerichs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ke_Frerichs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Göke Frerichs (page does not exist)") [FrĂŒh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Fr%C3%BCh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Isidor FrĂŒh (page does not exist)") [Furler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Furler "Hans Furler") [Gatzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Gatzen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Gatzen (page does not exist)") [Gewandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Gewandt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Gewandt (page does not exist)") [Giulini](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Giulini&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Giulini (page does not exist)") [GlĂŒsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing "Hermann GlĂŒsing") [Gölter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_G%C3%B6lter "Georg Gölter") [Gottesleben](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Gottesleben&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leo Gottesleben (page does not exist)") [Götz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_\(politician\) "Hermann Götz (politician)") [Gradl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Gradl "Johann Baptist Gradl") [Griesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annemarie_Griesinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Annemarie Griesinger (page does not exist)") (until 6 September 1972) [Gruhl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Gruhl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Gruhl (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Haase (page does not exist)") [HĂ€fele](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansj%C3%B6rg_H%C3%A4fele&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansjörg HĂ€fele (page does not exist)") [Hallstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hallstein "Walter Hallstein") [Hammans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hammans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Hammans (page does not exist)") [Hanz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Hanz&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Hanz (page does not exist)") [Hartnack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Hartnack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Hartnack (page does not exist)") (from 14 September 1972) [HĂ€rzschel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_H%C3%A4rzschel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt HĂ€rzschel (page does not exist)") [Hassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel "Kai-Uwe von Hassel") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alo Hauser (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Hauser (page does not exist)") [HĂ€ussler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_H%C3%A4ussler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin HĂ€ussler (page does not exist)") [Heck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Heck "Bruno Heck") [Hein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Hein (page does not exist)") (from 27 April 1970 until 18 April 1971) [Hellige](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Hellige&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walther Hellige (page does not exist)") (from 19 April 1971) [Helms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Helms "Wilhelm Helms") [Henze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Henze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Henze (page does not exist)") (until 10 April 1972) [Hermesdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hermesdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Hermesdorf (page does not exist)") [Horstmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Horstmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Horstmeier (page does not exist)") [Horten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alphons_Horten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alphons Horten (page does not exist)") [Hubrig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hubrig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hubrig (page does not exist)") [Hupka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hupka "Herbert Hupka") [Hussing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Hussing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Hussing (page does not exist)") [Huys](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Huys&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lambert Huys (page does not exist)") [Jacobi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Jacobi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Jacobi (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Edgar_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Edgar Jahn (page does not exist)") [Jenninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Jenninger "Philipp Jenninger") [Josten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Josten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Peter Josten (page does not exist)") [Jungmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Jungmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Jungmann (page does not exist)") [Kalinke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Kalinke "Margot Kalinke") [Katzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Katzer "Hans Katzer") [Kiep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Leisler_Kiep "Walther Leisler Kiep") [Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") [Klee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie-Elisabeth_Klee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marie-Elisabeth Klee (page does not exist)") [Klepsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Klepsch "Egon Klepsch") [Kliesing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kliesing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kliesing (page does not exist)") [Klinker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Klinker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Klinker (page does not exist)") [Köppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_K%C3%B6ppler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Köppler (page does not exist)") (until 8 August 1970) [Köster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_K%C3%B6ster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gottfried Köster (page does not exist)") [Kotowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kotowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kotowski (page does not exist)") [Krammig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Krammig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Krammig (page does not exist)") [Krampe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Krampe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Krampe (page does not exist)") [Kraske](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Kraske&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad Kraske (page does not exist)") [Kunz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kunz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Kunz (page does not exist)") (from 13 December 1971) [Lampersbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lampersbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Lampersbach (page does not exist)") [Leicht](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Leicht&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Leicht (page does not exist)") [Lemmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer "Ernst Lemmer") (until 18 August 1970) [Lensing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Lensing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eduard Lensing (page does not exist)") [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Otto_Lenz "Carl Otto Lenz") [Lenze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Lenze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Lenze (page does not exist)") [Lenzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lenzer "Christian Lenzer") [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Link "Helmut Link") [Löher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_L%C3%B6her&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Löher (page does not exist)") (from 23 April 1972) [Löhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_L%C3%B6hr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Löhr (page does not exist)") [Looft](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Looft&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Looft (page does not exist)") (from 15 October 1971) [LĂŒcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke "Paul LĂŒcke") [Luda](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Luda&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Luda (page does not exist)") [Majonica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Majonica "Ernst Majonica") [Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Berthold Martin (page does not exist)") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") [Maucher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Maucher "Eugen Maucher") [Meister](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Meister_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Meister (politician) (page does not exist)") [Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende") [Mick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Mick (page does not exist)") [Mikat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mikat "Paul Mikat") [Miltner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Miltner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Miltner (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1916\) "Adolf MĂŒller (politician, born 1916)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Johannes MĂŒller (politician)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_M%C3%BCller_\(CDU_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef MĂŒller (CDU politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller-Hermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann "Ernst MĂŒller-Hermann") [Mursch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Mursch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Mursch (page does not exist)") [Nordenskjöld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_von_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter von Nordenskjöld (page does not exist)") [OrgaĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Orga%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard OrgaĂ (page does not exist)") [Petersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Petersen_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Petersen (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Pfeifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Pfeifer "Anton Pfeifer") [Picard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Picard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Picard (page does not exist)") [Pieroth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmar_Pieroth "Elmar Pieroth") [Pieser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liselotte_Pieser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liselotte Pieser (page does not exist)") [Pinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfried_Pinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Winfried Pinger (page does not exist)") [Pohlmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_Pohlmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eberhard Pohlmann (page does not exist)") (from 4 November 1969) [Prassler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Prassler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Prassler (page does not exist)") [PreiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F "Ludwig PreiĂ") [Rasner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Rasner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Will Rasner (page does not exist)") (until 15 October 1971) [Rawe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rawe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Rawe (page does not exist)") [Reddemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reddemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reddemann (page does not exist)") [Reinhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Reinhard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Reinhard (page does not exist)") [Richarts](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Richarts&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Richarts (page does not exist)") [Riedel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Riedel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Clemens Riedel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Rinsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Rinsche&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Rinsche (page does not exist)") [Ritgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Ritgen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Ritgen (page does not exist)") [Ritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Ritz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Burkhard Ritz (page does not exist)") [Rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edelhard_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edelhard Rock (page does not exist)") [Rollmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Rollmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Rollmann (page does not exist)") [Rommerskirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Rommerskirchen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Rommerskirchen (page does not exist)") [Rönn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Schlichting-von_R%C3%B6nn&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Schlichting-von Rönn (page does not exist)") (from 17 April 1972) [Rösing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_R%C3%B6sing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Rösing (page does not exist)") [Ruf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Ruf (page does not exist)") [Russe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Russe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Josef Russe (page does not exist)") [Sauter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Sauter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Sauter (page does not exist)") (from 29 August 1972) [Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botho_Prinz_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein "Botho Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein") [Schmid-Burgk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Schmid-Burgk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Schmid-Burgk (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schmitt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Schmitt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Schmitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Schmitz (page does not exist)") (from 20 August 1970 until 25 August 1971) [SchmĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker "Kurt SchmĂŒcker") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Schneider_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schober](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Schober&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Schober (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schr%C3%B6der_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Schröder (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 12 September 1972) [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diedrich_Schr%C3%B6der&action=edit&redlink=1 "Diedrich Schröder (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") [Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christa_Schroeder_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christa Schroeder (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schulhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schulhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Schulhoff (page does not exist)") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schulte "Dieter Schulte") [Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Peter_Schulz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Peter Schulz (page does not exist)") [Schwörer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer "Hermann Schwörer") [Seiters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Seiters "Rudolf Seiters") [Seume](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seume&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Seume (page does not exist)") [Siemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J_Hermann_Siemer&action=edit&redlink=1 "J Hermann Siemer (page does not exist)") [Solke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Solke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Emil Solke (page does not exist)") [Springorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Springorum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Springorum (page does not exist)") [Sprung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sprung "Rudolf Sprung") [Stahlberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Stahlberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Stahlberg (page does not exist)") [Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Stark "Anton Stark") [Starke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Starke "Heinz Starke") [Stehle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Otto_Stehle&action=edit&redlink=1 "German Otto Stehle (page does not exist)") (from 7 September 1972) [Stein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Stein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustav Stein (page does not exist)") [Steiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Steiner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Julius Steiner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Stoltenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg "Gerhard Stoltenberg") (until 3 June 1971) [Stommel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Stommel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Stommel (page does not exist)") [Storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Karl_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich-Karl Storm (page does not exist)") [Struve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlef_Struve "Detlef Struve") [Susset](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Susset&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Susset (page does not exist)") [Thadden](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz-Lorenz_von_Thadden&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz-Lorenz von Thadden (page does not exist)") [Tobaben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tobaben "Peter Tobaben") [TĂŒbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irma_T%C3%BCbler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irma TĂŒbler (page does not exist)") [Unland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Unland&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Josef Unland (page does not exist)") [Varelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Varelmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Varelmann (page does not exist)") [Vehar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Vehar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Vehar (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Vogel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Vogel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Vogt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Vogt (page does not exist)") [Volmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Volmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Volmer (page does not exist)") [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Ludwig_Wagner "Carl-Ludwig Wagner") [Walz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Walz "Hanna Walz") [Wawrzik](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Wawrzik&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Wawrzik (page does not exist)") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weber_\(politician,_born_1936\) "Karl Weber (politician, born 1936)") [WeizsĂ€cker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker "Richard von WeizsĂ€cker") [Wendelborn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Wendelborn "Helmut Wendelborn") (from 11 June 1971) [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Werner (page does not exist)") [Windelen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen "Heinrich Windelen") [Winkelheide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide "Bernhard Winkelheide") [Wissebach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wissebach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wissebach (page does not exist)") [Wohlrabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Wohlrabe&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Wohlrabe (page does not exist)") [Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erika_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erika Wolf (page does not exist)") [Wörner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner "Manfred Wörner") [Wrangel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Baron_von_Wrangel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Baron von Wrangel (page does not exist)") [Wulff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wulff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wulff (page does not exist)") [Zink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Zink "Otto Zink") [Zoglmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Zoglmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Zoglmann (page does not exist)") **CSU:** [Aigner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Aigner "Heinrich Aigner") [Althammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Althammer "Walter Althammer") [Becher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Becher "Walter Becher") [Biehle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Biehle "Alfred Biehle") [Cantzler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Cantzler "Roland Cantzler") (from 7 June 1972) [Dasch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Dasch "Valentin Dasch") (until 15 September 1972) [Dittrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Dittrich "Stefan Dittrich") [Dollinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dollinger "Werner Dollinger") [Ehnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ehnes "Georg Ehnes") (until 19 September 1972) [Engelsberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Engelsberger "Matthias Engelsberger") [Franz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Franz "Ludwig Franz") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fuchs_\(politician\) "Karl Fuchs (politician)") [Geisendörfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeborg_Geisend%C3%B6rfer "Ingeborg Geisendörfer") [Geisenhofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Geisenhofer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Xaver Geisenhofer (page does not exist)") [Gerlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Gerlach (page does not exist)") [Gierenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Gierenstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Gierenstein (page does not exist)") [Gleissner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Gleissner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Gleissner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Guttenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Freiherr_von_und_zu_Guttenberg "Karl Theodor Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg") (until 6 June 1972) [Höcherl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl "Hermann Höcherl") [Hösl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_H%C3%B6sl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alex Hösl (page does not exist)") [Jaeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jaeger "Richard Jaeger") [Jobst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionys_Jobst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dionys Jobst (page does not exist)") [Kempfler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kempfler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Kempfler (page does not exist)") [Kiechle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Kiechle "Ignaz Kiechle") [Kley](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisbert_Kley&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gisbert Kley (page does not exist)") [Kreile](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Kreile&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Kreile (page does not exist)") [Kuchtner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edeltraud_Kuchtner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edeltraud Kuchtner (page does not exist)") [Lemmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Lemmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Lemmrich (page does not exist)") [LĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans August LĂŒcker (page does not exist)") [Memmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linus_Memmel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Linus Memmel (page does not exist)") [Menth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Menth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Menth (page does not exist)") (from 19 September 1972) [Niegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Niegel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lorenz Niegel (page does not exist)") [Ott](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Ott&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anton Ott (page does not exist)") [Pohle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Pohle (page does not exist)") (until 27 August 1971) [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Probst "Albert Probst") [Prochazka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Prochazka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Prochazka (page does not exist)") (from 18 September 1972) [Rainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Rainer_\(politician,_born_1921\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Rainer (politician, born 1921) (page does not exist)") [Riedl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Riedl "Erich Riedl") [Röhner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_R%C3%B6hner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Röhner (page does not exist)") [Roser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Roser_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Roser (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schedl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Schedl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Schedl (page does not exist)") (from 7 January 1971) [Schlee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Schlee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albrecht Schlee (page does not exist)") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Schneider "Oscar Schneider") [Schulze-Vorberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Schulze-Vorberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Schulze-Vorberg (page does not exist)") [Spilker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Spilker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Spilker (page does not exist)") [Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss "Franz Josef Strauss") [StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") [Unertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Unertl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Xaver Unertl (page does not exist)") (until 31 December 1970) [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Wagner "Leo Wagner") [Warnke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Warnke "JĂŒrgen Warnke") [Weigl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Weigl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Weigl (page does not exist)") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Wittmann "Fritz Wittmann") (from 6 September 1971) [Ziegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ziegler "Erich Ziegler") [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann "Friedrich Zimmermann") | | |
| SPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:6th_Bundestag_SPD "Template:6th Bundestag SPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:6th_Bundestag_SPD "Template talk:6th Bundestag SPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:6th_Bundestag_SPD "Special:EditPage/Template:6th Bundestag SPD")SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Herbert Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner")** | | |
| **Members:** [Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Adams "Rudi Adams") [Ahrens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ahrens "Karl Ahrens") [Anbuhl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Anbuhl&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Anbuhl (page does not exist)") (from 3 November 1970) [Apel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Apel "Hans Apel") [Arendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Arendt "Walter Arendt") [Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_Arndt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus Arndt (page does not exist)") [Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Dieter_Arndt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Dieter Arndt (page does not exist)") [Baack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Baack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Baack (page does not exist)") [Baeuchle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Joachim_Baeuchle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Joachim Baeuchle (page does not exist)") [Bals](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bals&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Bals (page does not exist)") [Barche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Barche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Barche (page does not exist)") [Bardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bardens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Bardens (page does not exist)") [Bartsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Bartsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willy Bartsch (page does not exist)") [Batz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Batz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Batz (page does not exist)") [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannsheinz_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hannsheinz Bauer (page does not exist)") [BĂ€uerle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_B%C3%A4uerle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi BĂ€uerle (page does not exist)") [Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Bay (page does not exist)") [Bayerl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfons_Bayerl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfons Bayerl (page does not exist)") [Bechert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bechert "Karl Bechert") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Becker (page does not exist)") [Beermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Beermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Beermann (page does not exist)") [Behrendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Behrendt "Walter Behrendt") [Bergmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_\(politician\) "Karl Bergmann (politician)") [Berkhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Berkhan "Karl Wilhelm Berkhan") [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Berlin "August Berlin") [Biermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Biermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Biermann (page does not exist)") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_B%C3%B6hm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Böhm (page does not exist)") [Börner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner "Holger Börner") [Bothmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenelotte_von_Bothmer "Lenelotte von Bothmer") [Brand](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Ulrich_Brand&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Ulrich Brand (page does not exist)") (until 3 November 1970) [Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Brandt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Brandt (page does not exist)") [Brandt]() [Bredl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wenzel_Bredl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wenzel Bredl (page does not exist)") [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Br%C3%BCck "Alwin BrĂŒck") [BrĂŒnen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Br%C3%BCnen "Eberhard BrĂŒnen") [BĂŒchler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_B%C3%BCchler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans BĂŒchler (page does not exist)") (from 9 December 1971) [BĂŒchner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_B%C3%BCchner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter BĂŒchner (page does not exist)") (from 12 October 1971) [Buchstaller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Buchstaller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Buchstaller (page does not exist)") [BĂŒhling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_B%C3%BChling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard BĂŒhling (page does not exist)") [BĂŒlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_B%C3%BClow "Andreas von BĂŒlow") [Buschfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Buschfort&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Buschfort (page does not exist)") [BuĂmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Bu%C3%9Fmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernhard BuĂmann (page does not exist)") [Collet](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Collet&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Collet (page does not exist)") [Corterier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Corterier "Peter Corterier") [Cramer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Cramer_\(politician\) "Johann Cramer (politician)") [Dohmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Dohmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedhelm Dohmann (page does not exist)") (until 20 February 1970) [Dohnanyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_von_Dohnanyi "Klaus von Dohnanyi") [Dröscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dr%C3%B6scher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Dröscher (page does not exist)") (until 12 October 1971) [DĂŒbber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_D%C3%BCbber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich DĂŒbber (page does not exist)") (from 16 July 1971) [DĂŒrr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_D%C3%BCrr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann DĂŒrr (page does not exist)") [Eckerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Eckerland&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Eckerland (page does not exist)") [Ehmke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ehmke "Horst Ehmke") [Eilers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede_Eilers "Elfriede Eilers") [Elsner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilse_Elsner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ilse Elsner (page does not exist)") (until 14 May 1970) [Enders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelin_Enders "Wendelin Enders") [Engholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Engholm "Björn Engholm") [Eppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Eppler "Erhard Eppler") [Esters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Esters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Esters (page does not exist)") [Faller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Faller "Walter Faller") [Farthmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedhelm_Farthmann "Friedhelm Farthmann") (from 26 June 1971) [FellerMayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_FellerMayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig FellerMayer (page does not exist)") [Fiebig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Fiebig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Fiebig (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Fischer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Fischer (politician) (page does not exist)") [FlĂ€mig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fl%C3%A4mig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard FlĂ€mig (page does not exist)") [Focke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Focke "Katharina Focke") [Folger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Folger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Folger (page does not exist)") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") [Frehsee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frehsee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Frehsee (page does not exist)") [Freyh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Freyh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Freyh (page does not exist)") [Fritsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Fritsch_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Fritsch (politician) (page does not exist)") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Geiger (politician) (page does not exist)") [Gerlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Gerlach (page does not exist)") [Gertzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gertzen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Gertzen (page does not exist)") [GeĂner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Ge%C3%9Fner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred GeĂner (page does not exist)") [Glombig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Glombig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen Glombig (page does not exist)") [GnĂ€dinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz-Joachim_Gn%C3%A4dinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz-Joachim GnĂ€dinger (page does not exist)") [Grobecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_Grobecker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus Grobecker (page does not exist)") (from 8 January 1970) [Gscheidle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Gscheidle "Kurt Gscheidle") (until 7 November 1969) [Haack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Haack "Dieter Haack") [Haage](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Haage&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Haage (page does not exist)") (until 21 December 1970) [Haar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Haar (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Haase (page does not exist)") [Haehser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Haehser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Haehser (page does not exist)") [Halfmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Halfmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedhelm Halfmeier (page does not exist)") [Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hansen (page does not exist)") [Hansing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Hansing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Hansing (page does not exist)") [Hauck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hauck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Hauck (page does not exist)") [Hauff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Hauff "Volker Hauff") [Hein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Hein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Hein (page does not exist)") (until 19 January 1971) [Henke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Henke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Henke (page does not exist)") [Herklotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Herklotz "Luise Herklotz") [Hermsdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hermsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hermsdorf (page does not exist)") [Herold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Herold (page does not exist)") [Heyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roelf_Heyen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roelf Heyen (page does not exist)") [Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hirsch_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Hirsch (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 8 December 1971) [Hofmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hofmann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hofmann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Höhmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_H%C3%B6hmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Höhmann (page does not exist)") [Hörmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_H%C3%B6rmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hörmann (page does not exist)") [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Horn (page does not exist)") [Huber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Huber "Antje Huber") [Jacobi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Jacobi "Werner Jacobi") (until 5 March 1970) [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn "Gerhard Jahn") [Jaschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Jaschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Jaschke (page does not exist)") [Junghans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Junghans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Junghans (page does not exist)") [Junker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Junker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Junker (page does not exist)") [Kaffka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kaffka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kaffka (page does not exist)") [Kahn-Ackermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kahn-Ackermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kahn-Ackermann (page does not exist)") (from 28 December 1970) [Kater](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Kater&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Kater (page does not exist)") [Kern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hans_Kern "Karl-Hans Kern") [Killat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Killat&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arthur Killat (page does not exist)") [Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Koch (page does not exist)") [Koenig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter-Michael_Koenig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter-Michael Koenig (page does not exist)") [Kohlberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Kohlberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Kohlberger (page does not exist)") [Konrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Konrad_\(politician\) "Klaus Konrad (politician)") [Krappe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edith_Krappe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edith Krappe (page does not exist)") [Kreutzmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Kreutzmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Kreutzmann (page does not exist)") [Kriedemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)") [Krockert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Krockert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Krockert (page does not exist)") [Kulawig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alwin_Kulawig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alwin Kulawig (page does not exist)") [Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Lange (page does not exist)") [Langebeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Langebeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Langebeck (page does not exist)") [Lauritzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauritz_Lauritzen "Lauritz Lauritzen") [Lautenschlager](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lautenschlager&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Lautenschlager (page does not exist)") [Lauterbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Lauterbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ellen Lauterbach (page does not exist)") [Leber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Leber "Georg Leber") [Lemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lemp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Lemp (page does not exist)") [Lemper](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Lemper&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hubert Lemper (page does not exist)") [Lenders](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Lenders&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Lenders (page does not exist)") [Liedtke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liedtke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Liedtke (page does not exist)") [Liehr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Liehr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harry Liehr (page does not exist)") (until 16 July 1971) [Löbbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_L%C3%B6bbert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Löbbert (page does not exist)") [Löffler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_L%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Löffler (page does not exist)") [Lohmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Lohmar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Lohmar (page does not exist)") [Lotze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Lotze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudi Lotze (page does not exist)") (until 17 October 1971) [Marquardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marquardt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marquardt (page does not exist)") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") [Matthes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Matthes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Matthes (page does not exist)") [Matthöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer "Hans Matthöfer") [Mattick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mattick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Mattick (page does not exist)") [Maybaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Maybaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Maybaum (page does not exist)") [Meermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedwig_Meermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hedwig Meermann (page does not exist)") [Meinecke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Meinecke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Meinecke (page does not exist)") [Meinike](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meinike&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Meinike (page does not exist)") [Metzger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Metzger&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Metzger (page does not exist)") [Michels](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Michels (page does not exist)") [Möhring](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_M%C3%B6hring&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Möhring (page does not exist)") [Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_M%C3%B6ller "Alex Möller") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Heinrich MĂŒller (politician)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller-Emmert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_M%C3%BCller-Emmert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf MĂŒller-Emmert (page does not exist)") [MĂŒthling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_M%C3%BCthling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans MĂŒthling (page does not exist)") [Neemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Neemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Neemann (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Neumann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Neumann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Nölling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_N%C3%B6lling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Nölling (page does not exist)") [Oetting](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Oetting&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Oetting (page does not exist)") (from 19 October 1971) [Offergeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Offergeld "Rainer Offergeld") [Orth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Orth_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisabeth Orth (politician) (page does not exist)") [Ostman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderich_Freiherr_Ostman_von_der_Leye "Wilderich Freiherr Ostman von der Leye") [Pawelczyk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Pawelczyk "Alfons Pawelczyk") [Peiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Peiter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Peiter (page does not exist)") [Pensky](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Pensky&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Pensky (page does not exist)") [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Peters "Georg Peters") [Pöhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_P%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Pöhler (page does not exist)") [Porzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Porzner "Konrad Porzner") [Raffert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Raffert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Raffert (page does not exist)") [Ravens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ravens "Karl Ravens") [Reischl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reischl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reischl (page does not exist)") [Renger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Renger "Annemarie Renger") [Richter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Richter "Klaus Richter") [Rinderspacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Rinderspacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Rinderspacher (page does not exist)") [Rohde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Rohde "Helmut Rohde") [Rosenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Rosenthal_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Philip Rosenthal (politician) (page does not exist)") [Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Ross (page does not exist)") [SĂ€ckl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_S%C3%A4ckl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter SĂ€ckl (page does not exist)") (from 10 November 1969) [Sander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Engelbert Sander (page does not exist)") [Saxowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Saxowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Saxowski (page does not exist)") [Schachtschabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Georg_Schachtschabel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Georg Schachtschabel (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") [Schanzenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)") [Schellenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)") [Scheu](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Scheu&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Scheu (page does not exist)") [Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Schiller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christoph Schiller (page does not exist)") [Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schiller "Karl Schiller") [Schimschok](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hildegard_Schimschok&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hildegard Schimschok (page does not exist)") [Schirmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedel_Schirmer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedel Schirmer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schlaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schlaga&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Schlaga (page does not exist)") [Schlei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Schlei "Marie Schlei") [Schmid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_\(German_politician\) "Carlo Schmid (German politician)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Schmidt (page does not exist)") (until 3 November 1969) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1914\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schmidt (politician, born 1914) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schmidt_\(politician\) "Wolfgang Schmidt (politician)") [Schmitt-Vockenhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmitt-Vockenhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmitt-Vockenhausen (page does not exist)") [Schmude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmude "JĂŒrgen Schmude") [Schoettle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)") [Schollmeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schollmeyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schollmeyer (page does not exist)") [Schonhofen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schonhofen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Schonhofen (page does not exist)") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schulte&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schulte (page does not exist)") [Schwabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwabe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schwabe (page does not exist)") [Seefeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Seefeld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Seefeld (page does not exist)") [Seibert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Seibert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Philipp Seibert (page does not exist)") [Seidel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Seidel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Seidel (page does not exist)") [Seifriz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Stefan_Seifriz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Stefan Seifriz (page does not exist)") (until 6 January 1970) [Seppi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Seppi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elfriede Seppi (page does not exist)") [Sieglerschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Sieglerschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hellmut Sieglerschmidt (page does not exist)") [Simon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Heinrich_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Heinrich Simon (page does not exist)") [Slotta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Slotta&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Slotta (page does not exist)") [Sperling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Sperling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Sperling (page does not exist)") [Spillecke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Spillecke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Spillecke (page does not exist)") [Staak](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Staak&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Staak (page does not exist)") (from 21 May 1970) [Strobel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel "KĂ€te Strobel") [Strohmayr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Strohmayr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Strohmayr (page does not exist)") [Suck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Suck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Suck (page does not exist)") [Tallert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Tallert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harry Tallert (page does not exist)") [TamblĂ©](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Tambl%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard TamblĂ© (page does not exist)") [Timm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Timm "Helga Timm") [Tönjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_T%C3%B6njes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Tönjes (page does not exist)") [Urbaniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Eberhard_Urbaniak&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Eberhard Urbaniak (page does not exist)") (from 9 March 1970) [Vit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Vit&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Vit (page does not exist)") [Walkhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Walkhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Walkhoff (page does not exist)") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Weber_\(politician\) "Hubert Weber (politician)") [Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") [Welslau](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Welslau&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Welslau (page does not exist)") (from 26 February 1970) [Wende](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Wende&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Wende (page does not exist)") [Wendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Wendt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Wendt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Westphal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Westphal "Heinz Westphal") [Wichert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Wichert&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Wichert (page does not exist)") [Wiefel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Wiefel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bruno Wiefel (page does not exist)") [Wienand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wienand "Karl Wienand") [Wilhelm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Wilhelm (page does not exist)") [Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") [With](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_de_With&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans de With (page does not exist)") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wittmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wittmann (page does not exist)") [Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Wolf (page does not exist)") [Wolfram](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Wolfram (page does not exist)") [Wrede](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Wrede&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Wrede (page does not exist)") [WĂŒrtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_W%C3%BCrtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter WĂŒrtz (page does not exist)") [WĂŒster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_W%C3%BCster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt WĂŒster (page does not exist)") [Wuttke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Wuttke&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Wuttke (page does not exist)") [Wuwer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wuwer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Wuwer (page does not exist)") [Zander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fred Zander (page does not exist)") (from 3 November 1969) [Zebisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Josef_Zebisch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Josef Zebisch (page does not exist)") | | |
| FDP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:6th_Bundestag_FDP "Template:6th Bundestag FDP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:6th_Bundestag_FDP "Template talk:6th Bundestag FDP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:6th_Bundestag_FDP "Special:EditPage/Template:6th Bundestag FDP")FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Wolfgang Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") | | |
| **Members:** [Achenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach "Ernst Achenbach") [Borm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Borm "William Borm") [Dahrendorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf "Ralf Dahrendorf") (until 25 August 1970) [Diemer-Nicolaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Diemer-Nicolaus "Emmy Diemer-Nicolaus") [Dorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Dorn_\(politician\) "Wolfram Dorn (politician)") [Ertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ertl "Josef Ertl") [Funcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liselotte_Funcke "Liselotte Funcke") [Gallus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Gallus "Georg Gallus") (from 10 September 1970) [Geldner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Geldner_\(politician\) "Karl Geldner (politician)") (from 26 January 1970) [Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") [Graaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Graaff "Carlo Graaff") [GrĂŒner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gr%C3%BCner "Martin GrĂŒner") [Haas](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Haas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albrecht Haas (page does not exist)") (until 20 January 1970) [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Jung "Kurt Jung") [Kienbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kienbaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Kienbaum (page does not exist)") (until 2 May 1972) [Kirst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Kirst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Victor Kirst (page does not exist)") [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Kleinert (page does not exist)") [Krall](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Krall&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Krall (page does not exist)") (from 16 March 1970) [KĂŒhlmann-Stumm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm "Knut von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm") (until 30 May 1972) [Logemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Logemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Logemann (page does not exist)") [Menne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Menne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alexander Menne (page does not exist)") (from 31 May 1972) [Mertes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Mertes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Mertes (page does not exist)") [Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") [Moersch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Moersch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Moersch (page does not exist)") [Ollesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Ollesch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Ollesch (page does not exist)") [Opitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Opitz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Opitz (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 2 May 1972) [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Peters (page does not exist)") [Rutschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rutschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Rutschke (page does not exist)") (until 7 January 1971) [Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinrich_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinrich Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schultz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz-Rudolf_Schultz "Fritz-Rudolf Schultz") (until 11 March 1970) [SpitzmĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Spitzm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt SpitzmĂŒller (page does not exist)") (from 12 January 1971) [Wurbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wurbs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Wurbs (page does not exist)") | | |
| [List of members of the 6th Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_6th_Bundestag "List of members of the 6th Bundestag") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_7th_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 7th Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_7th_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 7th Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_7th_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 7th Bundestag")  [Members of the 7th Bundestag (1972â1976)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_7th_Bundestag "List of members of the 7th Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Annemarie Renger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Renger "Annemarie Renger") (SPD)** | | |
| SPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:7th_Bundestag_SPD "Template:7th Bundestag SPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Bundestag_SPD "Template talk:7th Bundestag SPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Bundestag_SPD "Special:EditPage/Template:7th Bundestag SPD")SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Herbert Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner")** | | |
| **Members:** [Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Adams "Rudi Adams") [Ahlers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Ahlers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Conrad Ahlers (page does not exist)") [Ahrens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ahrens "Karl Ahrens") [Amling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Amling "Max Amling") [Anbuhl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Anbuhl&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Anbuhl (page does not exist)") [Apel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Apel "Hans Apel") [Arendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Arendt "Walter Arendt") [Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Dieter_Arndt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Dieter Arndt (page does not exist)") (until 29 January 1974) [Arndt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_Arndt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus Arndt (page does not exist)") (from 20 May 1974) [Augstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Augstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Augstein (page does not exist)") [Baack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Baack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Baack (page does not exist)") [Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr") [Barche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Barche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Barche (page does not exist)") [Bardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bardens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Bardens (page does not exist)") [Batz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Batz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Batz (page does not exist)") [BĂ€uerle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_B%C3%A4uerle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi BĂ€uerle (page does not exist)") [Bayerl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfons_Bayerl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfons Bayerl (page does not exist)") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Becker (page does not exist)") [Beermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Beermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Beermann (page does not exist)") (until 24 November 1975) [Behrendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Behrendt "Walter Behrendt") [Berkhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Berkhan "Karl Wilhelm Berkhan") (until 19 March 1975) [Biermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Biermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Biermann (page does not exist)") [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram_Blank&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bertram Blank (page does not exist)") [Böhme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_B%C3%B6hme "Rolf Böhme") [Börner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner "Holger Börner") (until 22 October 1976) [Bothmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenelotte_von_Bothmer "Lenelotte von Bothmer") [Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Brandt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Brandt (page does not exist)") [Brandt]() [Bredl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wenzel_Bredl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wenzel Bredl (page does not exist)") [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Br%C3%BCck "Alwin BrĂŒck") [BĂŒchler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_B%C3%BCchler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans BĂŒchler (page does not exist)") [BĂŒchner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_B%C3%BCchner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter BĂŒchner (page does not exist)") [Buchstaller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Buchstaller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Buchstaller (page does not exist)") [BĂŒhling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_B%C3%BChling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard BĂŒhling (page does not exist)") [BĂŒlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_B%C3%BClow "Andreas von BĂŒlow") [Buschfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Buschfort&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Buschfort (page does not exist)") [BuĂmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Bu%C3%9Fmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernhard BuĂmann (page does not exist)") [Collet](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Collet&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Collet (page does not exist)") [Conradi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Conradi_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Conradi (politician) (page does not exist)") [Coppik](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Coppik&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Coppik (page does not exist)") [Corterier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Corterier "Peter Corterier") [DĂ€ubler-Gmelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herta_D%C3%A4ubler-Gmelin "Herta DĂ€ubler-Gmelin") [Dohnanyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_von_Dohnanyi "Klaus von Dohnanyi") [DĂŒbber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_D%C3%BCbber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich DĂŒbber (page does not exist)") [DĂŒrr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_D%C3%BCrr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann DĂŒrr (page does not exist)") [Eckerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Eckerland&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Eckerland (page does not exist)") [Egert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Egert&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Egert (page does not exist)") [Ehmke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ehmke "Horst Ehmke") [Ehrenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ehrenberg "Herbert Ehrenberg") [Eilers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede_Eilers "Elfriede Eilers") [Elchlepp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Elchlepp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Elchlepp (page does not exist)") (from 4 June 1976) [Emmerlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Emmerlich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Emmerlich (page does not exist)") [Enders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelin_Enders "Wendelin Enders") [Engholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Engholm "Björn Engholm") [Eppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Eppler "Erhard Eppler") (until 3 June 1976) [Esters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Esters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Esters (page does not exist)") [Ewen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ewen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Ewen (page does not exist)") [Farthmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedhelm_Farthmann "Friedhelm Farthmann") (until 5 June 1975) [FellerMayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_FellerMayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig FellerMayer (page does not exist)") [Fiebig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Fiebig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Fiebig (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Fischer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Fischer (politician) (page does not exist)") [FlĂ€mig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fl%C3%A4mig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard FlĂ€mig (page does not exist)") [Focke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Focke "Katharina Focke") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") [Frehsee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frehsee&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Frehsee (page does not exist)") [Friedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Friedrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bruno Friedrich (page does not exist)") [Gansel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Gansel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Gansel (page does not exist)") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Geiger (politician) (page does not exist)") [Gerlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Gerlach (page does not exist)") [Gerstl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Gerstl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Gerstl (page does not exist)") [Gertzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gertzen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Gertzen (page does not exist)") [GeĂner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Ge%C3%9Fner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred GeĂner (page does not exist)") [Glombig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Glombig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen Glombig (page does not exist)") [Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glotz "Peter Glotz") [GnĂ€dinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz-Joachim_Gn%C3%A4dinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz-Joachim GnĂ€dinger (page does not exist)") [Grimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Grimming "JĂŒrgen Grimming") (from 18 June 1975) [Grobecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_Grobecker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus Grobecker (page does not exist)") [Grunenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Grunenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Grunenberg (page does not exist)") [GrĂŒtzmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angela_Gr%C3%BCtzmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Angela GrĂŒtzmann (page does not exist)") (from 2 February 1974) [Haack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Haack "Dieter Haack") [Haar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Haar (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Haase (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Haase_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Haase (politician) (page does not exist)") [Haehser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Haehser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Haehser (page does not exist)") [Haenschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Haenschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Frank Haenschke (page does not exist)") [Halfmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Halfmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedhelm Halfmeier (page does not exist)") [Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hansen (page does not exist)") [Hauck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hauck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Hauck (page does not exist)") [Hauff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Hauff "Volker Hauff") [Henke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Henke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Henke (page does not exist)") [Herbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Herbers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Herbers (page does not exist)") (from 12 May 1976) [Hermsdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hermsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hermsdorf (page does not exist)") (until 30 May 1974) [Herold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Herold (page does not exist)") [Heyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roelf_Heyen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roelf Heyen (page does not exist)") (until 5 June 1975) [Hofmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hofmann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hofmann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Höhmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_H%C3%B6hmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Höhmann (page does not exist)") [Holtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Holtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Holtz (page does not exist)") [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Horn (page does not exist)") [Huber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Huber "Antje Huber") [Huonker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunter_Huonker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gunter Huonker (page does not exist)") [Immer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Immer "Klaus Immer") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn "Gerhard Jahn") [Jaschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Jaschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Jaschke (page does not exist)") [Jaunich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jaunich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jaunich (page does not exist)") [Jens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Jens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Jens (page does not exist)") [Junghans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Junghans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Junghans (page does not exist)") [Junker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Junker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Junker (page does not exist)") [Kaffka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kaffka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kaffka (page does not exist)") [Kahn-Ackermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kahn-Ackermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kahn-Ackermann (page does not exist)") (until 18 September 1974) [Kater](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Kater&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Kater (page does not exist)") [Kern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hans_Kern "Karl-Hans Kern") [Koblitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Koblitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Koblitz (page does not exist)") [Konrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Konrad_\(politician\) "Klaus Konrad (politician)") [Kratz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kratz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Kratz (page does not exist)") [Kreutzmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Kreutzmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Kreutzmann (page does not exist)") [Krockert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Krockert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Krockert (page does not exist)") [Kulawig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alwin_Kulawig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alwin Kulawig (page does not exist)") [Lambinus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Lambinus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Lambinus (page does not exist)") [Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Lange (page does not exist)") [Lattmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Lattmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Lattmann (page does not exist)") [Lauritzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauritz_Lauritzen "Lauritz Lauritzen") [Lautenschlager](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lautenschlager&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Lautenschlager (page does not exist)") [Leber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Leber "Georg Leber") [Lemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lemp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Lemp (page does not exist)") [Lenders](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Lenders&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Lenders (page does not exist)") [Lepsius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Lepsius "Renate Lepsius") [Liedtke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liedtke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Liedtke (page does not exist)") [Löbbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_L%C3%B6bbert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Löbbert (page does not exist)") [Löffler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_L%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Löffler (page does not exist)") [Lohmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Lohmar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Lohmar (page does not exist)") [Lutz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lutz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Lutz (page does not exist)") [Mahne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Mahne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erhard Mahne (page does not exist)") [MĂ€nning](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_M%C3%A4nning&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter MĂ€nning (page does not exist)") (from 19 June 1975) [Marquardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marquardt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marquardt (page does not exist)") [Marschall](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Marschall&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Marschall (page does not exist)") [Martiny-Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anke_Martiny-Glotz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anke Martiny-Glotz (page does not exist)") [Matthöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer "Hans Matthöfer") [Mattick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mattick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Mattick (page does not exist)") [Meermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedwig_Meermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hedwig Meermann (page does not exist)") [Meinecke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Meinecke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Meinecke (page does not exist)") [Meinike](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meinike&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Meinike (page does not exist)") [Metzger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Metzger&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Metzger (page does not exist)") [Möhring](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_M%C3%B6hring&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Möhring (page does not exist)") [Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_M%C3%B6ller "Alex Möller") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Heinrich MĂŒller (politician)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller-Emmert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_M%C3%BCller-Emmert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf MĂŒller-Emmert (page does not exist)") [MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") (from 10 June 1975) [Nagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Nagel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Nagel (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Neumann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Neumann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Nölling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_N%C3%B6lling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Nölling (page does not exist)") (until 20 May 1974) [Oetting](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Oetting&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Oetting (page does not exist)") [Offergeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Offergeld "Rainer Offergeld") [Orth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Orth_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisabeth Orth (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 10 May 1976) [Ostman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderich_Freiherr_Ostman_von_der_Leye "Wilderich Freiherr Ostman von der Leye") [Pawelczyk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Pawelczyk "Alfons Pawelczyk") [Peiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Peiter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Peiter (page does not exist)") [Penner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willfried_Penner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willfried Penner (page does not exist)") [Pensky](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Pensky&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Pensky (page does not exist)") [Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helwin_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helwin Peter (page does not exist)") (from 10 June 1974) [Polkehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Polkehn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Polkehn (page does not exist)") [Porzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Porzner "Konrad Porzner") [Rapp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Rapp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Rapp (page does not exist)") [Rappe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Rappe "Hermann Rappe") [Ravens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ravens "Karl Ravens") [Rehlen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiltrud_Rehlen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wiltrud Rehlen (page does not exist)") (from 14 November 1974) [Reiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_P_Reiser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann P Reiser (page does not exist)") [Renger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Renger "Annemarie Renger") [Reuschenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reuschenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Reuschenbach (page does not exist)") [Richter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Richter "Klaus Richter") [Rohde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Rohde "Helmut Rohde") [Röhlig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_R%C3%B6hlig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Röhlig (page does not exist)") (from 19 March 1975) [Rosenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Rosenthal_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Philip Rosenthal (politician) (page does not exist)") [Sander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Engelbert Sander (page does not exist)") [Saxowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Saxowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Saxowski (page does not exist)") [Schachtschabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Georg_Schachtschabel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Georg Schachtschabel (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harald_B_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harald B SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") [Scheffler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Scheffler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Scheffler (page does not exist)") [Schellenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)") [Scheu](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Scheu&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Scheu (page does not exist)") [Schimschok](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hildegard_Schimschok&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hildegard Schimschok (page does not exist)") [Schinzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Schinzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Schinzel (page does not exist)") [Schirmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedel_Schirmer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedel Schirmer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schlaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schlaga&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Schlaga (page does not exist)") [Schlei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Schlei "Marie Schlei") [Schluckebier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Schluckebier&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Schluckebier (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Schmidt "Adolf Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1914\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schmidt (politician, born 1914) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schmidt_\(politician\) "Wolfgang Schmidt (politician)") [Schmitt-Vockenhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmitt-Vockenhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmitt-Vockenhausen (page does not exist)") [Schmude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmude "JĂŒrgen Schmude") [Schöfberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Sch%C3%B6fberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Schöfberger (page does not exist)") [Schonhofen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schonhofen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Schonhofen (page does not exist)") [Schreiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Schreiber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Schreiber (page does not exist)") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schulte&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schulte (page does not exist)") [Schwabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwabe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schwabe (page does not exist)") [Schwedler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Schwedler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Schwedler (page does not exist)") [Schweitzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl-Christoph_Schweitzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl-Christoph Schweitzer (page does not exist)") [Schwencke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Schwencke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Schwencke (page does not exist)") [Schwenk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwenk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schwenk (page does not exist)") (from 3 June 1974) [Seefeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Seefeld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Seefeld (page does not exist)") [Seibert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Seibert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Philipp Seibert (page does not exist)") [Sieglerschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Sieglerschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hellmut Sieglerschmidt (page does not exist)") [Simon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Heinrich_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Heinrich Simon (page does not exist)") [Simpfendörfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansmartin_Simpfend%C3%B6rfer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansmartin Simpfendörfer (page does not exist)") [Slotta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Slotta&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Slotta (page does not exist)") (until 9 June 1974) [Sperling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Sperling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Sperling (page does not exist)") [Spillecke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Spillecke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Spillecke (page does not exist)") [Staak](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Staak&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Staak (page does not exist)") (until 13 November 1974) [Stahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Stahl (page does not exist)") [Steinhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltraud_Steinhauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waltraud Steinhauer (page does not exist)") (from 9 December 1974) [Suck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Suck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Suck (page does not exist)") [Sund](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Sund&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Sund (page does not exist)") [Tietjen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Tietjen&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Tietjen (page does not exist)") (from 12 September 1974) [Timm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Timm "Helga Timm") [Tönjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_T%C3%B6njes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Tönjes (page does not exist)") [Urbaniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Eberhard_Urbaniak&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Eberhard Urbaniak (page does not exist)") [Vahlberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Vahlberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Vahlberg (page does not exist)") [Vit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Vit&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Vit (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") [Vogelsang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vogelsang&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Vogelsang (page does not exist)") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Voigt "Karsten Voigt") (from 28 October 1976) [Walkhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Walkhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Walkhoff (page does not exist)") [Waltemathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Waltemathe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Waltemathe (page does not exist)") [Walther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Walther&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudi Walther (page does not exist)") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Weber_\(politician\) "Hubert Weber (politician)") [Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") [Wende](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Wende&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Wende (page does not exist)") [Wendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Wendt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Wendt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wernitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Wernitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Axel Wernitz (page does not exist)") [Westphal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Westphal "Heinz Westphal") [Wichert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Wichert&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Wichert (page does not exist)") (until 10 September 1974) [Wiefel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Wiefel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bruno Wiefel (page does not exist)") [Wienand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wienand "Karl Wienand") (until 3 December 1974) [Wilhelm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Wilhelm (page does not exist)") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Wimmer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Wimmer (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 18 September 1974) [Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") [With](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_de_With&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans de With (page does not exist)") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wittmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wittmann (page does not exist)") [Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Wolf (page does not exist)") [Wolfram](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Wolfram (page does not exist)") [Wrede](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Wrede&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Wrede (page does not exist)") [Wurche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Wurche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gottfried Wurche (page does not exist)") (until 3 June 1975) [WĂŒrtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_W%C3%BCrtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter WĂŒrtz (page does not exist)") [WĂŒster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_W%C3%BCster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt WĂŒster (page does not exist)") [Wuttke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Wuttke&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Wuttke (page does not exist)") [Wuwer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wuwer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Wuwer (page does not exist)") [Zander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fred Zander (page does not exist)") [Zebisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Josef_Zebisch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Josef Zebisch (page does not exist)") [Zeitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Zeitler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Zeitler (page does not exist)") | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:7th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template:7th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template talk:7th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Special:EditPage/Template:7th Bundestag CDU and CSU")CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Rainer Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") until 9 May 1973; [Karl Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Carstens "Karl Carstens") from 17 May 1973** | | |
| **CDU:** [Abelein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Abelein "Manfred Abelein") [Alber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegbert_Alber "Siegbert Alber") [Alten-Nordheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odal_von_Alten-Nordheim "Odal von Alten-Nordheim") [Amrehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Amrehn "Franz Amrehn") [Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Arnold_\(politician\) "Gottfried Arnold (politician)") [Artzinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Artzinger "Helmut Artzinger") [Baier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Baier "Fritz Baier") [Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Becker_\(politician,_born_1905\) "Curt Becker (politician, born 1905)") [Benedix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Benedix "Ursula Benedix") [Benz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerold_Benz "Gerold Benz") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieselotte_Berger "Lieselotte Berger") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Berger_\(politician\) "Ulrich Berger (politician)") [Bewerunge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bewerunge "Karl Bewerunge") [Biechele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Biechele "Hermann Biechele") [Birrenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Birrenbach "Kurt Birrenbach") [Bismarck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_von_Bismarck "Philipp von Bismarck") [BlĂŒm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Bl%C3%BCm "Norbert BlĂŒm") [Blumenfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Blumenfeld "Erik Blumenfeld") [Bockelberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_von_Bockelberg "Helmut von Bockelberg") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_B%C3%B6hm "Wilfried Böhm") [Braun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Braun_\(politician\) "Gerhard Braun (politician)") [Breidbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Breidbach "Ferdinand Breidbach") [Bremer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Bremer "Rolf Bremer") [Bremm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Bremm "Klaus Bremm") [Burgbacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Burgbacher "Fritz Burgbacher") [Burger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Burger_\(politician\) "Albert Burger (politician)") [Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Carstens "Karl Carstens") [Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Carstens "Manfred Carstens") [Czaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Czaja "Herbert Czaja") [Damm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Damm_\(politician,_born_1927\) "Carl Damm (politician, born 1927)") [Delden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembert_van_Delden "Rembert van Delden") [Dregger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger "Alfred Dregger") [Dreyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_Dreyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nicolaus Dreyer (page does not exist)") [Eigen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Eigen "Karl Eigen") [Eilers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Eilers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jan Eilers (page does not exist)") [Entrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Entrup&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Entrup (page does not exist)") [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Erhard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Erhard (page does not exist)") [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard") [Ernesti](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Ernesti&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leo Ernesti (page does not exist)") [Evers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Evers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Evers (page does not exist)") [Ey](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Ey&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Ey (page does not exist)") [Eyrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Eyrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Eyrich (page does not exist)") [Ferrang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Ferrang&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Ferrang (page does not exist)") (until 31 May 1974) [Fircks](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Freiherr_von_Fircks&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Freiherr von Fircks (page does not exist)") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Franke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Franke (page does not exist)") [Freiwald](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Freiwald&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Freiwald (page does not exist)") (until 26 October 1974) [Frerichs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ke_Frerichs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Göke Frerichs (page does not exist)") (until 15 January 1975) [FrĂŒh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Fr%C3%BCh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Isidor FrĂŒh (page does not exist)") [Geier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erna-Maria_Geier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erna-Maria Geier (page does not exist)") (from 5 March 1976) [Gerster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gerster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Gerster (page does not exist)") [Gewandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Gewandt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Gewandt (page does not exist)") [Gölter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_G%C3%B6lter "Georg Gölter") [Götz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_\(politician\) "Hermann Götz (politician)") [Gradl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Gradl "Johann Baptist Gradl") [GraĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Martin_Gra%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Martin GraĂ (page does not exist)") (from 13 April 1976) [Gruhl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Gruhl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Gruhl (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Haase (page does not exist)") [HĂ€ckel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_H%C3%A4ckel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingeborg HĂ€ckel (page does not exist)") (from 28 September 1976) [HĂ€fele](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansj%C3%B6rg_H%C3%A4fele&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansjörg HĂ€fele (page does not exist)") [Hammans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hammans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Hammans (page does not exist)") [HĂ€rzschel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_H%C3%A4rzschel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt HĂ€rzschel (page does not exist)") (until 23 September 1976) [Hassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel "Kai-Uwe von Hassel") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alo Hauser (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinz_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinz Hauser (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Hauser (page does not exist)") [Heck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Heck "Bruno Heck") [Hornhues](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hornhues&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hornhues (page does not exist)") [Horstmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Horstmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Horstmeier (page does not exist)") [Hupka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hupka "Herbert Hupka") [HĂŒrland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_H%C3%BCrland "Agnes HĂŒrland") [Hussing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Hussing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Hussing (page does not exist)") (from 16 November 1973) [JĂ€ger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_J%C3%A4ger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus JĂ€ger (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Edgar_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Edgar Jahn (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Adolf_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich-Adolf Jahn (page does not exist)") [Jenninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Jenninger "Philipp Jenninger") [Josten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Josten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Peter Josten (page does not exist)") [Katzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Katzer "Hans Katzer") [Kiep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Leisler_Kiep "Walther Leisler Kiep") (until 24 February 1976) [Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hugo_Klein "Hans Hugo Klein") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Klein_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Klein (politician) (page does not exist)") [Klepsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Klepsch "Egon Klepsch") [Kliesing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kliesing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Kliesing (page does not exist)") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_W_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert W Köhler (page does not exist)") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Köhler (page does not exist)") [Köster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_K%C3%B6ster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gottfried Köster (page does not exist)") [Krampe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Krampe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Krampe (page does not exist)") [Kraske](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Kraske&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad Kraske (page does not exist)") [Kroll-SchlĂŒter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kroll-Schl%C3%BCter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Kroll-SchlĂŒter (page does not exist)") [KĂŒhlmann-Stumm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm "Knut von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm") [Kunz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kunz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Kunz (page does not exist)") [Lagershausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Hans_Lagershausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Hans Lagershausen (page does not exist)") [Lampersbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lampersbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Lampersbach (page does not exist)") [Leicht](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Leicht&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Leicht (page does not exist)") [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Otto_Lenz "Carl Otto Lenz") [Lenzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lenzer "Christian Lenzer") [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Link "Helmut Link") [Löher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_L%C3%B6her&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Löher (page does not exist)") [Luda](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Luda&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Luda (page does not exist)") [Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Berthold Martin (page does not exist)") (until 12 November 1973) [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") [Maucher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Maucher "Eugen Maucher") [Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende") [Mertes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Mertes "Alois Mertes") [Mick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Mick (page does not exist)") [Mikat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mikat "Paul Mikat") [Miltner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Miltner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Miltner (page does not exist)") [Milz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Milz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Milz (page does not exist)") [Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heiner_M%C3%B6ller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heiner Möller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1916\) "Adolf MĂŒller (politician, born 1916)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Johannes MĂŒller (politician)") [MĂŒller-Hermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann "Ernst MĂŒller-Hermann") [Mursch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Mursch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Mursch (page does not exist)") [Narjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Narjes "Karl-Heinz Narjes") [Neumeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Neumeister&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hanna Neumeister (page does not exist)") [Nordlohne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz-Josef_Nordlohne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz-Josef Nordlohne (page does not exist)") [OldenstĂ€dt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Oldenst%C3%A4dt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin OldenstĂ€dt (page does not exist)") [OrgaĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Orga%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard OrgaĂ (page does not exist)") [Pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Pack "Doris Pack") (from 1 June 1974) [Pfeffermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_O_Pfeffermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard O Pfeffermann (page does not exist)") [Pfeifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Pfeifer "Anton Pfeifer") [Picard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Picard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Picard (page does not exist)") [Pieroth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmar_Pieroth "Elmar Pieroth") [Pieser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liselotte_Pieser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liselotte Pieser (page does not exist)") [Pohlmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_Pohlmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eberhard Pohlmann (page does not exist)") [Prassler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Prassler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Prassler (page does not exist)") (until 3 November 1975) [Rawe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rawe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Rawe (page does not exist)") [Reddemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reddemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reddemann (page does not exist)") [Riede](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paula_Riede&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paula Riede (page does not exist)") [Ritgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Ritgen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Ritgen (page does not exist)") [Ritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Ritz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Burkhard Ritz (page does not exist)") [Rollmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Rollmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Rollmann (page does not exist)") [Rommerskirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Rommerskirchen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Rommerskirchen (page does not exist)") [Russe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Russe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Josef Russe (page does not exist)") [Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Sauer (page does not exist)") [Sauter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Sauter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Sauter (page does not exist)") [Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botho_Prinz_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein "Botho Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein") [SchĂ€uble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble "Wolfgang SchĂ€uble") [Schetter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schetter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schetter (page does not exist)") (from 3 November 1975) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 17 January 1975) [Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schmitt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Schmitt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Peter_Schmitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Peter Schmitz (page does not exist)") [Schmöle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Werner_Schm%C3%B6le&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Werner Schmöle (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diedrich_Schr%C3%B6der&action=edit&redlink=1 "Diedrich Schröder (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Schr%C3%B6der "Horst Schröder") [Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christa_Schroeder_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christa Schroeder (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schulte "Dieter Schulte") [Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Peter_Schulz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Peter Schulz (page does not exist)") [Schwörer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer "Hermann Schwörer") [Seiters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Seiters "Rudolf Seiters") [Sick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi-Peter_Sick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi-Peter Sick (page does not exist)") [Solke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Solke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Emil Solke (page does not exist)") [Spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Freiherr_Spies_von_B%C3%BCllesheim "Adolf Freiherr Spies von BĂŒllesheim") [Springorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Springorum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Springorum (page does not exist)") [Sprung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sprung "Rudolf Sprung") [Stahlberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Stahlberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Stahlberg (page does not exist)") (from 1 November 1974) [Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Stark "Anton Stark") [Stavenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Stavenhagen "Lutz Stavenhagen") [Stommel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Stommel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Stommel (page does not exist)") [StraĂmeir](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Stra%C3%9Fmeir&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter StraĂmeir (page does not exist)") [Susset](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Susset&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Susset (page does not exist)") [Terra](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Adolf_de_Terra&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Adolf de Terra (page does not exist)") [ThĂŒrk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Th%C3%BCrk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt ThĂŒrk (page does not exist)") [Tillmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Tillmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand Tillmann (page does not exist)") [Todenhöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Todenh%C3%B6fer "JĂŒrgen Todenhöfer") [TĂŒbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irma_T%C3%BCbler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irma TĂŒbler (page does not exist)") [Unland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Unland&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Josef Unland (page does not exist)") [Vehar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Vehar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Vehar (page does not exist)") [VerhĂŒlsdonk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Verh%C3%BClsdonk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha VerhĂŒlsdonk (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Vogel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Vogel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Vogt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Vogt (page does not exist)") [Volmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Volmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Volmer (page does not exist)") [Waffenschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Waffenschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Waffenschmidt (page does not exist)") [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Ludwig_Wagner "Carl-Ludwig Wagner") (until 8 April 1976) [Wallmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Wallmann "Walter Wallmann") [Walz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Walz "Hanna Walz") [Wawrzik](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Wawrzik&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Wawrzik (page does not exist)") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weber_\(politician,_born_1936\) "Karl Weber (politician, born 1936)") [WeizsĂ€cker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker "Richard von WeizsĂ€cker") [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Werner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Werner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Wex "Helga Wex") [Will-Feld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltrud_Will-Feld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waltrud Will-Feld (page does not exist)") [Windelen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen "Heinrich Windelen") [Wissebach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wissebach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wissebach (page does not exist)") [Wohlrabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Wohlrabe&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Wohlrabe (page does not exist)") [Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erika_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erika Wolf (page does not exist)") [Wörner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner "Manfred Wörner") [Wrangel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Baron_von_Wrangel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Baron von Wrangel (page does not exist)") [Wulff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wulff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wulff (page does not exist)") [Zeitel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Zeitel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Zeitel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Zeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Zeyer "Werner Zeyer") [Zink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Zink "Otto Zink") **CSU:** [Aigner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Aigner "Heinrich Aigner") [Althammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Althammer "Walter Althammer") [Becher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Becher "Walter Becher") [Biehle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Biehle "Alfred Biehle") [Dollinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dollinger "Werner Dollinger") [Engelsberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Engelsberger "Matthias Engelsberger") [Franz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Franz "Ludwig Franz") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fuchs_\(politician\) "Karl Fuchs (politician)") [Geisenhofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Geisenhofer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Xaver Geisenhofer (page does not exist)") [Gerlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Gerlach (page does not exist)") [Gierenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Gierenstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Gierenstein (page does not exist)") [Handlos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Handlos "Franz Handlos") [Höcherl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl "Hermann Höcherl") [Hösl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_H%C3%B6sl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alex Hösl (page does not exist)") [Jaeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jaeger "Richard Jaeger") [Jobst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionys_Jobst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dionys Jobst (page does not exist)") [Kempfler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kempfler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Kempfler (page does not exist)") [Kiechle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Kiechle "Ignaz Kiechle") [Kreile](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Kreile&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Kreile (page does not exist)") [Kunz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Kunz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Kunz (politician) (page does not exist)") [Lemmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Lemmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Lemmrich (page does not exist)") [LĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans August LĂŒcker (page does not exist)") [Memmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linus_Memmel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Linus Memmel (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [Niegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Niegel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lorenz Niegel (page does not exist)") [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Probst "Albert Probst") [Rainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Rainer_\(politician,_born_1921\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Rainer (politician, born 1921) (page does not exist)") [Riedl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Riedl "Erich Riedl") [Röhner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_R%C3%B6hner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Röhner (page does not exist)") [Roser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Roser_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Roser (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schedl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Schedl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Schedl (page does not exist)") [Schenk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Ludwig_Schenk_Graf_von_Stauffenberg "Franz-Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg") [Schleicher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Schleicher "Ursula Schleicher") [Schmidhuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schmidhuber "Peter Schmidhuber") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Schneider "Oscar Schneider") [Schulze-Vorberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Schulze-Vorberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Schulze-Vorberg (page does not exist)") [Spilker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Spilker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Spilker (page does not exist)") [Spranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Dieter_Spranger "Carl-Dieter Spranger") [Starke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Starke "Heinz Starke") [Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss "Franz Josef Strauss") [StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Wagner "Leo Wagner") [Waigel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Waigel "Theo Waigel") [Warnke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Warnke "JĂŒrgen Warnke") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Wittmann "Fritz Wittmann") [Ziegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ziegler "Erich Ziegler") [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann "Friedrich Zimmermann") [Zoglmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Zoglmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Zoglmann (page does not exist)") | | |
| FDP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:7th_Bundestag_FDP "Template:7th Bundestag FDP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Bundestag_FDP "Template talk:7th Bundestag FDP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Bundestag_FDP "Special:EditPage/Template:7th Bundestag FDP")FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Wolfgang Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") | | |
| **Members:** [Achenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach "Ernst Achenbach") [Augstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Augstein "Rudolf Augstein") (until 24 January 1973) [Bangemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bangemann "Martin Bangemann") [Baum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Baum "Gerhart Baum") [Böger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_B%C3%B6ger "Rolf Böger") (from 25 January 1973) [Christ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Christ_\(politician\) "Herbert Christ (politician)") [Engelhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_A._Engelhard "Hans A. Engelhard") [Ertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ertl "Josef Ertl") [Flach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hermann_Flach "Karl-Hermann Flach") (until 25 August 1973) [Funcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liselotte_Funcke "Liselotte Funcke") [Gallus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Gallus "Georg Gallus") [Geldner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Geldner_\(politician\) "Karl Geldner (politician)") [Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") [Graaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Graaff "Carlo Graaff") (until 9 December 1975) [GroĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6tger_Gro%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rötger GroĂ (page does not exist)") (until 5 July 1974) [GrĂŒner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gr%C3%BCner "Martin GrĂŒner") [Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Hirsch "Burkhard Hirsch") (until 5 June 1975) [Hoffie](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_Hoffie&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-JĂŒrgen Hoffie (page does not exist)") [Hölscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_H%C3%B6lscher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Hölscher (page does not exist)") [Hoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-G%C3%BCnter_Hoppe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-GĂŒnter Hoppe (page does not exist)") [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Jung "Kurt Jung") [Kirst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Kirst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Victor Kirst (page does not exist)") [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Kleinert (page does not exist)") [Krall](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Krall&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Krall (page does not exist)") [Kreibaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kreibaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Kreibaum (page does not exist)") (from 15 December 1975) [Laermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hans_Laermann "Karl-Hans Laermann") (from 28 June 1974) [Lambsdorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff "Otto Graf Lambsdorff") [Logemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Logemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Logemann (page does not exist)") [LĂŒdemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_L%C3%BCdemann "Barbara LĂŒdemann") (from 4 September 1973) [Mayhofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Mayhofer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Mayhofer (page does not exist)") [Mertes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Mertes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Mertes (page does not exist)") [Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") [Moersch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Moersch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Moersch (page does not exist)") [Möllemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%B6llemann "JĂŒrgen Möllemann") [Ollesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Ollesch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Ollesch (page does not exist)") [Opitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Opitz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Opitz (politician) (page does not exist)") [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Peters (page does not exist)") (from 13 June 1975) [Ronneburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Ronneburger "Uwe Ronneburger") (until 12 June 1975) [Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") (until 27 June 1974) [Schleifenbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eckhard_Schleifenbaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eckhard Schleifenbaum (page does not exist)") (from 5 June 1975) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinrich_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinrich Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schoeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_Schoeler "Andreas von Schoeler") [Schuchardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Schuchardt "Helga Schuchardt") [SpitzmĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Spitzm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt SpitzmĂŒller (page does not exist)") [Vohrer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Vohrer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Vohrer (page does not exist)") [Wendig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wendig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Wendig (page does not exist)") [Wolfgramm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torsten_Wolfgramm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Torsten Wolfgramm (page does not exist)") (from 5 July 1974) [Wurbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wurbs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Wurbs (page does not exist)") [Zywietz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Zywietz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Zywietz (page does not exist)") | | |
| OTHER | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:7th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template:7th Bundestag OTHER") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template talk:7th Bundestag OTHER") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Bundestag_OTHER "Special:EditPage/Template:7th Bundestag OTHER")Independent | | |
| **Members:** [Emeis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Uwe_Emeis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Uwe Emeis (page does not exist)") (from 8 December 1975) [Stienen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Stienen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Stienen (page does not exist)") | | |
| [List of members of the 7th Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_7th_Bundestag "List of members of the 7th Bundestag") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_8th_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 8th Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_8th_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 8th Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_8th_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 8th Bundestag")  [Members of the 8th Bundestag (1976â1980)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_8th_Bundestag "List of members of the 8th Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Karl Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Carstens "Karl Carstens") (CDU) until 31 May 1979; [Richard StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") (CSU) from 31 May 1979** | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:8th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template:8th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template talk:8th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Special:EditPage/Template:8th Bundestag CDU and CSU")CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Helmut Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl")** | | |
| **CDU:** [Abelein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Abelein "Manfred Abelein") [Aerssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_van_Aerssen "Jochen van Aerssen") [Alber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegbert_Alber "Siegbert Alber") [Amrehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Amrehn "Franz Amrehn") [Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Arnold_\(politician\) "Gottfried Arnold (politician)") [Bahner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Bahner "Dietrich Bahner") (from 12 September 1979) [Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") [Bayha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bayha "Richard Bayha") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Becker_\(politician,_born_1923\) "Karl Becker (politician, born 1923)") [Benedix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Benedix "Ursula Benedix") [Benz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerold_Benz "Gerold Benz") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Berger_\(politician\) "Markus Berger (politician)") (from 25 October 1977) [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieselotte_Berger "Lieselotte Berger") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Berger_\(politician\) "Ulrich Berger (politician)") [Besch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Besch "Johann Christoph Besch") (from 3 July 1979) [Biechele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Biechele "Hermann Biechele") [Biedenkopf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf "Kurt Biedenkopf") [Bismarck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_von_Bismarck "Philipp von Bismarck") (until 6 September 1979) [BlĂŒgel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bl%C3%BCgel "Rudolf BlĂŒgel") (from 20 July 1979) [BlĂŒm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Bl%C3%BCm "Norbert BlĂŒm") [Blumenfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Blumenfeld "Erik Blumenfeld") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_B%C3%B6hm "Wilfried Böhm") [Braun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Braun_\(politician\) "Gerhard Braun (politician)") [Breidbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Breidbach "Ferdinand Breidbach") [Broll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Broll "Werner Broll") [BĂŒhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_B%C3%BChler "Klaus BĂŒhler") [Burger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Burger_\(politician\) "Albert Burger (politician)") [Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Carstens "Karl Carstens") (until 29 June 1979) [Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Carstens "Manfred Carstens") [Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Conrad "Franz Josef Conrad") [Czaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Czaja "Herbert Czaja") [Damm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Damm_\(politician,_born_1927\) "Carl Damm (politician, born 1927)") [Daweke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Daweke "Klaus Daweke") [Dregger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger "Alfred Dregger") [Dreyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_Dreyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nicolaus Dreyer (page does not exist)") [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard") (until 5 May 1977) [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Erhard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Erhard (page does not exist)") [Ernesti](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Ernesti&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leo Ernesti (page does not exist)") [Erpenbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Erpenbeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand Erpenbeck (page does not exist)") (from 10 September 1979) [Evers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Evers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Evers (page does not exist)") [Ey](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Ey&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Ey (page does not exist)") [Eymer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekkehart_Eymer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ekkehart Eymer (page does not exist)") [Eyrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Eyrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Eyrich (page does not exist)") (until 16 October 1978) [Feinendegen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Feinendegen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Feinendegen (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Fischer "Leni Fischer") [Francke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Francke "Klaus Francke") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Franke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Franke (page does not exist)") [Friedmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Friedmann "Bernhard Friedmann") [FrĂŒh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Fr%C3%BCh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Isidor FrĂŒh (page does not exist)") [Geier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erna-Maria_Geier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erna-Maria Geier (page does not exist)") [Geldern](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_von_Geldern&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang von Geldern (page does not exist)") [George](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haimo_George&action=edit&redlink=1 "Haimo George (page does not exist)") [Gerstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Gerstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Gerstein (page does not exist)") [Gerster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gerster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Gerster (page does not exist)") (from 13 July 1977) [Gölter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_G%C3%B6lter "Georg Gölter") (until 8 July 1977) [Gradl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Gradl "Johann Baptist Gradl") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Haase (page does not exist)") [HĂ€fele](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansj%C3%B6rg_H%C3%A4fele&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansjörg HĂ€fele (page does not exist)") [Hammans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hammans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Hammans (page does not exist)") [Hanz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Hanz&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Hanz (page does not exist)") [Hasinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Hasinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albrecht Hasinger (page does not exist)") [Hassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel "Kai-Uwe von Hassel") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alo Hauser (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinz_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinz Hauser (page does not exist)") [Helmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Helmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Helmrich (page does not exist)") [Hennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottfried_Hennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ottfried Hennig (page does not exist)") [Heydt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_von_der_Heydt_Freiherr_von_Massenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter von der Heydt Freiherr von Massenbach (page does not exist)") [Hoffacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hoffacker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Hoffacker (page does not exist)") [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Hoffmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingeborg Hoffmann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hornhues](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hornhues&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hornhues (page does not exist)") [Horstmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Horstmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Horstmeier (page does not exist)") [Hubrig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hubrig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hubrig (page does not exist)") [Hupka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hupka "Herbert Hupka") [HĂŒrland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_H%C3%BCrland "Agnes HĂŒrland") [HĂŒsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_G%C3%BCnther_H%C3%BCsch "Heinz GĂŒnther HĂŒsch") [JĂ€ger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_J%C3%A4ger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus JĂ€ger (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Adolf_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich-Adolf Jahn (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Edgar_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Edgar Jahn (page does not exist)") [Jenninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Jenninger "Philipp Jenninger") [Jentsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Jentsch "Hans-Joachim Jentsch") [Josten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Josten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Peter Josten (page does not exist)") [Karwatzki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irmgard_Karwatzki&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irmgard Karwatzki (page does not exist)") [Katzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Katzer "Hans Katzer") [Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") [Kittelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kittelmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Kittelmann (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hugo_Klein "Hans Hugo Klein") [Klepsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Klepsch "Egon Klepsch") [Klinker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Klinker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Klinker (page does not exist)") [Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_W_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert W Köhler (page does not exist)") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Köhler (page does not exist)") [Kolb](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmar_Kolb&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elmar Kolb (page does not exist)") (from 10 June 1977) [Köster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_K%C3%B6ster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gottfried Köster (page does not exist)") [Krampe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Krampe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Krampe (page does not exist)") [Kraske](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Kraske&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad Kraske (page does not exist)") [Krey](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Heinrich_Krey&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Heinrich Krey (page does not exist)") [Kroll-SchlĂŒter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kroll-Schl%C3%BCter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Kroll-SchlĂŒter (page does not exist)") [KĂŒnstler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_K%C3%BCnstler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max KĂŒnstler (page does not exist)") (from 11 September 1980) [Kunz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kunz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Kunz (page does not exist)") [Lagershausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Hans_Lagershausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Hans Lagershausen (page does not exist)") [Lampersbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lampersbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Lampersbach (page does not exist)") [LandrĂ©](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Landr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz LandrĂ© (page does not exist)") [Langguth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Langguth "Gerd Langguth") [Langner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Langner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Langner (page does not exist)") [Laufs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Laufs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Laufs (page does not exist)") [Leicht](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Leicht&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Leicht (page does not exist)") (until 24 October 1977) [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Otto_Lenz "Carl Otto Lenz") [Lenzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lenzer "Christian Lenzer") [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Link "Helmut Link") [Löher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_L%C3%B6her&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Löher (page does not exist)") [Lorenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorenz "Peter Lorenz") (until 23 February 1977) [Luda](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Luda&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Luda (page does not exist)") [Luster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Luster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Luster (page does not exist)") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") [Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende") [Mertes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Mertes "Alois Mertes") [Metz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Metz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard Metz (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Meyer_zu_Bentrup "Reinhard Meyer zu Bentrup") [Mikat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mikat "Paul Mikat") [Miltner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Miltner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Miltner (page does not exist)") [Milz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Milz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Milz (page does not exist)") [Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_M%C3%B6ller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Möller (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1916\) "Adolf MĂŒller (politician, born 1916)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Werner MĂŒller (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Johannes MĂŒller (politician)") [MĂŒller-Hermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann "Ernst MĂŒller-Hermann") [Narjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Narjes "Karl-Heinz Narjes") [Neuhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hubertus_Neuhaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Hubertus Neuhaus (page does not exist)") [Neumeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Neumeister&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hanna Neumeister (page does not exist)") [Nordlohne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz-Josef_Nordlohne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz-Josef Nordlohne (page does not exist)") (until 4 September 1979) [Nothhelfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Nothhelfer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Nothhelfer (page does not exist)") (until 6 June 1977) [OldenstĂ€dt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Oldenst%C3%A4dt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin OldenstĂ€dt (page does not exist)") (from 11 September 1979) [Pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Pack "Doris Pack") [Petersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Petersen_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Petersen (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Pfeffermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_O_Pfeffermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard O Pfeffermann (page does not exist)") [Pfeifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Pfeifer "Anton Pfeifer") [Pfennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gero_Pfennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gero Pfennig (page does not exist)") (from 24 February 1977) [Picard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Picard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Picard (page does not exist)") [Pieroth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmar_Pieroth "Elmar Pieroth") [Pieser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liselotte_Pieser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liselotte Pieser (page does not exist)") [Pinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfried_Pinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Winfried Pinger (page does not exist)") [Pohlmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_Pohlmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eberhard Pohlmann (page does not exist)") [Prangenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen_Prangenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz-JĂŒrgen Prangenberg (page does not exist)") [Rawe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rawe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Rawe (page does not exist)") [Reddemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reddemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reddemann (page does not exist)") [Reimers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Reimers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stephan Reimers (page does not exist)") [Riede](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paula_Riede&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paula Riede (page does not exist)") (from 9 May 1977) [Riesenhuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Riesenhuber "Heinz Riesenhuber") [Ritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Ritz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Burkhard Ritz (page does not exist)") [RĂŒhe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_R%C3%BChe "Volker RĂŒhe") [Russe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Russe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Josef Russe (page does not exist)") [Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Sauer (page does not exist)") [Sauter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Sauter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Sauter (page does not exist)") [Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botho_Prinz_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein "Botho Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein") [Schartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Schartz&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Schartz (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€uble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble "Wolfgang SchĂ€uble") [Schetter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schetter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schetter (page does not exist)") (from 17 October 1978) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Peter_Schmitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Peter Schmitz (page does not exist)") [Schmöle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Werner_Schm%C3%B6le&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Werner Schmöle (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diedrich_Schr%C3%B6der&action=edit&redlink=1 "Diedrich Schröder (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Schr%C3%B6der "Horst Schröder") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schulte "Dieter Schulte") [Schwarz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Schwarz "Heinz Schwarz") [Schwarz-Schilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Schwarz-Schilling "Christian Schwarz-Schilling") [Schwörer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer "Hermann Schwörer") [Seiters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Seiters "Rudolf Seiters") [Sick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi-Peter_Sick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi-Peter Sick (page does not exist)") [Spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Freiherr_Spies_von_B%C3%BCllesheim "Adolf Freiherr Spies von BĂŒllesheim") [Sprung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sprung "Rudolf Sprung") [Stahlberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Stahlberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Stahlberg (page does not exist)") [Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Stark "Anton Stark") [Stavenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Stavenhagen "Lutz Stavenhagen") [Stercken](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Stercken&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Stercken (page does not exist)") [Stommel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Peter_Stommel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Peter Stommel (page does not exist)") [StraĂmeir](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Stra%C3%9Fmeir&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter StraĂmeir (page does not exist)") [Stutzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Stutzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Stutzer (page does not exist)") [Susset](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Susset&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Susset (page does not exist)") [Terra](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Adolf_de_Terra&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Adolf de Terra (page does not exist)") [Tillmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Tillmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand Tillmann (page does not exist)") [Todenhöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Todenh%C3%B6fer "JĂŒrgen Todenhöfer") [TĂŒbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irma_T%C3%BCbler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irma TĂŒbler (page does not exist)") [Unland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Unland&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Josef Unland (page does not exist)") [VerhĂŒlsdonk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Verh%C3%BClsdonk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha VerhĂŒlsdonk (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Vogel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Vogel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Vogt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Vogt (page does not exist)") [Volmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Volmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Volmer (page does not exist)") [Waffenschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Waffenschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Waffenschmidt (page does not exist)") [Wallmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Wallmann "Walter Wallmann") (until 14 June 1977) [Walz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Walz "Hanna Walz") [Wartenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludolf_von_Wartenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludolf von Wartenberg (page does not exist)") [Wawrzik](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Wawrzik&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Wawrzik (page does not exist)") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weber_\(politician,_born_1936\) "Karl Weber (politician, born 1936)") [Weiskirch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Weiskirch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Weiskirch (page does not exist)") [WeizsĂ€cker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker "Richard von WeizsĂ€cker") [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Werner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Werner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Wex "Helga Wex") [Will-Feld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltrud_Will-Feld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waltrud Will-Feld (page does not exist)") [Wilms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothee_Wilms "Dorothee Wilms") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Wimmer "Willy Wimmer") [Windelen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen "Heinrich Windelen") [Wisniewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Wisniewski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha Wisniewski (page does not exist)") [Wissebach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wissebach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wissebach (page does not exist)") (from 15 June 1977) [Wissmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Wissmann "Matthias Wissmann") [Wohlrabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Wohlrabe&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Wohlrabe (page does not exist)") (until 11 September 1979) [Wörner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner "Manfred Wörner") [Wrangel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Baron_von_Wrangel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Baron von Wrangel (page does not exist)") [Wulff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wulff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wulff (page does not exist)") [WĂŒrzbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kurt_W%C3%BCrzbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Kurt WĂŒrzbach (page does not exist)") [Zeitel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Zeitel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Zeitel (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 3 September 1980) [Zeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Zeyer "Werner Zeyer") (until 10 July 1979) [Zink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Zink "Otto Zink") **CSU:** [Aigner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Aigner "Heinrich Aigner") [Althammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Althammer "Walter Althammer") [Becher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Becher "Walter Becher") [Biehle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Biehle "Alfred Biehle") [Bötsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_B%C3%B6tsch "Wolfgang Bötsch") [Dollinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dollinger "Werner Dollinger") [Engelsberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Engelsberger "Matthias Engelsberger") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fuchs_\(politician\) "Karl Fuchs (politician)") [Geisenhofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Geisenhofer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Xaver Geisenhofer (page does not exist)") [Gerlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Gerlach (page does not exist)") [Gierenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Gierenstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Gierenstein (page does not exist)") [Glos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Glos "Michael Glos") [Haberl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haberl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Haberl (page does not exist)") [Handlos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Handlos "Franz Handlos") [Hartmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hartmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Hartmann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Höffkes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6ffkes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Wilhelm Höffkes (page does not exist)") [Höpfinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_H%C3%B6pfinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stefan Höpfinger (page does not exist)") [Hösl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_H%C3%B6sl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alex Hösl (page does not exist)") (until 20 March 1977) [Huyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Graf_Huyn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Graf Huyn (page does not exist)") [Jaeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jaeger "Richard Jaeger") [Jobst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionys_Jobst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dionys Jobst (page does not exist)") [Kiechle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Kiechle "Ignaz Kiechle") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Klein_\(politician\) "Hans Klein (politician)") [Kraus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kraus_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kraus (politician) (page does not exist)") [Kreile](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Kreile&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Kreile (page does not exist)") [Krone-Appuhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Krone-Appuhn "Ursula Krone-Appuhn") [Kunz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Kunz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Kunz (politician) (page does not exist)") [Lemmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Lemmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Lemmrich (page does not exist)") [Lintner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Lintner "Eduard Lintner") [LĂŒcker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans August LĂŒcker (page does not exist)") [MĂ€nnle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_M%C3%A4nnle "Ursula MĂ€nnle") (from 4 October 1979) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [Niegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Niegel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lorenz Niegel (page does not exist)") [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Probst "Albert Probst") [Rainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Rainer_\(politician,_born_1921\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Rainer (politician, born 1921) (page does not exist)") [Regenspurger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Regenspurger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Regenspurger (page does not exist)") [Reichold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Reichold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Reichold (page does not exist)") (from 4 December 1978 until 2 October 1979) [Riedl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Riedl "Erich Riedl") [Röhner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_R%C3%B6hner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Röhner (page does not exist)") [Rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Rose (page does not exist)") (from 24 March 1977) [Schedl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Schedl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Schedl (page does not exist)") [Schenk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Ludwig_Schenk_Graf_von_Stauffenberg "Franz-Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg") [Schleicher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Schleicher "Ursula Schleicher") [Schmidhuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schmidhuber "Peter Schmidhuber") (until 6 December 1978) [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Schneider "Oscar Schneider") [Spilker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Spilker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Spilker (page does not exist)") [Spranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Dieter_Spranger "Carl-Dieter Spranger") [Starke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Starke "Heinz Starke") [Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss "Franz Josef Strauss") (until 29 November 1978) [StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekkehard_Voigt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ekkehard Voigt (page does not exist)") (from 8 December 1978) [Voss](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Voss_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Voss (politician) (page does not exist)") [Waigel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Waigel "Theo Waigel") [Warnke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Warnke "JĂŒrgen Warnke") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Wittmann "Fritz Wittmann") [Ziegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ziegler "Erich Ziegler") [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann "Friedrich Zimmermann") | | |
| SPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:8th_Bundestag_SPD "Template:8th Bundestag SPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Bundestag_SPD "Template talk:8th Bundestag SPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Bundestag_SPD "Special:EditPage/Template:8th Bundestag SPD")SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Herbert Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner")** | | |
| **Members:** [Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Adams "Rudi Adams") [Ahlers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Ahlers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Conrad Ahlers (page does not exist)") (until 7 March 1980) [Ahrens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ahrens "Karl Ahrens") [Amling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Amling "Max Amling") [Apel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Apel "Hans Apel") [Arendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Arendt "Walter Arendt") [Augstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Augstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Augstein (page does not exist)") [Baack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Baack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Baack (page does not exist)") [Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr") [Balser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frolinde_Balser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Frolinde Balser (page does not exist)") (from 14 August 1979) [Bardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bardens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Bardens (page does not exist)") [Batz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Batz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Batz (page does not exist)") [Bayerl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfons_Bayerl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfons Bayerl (page does not exist)") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Becker (page does not exist)") [Biermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Biermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Biermann (page does not exist)") [Bindig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bindig "Rudolf Bindig") [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram_Blank&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bertram Blank (page does not exist)") (until 23 May 1978) [Böhme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_B%C3%B6hme "Rolf Böhme") [Bothmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenelotte_von_Bothmer "Lenelotte von Bothmer") [Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Brandt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Brandt (page does not exist)") [Brandt]() [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Br%C3%BCck "Alwin BrĂŒck") [BĂŒchler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_B%C3%BCchler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans BĂŒchler (page does not exist)") [BĂŒchner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_B%C3%BCchner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter BĂŒchner (page does not exist)") [Buchstaller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Buchstaller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Buchstaller (page does not exist)") [BĂŒhling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_B%C3%BChling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard BĂŒhling (page does not exist)") [BĂŒlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_B%C3%BClow "Andreas von BĂŒlow") [Buschfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Buschfort&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Buschfort (page does not exist)") [BuĂmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Bu%C3%9Fmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernhard BuĂmann (page does not exist)") [Collet](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Collet&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Collet (page does not exist)") [Conradi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Conradi_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Conradi (politician) (page does not exist)") [Coppik](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Coppik&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Coppik (page does not exist)") [Corterier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Corterier "Peter Corterier") [Curdt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Curdt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Curdt (page does not exist)") [Czempiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christa_Czempiel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christa Czempiel (page does not exist)") (from 22 January 1979) [DaubertshĂ€user](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Daubertsh%C3%A4user&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus DaubertshĂ€user (page does not exist)") [DĂ€ubler-Gmelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herta_D%C3%A4ubler-Gmelin "Herta DĂ€ubler-Gmelin") [Diederich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Diederich "Nils Diederich") [Dohnanyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_von_Dohnanyi "Klaus von Dohnanyi") [DĂŒbber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_D%C3%BCbber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich DĂŒbber (page does not exist)") [DĂŒrr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_D%C3%BCrr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann DĂŒrr (page does not exist)") [Egert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Egert&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Egert (page does not exist)") [Ehmke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ehmke "Horst Ehmke") [Ehrenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ehrenberg "Herbert Ehrenberg") [Eickmeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Arnold_Eickmeyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Arnold Eickmeyer (page does not exist)") (from 23 May 1977) [Eilers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede_Eilers "Elfriede Eilers") [Emmerlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Emmerlich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Emmerlich (page does not exist)") [Enders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelin_Enders "Wendelin Enders") [Engholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Engholm "Björn Engholm") [Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Erler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Erler (page does not exist)") [Esters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Esters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Esters (page does not exist)") [Ewen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ewen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Ewen (page does not exist)") [FellerMayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_FellerMayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig FellerMayer (page does not exist)") [Fiebig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Fiebig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Fiebig (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Fischer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Fischer (politician) (page does not exist)") [FlĂ€mig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fl%C3%A4mig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard FlĂ€mig (page does not exist)") [Focke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Focke "Katharina Focke") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") [Friedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Friedrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bruno Friedrich (page does not exist)") [Gansel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Gansel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Gansel (page does not exist)") [Gerstl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Gerstl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Gerstl (page does not exist)") [Gertzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gertzen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Gertzen (page does not exist)") [GeĂner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Ge%C3%9Fner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred GeĂner (page does not exist)") [Glombig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Glombig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen Glombig (page does not exist)") [Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glotz "Peter Glotz") (until 16 May 1977) [Gobrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gobrecht&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Gobrecht (page does not exist)") [Grobecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_Grobecker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus Grobecker (page does not exist)") [Grunenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Grunenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Grunenberg (page does not exist)") [Gscheidle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Gscheidle "Kurt Gscheidle") [Haack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Haack "Dieter Haack") [Haar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Haar (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Haase_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Haase (politician) (page does not exist)") [Haehser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Haehser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Haehser (page does not exist)") [Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hansen (page does not exist)") [Hartenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Hartenstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liesel Hartenstein (page does not exist)") [Hauck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hauck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Hauck (page does not exist)") [Hauff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Hauff "Volker Hauff") [Henke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Henke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Henke (page does not exist)") [Heyenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Heyenn&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Heyenn (page does not exist)") [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajo_Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hajo Hoffmann (page does not exist)") [Hofmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hofmann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hofmann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Höhmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_H%C3%B6hmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Höhmann (page does not exist)") (until 19 January 1979) [Holtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Holtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Holtz (page does not exist)") [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Horn (page does not exist)") [Huber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Huber "Antje Huber") [Huonker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunter_Huonker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gunter Huonker (page does not exist)") [IbrĂŒgger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Ibr%C3%BCgger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar IbrĂŒgger (page does not exist)") [Immer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Immer "Klaus Immer") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn "Gerhard Jahn") [Jaunich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jaunich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jaunich (page does not exist)") [Jens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Jens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Jens (page does not exist)") [Junghans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Junghans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Junghans (page does not exist)") [Jungmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jungmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jungmann (page does not exist)") [Junker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Junker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Junker (page does not exist)") [Kaffka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kaffka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kaffka (page does not exist)") [Kirschner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Kirschner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Kirschner (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Klein (page does not exist)") [Koblitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Koblitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Koblitz (page does not exist)") (until 13 October 1979) [Konrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Konrad_\(politician\) "Klaus Konrad (politician)") [Kratz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kratz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Kratz (page does not exist)") [Kretkowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_Kretkowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Kretkowski (page does not exist)") [Kreutzmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Kreutzmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Kreutzmann (page does not exist)") [Krockert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Krockert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Krockert (page does not exist)") [KĂŒhbacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Dieter_K%C3%BChbacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Dieter KĂŒhbacher (page does not exist)") [Kuhlwein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eckart_Kuhlwein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eckart Kuhlwein (page does not exist)") [Lambinus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Lambinus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Lambinus (page does not exist)") (from 20 May 1977) [Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Lange (page does not exist)") [Lattmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Lattmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Lattmann (page does not exist)") [Lauritzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauritz_Lauritzen "Lauritz Lauritzen") (until 5 June 1980) [Leber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Leber "Georg Leber") [Lemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lemp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Lemp (page does not exist)") [Lenders](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Lenders&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Lenders (page does not exist)") [Lepsius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Lepsius "Renate Lepsius") [Leuschner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Leuschner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Leuschner (page does not exist)") (from 9 June 1980) [Liedtke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liedtke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Liedtke (page does not exist)") [Linde](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Linde&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Linde (page does not exist)") [Löffler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_L%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Löffler (page does not exist)") [Lutz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lutz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Lutz (page does not exist)") [Mahne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Mahne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erhard Mahne (page does not exist)") [MĂ€nning](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_M%C3%A4nning&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter MĂ€nning (page does not exist)") [Marquardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marquardt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marquardt (page does not exist)") [Marschall](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Marschall&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Marschall (page does not exist)") [Martiny-Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anke_Martiny-Glotz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anke Martiny-Glotz (page does not exist)") [Matthöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer "Hans Matthöfer") [Mattick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mattick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Mattick (page does not exist)") [Meinecke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Meinecke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Meinecke (page does not exist)") [Meinike](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meinike&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Meinike (page does not exist)") [Meininghaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Meininghaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Meininghaus (page does not exist)") [Menzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Menzel (page does not exist)") [Möhring](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_M%C3%B6hring&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Möhring (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\) "Heinrich MĂŒller (politician)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller-Emmert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_M%C3%BCller-Emmert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf MĂŒller-Emmert (page does not exist)") [MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") [Nagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Nagel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Nagel (page does not exist)") [Nehm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Nehm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Nehm (page does not exist)") (from 13 September 1978) [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volker_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volker Neumann (page does not exist)") (from 20 June 1978) [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Neumann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Neumann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Nöbel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_N%C3%B6bel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Nöbel (page does not exist)") [Offergeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Offergeld "Rainer Offergeld") [Oostergetelo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Oostergetelo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jan Oostergetelo (page does not exist)") [Paterna](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paterna&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Paterna (page does not exist)") [Pawelczyk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Pawelczyk "Alfons Pawelczyk") [Peiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Peiter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Peiter (page does not exist)") [Penner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willfried_Penner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willfried Penner (page does not exist)") [Pensky](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Pensky&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Pensky (page does not exist)") [Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helwin_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helwin Peter (page does not exist)") [Polkehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Polkehn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Polkehn (page does not exist)") [Porzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Porzner "Konrad Porzner") [Rapp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Rapp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Rapp (page does not exist)") [Rappe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Rappe "Hermann Rappe") [Ravens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ravens "Karl Ravens") (until 15 June 1978) [Renger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Renger "Annemarie Renger") [Reuschenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reuschenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Reuschenbach (page does not exist)") [Rohde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Rohde "Helmut Rohde") [Rosenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Rosenthal_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Philip Rosenthal (politician) (page does not exist)") [Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Roth_\(politician\) "Wolfgang Roth (politician)") [Sander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Engelbert Sander (page does not exist)") (from 26 May 1978) [Saxowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Saxowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Saxowski (page does not exist)") [Schachtschabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Georg_Schachtschabel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Georg Schachtschabel (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harald_B_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harald B SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") [Scheffler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Scheffler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Scheffler (page does not exist)") [Scheu](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Scheu&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Scheu (page does not exist)") (until 20 December 1978) [Schinzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Schinzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Schinzel (page does not exist)") (from 5 May 1980) [Schirmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedel_Schirmer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedel Schirmer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schlaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schlaga&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Schlaga (page does not exist)") [Schlei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Schlei "Marie Schlei") [Schluckebier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Schluckebier&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Schluckebier (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schmidt_\(politician\) "Wolfgang Schmidt (politician)") (from 9 January 1978) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Schmidt "Adolf Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1914\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schmidt (politician, born 1914) (page does not exist)") [Schmitt-Vockenhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmitt-Vockenhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmitt-Vockenhausen (page does not exist)") (until 2 August 1979) [Schmude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmude "JĂŒrgen Schmude") [Schöfberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Sch%C3%B6fberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Schöfberger (page does not exist)") [Schreiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Schreiber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Schreiber (page does not exist)") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schulte&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schulte (page does not exist)") [Schulze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldemar_Schulze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waldemar Schulze (page does not exist)") [Schwabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwabe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schwabe (page does not exist)") (until 4 January 1978) [Schweitzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl-Christoph_Schweitzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl-Christoph Schweitzer (page does not exist)") (from 11 March 1980) [Schwencke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Schwencke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Schwencke (page does not exist)") [Schwenk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwenk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schwenk (page does not exist)") [Seefeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Seefeld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Seefeld (page does not exist)") [Sieglerschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Sieglerschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hellmut Sieglerschmidt (page does not exist)") [Sieler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Sieler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Sieler (page does not exist)") [Simonis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heide_Simonis "Heide Simonis") [Simpfendörfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansmartin_Simpfend%C3%B6rfer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansmartin Simpfendörfer (page does not exist)") [Sperling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Sperling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Sperling (page does not exist)") [Spillecke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Spillecke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Spillecke (page does not exist)") (until 5 May 1977) [Spöri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Sp%C3%B6ri "Dieter Spöri") [Stahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Stahl (page does not exist)") [Staudt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Staudt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Staudt (page does not exist)") (until 11 September 1978) [Steger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Steger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Steger (page does not exist)") [Steinhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltraud_Steinhauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waltraud Steinhauer (page does not exist)") [Stöckl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_St%C3%B6ckl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Stöckl (page does not exist)") [Stockleben](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Stockleben&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Stockleben (page does not exist)") [Sund](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Sund&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Sund (page does not exist)") (until 17 May 1977) [Sybertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Sybertz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Sybertz (page does not exist)") [ThĂŒsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Th%C3%BCsing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus ThĂŒsing (page does not exist)") (from 9 May 1977) [Timm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Timm "Helga Timm") [Tönjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_T%C3%B6njes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Tönjes (page does not exist)") (until 25 April 1980) [Topmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Topmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Topmann (page does not exist)") [Traupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Traupe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Traupe (page does not exist)") [Ueberhorst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Ueberhorst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard Ueberhorst (page does not exist)") [Urbaniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Eberhard_Urbaniak&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Eberhard Urbaniak (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") [Vogelsang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vogelsang&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Vogelsang (page does not exist)") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Voigt "Karsten Voigt") [Vosen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Vosen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Vosen (page does not exist)") (from 18 October 1979) [Walkhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Walkhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Walkhoff (page does not exist)") (from 31 December 1978) [Waltemathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Waltemathe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Waltemathe (page does not exist)") [Walther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Walther&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudi Walther (page does not exist)") [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Weber_\(politician\) "Hubert Weber (politician)") [Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") [Weisskirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Weisskirchen "Gert Weisskirchen") [Wendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Wendt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Wendt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wernitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Wernitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Axel Wernitz (page does not exist)") [Westphal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Westphal "Heinz Westphal") [Wiefel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Wiefel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bruno Wiefel (page does not exist)") [Wilhelm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Wilhelm (page does not exist)") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Wimmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Wimmer (page does not exist)") [Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") [With](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_de_With&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans de With (page does not exist)") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wittmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wittmann (page does not exist)") [Wolfram](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Wolfram (page does not exist)") [Wrede](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Wrede&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Wrede (page does not exist)") [WĂŒrtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_W%C3%BCrtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter WĂŒrtz (page does not exist)") [WĂŒster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_W%C3%BCster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt WĂŒster (page does not exist)") [Wuttke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Wuttke&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Wuttke (page does not exist)") [Wuwer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wuwer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Wuwer (page does not exist)") [Zander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fred Zander (page does not exist)") [Zebisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Josef_Zebisch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Josef Zebisch (page does not exist)") [Zeitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Zeitler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Zeitler (page does not exist)") | | |
| FDP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:8th_Bundestag_FDP "Template:8th Bundestag FDP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Bundestag_FDP "Template talk:8th Bundestag FDP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Bundestag_FDP "Special:EditPage/Template:8th Bundestag FDP")FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Wolfgang Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") | | |
| **Members:** [Angermeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Angermeyer "Joachim Angermeyer") [Bangemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bangemann "Martin Bangemann") [Baum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Baum "Gerhart Baum") [Cronenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter-Julius_Cronenberg "Dieter-Julius Cronenberg") [Eimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Eimer "Norbert Eimer") [Engelhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_A._Engelhard "Hans A. Engelhard") [Ertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ertl "Josef Ertl") [Friderichs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Friderichs "Hans Friderichs") (until 8 November 1977) [Funcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liselotte_Funcke "Liselotte Funcke") (until 23 November 1979) [Gallus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Gallus "Georg Gallus") [GĂ€rtner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_G%C3%A4rtner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus GĂ€rtner (page does not exist)") [Gattermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_H._Gattermann "Hans H. Gattermann") [Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") [GrĂŒner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gr%C3%BCner "Martin GrĂŒner") [Hamm-BrĂŒcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Hamm-Br%C3%BCcher "Hildegard Hamm-BrĂŒcher") [Haussmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Haussmann "Helmut Haussmann") [Hoffie](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_Hoffie&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-JĂŒrgen Hoffie (page does not exist)") [Hölscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_H%C3%B6lscher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Hölscher (page does not exist)") [Hoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-G%C3%BCnter_Hoppe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-GĂŒnter Hoppe (page does not exist)") [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Jung "Kurt Jung") [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Kleinert (page does not exist)") [Laermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hans_Laermann "Karl-Hans Laermann") [Lambsdorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff "Otto Graf Lambsdorff") [Ludewig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Ludewig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walther Ludewig (page does not exist)") [MatthĂ€us-Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingrid_Matth%C3%A4us-Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingrid MatthĂ€us-Mayer (page does not exist)") [Mayhofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Mayhofer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Mayhofer (page does not exist)") [Merker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Merker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Merker (page does not exist)") (from 20 April 1978) [Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") [Möllemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%B6llemann "JĂŒrgen Möllemann") [Ollesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Ollesch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Ollesch (page does not exist)") (until 16 April 1978) [Paintner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Paintner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Paintner (page does not exist)") [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Peters (page does not exist)") (until 8 April 1979) [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sch%C3%A4fer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut SchĂ€fer (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 9 November 1977) [Schleifenbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eckhard_Schleifenbaum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eckhard Schleifenbaum (page does not exist)") (from 26 November 1979) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinrich_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinrich Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schoeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_Schoeler "Andreas von Schoeler") [Schuchardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Schuchardt "Helga Schuchardt") [SpitzmĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Spitzm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt SpitzmĂŒller (page does not exist)") [Vohrer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Vohrer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Vohrer (page does not exist)") [Wendig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wendig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Wendig (page does not exist)") [Wolfgramm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torsten_Wolfgramm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Torsten Wolfgramm (page does not exist)") [Wurbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wurbs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Wurbs (page does not exist)") [Zumpfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolf-Dieter_Zumpfort&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolf-Dieter Zumpfort (page does not exist)") (from 30 April 1979) [Zywietz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Zywietz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Zywietz (page does not exist)") | | |
| OTHER | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:8th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template:8th Bundestag OTHER") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template talk:8th Bundestag OTHER") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Bundestag_OTHER "Special:EditPage/Template:8th Bundestag OTHER")Independent | | |
| **Members:** [Gruhl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Gruhl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Gruhl (page does not exist)") | | |
| [List of members of the 8th Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_8th_Bundestag "List of members of the 8th Bundestag") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_9th_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 9th Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_9th_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 9th Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_9th_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 9th Bundestag")  [Members of the 9th Bundestag (1980â1983)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_9th_Bundestag "List of members of the 9th Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Richard StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") (CSU)** | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:9th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template:9th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:9th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template talk:9th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:9th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Special:EditPage/Template:9th Bundestag CDU and CSU")CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Helmut Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl") until 4 October 1982; [Alfred Dregger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger "Alfred Dregger") from 4 October 1982** | | |
| **CDU:** [Abelein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Abelein "Manfred Abelein") [Aerssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_van_Aerssen "Jochen van Aerssen") [Amrehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Amrehn "Franz Amrehn") (until 4 October 1981) [Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Arnold_\(politician\) "Gottfried Arnold (politician)") [Austermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Austermann "Dietrich Austermann") (from 16 April 1982) [Bahner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Bahner "Dietrich Bahner") [Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") [Bayha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bayha "Richard Bayha") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Becker_\(politician,_born_1923\) "Karl Becker (politician, born 1923)") (from 13 September 1982) [Benedix-Engler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Benedix "Ursula Benedix") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Berger_\(politician\) "Markus Berger (politician)") (from 19 June 1981) [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieselotte_Berger "Lieselotte Berger") [BlĂŒm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Bl%C3%BCm "Norbert BlĂŒm") (until 15 June 1981) [Bohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bohl "Friedrich Bohl") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_B%C3%B6hm "Wilfried Böhm") [Borchert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Borchert "Jochen Borchert") [Boroffka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Boroffka "Peter Boroffka") (from 6 October 1981) [Braun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Braun_\(politician\) "Gerhard Braun (politician)") [Breuer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Breuer "Paul Breuer") [Broll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Broll "Werner Broll") [Bugl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bugl "Josef Bugl") [BĂŒhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_B%C3%BChler "Klaus BĂŒhler") [Burger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Burger_\(politician\) "Albert Burger (politician)") (until 10 October 1981) [Buschbom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Buschbom "Helmut Buschbom") (from 16 June 1981) [Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Carstens "Manfred Carstens") [Clemens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Clemens "Joachim Clemens") [Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Conrad "Franz Josef Conrad") [Czaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Czaja "Herbert Czaja") [Dallmeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_Dallmeyer "Harm Dallmeyer") [Daweke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Daweke "Klaus Daweke") [Deres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Deres "Karl Deres") [Diepgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Diepgen "Eberhard Diepgen") (until 3 February 1981) [Dolata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Dolata&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Dolata (page does not exist)") (from 16 June 1981) [Dörflinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_D%C3%B6rflinger "Werner Dörflinger") [Doss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansj%C3%BCrgen_Doss "HansjĂŒrgen Doss") (from 20 July 1981) [Dregger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger "Alfred Dregger") [Echternach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Echternach "JĂŒrgen Echternach") [Eigen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Eigen "Karl Eigen") [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Erhard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Erhard (page does not exist)") [Eymer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekkehart_Eymer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ekkehart Eymer (page does not exist)") (from 14 January 1981) [Feinendegen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Feinendegen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Feinendegen (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Fischer_\(politician\) "Dirk Fischer (politician)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Fischer "Leni Fischer") [Francke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Francke "Klaus Francke") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Franke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Franke (page does not exist)") [Friedmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Friedmann "Bernhard Friedmann") [Funk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honor_Funk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Honor Funk (page does not exist)") (from 16 October 1981) [Ganz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Ganz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Ganz (page does not exist)") [Geier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erna-Maria_Geier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erna-Maria Geier (page does not exist)") [GeiĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_Gei%C3%9Fler "Heiner GeiĂler") [Geldern](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_von_Geldern&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang von Geldern (page does not exist)") [George](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haimo_George&action=edit&redlink=1 "Haimo George (page does not exist)") [Gerstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Gerstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Gerstein (page does not exist)") [Gerster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gerster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Gerster (page does not exist)") [GĂŒnther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_G%C3%BCnther_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst GĂŒnther (politician) (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Haase (page does not exist)") [Hackel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Hackel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Hackel (page does not exist)") [HĂ€fele](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansj%C3%B6rg_H%C3%A4fele&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansjörg HĂ€fele (page does not exist)") [Hanz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Hanz&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Hanz (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alo Hauser (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinz_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinz Hauser (page does not exist)") [Hellwig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Hellwig "Renate Hellwig") [Helmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Helmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Helmrich (page does not exist)") [Hennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottfried_Hennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ottfried Hennig (page does not exist)") [Herkenrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Herkenrath&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Herkenrath (page does not exist)") [Heydt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_von_der_Heydt_Freiherr_von_Massenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter von der Heydt Freiherr von Massenbach (page does not exist)") [Hoffacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hoffacker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Hoffacker (page does not exist)") (from 21 December 1982) [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Hoffmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingeborg Hoffmann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hornhues](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hornhues&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hornhues (page does not exist)") [Horstmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Horstmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Horstmeier (page does not exist)") [Hubrig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hubrig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Hubrig (page does not exist)") (until 25 March 1982) [Hupka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hupka "Herbert Hupka") [HĂŒrland-BĂŒning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_H%C3%BCrland-B%C3%BCning "Agnes HĂŒrland-BĂŒning") [HĂŒsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_G%C3%BCnther_H%C3%BCsch "Heinz GĂŒnther HĂŒsch") [JĂ€ger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_J%C3%A4ger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus JĂ€ger (page does not exist)") [Jagoda](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Jagoda&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernhard Jagoda (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Adolf_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich-Adolf Jahn (page does not exist)") [Jenninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Jenninger "Philipp Jenninger") [Jentsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Jentsch "Hans-Joachim Jentsch") (until 8 September 1982) [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Jung&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Jung (page does not exist)") [Kalisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Kalisch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Kalisch (page does not exist)") [Kansy](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietmar_Kansy&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietmar Kansy (page does not exist)") [Karwatzki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irmgard_Karwatzki&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irmgard Karwatzki (page does not exist)") [Kiep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Leisler_Kiep "Walther Leisler Kiep") (until 26 April 1982) [Kittelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kittelmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Kittelmann (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hugo_Klein "Hans Hugo Klein") [Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_W_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert W Köhler (page does not exist)") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Köhler (page does not exist)") [Kolb](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmar_Kolb&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elmar Kolb (page does not exist)") [Köster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_K%C3%B6ster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gottfried Köster (page does not exist)") [Krey](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Heinrich_Krey&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Heinrich Krey (page does not exist)") [Kroll-SchlĂŒter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kroll-Schl%C3%BCter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Kroll-SchlĂŒter (page does not exist)") [Kunz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kunz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Kunz (page does not exist)") (until 15 June 1981) [Lagershausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Hans_Lagershausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Hans Lagershausen (page does not exist)") (from 29 March 1982) [Lamers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lamers "Karl Lamers") [Lammert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Lammert "Norbert Lammert") [Lampersbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lampersbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Lampersbach (page does not exist)") (until 16 December 1982) [LandrĂ©](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Landr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz LandrĂ© (page does not exist)") [Langner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Langner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Langner (page does not exist)") [Lattmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Lattmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Lattmann (page does not exist)") (from 27 April 1982) [Laufs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Laufs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Laufs (page does not exist)") [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Otto_Lenz "Carl Otto Lenz") [Lenzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lenzer "Christian Lenzer") [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Link "Helmut Link") [Löher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_L%C3%B6her&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Löher (page does not exist)") [Lorenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorenz "Peter Lorenz") [Louven](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julyus_Louven&action=edit&redlink=1 "Julyus Louven (page does not exist)") [MaaĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Maa%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich MaaĂ (page does not exist)") [Magin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Magin "Theo Magin") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") [Mertes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Mertes "Alois Mertes") [Metz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Metz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard Metz (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Meyer_zu_Bentrup "Reinhard Meyer zu Bentrup") [Michels](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meinolf_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meinolf Michels (page does not exist)") [Mikat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mikat "Paul Mikat") [Miltner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Miltner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Miltner (page does not exist)") [Milz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Milz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Milz (page does not exist)") [Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_M%C3%B6ller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Möller (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1916\) "Adolf MĂŒller (politician, born 1916)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfons_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfons MĂŒller (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Werner MĂŒller (page does not exist)") [Narjes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Narjes "Karl-Heinz Narjes") (until 9 January 1981) [Nelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Nelle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Engelbert Nelle (page does not exist)") [Neuhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hubertus_Neuhaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Hubertus Neuhaus (page does not exist)") [Neumeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Neumeister&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hanna Neumeister (page does not exist)") [OldenstĂ€dt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Oldenst%C3%A4dt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin OldenstĂ€dt (page does not exist)") (from 5 December 1980) [Olderog](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Olderog&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Olderog (page does not exist)") [Pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Pack "Doris Pack") [Petersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Petersen_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Petersen (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Pfeffermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_O_Pfeffermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard O Pfeffermann (page does not exist)") [Pfeifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Pfeifer "Anton Pfeifer") [Picard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Picard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Picard (page does not exist)") [Pieroth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmar_Pieroth "Elmar Pieroth") (until 16 July 1981) [Pinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfried_Pinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Winfried Pinger (page does not exist)") [Pohlmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_Pohlmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eberhard Pohlmann (page does not exist)") [Pohlmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Pohlmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Pohlmeier (page does not exist)") [Prangenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen_Prangenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz-JĂŒrgen Prangenberg (page does not exist)") [Rawe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rawe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Rawe (page does not exist)") [Reddemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reddemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reddemann (page does not exist)") [Repnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Peter_Repnik "Hans-Peter Repnik") [Riesenhuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Riesenhuber "Heinz Riesenhuber") [Ritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Ritz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Burkhard Ritz (page does not exist)") (until 2 December 1980) [Roitzsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Roitzsch "Ingrid Roitzsch") [Ruf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Ruf (page does not exist)") [RĂŒhe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_R%C3%BChe "Volker RĂŒhe") [Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Sauer (page does not exist)") [Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Sauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roland Sauer (page does not exist)") [Sauter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Sauter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Sauter (page does not exist)") [Schartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Schartz&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Schartz (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€uble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble "Wolfgang SchĂ€uble") [Schmitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Peter_Schmitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Peter Schmitz (page does not exist)") [Schmöle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Werner_Schm%C3%B6le&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Werner Schmöle (page does not exist)") [Schorlemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_von_Schorlemer "Reinhard von Schorlemer") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diedrich_Schr%C3%B6der&action=edit&redlink=1 "Diedrich Schröder (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Schr%C3%B6der "Horst Schröder") [Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Schroeder&action=edit&redlink=1 "Conrad Schroeder (page does not exist)") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schulte "Dieter Schulte") [Schulze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Schulze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Schulze (page does not exist)") (from 4 February 1981) [Schwarz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Schwarz "Heinz Schwarz") [Schwarz-Schilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Schwarz-Schilling "Christian Schwarz-Schilling") [Schwörer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer "Hermann Schwörer") [Seiters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Seiters "Rudolf Seiters") [Sick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi-Peter_Sick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi-Peter Sick (page does not exist)") [Spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Freiherr_Spies_von_B%C3%BCllesheim "Adolf Freiherr Spies von BĂŒllesheim") [Sprung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sprung "Rudolf Sprung") [Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Stark "Anton Stark") [Stavenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Stavenhagen "Lutz Stavenhagen") [Stercken](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Stercken&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Stercken (page does not exist)") [StraĂmeir](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Stra%C3%9Fmeir&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter StraĂmeir (page does not exist)") [Stutzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Stutzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Stutzer (page does not exist)") [Susset](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Susset&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Susset (page does not exist)") [Tillmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Tillmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand Tillmann (page does not exist)") [Todenhöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Todenh%C3%B6fer "JĂŒrgen Todenhöfer") [Unland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Unland&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Josef Unland (page does not exist)") [VerhĂŒlsdonk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Verh%C3%BClsdonk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha VerhĂŒlsdonk (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Vogel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Vogel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Vogt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Vogt (page does not exist)") [Volmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Volmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Volmer (page does not exist)") [Waffenschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Waffenschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Waffenschmidt (page does not exist)") [Waldburg-Zeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Graf_von_Waldburg-Zeil "Alois Graf von Waldburg-Zeil") [Wartenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludolf_von_Wartenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludolf von Wartenberg (page does not exist)") [Weirich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Weirich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Weirich (page does not exist)") [Weiskirch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Weiskirch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Weiskirch (page does not exist)") [WeiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wei%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner WeiĂ (page does not exist)") [WeizsĂ€cker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker "Richard von WeizsĂ€cker") (until 15 June 1981) [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Werner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Werner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Wex "Helga Wex") [Will-Feld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltrud_Will-Feld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waltrud Will-Feld (page does not exist)") [Wilms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothee_Wilms "Dorothee Wilms") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Wimmer "Willy Wimmer") [Windelen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen "Heinrich Windelen") [Wisniewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Wisniewski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha Wisniewski (page does not exist)") [Wissmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Wissmann "Matthias Wissmann") [Wörner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner "Manfred Wörner") [Wrangel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Baron_von_Wrangel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Baron von Wrangel (page does not exist)") (until 3 April 1982) [Wulff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wulff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wulff (page does not exist)") [WĂŒrzbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kurt_W%C3%BCrzbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Kurt WĂŒrzbach (page does not exist)") [Zink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Zink "Otto Zink") **CSU:** [Althammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Althammer "Walter Althammer") [Biehle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Biehle "Alfred Biehle") [Bötsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_B%C3%B6tsch "Wolfgang Bötsch") [Brunner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Brunner "Josef Brunner") [Dollinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dollinger "Werner Dollinger") [Engelsberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Engelsberger "Matthias Engelsberger") [Faltlhauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Faltlhauser "Kurt Faltlhauser") [Fellner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Fellner "Hermann Fellner") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michaela_Geiger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michaela Geiger (page does not exist)") [Gerlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Gerlach (page does not exist)") [Glos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Glos "Michael Glos") [Götz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eike_G%C3%B6tz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eike Götz (page does not exist)") (until 8 March 1983) [Handlos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Handlos "Franz Handlos") [Hartmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hartmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Hartmann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hinsken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hinsken "Ernst Hinsken") [Höffkes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6ffkes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Wilhelm Höffkes (page does not exist)") [Höpfinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_H%C3%B6pfinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stefan Höpfinger (page does not exist)") [Huyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Graf_Huyn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Graf Huyn (page does not exist)") [Jobst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionys_Jobst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dionys Jobst (page does not exist)") [Keller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Keller_\(politician\) "Peter Keller (politician)") [Kiechle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Kiechle "Ignaz Kiechle") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Klein_\(politician\) "Hans Klein (politician)") [Kraus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kraus_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kraus (politician) (page does not exist)") [Kreile](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Kreile&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Kreile (page does not exist)") [Krone-Appuhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Krone-Appuhn "Ursula Krone-Appuhn") [Kunz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Kunz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Kunz (politician) (page does not exist)") [Lemmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Lemmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Lemmrich (page does not exist)") [Linsmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Linsmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Linsmeier (page does not exist)") [Lintner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Lintner "Eduard Lintner") [Lowack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ortwin_Lowack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ortwin Lowack (page does not exist)") [MĂ€nnle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_M%C3%A4nnle "Ursula MĂ€nnle") (from 17 March 1983) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [Niegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Niegel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lorenz Niegel (page does not exist)") [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Probst "Albert Probst") [Rainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alois_Rainer_\(politician,_born_1921\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alois Rainer (politician, born 1921) (page does not exist)") [Regenspurger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Regenspurger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Regenspurger (page does not exist)") [Riedl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Riedl "Erich Riedl") [Röhner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_R%C3%B6hner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Röhner (page does not exist)") (until 11 May 1982) [Rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Rose (page does not exist)") [Rossmanith](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Rossmanith&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Rossmanith (page does not exist)") [Sauter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Sauter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Sauter (page does not exist)") [Schenk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Ludwig_Schenk_Graf_von_Stauffenberg "Franz-Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Schneider "Oscar Schneider") [Seehofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Seehofer "Horst Seehofer") [Spilker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Spilker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Spilker (page does not exist)") [Spranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Dieter_Spranger "Carl-Dieter Spranger") [StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekkehard_Voigt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ekkehard Voigt (page does not exist)") (from 14 May 1982) [Voss](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Voss_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Voss (politician) (page does not exist)") [Waigel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Waigel "Theo Waigel") [Warnke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Warnke "JĂŒrgen Warnke") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Wittmann "Fritz Wittmann") [Zierer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Zierer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Zierer (page does not exist)") [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann "Friedrich Zimmermann") | | |
| SPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:9th_Bundestag_SPD "Template:9th Bundestag SPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:9th_Bundestag_SPD "Template talk:9th Bundestag SPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:9th_Bundestag_SPD "Special:EditPage/Template:9th Bundestag SPD")SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Herbert Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner")** | | |
| **Members:** [Ahrens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ahrens "Karl Ahrens") [Amling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Amling "Max Amling") [Antretter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Antretter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Antretter (page does not exist)") [Apel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Apel "Hans Apel") [Assmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Assmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Assmann (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 24 February 1983) [Auch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Auch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Auch (page does not exist)") [Baack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Baack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Baack (page does not exist)") [Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr") [Bamberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Bamberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Bamberg (page does not exist)") (from 2 February 1981) [Bardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bardens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Bardens (page does not exist)") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Becker (page does not exist)") [Bernrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gottfried_Bernrath&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Gottfried Bernrath (page does not exist)") [Berschkeit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Berschkeit&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Berschkeit (page does not exist)") [Biermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Biermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Biermann (page does not exist)") [Bindig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bindig "Rudolf Bindig") [Blunck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieselott_Blunck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lieselott Blunck (page does not exist)") (from 30 January 1981) [Böhme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_B%C3%B6hme "Rolf Böhme") (until 2 December 1982) [Börnsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arne_B%C3%B6rnsen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arne Börnsen (page does not exist)") [Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Brandt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Brandt (page does not exist)") [Brandt]() [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Br%C3%BCck "Alwin BrĂŒck") [BĂŒchler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_B%C3%BCchler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans BĂŒchler (page does not exist)") [BĂŒchner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_B%C3%BCchner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter BĂŒchner (page does not exist)") [BĂŒhling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_B%C3%BChling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard BĂŒhling (page does not exist)") (from 6 July 1981) [BĂŒlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_B%C3%BClow "Andreas von BĂŒlow") [Buschfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Buschfort&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Buschfort (page does not exist)") [Catenhusen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-Michael_Catenhusen "Wolf-Michael Catenhusen") [Collet](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Collet&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Collet (page does not exist)") [Conradi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Conradi_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Conradi (politician) (page does not exist)") [Corterier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Corterier "Peter Corterier") [Curdt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Curdt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Curdt (page does not exist)") [DaubertshĂ€user](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Daubertsh%C3%A4user&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus DaubertshĂ€user (page does not exist)") [DĂ€ubler-Gmelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herta_D%C3%A4ubler-Gmelin "Herta DĂ€ubler-Gmelin") [Diederich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Diederich "Nils Diederich") [Dohnanyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_von_Dohnanyi "Klaus von Dohnanyi") (until 26 June 1981) [DreĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dre%C3%9Fler "Rudolf DreĂler") [DĂŒbber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_D%C3%BCbber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich DĂŒbber (page does not exist)") [Duve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freimut_Duve "Freimut Duve") [Egert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Egert&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Egert (page does not exist)") [Ehmke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ehmke "Horst Ehmke") [Ehrenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ehrenberg "Herbert Ehrenberg") [Eickmeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Arnold_Eickmeyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Arnold Eickmeyer (page does not exist)") [Emmerlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Emmerlich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Emmerlich (page does not exist)") [Enders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelin_Enders "Wendelin Enders") [Engholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Engholm "Björn Engholm") [Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Erler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Erler (page does not exist)") (from 6 December 1982) [Esters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Esters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Esters (page does not exist)") [Ewen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ewen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Ewen (page does not exist)") [Feile](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Feile&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Feile (page does not exist)") [Fiebig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Fiebig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Fiebig (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gernot_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gernot Fischer (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Fischer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Fischer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anke_Fuchs "Anke Fuchs") [Gansel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Gansel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Gansel (page does not exist)") [Gerstl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Gerstl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Gerstl (page does not exist)") [GeĂner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Ge%C3%9Fner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred GeĂner (page does not exist)") [Gilges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Gilges "Konrad Gilges") [Ginnuttis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ginnuttis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Ginnuttis (page does not exist)") [Glombig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Glombig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen Glombig (page does not exist)") (from 18 December 1980) [GnĂ€dinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz-Joachim_Gn%C3%A4dinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz-Joachim GnĂ€dinger (page does not exist)") [Gobrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gobrecht&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Gobrecht (page does not exist)") [Grobecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_Grobecker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus Grobecker (page does not exist)") [Grunenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Grunenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Grunenberg (page does not exist)") [Haack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Haack "Dieter Haack") [Haar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Haar (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Haase_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Haase (politician) (page does not exist)") [Haehser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Haehser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Haehser (page does not exist)") [Hartenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Hartenstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liesel Hartenstein (page does not exist)") [Hauck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hauck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Hauck (page does not exist)") [Hauff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Hauff "Volker Hauff") [Heistermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Heistermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Heistermann (page does not exist)") [Herberholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Herberholz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ralph Herberholz (page does not exist)") [Herterich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Herterich&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Herterich (page does not exist)") [Heyenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Heyenn&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Heyenn (page does not exist)") [Hitzigrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%BCdiger_Hitzigrath&action=edit&redlink=1 "RĂŒdiger Hitzigrath (page does not exist)") (from 6 November 1981) [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajo_Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hajo Hoffmann (page does not exist)") [Holtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Holtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Holtz (page does not exist)") [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Horn (page does not exist)") [Huber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Huber "Antje Huber") [Huonker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunter_Huonker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gunter Huonker (page does not exist)") [IbrĂŒgger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Ibr%C3%BCgger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar IbrĂŒgger (page does not exist)") [Immer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Immer "Klaus Immer") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn "Gerhard Jahn") [Jansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Jansen&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Jansen (page does not exist)") [Jaunich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jaunich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jaunich (page does not exist)") [Jens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Jens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Jens (page does not exist)") [Junghans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Junghans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Junghans (page does not exist)") [Jungmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jungmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jungmann (page does not exist)") [Kiehm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Kiehm&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Kiehm (page does not exist)") [Kirschner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Kirschner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Kirschner (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Klein (page does not exist)") [Klejdzinski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Klejdzinski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Klejdzinski (page does not exist)") [Kolbow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kolbow "Walter Kolbow") [Korber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Korber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Korber (page does not exist)") (until 2 July 1981) [Kretkowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_Kretkowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Kretkowski (page does not exist)") [Kreutzmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Kreutzmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Kreutzmann (page does not exist)") [KĂŒbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_K%C3%BCbler_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus KĂŒbler (politician) (page does not exist)") [KĂŒhbacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Dieter_K%C3%BChbacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Dieter KĂŒhbacher (page does not exist)") [Kuhlwein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eckart_Kuhlwein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eckart Kuhlwein (page does not exist)") [Lambinus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Lambinus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Lambinus (page does not exist)") [Leber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Leber "Georg Leber") [Lennartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lennartz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Lennartz (page does not exist)") [Leonhart](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Leonhart&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Leonhart (page does not exist)") [Lepsius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Lepsius "Renate Lepsius") [Leuschner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Leuschner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Leuschner (page does not exist)") [Liedtke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liedtke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Liedtke (page does not exist)") [Linde](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Linde&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Linde (page does not exist)") [Löffler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_L%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Löffler (page does not exist)") [Lutz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lutz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Lutz (page does not exist)") [Luuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagmar_Luuk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dagmar Luuk (page does not exist)") [Mahne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Mahne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erhard Mahne (page does not exist)") [MĂ€nning](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_M%C3%A4nning&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter MĂ€nning (page does not exist)") [Marschall](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Marschall&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Marschall (page does not exist)") [Martiny-Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anke_Martiny-Glotz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anke Martiny-Glotz (page does not exist)") [Matthöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer "Hans Matthöfer") [Meinike](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meinike&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Meinike (page does not exist)") [Meininghaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Meininghaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Meininghaus (page does not exist)") [Menzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Menzel (page does not exist)") [Mertens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz-Josef_Mertens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz-Josef Mertens (page does not exist)") [Mitzscherling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Mitzscherling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Mitzscherling (page does not exist)") [Möhring](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_M%C3%B6hring&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Möhring (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller-Emmert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_M%C3%BCller-Emmert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf MĂŒller-Emmert (page does not exist)") [MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") [Nagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Nagel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Nagel (page does not exist)") [Nehm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Nehm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Nehm (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Neumann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Neumann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volker_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volker Neumann (page does not exist)") [Nöbel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_N%C3%B6bel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Nöbel (page does not exist)") [Offergeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Offergeld "Rainer Offergeld") [Oostergetelo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Oostergetelo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jan Oostergetelo (page does not exist)") [Osswald](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Dieter_Osswald&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Dieter Osswald (page does not exist)") [Paterna](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paterna&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Paterna (page does not exist)") [Pauli](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Pauli&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Pauli (page does not exist)") [Pawelczyk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Pawelczyk "Alfons Pawelczyk") (until 18 December 1980) [Penner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willfried_Penner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willfried Penner (page does not exist)") [Pensky](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Pensky&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Pensky (page does not exist)") [Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Peter_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Peter (politician) (page does not exist)") [Polkehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Polkehn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Polkehn (page does not exist)") [Porzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Porzner "Konrad Porzner") (until 28 January 1981) [PoĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Po%C3%9F "Joachim PoĂ") [Purps](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Purps&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Purps (page does not exist)") [Rapp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Rapp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Rapp (page does not exist)") [Rappe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Rappe "Hermann Rappe") [Rayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rayer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Rayer (page does not exist)") [Renger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Renger "Annemarie Renger") [Reschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Reschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Reschke (page does not exist)") [Reuschenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reuschenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Reuschenbach (page does not exist)") [Reuter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Reuter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernd Reuter (page does not exist)") [Rohde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Rohde "Helmut Rohde") [Rosenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Rosenthal_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Philip Rosenthal (politician) (page does not exist)") [Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Roth_\(politician\) "Wolfgang Roth (politician)") [Sander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Engelbert Sander (page does not exist)") [Schachtschabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Georg_Schachtschabel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Georg Schachtschabel (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harald_B_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harald B SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€tz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Sch%C3%A4tz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann SchĂ€tz (page does not exist)") [Scheer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Scheer "Hermann Scheer") [Schirmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedel_Schirmer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedel Schirmer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schlaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schlaga&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Schlaga (page does not exist)") [Schlatter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Schlatter&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Schlatter (page does not exist)") [Schlei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Schlei "Marie Schlei") (until 3 November 1981) [Schluckebier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Schluckebier&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Schluckebier (page does not exist)") [Schmedt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helga_Schmedt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helga Schmedt (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Schmidt (page does not exist)") (until 10 February 1983) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Schmidt "Adolf Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1914\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schmidt (politician, born 1914) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Schmidt "Renate Schmidt") [Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Schmitt "Rudi Schmitt") [Schmude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmude "JĂŒrgen Schmude") [Schöfberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Sch%C3%B6fberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Schöfberger (page does not exist)") [Schreiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Schreiber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Schreiber (page does not exist)") [Schreiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottmar_Schreiner "Ottmar Schreiner") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") [Schröer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Schr%C3%B6er&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Schröer (page does not exist)") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schulte&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schulte (page does not exist)") [Schwenk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwenk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schwenk (page does not exist)") [Sielaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Sielaff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Sielaff (page does not exist)") [Sieler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Sieler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Sieler (page does not exist)") [Simonis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heide_Simonis "Heide Simonis") [Skarpelis-Sperk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigrid_Skarpelis-Sperk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sigrid Skarpelis-Sperk (page does not exist)") [Soell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Soell&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hartmut Soell (page does not exist)") [Sperling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Sperling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Sperling (page does not exist)") [Spöri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Sp%C3%B6ri "Dieter Spöri") [Stahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Stahl (page does not exist)") [Steger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Steger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Steger (page does not exist)") [Steiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz-Alfred_Steiner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz-Alfred Steiner (page does not exist)") [Steinhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltraud_Steinhauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waltraud Steinhauer (page does not exist)") [Stiegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Stiegler "Ludwig Stiegler") [Stöckl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_St%C3%B6ckl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Stöckl (page does not exist)") [Stockleben](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Stockleben&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Stockleben (page does not exist)") [Struck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Struck_\(politician\) "Peter Struck (politician)") [Terborg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margitta_Terborg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margitta Terborg (page does not exist)") [ThĂŒsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Th%C3%BCsing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus ThĂŒsing (page does not exist)") [Tietjen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Tietjen&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Tietjen (page does not exist)") [Timm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Timm "Helga Timm") [Topmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Topmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Topmann (page does not exist)") [Traupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Traupe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Traupe (page does not exist)") [Ueberhorst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Ueberhorst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard Ueberhorst (page does not exist)") (until 28 January 1981) [UeberschĂ€r](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Uebersch%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt UeberschĂ€r (page does not exist)") (from 2 February 1981) [Urbaniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Eberhard_Urbaniak&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Eberhard Urbaniak (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") (until 28 January 1981) [Vogelsang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vogelsang&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Vogelsang (page does not exist)") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Voigt "Karsten Voigt") [Vosen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Vosen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Vosen (page does not exist)") [Wallow](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wallow&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wallow (page does not exist)") (from 29 June 1981) [Waltemathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Waltemathe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Waltemathe (page does not exist)") [Walther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Walther&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudi Walther (page does not exist)") [Wartenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Wartenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Wartenberg (page does not exist)") [Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") [Weinhofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Weinhofer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Weinhofer (page does not exist)") [Weisskirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Weisskirchen "Gert Weisskirchen") [Wernitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Wernitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Axel Wernitz (page does not exist)") [Westphal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Westphal "Heinz Westphal") [Weyel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gudrun_Weyel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gudrun Weyel (page does not exist)") [Wieczorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Wieczorek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Wieczorek (page does not exist)") [Wieczorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Wieczorek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Wieczorek (page does not exist)") [Wiefel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Wiefel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bruno Wiefel (page does not exist)") [Wiesche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_der_Wiesche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen von der Wiesche (page does not exist)") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Wimmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Wimmer (page does not exist)") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Wimmer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Wimmer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") [Witek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Witek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Witek (page does not exist)") [With](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_de_With&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans de With (page does not exist)") [Wolfram](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Wolfram (page does not exist)") [Wrede](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Wrede&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Wrede (page does not exist)") [WĂŒrtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_W%C3%BCrtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter WĂŒrtz (page does not exist)") [Wuttke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Wuttke&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Wuttke (page does not exist)") [Zander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fred Zander (page does not exist)") [Zeitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Zeitler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Zeitler (page does not exist)") [Zutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Zutt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ruth Zutt (page does not exist)") | | |
| FDP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:9th_Bundestag_FDP "Template:9th Bundestag FDP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:9th_Bundestag_FDP "Template talk:9th Bundestag FDP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:9th_Bundestag_FDP "Special:EditPage/Template:9th Bundestag FDP")FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Wolfgang Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") | | |
| **Members:** [Adam-Schwaetzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Schwaetzer "Irmgard Schwaetzer") [Baum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Baum "Gerhart Baum") [Beckmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Beckmann "Klaus Beckmann") [Bergerowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Bergerowski "Wolfram Bergerowski") [Braun-StĂŒtzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carola_von_Braun-St%C3%BCtzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carola von Braun-StĂŒtzer (page does not exist)") [Bredehorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Bredehorn "GĂŒnther Bredehorn") [Brunner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Brunner "Guido Brunner") (until 28 January 1981) [Brunnstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Brunnstein "Klaus Brunnstein") (from 11 February 1983) [Cronenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter-Julius_Cronenberg "Dieter-Julius Cronenberg") [Eimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Eimer "Norbert Eimer") [Engel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sibylle_Engel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sibylle Engel (page does not exist)") (from 26 June 1981) [Engelhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_A._Engelhard "Hans A. Engelhard") [Ertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ertl "Josef Ertl") [Feldmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Feldmann "Olaf Feldmann") (from 29 January 1981) [Fromm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Fromm_\(politician\) "Rita Fromm (politician)") [Funke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Funke "Rainer Funke") [Gallus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Gallus "Georg Gallus") [GĂ€rtner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_G%C3%A4rtner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus GĂ€rtner (page does not exist)") [Gattermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_H._Gattermann "Hans H. Gattermann") [Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") [Ginsberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Ginsberg "Matthias Ginsberg") (from 9 December 1982) [GrĂŒner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gr%C3%BCner "Martin GrĂŒner") [Hamm-BrĂŒcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Hamm-Br%C3%BCcher "Hildegard Hamm-BrĂŒcher") [Haussmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Haussmann "Helmut Haussmann") [Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Hirsch "Burkhard Hirsch") [Hoffie](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_Hoffie&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-JĂŒrgen Hoffie (page does not exist)") (until 25 June 1981) [Holsteg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Holsteg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Holsteg (page does not exist)") [Hoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-G%C3%BCnter_Hoppe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-GĂŒnter Hoppe (page does not exist)") [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Jung "Kurt Jung") [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Kleinert (page does not exist)") [Laermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hans_Laermann "Karl-Hans Laermann") [Lambsdorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff "Otto Graf Lambsdorff") [MatthĂ€us-Maier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Matth%C3%A4us-Maier "Ingrid MatthĂ€us-Maier") (until 2 December 1982) [Merker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Merker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Merker (page does not exist)") [Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") [Möllemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%B6llemann "JĂŒrgen Möllemann") [Neuhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Neuhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Neuhausen (page does not exist)") [Noth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erke_Noth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erke Noth (page does not exist)") [Paintner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Paintner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Paintner (page does not exist)") [Popp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Popp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Popp (page does not exist)") [Rentrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Rentrop&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedhelm Rentrop (page does not exist)") [Riebensahm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Riebensahm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Riebensahm (page does not exist)") (from 13 December 1982) [Riemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_Riemer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Ludwig Riemer (page does not exist)") [Ronneburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Ronneburger "Uwe Ronneburger") [Rösch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_R%C3%B6sch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Rösch (page does not exist)") [Rumpf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rumpf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Rumpf (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sch%C3%A4fer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut SchĂ€fer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinrich_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinrich Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schoeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_Schoeler "Andreas von Schoeler") (until 8 December 1982) [Schuchardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Schuchardt "Helga Schuchardt") (until 10 February 1983) [Solms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Otto_Solms "Hermann Otto Solms") [Timm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Timm&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Timm (page does not exist)") [Vohrer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Vohrer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Vohrer (page does not exist)") [Wendig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wendig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Wendig (page does not exist)") [Wolfgramm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torsten_Wolfgramm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Torsten Wolfgramm (page does not exist)") [Wurbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wurbs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Wurbs (page does not exist)") [Zumpfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolf-Dieter_Zumpfort&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolf-Dieter Zumpfort (page does not exist)") [Zywietz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Zywietz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Zywietz (page does not exist)") | | |
| OTHER | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:9th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template:9th Bundestag OTHER") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:9th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template talk:9th Bundestag OTHER") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:9th_Bundestag_OTHER "Special:EditPage/Template:9th Bundestag OTHER")Independent | | |
| **Members:** [Coppik](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Coppik&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Coppik (page does not exist)") [Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hansen (page does not exist)") [Hofmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hofmann_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hofmann (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Hölscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_H%C3%B6lscher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Hölscher (page does not exist)") | | |
| [List of members of the 9th Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_9th_Bundestag "List of members of the 9th Bundestag") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_10th_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 10th Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_10th_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 10th Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_10th_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 10th Bundestag")  [Members of the 10th Bundestag (1983â1987)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_10th_Bundestag "List of members of the 10th Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Rainer Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") until 25 October 1984; [Philipp Jenninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Jenninger "Philipp Jenninger") from 5 November 1984 ([CDU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany "Christian Democratic Union of Germany"))** | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:10th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template:10th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:10th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template talk:10th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Special:EditPage/Template:10th Bundestag CDU and CSU")CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Alfred Dregger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger "Alfred Dregger")** | | |
| **CDU:** [Abelein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Abelein "Manfred Abelein") [Augustin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneliese_Augustin "Anneliese Augustin") (from 13 January 1984) [Austermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Austermann "Dietrich Austermann") [Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") [Bayha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bayha "Richard Bayha") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Becker_\(politician,_born_1923\) "Karl Becker (politician, born 1923)") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieselotte_Berger "Lieselotte Berger") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Berger_\(politician\) "Markus Berger (politician)") [Berners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Josef_Berners "Franz-Josef Berners") (from 17 January 1986) [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Theodor_Blank "Joseph-Theodor Blank") [Blens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert_Blens "Heribert Blens") [BlĂŒm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Bl%C3%BCm "Norbert BlĂŒm") [Bohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bohl "Friedrich Bohl") [Bohlsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_Bohlsen "Wilfried Bohlsen") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_B%C3%B6hm "Wilfried Böhm") [Borchert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Borchert "Jochen Borchert") [Boroffka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Boroffka "Peter Boroffka") [Braun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Braun_\(politician\) "Gerhard Braun (politician)") [Breuer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Breuer "Paul Breuer") [Broll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Broll "Werner Broll") [Bugl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bugl "Josef Bugl") [BĂŒhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_B%C3%BChler "Klaus BĂŒhler") [Buschbom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Buschbom "Helmut Buschbom") [Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Carstens "Manfred Carstens") [Carstensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Harry_Carstensen "Peter Harry Carstensen") [Clemens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Clemens "Joachim Clemens") [Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Conrad "Franz Josef Conrad") (until 12 September 1985) [Czaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Czaja "Herbert Czaja") [Dallmeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_Dallmeyer "Harm Dallmeyer") (until 11 April 1983) [Daniels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Daniels "Hans Daniels") [Daweke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Daweke "Klaus Daweke") [Dempwolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrud_Dempwolf "Gertrud Dempwolf") (from 22 March 1984) [Deres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Deres "Karl Deres") [Dolata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Dolata&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Dolata (page does not exist)") [Dörflinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_D%C3%B6rflinger "Werner Dörflinger") [Doss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansj%C3%BCrgen_Doss "HansjĂŒrgen Doss") [Dregger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger "Alfred Dregger") [Echternach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Echternach "JĂŒrgen Echternach") [Ehrbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Ehrbar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Ehrbar (page does not exist)") [Eigen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Eigen "Karl Eigen") [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Erhard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Erhard (page does not exist)") [Eylmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Eylmann "Horst Eylmann") [Feilcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Feilcke "Jochen Feilcke") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Fischer_\(politician\) "Dirk Fischer (politician)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Fischer "Leni Fischer") [Francke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Francke "Klaus Francke") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Franke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Franke (page does not exist)") (until 9 April 1984) [Friedmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Friedmann "Bernhard Friedmann") [Funk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honor_Funk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Honor Funk (page does not exist)") (from 14 October 1985) [Ganz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Ganz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Ganz (page does not exist)") [GeiĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_Gei%C3%9Fler "Heiner GeiĂler") [Geldern](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_von_Geldern&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang von Geldern (page does not exist)") [George](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haimo_George&action=edit&redlink=1 "Haimo George (page does not exist)") (until 5 October 1985) [Gerstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Gerstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Gerstein (page does not exist)") [Gerster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gerster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Gerster (page does not exist)") [Göhner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_G%C3%B6hner "Reinhard Göhner") [GĂŒnther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_G%C3%BCnther_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst GĂŒnther (politician) (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Haase (page does not exist)") (until 5 December 1983) [Hackel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Hackel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Hackel (page does not exist)") (until 1 December 1985) [HĂ€fele](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansj%C3%B6rg_H%C3%A4fele&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansjörg HĂ€fele (page does not exist)") [Hammerstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Detlev_Freiherr_von_Hammerstein "Carl-Detlev Freiherr von Hammerstein") (from 9 April 1984) [Hanz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Hanz&action=edit&redlink=1 "August Hanz (page does not exist)") [Haungs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Haungs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rainer Haungs (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinz_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinz Hauser (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Hauser_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Hauser (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_Hedrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-JĂŒrgen Hedrich (page does not exist)") [Heereman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Heereman_von_Zuydtwyck "Constantin Heereman von Zuydtwyck") [Hellwig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Hellwig "Renate Hellwig") [Helmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Helmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Helmrich (page does not exist)") [Hennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottfried_Hennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ottfried Hennig (page does not exist)") [Herkenrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Herkenrath&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Herkenrath (page does not exist)") [Hinrichs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Hinrichs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Hinrichs (page does not exist)") [Hoffacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hoffacker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Hoffacker (page does not exist)") [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Hoffmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingeborg Hoffmann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hornhues](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hornhues&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hornhues (page does not exist)") [Hornung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Hornung&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Hornung (page does not exist)") [Horstmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Horstmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Horstmeier (page does not exist)") (from 3 December 1986) [Hupka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hupka "Herbert Hupka") [HĂŒrland-BĂŒning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_H%C3%BCrland-B%C3%BCning "Agnes HĂŒrland-BĂŒning") [HĂŒsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_G%C3%BCnther_H%C3%BCsch "Heinz GĂŒnther HĂŒsch") [JĂ€ger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_J%C3%A4ger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus JĂ€ger (page does not exist)") [Jagoda](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Jagoda&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernhard Jagoda (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Adolf_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich-Adolf Jahn (page does not exist)") [Jenninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Jenninger "Philipp Jenninger") [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Jung&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Jung (page does not exist)") [Kalisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Kalisch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Kalisch (page does not exist)") [Kansy](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietmar_Kansy&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietmar Kansy (page does not exist)") [Karwatzki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irmgard_Karwatzki&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irmgard Karwatzki (page does not exist)") [Kittelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kittelmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Kittelmann (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hugo_Klein "Hans Hugo Klein") (until 20 December 1983) [Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_W_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert W Köhler (page does not exist)") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Köhler (page does not exist)") [Kolb](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmar_Kolb&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elmar Kolb (page does not exist)") [Krey](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Heinrich_Krey&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Heinrich Krey (page does not exist)") [Kroll-SchlĂŒter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kroll-Schl%C3%BCter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Kroll-SchlĂŒter (page does not exist)") [Kronenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kronenberg "Friedrich Kronenberg") [Lamers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lamers "Karl Lamers") [Lammert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Lammert "Norbert Lammert") [LandrĂ©](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Landr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz LandrĂ© (page does not exist)") [Langner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Langner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Langner (page does not exist)") [Lattmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Lattmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Lattmann (page does not exist)") [Laufs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Laufs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Laufs (page does not exist)") [Lenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Otto_Lenz "Carl Otto Lenz") (until 13 January 1984) [Lenzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lenzer "Christian Lenzer") [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Link "Helmut Link") [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Link_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Link (politician) (page does not exist)") [Lippold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lippold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Lippold (page does not exist)") [Löher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_L%C3%B6her&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Löher (page does not exist)") [Lohmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Lohmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Lohmann (page does not exist)") [Lorenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorenz "Peter Lorenz") [Louven](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julyus_Louven&action=edit&redlink=1 "Julyus Louven (page does not exist)") [MaaĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Maa%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich MaaĂ (page does not exist)") [Magin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Magin "Theo Magin") [Marschewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Marschewski "Erwin Marschewski") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marx_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Marx (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 12 July 1985) [Mertes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Mertes "Alois Mertes") (until 16 June 1985) [Metz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Metz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard Metz (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Meyer_zu_Bentrup "Reinhard Meyer zu Bentrup") [Michels](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meinolf_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meinolf Michels (page does not exist)") [Mikat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mikat "Paul Mikat") [Miltner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Miltner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Miltner (page does not exist)") [Milz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Milz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Milz (page does not exist)") (until 26 November 1986) [Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_M%C3%B6ller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Möller (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1916\) "Adolf MĂŒller (politician, born 1916)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfons_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfons MĂŒller (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Werner MĂŒller (page does not exist)") [Nelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Nelle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Engelbert Nelle (page does not exist)") [Neumeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Neumeister&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hanna Neumeister (page does not exist)") [OldenstĂ€dt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Oldenst%C3%A4dt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin OldenstĂ€dt (page does not exist)") [Olderog](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Olderog&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Olderog (page does not exist)") [Pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Pack "Doris Pack") (from 1 October 1985) [Pesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Wilhelm_Pesch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Wilhelm Pesch (page does not exist)") [Petersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Petersen_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Petersen (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Pfeffermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_O_Pfeffermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard O Pfeffermann (page does not exist)") [Pfeifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Pfeifer "Anton Pfeifer") [Pfennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gero_Pfennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gero Pfennig (page does not exist)") (from 2 December 1985) [Pinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfried_Pinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Winfried Pinger (page does not exist)") [Pohlmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_Pohlmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eberhard Pohlmann (page does not exist)") [Pohlmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Pohlmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Pohlmeier (page does not exist)") [Rawe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rawe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Rawe (page does not exist)") [Reddemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reddemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reddemann (page does not exist)") [Repnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Peter_Repnik "Hans-Peter Repnik") [Riesenhuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Riesenhuber "Heinz Riesenhuber") [Rode](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Rode&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Rode (page does not exist)") [Roitzsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Roitzsch "Ingrid Roitzsch") [Rönsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannelore_R%C3%B6nsch "Hannelore Rönsch") [Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Roth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Roth (page does not exist)") [Ruf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Ruf (page does not exist)") [RĂŒhe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_R%C3%BChe "Volker RĂŒhe") [Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Sauer (page does not exist)") [Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Sauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roland Sauer (page does not exist)") [Saurin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Saurin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Saurin (page does not exist)") (from 19 April 1983) [Sauter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Sauter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Sauter (page does not exist)") [Scharrenbroich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heribert_Scharrenbroich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heribert Scharrenbroich (page does not exist)") (from 19 June 1985) [Schartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Schartz&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Schartz (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€uble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble "Wolfgang SchĂ€uble") [Schemken](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Schemken&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Schemken (page does not exist)") [Schlottmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Schlottmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Schlottmann (page does not exist)") [Schmidbauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Schmidbauer "Bernd Schmidbauer") [Schmitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Peter_Schmitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Peter Schmitz (page does not exist)") [Schmude](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_von_Schmude&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael von Schmude (page does not exist)") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schneider_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schorlemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_von_Schorlemer "Reinhard von Schorlemer") [Schreiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Schreiber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Schreiber (page does not exist)") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Schr%C3%B6der "Horst Schröder") (until 22 March 1984) [Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Schroeder&action=edit&redlink=1 "Conrad Schroeder (page does not exist)") [Schulhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schulhoff "Wolfgang Schulhoff") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schulte "Dieter Schulte") [Schultz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Schultz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Schultz (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 22 July 1985) [Schulze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Schulze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Schulze (page does not exist)") [Schwarz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Schwarz "Heinz Schwarz") [Schwarz-Schilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Schwarz-Schilling "Christian Schwarz-Schilling") [Schwörer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer "Hermann Schwörer") [Seesing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Seesing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Seesing (page does not exist)") [Seiters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Seiters "Rudolf Seiters") [Spies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Freiherr_Spies_von_B%C3%BCllesheim "Adolf Freiherr Spies von BĂŒllesheim") [Sprung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sprung "Rudolf Sprung") [Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Stark "Anton Stark") [Stavenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Stavenhagen "Lutz Stavenhagen") [Stercken](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Stercken&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Stercken (page does not exist)") [Stockhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Stockhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Stockhausen (page does not exist)") (from 6 December 1983) [Stoltenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg "Gerhard Stoltenberg") [Stommel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Peter_Stommel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Peter Stommel (page does not exist)") (from 21 March 1985) [StraĂmeir](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Stra%C3%9Fmeir&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter StraĂmeir (page does not exist)") [Strube](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Gerd_Strube&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Gerd Strube (page does not exist)") [Stutzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Stutzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Stutzer (page does not exist)") [Susset](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Susset&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Susset (page does not exist)") [Tillmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Tillmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand Tillmann (page does not exist)") [Todenhöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Todenh%C3%B6fer "JĂŒrgen Todenhöfer") [Uldall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Uldall "Gunnar Uldall") [Unland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Unland&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Josef Unland (page does not exist)") [VerhĂŒlsdonk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Verh%C3%BClsdonk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha VerhĂŒlsdonk (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Vogel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Vogel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Vogt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Vogt (page does not exist)") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Peter_Voigt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Peter Voigt (page does not exist)") (from 21 December 1983) [Waffenschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Waffenschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Waffenschmidt (page does not exist)") [Waldburg-Zeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Graf_von_Waldburg-Zeil "Alois Graf von Waldburg-Zeil") [Warrikoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Warrikoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alexander Warrikoff (page does not exist)") [Wartenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludolf_von_Wartenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludolf von Wartenberg (page does not exist)") [Weirich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Weirich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Weirich (page does not exist)") [Weiskirch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Weiskirch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Weiskirch (page does not exist)") (until 20 March 1985) [WeiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wei%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner WeiĂ (page does not exist)") [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Werner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Werner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Wex "Helga Wex") (until 9 January 1986) [Will-Feld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltrud_Will-Feld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waltrud Will-Feld (page does not exist)") [Wilms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothee_Wilms "Dorothee Wilms") [Wilz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Wilz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernd Wilz (page does not exist)") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Wimmer "Willy Wimmer") [Windelen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen "Heinrich Windelen") [Wisniewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Wisniewski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha Wisniewski (page does not exist)") [Wissmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Wissmann "Matthias Wissmann") [Wörner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner "Manfred Wörner") [Wulff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wulff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wulff (page does not exist)") [WĂŒrzbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kurt_W%C3%BCrzbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Kurt WĂŒrzbach (page does not exist)") [Zink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Zink "Otto Zink") **CSU:** [Althammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Althammer "Walter Althammer") (until 14 April 1985) [Biehle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Biehle "Alfred Biehle") [Bötsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_B%C3%B6tsch "Wolfgang Bötsch") [Brunner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Brunner "Josef Brunner") [Dollinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dollinger "Werner Dollinger") [Engelsberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Engelsberger "Matthias Engelsberger") [Faltlhauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Faltlhauser "Kurt Faltlhauser") [Fellner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Fellner "Hermann Fellner") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michaela_Geiger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michaela Geiger (page does not exist)") [Gerlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Gerlach (page does not exist)") [Glos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Glos "Michael Glos") [Götz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eike_G%C3%B6tz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eike Götz (page does not exist)") [Götzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_G%C3%B6tzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Götzer (page does not exist)") (from 4 June 1984) [Hartmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hartmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Hartmann (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 4 June 1984) [Hinsken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hinsken "Ernst Hinsken") [Höffkes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6ffkes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Wilhelm Höffkes (page does not exist)") [Höpfinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_H%C3%B6pfinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stefan Höpfinger (page does not exist)") [Huyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Graf_Huyn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Graf Huyn (page does not exist)") [Jobst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionys_Jobst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dionys Jobst (page does not exist)") [Keller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Keller_\(politician\) "Peter Keller (politician)") [Kiechle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Kiechle "Ignaz Kiechle") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Klein_\(politician\) "Hans Klein (politician)") [Kraus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kraus_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kraus (politician) (page does not exist)") [Kreile](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Kreile&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Kreile (page does not exist)") [Krone-Appuhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Krone-Appuhn "Ursula Krone-Appuhn") [Kunz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Kunz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Kunz (politician) (page does not exist)") [Lemmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Lemmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Lemmrich (page does not exist)") [Linsmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Linsmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Linsmeier (page does not exist)") [Lintner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Lintner "Eduard Lintner") [Lowack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ortwin_Lowack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ortwin Lowack (page does not exist)") [MĂ€nnle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_M%C3%A4nnle "Ursula MĂ€nnle") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [Niegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Niegel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lorenz Niegel (page does not exist)") [Pöppl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Josef_P%C3%B6ppl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Josef Pöppl (page does not exist)") (from 15 April 1985) [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Probst "Albert Probst") [Regenspurger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Regenspurger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Regenspurger (page does not exist)") [Riedl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Riedl "Erich Riedl") [Rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Rose (page does not exist)") [Rossmanith](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Rossmanith&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Rossmanith (page does not exist)") [Sauter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Sauter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Sauter (page does not exist)") [Schenk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Ludwig_Schenk_Graf_von_Stauffenberg "Franz-Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg") (until 20 November 1984) [Scheu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Scheu "Gerhard Scheu") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Schneider "Oscar Schneider") [Seehofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Seehofer "Horst Seehofer") [Spilker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Spilker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Spilker (page does not exist)") [Spranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Dieter_Spranger "Carl-Dieter Spranger") [StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") [Voss](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Voss_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Voss (politician) (page does not exist)") [Waigel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Waigel "Theo Waigel") [Warnke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Warnke "JĂŒrgen Warnke") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Wittmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Simon Wittmann (page does not exist)") (from 20 November 1984) [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Wittmann "Fritz Wittmann") [Zierer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Zierer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Zierer (page does not exist)") [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann "Friedrich Zimmermann") | | |
| SPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:10th_Bundestag_SPD "Template:10th Bundestag SPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:10th_Bundestag_SPD "Template talk:10th Bundestag SPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_Bundestag_SPD "Special:EditPage/Template:10th Bundestag SPD")SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel")** | | |
| **Members:** [Ahrens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ahrens "Karl Ahrens") [Amling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Amling "Max Amling") [Antretter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Antretter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Antretter (page does not exist)") [Apel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Apel "Hans Apel") [Bachmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Bachmaier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Bachmaier (page does not exist)") [Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr") [Bamberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Bamberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Bamberg (page does not exist)") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Becker (page does not exist)") [Bernrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gottfried_Bernrath&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Gottfried Bernrath (page does not exist)") [Berschkeit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Berschkeit&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Berschkeit (page does not exist)") [Bindig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bindig "Rudolf Bindig") [Blunck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieselott_Blunck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lieselott Blunck (page does not exist)") [Brandt]() [Brosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Brosi "Gerhard Brosi") (until 3 April 1984) [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Br%C3%BCck "Alwin BrĂŒck") [BĂŒchler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_B%C3%BCchler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans BĂŒchler (page does not exist)") [BĂŒchner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_B%C3%BCchner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter BĂŒchner (page does not exist)") [Buckpesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Buckpesch "Walter Buckpesch") [BĂŒlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_B%C3%BClow "Andreas von BĂŒlow") [Buschfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Buschfort&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Buschfort (page does not exist)") [Catenhusen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-Michael_Catenhusen "Wolf-Michael Catenhusen") [Collet](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Collet&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hugo Collet (page does not exist)") [Conradi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Conradi_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Conradi (politician) (page does not exist)") [Corterier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Corterier "Peter Corterier") (from 13 June 1984) [Curdt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Curdt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Curdt (page does not exist)") [Czempiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christa_Czempiel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christa Czempiel (page does not exist)") (until 5 July 1984) [DaubertshĂ€user](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Daubertsh%C3%A4user&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus DaubertshĂ€user (page does not exist)") [DĂ€ubler-Gmelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herta_D%C3%A4ubler-Gmelin "Herta DĂ€ubler-Gmelin") [Delorme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Delorme "Karl Delorme") [Diederich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Diederich "Nils Diederich") [DreĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dre%C3%9Fler "Rudolf DreĂler") [Duve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freimut_Duve "Freimut Duve") [Egert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Egert&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Egert (page does not exist)") [Ehmke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ehmke "Horst Ehmke") [Ehrenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ehrenberg "Herbert Ehrenberg") [Emmerlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Emmerlich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Emmerlich (page does not exist)") [Enders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelin_Enders "Wendelin Enders") [Esters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Esters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Esters (page does not exist)") [Ewen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ewen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Ewen (page does not exist)") [Fiebig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Fiebig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Fiebig (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gernot_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gernot Fischer (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Fischer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Fischer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Franke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_\(politician\) "Egon Franke (politician)") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anke_Fuchs "Anke Fuchs") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katrin_Fuchs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Katrin Fuchs (page does not exist)") [Gansel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Gansel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Gansel (page does not exist)") [Gerstl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Gerstl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Gerstl (page does not exist)") [Gilges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Gilges "Konrad Gilges") [Glombig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Glombig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen Glombig (page does not exist)") [Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glotz "Peter Glotz") [Gobrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gobrecht&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Gobrecht (page does not exist)") (until 29 June 1984) [Grobecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_Grobecker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus Grobecker (page does not exist)") (until 14 November 1983) [Grunenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Grunenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Grunenberg (page does not exist)") [Haack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Haack "Dieter Haack") [Haar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Haar (page does not exist)") [Haase](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Haase_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Haase (politician) (page does not exist)") [Haehser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Haehser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Haehser (page does not exist)") [Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Hansen (page does not exist)") (from 29 June 1984) [Hartenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Hartenstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liesel Hartenstein (page does not exist)") [Hauchler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingomar_Hauchler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingomar Hauchler (page does not exist)") [Hauck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hauck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Hauck (page does not exist)") [Hauff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Hauff "Volker Hauff") [Heimann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Heimann_\(politician\) "Gerhard Heimann (politician)") [Heistermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Heistermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Heistermann (page does not exist)") [Herterich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Herterich&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Herterich (page does not exist)") [Hettling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Hettling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Hettling (page does not exist)") (from 15 November 1983) [Heyenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Heyenn&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Heyenn (page does not exist)") [Hiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Hiller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Hiller (page does not exist)") [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajo_Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hajo Hoffmann (page does not exist)") (until 11 April 1985) [Holtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Holtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Holtz (page does not exist)") [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Horn (page does not exist)") [Huber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Huber "Antje Huber") [Huonker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunter_Huonker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gunter Huonker (page does not exist)") [IbrĂŒgger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Ibr%C3%BCgger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar IbrĂŒgger (page does not exist)") [Immer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Immer "Klaus Immer") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn "Gerhard Jahn") [Jansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Jansen&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Jansen (page does not exist)") [Jaunich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jaunich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jaunich (page does not exist)") [Jens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Jens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Jens (page does not exist)") [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volker_Jung&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volker Jung (page does not exist)") [Junghans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Junghans&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Junghans (page does not exist)") [Jungmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jungmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jungmann (page does not exist)") [Kastning](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Kastning&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Kastning (page does not exist)") [Kiehm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Kiehm&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Kiehm (page does not exist)") [Kirschner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Kirschner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Kirschner (page does not exist)") [Kisslinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kisslinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Kisslinger (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Klein (page does not exist)") [Klejdzinski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Klejdzinski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Klejdzinski (page does not exist)") [Klose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Klose "Hans-Ulrich Klose") [Kolbow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kolbow "Walter Kolbow") [Kretkowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_Kretkowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Kretkowski (page does not exist)") [KĂŒbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_K%C3%BCbler_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus KĂŒbler (politician) (page does not exist)") [KĂŒhbacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Dieter_K%C3%BChbacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Dieter KĂŒhbacher (page does not exist)") [Kuhlwein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eckart_Kuhlwein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eckart Kuhlwein (page does not exist)") [Lahnstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Lahnstein "Manfred Lahnstein") (until 31 August 1983) [Lambinus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Lambinus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Lambinus (page does not exist)") [Lennartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lennartz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Lennartz (page does not exist)") [Leonhart](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Leonhart&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Leonhart (page does not exist)") [Lepsius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Lepsius "Renate Lepsius") (from 12 April 1984) [Liedtke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liedtke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Liedtke (page does not exist)") [Linde](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Linde&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Linde (page does not exist)") (until 10 November 1983) [Löffler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_L%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Löffler (page does not exist)") [Lohmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lohmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Lohmann (page does not exist)") [Lutz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lutz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Lutz (page does not exist)") [Luuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagmar_Luuk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dagmar Luuk (page does not exist)") [Martiny-Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anke_Martiny-Glotz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anke Martiny-Glotz (page does not exist)") [MatthĂ€us-Maier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Matth%C3%A4us-Maier "Ingrid MatthĂ€us-Maier") [Matthöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer "Hans Matthöfer") [Meininghaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Meininghaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Meininghaus (page does not exist)") [Menzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Menzel (page does not exist)") [Mertens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz-Josef_Mertens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz-Josef Mertens (page does not exist)") [Mitzscherling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Mitzscherling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Mitzscherling (page does not exist)") [Möhring](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_M%C3%B6hring&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Möhring (page does not exist)") (from 8 July 1986) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1948\) "Michael MĂŒller (politician, born 1948)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller-Emmert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_M%C3%BCller-Emmert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf MĂŒller-Emmert (page does not exist)") [MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") [Nagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Nagel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Nagel (page does not exist)") [Nehm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Nehm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Nehm (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volker_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volker Neumann (page does not exist)") (from 11 November 1983) [Nöbel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_N%C3%B6bel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Nöbel (page does not exist)") [Odendahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doris_Odendahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Doris Odendahl (page does not exist)") [Offergeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Offergeld "Rainer Offergeld") (until 1 June 1984) [Oostergetelo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Oostergetelo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jan Oostergetelo (page does not exist)") [Paterna](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paterna&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Paterna (page does not exist)") [Pauli](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Pauli&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Pauli (page does not exist)") [Penner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willfried_Penner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willfried Penner (page does not exist)") [Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Peter_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Peter (politician) (page does not exist)") [Pfuhl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Pfuhl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Pfuhl (page does not exist)") [Polkehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Polkehn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Polkehn (page does not exist)") (until 16 August 1985) [Porzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Porzner "Konrad Porzner") [PoĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Po%C3%9F "Joachim PoĂ") [Purps](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Purps&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Purps (page does not exist)") [Ranker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Ranker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fred Ranker (page does not exist)") (from 11 April 1985) [Rapp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Rapp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Rapp (page does not exist)") [Rappe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Rappe "Hermann Rappe") [Reimann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Reimann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Reimann (page does not exist)") [Renger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Renger "Annemarie Renger") [Reschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Reschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Reschke (page does not exist)") [Reuschenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reuschenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Reuschenbach (page does not exist)") [Reuter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Reuter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernd Reuter (page does not exist)") [Rohde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Rohde "Helmut Rohde") [Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Roth_\(politician\) "Wolfgang Roth (politician)") [Sander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Engelbert Sander (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harald_B_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harald B SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") [Schanz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Schanz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Schanz (page does not exist)") [Scheer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Scheer "Hermann Scheer") [Schlaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schlaga&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Schlaga (page does not exist)") [Schlatter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Schlatter&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Schlatter (page does not exist)") [Schluckebier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Schluckebier&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Schluckebier (page does not exist)") [Schmedt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helga_Schmedt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helga Schmedt (page does not exist)") (from 1 September 1983) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Schmidt "Adolf Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1914\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Schmidt (politician, born 1914) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Schmidt "Renate Schmidt") [Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Schmitt "Rudi Schmitt") [Schmude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmude "JĂŒrgen Schmude") [Schöfberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Sch%C3%B6fberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Schöfberger (page does not exist)") [Schreiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottmar_Schreiner "Ottmar Schreiner") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") (until 1 July 1986) [Schröer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Schr%C3%B6er&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Schröer (page does not exist)") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schulte&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schulte (page does not exist)") [Schwenk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwenk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Schwenk (page does not exist)") [Sielaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Sielaff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Sielaff (page does not exist)") [Sieler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Sieler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Sieler (page does not exist)") [Simonis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heide_Simonis "Heide Simonis") [Skarpelis-Sperk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigrid_Skarpelis-Sperk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sigrid Skarpelis-Sperk (page does not exist)") [Soell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Soell&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hartmut Soell (page does not exist)") [Sperling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Sperling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Sperling (page does not exist)") [Spöri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Sp%C3%B6ri "Dieter Spöri") [Stahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Stahl (page does not exist)") [Steger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Steger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Steger (page does not exist)") (until 9 July 1984) [Steiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz-Alfred_Steiner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz-Alfred Steiner (page does not exist)") [Steinhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltraud_Steinhauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waltraud Steinhauer (page does not exist)") [Stiegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Stiegler "Ludwig Stiegler") [Stobbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Stobbe "Dietrich Stobbe") [Stockleben](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Stockleben&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Stockleben (page does not exist)") [Struck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Struck_\(politician\) "Peter Struck (politician)") [Terborg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margitta_Terborg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margitta Terborg (page does not exist)") [Tietjen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Tietjen&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Tietjen (page does not exist)") [Timm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Timm "Helga Timm") [Toetemeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-G%C3%BCnther_Toetemeyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-GĂŒnther Toetemeyer (page does not exist)") [Traupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Traupe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Traupe (page does not exist)") [Urbaniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Eberhard_Urbaniak&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Eberhard Urbaniak (page does not exist)") [Vahlberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Vahlberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Vahlberg (page does not exist)") [Verheugen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Verheugen "GĂŒnter Verheugen") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") [Vogelsang](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Vogelsang&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Vogelsang (page does not exist)") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Voigt "Karsten Voigt") [Vosen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Vosen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Vosen (page does not exist)") [Waltemathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Waltemathe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Waltemathe (page does not exist)") [Walther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Walther&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudi Walther (page does not exist)") [Wartenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Wartenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Wartenberg (page does not exist)") [Weinhofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Weinhofer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Weinhofer (page does not exist)") [Weisskirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Weisskirchen "Gert Weisskirchen") [Wernitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Wernitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Axel Wernitz (page does not exist)") [Westphal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Westphal "Heinz Westphal") [Weyel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gudrun_Weyel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gudrun Weyel (page does not exist)") [Wieczorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Wieczorek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Wieczorek (page does not exist)") (from 11 July 1984) [Wieczorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Wieczorek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Wieczorek (page does not exist)") [Wiefel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Wiefel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bruno Wiefel (page does not exist)") [Wiesche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_der_Wiesche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen von der Wiesche (page does not exist)") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Wimmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Wimmer (page does not exist)") [Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") [Witek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Witek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Witek (page does not exist)") (from 16 July 1984) [With](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_de_With&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans de With (page does not exist)") [Wolfram](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich Wolfram (page does not exist)") [WĂŒrtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_W%C3%BCrtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter WĂŒrtz (page does not exist)") [Zander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fred Zander (page does not exist)") [Zeitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Zeitler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Zeitler (page does not exist)") [Zutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Zutt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ruth Zutt (page does not exist)") | | |
| FDP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:10th_Bundestag_FDP "Template:10th Bundestag FDP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:10th_Bundestag_FDP "Template talk:10th Bundestag FDP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_Bundestag_FDP "Special:EditPage/Template:10th Bundestag FDP")FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Wolfgang Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") | | |
| **Members:** [Adam-Schwaetzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Schwaetzer "Irmgard Schwaetzer") [Baum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Baum "Gerhart Baum") [Beckmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Beckmann "Klaus Beckmann") [Bredehorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Bredehorn "GĂŒnther Bredehorn") [Cronenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter-Julius_Cronenberg "Dieter-Julius Cronenberg") [Eimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Eimer "Norbert Eimer") [Engelhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_A._Engelhard "Hans A. Engelhard") [Ertl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ertl "Josef Ertl") [Feldmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Feldmann "Olaf Feldmann") [Gallus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Gallus "Georg Gallus") [Gattermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_H._Gattermann "Hans H. Gattermann") [Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") [GrĂŒnbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Gr%C3%BCnbeck "Josef GrĂŒnbeck") [GrĂŒner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gr%C3%BCner "Martin GrĂŒner") [Hamm-BrĂŒcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Hamm-Br%C3%BCcher "Hildegard Hamm-BrĂŒcher") [Haussmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Haussmann "Helmut Haussmann") [Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Hirsch "Burkhard Hirsch") [Hoffie](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_Hoffie&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-JĂŒrgen Hoffie (page does not exist)") [Hoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-G%C3%BCnter_Hoppe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-GĂŒnter Hoppe (page does not exist)") [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Kleinert (page does not exist)") [Kohn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Kohn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roland Kohn (page does not exist)") [Laermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hans_Laermann "Karl-Hans Laermann") [Lambsdorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff "Otto Graf Lambsdorff") [Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") [Möllemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%B6llemann "JĂŒrgen Möllemann") [Neuhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Neuhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Neuhausen (page does not exist)") [Paintner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Paintner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Paintner (page does not exist)") [Ronneburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Ronneburger "Uwe Ronneburger") [Rumpf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rumpf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Rumpf (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sch%C3%A4fer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut SchĂ€fer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Segall](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inge_Segall&action=edit&redlink=1 "Inge Segall (page does not exist)") (from 13 December 1984) [Seiler-Albring](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursula_Seiler-Albring&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ursula Seiler-Albring (page does not exist)") [Solms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Otto_Solms "Hermann Otto Solms") [Weng](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Weng&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Weng (page does not exist)") [Wolfgramm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torsten_Wolfgramm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Torsten Wolfgramm (page does not exist)") [Wurbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wurbs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Wurbs (page does not exist)") (until 13 December 1984) | | |
| GRĂNE | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:10th_Bundestag_GRUENE "Template:10th Bundestag GRUENE") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:10th_Bundestag_GRUENE "Template talk:10th Bundestag GRUENE") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_Bundestag_GRUENE "Special:EditPage/Template:10th Bundestag GRUENE")GRUENE | | |
| **Speaker:** [Marieluise Beck-Oberdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marieluise_Beck-Oberdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marieluise Beck-Oberdorf (page does not exist)"), [Petra Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Kelly "Petra Kelly"), [Otto Schily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schily "Otto Schily") until 3 April 1984; [Annemarie Borgmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annemarie_Borgmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Annemarie Borgmann (page does not exist)"), [Waltraud Schoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltraud_Schoppe "Waltraud Schoppe"), [Antje Vollmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Vollmer "Antje Vollmer") until 30./31. January 1985; [Sabine Bard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabine_Bard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sabine Bard (page does not exist)"), [Hannegret Hönes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannegret_H%C3%B6nes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hannegret Hönes (page does not exist)"), [Christian Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Schmidt "Christian Schmidt") until 1 February 1986; [Annemarie Borgmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annemarie_Borgmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Annemarie Borgmann (page does not exist)"), [Hannegret Hönes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannegret_H%C3%B6nes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hannegret Hönes (page does not exist)"), [Ludger Volmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludger_Volmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludger Volmer (page does not exist)") until 18 July 1986); [Willi Hoss](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Hoss&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Hoss (page does not exist)") (8 September 1986) | | |
| **Die GrĂŒnen:** [Auhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Auhagen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hendrik Auhagen (page does not exist)") (from 17 April 1985) [Bard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabine_Bard&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sabine Bard (page does not exist)") (until 31 March 1985) [Bastian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Bastian "Gert Bastian") [Beck-Oberdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marieluise_Beck-Oberdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marieluise Beck-Oberdorf (page does not exist)") (until 14 April 1985) [Borgmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annemarie_Borgmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Annemarie Borgmann (page does not exist)") (from 1 April 1985) [Bueb](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_Bueb&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eberhard Bueb (page does not exist)") (from 1 April 1985) [Burgmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Burgmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Burgmann (page does not exist)") (until 15 March 1985) [Dann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidemarie_Dann "Heidemarie Dann") (from 2 March 1985) [Drabiniok](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Drabiniok&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Drabiniok (page does not exist)") (until 31 March 1985) [Ehmke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Ehmke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Ehmke (page does not exist)") (until 28 March 1985) [Eid](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uschi_Eid&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uschi Eid (page does not exist)") (from 17 April 1985) [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joschka_Fischer "Joschka Fischer") (until 31 March 1985) [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Fischer (page does not exist)") (from 20 January 1986) [Fritsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Fritsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Fritsch (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1986) [Gottwald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Gottwald "Gabriele Gottwald") (until 31 March 1985) [Hecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hecker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Hecker (page does not exist)") (until 31 August 1983) [Hickel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erika_Hickel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erika Hickel (page does not exist)") (until 9 March 1985) [Hönes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannegret_H%C3%B6nes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hannegret Hönes (page does not exist)") (from 13 April 1985) [HorĂĄcek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Hor%C3%A1%C4%8Dek "Milan HorĂĄÄek") (from 2 September 1983 until 3 October 1985) [Hoss](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Hoss&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Hoss (page does not exist)") (until 12 April 1985) [Jannsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gert_Jannsen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gert Jannsen (page does not exist)") (until 1 March 1985) [Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Kelly "Petra Kelly") [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hubert Kleinert (page does not exist)") (until 19 January 1986) [Krizsan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julyus_H_Krizsan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Julyus H Krizsan (page does not exist)") (until 13 March 1985) [Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torsten_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Torsten Lange (page does not exist)") (from 17 April 1985) [Mann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Mann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Mann (page does not exist)") (from 1 April 1985) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 13 March 1985) [Nickels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Nickels "Christa Nickels") (until 30 March 1985) [Potthast](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_Potthast&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gabriele Potthast (page does not exist)") (until 3 April 1985) [Reents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Reents "JĂŒrgen Reents") (until 19 March 1985) [Reetz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christa_Reetz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christa Reetz (page does not exist)") (until 16 April 1985) [Rusche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Rusche "Herbert Rusche") (from 4 October 1985) [Sauermilch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Sauermilch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Sauermilch (page does not exist)") (until 16 April 1985) [Schierholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henning_Schierholz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Henning Schierholz (page does not exist)") (from 14 March 1985) [Schily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schily "Otto Schily") (until 13 March 1986) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Schmidt "Christian Schmidt") (from 22 March 1985) [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Schneider_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dirk Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 30 March 1985) [Schoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltraud_Schoppe "Waltraud Schoppe") (until 31 March 1985) [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Schulte&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stefan Schulte (page does not exist)") (from 13 April 1985) [Schwenninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Schwenninger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Schwenninger (page does not exist)") (until 16 April 1985) [Senfft](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_Senfft&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Werner Senfft (page does not exist)") (from 3 April 1985) [Stratmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckhard_Stratmann "Eckhard Stratmann") (until 31 March 1985) [Ströbele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Christian_Str%C3%B6bele "Hans-Christian Ströbele") (from 31 March 1985) [Suhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Suhr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Suhr (page does not exist)") (from 1 April 1985) [Tatge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Tatge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Tatge (page does not exist)") (from 18 June 1985) [Verheyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Verheyen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Verheyen (page does not exist)") (until 30 March 1985) [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Vogel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Axel Vogel (page does not exist)") (from 16 March 1985) [Vogt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Vogt "Roland Vogt") (until 18 June 1985) [Vollmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Vollmer "Antje Vollmer") (until 2 April 1985) [Volmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludger_Volmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludger Volmer (page does not exist)") (from 10 April 1985) [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marita_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marita Wagner (page does not exist)") (from 3 April 1985) [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Werner (page does not exist)") (from 2 April 1985) [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Peter_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Peter Werner (page does not exist)") (from 16 April 1985) [Zeitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karin_Zeitler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karin Zeitler (page does not exist)") (from 3 April 1985) | | |
| OTHER | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:10th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template:10th Bundestag OTHER") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:10th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template talk:10th Bundestag OTHER") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_Bundestag_OTHER "Special:EditPage/Template:10th Bundestag OTHER")Independent | | |
| **Members:** [Eickmeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Arnold_Eickmeyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Arnold Eickmeyer (page does not exist)") (from 23 August 1985) [Handlos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Handlos "Franz Handlos") [Tischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Tischer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Tischer (page does not exist)") (from 3 April 1985) [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekkehard_Voigt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ekkehard Voigt (page does not exist)") | | |
| [List of members of the 10th Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_10th_Bundestag "List of members of the 10th Bundestag") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_11th_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 11th Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_11th_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 11th Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_11th_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 11th Bundestag")  [Members of the 11th Bundestag (1987â1990)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_11th_Bundestag "List of members of the 11th Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Philipp Jenninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Jenninger "Philipp Jenninger") until 11 November 1988; [Rita SĂŒssmuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_S%C3%BCssmuth "Rita SĂŒssmuth") from 11 November 1988 ([CDU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany "Christian Democratic Union of Germany"))** | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:11th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template:11th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:11th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Template talk:11th Bundestag CDU and CSU") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:11th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU "Special:EditPage/Template:11th Bundestag CDU and CSU")CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Alfred Dregger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger "Alfred Dregger")** | | |
| **CDU:** [Abelein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Abelein "Manfred Abelein") [Ackermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Ackermann "Else Ackermann") (from 3 October 1990) [Albrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Albrecht "Michael Albrecht") (from 3 October 1990) [Augustin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneliese_Augustin "Anneliese Augustin") (from 6 December 1989) [Austermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Austermann "Dietrich Austermann") [Barthel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Barthel "Lothar Barthel") (from 3 October 1990) [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Bauer "Harald Bauer") (from 3 October 1990) [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Bauer "Wolf Bauer") [Bayha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bayha "Richard Bayha") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Becker "Roland Becker") (from 3 October 1990) [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Becker_\(politician,_born_1923\) "Karl Becker (politician, born 1923)") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieselotte_Berger "Lieselotte Berger") (until 26 September 1989) [Bergmann-Pohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Bergmann-Pohl "Sabine Bergmann-Pohl") (from 3 October 1990) [Biedenkopf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf "Kurt Biedenkopf") (until 9 November 1990) [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Theodor_Blank "Joseph-Theodor Blank") [Blens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert_Blens "Heribert Blens") [BlĂŒm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Bl%C3%BCm "Norbert BlĂŒm") [Bohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bohl "Friedrich Bohl") [Bohlsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_Bohlsen "Wilfried Bohlsen") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_B%C3%B6hm "Wilfried Böhm") [Borchert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Borchert "Jochen Borchert") [Börnsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_B%C3%B6rnsen "Wolfgang Börnsen") [Breuer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Breuer "Paul Breuer") [Brudlewsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monika_Brudlewsky "Monika Brudlewsky") (from 3 October 1990) [BĂŒhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_B%C3%BChler "Klaus BĂŒhler") [Buschbom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Buschbom "Helmut Buschbom") [Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Carstens "Manfred Carstens") [Carstensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Harry_Carstensen "Peter Harry Carstensen") [Clemens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Clemens "Joachim Clemens") [Creter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus-Peter_Creter "Klaus-Peter Creter") (from 3 October 1990) [Czaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Czaja "Herbert Czaja") [Daniels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Daniels "Hans Daniels") [Daweke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Daweke "Klaus Daweke") [Dehnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Dehnel "Wolfgang Dehnel") (from 3 October 1990) [Dempwolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrud_Dempwolf "Gertrud Dempwolf") [Deres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Deres "Karl Deres") [Dewitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Dewitz "Gerhard Dewitz") (from 20 February 1990) [Dorendorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Dorendorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Georg Dorendorf (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Dörflinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_D%C3%B6rflinger "Werner Dörflinger") [Doss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansj%C3%BCrgen_Doss "HansjĂŒrgen Doss") [Dregger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger "Alfred Dregger") [Echternach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Echternach "JĂŒrgen Echternach") [Ehlers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Ehlers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Ehlers (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Ehrbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Ehrbar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Ehrbar (page does not exist)") [Eigen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Eigen "Karl Eigen") [Eylmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Eylmann "Horst Eylmann") [Feilcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Feilcke "Jochen Feilcke") [Fell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_H_Fell&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl H Fell (page does not exist)") [Fiedler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Fiedler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Fiedler (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Fischer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Fischer (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Fischer_\(politician\) "Dirk Fischer (politician)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Fischer "Leni Fischer") [Francke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Francke "Klaus Francke") [Friedmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Friedmann "Bernhard Friedmann") (until 5 February 1990) [Fuchtel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Fuchtel "Hans-Joachim Fuchtel") [Funk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honor_Funk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Honor Funk (page does not exist)") (from 20 May 1988 until 24 August 1989) [Ganz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Ganz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Ganz (page does not exist)") [Geisler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geisler_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Geisler (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [GeiĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_Gei%C3%9Fler "Heiner GeiĂler") [Geldern](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_von_Geldern&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang von Geldern (page does not exist)") [Gerstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Gerstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Gerstein (page does not exist)") [Gerster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gerster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Gerster (page does not exist)") [Göhner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_G%C3%B6hner "Reinhard Göhner") [Goldhahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Goldhahn "Eberhard Goldhahn") (from 3 October 1990) [Göttsching](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_G%C3%B6ttsching&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Göttsching (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Gries](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gundolf_Gries&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gundolf Gries (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [GrĂŒnewald](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Gr%C3%BCnewald&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim GrĂŒnewald (page does not exist)") [GĂŒnther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_G%C3%BCnther_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst GĂŒnther (politician) (page does not exist)") [HĂ€fele](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansj%C3%B6rg_H%C3%A4fele&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansjörg HĂ€fele (page does not exist)") [Harries](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Harries&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Harries (page does not exist)") [Haschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Haschke "Gottfried Haschke") (from 3 October 1990) [Haschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Haschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Haschke (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Haungs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Haungs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rainer Haungs (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Hauser_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Hauser (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansheinz_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hansheinz Hauser (page does not exist)") [Hedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_Hedrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-JĂŒrgen Hedrich (page does not exist)") [Hellwig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Hellwig "Renate Hellwig") [Helmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Helmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Helmrich (page does not exist)") [Hennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottfried_Hennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ottfried Hennig (page does not exist)") [Herkenrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Herkenrath&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Herkenrath (page does not exist)") [Hinrichs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Hinrichs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Hinrichs (page does not exist)") [Hoffacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hoffacker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Hoffacker (page does not exist)") [Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Hoffmann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingeborg Hoffmann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Holz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Holz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Holz (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Hönicke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertram_H%C3%B6nicke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bertram Hönicke (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Hornhues](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hornhues&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hornhues (page does not exist)") [Hornung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Hornung&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Hornung (page does not exist)") (from 6 February 1990) [Hörster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_H%C3%B6rster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Hörster (page does not exist)") [HĂŒrland-BĂŒning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_H%C3%BCrland-B%C3%BCning "Agnes HĂŒrland-BĂŒning") [HĂŒsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_G%C3%BCnther_H%C3%BCsch "Heinz GĂŒnther HĂŒsch") [Jaffke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Jaffke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Susanne Jaffke (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [JĂ€ger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_J%C3%A4ger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus JĂ€ger (page does not exist)") (from 1 July 1988) [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Adolf_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich-Adolf Jahn (page does not exist)") [Jenninger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Jenninger "Philipp Jenninger") [Jork](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Jork&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rainer Jork (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jung_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Jung (politician) (page does not exist)") [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Jung&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Jung (page does not exist)") [Kalisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Kalisch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Kalisch (page does not exist)") [Kansy](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietmar_Kansy&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietmar Kansy (page does not exist)") [Kappes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz-Hermann_Kappes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz-Hermann Kappes (page does not exist)") [Karwatzki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irmgard_Karwatzki&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irmgard Karwatzki (page does not exist)") [Kittelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kittelmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Kittelmann (page does not exist)") [Kleditzsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Kleditzsch "JĂŒrgen Kleditzsch") (from 3 October 1990) [Klinkert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Klinkert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Klinkert (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter-Lebrecht_Koch "Dieter-Lebrecht Koch") (from 3 October 1990) [Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Ulrich_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Ulrich Köhler (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Köhler (page does not exist)") [Kolb](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmar_Kolb&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elmar Kolb (page does not exist)") [Koslowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Koslowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Koslowski (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Kossendey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kossendey "Thomas Kossendey") [Krause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Krause "GĂŒnther Krause") (from 3 October 1990) [Krause](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Krause_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Krause (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Krey](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Heinrich_Krey&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Heinrich Krey (page does not exist)") [Kroll-SchlĂŒter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kroll-Schl%C3%BCter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Kroll-SchlĂŒter (page does not exist)") [Kronenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kronenberg "Friedrich Kronenberg") [KrĂŒger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kr%C3%BCger_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul KrĂŒger (German politician) (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Lamers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lamers "Karl Lamers") [Lammert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Lammert "Norbert Lammert") [Landgraf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Landgraf "Katharina Landgraf") (from 3 October 1990) [Langner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Langner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Langner (page does not exist)") [Lattmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Lattmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Lattmann (page does not exist)") [Laufs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Laufs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Laufs (page does not exist)") [Leja](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Leja&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Leja (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Lenzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lenzer "Christian Lenzer") [Limbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editha_Limbach "Editha Limbach") [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Link_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Link (politician) (page does not exist)") [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Link "Helmut Link") [Lippold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lippold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Lippold (page does not exist)") [Lohmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Lohmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Lohmann (page does not exist)") (from 12 November 1990) [Lorenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorenz "Peter Lorenz") (until 6 December 1987) [Louven](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Louven&action=edit&redlink=1 "Julius Louven (page does not exist)") [Lummer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Lummer "Heinrich Lummer") [MaaĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Maa%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich MaaĂ (page does not exist)") [Magin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Magin "Theo Magin") [Mahlo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Mahlo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Mahlo (page does not exist)") (from 9 December 1987) [MaiziĂšre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re "Lothar de MaiziĂšre") (from 3 October 1990) [Marschewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Marschewski "Erwin Marschewski") [Martini](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%B6rte_Martini_zum_Berge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dörte Martini zum Berge (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Meyer_zu_Bentrup "Reinhard Meyer zu Bentrup") [Michalk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Michalk "Maria Michalk") (from 3 October 1990) [Michels](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meinolf_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meinolf Michels (page does not exist)") [Miltner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Miltner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Miltner (page does not exist)") (until 20 May 1988) [Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_M%C3%B6ller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Möller (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Werner MĂŒller (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfons_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfons MĂŒller (page does not exist)") [Nelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Nelle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Engelbert Nelle (page does not exist)") [Neuling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Neuling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christian Neuling (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Neumann "Bernd Neumann") [Nitsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Nitsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Nitsch (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Nolte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Nolte "Claudia Nolte") (from 3 October 1990) [Nowack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Hubertus_Nowack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Hubertus Nowack (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Olderog](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Olderog&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Olderog (page does not exist)") [Paar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisbert_Paar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gisbert Paar (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Pack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Pack "Doris Pack") (until 8 September 1989) [Patzig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Patzig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Patzig (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Pesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Wilhelm_Pesch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Wilhelm Pesch (page does not exist)") [Petersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Petersen_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Petersen (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Pfeffermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_O_Pfeffermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard O Pfeffermann (page does not exist)") [Pfeifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Pfeifer "Anton Pfeifer") [Pfeiffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelika_Pfeiffer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Angelika Pfeiffer (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Pfennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gero_Pfennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gero Pfennig (page does not exist)") [Pinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfried_Pinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Winfried Pinger (page does not exist)") [Pohlmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Pohlmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Pohlmeier (page does not exist)") [Priebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosemarie_Priebus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rosemarie Priebus (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Rau](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Rau&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Rau (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Rauber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Rauber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Rauber (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Rauen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Rauen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Rauen (page does not exist)") [Rawe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rawe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Rawe (page does not exist)") [Reddemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reddemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reddemann (page does not exist)") [Rehm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefanie_Rehm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stefanie Rehm (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Reichenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Reichenbach "Klaus Reichenbach") (from 3 October 1990) [Repnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Peter_Repnik "Hans-Peter Repnik") [Riesenhuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Riesenhuber "Heinz Riesenhuber") [Roitzsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Roitzsch "Ingrid Roitzsch") [Rönsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannelore_R%C3%B6nsch "Hannelore Rönsch") [Rost](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_Rost&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gabriele Rost (page does not exist)") (from 26 September 1989 until 16 February 1990) [Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Roth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Roth (page does not exist)") [Rother](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Rother&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Rother (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Ruf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Ruf (page does not exist)") [RĂŒhe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_R%C3%BChe "Volker RĂŒhe") [RĂŒttgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_R%C3%BCttgers "JĂŒrgen RĂŒttgers") [Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Sauer (page does not exist)") [Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Sauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roland Sauer (page does not exist)") [Sauter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Sauter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Sauter (page does not exist)") [Scharf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_Scharf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eberhard Scharf (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Scharrenbroich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heribert_Scharrenbroich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heribert Scharrenbroich (page does not exist)") [Schartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Schartz&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Schartz (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€tzle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ortrun_Sch%C3%A4tzle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ortrun SchĂ€tzle (page does not exist)") (from 25 August 1989) [SchĂ€uble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble "Wolfgang SchĂ€uble") [Schemken](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Schemken&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Schemken (page does not exist)") [Schmidbauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Schmidbauer "Bernd Schmidbauer") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Frank Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Schmidt "Christa Schmidt") (from 3 October 1990) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trudi_Schmidt_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Trudi Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)") (from 9 September 1989) [Schmitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Peter_Schmitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Peter Schmitz (page does not exist)") [Schmude](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_von_Schmude&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael von Schmude (page does not exist)") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reiner_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reiner Schneider (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schneider_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 8 February 1990) [Schorlemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_von_Schorlemer "Reinhard von Schorlemer") [Schreiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Schreiber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Schreiber (page does not exist)") [Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Schroeder&action=edit&redlink=1 "Conrad Schroeder (page does not exist)") [Schulhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schulhoff "Wolfgang Schulhoff") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schulte "Dieter Schulte") [Schulze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Schulze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Schulze (page does not exist)") [Schwalbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Schwalbe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Clemens Schwalbe (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Schwarz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Schwarz "Heinz Schwarz") [Schwarz-Schilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Schwarz-Schilling "Christian Schwarz-Schilling") [Schwörer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer "Hermann Schwörer") [Seesing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Seesing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Seesing (page does not exist)") [Seiters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Seiters "Rudolf Seiters") [Selke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Ernst_Selke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Ernst Selke (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Sprung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sprung "Rudolf Sprung") [Stark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Stark "Anton Stark") [Stavenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Stavenhagen "Lutz Stavenhagen") [Stercken](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Stercken&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Stercken (page does not exist)") [Stoltenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg "Gerhard Stoltenberg") [StraĂmeir](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Stra%C3%9Fmeir&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter StraĂmeir (page does not exist)") [Strube](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Gerd_Strube&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Gerd Strube (page does not exist)") [Susset](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Susset&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Susset (page does not exist)") [SĂŒssmuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_S%C3%BCssmuth "Rita SĂŒssmuth") [Tamm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Tamm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingeborg Tamm (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Thees](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Thees&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olaf Thees (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Tillmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Tillmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand Tillmann (page does not exist)") [Todenhöfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Todenh%C3%B6fer "JĂŒrgen Todenhöfer") [Toscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willibald_Toscher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willibald Toscher (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Uelhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Dieter_Uelhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Dieter Uelhoff (page does not exist)") [Uldall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Uldall "Gunnar Uldall") [Unger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietmar-Richard_Unger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietmar-Richard Unger (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Unland](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Unland&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Josef Unland (page does not exist)") [VerhĂŒlsdonk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Verh%C3%BClsdonk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha VerhĂŒlsdonk (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Vogel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Vogel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Vogt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Vogt (page does not exist)") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Peter_Voigt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Peter Voigt (page does not exist)") [Vondran](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruprecht_Vondran&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ruprecht Vondran (page does not exist)") [Waffenschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Waffenschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Waffenschmidt (page does not exist)") [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Wagner (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Waldburg-Zeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Graf_von_Waldburg-Zeil "Alois Graf von Waldburg-Zeil") [Wallmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Wallmann "Walter Wallmann") (until 29 April 1987) [Warrikoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Warrikoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alexander Warrikoff (page does not exist)") [Wartenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludolf_von_Wartenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludolf von Wartenberg (page does not exist)") [Weirich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Weirich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Weirich (page does not exist)") (from 29 April 1987 until 6 December 1989) [WeiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wei%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner WeiĂ (page does not exist)") (until 6 February 1990) [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Werner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Werner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wetzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kersten_Wetzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kersten Wetzel (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Wieczorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Wieczorek "Bertram Wieczorek") (from 3 October 1990) [Will-Feld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltrud_Will-Feld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waltrud Will-Feld (page does not exist)") [Wilms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothee_Wilms "Dorothee Wilms") [Wilz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Wilz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernd Wilz (page does not exist)") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Wimmer "Willy Wimmer") [Windelen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen "Heinrich Windelen") [Wisniewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Wisniewski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha Wisniewski (page does not exist)") [Wissmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Wissmann "Matthias Wissmann") [Wonneberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Wonneberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Wonneberger (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Wörner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner "Manfred Wörner") (until 30 June 1988) [Wulff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wulff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Wulff (page does not exist)") [WĂŒrzbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kurt_W%C3%BCrzbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Kurt WĂŒrzbach (page does not exist)") [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Zimmermann_\(politician,_born_1948\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Zimmermann (politician, born 1948) (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Zink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Zink "Otto Zink") [Zuydtwyck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Heereman_von_Zuydtwyck "Constantin Heereman von Zuydtwyck") **CSU:** [Biehle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Biehle "Alfred Biehle") (until 27 April 1990) [Bötsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_B%C3%B6tsch "Wolfgang Bötsch") [Brunner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Brunner "Josef Brunner") (from 5 May 1990) [Dollinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Dollinger "Werner Dollinger") [Engelsberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Engelsberger "Matthias Engelsberger") [Faltlhauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Faltlhauser "Kurt Faltlhauser") [Fellner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Fellner "Hermann Fellner") [Friedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Friedrich_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Friedrich (politician) (page does not exist)") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michaela_Geiger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michaela Geiger (page does not exist)") [Geis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Geis "Norbert Geis") [Glos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Glos "Michael Glos") [Götz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eike_G%C3%B6tz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eike Götz (page does not exist)") [Gröbl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Gr%C3%B6bl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Gröbl (page does not exist)") [Hasselfeldt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_Hasselfeldt "Gerda Hasselfeldt") (from 24 March 1987) [Hinsken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hinsken "Ernst Hinsken") [Höffkes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6ffkes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Wilhelm Höffkes (page does not exist)") [Höpfinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_H%C3%B6pfinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stefan Höpfinger (page does not exist)") [Huyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Graf_Huyn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Graf Huyn (page does not exist)") (from 2 August 1988) [Jobst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionys_Jobst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dionys Jobst (page does not exist)") [Kalb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Kalb "BartholomĂ€us Kalb") [Keller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Keller_\(politician\) "Peter Keller (politician)") (from 23 February 1990) [Kiechle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Kiechle "Ignaz Kiechle") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Klein_\(politician\) "Hans Klein (politician)") [Kraus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kraus_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kraus (politician) (page does not exist)") [Kreile](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Kreile&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Kreile (page does not exist)") (from 11 July 1988 until 22 February 1990) [Kunz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Kunz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Max Kunz (politician) (page does not exist)") [Lemmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Lemmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Heinz Lemmrich (page does not exist)") (until 28 July 1988) [Linsmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Linsmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Linsmeier (page does not exist)") [Lintner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Lintner "Eduard Lintner") [Lowack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ortwin_Lowack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ortwin Lowack (page does not exist)") [MĂ€nnle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_M%C3%A4nnle "Ursula MĂ€nnle") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [Niegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Niegel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lorenz Niegel (page does not exist)") [Oswald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Oswald "Eduard Oswald") [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Probst "Albert Probst") [Regenspurger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Regenspurger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Regenspurger (page does not exist)") [Riedl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Riedl "Erich Riedl") [Rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Rose (page does not exist)") [Rossmanith](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Rossmanith&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Rossmanith (page does not exist)") [Sauter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Sauter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Sauter (page does not exist)") (until 6 July 1988) [Scheu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Scheu "Gerhard Scheu") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Schneider "Oscar Schneider") [Seehofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Seehofer "Horst Seehofer") [Spilker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Spilker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Spilker (page does not exist)") [Spranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Dieter_Spranger "Carl-Dieter Spranger") [Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss "Franz Josef Strauss") (until 19 March 1987) [StĂŒcklen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen "Richard StĂŒcklen") [Voss](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Voss_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Voss (politician) (page does not exist)") [Waigel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Waigel "Theo Waigel") [Warnke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Warnke "JĂŒrgen Warnke") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Wittmann "Fritz Wittmann") [Zeitlmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Zeitlmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Zeitlmann (page does not exist)") [Zierer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Zierer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Zierer (page does not exist)") [Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann "Friedrich Zimmermann") **DSU:** [Gottschall](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Gottschall&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stefan Gottschall (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1994) [Haschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Haschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Haschke (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1991) [Landgraf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabine_Landgraf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sabine Landgraf (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1993) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1950\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Schmidt (politician, born 1950) (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Schmiele](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Schmiele&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Schmiele (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1995) [Steiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Steiner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Andreas Steiner (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1992) [Tiesler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tiesler "Frank Tiesler") (from 3 October 1996) [Walther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansjoachim_Walther "Hansjoachim Walther") (from 3 October 1997) | | |
| SPD | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:11th_Bundestag_SPD "Template:11th Bundestag SPD") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:11th_Bundestag_SPD "Template talk:11th Bundestag SPD") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:11th_Bundestag_SPD "Special:EditPage/Template:11th Bundestag SPD")SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel")** | | |
| **Members:** [Adler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Adler "Brigitte Adler") [Ahrens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ahrens "Karl Ahrens") [Amende](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Amende&action=edit&redlink=1 "Andreas Amende (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Amling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Amling "Max Amling") [Andres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Andres "Gerd Andres") [Antretter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Antretter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Antretter (page does not exist)") [Apel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Apel "Hans Apel") [Bachmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Bachmaier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Bachmaier (page does not exist)") [Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr") [Bamberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Bamberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Bamberg (page does not exist)") [Barbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelika_Barbe "Angelika Barbe") (from 3 October 1990) [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Becker (page does not exist)") [Becker-Inglau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Becker-Inglau "Ingrid Becker-Inglau") [Bernrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gottfried_Bernrath&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Gottfried Bernrath (page does not exist)") [Bindig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bindig "Rudolf Bindig") [Blunck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieselott_Blunck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lieselott Blunck (page does not exist)") [Bogisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Bogisch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Frank Bogisch (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Böhme](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_B%C3%B6hme&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Böhme (page does not exist)") [Börnsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arne_B%C3%B6rnsen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arne Börnsen (page does not exist)") [Botz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Botz "Gerhard Botz") (from 3 October 1990) [Brandt]() [BrĂŒck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Br%C3%BCck "Alwin BrĂŒck") [BĂŒchler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_B%C3%BCchler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans BĂŒchler (page does not exist)") [BĂŒchner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_B%C3%BCchner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter BĂŒchner (page does not exist)") [Bulmahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgard_Bulmahn "Edelgard Bulmahn") [BĂŒlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_B%C3%BClow "Andreas von BĂŒlow") [Buschfort](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Buschfort&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Buschfort (page does not exist)") [Catenhusen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-Michael_Catenhusen "Wolf-Michael Catenhusen") [Conrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margit_Conrad&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margit Conrad (page does not exist)") (until 31 May 1990) [Conradi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Conradi_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Conradi (politician) (page does not exist)") [DaubertshĂ€user](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Daubertsh%C3%A4user&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus DaubertshĂ€user (page does not exist)") [DĂ€ubler-Gmelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herta_D%C3%A4ubler-Gmelin "Herta DĂ€ubler-Gmelin") [Diederich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Diederich "Nils Diederich") (from 12 May 1989) [Diller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Diller "Karl Diller") [Dobberthien](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marliese_Dobberthien&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marliese Dobberthien (page does not exist)") (from 1 July 1987 until 29 August 1988) [DrĂ€ger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heidrun_Dr%C3%A4ger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heidrun DrĂ€ger (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [DreĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dre%C3%9Fler "Rudolf DreĂler") [Duve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freimut_Duve "Freimut Duve") [Egert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Egert&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Egert (page does not exist)") [Ehmke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ehmke "Horst Ehmke") [Ehrenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ehrenberg "Herbert Ehrenberg") [Elmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Elmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad Elmer (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Emmerlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Emmerlich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfred Emmerlich (page does not exist)") [Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernot_Erler "Gernot Erler") [Esters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Esters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Esters (page does not exist)") [Ewen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ewen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Ewen (page does not exist)") [FaĂe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Fa%C3%9Fe "Annette FaĂe") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Fischer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Fischer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Fritsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christina_Fritsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christina Fritsch (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anke_Fuchs "Anke Fuchs") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katrin_Fuchs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Katrin Fuchs (page does not exist)") [Ganseforth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monika_Ganseforth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Monika Ganseforth (page does not exist)") [Gansel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Gansel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Gansel (page does not exist)") [Gautier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Gautier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Gautier (page does not exist)") [Gerster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Gerster "Florian Gerster") [Gilges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Gilges "Konrad Gilges") [Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glotz "Peter Glotz") [Götte](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rose_G%C3%B6tte&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rose Götte (page does not exist)") [Graf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Graf&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Graf (page does not exist)") [GroĂmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achim_Gro%C3%9Fmann "Achim GroĂmann") [Grunenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Grunenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Grunenberg (page does not exist)") [Gutzeit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gutzeit&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Gutzeit (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Haack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hermann_Haack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hermann Haack (page does not exist)") [Haack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Haack "Dieter Haack") [Haar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Haar (page does not exist)") [Hacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hacker "Hans-Joachim Hacker") (from 3 October 1990) [HĂ€mmerle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerlinde_H%C3%A4mmerle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerlinde HĂ€mmerle (page does not exist)") [Hartenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Hartenstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liesel Hartenstein (page does not exist)") [Hasenfratz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hasenfratz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Hasenfratz (page does not exist)") [Hauchler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingomar_Hauchler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingomar Hauchler (page does not exist)") [Hauff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Hauff "Volker Hauff") (until 14 June 1989) [HĂ€user](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_J%C3%BCrgen_H%C3%A4user&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd JĂŒrgen HĂ€user (page does not exist)") (from 2 January 1990) [Heimann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Heimann_\(politician\) "Gerhard Heimann (politician)") [Heistermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Heistermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Heistermann (page does not exist)") [Heltzig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Heltzig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Frank Heltzig (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1989) [Herberholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Herberholz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ralph Herberholz (page does not exist)") (from 1 September 1990) [Heyenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Heyenn&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Heyenn (page does not exist)") [Hiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Hiller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Hiller (page does not exist)") [Hilsberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Hilsberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stephan Hilsberg (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Holtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Holtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Holtz (page does not exist)") [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Horn (page does not exist)") [Huonker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunter_Huonker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gunter Huonker (page does not exist)") [IbrĂŒgger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Ibr%C3%BCgger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar IbrĂŒgger (page does not exist)") [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn "Gerhard Jahn") [Jansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Jansen&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Jansen (page does not exist)") (until 16 June 1988) [Jaunich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jaunich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jaunich (page does not exist)") [Jens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Jens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Jens (page does not exist)") [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volker_Jung&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volker Jung (page does not exist)") [Jungmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jungmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jungmann (page does not exist)") [Kalz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Kalz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Kalz (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Kamilli](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-August_Kamilli&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-August Kamilli (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Kastner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Kastner "Susanne Kastner") (from 22 May 1989) [Kastning](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Kastning&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Kastning (page does not exist)") [Kiehm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Kiehm&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Kiehm (page does not exist)") [Kirschner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Kirschner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Kirschner (page does not exist)") [Kisslinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kisslinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Kisslinger (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Klein (page does not exist)") (until 18 December 1989) [Klejdzinski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Klejdzinski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Klejdzinski (page does not exist)") [Klose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Klose "Hans-Ulrich Klose") [Kolbow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kolbow "Walter Kolbow") [Koltzsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Koltzsch "Rolf Koltzsch") [Koschnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Koschnick "Hans Koschnick") [Krehl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanze_Krehl "Constanze Krehl") (from 3 October 1990) [Kretkowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_Kretkowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Kretkowski (page does not exist)") [KĂŒbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_K%C3%BCbler_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus KĂŒbler (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 15 June 1989) [Kuessner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinrich_Kuessner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hinrich Kuessner (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Kugler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursula_Kugler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ursula Kugler (page does not exist)") (from 1 June 1990) [KĂŒhbacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Dieter_K%C3%BChbacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Dieter KĂŒhbacher (page does not exist)") [Kuhlwein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eckart_Kuhlwein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eckart Kuhlwein (page does not exist)") [Lambinus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Lambinus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Lambinus (page does not exist)") [Leidinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Leidinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Leidinger (page does not exist)") [Lennartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lennartz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Lennartz (page does not exist)") [Leonhart](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Leonhart&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Leonhart (page does not exist)") [Lohmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lohmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Lohmann (page does not exist)") [Lucyga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lucyga "Christine Lucyga") (from 3 October 1990) [Lutz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lutz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Lutz (page does not exist)") [Luuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagmar_Luuk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dagmar Luuk (page does not exist)") [Martiny-Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anke_Martiny-Glotz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anke Martiny-Glotz (page does not exist)") (until 22 May 1989) [MatthĂ€us-Maier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Matth%C3%A4us-Maier "Ingrid MatthĂ€us-Maier") [Menzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Menzel (page does not exist)") [Mertens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz-Josef_Mertens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz-Josef Mertens (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz-Werner_Meyer "Heinz-Werner Meyer") [Misselwitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Misselwitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-JĂŒrgen Misselwitz (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Mitzscherling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Mitzscherling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Mitzscherling (page does not exist)") (until 10 May 1989) [Morgenstern](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luise_Morgenstern&action=edit&redlink=1 "Luise Morgenstern (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1948\) "Michael MĂŒller (politician, born 1948)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albrecht MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") [Nagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Nagel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Nagel (page does not exist)") [Nehm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Nehm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Nehm (page does not exist)") [Niehuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edith_Niehuis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edith Niehuis (page does not exist)") [Niese](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Niese&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Niese (page does not exist)") [Niggemeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Niggemeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Niggemeier (page does not exist)") [Nöbel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_N%C3%B6bel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Nöbel (page does not exist)") [Odendahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doris_Odendahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Doris Odendahl (page does not exist)") [Oesinghaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Oesinghaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Oesinghaus (page does not exist)") [Oostergetelo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Oostergetelo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jan Oostergetelo (page does not exist)") [Opel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Opel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Opel (page does not exist)") (from 20 June 1988) [Osswald](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Dieter_Osswald&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Dieter Osswald (page does not exist)") (from 6 June 1988) [Paterna](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paterna&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Paterna (page does not exist)") [Pauli](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Pauli&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Pauli (page does not exist)") [Penner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willfried_Penner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willfried Penner (page does not exist)") [Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Peter_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Peter (politician) (page does not exist)") [Pfuhl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Pfuhl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Pfuhl (page does not exist)") [Pick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eckhart_Pick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eckhart Pick (page does not exist)") [Porzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Porzner "Konrad Porzner") (until 2 October 1990) [PoĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Po%C3%9F "Joachim PoĂ") [Purps](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Purps&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Purps (page does not exist)") [Rappe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Rappe "Hermann Rappe") [Reimann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Reimann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Reimann (page does not exist)") [Renger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Renger "Annemarie Renger") [Reschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Reschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Reschke (page does not exist)") [Reuschenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reuschenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Reuschenbach (page does not exist)") [Reuter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Reuter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernd Reuter (page does not exist)") [Richter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edelbert_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edelbert Richter (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Rixe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Rixe "GĂŒnter Rixe") [Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Roth_\(politician\) "Wolfgang Roth (politician)") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harald_B_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harald B SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") [Schanz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Schanz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Schanz (page does not exist)") [Scheer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Scheer "Hermann Scheer") [Schemmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volker_Schemmel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volker Schemmel (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Scherrer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Scherrer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Scherrer (page does not exist)") (until 31 August 1990) [Schluckebier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Schluckebier&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Schluckebier (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Schmidt "Renate Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1944\) "Wilhelm Schmidt (politician, born 1944)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmude "JĂŒrgen Schmude") [Schnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Schnell "Emil Schnell") (from 3 October 1990) [Schöfberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Sch%C3%B6fberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Schöfberger (page does not exist)") [Schreiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottmar_Schreiner "Ottmar Schreiner") [Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard Schröder (politician) (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Schröer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Schr%C3%B6er&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Schröer (page does not exist)") [Schultze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Friedrich_Schultze&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christian Friedrich Schultze (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [SchĂŒtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietmar_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietmar SchĂŒtz (page does not exist)") [Schwanitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Schwanitz "Rolf Schwanitz") (from 3 October 1990) [Seeger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Per-Ren%C3%A9_Seeger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Per-RenĂ© Seeger (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Seidenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_Seidenthal "Bodo Seidenthal") [Seuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Seuster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lisa Seuster (page does not exist)") [Sielaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Sielaff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Sielaff (page does not exist)") [Sieler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Sieler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Sieler (page does not exist)") [Simonis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heide_Simonis "Heide Simonis") (until 8 June 1988) [Singer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Singer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Singer (page does not exist)") [Skarpelis-Sperk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigrid_Skarpelis-Sperk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sigrid Skarpelis-Sperk (page does not exist)") [Soell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Soell&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hartmut Soell (page does not exist)") [Sonntag-Wolgast](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelie_Sonntag-Wolgast&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cornelie Sonntag-Wolgast (page does not exist)") (from 14 June 1988) [Sorge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wieland_Sorge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wieland Sorge (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Sperling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Sperling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Sperling (page does not exist)") [Spöri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Sp%C3%B6ri "Dieter Spöri") (until 5 June 1988) [Stahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Stahl (page does not exist)") [Steiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz-Alfred_Steiner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz-Alfred Steiner (page does not exist)") [Steinhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltraud_Steinhauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Waltraud Steinhauer (page does not exist)") [Stephan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volker_Stephan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volker Stephan (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Stiegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Stiegler "Ludwig Stiegler") [Stobbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Stobbe "Dietrich Stobbe") [Stockmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Stockmann "Ulrich Stockmann") (from 3 October 1990) [Struck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Struck_\(politician\) "Peter Struck (politician)") [Terborg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margitta_Terborg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margitta Terborg (page does not exist)") [Thierse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Thierse "Wolfgang Thierse") (from 3 October 1990) [Tietjen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Tietjen&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Tietjen (page does not exist)") [Timm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Timm "Helga Timm") [Toetemeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-G%C3%BCnther_Toetemeyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-GĂŒnther Toetemeyer (page does not exist)") [Traupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Traupe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Traupe (page does not exist)") [Uecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Uecker "Sabine Uecker") (from 3 October 1990) [Urbaniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Eberhard_Urbaniak&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Eberhard Urbaniak (page does not exist)") [Vahlberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Vahlberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Vahlberg (page does not exist)") [Verheugen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Verheugen "GĂŒnter Verheugen") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Voigt "Karsten Voigt") [VoigtlĂ€nder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Voigtl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernd VoigtlĂ€nder (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Vosen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Vosen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Vosen (page does not exist)") [Waltemathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Waltemathe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Waltemathe (page does not exist)") [Walther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Walther&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudi Walther (page does not exist)") [Wartenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Wartenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Wartenberg (page does not exist)") [Wegner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanze_Wegner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konstanze Wegner (page does not exist)") (from 31 August 1988) [Weiermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Weiermann "Wolfgang Weiermann") [Weiler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Weiler "Barbara Weiler") [Weinhofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Weinhofer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Weinhofer (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Weis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Weis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard Weis (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [WeiĂgerber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunter_Wei%C3%9Fgerber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gunter WeiĂgerber (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Weisskirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Weisskirchen "Gert Weisskirchen") [Wernitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Wernitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Axel Wernitz (page does not exist)") [Westphal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Westphal "Heinz Westphal") [Weyel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gudrun_Weyel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gudrun Weyel (page does not exist)") [Wieczorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Wieczorek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Wieczorek (page does not exist)") [Wieczorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Wieczorek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Wieczorek (page does not exist)") [Wieczorek-Zeul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidemarie_Wieczorek-Zeul "Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul") [WiefelspĂŒtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Wiefelsp%C3%BCtz "Dieter WiefelspĂŒtz") [Wiesche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_der_Wiesche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eugen von der Wiesche (page does not exist)") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Wimmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Wimmer (page does not exist)") [Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") [With](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_de_With&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans de With (page does not exist)") [Wittich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Wittich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Berthold Wittich (page does not exist)") [WĂŒrtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_W%C3%BCrtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter WĂŒrtz (page does not exist)") [Zander](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fred Zander (page does not exist)") [Zeitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Zeitler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Zeitler (page does not exist)") [Zumkley](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Zumkley&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Zumkley (page does not exist)") [Zutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Zutt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ruth Zutt (page does not exist)") (until 29 June 1987) | | |
| FDP | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:11th_Bundestag_FDP "Template:11th Bundestag FDP") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:11th_Bundestag_FDP "Template talk:11th Bundestag FDP") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:11th_Bundestag_FDP "Special:EditPage/Template:11th Bundestag FDP")FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Wolfgang Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") | | |
| **Members:** [Adam-Schwaetzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Schwaetzer "Irmgard Schwaetzer") [Annies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Annies "Dieter Annies") (from 3 October 1990) [Bangemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bangemann "Martin Bangemann") (until 5 January 1989) [Baum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Baum "Gerhart Baum") [Beckmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Beckmann "Klaus Beckmann") [Bohn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Bohn&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Bohn (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Bredehorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Bredehorn "GĂŒnther Bredehorn") [Cronenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter-Julius_Cronenberg "Dieter-Julius Cronenberg") [Eimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Eimer "Norbert Eimer") [Engelhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_A._Engelhard "Hans A. Engelhard") [Felber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Felber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad Felber (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Feldmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Feldmann "Olaf Feldmann") [Folz-Steinacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigrid_Folz-Steinacker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sigrid Folz-Steinacker (page does not exist)") [Funke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Funke "Rainer Funke") [Gallus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Gallus "Georg Gallus") [Gattermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_H._Gattermann "Hans H. Gattermann") [Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") [Gries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekkehard_Gries "Ekkehard Gries") [GrĂŒnbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Gr%C3%BCnbeck "Josef GrĂŒnbeck") [GrĂŒner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gr%C3%BCner "Martin GrĂŒner") [Hamm-BrĂŒcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Hamm-Br%C3%BCcher "Hildegard Hamm-BrĂŒcher") [Haussmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Haussmann "Helmut Haussmann") [Heinrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Heinrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Heinrich (page does not exist)") [Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Hirsch "Burkhard Hirsch") [Hitschler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hitschler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Hitschler (page does not exist)") (from 7 August 1987) [Hoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-G%C3%BCnter_Hoppe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-GĂŒnter Hoppe (page does not exist)") [Hoyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Hoyer "Werner Hoyer") [Irmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Irmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Irmer (page does not exist)") [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Kleinert (page does not exist)") [Kley](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerry_Kley&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerry Kley (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Kohn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Kohn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roland Kohn (page does not exist)") [Laermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hans_Laermann "Karl-Hans Laermann") [Lambsdorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff "Otto Graf Lambsdorff") [Lehment](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad-Michael_Lehment&action=edit&redlink=1 "Conrad-Michael Lehment (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [LĂŒder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_L%C3%BCder "Wolfgang LĂŒder") [Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") [Möllemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%B6llemann "JĂŒrgen Möllemann") [Neuhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Neuhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Neuhausen (page does not exist)") [Nolting](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Friedrich_Nolting&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Friedrich Nolting (page does not exist)") [Ortleb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Ortleb "Rainer Ortleb") (from 3 October 1990) [Paintner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Paintner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Paintner (page does not exist)") [Richter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Richter "Manfred Richter") [Rind](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Rind&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Rind (page does not exist)") [Ronneburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Ronneburger "Uwe Ronneburger") [Rumpf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rumpf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Rumpf (page does not exist)") (until 6 August 1987) [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sch%C3%A4fer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut SchĂ€fer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Segall](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inge_Segall&action=edit&redlink=1 "Inge Segall (page does not exist)") [Seiler-Albring](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursula_Seiler-Albring&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ursula Seiler-Albring (page does not exist)") [Solms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Otto_Solms "Hermann Otto Solms") [Thomae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Thomae&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Thomae (page does not exist)") [Timm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Timm&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Timm (page does not exist)") [Walz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingrid_Walz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingrid Walz (page does not exist)") (from 6 January 1989) [Weng](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Weng&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Weng (page does not exist)") [Wolfgramm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torsten_Wolfgramm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Torsten Wolfgramm (page does not exist)") [Wöstenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_W%C3%B6stenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Wöstenberg (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [WĂŒrfel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uta_W%C3%BCrfel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uta WĂŒrfel (page does not exist)") [Zirkler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Otto_Zirkler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Otto Zirkler (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Zschornack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Zschornack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Zschornack (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Zywietz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Zywietz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Zywietz (page does not exist)") | | |
| GRĂNE | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:11th_Bundestag_GRUENE "Template:11th Bundestag GRUENE") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:11th_Bundestag_GRUENE "Template talk:11th Bundestag GRUENE") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:11th_Bundestag_GRUENE "Special:EditPage/Template:11th Bundestag GRUENE")GRUENE | | |
| **Speaker:** [Thomas Ebermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ebermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Ebermann (page does not exist)"), [BĂ€rbel Rust](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A4rbel_Rust&action=edit&redlink=1 "BĂ€rbel Rust (page does not exist)"), [Waltraud Schoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltraud_Schoppe "Waltraud Schoppe") until 26 January 1988; [Helmut Lippelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Lippelt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Lippelt (page does not exist)"), [Regula Schmidt-Bott](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regula_Schmidt-Bott&action=edit&redlink=1 "Regula Schmidt-Bott (page does not exist)"), [Christa Vennegerts](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christa_Vennegerts&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christa Vennegerts (page does not exist)") until 30 January 1989, [Helmut Lippelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Lippelt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Lippelt (page does not exist)"), [Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutta_Oesterle-Schwerin "Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin"), [Antje Vollmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Vollmer "Antje Vollmer") until 15 January 1990; [Willi Hoss](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Hoss&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Hoss (page does not exist)"), [Waltraud Schoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltraud_Schoppe "Waltraud Schoppe") (until 21 June 1990), [Marianne Birthler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Birthler "Marianne Birthler") (from 4 October 1990), [Antje Vollmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Vollmer "Antje Vollmer") | | |
| **AL:** [FrieĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sieglinde_Frie%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sieglinde FrieĂ (page does not exist)") (from 21 February 1989) [Olms](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Olms&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ellen Olms (page does not exist)") (until 20 February 1989) [Sellin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Sellin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Sellin (page does not exist)") (until 20 February 1989) [Vogl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Meneses_Vogl&action=edit&redlink=1 "German Meneses Vogl (page does not exist)") (from 21 February 1989) **BĂŒndnis 90:** [Birthler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Birthler "Marianne Birthler") (from 3 October 1990) [Gauck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Gauck "Joachim Gauck") (from 3 October 1990 until 4 October 1990) [Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Schulz "Werner Schulz") (from 3 October 1990) [Tschiche](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Jochen_Tschiche&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Jochen Tschiche (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Ullmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ullmann "Wolfgang Ullmann") (from 3 October 1990) **Die GrĂŒnen:** [Beck-Oberdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marieluise_Beck-Oberdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marieluise Beck-Oberdorf (page does not exist)") [Beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelika_Beer "Angelika Beer") [Brahmst-Rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helga_Brahmst-Rock&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helga Brahmst-Rock (page does not exist)") [Brauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Jochim_Brauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Jochim Brauer (page does not exist)") [Daniels](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Daniels (page does not exist)") [Ebermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ebermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Ebermann (page does not exist)") (until 18 February 1989) [Eich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tay_Eich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tay Eich (page does not exist)") (from 20 February 1989) [Eid](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uschi_Eid&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uschi Eid (page does not exist)") [Flinner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dora_Flinner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dora Flinner (page does not exist)") [Garbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Garbe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Charlotte Garbe (page does not exist)") [HĂ€fner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_H%C3%A4fner "Gerald HĂ€fner") [Hensel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karitas_Hensel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karitas Hensel (page does not exist)") [Hillerich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imma_Hillerich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Imma Hillerich (page does not exist)") [Hoss](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Hoss&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willi Hoss (page does not exist)") [HĂŒser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_H%C3%BCser "Uwe HĂŒser") [Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Kelly "Petra Kelly") [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hubert Kleinert (page does not exist)") [Knabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Knabe "Wilhelm Knabe") [Kottwitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almut_Kottwitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Almut Kottwitz (page does not exist)") (from 8 November 1989) [Kreuzeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Kreuzeder&action=edit&redlink=1 "Matthias Kreuzeder (page does not exist)") [Krieger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verena_Krieger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Verena Krieger (page does not exist)") (until 4 April 1989) [Lippelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Lippelt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Lippelt (page does not exist)") [Mechtersheimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Mechtersheimer "Alfred Mechtersheimer") [Nickels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Nickels "Christa Nickels") [Oesterle-Schwerin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutta_Oesterle-Schwerin "Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin") [Roske](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Roske&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Roske (page does not exist)") (from 22 June 1990) [Rust](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A4rbel_Rust&action=edit&redlink=1 "BĂ€rbel Rust (page does not exist)") [Saibold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halo_Saibold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Halo Saibold (page does not exist)") [Schilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrud_Schilling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gertrud Schilling (page does not exist)") [Schily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schily "Otto Schily") (until 7 November 1989) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie-Luise_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marie-Luise Schmidt (page does not exist)") (from 20 February 1989) [Schmidt-Bott](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regula_Schmidt-Bott&action=edit&redlink=1 "Regula Schmidt-Bott (page does not exist)") (until 18 February 1989) [Schoppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltraud_Schoppe "Waltraud Schoppe") (until 21 June 1990) [Stratmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckhard_Stratmann "Eckhard Stratmann") [Such](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Such&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Such (page does not exist)") (from 4 April 1989) [Teubner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Luise_Teubner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Luise Teubner (page does not exist)") [Trenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erika_Trenz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erika Trenz (page does not exist)") [Vennegerts](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christa_Vennegerts&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christa Vennegerts (page does not exist)") [Vollmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Vollmer "Antje Vollmer") [Volmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludger_Volmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludger Volmer (page does not exist)") [Weiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Weiss_\(Green_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Weiss (Green politician) (page does not exist)") [Wetzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Wetzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Wetzel (page does not exist)") [Wilms-Kegel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Wilms-Kegel "Heike Wilms-Kegel") [Wollny](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieselotte_Wollny&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lieselotte Wollny (page does not exist)") **GrĂŒne DDR:** [Dörfler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Paul_D%C3%B6rfler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Paul Dörfler (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Platzeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Platzeck "Matthias Platzeck") (from 3 October 1990) [Wollenberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld "Vera Lengsfeld") (from 5 October 1990) | | |
| PDS | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:11th_Bundestag_PDS "Template:11th Bundestag PDS") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:11th_Bundestag_PDS "Template talk:11th Bundestag PDS") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:11th_Bundestag_PDS "Special:EditPage/Template:11th Bundestag PDS")PDS | | |
| **Speaker:** [Gregor Gysi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Gysi "Gregor Gysi") | | |
| **Members:** [Bittner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingrid_Bittner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingrid Bittner (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Deneke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlies_Deneke "Marlies Deneke") (from 3 October 1990) [Enkelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Enkelmann "Dagmar Enkelmann") (from 3 October 1990) [Fache](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabine_Fache&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sabine Fache (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Fischer "Ursula Fischer") (from 3 October 1990) [Friedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Friedrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Friedrich (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Fuchs "Ruth Fuchs") (from 3 October 1990) [Gysi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Gysi "Gregor Gysi") (from 3 October 1990) [Heuer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe-Jens_Heuer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe-Jens Heuer (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Kaufmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia-Yvonne_Kaufmann "Sylvia-Yvonne Kaufmann") (from 3 October 1990) [Keller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_Keller "Dietmar Keller") (from 3 October 1990) [Kertscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Kertscher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Kertscher (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Klein "Thomas Klein") (from 3 October 1990) [Modrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Modrow "Hans Modrow") (from 3 October 1990) [Morgenstern](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marion_Morgenstern&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marion Morgenstern (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Ostrowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christine_Ostrowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christine Ostrowski (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Riege](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Riege "Gerhard Riege") (from 3 October 1990) [Schönebeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martina_Sch%C3%B6nebeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martina Schönebeck (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Schumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Schumann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Schumann (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Schumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schumann "Michael Schumann") (from 3 October 1990) [Seifert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Seifert "Ilja Seifert") (from 3 October 1990) [Steinitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Steinitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Steinitz (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Stolfa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Stolfa&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha Stolfa (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) [Wegener](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solveig_Wegener&action=edit&redlink=1 "Solveig Wegener (page does not exist)") (from 3 October 1990) | | |
| OTHER | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:11th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template:11th Bundestag OTHER") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:11th_Bundestag_OTHER "Template talk:11th Bundestag OTHER") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:11th_Bundestag_OTHER "Special:EditPage/Template:11th Bundestag OTHER")Independent | | |
| **Members:** [Briefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Briefs "Ulrich Briefs") [Unruh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trude_Unruh "Trude Unruh") [WĂŒppesahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W%C3%BCppesahl "Thomas WĂŒppesahl") | | |
| [List of members of the 11th Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_11th_Bundestag "List of members of the 11th Bundestag") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_12th_Bundestag "Template:Members of the 12th Bundestag") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_12th_Bundestag "Template talk:Members of the 12th Bundestag") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_12th_Bundestag "Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 12th Bundestag")  [Members of the 12th Bundestag (1990â1994)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_12th_Bundestag "List of members of the 12th Bundestag") | | |
| **[President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag "President of the Bundestag"): [Rita SĂŒssmuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_S%C3%BCssmuth "Rita SĂŒssmuth") ([CDU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany "Christian Democratic Union of Germany"))** | | |
| CDU/CSU | | |
| CDU and CSU | | |
| **Speaker: [Alfred Dregger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger "Alfred Dregger") until 25 November 1991; [Wolfgang SchÀuble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble "Wolfgang SchÀuble") from 25 November 1991** | | |
| **CDU:** [Ackermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Ackermann "Else Ackermann") (from 22 October 1991) [Adam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Adam "Ulrich Adam") [Altherr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Altherr "Walter Altherr") [Augustin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneliese_Augustin "Anneliese Augustin") [Augustinowitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Augustinowitz "JĂŒrgen Augustinowitz") [Austermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Austermann "Dietrich Austermann") [Bargfrede](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz-G%C3%BCnter_Bargfrede "Heinz-GĂŒnter Bargfrede") [Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Bauer "Wolf Bauer") [Baumeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Baumeister "Brigitte Baumeister") [Bayha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bayha "Richard Bayha") (until 3 November 1993) [Belle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinrad_Belle "Meinrad Belle") [Bentrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Meyer_zu_Bentrup "Reinhard Meyer zu Bentrup") [Bergmann-Pohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Bergmann-Pohl "Sabine Bergmann-Pohl") [Bierling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dirk_Bierling "Hans-Dirk Bierling") [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Theodor_Blank "Joseph-Theodor Blank") [Blens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert_Blens "Heribert Blens") [Bleser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bleser "Peter Bleser") [BlĂŒm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Bl%C3%BCm "Norbert BlĂŒm") [Bohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bohl "Friedrich Bohl") [Bohlsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_Bohlsen "Wilfried Bohlsen") [Böhm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_B%C3%B6hm "Wilfried Böhm") [Böhmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_B%C3%B6hmer "Maria Böhmer") [Borchert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Borchert "Jochen Borchert") [Börnsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_B%C3%B6rnsen "Wolfgang Börnsen") [BrĂ€hmig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Br%C3%A4hmig "Klaus BrĂ€hmig") [Breuer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Breuer "Paul Breuer") [Brudlewsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monika_Brudlewsky "Monika Brudlewsky") [Brunnhuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brunnhuber "Georg Brunnhuber") [BĂŒhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_B%C3%BChler "Klaus BĂŒhler") [BĂŒttner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut_B%C3%BCttner "Hartmut BĂŒttner") [Buwitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dankward_Buwitt "Dankward Buwitt") [Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Carstens "Manfred Carstens") [Carstensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Harry_Carstensen "Peter Harry Carstensen") [Clemens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Clemens "Joachim Clemens") [Dehnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Dehnel "Wolfgang Dehnel") [Dempwolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrud_Dempwolf "Gertrud Dempwolf") [Deres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Deres "Karl Deres") [Diemers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Diemers "Renate Diemers") [Doppmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Doppmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hubert Doppmeier (page does not exist)") (until 8 March 1992) [Dörflinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_D%C3%B6rflinger "Werner Dörflinger") [Doss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansj%C3%BCrgen_Doss "HansjĂŒrgen Doss") [Dregger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger "Alfred Dregger") [Echternach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Echternach "JĂŒrgen Echternach") [Ehlers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Ehlers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Ehlers (page does not exist)") [Ehrbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Ehrbar&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Ehrbar (page does not exist)") [Engelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Engelmann "Wolfgang Engelmann") [Eppelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Eppelmann "Rainer Eppelmann") [Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Erler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Erler (page does not exist)") (from 6 September 1993) [Eylmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Eylmann "Horst Eylmann") [Eymer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anke_Eymer "Anke Eymer") [Falk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_Falk "Ilse Falk") [Feilcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Feilcke "Jochen Feilcke") [Fell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_H_Fell&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl H Fell (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Fischer_\(politician\) "Dirk Fischer (politician)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Fischer "Leni Fischer") [Fockenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_Fockenberg "Winfried Fockenberg") [Francke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Francke "Klaus Francke") [Fritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_G_Fritz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich G Fritz (page does not exist)") [Fuchtel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Fuchtel "Hans-Joachim Fuchtel") [Ganz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Ganz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Ganz (page does not exist)") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sissy_Geiger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sissy Geiger (page does not exist)") (from 29 September 1992) [Geisler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geisler_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Geisler (politician) (page does not exist)") (until 12 February 1991) [GeiĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_Gei%C3%9Fler "Heiner GeiĂler") [Geldern](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_von_Geldern&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang von Geldern (page does not exist)") [Gerster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gerster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Gerster (page does not exist)") [Gibtner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gibtner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Gibtner (page does not exist)") [Göhner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_G%C3%B6hner "Reinhard Göhner") [Göttsching](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_G%C3%B6ttsching&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Göttsching (page does not exist)") [Götz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_G%C3%B6tz "Peter Götz") [Gres](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Gres&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Gres (page does not exist)") [Grochtmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Grochtmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elisabeth Grochtmann (page does not exist)") [Grotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus-Peter_Grotz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus-Peter Grotz (page does not exist)") [GrĂŒnewald](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Gr%C3%BCnewald&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim GrĂŒnewald (page does not exist)") [GĂŒnther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_G%C3%BCnther_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst GĂŒnther (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hammerstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Detlev_Freiherr_von_Hammerstein "Carl-Detlev Freiherr von Hammerstein") [Handschack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Handschack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Handschack (page does not exist)") (from 1 July 1994) [Harries](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Harries&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Harries (page does not exist)") [Haschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Haschke "Gottfried Haschke") [Haschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udo_Haschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Udo Haschke (page does not exist)") [Haungs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Haungs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rainer Haungs (page does not exist)") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Hauser_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Hauser (politician) (page does not exist)") [Hedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_Hedrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-JĂŒrgen Hedrich (page does not exist)") [Heise](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Heise&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Heise (page does not exist)") [Hellwig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Hellwig "Renate Hellwig") [Helmrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Helmrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Helmrich (page does not exist)") (until 21 May 1992) [Hennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottfried_Hennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ottfried Hennig (page does not exist)") (until 31 May 1992) [Herkenrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Herkenrath&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Herkenrath (page does not exist)") [Herr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Herr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Herr (page does not exist)") (from 11 November 1993) [Hiebing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Anna_Hiebing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Anna Hiebing (page does not exist)") (from 8 December 1993) [Hintze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hintze "Peter Hintze") [Hoffacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hoffacker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Hoffacker (page does not exist)") [Hornhues](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Hornhues&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Hornhues (page does not exist)") [Hornung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Hornung&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Hornung (page does not exist)") [Hörsken](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz-Adolf_H%C3%B6rsken&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz-Adolf Hörsken (page does not exist)") [Hörster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_H%C3%B6rster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Hörster (page does not exist)") [HĂŒppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_H%C3%BCppe "Hubert HĂŒppe") (from 1 February 1991) [Jaffke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Jaffke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Susanne Jaffke (page does not exist)") [JĂ€ger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_J%C3%A4ger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claus JĂ€ger (page does not exist)") [Jagoda](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Jagoda&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernhard Jagoda (page does not exist)") (until 7 February 1993) [Jahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Adolf_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich-Adolf Jahn (page does not exist)") [Janovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Janovsky&action=edit&redlink=1 "Georg Janovsky (page does not exist)") [Jeltsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karin_Jeltsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karin Jeltsch (page does not exist)") [Jork](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Jork&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rainer Jork (page does not exist)") [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jung_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Jung (politician) (page does not exist)") [Junghanns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Junghanns "Ulrich Junghanns") [JĂŒttner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_J%C3%BCttner "Egon JĂŒttner") [Kahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harald_Kahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harald Kahl (page does not exist)") [Kampeter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffen_Kampeter "Steffen Kampeter") [Kansy](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietmar_Kansy&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietmar Kansy (page does not exist)") [Kappes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz-Hermann_Kappes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz-Hermann Kappes (page does not exist)") (until 24 August 1992) [Karwatzki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irmgard_Karwatzki&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irmgard Karwatzki (page does not exist)") [Kauder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Kauder "Volker Kauder") [Kittelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kittelmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Kittelmann (page does not exist)") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Klein (page does not exist)") [Klinkert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Klinkert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Klinkert (page does not exist)") [Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl "Helmut Kohl") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Ulrich_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Ulrich Köhler (page does not exist)") [Köhler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_K%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Köhler (page does not exist)") [Kolbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Kolbe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Kolbe (page does not exist)") [Kors](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eva-Maria_Kors&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eva-Maria Kors (page does not exist)") [Kossendey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kossendey "Thomas Kossendey") [Krause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Krause "GĂŒnther Krause") [Krause](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Krause_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Krause (politician) (page does not exist)") [Krey](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Heinrich_Krey&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Heinrich Krey (page does not exist)") [Kriedner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnulf_Kriedner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arnulf Kriedner (page does not exist)") [Kronberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen_Kronberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz-JĂŒrgen Kronberg (page does not exist)") [KrĂŒger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kr%C3%BCger_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul KrĂŒger (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Krziskewitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reiner_Krziskewitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reiner Krziskewitz (page does not exist)") [Lamers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lamers "Karl Lamers") [Lammert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Lammert "Norbert Lammert") [Lamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Lamp "Helmut Lamp") [Lattmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Lattmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Lattmann (page does not exist)") [Laufs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Laufs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Paul Laufs (page does not exist)") [Laumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Josef_Laumann "Karl-Josef Laumann") [Lehne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus-Heiner_Lehne "Klaus-Heiner Lehne") (from 12 March 1992) [Lehr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Lehr "Ursula Lehr") [Lenzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lenzer "Christian Lenzer") [Lieberoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immo_Lieberoth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Immo Lieberoth (page does not exist)") [Limbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editha_Limbach "Editha Limbach") [Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Link_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Link (politician) (page does not exist)") [Lippold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lippold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Lippold (page does not exist)") [Lischewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Lischewski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Lischewski (page does not exist)") [Lohmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Lohmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Lohmann (page does not exist)") [Louven](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Louven&action=edit&redlink=1 "Julius Louven (page does not exist)") [Löwisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigrun_L%C3%B6wisch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sigrun Löwisch (page does not exist)") (from 12 October 1991) [Lummer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Lummer "Heinrich Lummer") [Luther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Luther&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Luther (page does not exist)") [MaaĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Maa%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erich MaaĂ (page does not exist)") [Magin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Magin "Theo Magin") [Mahlo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Mahlo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Mahlo (page does not exist)") [MaiziĂšre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re "Lothar de MaiziĂšre") (until 15 October 1991) [Marienfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claire_Marienfeld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Claire Marienfeld (page does not exist)") [Marschewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Marschewski "Erwin Marschewski") [Marten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Marten "GĂŒnter Marten") [Meckelburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Meckelburg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Meckelburg (page does not exist)") [Meinl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Meinl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Meinl (page does not exist)") [Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel") [Meseke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedda_Meseke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hedda Meseke (page does not exist)") (until 6 December 1993) [Michalk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Michalk "Maria Michalk") (from 13 February 1991) [Michels](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meinolf_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meinolf Michels (page does not exist)") [Mildner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Mildner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Mildner (page does not exist)") [Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_M%C3%B6ller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Möller (page does not exist)") [Molnar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Molnar_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Molnar (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmar_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elmar MĂŒller (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Werner MĂŒller (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfons_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfons MĂŒller (page does not exist)") [Nelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Nelle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Engelbert Nelle (page does not exist)") [Neuling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Neuling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christian Neuling (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Neumann "Bernd Neumann") [Niedenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Niedenthal&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erhard Niedenthal (page does not exist)") (from 8 February 1993) [Nitsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Nitsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Nitsch (page does not exist)") [Nolte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Nolte "Claudia Nolte") [Olderog](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Olderog&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Olderog (page does not exist)") [Ost](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Ost&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedhelm Ost (page does not exist)") [Otto](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Otto (page does not exist)") [PĂ€selt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_P%C3%A4selt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard PĂ€selt (page does not exist)") [Paziorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paziorek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Paziorek (page does not exist)") [Pesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Wilhelm_Pesch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Wilhelm Pesch (page does not exist)") [Petzold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Petzold "Ulrich Petzold") [Pfeffermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_O_Pfeffermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard O Pfeffermann (page does not exist)") (until 6 September 1993) [Pfeifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Pfeifer "Anton Pfeifer") [Pfeiffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelika_Pfeiffer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Angelika Pfeiffer (page does not exist)") [Pfennig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gero_Pfennig&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gero Pfennig (page does not exist)") [PflĂŒger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedbert_Pfl%C3%BCger "Friedbert PflĂŒger") [Pinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfried_Pinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Winfried Pinger (page does not exist)") [Pofalla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Pofalla "Ronald Pofalla") [Pohler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Pohler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Pohler (page does not exist)") [Priebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosemarie_Priebus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rosemarie Priebus (page does not exist)") [PĂŒtzhofen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_P%C3%BCtzhofen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter PĂŒtzhofen (page does not exist)") [Rahardt-Vahldieck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Rahardt-Vahldieck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Susanne Rahardt-Vahldieck (page does not exist)") [Rau](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Rau&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Rau (page does not exist)") [Rauen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Rauen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Rauen (page does not exist)") [Rawe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rawe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilhelm Rawe (page does not exist)") [Reddemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reddemann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Reddemann (page does not exist)") [Reichenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Reichenbach "Klaus Reichenbach") [Reinartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertold_Mathias_Reinartz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bertold Mathias Reinartz (page does not exist)") [Reinhardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erika_Reinhardt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erika Reinhardt (page does not exist)") [Repnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Peter_Repnik "Hans-Peter Repnik") [Rieder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Rieder&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Rieder (page does not exist)") [Riegert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Riegert "Klaus Riegert") (from 10 June 1992) [Riesenhuber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Riesenhuber "Heinz Riesenhuber") [Ringkamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Ringkamp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Ringkamp (page does not exist)") (from 1 June 1992) [Rode](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Rode&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Rode (page does not exist)") [Roitzsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Roitzsch "Ingrid Roitzsch") [Romer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Romer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz Romer (page does not exist)") [Rönsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannelore_R%C3%B6nsch "Hannelore Rönsch") [Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Roth_\(Gie%C3%9Fen\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Roth (GieĂen) (page does not exist)") [Rother](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Rother&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Rother (page does not exist)") [RĂŒhe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_R%C3%BChe "Volker RĂŒhe") [RĂŒttgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_R%C3%BCttgers "JĂŒrgen RĂŒttgers") [Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Sauer (page does not exist)") [Sauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Sauer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roland Sauer (page does not exist)") [Scharrenbroich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heribert_Scharrenbroich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heribert Scharrenbroich (page does not exist)") (until 23 March 1994) [Schartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Schartz&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Schartz (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€tzle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ortrun_Sch%C3%A4tzle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ortrun SchĂ€tzle (page does not exist)") [SchĂ€uble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble "Wolfgang SchĂ€uble") [Schell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Schell "Manfred Schell") (from 22 July 1993) [Schemken](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Schemken&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz Schemken (page does not exist)") [Schmalz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Schmalz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Schmalz (page does not exist)") [Schmidbauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Schmidbauer "Bernd Schmidbauer") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Schmidt "Christa Schmidt") (from 1 February 1994) [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Schmidt (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1956\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Andreas Schmidt (politician, born 1956) (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trudi_Schmidt_\(German_politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Trudi Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Peter_Schmitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Peter Schmitz (page does not exist)") [Schmude](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_von_Schmude&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael von Schmude (page does not exist)") [Schockenhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Schockenhoff "Andreas Schockenhoff") [Scholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Scholz "Rupert Scholz") [Schönburg-Glauchau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim,_Count_of_Sch%C3%B6nburg-Glauchau "Joachim, Count of Schönburg-Glauchau") (until 30 June 1994) [Schorlemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_von_Schorlemer "Reinhard von Schorlemer") [Schreiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harald_Schreiber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harald Schreiber (page does not exist)") (until 30 June 1993) [Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Schroeder&action=edit&redlink=1 "Conrad Schroeder (page does not exist)") (until 20 October 1991) [Schulhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schulhoff "Wolfgang Schulhoff") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schulte "Dieter Schulte") [Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Schulz_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Schulz (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schwalbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Schwalbe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Clemens Schwalbe (page does not exist)") [Schwarz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Schwarz_\(politician\) "Stefan Schwarz (politician)") [Schwarz-Schilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Schwarz-Schilling "Christian Schwarz-Schilling") [Schwörer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer "Hermann Schwörer") [Seesing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Seesing&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Seesing (page does not exist)") [Seibel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilfried_Seibel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wilfried Seibel (page does not exist)") [Seiters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Seiters "Rudolf Seiters") [Sikora](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Sikora&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Sikora (page does not exist)") (from 22 May 1992) [Skowron](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Skowron&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Skowron (page does not exist)") [Sopart](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Joachim_Sopart&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Joachim Sopart (page does not exist)") (until 3 January 1993) [Sothmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A4rbel_Sothmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "BĂ€rbel Sothmann (page does not exist)") [Sprung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Sprung "Rudolf Sprung") [Stavenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Stavenhagen "Lutz Stavenhagen") (until 31 May 1992) [Steinbach-Hermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erika_Steinbach-Hermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erika Steinbach-Hermann (page does not exist)") [Stercken](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Stercken&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Stercken (page does not exist)") [Stetten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Stetten "Wolfgang von Stetten") [Stockhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Stockhausen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Stockhausen (page does not exist)") [Stoltenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg "Gerhard Stoltenberg") [Strube](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Gerd_Strube&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Gerd Strube (page does not exist)") [StĂŒbgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCbgen "Michael StĂŒbgen") [Susset](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Susset&action=edit&redlink=1 "Egon Susset (page does not exist)") [SĂŒssmuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_S%C3%BCssmuth "Rita SĂŒssmuth") [Szwed](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorothea_Szwed&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dorothea Szwed (page does not exist)") (from 24 March 1994) [Tillmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Tillmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ferdinand Tillmann (page does not exist)") [Töpfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_T%C3%B6pfer "Klaus Töpfer") [Uelhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Dieter_Uelhoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Dieter Uelhoff (page does not exist)") [Uldall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Uldall "Gunnar Uldall") [VerhĂŒlsdonk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Verh%C3%BClsdonk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha VerhĂŒlsdonk (page does not exist)") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Vogel_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedrich Vogel (politician) (page does not exist)") [Vogt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Vogt (page does not exist)") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Peter_Voigt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Peter Voigt (page does not exist)") [Vondran](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruprecht_Vondran&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ruprecht Vondran (page does not exist)") [Waffenschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Waffenschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Waffenschmidt (page does not exist)") [Waldburg-Zeil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Graf_von_Waldburg-Zeil "Alois Graf von Waldburg-Zeil") [Warrikoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Warrikoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alexander Warrikoff (page does not exist)") [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Werner_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert Werner (politician) (page does not exist)") [Wetzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kersten_Wetzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kersten Wetzel (page does not exist)") [Wiechatzek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_Wiechatzek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gabriele Wiechatzek (page does not exist)") [Wieczorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Wieczorek "Bertram Wieczorek") (until 31 January 1994) [Wilms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothee_Wilms "Dorothee Wilms") [Wilz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Wilz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernd Wilz (page does not exist)") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Wimmer "Willy Wimmer") [Wisniewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswitha_Wisniewski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roswitha Wisniewski (page does not exist)") [Wissmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Wissmann "Matthias Wissmann") [Wohlrabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Wohlrabe&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Wohlrabe (page does not exist)") (from 5 January 1993) [Wonneberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Wonneberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Wonneberger (page does not exist)") [Worms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Worms "Bernhard Worms") (until 31 January 1991) [WĂŒlfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elke_W%C3%BClfing "Elke WĂŒlfing") [WĂŒrzbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kurt_W%C3%BCrzbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Kurt WĂŒrzbach (page does not exist)") [Yzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Yzer "Cornelia Yzer") **CSU:** [Blank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Blank "Renate Blank") [Bötsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_B%C3%B6tsch "Wolfgang Bötsch") [Dess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Dess "Albert Dess") [Eichhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Eichhorn_\(politician\) "Maria Eichhorn (politician)") [Faltlhauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Faltlhauser "Kurt Faltlhauser") [Frankenhauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Frankenhauser "Herbert Frankenhauser") [Friedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Friedrich_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Friedrich (politician) (page does not exist)") [Geiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michaela_Geiger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michaela Geiger (page does not exist)") [Geis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Geis "Norbert Geis") [Glos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Glos "Michael Glos") [Götzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_G%C3%B6tzer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Götzer (page does not exist)") [Gröbl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Gr%C3%B6bl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Gröbl (page does not exist)") [Hasselfeldt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_Hasselfeldt "Gerda Hasselfeldt") [Hauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansgeorg_Hauser "Hansgeorg Hauser") [Hinsken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hinsken "Ernst Hinsken") [Hollerith](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hollerith&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Hollerith (page does not exist)") [Jobst](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionys_Jobst&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dionys Jobst (page does not exist)") [Kalb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Kalb "BartholomĂ€us Kalb") [Keller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Keller_\(politician\) "Peter Keller (politician)") [Kiechle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Kiechle "Ignaz Kiechle") [Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Klein_\(politician\) "Hans Klein (politician)") [Koschyk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut_Koschyk "Hartmut Koschyk") [Kraus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kraus_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Kraus (politician) (page does not exist)") [Lintner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Lintner "Eduard Lintner") [MĂ€nnle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_M%C3%A4nnle "Ursula MĂ€nnle") [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Mayer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Martin Mayer (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [Oswald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Oswald "Eduard Oswald") [Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Probst "Albert Probst") [Protzner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Protzner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernd Protzner (page does not exist)") [Raidel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Raidel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Raidel (page does not exist)") [Ramsauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ramsauer "Peter Ramsauer") [Regenspurger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Regenspurger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Regenspurger (page does not exist)") [Riedl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Riedl "Erich Riedl") [Rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Rose (page does not exist)") [Rossmanith](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Rossmanith&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Rossmanith (page does not exist)") [Ruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Ruck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christian Ruck (page does not exist)") [Scheu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Scheu "Gerhard Scheu") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Schmidt "Christian Schmidt") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Schneider "Oscar Schneider") [Seehofer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Seehofer "Horst Seehofer") [Spilker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Spilker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Spilker (page does not exist)") [Spranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Dieter_Spranger "Carl-Dieter Spranger") [Waigel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Waigel "Theo Waigel") [Warnke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Warnke "JĂŒrgen Warnke") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Wittmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Simon Wittmann (page does not exist)") [Wittmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Wittmann "Fritz Wittmann") [Zeitlmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Zeitlmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Zeitlmann (page does not exist)") [Zierer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benno_Zierer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Benno Zierer (page does not exist)") [Zöller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Z%C3%B6ller "Wolfgang Zöller") | | |
| SPD | | |
| SPD | | |
| **Speaker: [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") until 12 November 1991; [Hans-Ulrich Klose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Klose "Hans-Ulrich Klose") from 12 November 1991** | | |
| **Members:** [Adler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Adler "Brigitte Adler") [Alltschekow](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Alltschekow&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Alltschekow (page does not exist)") (from 3 August 1994) [Andres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Andres "Gerd Andres") [Antretter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Antretter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Antretter (page does not exist)") [Bachmaier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Bachmaier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Bachmaier (page does not exist)") [Barbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelika_Barbe "Angelika Barbe") [Bartsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holger_Bartsch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Holger Bartsch (page does not exist)") [Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmuth Becker (page does not exist)") [Becker-Inglau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Becker-Inglau "Ingrid Becker-Inglau") [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Berger_\(politician\) "Hans Berger (politician)") [Bernrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gottfried_Bernrath&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Gottfried Bernrath (page does not exist)") [Bersch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Bersch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Bersch (page does not exist)") (from 22 August 1994) [Beucher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Julius_Beucher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Friedhelm Julius Beucher (page does not exist)") [Bindig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bindig "Rudolf Bindig") [Blunck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieselott_Blunck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lieselott Blunck (page does not exist)") [Bock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Bock "Thea Bock") (from 4 July 1991) [Böhme](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_B%C3%B6hme&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Böhme (page does not exist)") [Börnsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arne_B%C3%B6rnsen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arne Börnsen (page does not exist)") [Brandt]() (until 8 October 1992) [Brandt-Elsweier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anni_Brandt-Elsweier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anni Brandt-Elsweier (page does not exist)") [Brecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Brecht "Eberhard Brecht") [BĂŒchler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_B%C3%BCchler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans BĂŒchler (page does not exist)") [BĂŒchner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_B%C3%BCchner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter BĂŒchner (page does not exist)") (from 10 June 1991) [Bulmahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgard_Bulmahn "Edelgard Bulmahn") [BĂŒlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_B%C3%BClow "Andreas von BĂŒlow") [Burchardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulla_Burchardt "Ulla Burchardt") [Bury](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Martin_Bury&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Martin Bury (page does not exist)") [BĂŒttner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_B%C3%BCttner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans BĂŒttner (page does not exist)") [Caspers-Merk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Caspers-Merk "Marion Caspers-Merk") [Catenhusen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-Michael_Catenhusen "Wolf-Michael Catenhusen") [Conradi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Conradi_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Conradi (politician) (page does not exist)") [DaubertshĂ€user](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Daubertsh%C3%A4user&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus DaubertshĂ€user (page does not exist)") [DĂ€ubler-Gmelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herta_D%C3%A4ubler-Gmelin "Herta DĂ€ubler-Gmelin") [Dehm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diether_Dehm "Diether Dehm") (from 16 August 1994) [Diederich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Diederich "Nils Diederich") [Diller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Diller "Karl Diller") [Dobberthien](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marliese_Dobberthien&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marliese Dobberthien (page does not exist)") [DreĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dre%C3%9Fler "Rudolf DreĂler") [Duve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freimut_Duve "Freimut Duve") [Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eike_Ebert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eike Ebert (page does not exist)") [Eckardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Eckardt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Eckardt (page does not exist)") [Ehmke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ehmke "Horst Ehmke") [Eich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Eich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ludwig Eich (page does not exist)") [Elmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Elmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad Elmer (page does not exist)") [Erler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernot_Erler "Gernot Erler") [Esters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Esters&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Esters (page does not exist)") [Ewen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ewen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Ewen (page does not exist)") [Ferner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elke_Ferner "Elke Ferner") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evelin_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Evelin Fischer (page does not exist)") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Fischer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar Fischer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Formanski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Formanski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Formanski (page does not exist)") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anke_Fuchs "Anke Fuchs") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katrin_Fuchs&action=edit&redlink=1 "Katrin Fuchs (page does not exist)") [Fuhrmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arne_Fuhrmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arne Fuhrmann (page does not exist)") [Ganseforth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monika_Ganseforth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Monika Ganseforth (page does not exist)") [Gansel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Gansel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Gansel (page does not exist)") [Gautier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Gautier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Gautier (page does not exist)") [Gerster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Gerster "Florian Gerster") (until 7 June 1991) [Gilges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Gilges "Konrad Gilges") [Gleicke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Gleicke "Iris Gleicke") [Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glotz "Peter Glotz") [Götte](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rose_G%C3%B6tte&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rose Götte (page does not exist)") (until 7 June 1991) [Graf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Graf&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Graf (page does not exist)") [GroĂmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achim_Gro%C3%9Fmann "Achim GroĂmann") [Haack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hermann_Haack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl Hermann Haack (page does not exist)") [Hacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hacker "Hans-Joachim Hacker") [HĂ€mmerle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerlinde_H%C3%A4mmerle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerlinde HĂ€mmerle (page does not exist)") (until 31 July 1994) [Hampel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Hampel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Hampel (page does not exist)") [Hanewinckel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christel_Hanewinckel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christel Hanewinckel (page does not exist)") [Hartenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Hartenstein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liesel Hartenstein (page does not exist)") [Hasenfratz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hasenfratz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Hasenfratz (page does not exist)") [Hauchler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingomar_Hauchler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingomar Hauchler (page does not exist)") [Heistermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Heistermann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Heistermann (page does not exist)") [Heyenn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Heyenn&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Heyenn (page does not exist)") [Hiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Hiller&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhold Hiller (page does not exist)") [Hilsberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Hilsberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Stephan Hilsberg (page does not exist)") [Holtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Holtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Holtz (page does not exist)") [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erwin Horn (page does not exist)") [Huonker](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunter_Huonker&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gunter Huonker (page does not exist)") [IbrĂŒgger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Ibr%C3%BCgger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lothar IbrĂŒgger (page does not exist)") [Iwersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Iwersen "Gabriele Iwersen") [JĂ€ger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renate_J%C3%A4ger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Renate JĂ€ger (page does not exist)") [Janz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilse_Janz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ilse Janz (page does not exist)") [Janzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Janzen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Janzen (page does not exist)") [Jaunich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jaunich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jaunich (page does not exist)") [Jens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Jens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Jens (page does not exist)") [Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volker_Jung&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volker Jung (page does not exist)") [Jungmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Jungmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Jungmann (page does not exist)") [Kastner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Kastner "Susanne Kastner") [Kastning](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Kastning&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Kastning (page does not exist)") [Kemper](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Peter_Kemper&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Peter Kemper (page does not exist)") (from 3 May 1993) [Kirschner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Kirschner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Kirschner (page does not exist)") [Klappert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marianne_Klappert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marianne Klappert (page does not exist)") [Klejdzinski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Klejdzinski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Karl-Heinz Klejdzinski (page does not exist)") (from 30 October 1992) [Klemmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegrun_Klemmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegrun Klemmer (page does not exist)") [Klose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Klose "Hans-Ulrich Klose") [Knaape](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hinrich_Knaape&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Hinrich Knaape (page does not exist)") [Kolbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regina_Kolbe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Regina Kolbe (page does not exist)") [Kolbow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kolbow "Walter Kolbow") [Koltzsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Koltzsch "Rolf Koltzsch") [Körper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Rudolf_K%C3%B6rper "Fritz Rudolf Körper") [Koschnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Koschnick "Hans Koschnick") [Kretkowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkmar_Kretkowski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volkmar Kretkowski (page does not exist)") [Kubatschka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Kubatschka&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Kubatschka (page does not exist)") [KĂŒbler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_K%C3%BCbler_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus KĂŒbler (politician) (page does not exist)") [Kuessner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinrich_Kuessner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hinrich Kuessner (page does not exist)") [Kuhlwein](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eckart_Kuhlwein&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eckart Kuhlwein (page does not exist)") [KĂŒster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_K%C3%BCster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe KĂŒster (page does not exist)") [Lambinus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Lambinus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe Lambinus (page does not exist)") [Lange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Lange (page does not exist)") [Larcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlev_von_Larcher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlev von Larcher (page does not exist)") [Leidinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Leidinger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Leidinger (page does not exist)") [Lennartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lennartz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Lennartz (page does not exist)") [Leonhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elke_Leonhard "Elke Leonhard") [Lohmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Lohmann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus Lohmann (page does not exist)") [Lörcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_L%C3%B6rcher "Christa Lörcher") (from 3 September 1993) [Lucyga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lucyga "Christine Lucyga") [MaaĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Maa%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter MaaĂ (page does not exist)") [Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorothea_Marx&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dorothea Marx (page does not exist)") [Mascher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrike_Mascher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrike Mascher (page does not exist)") [Matschie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Matschie "Christoph Matschie") [Matterne](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietmar_Matterne&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietmar Matterne (page does not exist)") [MatthĂ€us-Maier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Matth%C3%A4us-Maier "Ingrid MatthĂ€us-Maier") [Mattischeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heide_Mattischeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heide Mattischeck (page does not exist)") [Meckel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Meckel "Markus Meckel") [Mehl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrike_Mehl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrike Mehl (page does not exist)") [MeiĂner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Mei%C3%9Fner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Herbert MeiĂner (page does not exist)") [Mertens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz-Josef_Mertens&action=edit&redlink=1 "Franz-Josef Mertens (page does not exist)") [Meyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Meyer (page does not exist)") [Mosdorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegmar_Mosdorf&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegmar Mosdorf (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1948\) "Michael MĂŒller (politician, born 1948)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albrecht MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jutta_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jutta MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_M%C3%BCller_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christian MĂŒller (politician) (page does not exist)") [MĂŒntefering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BCntefering "Franz MĂŒntefering") (until 8 December 1992) [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volker_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Volker Neumann (page does not exist)") [Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Neumann_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard Neumann (politician) (page does not exist)") [Niehuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edith_Niehuis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edith Niehuis (page does not exist)") [Niese](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Niese&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rolf Niese (page does not exist)") [Niggemeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Niggemeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Niggemeier (page does not exist)") [Niggemeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heike_Niggemeyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heike Niggemeyer (page does not exist)") (from 22 October 1992 until 29 October 1992) [Odendahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doris_Odendahl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Doris Odendahl (page does not exist)") [Oesinghaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Oesinghaus&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Oesinghaus (page does not exist)") [Oostergetelo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Oostergetelo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jan Oostergetelo (page does not exist)") [Opel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Opel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Opel (page does not exist)") [Ostertag](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Ostertag&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adolf Ostertag (page does not exist)") [Otto](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helga_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helga Otto (page does not exist)") [Palis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Palis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kurt Palis (page does not exist)") (from 12 July 1993) [Paterna](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paterna&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Paterna (page does not exist)") [Penner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willfried_Penner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Willfried Penner (page does not exist)") [Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Peter_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Peter (politician) (page does not exist)") [Pfaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Pfaff "Martin Pfaff") [Pfuhl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Pfuhl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Albert Pfuhl (page does not exist)") [Pick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eckhart_Pick&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eckhart Pick (page does not exist)") [PoĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Po%C3%9F "Joachim PoĂ") [Purps](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Purps&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Purps (page does not exist)") [Rappe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Rappe "Hermann Rappe") [Reimann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Reimann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Manfred Reimann (page does not exist)") [Rempe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rempe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Rempe (page does not exist)") (until 22 April 1993) [Renesse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_von_Renesse "Margot von Renesse") [Rennebach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renate_Rennebach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Renate Rennebach (page does not exist)") [Reschke](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Reschke&action=edit&redlink=1 "Otto Reschke (page does not exist)") [Reuschenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reuschenbach&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Reuschenbach (page does not exist)") [Reuter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Reuter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernd Reuter (page does not exist)") [Rixe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Rixe "GĂŒnter Rixe") [Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Roth_\(politician\) "Wolfgang Roth (politician)") (until 2 September 1992) [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harald_B_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Harald B SchĂ€fer (page does not exist)") (until 27 June 1992) [Schaich-Walch](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gudrun_Schaich-Walch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gudrun Schaich-Walch (page does not exist)") [Schanz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Schanz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Schanz (page does not exist)") [Scheer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Scheer "Hermann Scheer") [Scheffler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Scheffler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Scheffler (page does not exist)") [Schily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schily "Otto Schily") [Schloten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Schloten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Schloten (page does not exist)") [Schluckebier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Schluckebier&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnter Schluckebier (page does not exist)") [Schmidbauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Schmidbauer "Horst Schmidbauer") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulla_Schmidt "Ulla Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Schmidt "Renate Schmidt") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_\(politician,_born_1944\) "Wilhelm Schmidt (politician, born 1944)") [Schmidt-Zadel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regina_Schmidt-Zadel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Regina Schmidt-Zadel (page does not exist)") [Schmude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmude "JĂŒrgen Schmude") [Schnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Schnell "Emil Schnell") [Schöfberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Sch%C3%B6fberger&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Schöfberger (page does not exist)") [Schöler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Sch%C3%B6ler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Schöler (page does not exist)") (from 8 December 1992) [Schreiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottmar_Schreiner "Ottmar Schreiner") [Schröter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisela_Schr%C3%B6ter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gisela Schröter (page does not exist)") [Schröter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Schr%C3%B6ter "Karl-Heinz Schröter") [Schulte](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Schulte&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Schulte (page does not exist)") [Schuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Schuster_\(politician\) "Werner Schuster (politician)") [SchĂŒtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietmar_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietmar SchĂŒtz (page does not exist)") [Schwanhold](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schwanhold&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Schwanhold (page does not exist)") [Schwanitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Schwanitz "Rolf Schwanitz") [Seidenthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_Seidenthal "Bodo Seidenthal") [Seuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Seuster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lisa Seuster (page does not exist)") [Sielaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Sielaff&action=edit&redlink=1 "Horst Sielaff (page does not exist)") [Simm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erika_Simm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erika Simm (page does not exist)") [Singer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Singer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johannes Singer (page does not exist)") [Skarpelis-Sperk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigrid_Skarpelis-Sperk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sigrid Skarpelis-Sperk (page does not exist)") [Soell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Soell&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hartmut Soell (page does not exist)") [Sonntag-Wolgast](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelie_Sonntag-Wolgast&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cornelie Sonntag-Wolgast (page does not exist)") [Sorge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wieland_Sorge&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wieland Sorge (page does not exist)") [Sperling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Sperling&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dietrich Sperling (page does not exist)") [Steen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antje-Marie_Steen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Antje-Marie Steen (page does not exist)") [Steiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz-Alfred_Steiner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz-Alfred Steiner (page does not exist)") [Stiegler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Stiegler "Ludwig Stiegler") [Struck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Struck_\(politician\) "Peter Struck (politician)") [Tappe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Tappe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joachim Tappe (page does not exist)") [Terborg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margitta_Terborg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margitta Terborg (page does not exist)") [Thalheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Thalheim&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerald Thalheim (page does not exist)") [Thierse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Thierse "Wolfgang Thierse") [Tietjen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Tietjen&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Tietjen (page does not exist)") (until 7 July 1993) [Titze-Stecher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uta_Titze-Stecher "Uta Titze-Stecher") [Toetemeyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-G%C3%BCnther_Toetemeyer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-GĂŒnther Toetemeyer (page does not exist)") [Urbaniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Eberhard_Urbaniak&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans-Eberhard Urbaniak (page does not exist)") [Vergin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Vergin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siegfried Vergin (page does not exist)") [Verheugen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Verheugen "GĂŒnter Verheugen") [Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") [Voigt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Voigt "Karsten Voigt") [Vosen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Vosen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Josef Vosen (page does not exist)") [Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Wagner "Hans-Georg Wagner") [Wallow](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wallow&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Wallow (page does not exist)") [Waltemathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Waltemathe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Waltemathe (page does not exist)") [Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Walter "Ralf Walter") (from 10 June 1991 until 21 August 1994) [Walther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Walther&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudi Walther (page does not exist)") [Wartenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Wartenberg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerd Wartenberg (page does not exist)") [Wegner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanze_Wegner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konstanze Wegner (page does not exist)") [Weiermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Weiermann "Wolfgang Weiermann") [Weiler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Weiler "Barbara Weiler") (until 14 August 1994) [Weis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Weis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Reinhard Weis (page does not exist)") [Weisheit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Weisheit&action=edit&redlink=1 "Matthias Weisheit (page does not exist)") (from 29 June 1992) [WeiĂgerber](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunter_Wei%C3%9Fgerber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gunter WeiĂgerber (page does not exist)") [Weisskirchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Weisskirchen "Gert Weisskirchen") [Welt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jochen_Welt&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jochen Welt (page does not exist)") [Wernitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Wernitz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Axel Wernitz (page does not exist)") [Wester](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hildegard_Wester&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hildegard Wester (page does not exist)") [Westrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lydia_Westrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lydia Westrich (page does not exist)") [Wettig-Danielmeier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inge_Wettig-Danielmeier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Inge Wettig-Danielmeier (page does not exist)") [Wetzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margrit_Wetzel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margrit Wetzel (page does not exist)") [Weyel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gudrun_Weyel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gudrun Weyel (page does not exist)") [Wieczorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Wieczorek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut Wieczorek (page does not exist)") [Wieczorek](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Wieczorek&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbert Wieczorek (page does not exist)") [Wieczorek-Zeul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidemarie_Wieczorek-Zeul "Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul") [WiefelspĂŒtz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Wiefelsp%C3%BCtz "Dieter WiefelspĂŒtz") [Wimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Wimmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Wimmer (page does not exist)") [With](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_de_With&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans de With (page does not exist)") [Wittich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Wittich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Berthold Wittich (page does not exist)") [Wohlleben](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verena_Wohlleben&action=edit&redlink=1 "Verena Wohlleben (page does not exist)") [Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Wolf_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hanna Wolf (politician) (page does not exist)") [Zapf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uta_Zapf "Uta Zapf") [Zöpel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Z%C3%B6pel "Christoph Zöpel") [Zumkley](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Zumkley&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Zumkley (page does not exist)") (until 3 July 1991) | | |
| FDP | | |
| FDP | | |
| **Speaker:** [Hermann Otto Solms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Otto_Solms "Hermann Otto Solms") | | |
| **Members:** [Albowitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina_Albowitz "Ina Albowitz") [Babel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela_Babel "Gisela Babel") [Baum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Baum "Gerhart Baum") [Beckmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Beckmann "Klaus Beckmann") (until 27 May 1994) [Blunk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michaela_Blunk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michaela Blunk (page does not exist)") (from 7 August 1992) [Bredehorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Bredehorn "GĂŒnther Bredehorn") [Cronenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter-Julius_Cronenberg "Dieter-Julius Cronenberg") [Eimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Eimer "Norbert Eimer") [Engelhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_A._Engelhard "Hans A. Engelhard") [Essen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_van_Essen "Jörg van Essen") [Feldmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Feldmann "Olaf Feldmann") [Friedhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Friedhoff "Paul Friedhoff") [Friedrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Friedrich "Horst Friedrich") [Funke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Funke "Rainer Funke") [Funke-Schmitt-Rink](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margret_Funke-Schmitt-Rink&action=edit&redlink=1 "Margret Funke-Schmitt-Rink (page does not exist)") [Gallus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Gallus "Georg Gallus") [Ganschow](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6rg_Wolfgang_Ganschow&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jörg Wolfgang Ganschow (page does not exist)") [Gattermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_H._Gattermann "Hans H. Gattermann") (until 27 January 1994) [Genscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher "Hans-Dietrich Genscher") [Gries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekkehard_Gries "Ekkehard Gries") [GrĂŒnbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Gr%C3%BCnbeck "Josef GrĂŒnbeck") [GrĂŒner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gr%C3%BCner "Martin GrĂŒner") [GĂŒnther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_G%C3%BCnther_\(politician,_born_1948\) "Joachim GĂŒnther (politician, born 1948)") [Guttmacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Guttmacher "Karlheinz Guttmacher") [Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dirk Hansen (page does not exist)") [Haussmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Haussmann "Helmut Haussmann") [Heinrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Heinrich&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Heinrich (page does not exist)") [Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Hirsch "Burkhard Hirsch") [Hitschler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hitschler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Walter Hitschler (page does not exist)") [Homburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit_Homburger "Birgit Homburger") [Hoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigrid_Hoth&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sigrid Hoth (page does not exist)") [Hoyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Hoyer "Werner Hoyer") [HĂŒbner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_H%C3%BCbner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz HĂŒbner (page does not exist)") (until 12 May 1992) [Irmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Irmer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ulrich Irmer (page does not exist)") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jens_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Jens Jordan (page does not exist)") (from 8 June 1994) [Kleinert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Kleinert (page does not exist)") [Kohn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Kohn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roland Kohn (page does not exist)") [Kolb](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Leonhard_Kolb&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich Leonhard Kolb (page does not exist)") [Koppelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Koppelin "JĂŒrgen Koppelin") [Kubicki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Kubicki "Wolfgang Kubicki") (until 2 August 1992) [Laermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Hans_Laermann "Karl-Hans Laermann") [Lambsdorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff "Otto Graf Lambsdorff") [Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger "Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger") [LĂŒder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_L%C3%BCder "Wolfgang LĂŒder") [LĂŒhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_L%C3%BChr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe LĂŒhr (page does not exist)") [Menzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Menzel "Bruno Menzel") [Mischnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick "Wolfgang Mischnick") [Möllemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%B6llemann "JĂŒrgen Möllemann") [Nolting](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Friedrich_Nolting&action=edit&redlink=1 "GĂŒnther Friedrich Nolting (page does not exist)") [Ortleb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Ortleb "Rainer Ortleb") [Otto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Otto "Hans-Joachim Otto") [Paintner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Paintner&action=edit&redlink=1 "Johann Paintner (page does not exist)") [Parr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Parr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Detlef Parr (page does not exist)") (from 1 February 1994) [Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Peters_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lisa Peters (politician) (page does not exist)") [Pohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eva_Pohl&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eva Pohl (page does not exist)") [Richter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Richter "Manfred Richter") [Rind](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Rind&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hermann Rind (page does not exist)") [Röhl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_R%C3%B6hl "Klaus Röhl") [SchĂ€fer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Sch%C3%A4fer_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Helmut SchĂ€fer (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmalz-Jacobsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelia_Schmalz-Jacobsen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cornelia Schmalz-Jacobsen (page does not exist)") [Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arno_Schmidt_\(politician\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arno Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)") [Schmieder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmieder "JĂŒrgen Schmieder") [Schnittler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Schnittler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christoph Schnittler (page does not exist)") (from 22 May 1992) [SchĂŒĂler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Sch%C3%BC%C3%9Fler&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gerhard SchĂŒĂler (page does not exist)") [Schuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_P_H_Schuster&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans P H Schuster (page does not exist)") [Schwaetzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard_Schwaetzer "Irmgard Schwaetzer") [Sehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marita_Sehn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Marita Sehn (page does not exist)") [Seiler-Albring](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursula_Seiler-Albring&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ursula Seiler-Albring (page does not exist)") [Semper](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigrid_Semper&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sigrid Semper (page does not exist)") [Solms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Otto_Solms "Hermann Otto Solms") [Starnick](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Starnick&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Starnick (page does not exist)") [Teichman](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelia_von_Teichman_und_Logischen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cornelia von Teichman und Logischen (page does not exist)") [Thiele](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl-Ludwig_Thiele&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl-Ludwig Thiele (page does not exist)") [Thomae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Thomae&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dieter Thomae (page does not exist)") [Timm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Timm&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen Timm (page does not exist)") [TĂŒrk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_T%C3%BCrk&action=edit&redlink=1 "JĂŒrgen TĂŒrk (page does not exist)") [Walz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingrid_Walz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingrid Walz (page does not exist)") [Weng](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Weng&action=edit&redlink=1 "Wolfgang Weng (page does not exist)") [Wolfgramm](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torsten_Wolfgramm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Torsten Wolfgramm (page does not exist)") [WĂŒrfel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uta_W%C3%BCrfel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uta WĂŒrfel (page does not exist)") [Zurheide](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Zurheide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Burkhard Zurheide (page does not exist)") [Zywietz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Zywietz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Werner Zywietz (page does not exist)") | | |
| PDS | | |
| PDS | | |
| **Speaker:** [Gregor Gysi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Gysi "Gregor Gysi") | | |
| **Members:** [BlÀss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Bl%C3%A4ss "Petra BlÀss") [Braband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutta_Braband "Jutta Braband") (until 2 May 1992) [Enkelmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Enkelmann "Dagmar Enkelmann") [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Fischer "Ursula Fischer") [Fuchs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Fuchs "Ruth Fuchs") (from 11 March 1992) [Gysi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Gysi "Gregor Gysi") [Henn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernd_Henn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernd Henn (page does not exist)") [Heuer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe-Jens_Heuer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Uwe-Jens Heuer (page does not exist)") [Höll](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_H%C3%B6ll&action=edit&redlink=1 "Barbara Höll (page does not exist)") [Jelpke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulla_Jelpke "Ulla Jelpke") [Keller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_Keller "Dietmar Keller") [Lederer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Lederer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Andrea Lederer (page does not exist)") [Modrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Modrow "Hans Modrow") [Philipp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Philipp&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingeborg Philipp (page does not exist)") (from 21 May 1992) [Riege](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Riege "Gerhard Riege") (until 15 February 1992) [Schumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Schumann&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fritz Schumann (page does not exist)") [Seifert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilja_Seifert "Ilja Seifert") | | |
| GRĂNE | | |
| GRUENE | | |
| **Speaker:** [Werner Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Schulz "Werner Schulz") | | |
| **Members:** [Feige](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Dieter_Feige&action=edit&redlink=1 "Klaus-Dieter Feige (page does not exist)") [Köppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingrid_K%C3%B6ppe&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ingrid Köppe (page does not exist)") [Poppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Poppe "Gerd Poppe") [Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Schulz "Werner Schulz") [Ullmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ullmann "Wolfgang Ullmann") [WeiĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Wei%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1 "Konrad WeiĂ (page does not exist)") [Wollenberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld "Vera Lengsfeld") | | |
| OTHER | | |
| Independent | | |
| **Members:** [Briefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Briefs "Ulrich Briefs") [Hackel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz-Dieter_Hackel&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinz-Dieter Hackel (page does not exist)") [Krause](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Karl_Krause&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rudolf Karl Krause (page does not exist)") [Lowack](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ortwin_Lowack&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ortwin Lowack (page does not exist)") [Schenk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christina_Schenk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Christina Schenk (page does not exist)") [Stachowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Stachowa "Angela Stachowa") | | |
| [List of members of the 12th Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_12th_Bundestag "List of members of the 12th Bundestag") | | |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2514#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000108909225) [2](https://isni.org/isni/0000000368550984) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/41837116) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/11851444X) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/62834) [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhmvXb3YHPWw8Gvdp773) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80138336) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118937873) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118937873) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00434194) [Italy](https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RCAV065767) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001030&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX947654) [Portugal](http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26881) [Netherlands](http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069070288) [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90066566) [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000012137&P_CON_LNG=ENG) [Croatia](http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000073925&local_base=nsk10) [Chile](http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000069884) [Greece](https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=106873) [Korea](https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199603292) [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/75kmmclr5cn8c8k) [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810566079205606) [Vatican](https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/147715) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259187405171) [Finland](https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000041292) [Catalonia](https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511703906706) |
| Academics | [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00840318?l=en) |
| Artists | [MusicBrainz](https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0c0deaee-c1a1-4488-96fe-b5c15e4b0488) [FID](https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_11851444X) |
| People | [MEP directory](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/919) [Trove](https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/795533) [LibraryThing](https://www.librarything.com/author/brandtwilly) [Deutsche Biographie](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11851444X.html?language=en) [DDB](https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11851444X) |
| Other | [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/026749971) [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17172A?mode=all) [NARA](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568026) [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r78v9g) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/0f91c3a1-ce6d-4b3b-a3f8-806d60d1084c) |
Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&oldid=1346771465>"
[Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):
- [Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_politicians "Category:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians")
- [Willy Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Willy_Brandt "Category:Willy Brandt")
- [1913 births](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1913_births "Category:1913 births")
- [1992 deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1992_deaths "Category:1992 deaths")
- [20th-century chancellors of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_chancellors_of_Germany "Category:20th-century chancellors of Germany")
- [20th-century German male writers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_male_writers "Category:20th-century German male writers")
- [20th-century German non-fiction writers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_non-fiction_writers "Category:20th-century German non-fiction writers")
- [AltersprÀsidents of the Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alterspr%C3%A4sidents_of_the_Bundestag "Category:AltersprÀsidents of the Bundestag")
- [Burials at the Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Waldfriedhof_Zehlendorf "Category:Burials at the Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf")
- [Deaths from colorectal cancer in Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_colorectal_cancer_in_Germany "Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer in Germany")
- [European integration pioneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:European_integration_pioneers "Category:European integration pioneers")
- [Exiles from Nazi Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Exiles_from_Nazi_Germany "Category:Exiles from Nazi Germany")
- [Ministers for foreign affairs of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ministers_for_foreign_affairs_of_Germany "Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Germany")
- [German autobiographers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_autobiographers "Category:German autobiographers")
- [German Christian socialists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_Christian_socialists "Category:German Christian socialists")
- [German Christian Zionists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_Christian_Zionists "Category:German Christian Zionists")
- [German Lutherans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_Lutherans "Category:German Lutherans")
- [German Nobel laureates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_Nobel_laureates "Category:German Nobel laureates")
- [German anti-communists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_anti-communists "Category:German anti-communists")
- [German anti-fascists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_anti-fascists "Category:German anti-fascists")
- [German expatriates in Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_expatriates_in_Norway "Category:German expatriates in Norway")
- [German male non-fiction writers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_male_non-fiction_writers "Category:German male non-fiction writers")
- [German people of the Spanish Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_people_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War "Category:German people of the Spanish Civil War")
- [Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_1st_class_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany "Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany")
- [Honorary grand commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Honorary_grand_commanders_of_the_Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia "Category:Honorary grand commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia")
- [Lutheran socialists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lutheran_socialists "Category:Lutheran socialists")
- [Mayors of West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_West_Berlin "Category:Mayors of West Berlin")
- [Members of the Berlin House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Berlin_House_of_Representatives "Category:Members of the Berlin House of Representatives")
- [Members of the Bundestag 1949â1953](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1949%E2%80%931953 "Category:Members of the Bundestag 1949â1953")
- [Members of the Bundestag 1953â1957](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1953%E2%80%931957 "Category:Members of the Bundestag 1953â1957")
- [Members of the Bundestag 1961â1965](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1961%E2%80%931965 "Category:Members of the Bundestag 1961â1965")
- [Members of the Bundestag 1969â1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1969%E2%80%931972 "Category:Members of the Bundestag 1969â1972")
- [Members of the Bundestag 1972â1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1972%E2%80%931976 "Category:Members of the Bundestag 1972â1976")
- [Members of the Bundestag 1976â1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1976%E2%80%931980 "Category:Members of the Bundestag 1976â1980")
- [Members of the Bundestag 1980â1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1980%E2%80%931983 "Category:Members of the Bundestag 1980â1983")
- [Members of the Bundestag 1983â1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1983%E2%80%931987 "Category:Members of the Bundestag 1983â1987")
- [Members of the Bundestag 1987â1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1987%E2%80%931990 "Category:Members of the Bundestag 1987â1990")
- [Members of the Bundestag 1990â1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1990%E2%80%931994 "Category:Members of the Bundestag 1990â1994")
- [Members of the Bundestag for Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_for_Berlin "Category:Members of the Bundestag for Berlin")
- [Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_for_North_Rhine-Westphalia "Category:Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia")
- [Naturalised citizens of Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Naturalised_citizens_of_Norway "Category:Naturalised citizens of Norway")
- [Nobel Peace Prize laureates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates "Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates")
- [Norwegian refugees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Norwegian_refugees "Category:Norwegian refugees")
- [People of the Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Cold_War "Category:People of the Cold War")
- [People who lost German citizenship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_who_lost_German_citizenship "Category:People who lost German citizenship")
- [Politicians from LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_L%C3%BCbeck "Category:Politicians from LĂŒbeck")
- [Presidents of the German Bundesrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_German_Bundesrat "Category:Presidents of the German Bundesrat")
- [Presidents of the Socialist International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Socialist_International "Category:Presidents of the Socialist International")
- [Pseudonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pseudonyms "Category:Pseudonyms")
- [Recipients of the Order of the White Lion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Lion "Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Lion")
- [Refugees in Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Refugees_in_Norway "Category:Refugees in Norway")
- [Refugees in Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Refugees_in_Sweden "Category:Refugees in Sweden")
- [Chairmen of the Social Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chairmen_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Category:Chairmen of the Social Democratic Party of Germany")
- [Socialist Workers' Party of Germany politicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany_politicians "Category:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany politicians")
- [Time Person of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Time_Person_of_the_Year "Category:Time Person of the Year")
- [Vice-chancellors of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vice-chancellors_of_Germany "Category:Vice-chancellors of Germany")
- [War correspondents of the Spanish Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:War_correspondents_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War "Category:War correspondents of the Spanish Civil War")
Hidden categories:
- [Pages using the Phonos extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension "Category:Pages using the Phonos extension")
- [CS1 German-language sources (de)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_\(de\) "Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)")
- [All articles with dead external links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links "Category:All articles with dead external links")
- [Articles with dead external links from April 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2017 "Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2017")
- [Articles with short description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Use dmy dates from April 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022 "Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022")
- [Pages with German IPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA "Category:Pages with German IPA")
- [Pages including recorded pronunciations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations "Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations")
- [All articles with unsourced statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements "Category:All articles with unsourced statements")
- [Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024 "Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024")
- [Articles containing German-language text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text "Category:Articles containing German-language text")
- [Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2015 "Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015")
- [Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images "Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images")
- [Articles with dead external links from February 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2023 "Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2023")
- [Articles with permanently dead external links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links "Category:Articles with permanently dead external links")
- [CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_\(fi\) "Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)")
- [Articles with German-language sources (de)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_\(de\) "Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)")
- [Articles with Italian-language sources (it)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_\(it\) "Category:Articles with Italian-language sources (it)")
- [Commons category link is on Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata "Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata")
- [People appearing on C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN "Category:People appearing on C-SPAN")
- [Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024 "Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024")
- This page was last edited on 2 April 2026, at 20:23 (UTC).
- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License "Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use") and [Privacy Policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy"). WikipediaÂź is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https://wikimediafoundation.org/), a non-profit organization.
- [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy)
- [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About)
- [Disclaimers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)
- [Contact Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us)
- [Legal & safety contacts](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)
- [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)
- [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org/)
- [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org)
- [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement)
- [Mobile view](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)
- [](https://www.wikimedia.org/)
- [](https://www.mediawiki.org/)
Search
Toggle the table of contents
Willy Brandt
101 languages
[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt) | |||||||||
| Readable Markdown | | Willy Brandt | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F057884-0009,_Willy_Brandt.jpg)Official portrait, 1980 | |
| [Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-1) | |
| **In office** 22 October 1969 â 7 May 1974 | |
| President | [Gustav Heinemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann "Gustav Heinemann") |
| [Vice-Chancellor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany "Vice-Chancellor of Germany") | Walter Scheel |
| Preceded by | [Kurt Georg Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") |
| Succeeded by | [Walter Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel "Walter Scheel") (acting) [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") |
| [Leader of the Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany") | |
| **In office** 16 February 1964 â 14 June 1987 | |
| Federal Manager | [Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") [Holger Börner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner "Holger Börner") [Egon Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr") [Peter Glotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glotz "Peter Glotz") |
| Preceded by | [Erich Ollenhauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer "Erich Ollenhauer") |
| Succeeded by | [Hans-Jochen Vogel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel "Hans-Jochen Vogel") |
| [Vice-Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany "Vice-Chancellor of Germany") | |
| **In office** 1 December 1966 â 22 October 1969 | |
| Chancellor | Kurt Georg Kiesinger |
| Preceded by | [Hans-Christoph Seebohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm "Hans-Christoph Seebohm") |
| Succeeded by | Walter Scheel |
| [Minister for Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_\(Germany\) "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)") | |
| **In office** 1 December 1966 â 20 October 1969 | |
| Chancellor | Kurt Georg Kiesinger |
| Preceded by | [Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_\(CDU\) "Gerhard Schröder (CDU)") |
| Succeeded by | Walter Scheel |
| [Governing Mayor of West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin "Governing Mayor of Berlin") | |
| **In office** 3 October 1957 â 30 November 1966 | |
| Mayor | [Franz Amrehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Amrehn "Franz Amrehn") Heinrich Albertz |
| Preceded by | [Otto Suhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Suhr "Otto Suhr") |
| Succeeded by | [Heinrich Albertz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Albertz "Heinrich Albertz") |
| [President of the German Bundesrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_German_Bundesrat "President of the German Bundesrat") | |
| **In office** 1 November 1957 â 31 October 1958 | |
| [First Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Bundesrat#Presidency "German Bundesrat") | [Kurt Sieveking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Sieveking "Kurt Sieveking") |
| Preceded by | Kurt Sieveking |
| Succeeded by | [Wilhelm Kaisen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kaisen "Wilhelm Kaisen") |
| [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin#Presidents "Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin") of the [Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin "Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin") | |
| **In office** 11 January 1955 â 2 October 1957 | |
| Preceded by | Otto Suhr |
| Succeeded by | [Kurt Landsberg](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Landsberg "de:Kurt Landsberg") |
| Parliamentary constituencies | |
| Member of the [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") for [North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia") | |
| **In office** 20 October 1969 â 8 October 1992 | |
| Preceded by | *Multi-member district* |
| Succeeded by | [Heike Niggemeyer](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Niggemeyer "de:Heike Niggemeyer") |
| Member of the [Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin "Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin") | |
| **In office** 3 December 1950 â 14 March 1971 | |
| Preceded by | *Multi-member district* |
| Succeeded by | *Multi-member district* |
| Delegate to the [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") for [West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin "West Berlin") | |
| **In office** 17 October 1961 â 27 December 1961 | |
| Preceded by | *Multi-member district* |
| Succeeded by | [Hans Wellmann](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Wellmann_\(politician,_1911\) "de:Hans Wellmann (politician, 1911)") |
| **In office** 7 September 1949 â 15 October 1957 | |
| Preceded by | *Constituency established* |
| Succeeded by | *Multi-member district* |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm 18 December 1913 [LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck "LĂŒbeck"), [Free City of LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck "Free City of LĂŒbeck"), [German Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") (now [Schleswig-Holstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein "Schleswig-Holstein"), [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany")) |
| Died | 8 October 1992 (aged 78) [Unkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkel "Unkel"), [Rhineland-Palatinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate "Rhineland-Palatinate"), Germany |
| Resting place | [Zehlendorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehlendorf_\(Berlin\) "Zehlendorf (Berlin)"), Berlin |
| Citizenship | Germany (revoked 1938; regained 1948) Norway (1940â1948) |
| [Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party "Political party") | [Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") (1930â1931; from 1948) |
| Other political affiliations | [Socialist Workers' Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Workers' Party of Germany") (1931â1946) |
| Spouses | Carlotta Thorkildsen â â (m. 1941; div. 1948)â [Rut Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_Brandt "Rut Brandt") â â (m. 1948; div. 1980)â Brigitte Seebacher â (m. 1983)â |
| Children | 4, including [Matthias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Brandt "Matthias Brandt") |
| Awards | [Nobel Peace Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize "Nobel Peace Prize") (1971) |
| Signature | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willy_Brandt_signature.svg "Willy Brandt's signature") |
**Willy Brandt** (German: [\[ËvÉȘliË ËbÊant\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German "Help:IPA/Standard German") [â](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Willy_Brandt.ogg "File:De-Willy Brandt.ogg"); born **Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm**; 18 December 1913 â 8 October 1992) was a German politician and statesman who was leader of the [Social Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and concurrently served as the [chancellor of West Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany") from 1969 to 1974.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-britannica.com-2) He was awarded the [Nobel Peace Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize "Nobel Peace Prize") in [1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize "1971 Nobel Peace Prize") for his efforts to strengthen cooperation in Western Europe through the [EEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEC "EEC") and to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the countries of [Eastern Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-3) He was the first Social Democratic chancellor since 1930.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-4)
Fleeing to Norway and then Sweden during the [Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi "Nazi") regime and working as a [left-wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics "Left-wing politics") journalist, he took the name Willy Brandt as a [pseudonym](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym "Pseudonym") to avoid detection by Nazi agents, and then formally adopted the name in 1948. Brandt earned initial fame as [governing mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin "Governing Mayor of Berlin") of [West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin "West Berlin"). He served as the [foreign minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_\(Germany\) "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)") and as the [vice chancellor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_West_Germany "Vice-Chancellor of West Germany") in [Kurt Georg Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger")'s cabinet, and became chancellor in 1969.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1997-5)
As chancellor, he maintained West Germany's close alignment with the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") and focused on strengthening [European integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration "European integration") in Western Europe, while launching the new policy of *[Ostpolitik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostpolitik "Ostpolitik")* aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe. Brandt was controversial on both the right wing, for his *Ostpolitik*, and on the left wing, for his support of American policies, including his silence on the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Homepage_%E2%80%93_GHI_Washington_2015_m749-6) that he broke only in 1973,[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1973_j788-7) and [right-wing authoritarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship "Right-wing dictatorship") regimes.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Greve_Kriele_1986_pp._100%E2%80%93103-8) The [Brandt Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt_Report "Brandt Report") became a recognised measure for describing the general [NorthâSouth divide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World "NorthâSouth divide in the World") in world economics and politics between an affluent North and a poor South. Brandt was also known for his fierce [anti-communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist "Anti-communist") policies at the domestic level, culminating in the *[Radikalenerlass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalenerlass "Radikalenerlass")* (Anti-Radical Decree) in 1972. In 1970, while visiting a memorial to the [Warsaw Ghetto Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising") crushed by the Germans, Brandt unexpectedly knelt and meditated in silence, a moment remembered as the *[Kniefall von Warschau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau "Kniefall von Warschau")*.
Brandt resigned as chancellor in 1974, after [GĂŒnter Guillaume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume "GĂŒnter Guillaume"), one of his closest aides, [was exposed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_affair "Guillaume affair") as an agent of the [Stasi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi "Stasi"), the [East German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDR "GDR") [secret service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_service "Secret service"). Brandt died from colon cancer in 1992, aged 78.
## Early life and World War II
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Early life and World War II")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Frahm_circa_1933%E2%80%931940.jpg)
Herbert Frahm's Norwegian passport photograph,
c.
1938â1940
Willy Brandt was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in the [Free City of LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck "Free City of LĂŒbeck") ([German Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire")) on 18 December 1913.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-9) His mother was Martha Luise Wilhelmine Frahm (nĂ©e Ewert; 1894â1969), a single parent, who worked as a cashier for a department store. His father was a teacher from [Hamburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg") named John Heinrich Möller (1887â1958),[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-10) whom Brandt never met. As his mother worked six days a week, he was mainly brought up by his mother's stepfather, Ludwig Frahm. He joined the "Socialist Youth" in 1929 and at age 16 became a full member of the [Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") (SPD) in 1930 despite the age minimum normally being 18. He also wrote for the *Volksbote*, a local Social Democrat daily, under editor-in-chief [Julius Leber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Leber "Julius Leber"), who would have a "decisive influence" on him.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19978-11)
He, along with half the youth-wing of the LĂŒbeck SPD, left the party to join the more left wing [Socialist Workers Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany "Socialist Workers' Party of Germany") (SAP) in October 1931, which was allied to the [POUM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification "Workers' Party of Marxist Unification") in Spain and, more significant to Brandt, had close ties with the [Norwegian Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(Norway\) "Labour Party (Norway)"). His break with Leber and the SPD lost him the promised financial support for university studies and his job at the *Volksbote*. After passing his *[Abitur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur "Abitur")* in 1932 at *Johanneum zu LĂŒbeck*, he took work at the shipbroker and ship's agent F.H. Bertling.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-w493-12) In 1933 he left Germany for Norway to escape [Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") persecution. It was at this time that he adopted the pseudonym **Willy Brandt** to avoid detection by Nazi agents. In 1934, he took part in the founding of the [International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Revolutionary_Youth_Organizations "International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations"), and was elected to its secretariat.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19979%E2%80%9316-13) Willy Brandt became one of [Wilhelm Reich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich "Wilhelm Reich")'s subjects for his experiments on the electrophysiology of pleasure and anxiety.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-14)
Brandt was in Germany from September to December 1936, disguised as a Norwegian student named **Gunnar Gaasland**. The real Gunnar Gaasland was married to Gertrud Meyer from [LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck "LĂŒbeck") in a [marriage of convenience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience "Marriage of convenience") to protect her from deportation. Meyer had joined Brandt in Norway in July 1933. In 1937, during the [Spanish Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War"), Brandt worked in [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") as a journalist. In 1938, the German government revoked his citizenship, so he applied for Norwegian citizenship. In 1940, he was arrested in Norway by occupying German forces, but his real identity was not uncovered as he wore a Norwegian uniform. Upon his release, he escaped to [neutral Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II "Sweden during World War II"). In August 1940, he became a Norwegian citizen, receiving his passport from the [Norwegian legation in Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_legation_in_Stockholm "Norwegian legation in Stockholm"), where he lived until the end of the war. He lectured in Sweden on 1 December 1940 at [Bommersvik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bommersvik "Bommersvik") College about problems experienced by the [social democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democrats "Social democrats") in [Nazi Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") and the occupied countries at the start of the [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). In exile in [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") and [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), he learned Norwegian and Swedish. He spoke Norwegian fluently, and retained a close relationship with Norway.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-15)
In late 1946, Brandt returned to [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), working for the Norwegian government. In 1948, he re-joined the SPD and became a German citizen again, formally adopting the pseudonym Willy Brandt as his legal name. In 2021, it became known that Brandt served as a paid informant for the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Counterintelligence Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps "Counterintelligence Corps") from 1948 to 1952. He supplied reports on circumstances in the [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"), including the situation of East German authorities and industries, as well as Soviet troops.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-16)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-17) According to [Thomas Boghardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boghardt "Thomas Boghardt"), Brandt and SPD man [Hans Emil Hirschfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Emil_Hirschfeld&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hans Emil Hirschfeld (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Emil_Hirschfeld "de:Hans Emil Hirschfeld")\] received 200,000 [German Mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Mark "German Mark") from the Americans in 1950 for promoting his political career, after both had met with the Americans at the German CIA headquarters in [Frankfurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt "Frankfurt"). Both were sworn to "secrecy". The Americans wanted to strengthen the SPD over the Communists in Berlin. Over the next two years, Hirschfeld received a further 106,000 Marks. Even after the end of his informant activities, he is said to have remained in contact with US intelligence.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-18)
## Early political career
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Early political career")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willy_Brandt_1953_Edit.jpg)
Brandt's official [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") portrait, 1953
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willy_Brandt_\(1959\).jpg)
Brandt in 1959 as [Governing Mayor of West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin "Governing Mayor of Berlin")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_meeting_with_Willy_Brandt,_March_13,_1961.jpg)
Brandt meeting [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") in 1961
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046883,_Mauerbau_Berlin,_Adenauer_und_Brandt_mit_Presse.jpg)
Chancellor Adenauer (left) and Mayor Brandt (right) at a press conference in Berlin following the construction of the [Berlin Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall "Berlin Wall"), 1961
Brandt was elected to the West German [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") (the federal parliament) in the [1949 West German federal election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election "1949 West German federal election") as a [SPD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") delegate from West Berlin, serving there until 1957. Concurrently, he was elected as an SPD representative to the [Abgeordnetenhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin "Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin") (the state-level parliament) of West Berlin in the [1950 West Berlin state election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_West_Berlin_state_election "1950 West Berlin state election"), and served there through 1971. In the [1969 West German federal election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election "1969 West German federal election"), he was again elected to the Bundestag, but as a delegate from [North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia "North Rhine-Westphalia"), and remained in the Bundestag as a delegate from that state until his death in 1992.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Noack-19)
In 1950, Brandt, while a member of the Bundestag and the editor-in-chief of the *Berliner Stadtblatt*, received a secret payment of about 170,000 Deutsche Mark from the U.S. government (equivalent to âŹ460,386 in 2021).[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-faz16-20)
From October 1957 to 1966, Willy Brandt served as [Governing Mayor of West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin "Governing Mayor of Berlin"),[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Operations_1993-21) during a period of increasing tension in EastâWest relations that led to the construction of the [Berlin Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall "Berlin Wall").[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-BBC_2006_m144-22) In his first year as mayor of Berlin, he also served as the president of the [Bundesrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany "Bundesrat of Germany") in Bonn. He was an outspoken critic of Soviet repression of the 1956 [Hungarian Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 "Hungarian Revolution of 1956") and of [Nikita Khrushchev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev "Nikita Khrushchev")'s 1958 proposal that Berlin receive the status of a "[free city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state "City-state")". He was supported by the influential publisher [Axel Springer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer "Axel Springer").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-britannica.com-2)
As mayor of West Berlin, Brandt accomplished much in the way of urban development. New hotels, office blocks, and flats were constructed, while both [Schloss Charlottenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Charlottenburg "Schloss Charlottenburg") and the [Reichstag building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_building "Reichstag building") were restored. Sections of the "Stadtring" [Bundesautobahn 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_100 "Bundesautobahn 100") [inner city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_city "Inner city") motorway were opened, while a major housing programme was carried out, with roughly 20,000 new dwellings built each year during his time in office.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-23)
At the start of 1961, U.S. President [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") saw Brandt as a figure destined for high office in West Germany and was hoping he would replace [Konrad Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer") as chancellor following elections later that year.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-24) Kennedy made this preference clear by inviting Brandt, the West German opposition leader, to an official meeting at the [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House") a month before meeting with Adenauer, the country's leader. For the president, Brandt stood for Germany's future and for overcoming traditional Cold War thinking.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-25)
The diplomatic snub strained relations between Kennedy and Adenauer further during an especially tense time for Berlin.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-26) However, following the building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961, Brandt was disappointed and angry with Kennedy. Speaking in Berlin three days later, Brandt criticised Kennedy, asserting, "Berlin expects more than words. It expects political action." He also wrote Kennedy a highly critical public letter in which he warned that the development was liable "to arouse doubts about the ability of the three [Allied Powers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") to react and their determination" and he called the situation "a state of accomplished extortion".[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-27) Kennedy was furious, but managed to defuse the tension by sending his vice president, [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson"), to Berlin.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-28) In June 1963, Brandt figured prominently in the staging of Kennedy's triumphant [visit to West Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner "Ich bin ein Berliner").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-29)
Brandt became the chairman of the SPD in 1964, a post that he retained until 1987, longer than any other party chairman since the founding of the SPD by [August Bebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bebel "August Bebel").\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Brandt was the SPD candidate for the chancellorship in 1961, but he lost to [Konrad Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer "Konrad Adenauer")'s conservative [Christian Democratic Union of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany "Christian Democratic Union of Germany") (CDU). In 1965, Brandt ran again, but lost to the popular [Ludwig Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard "Ludwig Erhard"). Erhard's government was short-lived, however, and in 1966 a [grand coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_coalition "Grand coalition") between the SPD and CDU was formed, with Brandt serving as [foreign minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_minister "Foreign minister") and as the 5th [Vice Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chancellor_of_Germany "Vice Chancellor of Germany").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199742%E2%80%9365-30)
In the [1969 elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election "1969 West German federal election"), again with Brandt as the leading candidate, the SPD became stronger. After three weeks of negotiations, the SPD and the smaller [Free Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Free Democratic Party of Germany") (FDP) [formed a coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-liberal_coalition "Social-liberal coalition") government. Their [Members of the Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Bundestag "Member of the Bundestag") elected Brandt [Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F037099-0021,_K%C3%B6ln,_Staatsempfang_f%C3%BCr_Pr%C3%A4sident_Pompidou.jpg)
Brandt with French president [Georges Pompidou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pompidou "Georges Pompidou") in [Cologne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne "Cologne"), 3 July 1972
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willy_Brandt_Square_02.jpg)
Monument commemorating the [Kniefall von Warschau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau "Kniefall von Warschau")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_to_discuss_US-West_German_relations_-_NARA_-_194507.tif)
Brandt with U.S. president [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") and [Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger"), 2 May 1973
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadat-Brandt.jpg)
Brandt with Egyptian President [Anwar Sadat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat "Anwar Sadat") in [Cairo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo "Cairo"), 21 April 1974
As chancellor, Brandt developed his *(Neue) [Ostpolitik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostpolitik "Ostpolitik")* ("new eastern policy") by stages. He was active in creating a degree of rapprochement with [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") (governed by a regime under [Erich Honecker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Honecker "Erich Honecker")), and also in improving relations with the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), Poland ([Polish People's Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic "Polish People's Republic")), [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_\(1948%E2%80%931989\) "History of Czechoslovakia (1948â1989)"), and other [Eastern Bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc") (communist) countries.
Brandt introduced his Ostpolitik gradually, starting in 1967 with the establishment of diplomatic relations with [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania "Socialist Republic of Romania") and making a trade agreement with Czechoslovakia. In 1968, he restored diplomatic relations with [Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia").
However, in August 1968, the Kremlin-controlled [invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia "Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia") ended the [Prague Spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Spring "Prague Spring"). It was a profound disappointment for Brandt. He condemned the invasion and put Ostpolitik on hold while he negotiated a coalition with the Free Democrats. In late 1969, he indicated his readiness to meet with East German leadership (then under [Walter Ulbricht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht "Walter Ulbricht")) on the basis of equality, without preconditions. He also expressed an eagerness to meet with the USSR and Poland to resolve frontier questions that had remained unsettled since 1945. Brandt and the East German premier [Willi Stoph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Stoph "Willi Stoph") met in [Erfurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt "Erfurt") on 19 March 1970 ([Erfurter Gipfeltreffen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erfurter_Gipfeltreffen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erfurter Gipfeltreffen (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurter_Gipfeltreffen "de:Erfurter Gipfeltreffen")\]) and in [Kassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel "Kassel") on 21 May 1970 ([Gipfeltreffen in Kassel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipfeltreffen_in_Kassel_1970&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gipfeltreffen in Kassel 1970 (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipfeltreffen_in_Kassel_1970 "de:Gipfeltreffen in Kassel 1970")\]).
Brandt made a six-point proposal that would involve two separate German states that respected each other's territorial integrity and settle disputes peacefully. They would cooperate as neighbours and the rights of the Four Powers in Berlin would be respected by both of them, and finally, the situation around Berlin would be improved. No agreements were reached at first, but talks continued.
On 12 August 1970, he signed a treaty with the Soviet Union ([Treaty of Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_\(1970\) "Treaty of Moscow (1970)"), which recognised existing national boundaries and was supposed to normalise relations.) The treaty with Poland in December 1970 ([Treaty of Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_\(1970\) "Treaty of Warsaw (1970)")) accepted the current boundaries ([OderâNeisse line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line "OderâNeisse line")), which had long been in dispute. During a visit to a monument to the [German occupation-era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government "General Government") [Warsaw Ghetto Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising"), he unexpectedly, and apparently spontaneously, knelt ([Kniefall von Warschau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau "Kniefall von Warschau")), honouring the victims.
This was met with a strong positive reaction worldwide but was highly controversial among the German public at the time.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-31)
The Berlin question ([Berlin-Frage](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin-Frage&action=edit&redlink=1 "Berlin-Frage (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Frage "de:Berlin-Frage")\]) was settled on 3 September 1971 ([Four Power Agreement on Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin "Four Power Agreement on Berlin")) to West Germany's satisfaction. The crowning step came with the Basic Treaty with East Germany ([Basic Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Treaty,_1972 "Basic Treaty, 1972"), signed 21 December 1972). The [status quo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo "Status quo") was legitimised, relations were formalised based on equality, and both Germanies joined the United Nations in 1973.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-32)
Brandt became the first German chancellor to address the United Nations General Assembly. *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* magazine in the U.S. named Brandt as its [Man of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year "Time Person of the Year") for 1970, stating, "Willy Brandt is in effect seeking to end World War II by bringing about a fresh relationship between East and West. He is trying to accept the real situation in Europe, which has lasted for 25 years, but he is also trying to bring about a new reality in his bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc."[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Time_1971-33) President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") also was pushing [détente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente "Détente") on behalf of the United States. The [Nixon policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration "Foreign policy of the Richard Nixon administration") amounted to co-opting Brandt's Ostpolitik.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-34)
In 1971, Brandt received the [Nobel Peace Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize "Nobel Peace Prize") for his work in improving [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations "International relations") with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. Brandt negotiated a peace treaty with Poland and agreements on the boundaries between the two countries, signifying the official and long-delayed end of [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). Brandt negotiated parallel treaties and agreements with Czechoslovakia.
In West Germany, Brandt's *Neue Ostpolitik* was extremely controversial, dividing the populace into two camps. One camp embraced all of the conservative parties, and most notably those West German residents and their families who had been driven west ("die [Heimatvertriebenen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimatvertriebenen "Heimatvertriebenen")") by Stalinist [ethnic cleansing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing "Ethnic cleansing") from [Historical Eastern Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Eastern_Germany "Historical Eastern Germany"), especially the part that was given to Poland as a consequence of the end of the war; western [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia") (the [Sudetenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland "Sudetenland")); and the rest of Eastern Europe, such as in [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania"). These groups of displaced Germans and their descendants loudly voiced their opposition to Brandt's policy, calling it "illegal" and "high treason".
A different camp supported and encouraged Brandt's *Neue Ostpolitik* as aiming at "change through [rapprochement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapprochement "Rapprochement")" (*Wandel durch AnnĂ€herung*), encouraging change through a policy of engagement with the (communist) [Eastern Bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc"), rather than trying to isolate these countries diplomatically and commercially. Brandt's supporters claim that the policy did help to break down the Eastern Bloc's "[siege mentality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_mentality "Siege mentality")" and also helped to increase its awareness of the contradictions in its brand of socialism/communism, which â together with other events â eventually led to the downfall of Eastern European communism.
#### Brandt's popularity
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Brandt's popularity")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F064862-0019,_Dortmund,_SPD-Parteitag,_Willy_Brandt.jpg)
Brandt talking at an [SPD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") meeting in [Dortmund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund "Dortmund"), 1983
Brandt's predecessor as chancellor, [Kurt Georg Kiesinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger "Kurt Georg Kiesinger") (1904â1988), was almost ten years older than Brandt. He had gained his certificate as a lawyer in March 1933 and become a (largely inactive) member of the [Nazi party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_party "Nazi party"), obviously to avoid professional disadvantages. He was an older-fashioned conservative-liberal intellectual. Brandt, having fought the [Nazi regime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_regime "Nazi regime") and having faced down communist Eastern Germany during several crises while he was the [mayor of Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Berlin "Mayor of Berlin"), became a controversial, but credible, figure in several different factions. As the [Minister of Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office "Federal Foreign Office") in [Kiesinger's grand coalition cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiesinger_cabinet "Kiesinger cabinet"), Brandt helped to gain further international approval for West Germany, and he laid the foundation stones for his future *Neue Ostpolitik*. There was a wide public-opinion gap between Kiesinger and Brandt in the West German polls.
Both men had come to their own terms with the new [baby boomer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boomers "Baby boomers") lifestyles (see also [Protests of 1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_of_1968 "Protests of 1968")). Kiesinger considered them to be "a shameful crowd of long-haired drop-outs who needed a bath and someone to discipline them". On the other hand, Brandt needed a while to get into contact with, and to earn credibility among, the "[Ausserparlamentarische Opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausserparlamentarische_Opposition "Ausserparlamentarische Opposition")" (APO) ("the extra-parliamentary opposition"). The students questioned West German society in general, seeking social, legal, and political [reforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform "Reform"). The unrest led to a renaissance of right-wing parties in some of the [Bundeslands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesland_\(Germany\) "Bundesland (Germany)")' (German states under the Bundesrepublik) Parliaments.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-35)
Brandt, however, represented a figure of change, and he followed a course of social, legal, and political reforms. The [West German federal election on 28 September 1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election "1969 West German federal election") brought the SPD 224 seats and FDP 30 seats. 249 seats were needed for a majority. SPD and FDP formed a coalition. In his first speech before the Bundestag as the chancellor, Brandt set forth his political course of reforms, ending the speech with his famous words, "Wir wollen mehr Demokratie wagen" (literally: "We want to dare more democracy", or more figuratively, "We want to take a chance on more Democracy"). This speech made Brandt, as well as the Social Democratic Party, popular among most of the students and other young West German baby-boomers who dreamed of a country that would be more open and more colourful than the frugal and still somewhat-authoritarian Bundesrepublik that had been built after World War II. However, Brandt's *Neue Ostpolitik* lost him a large part of the German refugee voters from East Germany, who had been significantly pro-SPD in the postwar years.
### Chancellor of domestic reform
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Chancellor of domestic reform")\]
Although Brandt is perhaps best known for his achievements in foreign policy, his government oversaw the implementation of a broad range of social reforms, and was known as a "Kanzler der inneren Reformen" ("Chancellor of domestic reform").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) According to the historian [David Childs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Childs "David Childs"), "Brandt was anxious that his government should be a reforming administration and a number of reforms were embarked upon".[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Childs-37) Within a few years, the education budget rose from 16 billion to 50 billion DM, while one out of every three DM spent by the new government was devoted to welfare purposes. As noted by the journalist and historian [Marion Dönhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_D%C3%B6nhoff "Marion Dönhoff"), "People were seized by a completely new feeling about life". A mania for large-scale reforms spread like wildfire, affecting schools, universities, the administration, and family legislation. In the autumn of 1970, [Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski "Hans-JĂŒrgen Wischnewski") of the SPD declared "Every week more than three plans for reform come up for decision in cabinet and in the Assembly".[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38)
Federal spending rose significantly under Brandt;[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-39) increasing by an average of 12% per year between 1970 and 1974, with most of the additional spending allocated to transport, education and welfare.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-40) During Brandt's time in office, social expenditure rose from one quarter to a third of GDP.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-41)
According to [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt"), Willy Brandt's domestic reform programme had accomplished more than any previous programme for a comparable period.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Braunthal-42) Levels of social expenditure were increased,[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-43) with more funds allocated towards housing, transportation, schools, and communication,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) and substantial federal benefits were provided for farmers.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) Various measures were introduced to extend health care coverage,[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-46) while federal aid to sports organisations was increased.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) A number of social reforms were instituted[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Sinn-47) whilst the welfare state was significantly expanded[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-48) (with total public spending on social programs nearly doubling between 1969 and 1975),[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-socsci-49) with health, housing, and social welfare legislation bringing about welcome improvements,[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) and by the end of the Brandt Chancellorship West Germany had one of the most advanced systems of welfare in the world.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36)
Substantial increases were made in [social security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security "Social security") benefits such as injury and sickness benefits,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) pensions,[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-50) unemployment benefits,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-51) housing allowances,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) basic subsistence aid allowances,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Walker-53) and family allowances and living allowances.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Wilsford-54) In the government's first budget, sickness benefits were increased by 9.3%, pensions for war widows by 25%, pensions for the war wounded by 16%, and retirement pensions by 5%.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) Numerically, pensions went up by 6.4% (1970), 5.5% (1971), 9.5% (1972), 11.4% (1973), and 11.2% (1974). Adjusted for changes in the annual price index, pensions went up in real terms by 3.1% (1970), 0.3% (1971), 3.9% (1972), 4.4% (1973), and 4.2% (1974).[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-55) Between 1972 and 1974, the purchasing power of pensioners went up by 19%.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-56) In 1970, war pensions were increased by 16%.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Surveyof-57) War victim's pensions went up by 5.5% in January 1971, and by 6.3% in January 1972. By 1972, war pensions for orphans and parents had gone up by around 40%, and for widows by around 50%. Between 1970 and 1972, the "Landabgaberente" (land transfer pension) went up by 55%.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-archive.org-58) Between 1969 and 1974, the average real standard rate of income support rose (in 1991 prices) from around 300 DM to around 400 DM.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-59) Between 1970 and 1974, unemployment benefits rose from around 300 euros to around 400 euros per month, and unemployment assistance from just under 200 euros per month to just under 400 euros per month.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-60) In 2001 prices, the average standard social assistance benefit level rose from around 200 euros per month in 1969 to over 250 euros per month in 1974.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-61) During most of Brandt's years as chancellor, the majority of benefits increased as a percentage of average net earnings.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlora1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGaWtd5zJfB8CpgPA48_48]-62)
In 1970, seagoing pilots became retrospectively insurable and gained full social security as members of the Non-Manual Workers Insurance Institute. That same year, a special regulation came into force for District Master Chimney Sweeps, making them fully insurable under the Craftsman's Insurance Scheme.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Surveyof-57) An increase was made in tax-free allowances for children, which enabled 1,000,000 families to claim an allowance for the second child, compared to 300,000 families previously.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) The Second Modification and Supplementation Law (1970) increased the allowance for the third child from DM 50 to DM 60, raised the income-limit for the second child allowance from DM 7,800 to DM 13,200; subsequently increased to DM 15,000 by the third modification law (December 1971), DM 16,800 by the fourth modification law (November 1973), and to DM 18,360 by the fifth modification law (December 1973).[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) A flexible retirement age after 62 years was introduced (1972) for invalids and disabled persons,[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) and social assistance was extended to those who previously had to be helped by their relatives.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Sinn-47) From 1971, special subventions were provided to enable young farmers to quit farming "and facilitate their entry into the non-agricultural pension system by means of back payments".[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-64)
The Third Modification Law (1974) extended individual entitlements to [social assistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_assistance "Social assistance") by means of higher-income limits compatible with the receipt of benefits and lowered age limits for certain special benefits. Rehabilitation measures were also extended, child supplements were expressed as percentages of standard amounts and were thus indexed to their changes, and the grandparents of recipients were exempted from potential liability to reimburse the expenditure of the social assistance carrier.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The Third Social Welfare Amendment Act (1974) brought considerable improvements for the disabled, those in need of care, and older persons,[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated7-65) and a new fund of 100 million marks for disabled children was established.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44)
Allowances for retraining and advanced training and for refugees from East Germany were also increased,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) together with federal grants for sport.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) In addition, increases were made in the pensions of 2.5 million war victims.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38) Following a sudden increase in the price of oil, a law was passed in December 1973 granting recipients of social assistance and housing allowances a single heating-oil allowance (a procedure repeated in the winter of 1979 during the Schmidt Administration).[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-TheEvolution-66) Improvements and automatic adjustments of maintenance allowances for participants in vocational training measures were also carried out,[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-archive.org-58) and increased allowances were provided for training and retraining, together with special allowances for refugees from East Germany.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-ReferenceA-67)
There was determined, by statutory regulation issued in February 1970, the category of persons most seriously disabled "to whom, with regard to maintenance aid, an increased demand (50% of the appropriate rate) is being conceded, and, within the scope of relief in special living conditions: a higher rate of nursing aid".[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-68) In 1971, the retirement age for miners was lowered to 50.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-69) An April 1972 law providing for "promotion of social aid services" aimed to remedy, through various beneficial measures (particularly in the field of national insurance and working conditions), the staff-shortage suffered by social establishments in their medico-social, educational and other work. A bill to harmonise re-education benefits and another bill relating to severely disabled persons became law in May and September 1972 respectively.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) In 1972, winter payments for construction workers were introduced.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-71)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-72)
To assist family planning and marriage and family guidance, the government allocated DM 2,232,000 in 1973 for the payment and for the basic and further training of staff. A special effort was also made in 1973 to organise the recreation of [disabled persons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability "Disability"), with a holiday guide for the disabled issued with the aid of the Federal Ministry of Family and Youth Affairs and Health in order to help them find suitable holiday accommodation for themselves and their families. From 1972 to 1973, the total amount of individual aids granted by the Guarantee Fund for the integration of young immigrants increased from 17 million DM to 26 million DM.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_b-73) Under a law passed in April 1974, the protection hitherto granted to the victims of war or industrial accidents for the purpose of their occupational and social reintegration was extended to all disabled persons, whatever the cause of their disability, provided that their capacity to work had been reduced by at least 50%.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_c-74)
In the field of health care, various measures were introduced to improve the quality and availability of health care provision. Free hospital care was introduced for 9 million recipients of social relief,[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38) while a contributory medical service for 23 million panel patients was introduced.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38) Pensioners were exempted from paying a 2% health insurance contribution,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) while improvements in health insurance provision were carried out,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) as characterised by an expanded sickness insurance scheme, with the inclusion of preventative treatment.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The income limit for compulsory sickness insurance was indexed to changes in the wage level (1970),[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) and the right to medical cancer screening for 23.5 million people was introduced.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-spiegel.de-75) In January 1971, the reduction of sickness allowance in case of hospitalisation was discontinued.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_a-76) That same year, compulsory health insurance was extended to the self-employed.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-77) In 1970, the government included nonmedical psychotherapists and psychoanalysts in the national health insurance program.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-78)
Pupils, students and children in kindergartens were incorporated into the accident insurance scheme,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) which benefited 11 million children.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38) Free medical checkups were introduced that same year,[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-hdg.de-79) while the Farmers' Sickness Insurance Law (1972) introduced compulsory sickness insurance for independent farmers, family workers in agriculture, and pensioners under the farmers' pension scheme, medical benefits for all covered groups, and cash benefits for family workers under compulsory coverage for pension insurance.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) Participation in the employer's health insurance was extended to four million employees.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-spiegel.de-75) A Development Law of December 1970 made it possible for all employees to voluntarily become members of the statutory sickness insurance. The level of income for compulsory sickness insurance was indexed to 75% of the respective assessment level for pension insurance, while voluntarily insured employees were granted a claim to an allowance towards their sickness insurance from their employer. This law also introduced a new type of sickness insurance benefit, namely facilities for the early diagnosis of disease. Apart from the discretionary service of disease prevention, which had existed since 1923, insured persons now had a right in certain circumstances to medical examinations aimed at the early diagnosis of disease. According to one study, this marked a change in the concept of sickness insurance: it now aimed at securing good health.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-TheEvolution-66)
The Hospital Financing Law (1972) secured the supply of hospitals and reduced the cost of hospital care, "defined the financing of hospital investment as a public responsibility, single states to issue plans for hospital development, and the federal government to bear the cost of hospital investment covered in the plans, rates for hospital care thus based on running costs alone, hospitals to ensure that public subsidies together with insurance fund payments for patients cover total costs".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The Benefit Improvement Law (1973) made entitlement to hospital care legally binding (entitlements already enjoyed in practice), abolished time limits for hospital care, introduced entitlement to household assistance under specific conditions, and also introduced entitlement to leave of absence from work and cash benefits in the event of a child's illness.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) In 1971, to encourage the growth of registered family holiday centres, the Federal Government granted subsidies for the building and appointing of 28 of these centres at a total cost of 8 million DM.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_a-76) Free preliminary investigations were introduced for 2.5 million children up until the age of 4 for the early detection and correction of developmental disorders, and health research was expanded. Federal grants were increased, especially for the Cancer Research Centre in Heidelberg, while a Federal Institute for Sport Science was set up, together with the Institute for Social Medicine and Epidemiology in Berlin. In addition, funding for new rehabilitation facilities was increased.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-archive.org-58)
The Pension Reform Law (1972) guaranteed all retirees a minimum pension regardless of their contributions[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-willy-brandt.org-80) and institutionalized the norm that the standard pension (of average earners with forty years of contributions) should not fall below 50% of current gross earnings.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The 1972 pension reforms improved eligibility conditions and benefits for nearly every subgroup of the West German population.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated6-81) The income replacement rate for employees who made full contributions was raised to 70% of average earnings. The reform also replaced 65 as the mandatory retirement age with a "retirement window" ranging between 63 and 65 for employees who had worked for at least thirty-five years. Employees who qualified as disabled and had worked for at least thirty-five years were extended a more generous retirement window, which ranged between the ages of 60 and 62. Women who had worked for at least fifteen years (ten of which had to be after the age of 40) and the long-term unemployed were also granted the same retirement window as the disabled. In addition, there were no benefit reductions for employees who had decided to retire earlier than the age of 65.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-82) The legislation also changed the way in which pensions were calculated for low-income earners who had been covered for twenty-five or more years. If the pension benefit fell below a specified level, then such workers were allowed to substitute a wage figure of 75% of the average wage during this period, thus creating something like a minimum wage benefit.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-83) According to one study, the 1972 pension reform "enhanced" the reduction of poverty in old age.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-84)
Voluntary retirement at 63 with no deductions in the level of benefits was introduced,[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated6-81) together with the index-linking of war victims' pensions to wage increases.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) Guaranteed minimum pension benefits for all West Germans were introduced,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-socsci-49) along with automatic pension increases for war widows (1970).[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-hdg.de-79) Fixed minimum rates for women in receipt of very low pensions were also introduced, together with equal treatment for war widows.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-MyLife-85) Improvements in pension provision were made for women and the self-employed,[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-86) a new minimum pension for workers with at least twenty-five years' insurance was introduced,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Walker-53) faster pension indexation was implemented, with the annual adjustment of pensions brought forward by six months,[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-bpb.de-87) and the Seventh Modification Law (1973) linked the indexation of farmers' pensions to the indexation of the general pension insurance scheme.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52)
A new pension for "severely handicapped" persons was introduced in 1972,[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-88) along with occupational injury annuities[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-89) and a special pension for long-standing insurant from the age of 63 and a pension due to "limited earning capacity" from the age of 62.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-90) In addition, a special pension benefit was introduced for workers aged 60 and above after unemployment.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-91) Under the Severely Handicapped Persons Act of April 1974, a seriously disabled person could retire early on an old age pension at the age of 62 years, provided that he "complied with the other provisions of the legislation on pension insurance".[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_c-74)
In education, the Brandt Administration sought to widen educational opportunities for all West Germans. The government presided over an increase in the number of teachers,[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-D%C3%B6nhoff-38) generous public stipends were introduced for students to cover their living costs,[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Sinn-47) and West German universities were converted from elite schools into mass institutions.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Sinn-47) The school leaving age was raised to 16,[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Lane-92) and spending on research and education was increased by nearly 300% between 1970 and 1974.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Lane-92) Working through a planning committee set up for the "joint task" of university development, the Federal Government started to make investment costs in 1971.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-93) Fees for higher or further education were abolished,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) while a considerable increase in the number of higher education institutions took place.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) A much-needed school and college construction program was carried out,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) together with the introduction of postgraduate support for highly qualified graduates, providing them with the opportunity to earn their doctorates or undertake research studies.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94) A law on individual promotion of vocational training came into force in October 1971, which provided for financial grants for attendance at further general or technical teaching establishments from the second year of studies at higher technical schools, academies and higher education establishments, training centres of second degree, or certain courses of television teaching. Grants were also made in certain cases for attendance at training centres located outside the Federal Republic.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_a-76)
The education budget was doubled from 3% to 6%, while an expansion of secondary education took place. The number of university students went up from 100,000 to 650,000, 30,000 more places were created in the schools, and an additional 1 billion marks were allocated for new school buildings. In addition, the provision of scholarships was expanded, with the 1970 programme providing for, in the words of one observer, "5,000 new scholarships for graduates, and double that number were being awarded three years later".[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-ReferenceA-67) Grants were introduced for pupils from lower income groups to stay on at school, together with grants for those going into any kind of higher or further education.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-95) Increases were also made in educational allowances,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) as well as spending on science.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Wilsford-54) In 1972, the government allocated 2.1 million DM in grants to promote marriage and family education.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) Under the Approbationsordnung (medical education profession act) of 1970, the subject of psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy at German universities became a compulsory subject for medical students,[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-96) and that same year education of clinical and biomedical engineers was introduced.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-97) The Brandt Administration also introduced enabling legislation for the introduction of comprehensives, but left it to the Lander "to introduce them at their discretion". While the more left-wing Lander "rapidly began to do so", other Lander found "all sorts of pretexts for delaying the scheme". By the mid-1980s, Berlin had 25 comprehensives while Bavaria only had 1, and in most LĂ€nder comprehensives were still viewed as "merely experimental".[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-98)
#### Housing and urban development
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Housing and urban development")\]
In the field of housing, various measures were carried out to benefit householders, such as improving the rights of tenants and increasing rental assistance. According to the Rent Subsidies Act (Wohngeldgesetz) of 1970, "low-income tenants and owners of accommodations are supported with rents and burdens subsidies".[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-99) The determination of the income of families taken into consideration for housing allowances was simplified,[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt.edu-100) and increased levels of protection and support for low-income tenants and householders were introduced,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Radice-36) which led to a drop in the number of eviction notices. By 1974, three times as much was paid out in rent subsidies as in 1969, and nearly one and a half million households received rental assistance.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated7-65) Increases were made in public housing subsidies,[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-101) as characterised by a 36% increase in the social housing budget in 1970[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) and by the introduction of a programme for the construction of 200,000 public housing units (1971).[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-102) From 1970 to 1971, an 18.1% increase in building permits for social housing units was made.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-chroniknet.de-103) Other reforms aimed at improving tenants' rights included protection against conversion of rental housing into condominiums, the prohibition of the misappropriation of living space, new regulation of the apartment broker system, and a fee scale for engineers and architects. In addition, the income limits for eligibility for social housing were raised and adapted in order to reflect general income trends.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-archive.org-58)
A loose form of rent regulation was introduced under the name of *Vergleichmieten* (comparable rents),[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-104) together with the provision of "for family-friendly housing" freight or rent subsidies to owners of apartments or houses whose ceiling had been adapted to increased expenses or incomes (1970).[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-digam.net-105) In addition, a law for the creation of property for workers was passed, under which a married worker would normally keep up to 95% of his pay, and graded tax remission for married wage-earners applied up to a wage of 48,000 marks, which indicated the economic prosperity of West Germany at that time.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) The Town Planning Act (1971) encouraged the preservation of historical heritage and helped open up the way to the future of many German cities,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-MyLife-85) while the Urban Renewal Act (1971) helped the states to restore their inner cities and to develop new neighbourhoods.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-106) In addition, the Guidelines of December 1972 on the usage of federal funds in assisting social housing construction laid down that a certain standard needed to be observed when building homes for severely disabled persons.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-ReferenceB-107)
The Second Housing Allowance Law of December 1970 simplified the administration of housing allowances and extended entitlements, increased the income limit to 9,600 DM per year plus 2,400 DM for each family member, raised the general deduction on income to determine reckonable income from 15% to 20%, allowance rates listed in tables replacing complicated calculation procedure based on "bearable rent burdens".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The Housing Construction Modification Law (1971) increased the income-limit for access to low rent apartments under the social housing programme from 9,000 DM to 12,000 DM per annum plus 3,000 DM (instead of 2,400) for each family member. The law also introduced special subsidies to reduce the debt burden for builders not surpassing the regular income limit by more than 40%. Under a 1973 law, the limits were increased to 1,000 DM plus 9,000 DM and 4,200 DM for additional family members.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The Rent Improvement Law (1971) strengthened the position of tenants. Under this legislation, notice was to be ruled illegal "where appropriate substitute accommodation not available; landlords obliged to specify reasons for notice",[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) whilst the Eviction Protection Law (1971) established tenant protection against rent rises and notice. The notice was only lawful if in the "justified interest of the landlord". Under this law, higher rents were not recognised as "justified interest".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52) The Second Eviction Protection Law (1972) made the tenant protection introduced under the Eviction Protection Law of 1971 permanent. Under this new law, the notice was only lawful where the landlord proved a justified personal interest in the apartment. In addition, rent increases were only lawful if they were not above normal comparable rents in the same area.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Flora-52)
Directives on the housing of foreign workers came into force in April 1971. These directives imposed certain requirements for space, hygiene, safety, and amenities in the accommodations offered by employers. That same year, the Federal Government granted a sum of 17 million DM to the LĂ€nder for the improvement and modernisation of housing built before 21 June 1948.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_a-76) In addition, according to a 1971 regulation of the Board of the Federal Labour Office, "construction of workers' hostels qualified for government financial support under certain conditions".[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-108) The "German Council for town development", which was set up by virtue of Article 89 of a law to foster urban building, was partly aimed at planning a favourable environment for families (such as the provision of playgrounds). In 1971, the Federal Labour Office made available DM 425 million in the form of loans to provide 157,293 beds in 2,494 hostels. A year later, the Federal Government (Bund), the LĂ€nder and the Federal Labour Office promoted the construction of dwellings for migrant workers. They set aside 10 million DM for this purpose, which allowed the financing of 1650 family dwellings that year.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63)
Development measures were begun in 1972 with federal financial aid granted to the Lander for improvement measures relating to towns and villages, and in the 1972 budget, DM 50 million was earmarked, i.e. a third of the total cost of some 300 schemes. A council for urban development was formed in May 1972 with the purpose of promoting future work and measures in the field of urban renovation.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) In 1973, the government provided assistance of DM 28 million for the modernisation of old dwellings.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_b-73) New rules were introduced regarding improvements in the law relating to rented property, and control of the rise in rents and protection against cancellation of leases also safeguarded the rights of migrant workers in the sphere of housing.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) A law of July 1973 fixed the fundamental and minimum requirements regarding workers' dwellings, mainly concerning space, ventilation and lighting, protection against damp, heat and noise, power and heating facilities and sanitary installations.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_b-73)
#### Civil, family, and animal rights
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Civil, family, and animal rights")\]
Regarding civil rights, the Brandt Administration introduced a broad range of socially liberal reforms aimed at making West Germany a more open society. Greater legal rights for women were introduced, as exemplified by the standardisation of pensions, divorce laws, regulations governing the use of surnames, and the introduction of measures to bring more women into politics.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-MyLife-85) The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18,[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-109) the age of eligibility for political office was lowered to 21,[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94) and the age of majority was lowered to 18 in March 1974.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94) The Third Law for the Liberalisation of the Penal Code (1970) liberalised "the right to political demonstration",[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Braunthal-42)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94) while equal rights were granted to illegitimate children that same year.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Walker-53) A 1971 amendment to a federal civil service reform bill enabled fathers to apply for part-time civil service work.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-110) In 1971, corporal punishment was banned in schools,[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-111) and that same year a new Highway Code was introduced.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-112) In 1973, a measure was introduced that facilitated the adoption of young children by reducing the minimum age for adoptive parents from 35 to 25.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_b-73)
A woman's policy machinery at the national level was established in 1972[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-113) while amnesty was guaranteed for minor offences connected with demonstrations.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Winkler_Sager-94) From 1970 onwards, parents as well as landlords were no longer legally prohibited "to give or rent rooms or flats to unmarried couples or to allow them to stay overnight".[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-114) In October 1972, the legal aid system was improved with the compensation paid to private lawyers for legal services to the poor increased.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-115) The Bausparkassen Act of 1972[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-116) placed all bausparkassen ([building societies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_society "Building society")) under the supervision of the Federal Banking Supervisory Office from January 1974 onwards, and confined them "to the contract saving business and related activities".[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-117) The Animal Protection Act, passed in 1972, introduced various safeguards for animals such as not permitting the causing of pain, injury, or suffering to an animal without justification, and limiting experiments to the minimum number of animals necessary.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-118) In 1971, rules were introduced making it possible for former guestworkers "to receive an unlimited residence permit after a five-year stay".[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-119)
A number of reforms were also carried out to the armed forces,[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) as characterised by a reduction in basic military training from 18 to 15 months, a reorganisation of education and training, and personnel and procurement procedures.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated7-65) Education for the troops was improved,[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-120) a personnel reshuffle of top management in the Bundeswehr was carried out,[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-121) academic education was mandated for officers beyond their basic military training, and a new recruiting policy for Bundeswehr personnel was introduced with the intention of building an army that reflected West Germany's pluralistic society. Defence Minister [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt") led the development of the first Joint Service Regulation ZDv 10/1 (Assistance for Innere Fuehrung, classified: restricted), which revitalised the concept of Innere Fuehrung while also affirming the value of the "citizen in uniform". According to one study, as a result of this reform, "a strong civil mindset displaced the formerly dominant military mindset", and forced the Bundeswehr's elder generation to accept a new type of soldier envisioned by Schmidt.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-122) In addition, the Federal Cost of Moving Act increased the relocation allowance (with effect from 1 November 1973), with the basic allowances raised by DM 50 and DM 100 respectively, while extra allowances for families were raised to a uniform amount of 125 DM.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123)
In 1970, the Armed Forces Vocational Schools and the Vocational Advancement Organization extended their services for the first time to conscripts, "so far as military duty permitted".[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) New enlistment bonuses were authorised and previous bonus schemes were improved,[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) and new pay regulations were introduced that improved the financial situation of military personnel and civil servants.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) In July 1973, the 3rd Amendment to the Civilian Service Act came into force; "a prerequisite for the creation of additional civilian service places for recognised conscientious objectors". The amendment provided that men recognised as conscientious objectors while performing military service should immediately be transferred to a civilian service assignment.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) The maximum amount for servicemen enlisting for at least 12 years was increased from DM 6,000 to DM 9,000,[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) and from October 1971 onwards, long-term personnel were paid grants towards the cost of attending educational institutes of the "second educational route" or participating in state-recognized general education courses provided by private correspondence schools and the "television college".[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-whitepaper-123) In 1972, two Bundeswehr universities were established;[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-124)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-125) a reform which, according to one historian, "fought against the closed nature of the military and guaranteed that officers would be better able to successfully interact with the civilian world".[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-126) From April 1973, the general maintenance payments under the Law amending the Maintenance Security Act and the Workplace Protection Act were increased, while increases were also made in the special allowance (Christmas bonus) for conscripts, together with the dismissal allowance. The expense allowance for troops on duty-related absence from place of employment was improved, together with travel subsidies and provisions for military service-damaged soldiers and their families.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-127) In addition, the position of non-commissioned officers was improved.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-128)
#### Consumers' and workers' rights
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Consumers' and workers' rights")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F042103-0033,_Dortmund,_Brandt_besichtigt_Kohlenbergwerk.jpg)
Brandt visiting a coal mine in [Dortmund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund "Dortmund")\-[Eving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eving "Eving"), 1974
Legislation aimed at safeguarding consumers was also implemented under the Brandt Administration. The consumer's right of withdrawal in case of hire purchase was strengthened in March 1974,[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-sophienschule.de-129) and fixed prices for branded products were abolished by law in January that same year, which meant that manufacturers' recommended prices were not binding for retailers.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-sophienschule.de-129) In addition, a progressive anticartel law was passed.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) The Law on Compensation for Measures of Criminal Prosecution and Penalties, passed in March 1971, provided for standardised compensation in certain situations.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-130)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-131)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-132) In addition, the budget for communications was increased.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-ReferenceA-67)
In terms of working conditions, a number of reforms were introduced aimed at strengthening the rights of workers both at home and in the workplace. The Sickness Act of 1970 provided equal treatment of workers and employees in the event of incapacity for work,[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-bpb.de-87) while maternity leave was increased.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-133) Legislation was introduced in 1970, which ensured continued payment of wages for workers disabled by illness.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-willy-brandt.org-80) In 1970 all employees unfit for work (except for women in receipt of maternity benefits and temporarily and inconsiderably employed persons) were provided with an unconditional legal claim against their employer to continued payment of their gross wage for a period of 6 weeks, as also in the case of spa treatment approved by an Insurance Fund, the Fund bearing the full cost thereof. Previously, payment of the employer's supplement and sick pay were only made from the day on which the doctor certified unfitness for work.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Surveyof-57) In 1972, an Act on Agency Work was passed, which sought to prevent work agencies from providing job placement services and aimed to provide minimum job protection for employees in agency work.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-134) A law on the hiring out of manpower, passed in October 1972, contained provisions to stipulate prior authorization for the hiring out of manpower, to draw a distinction between the system governing workers hired out and the placing of workers, to regulate and improve the rights of hired out workers pertaining to working conditions and social insurance, and provide for more severe penalties and fines to be imposed on offenders.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63)
Improvements were also made in income and work conditions for home workers,[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-135) accident insurance was extended to non-working adults,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-socsci-49) and the Border Zone Assistance Act (1971) increased levels of assistance to the declining zonal peripheral area.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-136) The Occupational Safety Act (1973) required employers to provide company doctors and safety experts.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-137) A directive on protection against noise at the place of work was adopted in November 1970. If measurements showed or there was reason to assume that a noise level guide value of 90 dB(A) may be exceeded at the place of work, then the authority had to instruct the employer to arrange check-ups of the employees concerned, and these employees had to use personal noise protection devices.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) A matching fund program for 15 million employees was also introduced, which stimulated them to accumulate capital.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45)
A ministerial order of January 1970 extended protection in cases of partial unemployment to home workers, while an ordinance of August 1970 fixed the conditions of health necessary for service in the merchant navy. A general provision of October 1970 determined in detail the circumstances in which the competent authority must take action based on the act on the technical means of work. The requirement also stipulated the extent to which the technical standards established by national and international organisations can be regarded as "rules of the art".[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt.edu-100)
By a decree of the Federal Minister for Labour and Social Order, the Federal Institute for Industrial Protection became the Federal Agency for Industrial Protection and Accident Research. Amongst its designated tasks were the promotion of industrial protection, accident prevention on the journey to and from work and accident prevention in the home and leisure activities, the encouragement of training and advanced training in the area of industrial protection, and the promotion and coordination of accident research. A regulation was issued in 1972 which permitted for the first time the employment of women as drivers of trams, omnibuses and lorries, while further regulations laid down new provisions for lifts and work with compressed air.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) The Factory Constitution Law (1971) strengthened the rights of individual employees "to be informed and to be heard on matters concerning their place of work". The Works Council was provided with greater authority while trade unions were given the right of entry into the factory "provided they informed the employer of their intention to do so",[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Childs-37) while a law was passed to encourage wider share ownership by workers and other rank-and-file employees.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Childs-37) The Industrial Relations Law (1972) and the Personnel Representation Act (1974) broadened the rights of employees in matters which immediately affected their places of work, while also improving the possibilities for codetermination on operations committees, together with access of trade unions to companies.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-willy-brandt.org-80)
The Works Constitution Act of 1972 required, in cases of collective dismissal at an establishment normally employing more than twenty employees, that management and the works council must negotiate a social plan that stipulates compensation for workers who lose their jobs. In cases where the two parties could not agree on a social plan, the law provided for binding arbitration.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-138) In 1972, the rights of works councils to information from management were not only strengthened, but works councils were also provided with full codetermination rights on issues such as working time arrangements in the plant, the setting of piece rates, plant wage systems, the establishment of vacation times, work breaks, overtime, and short-time work.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-139) Legislation was passed which acknowledged for the first time the presence of trade unions in the workplace, expanded the means of action of the works councils, and improved their work basics as well as those of the youth councils.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated8-140)
A law of January 1972 on the organisation of labour in enterprises significantly extended the works council's right of cooperation and co-management in the matter of vocational training. That same year, the Safety Institute of the Federal Republic of Germany was transformed into a public Federal Agency (Bundesanstalt) with significantly enlarged powers, in the context of which special emphasis would be placed on its new task of promoting and coordinating research in the area of accident prevention.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt-63) New provisions were introduced for the rehabilitation of severely disabled people ("Schwerbehinderte") and accident victims.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-MyLife-85) The Severely Disabled Persons Act of April 1974 obliged all employers with more than fifteen employees to ensure that 6% of their workforce consisted of people officially recognised as being severely disabled. Employers who failed to do so were assessed 100 DM per month for every job falling below the required quota. These compensatory payments were used to "subsidise the adaptation of workplaces to the requirements of those who were severely handicapped".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Walker-53)
A law passed in January 1974, designed to protect members of the supervisory boards of companies who are undergoing training, was aimed at ensuring that the representatives of young workers and youthful members of works councils still undergoing training could perform their duties with greater independence and without fear of disadvantageous consequences for their future careers. On request, workers' representatives on completion of their training courses had to have an employment relationship of unlimited duration.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-aei.pitt_c-74) In the field of transport, the Municipal Transportation Finance Law of 1971 established federal guidelines for subsidies to municipal governments,[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-141) while the Federal Transport Plan of 1973 provided a framework for all transport, including public transport.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-142) In addition, the Severely Handicapped Persons Act of April 1974 extended the welfare and promotional obligations of the employer and provided a right to an extra holiday consisting of six working days.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-ReferenceB-107)
A federal environmental programme was established in 1971,[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-143) and in 1972 laws were passed to regulate garbage elimination and air pollution via emissions.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-144) Matching grants covering 90% of infrastructure development were allocated to local communities, which led to a dramatic increase in the number of public swimming pools and other facilities of consumptive infrastructure throughout West Germany.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Sinn-47) The federal crime-fighting apparatus was also modernised,[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) while a Foreign Tax Act was passed which limited the possibility of tax evasion.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-145) In addition, efforts were made to improve the railways and motorways.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Binder-45) In 1971, a law was passed setting the maximum lead content at 0.4 grams per liter of gasoline,[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-146) and in 1972 DDT was banned.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-147) The Federal Emissions Control Law, passed in March 1974, provided protection from noxious gases, noise, and air-borne particulate matter.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-148)
In August 1971, a law came into force directed at reducing atmospheric pollution from lead compounds in four-stroke engine fuels. As a safeguard against radiation, a decree on the system of authorisations for medicaments treated with ionising radiation or containing radioactive substances, in its version of 8 August 1967, was remodelled by a new Decree of 10 May 1971 which added some radionuclides to the list of medicaments which doctors in private practice were authorised to use.
Taking into account the enormous high peaks of air traffic noise and its concentration at a limited number of airports, the Law for Protection against Aircraft Noise of 1971 sought to balance two conflicting demands, the first being the legitimate demand by industry, business and the public for an efficient air traffic system, and secondly, the understandable and by no means less legitimate claims of the affected people for protection and compensation. The legislation regulated the establishment of so-called "LĂ€rmschutzzonen" (protection areas against aircraft noise) for all 11 international airports and for those 34 military airports used for jet aircraft, and the law also authorised the Federal Department of the Interior to decree protection areas for each of those mentioned airports with approval by the "Bundesrat", the representation of the German Federal States.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-149)
Under the Brandt Administration, West Germany attained a lower rate of inflation than in other industrialised countries at that time,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) while a rise in the standard of living took place, helped by the floating and revaluation of the mark.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Prittie-44) This was characterised by the real incomes of employees increasing more sharply than incomes from entrepreneurial work, with the proportion of employees' incomes in the overall national income rising from 65% to 70% between 1969 and 1973, while the proportion of income from entrepreneurial work and property fell over that same period from just under 35% to 30%.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-autogenerated7-65) In addition, the percentage of West Germans living in poverty (based on various definitions) fell between 1969 and 1973.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlora1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGaWtd5zJfB8CpgPA54_54]-150)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-151) According to one estimate, the percentage of West Germans living in poverty fell from 9.7% to 8.9% between 1969 and 1973, and from 20.2% to 14.0% according to another estimate.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-152) According to another estimate, the percentage of West Germans living in poverty during this period fell from 2.7% to 1.4%.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-153)
Brandt's *Ostpolitik* led to a meltdown of the narrow majority Brandt's coalition enjoyed in the *Bundestag*. In October 1970, FDP deputies [Erich Mende](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mende "Erich Mende"), [Heinz Starke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Starke "Heinz Starke"), and Siegfried Zoglmann crossed the floor to join the CDU. On 23 February 1972, SPD deputy [Herbert Hupka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hupka "Herbert Hupka"), who was also leader of the *[Bund der Vertriebenen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Expellees "Federation of Expellees")*, joined the CDU in disagreement with Brandt's reconciliatory efforts towards the east. On 23 April 1972, Wilhelm Helms (FDP) left the coalition. The FDP politicians Knud von KĂŒhlmann-Stumm and Gerhard Kienbaum also declared that they would vote against Brandt, completing the loss of Brandt's majority. On 24 April 1972, a [constructive vote of no confidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence "Constructive vote of no confidence") was proposed, to be voted on three days later. In the event this motion passed, CDU leader [Rainer Barzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Barzel "Rainer Barzel") would have replaced Brandt as chancellor.
On paper, the opposition now had 250 votes; just one over the 249 needed to oust Brandt. Even Brandt himself believed he was finished, and a number of unions went on strike in anticipation of Brandt's expected defeat on the floor of the Bundestag. To everyone's surprise, the motion failed: Barzel got only 247 votes out of 260 votes cast, two short of what he needed to become Chancellor. There were also 10 votes against the motion and three invalid ballots. Most SPD and FDP deputies abstained, which had the same effect as voting for Brandt.
Though Brandt remained chancellor, he had lost his majority. Subsequent initiatives in parliament, most notably on the budget, failed. Because of this stalemate, the Bundestag was dissolved, and new elections were called. During the 1972 campaign, many popular West German artists, intellectuals, writers, actors and professors supported Brandt and the SPD. Among them were [GĂŒnter Grass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass "GĂŒnter Grass"), [Walter Jens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Jens "Walter Jens"), and even the [soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer "Soccer") player [Paul Breitner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Breitner "Paul Breitner"). Brandt's **Ostpolitik** as well as his reformist domestic policies were popular with parts of the young generation, and he led the SPD to its best-ever federal election result in late 1972.
However, the **Willy-Wahl**, Brandt's landslide win, was the beginning of the end, and Brandt's role in government started to decline. Many of his reforms met with resistance from state governments, dominated by CDU/CSU. The spirit of reformist optimism was cut short by the [1973 oil crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis "1973 oil crisis") and the major public services strike of 1974, which gave Germany's trade unions, led by [Heinz Kluncker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Kluncker "Heinz Kluncker"), a big wage increase but reduced Brandt's financial leeway for further reforms. Brandt was said to be more of a dreamer than a manager and was personally haunted by depression. To counter any notions about being sympathetic to Communism or soft on [left-wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics "Left-wing politics") extremists, Brandt implemented tough legislation that barred "radicals" from public service (**[Radikalenerlass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalenerlass "Radikalenerlass")**).
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F042453-0011,_Niedersachsen,_Brandt_im_Wahlkampf.jpg)
Brandt, photographed in 1974, with [GĂŒnter Guillaume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume "GĂŒnter Guillaume"). This image was taken a month before Brandt's resignation as chancellor.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F062773-0037,_M%C3%BCnchen,_SPD-Parteitag,_Brandt,_Schmidt.jpg)
Brandt, photographed at an [SPD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "Social Democratic Party of Germany") conference in [Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich "Munich"), with his successor [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt"), 1982
Around 1973, West German security organisations received information that one of Brandt's personal assistants, [GĂŒnter Guillaume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume "GĂŒnter Guillaume"), was a spy for the East German intelligence services. Brandt was asked to continue working as usual, and he agreed to do so, even taking a private vacation with Guillaume. Guillaume was arrested on 24 April 1974 and later sentenced to 13 years in prison for [treason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason "Treason").[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-154) Brandt resigned from his position as chancellor on 6 May 1974, but he remained a member of the [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag") and chairman of the Social Democrats until 1987.
This [espionage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage "Espionage") affair is widely considered to have been just the trigger for Brandt's resignation, not the fundamental cause. As Brandt himself later said, "I was exhausted, for reasons which had nothing to do with the affair \[the Guillaume espionage scandal\] going on at the time."[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-155) Brandt was dogged by scandals about serial adultery and reportedly also struggled with alcohol and depression.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-156) There was also the economic fallout on West Germany of the [1973 oil crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis "1973 oil crisis"), which may seem to have given enough stress to finish off Brandt as the Chancellor.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Guillaume had been an espionage agent for [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"), who was supervised by [Markus Wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wolf "Markus Wolf"), the head of the [Main Directorate for Reconnaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Reconnaissance "Main Directorate for Reconnaissance") (*Hauptverwaltung AufklĂ€rung* or HVAâthe foreign intelligence service) of the East German Ministry for State Security. Wolf stated after the reunification that the resignation of Brandt had never been intended, and that the planting and handling of Guillaume had been one of the biggest mistakes of the East German secret services.
Brandt was succeeded as the Chancellor of the Bundesrepublik by his fellow Social Democrat, [Helmut Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt "Helmut Schmidt"). For the rest of his life, Brandt remained suspicious that his fellow Social Democrat (and longtime rival) [Herbert Wehner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wehner "Herbert Wehner") had been scheming for Brandt's downfall.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] However, there is scant evidence to corroborate this suspicion.
## Post-Chancellorship
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Brandt&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Post-Chancellorship")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079282-0022,_M%C3%BCnster,_SPD-Parteitag,_Willy_Brandt.jpg)
Brandt at a party rally in [MĂŒnster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster "MĂŒnster"), 1988
After his term as the Chancellor, Brandt retained his seat in the [Bundestag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag"), and he remained the Chairman of the Social Democratic Party through 1987. Beginning in 1987, Brandt stepped down to become the Honorary Chairman of the party. Brandt was also a member of the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") from 1979 to 1983.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WillyBrandtBerntCarlssonPenttiV%C3%A4%C3%A4n%C3%A4nen.jpg)
[Socialist International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International "Socialist International") Congress 1983. Brandt with outgoing general secretary [Bernt Carlsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt_Carlsson "Bernt Carlsson") (left) and new general secretary Pentti VÀÀnÀnen (right).
For sixteen years (1976â1992), Brandt was the [president of the Socialist International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International#Presidents "Socialist International"). During that period, the number of Socialist International's mainly European member parties grew until there were more than a hundred socialist, social democratic, and labour political parties around the world. For the first seven years, this growth in SI membership had been prompted by the efforts of the Socialist International's Secretary-General, the Swede [Bernt Carlsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt_Carlsson "Bernt Carlsson"). However, in early 1983, a dispute arose about what Carlsson perceived as the SI president's authoritarian approach. Carlsson then rebuked Brandt, saying, "This is a Socialist International â not a German International".
Next, against some vocal opposition, Brandt decided to move the next Socialist International Congress from [Sydney, Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia "Sydney, Australia") to [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"). Following this Socialist Congress in April 1983, Brandt retaliated against Carlsson by forcing him to step down from his position. However, the [Austrian Chancellor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria "Chancellor of Austria"), [Bruno Kreisky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky "Bruno Kreisky"), argued on behalf of Brandt: "It is a question of whether it is better to be pure or to have greater numbers".[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-157) Carlsson was succeeded by the Finn [Pentti VÀÀnÀnen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentti_V%C3%A4%C3%A4n%C3%A4nen "Pentti VÀÀnÀnen") as Secretary General of the [Socialist International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International "Socialist International").[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-158)
During Brandt's presidency, the SI developed activities and dialogue on a number of International issues. This concerned the EastâWest conflict and [arms race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race "Arms race"), on which the SI held high-level consultations with the leaderships of the United States and the Soviet Union, and on [Afghanistan after 1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "SovietâAfghan War").[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-159) The SI met with President [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") and Vice Presidents [Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale") and [George Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush"), and with the [CPSU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPSU "CPSU") Secretaries General Leonid Brezhnev and [Mikhail Gorbachev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev "Mikhail Gorbachev") and [Soviet Head of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union "List of heads of state of the Soviet Union") [Andrei Gromyko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko "Andrei Gromyko"). The SI also developed active contacts to promote dialogue concerning regional conflicts. Those included the Middle East, where they helped to build contacts between Israel and the [PLO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization "Palestine Liberation Organization"), and also in [Southern Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa "Southern Africa") and Central America.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-160) In 1984, as the chairman of the SPD, Brandt initiated party dialogues with the [Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") (CCP), making SPD the first international party relationship CCP established outside of other [communist parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party "Communist party").[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-161)
In 1977, Brandt was appointed as the chairman of the Independent Commission for International Developmental Issues. This produced a report in 1980, which called for drastic changes in the global attitude towards development in the Third World. This became known as the [Brandt Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt_Report "Brandt Report").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0316-035,_Wismar,_SPD-Wahlkundgebung,_Willy_Brandt.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0928-036,_Dessau,_SPD-Wahlkundgebung,_Willy_Brandt.jpg)
In October 1979, Brandt met with the East German dissident, [Rudolf Bahro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro "Rudolf Bahro"), who had written *The Alternative*. Bahro and his supporters were attacked by the East German state security organisation [Stasi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi "Stasi"), headed by [Erich Mielke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mielke "Erich Mielke"), for his writings, which had laid the theoretical foundation of a left-wing opposition to the ruling SED party and its dependent allies, and which promoted new and changed parties. All of this is now described as "change from within". Brandt had asked for Bahro's release, and Brandt welcomed Bahro's theories, which advanced the debate within his own Social Democratic Party.
On 11 September 1988, Brandt described the hope for [German reunification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification") as a delusion.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-162) In late 1989, Brandt became one of the first leftwing leaders in West Germany to publicly favor a quick reunification of Germany, instead of some sort of two-state federation or other kind of interim arrangement. Brandt's public statement, "Now grows together what belongs together", was widely quoted in those days.
One of Brandt's last public appearances was in flying to [Baghdad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad"), [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"), to free Western hostages held by [Saddam Hussein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein"), following the [Iraqi invasion of Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait "Iraqi invasion of Kuwait") in 1990. Brandt secured the release of a large number of them, and on 9 November 1990, his airplane landed with 174 freed hostages on board at [Frankfurt Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport "Frankfurt Airport").[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-163)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022_Warszawa_pomnik_Willy%27ego_Brandta,_6.jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willy_Brandt_Memorial-Nuremberg.jpg)
Brandt died of [colon cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer "Colorectal cancer") at his home in [Unkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkel "Unkel"), a town on the [River Rhine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rhine "River Rhine"), on 8 October 1992, at the age of 78.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-164) He was given a [state funeral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funeral "State funeral") and was buried at the cemetery at [Zehlendorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehlendorf_\(Berlin\) "Zehlendorf (Berlin)") in Berlin.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-165)
The Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation was established in 1994. It serves to honour the memory of Brandt's political accomplishments and his commitment to peace, freedom and democracy. The foundation runs two permanent exhibitions: one in Berlin and [the other](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt_House,_L%C3%BCbeck "Willy Brandt House, LĂŒbeck") in [LĂŒbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck "LĂŒbeck"), where Brandt was born. Other works of the foundation include oversight of Brandt's papers, speeches and letters (the Berlin Edition), historical research, as well as organising lectures and international conferences.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-166)
In 1997, a [park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandts_Park "Willy Brandts Park") in [Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") was named in Brandt's honour. It is close to where he lived during his exile in [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") 1941â1945.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-167)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-168)
When the SPD moved its headquarters from Bonn back to Berlin in the mid-1990s, the new headquarters was named the "Willy Brandt Haus". One of the buildings of the [European Parliament in Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold "Espace LĂ©opold") was named after him in 2008.
On 6 December 2000, a [memorial to Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt_Monument_\(Warsaw\) "Willy Brandt Monument (Warsaw)") and *[Warschauer Kniefall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschauer_Kniefall "Warschauer Kniefall")* was unveiled in [Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), Poland.
German artist [Johannes Heisig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Heisig "Johannes Heisig") painted several portraits of Brandt, of which one was unveiled as part of an honouring event at the [German Historical Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Historical_Institutes "German Historical Institutes"), [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") on 18 March 2003. Spokesmen amongst others were former German Federal Minister [Egon Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr") and former U.S. Secretary of State [Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger").[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-GHI-169)
In 2009, the Willy-Brandt-Memorial was opened up in Nuremberg at the Willy-Brandt Square.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-170) It was created by the artist [Josef Tabachnyk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Tabachnyk "Josef Tabachnyk").
In 2009, the [University of Erfurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Erfurt "University of Erfurt") renamed its [graduate school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school "Graduate school") of [public administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration "Public administration") as the [Willy Brandt School of Public Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt_School_of_Public_Policy "Willy Brandt School of Public Policy"). A [private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school "Private school") German-language [secondary school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school "Secondary school") in [Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland"), is also named after Brandt.
The main boulevard at the north entrance of the [Montenegrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro") capital [Podgorica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgorica "Podgorica") was named Willy Brandt Boulevard in 2011.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-171)
Brandt also has an unusual memorial in [Hammersmith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith "Hammersmith") in [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London"), [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"). In 1963, when he was mayor of West Berlin, Brandt travelled to [Hammersmith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith "Hammersmith") with a [street lamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_light "Street light") from West Berlin and presented it to the mayor of Hammersmith to mark its twinning with [Neukölln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln "Neukölln"). The lamp now stands on the wall of [Westcott Lodge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcott_Lodge "Westcott Lodge"), facing [Furnival Gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnival_Gardens "Furnival Gardens"), with a commemorative plaque below it.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-172)
Although Brandt had only served five years in office as [Chancellor of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany "Chancellor of Germany"), he remains one of the most popular politicians in the history of the [Federal Republic of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany "Federal Republic of Germany").
[Berlin Brandenburg Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport "Berlin Brandenburg Airport"), which opened in late 2020, is also named in his honour.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwig_Binder_Haus_der_Geschichte_Studentenrevolte_1968_2001_03_0275.4212_\(17086177105\).jpg)
Peter Brandt (right) during the [protests of 1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_of_1968 "Protests of 1968")
From 1941 until 1948, Brandt was married to Anna Carlotta Thorkildsen (the daughter of a Norwegian father and a German-American mother). They had a daughter, Ninja Frahm (born in 1940).[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-:0-173)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-Spiegel-174) After Brandt and Thorkildsen were divorced in 1948, Brandt married the Norwegian-born German writer [Rut Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_Brandt "Rut Brandt") in the same year. Hansen and Brandt had three sons: [Peter Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Brandt_\(historian\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peter Brandt (historian) (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brandt_\(Historiker\) "de:Peter Brandt (Historiker)")\] (born in 1948), [Lars Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lars_Brandt_\(author\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lars Brandt (author) (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Brandt "de:Lars Brandt")\] (born in 1951) and [Matthias Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Brandt "Matthias Brandt") (born in 1961). After 32 years of marriage, Willy Brandt and Rut Hansen Brandt divorced in 1980, and from the day that they were divorced, they never saw each other again.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-:0-173) On 9 December 1983, Brandt married [Brigitte Seebacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Seebacher&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brigitte Seebacher (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Seebacher "de:Brigitte Seebacher")\] (born in 1946).[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-:0-173)
-  Malaysia : Honorary Grand Commander of the [Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia#Grand_Commander "Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia") (S.S.M.) (1969)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_note-175)
- 1960 *Mein Weg nach Berlin* (*My Path to Berlin*), autobiography written with Leo Lania
- 1966 *DrauĂen. Schriften wĂ€hrend der Emigration*. (*Outside: Writings during the Emigration*) [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-8012-1094-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8012-1094-4 "Special:BookSources/3-8012-1094-4")
- 1968 *Friedenspolitik in Europa* (*The Politics of Peace in Europe*)
- 1976 *Begegnungen und Einsichten 1960â1975* (*Encounters and Insights 1960â1975*) [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-455-08979-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-455-08979-8 "Special:BookSources/3-455-08979-8")
- 1982 *Links und frei. Mein Weg 1930â1950* (*Left and Free: My Path 1930â1950*)
- 1986 *Der organisierte Wahnsinn* (*Organized Lunacy*)
- 1989 *Erinnerungen* (*Memories*) [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-549-07353-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-549-07353-4 "Special:BookSources/3-549-07353-4")
- 2002 Berliner Ausgabe, Werkauswahl, ed. for Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt Stiftung by [Helga Grebing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Grebing "Helga Grebing"), Gregor Schöllgen and Heinrich August Winkler, 10 volumes, Dietz Verlag, Bonn 2002f, Collected Writings [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-8012-0305-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8012-0305-0 "Special:BookSources/3-8012-0305-0")
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-1)** Due to the division of Germany, Willy Brandt was only the Federal Chancellor in [West Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany"). The term **West Germany** is the common English name for the **Federal Republic of Germany** between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the [German reunification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification") through the accession of [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") on 3 October 1990. The office of the chancellor did not exist in East Germany.
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-britannica.com_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-britannica.com_2-1)
["Willy Brandt \| German Chancellor, Nobel Peace Prize Winner \| Britannica"](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Willy-Brandt). *britannica.com*. 12 April 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-3)**
["The 1971 Nobel Prize â Presentation Speech"](https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1971/press.html). *nobelprize.org*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-4)** Since [Hermann MĂŒller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_\(politician,_born_1876\) "Hermann MĂŒller (politician, born 1876)")
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1997_5-0)** [Marshall 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFMarshall1997).
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Homepage_%E2%80%93_GHI_Washington_2015_m749_6-0)**
["Event â GHI Washington"](https://www.ghi-dc.org/events/event/date/willy-brandt-and-the-americas-1974-1992-10-06-2016). *ghi-dc.org*. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1973_j788_7-0)**
["BRANDT AND PARTY MAKE PEACE APPEAL"](https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/16/archives/brandt-and-party-make-peace-appeal.html). *The New York Times*. 16 January 1973. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Greve_Kriele_1986_pp._100%E2%80%93103_8-0)**
Greve, Michael S.; Kriele, Martin (1986). ["Willy Brandt and the Sandinistas: The Neutralization of the SPD"](http://www.jstor.org/stable/42894439). *The National Interest* (4). Center for the National Interest: 100â103\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0884-9382](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0884-9382). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [42894439](https://www.jstor.org/stable/42894439). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-9)**
Jessup, John E. (1998). [*An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945â1996*](https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024655/https://www.questia.com/read/106899354/an-encyclopedic-dictionary-of-conflict-and-conflict). Westport, CT: [Greenwood Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group "Greenwood Publishing Group"). p. 89. Archived from [the original](https://www.questia.com/read/106899354/an-encyclopedic-dictionary-of-conflict-and-conflict) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-10)**
Kilian, Dieter E. (2011). [*Politik und MilitÀr in Deutschland: Die BundesprÀsidenten und Bundeskanzler und ihre Beziehung zu Soldatentum und Bundeswehr*](https://books.google.com/books?id=7tRyJy-An1MC&q=John+Heinrich+M%C3%B6ller+1887&pg=PA381). [Books on Demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-publishing "Self-publishing"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9783937885360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783937885360 "Special:BookSources/9783937885360")
.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19978_11-0)** [Marshall 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFMarshall1997), p. 8.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-w493_12-0)**
["Working-class youngster in LĂŒbeck"](https://www.willy-brandt-biography.com/working-class-youngster-in-luebeck/). *Willy Brandt Biografie*. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
(source names F. H. Bertling)
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19979%E2%80%9316_13-0)** [Marshall 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFMarshall1997), pp. 9â16.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-14)**
Bennett, Philip (14 January 2025). ["Wilhelm Reich's Early Writings on Work Democracy: A Theoretical Basis for Challenging Fascism Then and Now"](https://www.cnsjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Bennett.20.1.Mar_.101.pdf) (PDF). *[The International Journal of Psychoanalysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Psychoanalysis "The International Journal of Psychoanalysis")*. **95** (2): 53â73\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/10455751003655898](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10455751003655898).
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-15)**
["The years of exile and the postwar period (1933â1947) - Willy Brandt and the unification of Europe"](https://www.cvce.eu/en/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/f28057ae-f00f-4677-8327-d97d19023b80/94934910-918b-4133-917f-b28e40000a38). *cvce.eu*. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-16)**
Klaus Wiegrefe (17 December 2021), ["Informant »O-35-VIII«: Willy Brandt war fĂŒr den US-Geheimdienst aktiv"](https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/willy-brandt-war-bis-1952-informant-des-us-geheimdienstes-cic-a-1d29dd17-55a0-44b9-8f65-7d726772f988), *Der Spiegel* (in German), [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2195-1349](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349), retrieved 18 December 2021
.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-17)**
Schlitt, Anna-Lena (18 December 2021). ["Willy Brandt war Informant fĂŒr US-MilitĂ€rgeheimdienst"](https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2021-12/willy-brandt-us-geheimdienst-cic-informant). *[Die Zeit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit "Die Zeit")*.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-18)**
Thomas Boghardt. ["Covert Legions: U.S. Army Intelligence in Germany, 1944-1949"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220404161854/https://history.army.mil/html/books/045/45-5/cmhPub_45-5.pdf) (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 378. Archived from [the original](https://history.army.mil/html/books/045/45-5/cmhPub_45-5.pdf) (PDF) on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Noack_19-0)**
Noack, Hans-Joachim (2013). *Willy Brandt: Ein Leben, ein Jahrhundert*. Berlin: [Rowohlt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag "Rowohlt Verlag"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3871346453](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3871346453 "Special:BookSources/978-3871346453")
.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-faz16_20-0)**
["Washington unterstĂŒtzte Willy Brandt mit geheimen Zahlungen"](https://m.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/historiker-enthuellt-washington-unterstuetzte-willy-brandt-mit-geheimen-zahlungen-14280080.html) \[Washington supported Willy Brandt with secret payments\]. *[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung")* (in German). 10 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Operations_1993_21-0)**
United States Department of State (1993). [Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958â1960, Berlin Crisis, 1958â1959, Volume VIII](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v08/d19) (Report). [United States Government Publishing Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office "United States Government Publishing Office"). Retrieved 8 March 2024. "The election of Willy Brandt as Governing Mayor in October 1957 following the death of [Otto Suhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Suhr "Otto Suhr") infused new vigor into the administration of the city."
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-BBC_2006_m144_22-0)**
["Willy Brandt"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/brandt_willy.shtml). *bbc.co.uk*. 5 September 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-23)**
["Willy Brandt : Biography"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111009112249/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERbrandtW.htm). [Spartacus Educational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_Educational "Spartacus Educational"). Archived from [the original](https://spartacus-educational.com/GERbrandtW.htm) on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-24)** [Kempe (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKempe2011), p. 98
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-25)** [Daum (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFDaum2008).
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-26)** [Kempe (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKempe2011), p. 166
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-27)** [Kempe (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKempe2011), pp. 375â376
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-28)** [Daum (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFDaum2008), pp. 27â28
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-29)** [Daum (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFDaum2008), pp. 125â162.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199742%E2%80%9365_30-0)** [Marshall 1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFMarshall1997), pp. 42â65.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-31)** especially by those who had been [forced to flee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_\(1944%E2%80%931950\) "Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â1950)") from the former German provinces of [Lower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia "Province of Lower Silesia") and [Upper Silesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia "Province of Upper Silesia"), [East Prussia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia "East Prussia"), and the eastern parts of [Brandenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg "Province of Brandenburg") ([Neumark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumark "Neumark")) and [Pomerania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_\(1815%E2%80%931945\) "Province of Pomerania (1815â1945)") ([Farther Pomerania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farther_Pomerania "Farther Pomerania")), which were annexed by the [Provisional Government of National Unity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity "Provisional Government of National Unity") of Poland and by the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union").
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-32)** Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, eds. *Statesmen Who Changed the World: A Bio-Bibliographical Dictionary of Diplomacy* (Greenwood, 1993) pp. 60â63
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Time_1971_33-0)**
["Man Of The Year: On the Road to a New Reality"](https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,942376,00.html). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. 4 January 1971. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-34)** [Juneau (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFJuneau2011)
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-35)** In the [Landtagswahl in Bayern on 20 November 1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landtagswahl_in_Bayern_1966&action=edit&redlink=1 "Landtagswahl in Bayern 1966 (page does not exist)") \[[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtagswahl_in_Bayern_1966 "de:Landtagswahl in Bayern 1966")\], the [National Democratic Party of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany "National Democratic Party of Germany") got 7.4% of the votes. In the [Hessian state election on 6 November 1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Hessian_state_election "1966 Hessian state election"), the NPD got 7.95% of the votes.
35. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Radice_36-9) [Radice & Radice (1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFRadiceRadice1986)
36. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Childs_37-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Childs_37-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Childs_37-2) [Childs (1992)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFChilds1992)
37. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-D%C3%B6nhoff_38-5) [Dönhoff (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFD%C3%B6nhoff1982)
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-39)** [Adnan Yaseen Hussein and Wisam Ali Thabet (2021). Economic reforms of the Willy Brandt government 1969â1972. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology, 18(10), 3132â3145. Retrieved from https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/10324](https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/10324)
39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-40)** [The Politics of the New Germany By Simon Green, Publisher: Taylor & Francis, 2013](https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Politics_of_the_New_Germany/u-7FBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+SPD-FDP+government+under+Willy+Brandt+presided+over&pg=PT153&printsec=frontcover)
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-41)** *The Federal Republic of Germany: The End of an Era* edited by Ewa Kolinsky, pp. 228â229
41. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Braunthal_42-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Braunthal_42-1) [Braunthal (1994)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBraunthal1994)
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-43)**
["The Population of the Federal Republic of Germany"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170406232622/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c17.pdf) (PDF). *cicred.org*. Archived from [the original](http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c17.pdf) (PDF) on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
43. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Prittie_44-10) [Prittie (1974)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFPrittie1974)
44. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Binder_45-7) [Binder (1975)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBinder1975)
45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-46)**
[*Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110513054407/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/80776/E68952.pdf) (PDF). European Observatory on Health Care Systems, [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization"). Archived from [the original](http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/80776/E68952.pdf) (PDF) on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
46. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Sinn_47-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Sinn_47-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Sinn_47-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Sinn_47-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Sinn_47-4) [Sinn (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSinn2007)
47. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-48)**
Flacks, Richard; Lichtenstein, Nelson (3 February 2015). ["The Port Huron Statement: Sources and Legacies of the New Left's Founding Manifesto"](https://archive.org/details/porthuronstateme0000unse). [University of Pennsylvania Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press "University of Pennsylvania Press"). p. [187](https://archive.org/details/porthuronstateme0000unse/page/187). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780812246926](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812246926 "Special:BookSources/9780812246926")
â via Internet Archive.
48. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-socsci_49-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-socsci_49-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-socsci_49-2)
["Dalton, Politics in Germany â Chapter 10"](http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~rdalton/germany/ch10/chap10.htm). *socsci.uci.edu*. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-50)** [Callaghan (2000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFCallaghan2000)
50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-51)** [\[1\]](https://core.ac.uk/download/files/153/6356755.pdf) \[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
51. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-11) [***m***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-12) [***n***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-13) [***o***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-14) [***p***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-15) [***q***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Flora_52-16) [Flora (1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFFlora1986)
52. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Walker_53-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Walker_53-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Walker_53-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Walker_53-3) [Walker, Lawson & Townsend (1984)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFWalkerLawsonTownsend1984)
53. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Wilsford_54-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Wilsford_54-1) [Wilsford (1995)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFWilsford1995)
54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-55)** [Potthoff & Miller (2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFPotthoffMiller2006)
55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-56)**
["GHDI â Document â Page"](http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=1655). *germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org*. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
56. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Surveyof_57-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Surveyof_57-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Surveyof_57-2) [Schewe, Nordhorn & Schenke (1972)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFScheweNordhornSchenke1972)
57. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-archive.org_58-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-archive.org_58-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-archive.org_58-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-archive.org_58-3)
Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (1 January 1972). ["Wahlprogramm der SPD: mit Willy Brandt fur Frieden, Sicherheit und eine bessere Qualitat des Lebens"](https://archive.org/details/WahlprogrammDerSpdMitWillyBrandtFrFriedenSicherheitUndEine) â via Internet Archive.
58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-59)**
["IZA Discussion Paper No. 124"](http://ftp.iza.org/dp124.pdf) (PDF). *ftp.iza.org*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-60)**
Boss, Alfred (November 2008). ["Zur Entwicklung des Anspruchslohns in Deutschland"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161029174159/https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/zur-entwicklung-des-anspruchslohns-in-deutschland/KWP_1463.pdf) (PDF). *ifw-mewmbers.ifw-kiel.de*. [Kiel Institute for the World Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Institute_for_the_World_Economy "Kiel Institute for the World Economy"). Archived from [the original](https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/zur-entwicklung-des-anspruchslohns-in-deutschland/KWP_1463.pdf) (PDF) on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-61)**
["Table of Contents"](http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---sro-moscow/documents/publication/wcms_344665.pdf) (PDF). *ilo.org*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlora1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGaWtd5zJfB8CpgPA48_48]_62-0)** [Flora (1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFFlora1986), p. [48](https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C&pg=PA48).
62. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_63-9)
["Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1972"](http://aei.pitt.edu/9826/1/9826.pdf) (PDF). *aei.pitt.edu*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-64)**
Merkl, Peter H. (1 January 2012). [*Small Town and Village in Bavaria: The Passing of a Way of Life*](https://books.google.com/books?id=e4h3iUhlfdkC&pg=PA43). [Berghahn Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghahn_Books "Berghahn Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780857453471](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857453471 "Special:BookSources/9780857453471")
.
64. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated7_65-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated7_65-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated7_65-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated7_65-3) [Schmidt (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSchmidt1982)
65. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-TheEvolution_66-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-TheEvolution_66-1) [Kohler, Zacher & Partington (1982)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKohlerZacherPartington1982)
66. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-2) The Velvet Chancellors: A History of Post-war Germany by Terence Prittie
67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-68)**
["Information Bulletin on Social Policy"](https://books.google.com/books?id=HWcWAAAAYAAJ&q=There%20has,%20by%20statutory%20regulation%20issued%20on%2024%20February%201970,%20furthermore%20been%20determined%20the%20category%20of%20persons%20most%20seriously%20disabled%20\(e.g.%20people%20suffering%20from%20paiaplegia\),%20to%20whom). Council of Europe, Documentation Section and Library. 1 January 1972 â via Google Books.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-69)**
["Study of the European Communities re-adaptation aids in the coal and steel industries â Archive of European Integration"](http://aei.pitt.edu/41190/). *aei.pitt.edu*. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-70)**
Markovits, Andrei (14 April 2016). [*The Politics of West German Trade Unions: Strategies of Class and Interest Representation in Growth and Crisis*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KEv7CwAAQBAJ&q=germany%20bad%20weather%20payments%201972&pg=PA360). [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781317230762](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317230762 "Special:BookSources/9781317230762")
â via Google Books.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-71)**
[*Federalism and Labour Market Policy: Comparing Different Governance and Employment Strategies*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ValbA8Kp3loC&q=germany%20bad%20weather%20payments%201972&pg=PA102). IIGR, Queen's University. 1 January 2004. p. 102. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781553390060](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781553390060 "Special:BookSources/9781553390060")
â via Google Books.
71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-72)** [\[2\]](http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/Publications/Monthly_Report/1979/1979_04_monthly_report.pdf?__blob=publicationFile) \[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
72. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_b_73-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_b_73-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_b_73-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_b_73-3)
["Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1973"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191957/http://aei.pitt.edu/9801/1/9801.pdf) (PDF). *aei.pitt.edu*. Archived from [the original](http://aei.pitt.edu/9801/1/9801.pdf) (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
73. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_c_74-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_c_74-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_c_74-2)
["Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1974"](http://aei.pitt.edu/9842/1/9842.pdf) (PDF). *aei.pitt.edu*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
74. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-spiegel.de_75-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-spiegel.de_75-1)
["DER SPIEGEL 16/1972 â Anders als zu Kaisers und zu Katzers Zeiten"](http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-42953833.html). *Der Spiegel*. 9 April 1972. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
75. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_a_76-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_a_76-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_a_76-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt_a_76-3)
["Report on the Development of the Social Situation in the Community in 1971"](http://aei.pitt.edu/9805/1/9805.pdf) (PDF). *aei.pitt.edu*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-77)** [Tomka (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFTomka2004), p. 64
77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-78)**
Cocks, Geoffrey (1 January 1997). [*Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Goring Institute*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VhS8y2tRf6YC&pg=PA369). [Transaction Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers "Transaction Publishers"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781412832366](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412832366 "Special:BookSources/9781412832366")
â via Google Books.
78. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-hdg.de_79-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-hdg.de_79-1)
["Innere Reformen"](http://www.hdg.de/lemo/html/DasGeteilteDeutschland/KontinuitaetUndWandel/SozialLiberaleKoalition/innereReformen.html). *hdg.de*. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
79. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-willy-brandt.org_80-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-willy-brandt.org_80-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-willy-brandt.org_80-2)
["August 1970: The first policy statement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201622/http://www.willy-brandt.org/bwbs_biografie/The_first_policy_statement_B403.html). Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung. 28 October 1969. Archived from [the original](http://www.willy-brandt.org/bwbs_biografie/The_first_policy_statement_B403.html) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
80. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated6_81-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated6_81-1) [Mares (2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFMares2006)
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-82)** [Silvia & Stolpe (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSilviaStolpe2007)
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-83)** [Williamson & Pampel (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFWilliamsonPampel2002)
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-84)**
["The Politics of Pension Reform in Germany"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170407083756/http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/pensions_conference/Hinrichs.pdf) (PDF). *lse.ac.uk*. Archived from [the original](http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/pensions_conference/Hinrichs.pdf) (PDF) on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
84. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-MyLife_85-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-MyLife_85-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-MyLife_85-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-MyLife_85-3) [Brandt (1992)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBrandt1992)
85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-86)** [Blackburn (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBlackburn2003)
86. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-bpb.de_87-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-bpb.de_87-1)
["Sozialliberale Koalition und innere Reformen"](http://www.bpb.de/izpb/10109/sozialliberale-koalition-und-innere-reformen?p=3) (in German). bpb.de. 5 April 2002. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-88)**
Ebbinghaus, Bernhard (20 July 2006). [*Reforming Early Retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eCDJ8OAKjygC&q=german%20pension%20handicapped%20persons%201972&pg=PA142). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780199286119](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199286119 "Special:BookSources/9780199286119")
.
88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-89)** Unemployment in Theory and Practice edited by Thomas Lange
89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-90)**
Lewicki, Patricia Maria (25 March 2014). [*Sustainability of the German Pension Scheme: Employment at Higher Ages and Incentives for Delayed Retirement*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rE1BAwAAQBAJ&q=german%20widows%20pension%201972&pg=PA18). KIT Scientific Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9783731501718](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783731501718 "Special:BookSources/9783731501718")
â via Google Books.
90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-91)**
Kumashiro, Masaharu (2 September 2003). [*Aging and Work*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QILX3GWEP5kC&q=german%20unemployment%20benefits%20age%2060%201972&pg=PA46). CRC Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780203218556](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203218556 "Special:BookSources/9780203218556")
â via Google Books.
91. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Lane_92-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Lane_92-1) [Lane (1985)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFLane1985)
92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-93)**
Johnson, N. (22 October 2013). [*State & Government in the Federal Republic of Germany: The Executive at Work*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4W0vBQAAQBAJ&q=federal%20republic%20germany%20law%201971%20investment%20universities&pg=PA240). Elsevier. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781483293011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483293011 "Special:BookSources/9781483293011")
â via Google Books.
93. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Winkler_Sager_94-5) [Winkler (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFWinkler2007)
94. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-95)**
Die Bildungsgewerkschaft (10 June 2015). ["The Introduction Of Tuition Fees In Germany And The International Covenant On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130805140952/http://www.gew.de/Binaries/Binary37514/GEW_fzs_UN_Opinion.pdf) (PDF). *gew.de*. Archived from [the original](http://www.gew.de/Binaries/Binary37514/GEW_fzs_UN_Opinion.pdf) (PDF) on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-96)**
Köllner, V. (February 1995). "\[Education in Psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy in the German Federal Republic\]". *Ther Umsch* (in German). **52** (2): 118â122\. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [7892672](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7892672).
96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-97)**
Dyro, Joseph F. (1 January 2004). [*Clinical Engineering Handbook*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EIeQhdrW2VMC&pg=PA67). Academic Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780122265709](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780122265709 "Special:BookSources/9780122265709")
â via Google Books.
97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-98)** [Ardagh (1996)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFArdagh1996)
98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-99)**
Neuhaus, Rolf (1 January 1979). ["Social security, how it works in the Federal Republic of Germany"](https://books.google.com/books?id=aEhDAQAAIAAJ&q=1970). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Retrieved 24 March 2026 â via Google Books.
99. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt.edu_100-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-aei.pitt.edu_100-1)
["Expose sur l'Ă©volution de la situation sociale dans la communautĂ© en 1970 (joint au QuatriĂšme rapport gĂ©nĂ©ral sur l'activitĂ© de la communautĂ©) = Report on the development of the social situation in the Community in 1970 (annex to the Fourth general report on the activities of the Community) February 1971 â Archive of European Integration"](http://aei.pitt.edu/32294/). *aei.pitt.edu*. 1971. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-101)** [Patton (1999)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFPatton1999)
101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-102)** [Bezelga & Brandon (1991)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBezelgaBrandon1991)
102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-chroniknet.de_103-0)**
["1971 â Frischer Wind durch innere Reformen der Bonner Koalition â chroniknet Artikel und private Fotos"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230026/http://www.chroniknet.de/indx_de.0.html?article=259111&year=1971). *chroniknet.de*. 29 May 1977. Archived from [the original](http://www.chroniknet.de/indx_de.0.html?article=259111&year=1971) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-104)** [Power (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFPower2002)
104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-digam.net_105-0)**
["Digitales Archiv Marburg â Das DigAM Projekt"](http://www.digam.net/dokument.php?ID=9019&PHPSESSID=23da32f4275c4cbefc5d9395393ba4cf). *digam.net*. 28 October 1969. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-106)** [Kommers (1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKommers1997), p. 93
106. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-ReferenceB_107-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-ReferenceB_107-1)
["Comparative study on the Rehabilitation of Handicapped Persons in the Countries of the Community"](http://aei.pitt.edu/36404/1/A2595.pdf) (PDF). *aei.pitt.edu*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-108)**
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (11 April 2002). [*Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qdRx7qLF8KIC&pg=PA58). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780198033752](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198033752 "Special:BookSources/9780198033752")
â via Google Books.
108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-109)** [Pridham (1977)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFPridham1977)
109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-110)** [Cooke & Gash (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFCookeGash2007)
110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-111)** [Kaplan (2012)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFKaplan2012), p. [123](https://books.google.com/books?id=ocq05ABvJYYC&pg=PA123)
111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-112)**
Transport, European Conference of Ministers of (1 February 1972). [*Eighteenth Annual Report and Resolutions of the Council of Ministers*](https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1cAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17). [OECD Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD "OECD"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9789282106303](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789282106303 "Special:BookSources/9789282106303")
â via Google Books.
112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-113)** [Huber & Stephens (2001)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFHuberStephens2001)
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-114)**
Goodin, Robert E. (21 February 2008). [*Discretionary Time*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pKuzRB8PRBwC&pg=PA174). [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). p. 174. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781139470773](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139470773 "Special:BookSources/9781139470773")
.
114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-115)**
Paterson, Alan; Goriely, Tamara (1 January 1996). [*A reader on resourcing civil justice*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YFc5AQAAIAAJ&q=west%20germany%201972%20financing%20legal%20aid). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780198764618](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198764618 "Special:BookSources/9780198764618")
â via Google Books.
115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-116)**
[*The Bauspar System in Germany*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150922045007/http://www.bausparkassen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/english/Bausparen_in_Deutschland_en_130109.pdf) (PDF). European Office of the Verband der Privaten Bausparkassen. January 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.bausparkassen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/english/Bausparen_in_Deutschland_en_130109.pdf) (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-117)**
Boléat, Mark (1 January 1985). [*National Housing Finance Systems: A Comparative Study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=d-IlR-UVHSgC&pg=PA202). [Mark Boleat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Boleat "Mark Boleat"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780709932499](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780709932499 "Special:BookSources/9780709932499")
â via Google Books.
117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-118)**
Phillips, Mary T.; Sechzer, Jeri A. (6 December 2012). [*Animal Research and Ethical Conflict: An Analysis of the Scientific Literature: 1966â1986*](https://books.google.com/books?id=M_DjBwAAQBAJ&q=federal%20republic%20germany%201972%20animal%20protection&pg=PA103). [Springer Science+Business Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781461236207](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461236207 "Special:BookSources/9781461236207")
â via Google Books.
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-119)**
Larres, Klaus; Panayi, Panikos (27 August 2014). [*The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1949: Politics, Society and Economy Before and After Unification*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dFRdBAAAQBAJ&q=federal%20republic%20germany%20language%20law%201973&pg=PA61). [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge "Routledge"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781317891741](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317891741 "Special:BookSources/9781317891741")
â via Google Books.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-120)**
["The Economist"](https://books.google.com/books?id=zCNXAAAAYAAJ&q=helmut%20schmidt%20reforms%201969-72%20improved%20education%20for%20the%20troops). [Economist Newspaper Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist"). 1 January 1974 â via Google Books.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-121)**
["Helmut Schmidt â Biografie *Who's Who*"](http://www.whoswho.de/bio/helmut-schmidt.html). *whoswho.de*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-122)**
["Citizen in Uniform: Democratic Germany and the Changing Bundeswehr"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161210080849/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2012summer/Koltermann.pdf) (PDF). *strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil*. Archived from [the original](http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/2012summer/Koltermann.pdf) (PDF) on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
122. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-whitepaper_123-6)
["White Paper: the Security of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Development of the Federal Armed Forces"](https://books.google.com/books?id=_aotAAAAIAAJ&q=new%20enlistment%20bonuses). Federal Minister of Defence. 1 January 1973 â via Google Books.
123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-124)**
Deichen, Michael. ["Studierendenbereich: Beitrag aus dem IntranetBw anlĂ€Ălich des 40 jĂ€hrigen Bestehens der UniversitĂ€ten der Bundeswehr"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170128213910/http://www.hsu-hh.de/studbereich/index_JpZ7Fen7NtFT1vcw.html). *hsu-hh.de*. Archived from [the original](http://www.hsu-hh.de/studbereich/index_JpZ7Fen7NtFT1vcw.html) on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-125)**
Szabo, Stephen F. (1 January 1990). [*The Bundeswehr and Western Security*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ3fAAAAMAAJ&q=helmut%20schmidt%20bundeswehr%20universities%201972). [Macmillan Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers "Macmillan Publishers"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780333498804](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333498804 "Special:BookSources/9780333498804")
â via Google Books.
125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-126)**
Herspring, Dale R. (27 March 2013). [*Civil-Military Relations and Shared Responsibility: A Four-Nation Study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=c48my4z2d8cC&q=helmut%20schmidt%20bundeswehr%20universities%201972&pg=PT82). [Johns Hopkins University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press "Johns Hopkins University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781421409290](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421409290 "Special:BookSources/9781421409290")
â via Google Books.
126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-127)**
["Answer of the Federal Government to the minor interpellation of the Members of Parliament Ms. TĂŒbler, Dr. Wörner, Handlos, de Terra, Rommerskirchen, Ernesti, Biehle, Löher, Dr. Kraske, Damm, Dr. Heck, Schröder (LĂŒneburg), Franke (OsnabrĂŒck), Dr. Jenninger and colleagues and the CDU/CSU parliamentary group"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024211/http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/07/017/0701748.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/07/017/0701748.pdf) (PDF) on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2026.
127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-128)**
["Helmut Schmidt, West German chancellor â obituary"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11986614/Helmut-Schmidt-West-German-chancellor-obituary.html). *telegraph.co.uk*. 10 November 2015. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11986614/Helmut-Schmidt-West-German-chancellor-obituary.html) from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
128. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-sophienschule.de_129-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-sophienschule.de_129-1)
["Germany'74 â Economy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212819/http://www.sophienschule.de/comenius/timeline/index_files/Ger74economy.htm). 20 December 1974. Archived from [the original](http://www.sophienschule.de/comenius/timeline/index_files/Ger74economy.htm) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2026.
129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-130)**
["Questionnaire related to the right of anyone deprived of his or her liberty by arrest or detention to bring proceedings before court, in order that the court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his or her detention and order his or her release is not lawful"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151001053657/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Detention/DraftBasicPrinciples/Germany131007_Quest_Germany_en.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Detention/DraftBasicPrinciples/Germany131007_Quest_Germany_en.pdf) (PDF) on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2026.
130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-131)**
Randelzhofer, Albrecht; Tomuschat, Christian (11 March 1999). [*State Responsibility and the Individual: Reparation in Instances of Grave Violations of Human Rights*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FxOODVZ7TsEC&pg=PA263). [Martinus Nijhoff Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers "Brill Publishers"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9041111476](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9041111476 "Special:BookSources/9041111476")
â via Google Books.
131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-132)**
David, René (1 January 1972). [*International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law*](https://books.google.com/books?id=uR8C-vcwOEIC&pg=PA50). [Brill Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers "Brill Publishers"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3166446176](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3166446176 "Special:BookSources/3166446176")
â via Google Books.
132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-133)**
["Digitales Archiv Marburg â Das DigAM Projekt"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121730/http://digam.net/dokument0625.html?ID=9020). *digam.net*. Archived from [the original](http://digam.net/dokument0625.html?ID=9020) on 6 October 2014.
133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-134)** [Schiek (2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSchiek2006)
134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-135)**
["GHDI â Document"](http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=907). *germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org*. 24 September 1973. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-136)** [Scheffer (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFScheffer2008), pp. [555â556](https://books.google.com/books?id=H8bOCZReMTMC&pg=PA555)
136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-137)**
["Dezember 1973 â Regierung Uruguay Parteien Zeitungen "El Popular" "Cronica" Verband â chroniknet â Schlagzeilen, Ereignisse, Fotos mit Geschichte, Community"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225953/http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?year=1973&month=12). *chroniknet.de*. Archived from [the original](http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?year=1973&month=12) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-138)** [Abraham & Houseman (1994)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFAbrahamHouseman1994)
138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-139)** [Thelen (1991)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFThelen1991), p. [100](https://books.google.com/books?id=BokmF9j1hx0C&pg=PA100)
139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-autogenerated8_140-0)**
["IZPB"](http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/MXQU1P,0,0,Informationen_zur_politischen). *bpb.de* (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2012.
140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-141)**
["When will Japan Choose Light Rail Transit?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052336/http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr38/f10_uts.html). *jrtr.net*. Archived from [the original](http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr38/f10_uts.html) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-142)** [Banister (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFBanister2002)
142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-143)** [SchÀfers (1998)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSch%C3%A4fers1998)
143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-144)**
Glatzer, Wolfgang; Societies, International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial (21 August 1992). [*Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960â1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWtQkfScAEC&pg=PA230). [McGillâQueen's University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press "McGillâQueen's University Press"). p. 230. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780773509092](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773509092 "Special:BookSources/9780773509092")
â via Google Books.
144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-145)**
["GHDI â Document"](http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=908). *germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org*. 17 May 1974. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-146)**
Katzenstein, Peter J. (1 January 1989). [*Industry and Politics in West Germany: Toward the Third Republic*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Q83kxhOsgxYC&pg=PA140). Cornell University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0801495954](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801495954 "Special:BookSources/0801495954")
â via Google Books.
146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-147)**
Chaney, Sandra (15 July 2013). [*Nature Of The Miracle Years: Conservation in West Germany, 1945â1975*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2UksBuLkuKsC&pg=PA131). [Berghahn Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghahn_Books "Berghahn Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780857458414](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857458414 "Special:BookSources/9780857458414")
â via Google Books.
147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-148)** Federal Republic of Germany: Spatial Development and Problems by Peter Schöller, Willi Walter Puls, and Hanns JĂŒrgen Buchholz
148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-149)**
Theodor M. Johannsen. ["Automated cartography as an aid to decree protection areas against air traffic noise"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220245/http://mapcontext.com/autocarto/proceedings/auto-carto-4-vol-1/pdf/automated-cartography-as-an-aid-to-define-protection-areas-against-air-traffic-noise.pdf) (PDF). pp. 138â145\. Archived from [the original](http://mapcontext.com/autocarto/proceedings/auto-carto-4-vol-1/pdf/automated-cartography-as-an-aid-to-define-protection-areas-against-air-traffic-noise.pdf) (PDF) on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlora1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGaWtd5zJfB8CpgPA54_54]_150-0)** [Flora (1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFFlora1986), p. [54](https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C&pg=PA54).
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-151)**
["Germany â Chartbook of Economic Inequality"](http://www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com/inequality-by-country/germany/). *chartbookofeconomicinequality.com*. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-152)**
Blanke, B.; Smith, R. (18 August 1999). [*Cities in Transition: New Challenges, New Responsibilities*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lvKFDAAAQBAJ&q=poverty%20germany%201969-1973&pg=PA95). Springer. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780333982273](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333982273 "Special:BookSources/9780333982273")
â via Google Books.
152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-153)**
Glatzer, Wolfgang; Societies, International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial (21 August 1992). [*Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960â1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWtQkfScAEC&q=poverty%20germany%201969-1973&pg=PA209). [McGillâQueen's University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press "McGillâQueen's University Press"). p. 209. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780773509092](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773509092 "Special:BookSources/9780773509092")
â via Google Books.
153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-154)**
Winkler, Heinrich August (2006). [*Germany: 1933â1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gXflC2Ipo_QC&dq=G%C3%BCnter+Guillaume+arrested&pg=PA294). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-926598-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5")
.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-155)** quoted in: Gregor Schöllgen. [*Der Kanzler und sein Spion*](http://www.zeit.de/2003/40/P-Schreiber?page=all). In: *[Die Zeit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit "Die Zeit")* 2003, Vol. 40, 25 September 2003
155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-156)** [Schöllgen (2001)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFSch%C3%B6llgen2001)
156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-157)**
["Never at a Loss for Words"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090114075326/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953794-1,00.html). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. 18 April 1983. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953794-1,00.html) on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-158)**
["Progressive Politics For A Fairer World"](http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=8). *socialistinternational.org*. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-159)** [Bukovsky Archives, CPSU Politburo "Information for Brandt and Sorsa about disarmament and Afghanistan", 1 February 1980\* (Pb 182/2)](https://bukovsky-archive.com/2016/07/08/1-february-1980-pb-1822/).
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-160)** [VÀÀnĂ€nen (2012)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#CITEREFV%C3%A4%C3%A4n%C3%A4nen2012), pp. 258â259
160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-161)**
["German vice chancellor visits China in difficult times"](https://www.dw.com/en/german-vice-chancellor-visits-china-in-difficult-times/a-74751588). *[Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle "Deutsche Welle")*. 16 November 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025.
161. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-162)**
Michael Borchard (1 October 2008). ["Schlaglichter der deutschen Einheit. Eine kommentierte Chronik (1987-1990)"](https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=b766e451-ebe2-cbd4-72f0-a1824f960320&groupId=252038). *kas.de* (in German). [Konrad Adenauer Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation "Konrad Adenauer Foundation"). p. 11.
162. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-163)** "Mideast Tensions", [TENSIONS; Buildup in Gulf Seen as a Signal On Use of Force](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7DB1238F933A25752C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=MIDEAST), *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, 9 November 1990. Retrieved 3 January 2008
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-164)**
Binder, David (9 October 1992). ["Willy Brandt Dead at 78; Forged West Germany's Reconciliation With the East"](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/09/world/willy-brandt-dead-at-78-forged-west-germany-s-reconciliation-with-the-east.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 17 April 2017.
164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-165)**
Marshall, Tyler (18 October 1992). ["Germans Lay Beloved Statesman Brandt to Rest: Funeral: "He shaped an era", the country's president says of the former West Berlin mayor, foreign minister and chancellor"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-10-18-mn-1142-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0458-3035](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035). Retrieved 17 April 2017.
165. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-166)**
["Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt Stiftung: The foundation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062201/http://www.willy-brandt.de/en/foundation.html). *willy-brandt.de*. Archived from [the original](http://www.willy-brandt.de/en/foundation.html) on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
166. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-167)**
["Park fÄr namn efter Willy Brandt"](https://www.dn.se/arkiv/stockholm/park-far-namn-efter-willy-brandt/). *dn.se*. Dagens Nyheter. 18 March 1997. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-168)**
["Skylt pÄ Willy Brandts hus i Hammarbyhöjden"](https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/28155). *stockholmskallan.stockholm.se*. Stockholm Municipality. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-GHI_169-0)**
["Honoring Willy Brandt"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024000/http://www.ghi-dc.org/publications/ghipubs/bu/033/90.pdf) (PDF). GHI Bulletin No. 33 (Fall 2003). Archived from [the original](http://www.ghi-dc.org/publications/ghipubs/bu/033/90.pdf) (PDF) on 27 September 2011.
169. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-170)**
["EnthĂŒllung der Skulptur "Willy Brandt""](https://web.archive.org/web/20150103052510/http://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/baureferat/dokumente/wettbewerbe/pm_enthuellung_willybrandt.pdf) (PDF). *nuernberg.de*. Archived from [the original](http://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/baureferat/dokumente/wettbewerbe/pm_enthuellung_willybrandt.pdf) (PDF) on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
170. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-171)**
["Dan online â Podgoricom: â 2011-06-10"](http://www.dan.co.me/?nivo=3&rubrika=Podgoricom&clanak=283467&datum=2011-06-10). *dan.co.me*.
171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-172)**
["West Berlin Street Lamp"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160316040021/http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/west-berlin-street-lamp). *londonremembers.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/west-berlin-street-lamp) on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
172. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-:0_173-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-:0_173-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-:0_173-2)
["Obituary: Willy Brandt"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-willy-brandt-1556598.html). *The Independent*. 10 October 1992. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-Spiegel_174-0)**
["In die Vergangenheit"](https://www.spiegel.de/politik/in-die-vergangenheit-a-59924013-0002-0001-0000-000046214153?context=issue). *Der Spiegel* (in German). 2 July 1967. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
174. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt#cite_ref-175)**
["Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp). Archived from [the original](http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/) on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- Keller, Andrei V. "Masculine Friendship?: Willy Brandt and Leonid Brezhnev in the Context of the Energy Dialogue between West Germany and the USSR, 1970â1973." *The Soviet and post-Soviet Review* 44.2 (2017): 99â132.
- Kaplan, Gisela (2012). *Contemporary Western European Feminism*. Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780415636810](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415636810 "Special:BookSources/9780415636810")
.
- Juneau, Jean-François (2011). "The limits of linkage: the Nixon administration and Willy Brandt's *Ostpolitik*, 1969â1972". *[International History Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_History_Review "International History Review")*. **33** (2): 277â297\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/07075332.2011.555447](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2011.555447). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [154269345](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154269345).
- Kempe, Frederick (2011). [*Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Most Dangerous Place on Earth*](https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp). Penguin Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-399-15729-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5")
.
- [Daum, Andreas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Daum "Andreas Daum") (2008). *Kennedy in Berlin*. Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-521-85824-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3")
.
- Cooke, Lynn Prince; Gash, Vanessa (2007). ["Panacea or Pitfall? Women's Part-time Employment and Marital Stability in West Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120317052939/http://www.genet.ac.uk/workpapers/GeNet2007p28.pdf) (PDF). *GeNet Working Paper*. **28**. Gender Equality Network. Archived from [the original](http://www.genet.ac.uk/workpapers/GeNet2007p28.pdf) (PDF) on 17 March 2012.
- Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Sager, Alexander (ed.). *Germany: the Long Road West, volume II: 1933â1990*. [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-926598-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5")
.
- Hofmann, Arne. "Small steps towards new frontiers? Ideas, concepts and the emergence of a dĂ©tente strategy in the thinking of Willy Brandt and John F. Kennedy." *Historical Research* 79.205 (2006): 429â449.
- Mares, Isabela (2006). [*Taxation, Wage Bargaining, and Unemployment*](https://archive.org/details/taxationwagebarg0000mare). [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780511625688](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511625688 "Special:BookSources/9780511625688")
.
- Blackburn, Robin (2003). *Banking on Death: or, Investing in Life: the History and Future of Pensions*. Verso Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781859844090](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859844090 "Special:BookSources/9781859844090")
.
- Banister, David (2002). *Transport Planning*. Spon. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780415261715](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415261715 "Special:BookSources/9780415261715")
.
- Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D. (2001). *Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Parties and Policies in Global Markets*. [University of Chicago Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press "University of Chicago Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780226356471](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226356471 "Special:BookSources/9780226356471")
.
- Callaghan, John T. (2000). *The Retreat of Social Democracy*. [Manchester University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press "Manchester University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780719050312](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719050312 "Special:BookSources/9780719050312")
.
- Patton, David F. (1999). *Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany*. New York: St. Martin's Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780312213619](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312213619 "Special:BookSources/9780312213619")
.
- Kommers, Donald P. (1997). *The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany*. [Duke University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press "Duke University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780822318385](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822318385 "Special:BookSources/9780822318385")
.
- Marshall, Barbara (1997). *Willy Brandt: A Political Biography*. Palgrave Macmillan UK. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1057/9780230390096](https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230390096). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-349-39586-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-39586-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-349-39586-6")
.
- Marshall, Barbara. *Willy Brandt: A Political Biography* (1996) 184pp
- Ardagh, John (1996). *Germany and the Germans*. Penguin Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780140252668](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140252668 "Special:BookSources/9780140252668")
.
- Braunthal, Gerard (1994). *The German Social Democrats since 1969: a Party in Power and Opposition*. Westview Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780813315355](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813315355 "Special:BookSources/9780813315355")
.
- Abraham, Katharine G.; Houseman, Susan N. (1994). ["Does employment protection inhibit labor market flexibility? Lessons from Germany, France, and Belgium"](https://www.nber.org/chapters/c11255.pdf) (PDF). In Rebecca M. Blank (ed.). [*Social Protection versus Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-Off?*](https://archive.org/details/socialprotection0000unse). [University of Chicago Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press "University of Chicago Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-226-05678-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-05678-3 "Special:BookSources/0-226-05678-3")
.
- Brandt, Willy (1992). [*My Life in Politics*](https://archive.org/details/mylifeinpolitics00bran). Viking. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780670844357](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670844357 "Special:BookSources/9780670844357")
.
- Childs, David (1992). [*Germany in the Twentieth Century*](https://archive.org/details/germanyintwentie0000chil). Icon. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780064308625](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780064308625 "Special:BookSources/9780064308625")
.
- Bezelga, Artur; Brandon, Peter S. (1991). *Management, Quality and Economics in Building*. Spon. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780419174707](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780419174707 "Special:BookSources/9780419174707")
.
- [Flora, Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Flora "Peter Flora") (1986). [*Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C). Walter de Gruyter. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9783110111316](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110111316 "Special:BookSources/9783110111316")
.
- Lane, Peter (1985). [*Europe Since 1945: an Introduction*](https://archive.org/details/europesince1945i0000lane). Barnes & Noble. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780389205753](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780389205753 "Special:BookSources/9780389205753")
.
- [Dönhoff, Marion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_D%C3%B6nhoff "Marion Dönhoff") (1982). *Foe Into Friend: the Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt*. translated by [Gabriele Annan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Annan "Gabriele Annan"). Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780312296926](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312296926 "Special:BookSources/9780312296926")
.
- Kohler, Peter A.; Zacher, Hans F.; [Partington, Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Partington "Martin Partington"), eds. (1982). *The Evolution of Social Insurance 1881â1981: Studies of Germany, France, Great Britain, Austria, and Switzerland*. Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780312272852](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312272852 "Special:BookSources/9780312272852")
.
- Kellerman, Barbara. "Mentoring in political life: The case of Willy Brandt." *American Political Science Review* (1978): 422â433. [online](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1954102)
- Binder, David (1975). [*The Other German: Willy Brandt's Life & Times*](https://archive.org/details/othergermanwilly0000bind). New Republic. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780915220090](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780915220090 "Special:BookSources/9780915220090")
.
- [Miard-Delacroix, HĂ©lĂšne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Miard-Delacroix "HĂ©lĂšne Miard-Delacroix"). *Willy Brandt: Life of a statesman* (Bloomsbury, 2016).
- Potthoff, Heinrich; Miller, Susanne (2006). *The Social Democratic Party of Germany 1848â2005*. translated by Martin Kane. Dietz Verlag J. H. W. Nachf. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9783801203658](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783801203658 "Special:BookSources/9783801203658")
.
- Power, Anne (2002). *Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850*. [Taylor & Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis "Taylor & Francis"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780415089357](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415089357 "Special:BookSources/9780415089357")
.
- Pridham, Geoffrey (1977). [*Christian Democracy in Western Germany: the CDU/CSU in Government and Opposition 1945â1976*](https://archive.org/details/christiandemocra0000prid_e1w2). Croom Helm. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780856645082](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780856645082 "Special:BookSources/9780856645082")
.
- Prittie, Terence (1974). [*Willy Brandt: Portrait of a Statesman*](https://archive.org/details/willybrandtportr00prit). Schocken. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780805235616](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805235616 "Special:BookSources/9780805235616")
.
- Radice; Radice (1986). *Socialists in the Recession: the Search for Solidarity*. Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780333388464](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333388464 "Special:BookSources/9780333388464")
.
- Rother, Bernd, and Klaus Larres, eds. *Willy Brandt and International Relations: Europe, the USA and Latin America, 1974â1992* (Bloomsbury, 2018).
- SchÀfers, Bernhard (1998). *The State of Germany Atlas*. Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780415188265](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415188265 "Special:BookSources/9780415188265")
.
- Scheffer (2008). *Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain*. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781109097603](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781109097603 "Special:BookSources/9781109097603")
.
- Schewe, Dieter; Nordhorn, Karlhugo; Schenke, Klaus (1972). *Survey of Social Security in the Federal Republic of Germany*. Translated by Frank Kenny. Bonn: Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs.
- Schiek, Dagmar (2006). ["Agency work â from marginalisation towards acceptance? Agency work in EU social and employment policy and the "implementation" of the draft directive on agency work into German law"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130522000412/http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol05No10/PDF_Vol_05_No_10_1233-1257_Private_Schiek.pdf) (PDF). *[German Law Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Law_Journal "German Law Journal")*. **5** (10): 1233â1257\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S2071832200013195](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS2071832200013195). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [141058426](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141058426). Archived from [the original](http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol05No10/PDF_Vol_05_No_10_1233-1257_Private_Schiek.pdf) (PDF) on 22 May 2013.
- Schmidt, Helmut (1982). Wolfram F. Hanrieder (ed.). *Perspectives on Politics*. Westview Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780865312050](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865312050 "Special:BookSources/9780865312050")
.
- Schöllgen, Gregor (2001). *Willy Brandt. Die Biographie*. Berlin: PropylÀen. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-549-07142-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-549-07142-6 "Special:BookSources/3-549-07142-6")
.
- Schoenborn, Benedikt. *Reconciliation Road: Willy Brandt, Ostpolitik and the Quest for European Peace* (Berghahn Books, 2020). [online review](https://hdiplo.org/to/E521)
- Silvia, Stephen J.; Stolpe, Michael (2007). [*Health Care and Pension Reform*](https://web.archive.org/web/20081128115116/http://www.aicgs.org/documents/pubs/polrep30.pdf) (PDF). AICGS Policy Report. Vol. 30. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, [Johns Hopkins University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press "Johns Hopkins University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-933942-08-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933942-08-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-933942-08-7")
. Archived from [the original](http://www.aicgs.org/documents/pubs/polrep30.pdf) (PDF) on 28 November 2008.
- Sinn, Hans-Werner (2007). [*Can Germany Be Saved? The Malaise of the World's First Welfare State*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0KnP2KKdzyAC&pg=PA182). [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780262195584](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262195584 "Special:BookSources/9780262195584")
.
- Solsten, Eric (1999). *Germany: a Country Study*. Diane. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780788181795](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788181795 "Special:BookSources/9780788181795")
.
- Thelen, Kathleen Ann (1991). *Union of Parts: Labor Politics in Postwar Germany*. [Cornell University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press "Cornell University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780801425868](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801425868 "Special:BookSources/9780801425868")
.
- Tomka, BĂ©la (2004). [*Welfare in East and West: Hungarian Social Security in an International Comparison, 1918â1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f-FH0WZEGqQC&pg=PA64). Akademie-Verlag. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9783050038711](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783050038711 "Special:BookSources/9783050038711")
.
\[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
- VÀÀnÀnen, Pentti (2012). *Purppuraruusu ja samettinyrkki* (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Kellastupa. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9789525787115](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789525787115 "Special:BookSources/9789525787115")
.
- Vivekanandan, Bhagavathi. *Global Visions of Olof Palme, Bruno Kreisky and Willy Brandt: International Peace and Security, Co-operation, and Development* (Springer, 2016).
- Walker, Robert; Lawson, Roger; Townsend, Peter, eds. (1984). *Responses to Poverty: Lessons from Europe*. Associated University Presses. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-8386-3222-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3222-X "Special:BookSources/0-8386-3222-X")
.
- Williamson, John B.; Pampel, Fred C. (2002). [*Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective*](https://archive.org/details/oldagesecurityin0000will). [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780195068597](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195068597 "Special:BookSources/9780195068597")
.
- Wilsford, David, ed. (1995). [*Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: a Biographical Dictionary*](https://archive.org/details/politicalleaders00wils). Greenwood Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9780313286230](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313286230 "Special:BookSources/9780313286230")
.
- Helga Grebing, *Willy Brandt. Der andere Deutsche*. ([ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-7705-4710-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4710-4 "Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4710-4")
) (in German)
- [Mandel, Ernest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mandel "Ernest Mandel") (NovemberâDecember 1992). ["Willy Brandt and Petra Kelly"](http://newleftreview.org/I/196/ernest-mandel-petra-kelly-and-willy-brandt). *[New Left Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left_Review "New Left Review")*. **I** (196). New Left Review.
- Barbara Marshall, *Willy Brandt, A Political Biography* ([ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[0-312-16438-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16438-6 "Special:BookSources/0-312-16438-6")
)
- Nestore di Meola, *Willy Brandt raccontato da Klaus Lindenberg* ([ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[88-7284-712-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7284-712-5 "Special:BookSources/88-7284-712-5")
) (in Italian)
- Hans-Joachim Noack, *Willy Brandt, Ein Leben, Ein Jahrhundert* ([ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-87134-645-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87134-645-3 "Special:BookSources/978-3-87134-645-3")
) (in German)
The following titles are in German:
- [Egon Bahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Bahr "Egon Bahr"): *"Das musst du erzÀhlen". Erinnerungen an Willy Brandt*. PropylÀen, Berlin 2013 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-549-07422-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-549-07422-0 "Special:BookSources/978-3-549-07422-0")
.
- Lars Brandt: *Andenken*. Carl-Hanser-Verlag, MĂŒnchen 2006 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-446-20710-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-446-20710-4 "Special:BookSources/3-446-20710-4")
.
- Brigitte Seebacher-Brandt: *Willy Brandt*. Piper-Verlag, MĂŒnchen 2013 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-492-30430-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-492-30430-6 "Special:BookSources/978-3-492-30430-6")
.
- Helga Grebing: *Willy Brandt. Der andere Deutsche*. Wilhelm-Fink-Verlag, Paderborn 2008 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-7705-4710-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4710-4 "Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4710-4")
.
- Peter Hoeres: *AuĂenpolitik und Ăffentlichkeit. Massenmedien, Meinungsforschung und Arkanpolitik in den deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen von Erhard bis Brandt*. (Reihe: "Studien zur Internationalen Geschichte Bd. 32"), De Gruyter Oldenbourg, MĂŒnchen 2013.
- Gunter Hofmann: *Willy Brandt und Helmut Schmidt. Geschichte einer schwierigen Freundschaft*. Verlag C.H. Beck, MĂŒnchen 2012 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-406-63977-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-63977-7 "Special:BookSources/978-3-406-63977-7")
.
- Torsten Körner: *Die Familie Willy Brandt*. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2013, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-10-040407-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-10-040407-7 "Special:BookSources/978-3-10-040407-7")
.
- Gertrud Lenz: *Gertrud Meyer 1914â2002. Ein politisches Leben im Schatten Willy Brandt*. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2013 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-506-77569-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-77569-6 "Special:BookSources/978-3-506-77569-6")
.
- Einhart Lorenz: *Willy Brandt. Deutscher â EuropĂ€er â WeltbĂŒrger*. [Kohlhammer Verlag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag "Kohlhammer Verlag"), Stuttgart 2012 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-17-021245-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-021245-9 "Special:BookSources/978-3-17-021245-9")
.
- [Peter Merseburger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Merseburger "Peter Merseburger"): *Willy Brandt, 1913â1992. VisionĂ€r und Realist*. DVA, Stuttgart 2002, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-423-34097-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-423-34097-5 "Special:BookSources/3-423-34097-5")
.(also on 6 CDs, 2004 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-8291-1398-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8291-1398-6 "Special:BookSources/3-8291-1398-6")
.)
- Judith Michel: *Willy Brandts Amerikabild und -politik 1933â1993*. Bonn University Press im Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010.
- Horst Möller, Maurice VaĂŻsse (Hrsg.): *Willy Brandt und Frankreich*. Oldenbourg-Verlag, MĂŒnchen 2005 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[3-486-57649-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-57649-6 "Special:BookSources/3-486-57649-6")
(Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte fĂŒr Zeitgeschichte, Sondernummer).
- Albrecht MĂŒller: *Brandt aktuell â Treibjagd auf einen HoffnungstrĂ€ger*. Westend Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2013 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-86489-064-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86489-064-2 "Special:BookSources/978-3-86489-064-2")
.
- Hans-Joachim Noack: *Willy Brandt. Ein Leben, ein Jahrhundert*. Rowohlt Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2013 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-87134-645-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87134-645-3 "Special:BookSources/978-3-87134-645-3")
.
- Steffen RaĂloff (Hrsg.): *"Willy Brandt ans Fenster!" Das Erfurter Gipfeltreffen 1970 und die Geschichte des "Erfurter Hofes"*. Glaux-Verlag, Jena 2007 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-940265-05-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940265-05-0 "Special:BookSources/978-3-940265-05-0")
.
- Bernd Rother (Hrsg.): *Willy Brandts AuĂenpolitik*. Springer VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2014 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-658-02918-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-02918-0 "Special:BookSources/978-3-658-02918-0")
.
- Kai SchlĂŒter: *GĂŒnter Grass auf Tour fĂŒr Willy Brandt. Die legendĂ€re Wahlkampftour 1969*. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2011 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-86153-647-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-647-5 "Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-647-5")
.
- Jan Schönfelder; Rainer Erices: *Willy Brandt in Erfurt. Das erste deutsch-deutsche Gipfeltreffen 1970*. Christoph-Links-Verlag, Berlin 2010 [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-3-86153-568-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-568-3 "Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-568-3")
.
- [The Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation](https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062201/http://www.willy-brandt.de/en/foundation.html)
- [Willy-Brandt-Forum in Unkel](http://www.willy-brandt-forum.com/)
- [Official Biography of Willy Brandt](https://web.archive.org/web/20120322233043/http://www.bwbs.de/bwbs_biografie/index_en.html) by Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation
- [Adam Sneyd, "Brandt Commission"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060721023939/http://www.globalautonomy.ca/global1/glossary_entry.jsp?id=EV.0025) in Globalization and Autonomy Online Compendium, edited by William D. Coleman and Nancy Johnson
- [Biography of Willy Brandt](http://www.brandt21forum.info/Bio_Brandt.htm)
- [Willy Brandt and the unification of Europe](http://www.cvce.eu/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/f28057ae-f00f-4677-8327-d97d19023b80) from Center for European Studies collection
- [Ubben Lecture](http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=17907) at DePauw University
- [Appearances](https://www.c-span.org/person/?19664) on [C-SPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN")
- [Willy Brandt](https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/529) on Nobelprize.org [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2514#P8024 "Edit this at Wikidata") | |||||||||
| ML Classification | ||||||||||
| ML Categories |
Raw JSON{
"/People_and_Society": 919,
"/People_and_Society/Social_Sciences": 671,
"/People_and_Society/Social_Sciences/Political_Science": 654
} | |||||||||
| ML Page Types |
Raw JSON{
"/Article": 998,
"/Article/Wiki": 887
} | |||||||||
| ML Intent Types |
Raw JSON{
"Informational": 999
} | |||||||||
| Content Metadata | ||||||||||
| Language | en | |||||||||
| Author | null | |||||||||
| Publish Time | not set | |||||||||
| Original Publish Time | 2013-08-19 01:03:50 (12 years ago) | |||||||||
| Republished | No | |||||||||
| Word Count (Total) | 36,194 | |||||||||
| Word Count (Content) | 18,173 | |||||||||
| Links | ||||||||||
| External Links | 305 | |||||||||
| Internal Links | 4,516 | |||||||||
| Technical SEO | ||||||||||
| Meta Nofollow | No | |||||||||
| Meta Noarchive | No | |||||||||
| JS Rendered | No | |||||||||
| Redirect Target | null | |||||||||
| Performance | ||||||||||
| Download Time (ms) | 119 | |||||||||
| TTFB (ms) | 50 | |||||||||
| Download Size (bytes) | 294,513 | |||||||||
| Shard | 152 (laksa) | |||||||||
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 | |||||||||
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Willy_Brandt s443 | |||||||||