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URLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)
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War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Part of the war on terror and the Afghan conflict Clockwise from top-left: American troops in a firefight with Taliban insurgents in Kunar Province ; An American F-15E Strike Eagle dropping 2000 pound JDAMs on a cave in eastern Afghanistan; an Afghan soldier surveying atop a Humvee ; Afghan and American soldiers move through snow in Logar Province ; victorious Taliban fighters after securing Kabul ; an Afghan soldier surveying a valley in Parwan Province ; British troops preparing to board a Chinook during Operation Black Prince Date 7 October 2001 – 30 August 2021 (19 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Afghanistan [ a ] Result Taliban victory [ 32 ] Territorial changes Taliban control over Afghanistan increases compared to pre-intervention territory Belligerents Invasion (2001): United States Northern Alliance United Kingdom France Canada Italy Germany Australia New Zealand Invasion (2001): Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Taliban Haqqani network Non-state allies : Al-Qaeda 055 Brigade Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan [ 1 ] Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad [ 4 ] [ 5 ] ISAF/RS phase (2001–2021):   Islamic State of Afghanistan (2001–2002)   Afghan Transitional Authority (2002–2004)   Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021)   ISAF  (2001–2014; 51 countries) [ 6 ]  United States  United Kingdom  Canada  Germany  Australia  Italy  New Zealand   France   Turkey   Georgia (country)   Jordan   Bulgaria   Poland   Romania   Spain   Czech Republic   North Macedonia   Denmark   Armenia   Azerbaijan   Finland   Croatia   Hungary   Norway   Lithuania   Mongolia   United Arab Emirates   Belgium   Portugal   Slovakia   Netherlands   Montenegro   Latvia   Sweden   Albania   Ukraine   Bosnia–Herzegovina   Greece   Ireland   Iceland   Estonia   Austria   Malaysia   Slovenia   Colombia   Switzerland   Bahrain   El Salvador   Luxembourg   South Korea   Tonga   Singapore   Resolute Support  (2015–2021; 36 countries) [ 7 ] High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (allegedly; from 2015) [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Khost Protection Force and other pro-government paramilitaries [ 10 ] ISAF/RS phase (2001–2021):   Taliban Haqqani network [ 11 ] (from 2002)   Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent [ 12 ] Jamaat Ansarullah Taliban splinter groups Mullah Dadullah Front (from 2012) [ 13 ] Fidai Mahaz (from 2013) Supported by: Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (on and off until 2016) Islamic Jihad Union [ 14 ] [ 15 ] (from 2002) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (until 2015) Turkistan Islamic Party Lashkar-e-Jhangvi [ 16 ] Pakistani Taliban [ 17 ] Lashkar-e-Islam   Iran (alleged, but denied by Iran) [ 18 ]   Pakistan (alleged, but denied by Pakistan) [ 19 ] [ 20 ]   Russia (alleged, but denied by Russia) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ]   Saudi Arabia (alleged, but denied by Saudi Arabia) [ 24 ] [ 25 ]   Qatar (alleged by Saudi Arabia, but denied by Qatar) [ 26 ] [ 27 ]   China (alleged by the US, but denied by China) [ 28 ] [ 29 ] RS phase (2015–2021): Islamic State - Khorasan (from 2015) [ 30 ] Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (since 2015) [ 31 ] Commanders and leaders List Hamid Karzai Ashraf Ghani George W. Bush Barack Obama Donald Trump Joe Biden Donald Rumsfeld Robert Gates Leon Panetta Chuck Hagel Ash Carter Jim Mattis Mark Esper Lloyd Austin Tony Blair Gordon Brown David Cameron Theresa May Boris Johnson Geoff Hoon John Reid Desmond Browne John Hutton Robert Ainsworth Liam Fox Philip Hammond Michael Fallon Gavin Williamson Penelope Mordaunt Ben Wallace Jean ChrĂ©tien Paul Martin Stephen Harper Justin Trudeau Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel John Howard Kevin Rudd Julia Gillard Tony Abbott Malcolm Turnbull Scott Morrison Silvio Berlusconi Romano Prodi Mario Monti Enrico Letta Matteo Renzi Paolo Gentiloni Giuseppe Conte Mario Draghi Helen Clark John Key Bill English Jacinda Ardern Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr. John F. Campbell List of former ISAF Commanders List of former RS Commanders Nangialai  † [ 9 ] Abdul Manan Niazi  † [ 33 ] List Mullah Omar # Akhtar Mansour   X Hibatullah Akhundzada Obaidullah Akhund  ( POW ) # [ 34 ] [ failed verification ] Jalaluddin Haqqani # Sirajuddin Haqqani Mullah Yaqoob Abdul Ghani Baradar Osama bin Laden   X Ayman al-Zawahiri Mohammed Atef   X Asim Umar   † Muhammad Rasul Haji Najibullah [ 35 ] Shahab al-Muhajir [ 36 ] Hafiz Saeed Khan   † Mawlavi Habib Ur Rahman [ 37 ] Abdul Haseeb Logari   † Abdul Rahman Ghaleb   † Abu Saad Erhabi  † Abdullah Orokzai ( POW ) Qari Hekmat   † Mufti Nemat   Dawood Ahmad Sofi  † Mohamed Zahran  † Ishfaq Ahmed Sofi  † Strength ISAF : 130,000+ (peak strength) [ 38 ] Afghan National Defense and Security Forces : 307,947 (peak strength, January 2021) [ 39 ] Resolute Support Mission : 17,178 (peak strength, October 2019) [ 40 ] Defence contractors: 117,227 (peak strength, Q2 2012) [ 41 ] High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: 3,000–3,500 [ 42 ] Khost Protection Force : 3,000–10,000 (2018) [ 43 ]   Taliban  : 58,000–100,000 (as of February 2021) [ 44 ]   ·   Haqqani network : 4,000–15,000 (2009) [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] HIG : 1,500–2,000+ (2014) [ 48 ] al-Qaeda : c. 300 in 2016 [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] (c. 3,000 in 2001) [ 49 ] Fidai Mahaz : 8,000 (2013) [ 35 ] ISIL–KP : 3,500–4,000 (2018, in Afghanistan) [ 52 ] Casualties and losses Afghan security forces: 66,000–92,000 killed [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Northern Alliance: 200 killed [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Coalition : Dead: 3,579 United States : 2,420 [ citation needed ] United Kingdom : 457 [ 60 ] Canada : 159 France : 90 Germany : 62 Italy: 53 Others: 338 Wounded: 23,536 United States: 20,093 [ 61 ] United Kingdom: 2,188 [ 62 ] Canada: 2,071 [ b ] [ 64 ] Contractors Dead: 3,917 [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Wounded: 15,000+ [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Total killed: 73,696–99,696 Taliban insurgents : 52,893–80,000+ killed [ 65 ] [ 68 ] (2,000+ al-Qaeda fighters) [ 49 ] ISIL–KP : 2,400+ killed [ 30 ] Civilians killed: 46,319 [ 65 ] Total killed: 176,206 (per Costs of War Project ) [ 65 ] 212,191+ (per UCDP ) [ 69 ] Total killed in related insurgency in Pakistan : 66,650 [ 65 ] a The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of November 2014. [ 70 ] b The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of May 2017. [ 71 ] The War in Afghanistan was a prolonged armed conflict lasting from 2001 to 2021. It began with an invasion by a United States–led coalition under the name Operation Enduring Freedom in response to the 11 September attacks (9/11) carried out by the Taliban -allied and Afghanistan-based al-Qaeda . The Taliban were expelled from major population centers by American-led forces supporting the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance , thus toppling the Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate . In 2004, the U.S.-backed Islamic Republic was established, but by then, the Taliban, led by founder Mullah Omar , had reorganized and begun an insurgency against the Afghan government and coalition forces. The conflict ended as the 2021 Taliban offensive reestablished the Islamic Emirate. It was the longest war in United States military history , surpassing the Vietnam War by six months. Following 9/11, masterminded by al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden , American president George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban immediately extradite him to the United States and close down al-Qaeda's camps in Afghanistan; the Taliban refused and demanded evidence of bin Laden's guilt before offering to hand him over to a neutral country. The US dismissed these offers and proceeded with the invasion. After expelling the Taliban and their allies, the American-led coalition remained in Afghanistan, forming the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)—sanctioned by the United Nations —with the goal of creating a new democratic authority in the country that would prevent the Taliban from returning to power. [ 72 ] A new Afghan Interim Administration was established, and international rebuilding efforts were launched. [ 73 ] By 2003, the Taliban had reorganized and launched a widespread insurgency against the new Afghan government and coalition forces. Insurgents from the Taliban and other Islamist groups waged asymmetric warfare , fighting with guerrilla warfare in the countryside, suicide attacks against urban targets, and reprisals against perceived Afghan collaborators. By 2007, large parts of Afghanistan had been retaken by the Taliban. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] In response, the coalition sent a major influx of troops for counter-insurgency operations , with a " clear and hold " strategy for villages and towns; this influx peaked in 2011, when roughly 140,000 foreign troops were operating under ISAF command across Afghanistan. [ 76 ] An American covert operation in neighboring Pakistan led to the killing of Osama bin Laden in 2011, and NATO leaders began planning an exit strategy from Afghanistan. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] In 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and officially transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. Unable to eliminate the Taliban through military means, coalition forces (and separately, the Afghan government led by Ashraf Ghani ) turned to diplomacy to end the conflict. [ 79 ] These efforts culminated in the United States–Taliban deal in 2020, which stipulated the withdrawal of all US troops from Afghanistan by 2021. [ 80 ] In exchange, the Taliban pledged to prevent any militant group from staging attacks from Afghan territory against the US and its allies. [ 81 ] However, the Afghan government was not a party to the deal and rejected its terms. [ 82 ] Coinciding with the withdrawal of troops, the Taliban launched a broad offensive throughout the summer of 2021, successfully reestablishing their control over Afghanistan, including the capital city of Kabul on 15 August . On the same day, Ghani fled the country; the Taliban declared victory and the war was formally brought to a close. [ 83 ] By 30 August, the last American military aircraft departed from Afghanistan , ending the protracted American-led military presence in the country. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Overall, the war killed an estimated 176,000–212,000+ people, including 46,319 civilians. In addition, 66,650 people were killed in the related War in North-West Pakistan . [ 86 ] While more than 5.7 million former refugees returned to Afghanistan after the 2001 invasion, [ 87 ] by the fall of Kabul, 2.6 million Afghans remained refugees , [ 88 ] while another 4 million were internally displaced . [ 89 ] [ 90 ] This conflict from 2001 to 2021 is referred to as the war in Afghanistan, [ 91 ] in order to distinguish it from Afghanistan's various other wars, [ 92 ] notably the ongoing Afghan conflict of which it was a part, [ 93 ] and the Soviet–Afghan War . [ 94 ] From the perspective of the West , the war is divided between 2001 and 2014 (the ISAF mission), when most combat operations were performed by coalition forces, and 2015 to 2021 (the Resolute Support Mission ), when the Afghan armed forces did most of the fighting against the Taliban. The war was named Operation Enduring Freedom from 2001 to 2014 [ 95 ] and as Operation Freedom's Sentinel from 2015 to 2021 by the US. [ 96 ] Alternatively, it has been called the US war in Afghanistan. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] [ 99 ] In Afghanistan itself, the war is known as simply the "war in Afghanistan". [ 100 ] [ 101 ] [ 102 ] The military situation of the Afghan Civil War in 1996 between the Taliban (red) and the Northern Alliance (blue) Rise of the Taliban [ edit ] The Taliban emerged from religious students known as the Talib who sought to end warlordism in Afghanistan through stricter adherence to Sharia . [ 103 ] [ 104 ] In 1996, the Taliban, with military support by Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia , seized Kabul and founded the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . [ 105 ] The Taliban imposed their fundamentalist Deobandi interpretation of Islam in areas under their control, issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside the home, attend school or to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male relative. [ 106 ] According to the United Nations (UN), the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001, many of them targeting Shias and Hazaras . [ 107 ] [ 108 ] By 2001, the Taliban controlled as much as 90% of Afghanistan, with the Northern Alliance confined to the country's northeast corner. Fighting alongside Taliban forces were some 28,000–30,000 Pakistanis (usually also Pashtun ) and 2,000–3,000 al-Qaeda militants. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The 9/11 Commission in the US found that under the Taliban, al-Qaeda was able to use Afghanistan as a place to train and teach fighters, import weapons, coordinate with other jihadists , and plot terrorist actions. [ 112 ] While al-Qaeda maintained its own camps in Afghanistan , it also supported training camps of other organizations. An estimated 10,000 to 20,000 men passed through these facilities before 9/11, most of whom were sent to fight for the Taliban against the Northern Alliance. A smaller number were inducted into al-Qaeda. [ 113 ] After the 1998 US embassy bombings were linked to bin Laden, US president Bill Clinton ordered missile strikes on an al-Qaeda camp in Afghanistan. US officials pressed the Taliban to surrender bin Laden. In 1999, the international community imposed sanctions on the Taliban to motivate their extradition of him. The Taliban rebuffed these demands. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Special Activities Division paramilitary teams were active in Afghanistan in the 1990s in clandestine operations to locate and kill or capture bin Laden. These teams planned several operations but did not receive the order to proceed from Clinton. Their efforts built relationships with Afghan leaders that proved essential in the 2001 invasion. [ 114 ] 11 September attacks [ edit ] Ground Zero in New York following the September 11th attacks , September 2001 On the morning of 11 September 2001 (9/11), 19 members of al-Qaeda carried out coordinated attacks in the United States by hijacking four commercial airliners. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] The hijackers intentionally crashed two of them into the World Trade Center in New York City. The center collapsed as a result. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia . The fourth plane , which had been targeted at Washington, D.C. , crashed into a field in Pennsylvania . No one aboard the four flights survived. [ 117 ] Total deaths were 2,996, including the 19 hijackers. [ 117 ] Osama bin Laden planned and coordinated the attacks, and the US desire to hold him accountable became the casus belli for invasion. After the invasion was declared, bin Laden sought, successfully, to draw the US into an extended war similar to that fought against the Soviets. [ 118 ] : 62–64  The Taliban publicly condemned 9/11. [ 119 ] They also greatly underestimated the US' willingness to go to war. The US was mistaken in its belief that the Taliban and al-Qaeda were almost inseparable when, in fact, they had very different goals and leaders. [ 118 ] : 65–70  US ultimatum to the Taliban [ edit ] Immediately after 9/11, the US National Security Council agreed that military action would probably have to be taken against al-Qaeda and the Taliban. However, Bush decided to issue an ultimatum to the Taliban first, [ 118 ] : 54  demanding that the Taliban hand over bin Laden, "close immediately every terrorist training camp, hand over every terrorist and their supporters, and give the US full access to terrorist training camps for inspection." [ 119 ] The same day, religious scholars met in Kabul, deciding that bin Laden should be surrendered; however, Taliban founder Mullah Omar decided that "turning over Osama would only be a disgrace for us and Islamic thought and belief would be a weakness", and that the US would continue making demands after surrendering bin Laden, who he claimed was innocent. [ 118 ] : 56  The Taliban refused the ultimatum, saying that Osama bin Laden was protected by the traditional Pashtun laws of hospitality . [ 120 ] [ 121 ] In the weeks ahead and at the beginning of the US and NATO invasion of Afghanistan, the Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden's guilt but subsequently offered to hand him over to a third country if the US stopped its bombing and provided evidence of his guilt. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] A Bush administration official later stated that their demands were "not subject to negotiation" and that it was "time for the Taliban to act now." [ 124 ] Covert US military action began soon after, and the war started officially on 7 October 2001. [ 118 ] : 58  The war contained two main factions: the Coalition, which included the US and its allies (eventually supporting the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan), fighting against the Taliban, its allies, and its militias. Complicating the fight were Taliban splinter groups and other, more radical religious groups such as al-Qaeda, and later, the Islamic State . These radical groups sometimes fought for the Taliban, sometimes fought for their own goals, and sometimes fought against both the Taliban and the government. Afghanistan is a rural country; in 2020, some 80% of its 33 million people lived in the countryside. [ 118 ] : 12  This predisposes warfare to rural areas, and provides ample hiding spots for guerrilla fighters. The country also has harsh winters, which favors spring or summertime military offensives after winter lulls in fighting. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] Afghanistan is 99.7% Muslim , [ 127 ] which affected the ideology of both the Taliban and the Afghan government. Centuries of foreign invasion by non-Muslims cemented the religious nature of resisting outsiders and the Afghan identity. [ 118 ] : 17–19  Local religious leaders ( mullahs ) could influence the population as much as the government. Mullahs have traditionally been important in prescribing resistance to outsiders through calls for holy war or jihad. [ 118 ] : 23–24  Afghanistan is a largely tribal society, and this significantly influences Afghan society and politics. Tribalism is largely a source of division, unlike Islam. Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising between 38% and 50% of the population. [ 128 ] Pashtunwali , the traditional way of life for the Pashtuns, guided most tribal decision making. Tribal unity was often weak as well due to Pashtunwali's method of dealing with feuds. Traditionally, Afghan leaders have depended on tribes to keep order in rural areas because without their cooperation the state was often ineffective and weak. Afghans were more loyal to their own community and tribe, not the state, which meant that tribes would align with either the Taliban or the Government as was most beneficial. [ 118 ] : 19–22  The significant difference in power between high-tech Coalition militaries and the guerrilla Taliban led to asymmetric warfare . Owing to their roots in the anti-Soviet mujahideen , the Taliban carried on the guerrilla tactics developed in the 1980s. The mujahideen operated in small cadres of 10 to 50 men, armed with a combination of outdated and (usually looted) modern weapons. [ 118 ] : 31  The Taliban increasingly used guerrilla tactics such as suicide, car and roadside bombs ( IEDs ), and targeted assassinations. [ 129 ] By 2009, IEDs had become the Taliban's weapon of choice. [ 130 ] The Taliban also used insider attacks as the war drew on, by planting personnel in the Afghan military and police forces. [ 131 ] 2001: Invasion and early operations [ edit ] US Army Special Forces and US Air Force Combat Controllers with Northern Alliance troops on horseback in Samangan Province , 2001 Though the US officially invaded on 7 October 2001 by launching Operation Enduring Freedom, covert operations had begun several weeks earlier. Fifteen days after 9/11, the US covertly inserted members of the CIA's Special Activities Division into Afghanistan, forming the Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team. [ 132 ] They linked up with the Northern Alliance in the Panjshir Valley north of Kabul. [ 133 ] In October, twelve-man Special Forces teams began arriving in Afghanistan to work with the CIA and Northern Alliance. [ 133 ] Within a few weeks the Northern Alliance, with assistance from the US ground and air forces, captured several key cities from the Taliban. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] The Taliban retreated throughout the country, holding steady only in Kunduz Province , outmatched by US air support. By November, the Taliban had lost control of most of the country. [ 118 ] : 70–75  The US did not invade alone: it began with assistance from the UK, and eventually over a dozen more countries. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] [ 138 ] The US and its allies drove the Taliban from power and built military bases near major cities across the country. Most al-Qaeda and Taliban were not captured, escaping to neighboring Pakistan or retreating to rural or remote mountainous regions. [ 139 ] On 20 December 2001, the UN authorized an International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), with a mandate to help the Afghans maintain security in Kabul and surrounding areas. [ 140 ] Its mandate did not extend beyond the Kabul area for the first few years. [ 141 ] 18 countries contributed to the force in February 2002. The CIA created Counter-terrorism Pursuit Teams staffed by Afghans at the war's beginning. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] This force grew to over 3,000 by 2010 and was considered one of the "best Afghan fighting forces." [ 143 ] These units were not only effective in operations against the Taliban and al-Qaeda forces in Afghanistan, [ 144 ] but also expanded their operations into Pakistan. [ 145 ] Who would lead the country became an acute political question. At the Bonn Conference in December 2001, Hamid Karzai was selected to head the Afghan Interim Administration , which after a 2002 loya jirga (grand assembly) in Kabul became the Afghan Transitional Administration . The agreement provided steps that would lead to democracy for the country. [ 146 ] Shortly after the elevation of Karzai to the president on 5 December, the Taliban may have tried to seek a conditional surrender to Karzai. There are two conflicting accounts. The first is that an agreement, possibly signed by Mullah Omar, was reached wherein the Taliban would surrender in exchange for immunity. The second is that the agreement was more narrowly focused on surrendering Kandahar . Taliban sources, on the other hand, said Omar was not part of the deal, and would not surrender Kandahar. Whatever the case, the US vetoed any sort of negotiation. Omar disappeared, leaving for Pakistan or elsewhere in Afghanistan. The Taliban went into hiding, or fled to Pakistan, though many gave up arms as well. Most leaders and thousands of fighters went to Pakistan. Whether the Taliban had decided on an insurgency at this time is unknown. [ 118 ] : 74–84  Taliban fighters remained in hiding in the rural regions of four southern provinces: Kandahar , Zabul , Helmand and Uruzgan . [ 147 ] By late November, bin Laden was at a fortified training camp in Tora Bora. The Battle of Tora Bora began on 30 November. CIA teams working with tribal militias followed bin Laden there and began to call in airstrikes to clear out the mountainous camp, with special forces soon arriving in support. While the tribal militia numbered 1,000, it was not fighting eagerly during Ramadan . While the CIA requested that US Army Rangers be sent and Marines were ready to deploy, they were declined. Bin Laden was eventually able to escape at some point in December to Pakistan. [ 118 ] : 76–79  Canadian soldiers from 3PPCLI , search for al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters after an air assault, approach on an objective north of Qalati Ghilji , 2002 The invasion was a striking military success for the Coalition. Fewer than twelve US soldiers died between October and March, compared to some 15,000 Taliban killed or taken prisoner. Special forces teams and their Afghan allies had done most of the work and relatively few soldiers had been required. Karzai was a respected, legitimate, and charismatic leader. Still, Malkasian writes, the failure to capture bin Laden or negotiate with the Taliban, or include them in any way in the new government, set the course for the long war that bin Laden had dreamed of getting the US into. [ 118 ] : 86–88  In the war's early years, Pakistan had been seen as a firm ally, and little concern had been given to its support of the Taliban. Pakistan had also helped capture numerous top al-Qaeda leaders, including Khalid Sheikh Mohammed . But internally, Pakistan was providing significant funding, access to safe houses, and political support to the Taliban. Public opinion in Pakistan heavily favored the Taliban, and the US invasion was viewed very negatively. The government was in no position to expel the Taliban, lest it starts a conflict within its already fragile country. Thus the Taliban continued to use Pakistan as a base of operations and a safe haven to rebuild their strength. [ 118 ] : 129–132  2002–2005: Taliban resurgence [ edit ] Coalition mistakes, Taliban start to re-organize [ edit ] Following initial success, the US lacked an obvious goal in Afghanistan beyond the counter-terrorism objectives of finding senior Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders. Nation-building was initially opposed by the Bush administration, but as the US stayed, it slowly crept into the rationale for staying. In April 2002, Bush made a speech expressing a desire to rebuild Afghanistan. The US also sought to instill democracy and women's rights as a moral matter. The international community contributed to the development effort in Afghanistan, which focused on aid and creating institutions to run the country. US reconstruction efforts also focused on improving education, health care, and community development. The US helped create and funded a new Afghan army in early 2002. However, the army was built slowly due to competing interests and a US belief that the Taliban were no longer a strong threat. Some in the Bush administration preferred to use the Northern Alliance and warlords as the military instead of creating a new military. The army became an afterthought and was poorly trained and equipped, further enabling the Taliban. [ 118 ] : 89–105  The first attempt at a larger organization of Taliban groups after the invasion occurred in April 2002 in the country's south. A shura was established by former mid-level Taliban officials in Gardi Jangal, a refugee camp near the Helmand border. It operated in the core provinces of Kandahar, Helmand, Zabul, and Uruzgan. It was composed of 23 groups of about 50 individuals each, for a total of around 1,200. In the North Waziristan District of Pakistan, Jalaluddin Haqqani had started organizing the Haqqani network after exiling there in 2001. In early 2002, their membership was estimated at 1,400 and had a presence in Paktia Province and Khost Province in the second half of 2002 with limited activity. They were joined by members of al-Qaeda. Operation Jacana & Operation Condor , among others, tried to flush out the Taliban with varying results. [ 148 ] : 25–29  Map detailing the spread of the Taliban insurgency, 2002–2006 Some members of the Taliban reached out to Karzai to open negotiations several times between 2002 and 2004, but the US was adamantly against this, and ensured that all top Taliban leaders were blacklisted, such that the Afghan Government could not negotiate with them. Malkasian argues that negotiations with the Taliban would have been low cost, but highly effective at this stage, and attributes it to US overconfidence and hubris, and notes that all the information that the Taliban could resurge was available but ignored. [ 118 ] : 106–111  Some Taliban leaders considered joining the political process, with meetings on the issue until 2004, though these did not result in a decision to do so. [ 148 ] : 19  From 2002 to 2005, the Taliban reorganized and planned a resurgence. Pressure on Coalition forces to hunt down terrorists led to excesses and generated some popular support for the Taliban. Coalition troops would go on missions with questionable intelligence, at one point falling prey to a false tip provided by a target's political opponents. Few high-level Taliban or al-Qaeda leaders were caught. Those captured were predominantly low-level Taliban operatives who had little information on al-Qaeda. Numerous civilians were killed in operations, including a wedding which was misinterpreted as a Taliban gathering . Repeated errors by Coalition forces drove Taliban recruitment. Many Taliban leaders who had given up arms to leave peacefully, especially after being promised amnesty by Karzai, were increasingly harassed by the US and elements of the Afghan government. By 2004, most Taliban leaders in Afghanistan had fled back to Pakistan, where the remnants of the Taliban were hiding. Malkasian argues that the US provided significant momentum to the Taliban by its own missteps, especially by focusing on aggressive counter-terrorism and vengeance for 9/11. He further argues that these actions alone did not restart the conflict because the Taliban would have re-emerged regardless because of leaders like Mullah Omar and Jalaluddin Haqqani who had never put down arms. [ 118 ] : 119–123  US Army Soldiers board a helicopter in Zabul province, 2003 The Taliban undertook relatively few actions until 2005. Pamphlets by Taliban and other groups appeared in towns and the countryside in early 2003, urging Muslims to take up a holy war against Americans and other foreign troops. [ 149 ] American attention was diverted from Afghanistan when US forces invaded Iraq in March 2003 . [ 150 ] In May 2003, the Taliban Supreme Court's chief justice, Abdul Salam, proclaimed that the Taliban were back, regrouped, rearmed, and ready for guerrilla war to expel US forces from Afghanistan. [ 151 ] As the summer of 2003 continued, Taliban attacks gradually increased in frequency. Dozens of Afghan government soldiers, NGO humanitarian workers , and several US soldiers died in the raids, ambushes, and rocket attacks. Besides guerrilla attacks, Taliban fighters began building up forces in the district of Dey Chopan District in Zabul Province. The Taliban decided to make a stand there. Over the summer, up to 1,000 guerrillas moved there. Over 220 people, including several dozen Afghan police, were killed in August 2003. [ 152 ] On 11 August, NATO assumed control of ISAF. [ 153 ] Omar reorganized the movement, and in 2003, launched an insurgency against the government and ISAF. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] From the second half of 2003 and through 2004, operations intensified, with night letters followed by kidnappings and assassinations of government officials and collaborating village elders by 2005, with the former leaving villages in fear. Government schools and clinics were burned down. [ 148 ] : 34  Privately, the Taliban were preparing a grand offensive against the Coalition. It was to be several years in the making so that enough strength could be gathered. Dadullah was put in charge of it. His tactics were largely effective. He was responsible for introducing suicide bombing into wide use around 2004, as previously, suicide or taking civilian lives had only been an al-Qaeda tactic. A network of madrassas in Pakistan catering to Afghan refugees provided a steady stream of extremist recruits willing to die. [ 118 ] : 125–127  A US Navy Corpsman searches for Taliban fighters in Mihtarlam , 2005 Operation Asbury Park cleared out Taliban forces in the Dey Chopan District during summer 2004. [ 156 ] In late 2004, the then-hidden Omar announced an insurgency against America and the transitional Afghan government forces to "regain the sovereignty of our country." [ 157 ] The 2004 Afghan presidential election was a major target of the Taliban, though only 20 districts and 200 villages elsewhere were claimed to have been successfully prevented from voting. Karzai was elected president of the country, now named the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan . [ 148 ] : 40  The US started using drone strikes in Pakistan in 2004, starting along the Federal Tribal Areas against Taliban and al-Qaeda militants. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] In June and July 2005, US Navy Seals carried out Operation Red Wings as a joint military operation in Kunar Province . The mission intended to disrupt local Taliban led by Ahmad Shah , hopefully bringing stability and facilitating the Afghan Parliament elections scheduled for September 2005 . The operation had one survivor, and left 19 dead. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ] Operation Whalers would finish the job several weeks later. Taliban activity dropped significantly and Shah was seriously wounded. Shah was not able to undertake any significant operations subsequent to Operation Whalers in Kunar or neighboring provinces. [ 161 ] [ 163 ] The Taliban regained control over several villages in the south by the end of 2005, as villages were frustrated with the lack of government help, and hoped life would be better under the Taliban. Years of planning were coming to fruition for the Taliban. By comparison, the Government was in a very weak position. The police were deeply underfunded, and the average district had only 50 officers. Some districts had no Government presence at all. Most of the country's militias (with a strength of ~100,000) had been demobilized due to international pressure to create an army, but it was still weak. Combined with an increase in tribal feuding, the conditions were perfect for a Taliban comeback. [ 118 ] : 134–136  2006–2007: Escalating war [ edit ] As insurgent attacks in the country reportedly grew fourfold between 2002 and 2006, [ 164 ] by late 2007 Afghanistan was said to be in "serious danger" of falling into Taliban control despite the presence of 40,000 ISAF troops. [ 165 ] An Apache helicopter provides protection from the air, Lwar Kowndalan in Kandahar, 2005 From January 2006, a multinational ISAF contingent started to replace US troops in southern Afghanistan. The UK formed the core of the force, along with Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and Estonia. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 169 ] [ 170 ] In January 2006, NATO's focus in southern Afghanistan was to form Provincial Reconstruction Teams . Local Taliban figures pledged to resist. [ 171 ] Since Canada wanted to deploy in Kandahar, the UK got Helmand province. Helmand was a center of poppy production, so it seemed a good region for the anti-narcotic focused UK. However, Pashtun Helmandis had never forgotten the 1880 Battle of Maiwand with the British, and it proved a source of significant resistance from them. [ 118 ] : 138–142  Local intelligence suggested that the Taliban were going to wage a brutal campaign in the summer of 2006. Coalition generals sent this info up the chain of command, but decision-makers ignored warnings. The US was distracted in Iraq, and Secretary of State Rumsfeld was more interested in making the Afghan army affordable than effective. Of the 70,000 soldiers the Afghan army was supposed to have, only 26,000 had been trained and retained. [ 118 ] : 138–142  Swedish Army medic in the Mazar-e Sharif region, 2006 Spring and summer action in 2006 by the Coalition included Operation Mountain Thrust , Operation Medusa , a Dutch/Australian offensive , the Battle of Panjwaii , Operation Mountain Fury and Operation Falcon Summit . The Coalition achieved tactical victories and area denial, but the Taliban were not completely defeated. On 29 May 2006, a US military truck that was part of a convoy in Kabul lost control and plowed into civilian vehicles, killing one person and injuring six. The surrounding crowd got angry and a riot arose, ending with 20 dead and 160 injured. When stone-throwing and gunfire had come from a crowd of some 400 men, the US troops had used their weapons "to defend themselves" while leaving the scene, a US military spokesman said. A Financial Times reporter suggested that this was the outbreak of "a ground swell of resentment" towards foreigners that had been growing since 2004. [ 172 ] [ 173 ] UK actions in early 2007 included Operation Volcano , Operation Achilles , and Operation Lastay Kulang . The UK Ministry of Defence also announced its intention to bring British troop levels in the country up to 7,700. [ 174 ] In March 2007, the US deployed some 3,500 more troops, though deployment was slow due to American priorities in Iraq. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] In the first five months of 2008, US troops in Afghanistan increased by over 80%, with a surge of 21,643 more troops—26,607 in January to 48,250 in June. [ 177 ] On 4 March 2007, US Marines allegedly killed at least 12 civilians and injured 33 in Nangarhar, [ 178 ] in a response to a bomb ambush. [ 179 ] The 120 member Marine unit responsible for the attack were ordered to leave the country because the incident damaged the unit's relations with the local population. [ 180 ] Development of ISAF troop strength from 2007 to 2015 During the summer, NATO forces achieved tactical victories at the Battle of Chora in OrĆ«zgān, where Dutch and Australian ISAF forces were deployed. The Battle of Musa Qala took place in December. Afghan units were the principal fighting force, supported by British forces. [ 181 ] Taliban forces were forced out of the town. In 2007, Western analysts estimated the strength of Taliban forces at about 10,000 fighters fielded at any given time. Of that number, only 2,000 to 3,000 were highly motivated, full-time insurgents. [ 182 ] The rest were volunteer units, made up of young Afghans, angered by deaths of Afghan civilians in military airstrikes and American detention of Muslim prisoners who had been held for years without being charged. [ 183 ] In 2007, more foreign fighters came into Afghanistan than ever before, according to officials. Approximately 100 to 300 full-time combatants were foreigners, many from Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Chechnya . They were reportedly more violent, and uncontrollable, often bringing superior video-production or bomb making expertise. [ 184 ] By 2010, the Taliban had as many as 25,000 dedicated soldiers, almost as many as before 9/11. [ 185 ] General McChrystal, newly appointed as US commander in Afghanistan, said that the Taliban had gained the upper hand. In a continuation of the Taliban's usual strategy of summer offensives, [ 186 ] the militants aggressively spread their influence into north and west Afghanistan and stepped up their attack in an attempt to disrupt presidential polls. [ 187 ] He added that the US strategy was to stop their momentum, and focus on protecting and safeguarding Afghan civilians, calling it "hard work." [ 188 ] 2008–2009: NATO build-up, Pakistan skirmishes, and Karzai re-election [ edit ] On 13 June 2008, Taliban fighters demonstrated their ongoing strength, freeing all prisoners in Kandahar jail. The operation freed 1200 prisoners, 400 of whom were Taliban, causing a major embarrassment for NATO. [ 189 ] By the end of 2008, the Taliban apparently had severed remaining ties with al-Qaeda. [ 190 ] According to US officials, perhaps fewer than 100 members of al-Qaeda remained in Afghanistan. [ 191 ] In summer 2008, Bush authorized raids against militants in Pakistan. Pakistan said it would not allow foreign forces onto its territory, and would protect its sovereignty. [ 192 ] In September, it stated that it had issued orders to fire upon US soldiers who crossed the border. [ 193 ] Also in September, Bush announced 8,000 troops would withdraw from Iraq, and an increase of up to 4,500 troops in Afghanistan. [ 194 ] The same month, the UK lost its 100th serviceperson. [ 195 ] On 3 September, US commandos landed by helicopter and attacked three houses close to a known enemy stronghold in Pakistan. Pakistan condemned the attack as "a gross violation of Pakistan's territory." [ 196 ] [ 197 ] On 6 September, in an apparent reaction, Pakistan announced an indefinite disconnection of supply lines to NATO forces. [ 198 ] A further split occurred when Pakistani soldiers fired on NATO aircraft which had crossed the border on 25 September. [ 199 ] However, despite tensions, the US increased its drone attacks in Pakistan's border regions , in particular the Federal Tribal Areas and Balochistan ; by 2009, drone attacks were up 183% since 2006. [ 200 ] US Army 10th Mountain Division Soldiers medically evacuating in Nuristan, Province, 2009 By 2009 there was broad agreement in Afghanistan that the war should end, but how it should happen was a major issue for the candidates of the 2009 Afghan presidential election that re-elected Karzai. [ 201 ] In a televised speech after being elected, Karzai called on "our Taliban brothers to come home and embrace their land" [ 202 ] and laid plans to launch a loya jirga . Efforts were undermined by the Obama administration 's increase of American troops in the country. [ 203 ] Karzai reiterated in January 2010 that he wanted to reach out to the Taliban to lay down arms. [ 204 ] US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton cautiously supported the proposal. [ 205 ] January 2009 brought a change in American leadership, with the inauguration of President Barack Obama . That month, US soldiers, alongside Afghan Federal Guards, moved into the provinces of Logar , Wardak , and Kunar. The troops were the first wave of an expected surge of reinforcements originally ordered by Bush and increased by Obama. [ 206 ] In mid-February 2009, it was announced that 17,000 additional troops would be deployed in two brigades and support troops; the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade of about 3,500 and the 5th Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division , a Stryker brigade with about 4,000. [ 207 ] ISAF commander General David McKiernan had called for as many as 30,000 additional troops, effectively doubling the number of troops. [ 208 ] On 23 September, a classified assessment by McChrystal included his conclusion that a successful counterinsurgency strategy would require 500,000 troops and five years. [ 209 ] A US Army Soldier and an Afghan interpreter in Zabul, 2009 Pakistani drone strikes against Taliban and al-Qaeda militants increased substantially under Obama. [ 210 ] Some in the media referred to the attacks as a "drone war." [ 211 ] [ 212 ] In August 2009, Baitullah Mehsud , the leader of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan was killed in a drone strike. [ 213 ] June 2009 brought Operation Strike of the Sword in Helmand. [ 214 ] It followed a British-led operation named Operation Panther's Claw in the same region, which was aimed to secure various canal and river crossings to establish a long-term ISAF presence. [ 215 ] On 4 September 2009, during the Kunduz Province Campaign a devastating NATO air raid was conducted southwest of Kunduz, where Taliban fighters had hijacked civilian supply trucks, killing up to 179 people, including over 100 civilians. [ 216 ] Russian made Mil Mi-8 chopper landing at Forward Operating Base Airborne to deliver mail and supplies, 2009 After Karzai's alleged win of 54% in 2009, which would prevent a runoff, over 400,000 Karzai votes had to be disallowed after accusations of fraud. Some nations criticized the elections as "free but not fair." [ 217 ] [ 218 ] The Taliban's claim that the over 135 violent incidents disrupted elections was largely disputed. However, the media was asked to not report any violent incidents. [ 219 ] In southern Afghanistan, where the Taliban held the most power, voter turnout was low and sporadic violence was directed at voters and security personnel. [ 220 ] The Taliban released a video days after the elections, filming on the road between Kabul and Kandahar, stopping vehicles and asking to see their fingers (voters were marked by dipping their fingers in ink so they could not double vote). The video went showed ten men who had voted, listening to a Taliban militant. The Taliban pardoned the voters because of Ramadan . [ 221 ] The Taliban attacked towns with rockets and other indirect fire. Amid claims of widespread fraud, both top contenders, Karzai and Abdullah Abdullah , claimed victory. Reports suggested that turnout was lower than in the prior election. [ 218 ] On 26 November, Karzai made a public plea for direct negotiations with the Taliban leadership, saying there was an "urgent need" for negotiations and made it clear that the Obama administration had opposed such talks. There was no formal US response. [ 222 ] [ 223 ] In December 2009, an attack on Forward Operating Base Chapman , used by the CIA to gather information and to coordinate drone attacks against Taliban leaders, killed eight working for the CIA. [ 224 ] On 1 December 2009, Obama announced that the US would send 30,000 more troops. [ 225 ] Antiwar organizations in the US responded quickly, and American cities saw protests on 2 December. [ 226 ] Many protesters compared the decision to the expansion of the Vietnam War under Lyndon B. Johnson . [ 227 ] 2010–2011: Strategic agreements and death of Bin Laden [ edit ] Deployment of additional US troops continued in early 2010, with 9,000 of the planned 30,000 in place before the end of March and another 18,000 expected by June. [ 228 ] The surge in troops supported a sixfold increase in Special Forces operations. [ 229 ] The surge of American personnel that began in late 2009 ended by September 2012. [ 230 ] 700 airstrikes occurred in September 2010 alone versus 257 in all of 2009. [ 231 ] UK service members of the Royal Air Force Regiment stop on a road while conducting a combat mission near Kandahar Airfield, 2010 Due to increased use of IEDs by insurgents, the number of injured Coalition soldiers, mainly Americans, significantly increased. [ 232 ] Beginning in May 2010, NATO special forces began to concentrate on operations to capture or kill specific Taliban leaders. As of March 2011, the US military claimed that the effort had resulted in the capture or killing of more than 900 low- to mid-level Taliban commanders. [ 233 ] [ 234 ] Overall, 2010 saw the most insurgent attacks of any year since the war began, peaking in September at more than 1,500. [ 235 ] In February 2010, Coalition and Afghan forces began highly visible plans for an offensive, codenamed Operation Moshtarak , on a Taliban stronghold near the village of Marjah . [ 236 ] The "Peace Jirga" was held in Kabul, attended by 1,600 delegates, in June 2010. However, the Taliban and the Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin , who were both invited by Karzai as a gesture of goodwill did not attend the conference. [ 237 ] The Taliban's co-founder and then-second-in-command, Abdul Ghani Baradar , was one of the leading Taliban members who favored talks with the US and Afghan governments. Karzai's administration reportedly held talks with Baradar in February; however, later that month, Baradar was captured in a joint US-Pakistani raid in Karachi , Pakistan. The arrest infuriated Karzai and invoked suspicions that he was seized because the Pakistani intelligence community was opposed to Afghan peace talks. [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Karzai started peace talks with Haqqani Network groups in March. [ 240 ] An Australian service light armored vehicle drives through Tangi Valley , 2011 In 2010, the Obama administration decided to allow possible political negotiations to solve the war. [ 241 ] The Taliban themselves had refused to speak to the Afghan government, portraying them as an American "puppet." Sporadic efforts for peace talks between the US and the Taliban occurred afterward, and it was reported in October that Taliban leadership commanders (the " Quetta Shura ") had left their haven in Pakistan and been safely escorted to Kabul by NATO aircraft for talks, with the assurance that NATO staff would not apprehend them. [ 242 ] After the talks concluded, it emerged that the leader of this delegation, who claimed to be Akhtar Mansour , the second-in-command of the Taliban, was actually an imposter who had duped NATO officials. [ 243 ] On 25 July 2010, the release of 91,731 classified documents from the WikiLeaks organization was made public. The documents cover US military incident and intelligence reports from January 2004 to December 2009. [ 244 ] Some of these documents included sanitized, and "covered up", accounts of civilian casualties caused by Coalition Forces . The reports included many references to other incidents involving civilian casualties like the Kunduz airstrike and Nangar Khel incident . [ 245 ] The leaked documents also contain reports of Pakistan collusion with the Taliban. According to Der Spiegel , "the documents clearly show that the Pakistani intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is the most important accomplice the Taliban has outside of Afghanistan." [ 246 ] On 2 May 2011, US officials announced that bin Laden had been killed in Operation Neptune Spear , conducted by the US Navy SEALs in Abbottabad , Pakistan. [ 247 ] Pakistan came under intense international scrutiny after the raid. The Pakistani government denied that it had sheltered bin Laden, and said it had shared information with the CIA and other intelligence agencies about the compound since 2009. [ 248 ] The 2011 Battle of Kandahar was part of an offensive that followed a 30 April announcement that the Taliban would launch their spring offensive. [ 249 ] On 7 May, the Taliban launched a major offensive on government buildings in Kandahar. [ 250 ] The BBC called it "the worst attack in Kandahar Province since [2001], and an embarrassment for the [Afghan] government." [ 251 ] Karzai confirmed in June 2011 that secret talks were taking place between the US and the Taliban, [ 252 ] but these collapsed by August. [ 253 ] A German Bundeswehr soldier, part of ISAF's Regional Command North at Camp Marmal , 2011 On 22 June 2011, Obama announced that 10,000 troops would be withdrawn by the end of the year, and an additional 23,000 troops would return by the summer of 2012. After the withdrawal of 10,000 US troops, 80,000 remained. [ 254 ] In 2011, Canada withdrew its combat troops, transitioning to a training role. Following suit, other NATO countries announced troop reductions. Taliban attacks continued at the same rate as they did in 2011, around 28,000 in 2013. [ 255 ] Tensions between Pakistan and the US increased in late September 2011, after several Pakistan Frontier Corps soldiers were killed and wounded. The troops were attacked by a US piloted aircraft that was pursuing Taliban forces near the Afghan-Pakistan border, but for unknown reasons, opened fire on two Pakistan border posts. In retaliation, Pakistan closed the Torkham ground border crossing to NATO supply convoys for an unspecified period. This incident followed the release of a video allegedly showing uniformed Pakistan soldiers executing unarmed civilians. [ 256 ] After the border closing, Pakistani Taliban attacked NATO convoys, killing several drivers, and destroying around 100 tankers. [ 257 ] ISAF forces skirmished Pakistan's armed forces on 26 November, killing 24 Pakistani soldiers. Each side claimed the other shot first. Pakistan blocked NATO supply lines and ordered Americans to leave Shamsi Airfield . [ 258 ] [ 259 ] 2012–2013: US troop incidents, Obama-Karzai meetings [ edit ] US Army Soldiers walk by local Afghan boys during a patrol in Gardez , 2012 Beginning in January 2012 , incidents involving US troops [ 260 ] [ 261 ] [ 262 ] [ 263 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] occurred that were described by The Sydney Morning Herald as "a series of damaging incidents and disclosures involving US troops in Afghanistan." [ 260 ] These incidents fractured the partnership between Afghanistan and ISAF, [ 266 ] raised the question whether discipline within US troops was breaking down, [ 267 ] undermined "the image of foreign forces in a country where there is already deep resentment owing to civilian deaths and a perception among many Afghans that US troops lack respect for Afghan culture and people" [ 268 ] and strained relations between Afghanistan and the US . [ 261 ] [ 262 ] Besides an incident involving US troops who posed with body parts of dead insurgents and a video apparently showing a US helicopter crew blasting a group of Afghan men with a Hellfire missile, [ 268 ] [ 269 ] these "high-profile US military incidents in Afghanistan" [ 264 ] also included the 2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests and the Panjwai shooting spree . US Army soldiers boarding a Black Hawk in Nari District , near the Pakistani border, 2012 Karzai visited the US in January 2012. At the time, the US stated its openness to withdrawing all of its troops by the end of 2014. [ 270 ] Karzai and Obama agreed to transfer combat operations from NATO to Afghan forces by spring 2013 rather than summer 2013. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] "What's going to happen this spring is that Afghans will be in the lead throughout the country", Obama said. "They [ISAF forces] will still be fighting alongside Afghan troops...we will be in a training, assisting, advising role." [ 272 ] He also stated the reason of the withdrawals that "We achieved our central goal, or have come very close...which is to de-capacitate al-Qaeda" and making sure that "they can't attack us again." [ 273 ] He added that any US mission beyond 2014 would focus solely on counterterrorism operations and training. [ 273 ] [ 274 ] In 2012, the leaders of NATO-member countries endorsed an exit strategy during the NATO Summit. [ 146 ] ISAF Forces would transfer command of all combat missions to Afghan forces by the middle of 2013, [ 275 ] while shifting from combat to advising, training and assisting Afghan security forces . [ 276 ] [ 277 ] Most of the 130,000 ISAF troops would depart by the end of December 2014, [ 275 ] and a new NATO mission would then assume the support role. [ 276 ] [ 278 ] Troops from the 31st and 33rd Kandak, Afghan National Army, execute a departure for Operation Valley Flood, 2012 Further attempts to resume talks were canceled in March 2012 [ 279 ] and June 2013, following a dispute between Afghanistan and the Taliban regarding the latter's opening of a political office in Qatar . Karzai accused the Taliban of portraying themselves as a government-in-exile . [ 280 ] On 2 May 2012 , Karzai and Obama signed a strategic partnership agreement between the two countries, after the latter had arrived unannounced in Kabul. [ 281 ] On 7 July, as part of the agreement, the US designated Afghanistan a major non-NATO ally after Karzai and Clinton met in Kabul. [ 282 ] Both leaders agreed that the US would transfer Afghan prisoners and prisons to the Afghan government [ 272 ] [ 283 ] and withdraw troops from Afghan villages in spring 2013. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] On 18 June 2013, the transfer of security responsibilities from NATO to Afghan forces was completed. [ 285 ] ISAF remained slated to end its mission by the end of 2014. [ 286 ] Some 100,000 ISAF forces remained in the country. [ 287 ] 2014–2015: Withdrawal and increase of insurgency [ edit ] Resolute Support Colors presented at Kabul on 28 December 2014, after the ISAF colors are encased The UK and the US officially ended their combat operation in Afghanistan on 26 October 2014. The UK handed over its last base in Afghanistan, Camp Bastion , and the US handed over its last base, Camp Leatherneck , to Afghan forces. [ 288 ] Around 500 UK troops remained in "non-combat" roles. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] On 28 December, NATO officially ended combat operations in a ceremony held in Kabul. [ 291 ] Continued operations by US forces within Afghanistan were under Operation Freedom's Sentinel ; [ 292 ] and the new NATO mission was Operation Resolute Support . [ 293 ] The withdrawal of troops did not mean the withdrawal of military presence. As US troops withdrew from Afghanistan, they were replaced by military contractors hired by the US and UN. Many of these contractors consisted of ex-Coalition military personnel. This allowed the US and British to continue to be involved in ground actions without the requirement to station their own forces. [ 294 ] The Taliban began a resurgence due to several factors. The withdrawal of most foreign forces from Afghanistan reduced the risk the Taliban faced of being bombed and raided. In June 2014, Pakistan launched Operation Zarb-e-Azb in the North Waziristan tribal area, and dislodged thousands of mainly Uzbek, Arab, and Pakistani militants, who flooded into Afghanistan and swelled the Taliban's ranks. The group was further emboldened by the relative lack of interest from the international community, as attention was given to crises in Syria , Iraq , and Ukraine . Afghan security forces lacked, among other things, air power and reconnaissance. The political infighting in Kabul, and the apparent weakness in governance at different levels, were exploited by the Taliban. [ 295 ] The Taliban expanded governance in the areas under their control, attempting to build local-level legitimacy. [ 296 ] Their governance strategy rested in particular on the provision of justice, which was often viewed as less corrupt than the courts of the government. [ 297 ] [ 298 ] Heavy fighting occurred in Kunduz Province, [ 299 ] [ 300 ] which was the site of clashes from 2009 onwards . In May 2015, flights into the Kunduz city were suspended due to weeks of clashes between the Afghan security forces and the Taliban outside the city. [ 301 ] The intensifying conflict in the Northern Char Dara District within Kunduz Province led the Afghan government to enlist local militia fighters to bolster opposition to the Taliban insurgency. [ 302 ] In June, the Taliban intensified attacks around Kunduz city as part of a major offensive to try and capture it; [ 303 ] [ 304 ] [ 305 ] tens of thousands of inhabitants were displaced internally. The government recaptured the Char Dara district after roughly a month of fighting. [ 306 ] In late September, Taliban forces launched an attack on Kunduz city, seizing outlying villages and entering the city. The Taliban stormed the regional hospital and clashed with security forces at the nearby university. The fighting saw the Taliban attack from four different districts: Char Dara to the west, Aliabad to the southwest, Khanabad to the east, and Imam Saheb to the north. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] The Taliban took the Zakhel and Ali Khel villages on the highway leading south, which connects the city to Kabul and Mazar-e Sharif through Aliabad district. They reportedly made their largest gains in the southwest of Kunduz, where some armed local communities had started supporting the Taliban. [ 307 ] Taliban fighters had allegedly blocked the route to the airport, to prevent civilians fleeing the city. [ 309 ] One witness reported that the headquarters of the National Directorate of Security was set on fire. [ 310 ] In January 2015, the Islamic State caliphate (IS) established a branch in Afghanistan called Khorasan (ISIS-K), and began recruiting fighters [ 311 ] and clashing with the Taliban. [ 312 ] [ 313 ] It was created after pledging allegiance to the self-assumed worldwide caliph Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi . [ 314 ] On 18 March, Hafiz Wahidi, IS' replacement deputy Emir in Afghanistan, was killed by the Afghan Armed Forces, along with 9 other IS militants accompanying him. [ 315 ] US Army soldier in Nangarhar Province, 2015 In 2015, the Taliban began an offensive that took over parts of Helmand Province. By June, they had seized control of Dishu and Baghran killing 5,588 Afghan government security forces (3,720 of them were police officers). [ 316 ] By the end of July, the Taliban had overrun Nawzad District [ 317 ] and on 26 August, the Taliban took control of Musa Qala . [ 318 ] In October, Taliban forces had attempted to take Lashkar Gah , the capital of Helmand province. The Afghan 215th Corps and special operations forces launched a counteroffensive against the Taliban in November, [ 319 ] Whilst the assault was repelled, Taliban forces remained dug into the city's suburbs as of December 2015. [ 320 ] On 22 June 2015, the Taliban detonated a car bomb outside the National Assembly in Kabul, and attacked the building with assault rifles and RPGs . [ 321 ] [ 322 ] The bombing highlighted differences within the Taliban in their approach to peace talks. [ 323 ] [ 324 ] In July 2015, Pakistan hosted the first official peace talks between Taliban representatives and the Afghan government. The US and China attended the talks brokered by Pakistan in Murree as two observers. [ 325 ] In January 2016, Pakistan hosted a round of four-way talks with Afghan, Chinese and American officials, but the Taliban did not attend. [ 326 ] The Taliban did hold informal talks with the Afghan government in 2016. [ 327 ] China's reason for the negotiation was that Afghan security situation affected its own separatist groups, and economic activity with Pakistan. The Taliban declined. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 11 November 2015, it was reported that in Zabul Province, Taliban fighters loyal to the new Taliban leader Mullah Akhtar Mansoor fought a pro-IS splinter faction of the Taliban led by Mullah Mansoor Dadullah. Even though Dadullah's faction enjoyed the support of foreign IS fighters, including Uzbeks and Chechens, Mansoor's loyalists reportedly had the upper hand. According to a Zabul Province official, more than 100 militants from both sides were killed in the conflict. [ 330 ] The infighting stifled peace talks. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] The infighting caused Mansour to be consumed with a campaign to quell dissent against his leadership; this led Sirajuddin Haqqani , then-chief of the Haqqani Network, to be selected as the deputy leader of the Taliban in summer 2015. Sirajuddin and other Haqqani leaders increasingly ran the Taliban's day-to-day military operations, notably organizing urban terrorist attacks, and building a complex international fundraising network. They also appointed Taliban governors, and began uniting the Taliban. As a result, the Haqqani Network, mostly autonomous until then, became deeply integrated with the Taliban, and grew in influence within the insurgency. Tensions with the Pakistani military grew because American and Afghan officials accused them of sheltering the Haqqanis as a proxy group. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] TAAC-E advisers in 2015 December 2015 saw a renewed Taliban offensive in Helmand focused on the town of Sangin . The Sangin district fell to the Taliban on 21 December after fierce clashes that killed more than 90 soldiers in two days. [ 335 ] It was reported that 30 members of the SAS , alongside 60 US special forces operators, joined the Afghan Army in the battle to retake parts of Sangin from Taliban insurgents. [ 336 ] In addition, about 300 US troops and a small number of British remained in Helmand to advise Afghan commanders at the corps level. [ 337 ] [ 338 ] Senior American commanders said that the Afghan troops in the province had lacked effective leaders, as well as the necessary weapons and ammunition to hold off persistent Taliban attacks. Some Afghan soldiers in Helmand had fought in tough conditions for years without getting to see their families, causing poor morale and high desertion. [ 337 ] Peace movements started arising in Afghanistan, including the Tabassum movement in 2015, the Enlightenment Movement during 2016–17, Uprising for Change in 2017, and the People's Peace Movement in 2018. 2016–2017: Collapse of peace talks, emergence of Islamic State [ edit ] In January 2016, the US government granted the Pentagon new legal authority for a US offensive against ISIS-K-affiliated militants, following the State Department designating IS in Afghanistan and Pakistan as a foreign terrorist organization. The number of militants started with around 60 or 70, with most of them coming over the Pakistani border, but eventually [ when? ] ranged between 1,000 and 3,000 militants. [ 339 ] They were mainly defectors from the Afghan and the Pakistani Taliban, and were generally confined to Nangarhar Province , and partially, Kunar Province. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] In early February 2016, Taliban insurgents renewed their assault on Sangin, after previously being repulsed in December 2015, launching many strong attacks on Afghan government forces earlier in the month. As a result, the US sent troops from the 2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment , and 10th Mountain Division to prop up the Afghan 215th Corps in Helmand Province, particularly around Sangin, joining US special ops forces already in the area. [ 341 ] [ 342 ] [ 343 ] [ 344 ] [ 345 ] On 14 March 2016, Khanneshin District in Helmand Province fell to the Taliban; and district by district, Afghan troops were retreating back to urban centers in Helmand. [ 329 ] [ 345 ] In early April 2016, 600 Afghan troops launched a major offensive to retake Taliban-occupied areas in and around Sangin. [ 346 ] An Afghan army offensive to retake the town of Khanisheen was repelled by the Taliban, and desertions in the army were rife. [ 347 ] Despite US airstrikes, militants besieged Lashkar Gah, reportedly controlling all roads leading to the city and areas a few kilometres away. The US stepped up airstrikes in support of Afghan ground forces. Afghan forces in the city were reported as "exhausted", whilst police checkpoints around the capital were falling one by one. Meanwhile, the Taliban sent a new elite commando force into Helmand called " Sara Khitta " in Pashto. [ 348 ] [ 349 ] [ 350 ] Afghan security forces repelled attacks by Taliban fighters encroaching on Chah-e-Anji nearby Lashkar Gah; Afghan special forces backed by US airstrikes battled increasingly well-armed and disciplined Taliban militants. An Afghan special forces commander said: "The Taliban have heavily armed, uniformed units that are equipped with night vision and modern weapons." [ 351 ] On 10 March 2016, officials said that the Taliban clashed with a Taliban splinter group (led by Muhammad Rasul) in the Shindand district of Herat , and up to 100 militants were killed. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] In April 2016, Afghan president Ashraf Ghani ended his' governments failing effort to start peace talks with the Taliban. [ 352 ] Additionally, due to the integration of Haqqani Networks into the Taliban leadership, it would become harder for peace talks to take place. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] Although leader of the Taliban, Haibatullah Akhundzada , said a peace agreement was possible if the Kabul government renounced its foreign allies. [ 353 ] On 23 July 2016, Afghan and US forces began an offensive to clear Nangarhar Province of IS militants hours after the Kabul bombing . The operation was dubbed "Wrath of the Storm", involving both Afghan regular army and special forces, and was the Afghan army's first major offensive that summer. The estimated size of ISIS-K in January 2016 was around 3,000, but by July, it had dropped to around 1,000 to 1,500, with 70% of its fighters coming from the TTP. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] [ 356 ] As of July 2016, at least an estimated 20% of Afghanistan was under Taliban control, with southernmost Helmand Province as a major stronghold, [ 357 ] while General John Nicholson stated that Afghan Armed Forces' casualties had risen 20% compared to 2015. [ 354 ] On 22 August, the US announced that 100 US troops were sent to Lashkar Gah to help prevent the Taliban from overrunning it, in what Brigadier General Charles Cleveland called a "temporary effort" to advise Afghan police. [ 358 ] On 22 September 2016, the Afghan government signed a draft peace deal with Hezb-i-Islami. [ 359 ] [ 360 ] Green Berets of the 10th SFG memorialize two comrades who were killed in action during the Battle of Boz Qandahari in 2016 On 31 December 2016, the Taliban continued their assault on the province with attacks on Sangin and Marjah districts. [ 361 ] Some estimated suggest the Taliban had retaken more than 80% of Helmand province. [ 362 ] In early January 2017, the Marine Corps Times reported that Afghan forces sought to rebuild, following an exhausting 2016 fighting season; 33 districts, spread across 16 Afghan provinces, were under insurgent control whilst 258 were under government control and nearly 120 districts remained "contested." [ 362 ] The Afghan army reportedly had about 169,000 soldiers, but in 2016, suffered a 33% attrition rate—a 7% increase from 2015. [ 362 ] In early March 2017, American and Afghan forces launched Operation Hamza to "flush" ISIS-K from its stronghold in eastern Afghanistan, engaging in regular ground battles. [ 363 ] In April 2017, a NATO spokesman said that Afghan and international forces had reduced ISIS-K controlled territory in Afghanistan by two-thirds, and had killed around half their fighters in two years. Since the beginning of 2017, 460 airstrikes against terrorists (with drone strikes alone killing more than 200 IS militants); he added that the affiliate had an estimated 600–800 fighters in two eastern Afghan provinces. [ 364 ] On 23 March 2017, Sangin district was captured by the Taliban, as they had overrun the district center of the town of Sangin. During the earlier phase of the war, almost a quarter of British casualties were caused by fighting for the town, while more recently hundreds of Afghan troops died defending it. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] On 29 April, the US deployed an additional 5,000 Marines to southern Helmand Province. [ 367 ] USAF pilots fly a CH-47 Chinook in Nangarhar, 2017 On 21 April 2017, the Taliban attacked Camp Shaheen near Mazar-e-Sharif, killing over 140 Afghan soldiers. [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] On 15 September 2017, it was reported that the CIA was seeking authority to conduct its own drone strikes in Afghanistan and other war zones, according to current and former intelligence and military officials, and that the change in authority was being considered by the White House as part of the new strategy despite concerns by the Pentagon. [ 371 ] On 19 September, the Trump administration deployed another 3,000 US troops to Afghanistan, adding to the roughly 11,000 US troops already there. [ 372 ] On 4 October, Defense Secretary Jim Mattis approved a change in rules of engagement as part of the new strategy so that there was no longer a requirement for US troops to be in contact with enemy forces in Afghanistan before opening fire. [ 373 ] On 20 November 2017, General Nicholson announced that US and Afghan airstrikes were targeting Taliban-run drug production facilities in Afghanistan, under a new strategy aimed at cutting off Taliban funding, saying that the latter was "becoming a criminal organization" that was earning about $200 million a year from drug-related activities. Ghani strongly endorsed the airstrikes. [ 374 ] 2018–2019: Peace overtures [ edit ] Map showing the war as of January 2019 In January 2018, the Taliban were openly active in 70% of the country (being in full control of 14 districts and have an active and open physical presence in a further 263) and IS was more active in the country than ever before. Following recent attacks by the Taliban (including the Kabul ambulance bombing on 27 January) and IS that killed scores of civilians, U.S. president Donald Trump and Afghan officials decided to rule out any talks with the Taliban. [ 375 ] However, on 27 February, following an increase in violence, Ghani proposed unconditional peace talks with the Taliban, offering them recognition as a legal political party and the release of the Taliban prisoners. The offer was the most favorable to the Taliban since the war started. It was preceded by months of national consensus building, which found that Afghans overwhelmingly supported a negotiated end to the war. [ 376 ] [ 377 ] Two days earlier, the Taliban had called for talks with the US. [ 378 ] On 27 March, a conference of 20 countries in Tashkent , Uzbekistan , backed the Afghan government's peace offer. [ 379 ] The Taliban did not publicly respond. Following Ghani's offer of unconditional peace talks with the Taliban, a growing peace movement arose in Afghanistan during 2018, particularly following a peace march by the People's Peace Movement , [ 380 ] which the Afghan media dubbed the "Helmand Peace Convoy." [ 381 ] [ 382 ] The marchers walked several hundred kilometers from Lashkar Gah in Helmand Province, through Taliban-held territory, [ 383 ] to Kabul. There, they met Ghani, and held sit-in protests outside the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) and nearby embassies. [ 384 ] Their efforts inspired further movements in other parts of Afghanistan. [ 385 ] Following the march, Ghani and the Taliban agreed a mutual, unprecedented, ceasefire during Eid al-Fitr celebrations in June. During the ceasefire, Taliban members flocked into Kabul, where they communicated with locals and state security forces. Creating a mood of both hope and fear, many civilians welcomed the Taliban and spoke about peace. [ 386 ] Although civilians called for the ceasefire to be made permanent, the Taliban rejected an extension and resumed fighting after the ceasefire ended on 18 June, while the Afghan government's ceasefire ended a week later. [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] US, British and Afghan security forces train together in an aerial reaction force exercise at Camp Qargha in Kabul, 2018 American officials secretly met members of the Taliban's political commission in Qatar in July 2018. [ 390 ] In September 2018, Trump appointed Zalmay Khalilzad as special adviser on Afghanistan in the US State Department, with the stated goal of facilitating an intra-Afghan political peace process. [ 391 ] Khalilzad led further talks between the US and the Taliban in Qatar in October. [ 392 ] Russia hosted a separate peace talk in November between the Taliban and officials from Afghanistan's High Peace Council. [ 393 ] The talks in Qatar resumed in December, [ 394 ] though the Taliban refused to allow the Afghan government to be invited, [ 395 ] considering them a puppet government of the US. [ 396 ] The Taliban spoke with Afghans, including Karzai, in Moscow in February 2019, but again these talks did not include the Afghan government. [ 397 ] In July 2018, the Taliban carried out the Darzab offensive and captured Darzab District, following the surrender of ISIS-K to the Afghan government. In August, the Taliban launched a series of offensives. The largest was the Ghazni offensive , in which the Taliban assaulted the major city of Ghazni for several days, but eventually retreated. [ 398 ] [ 399 ] On 25 January 2019, Ghani said that more than 45,000 members of the Afghan security forces had been killed since he became president in 2014. He also said that there had been fewer than 72 international casualties during the same period. [ 400 ] A January 2019 report by the US estimated that 53.8% of Afghan districts were government control or influence, with 33.9% contested, and 12.3% under insurgent control or influence. [ 401 ] On 30 April 2019, Afghan government forces undertook clearing operations directed against both ISIS-K and the Taliban in eastern Nangarhar Province, after the two groups fought for more than a week over multiple villages in an area of illegal talc mining. The National Directorate of Security claimed 22 ISIS-K fighters were killed and two weapons caches destroyed, while the Taliban claimed Afghan forces killed seven civilians. [ 402 ] On 28 July, Ghani's running mate Amrullah Saleh 's office was attacked by a suicide bomber and a few militants. At least 20 people were killed; Saleh and 49 others were injured. [ 403 ] By August, the Taliban controlled more territory than at any point since 2001. [ 404 ] Peace negotiations between the US and the Taliban failed in September. [ 405 ] On 25 February 2019, peace talks began between the Taliban and the US in Qatar, with Abdul Ghani Baradar notably present. [ 396 ] Peace negotiations had resumed in December. [ 406 ] This round of talks resulted in a seven-day partial ceasefire which began on 22 February 2020. [ 407 ] 2020: US–Taliban deal, beginning of US withdrawal [ edit ] US representative Zalmay Khalilzad (left) and Taliban representative Abdul Ghani Baradar (right) sign the Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan on 29 February 2020 On 29 February 2020, the US and the Taliban signed a conditional peace deal in Doha , Qatar, [ 408 ] that called for a prisoner exchange within ten days and was supposed to lead to US troops withdrawal from Afghanistan within 14 months. [ 81 ] [ 409 ] However, the Afghan government was not a party to the deal, and, in a press conference the next day, Ghani criticized the deal for being "signed behind closed doors." He said the Afghan government had "made no commitment to free 5,000 Taliban prisoners", and that such an action "is not the United States' authority", but rather Afghanistan's. [ 410 ] [ 411 ] [ 82 ] [ 412 ] After signing the agreement with the US, the Taliban resumed offensive operations against the Afghan army and police on 3 March, conducting attacks in Kunduz and Helmand provinces. [ 413 ] On 4 March, the US retaliated by launching an air strike against Taliban fighters in Helmand. [ 414 ] Despite the peace agreement between the US and the Taliban, insurgent attacks against Afghan security forces reportedly surged in the country. In the 45 days after the agreement (1 March to 15 April), the Taliban conducted more than 4,500 attacks in Afghanistan, which showed an increase of more than 70% as compared to the same period in the previous year. [ 415 ] More than 900 Afghan security forces were killed in the period, up from about 520 in the same period a year earlier. Because of a significant reduction in the number of offensives and airstrikes by Afghan and US forces against the Taliban due to the agreement, Taliban casualties dropped to 610 in the period down from about 1,660 in the same period a year earlier. [ 415 ] Meanwhile, ISIS-K continued to be a threat on its own, killing 32 people in a mass shooting in Kabul on 6 March, [ 416 ] killing 25 Sikh worshippers in Kabul on 25 March, [ 417 ] and a series of attacks in May most notably killing 16 mothers and newborn babies in Kabul. [ 418 ] On 31 March 2020, a three-person Taliban delegation arrived in Kabul to discuss the release of prisoners, [ 419 ] [ 420 ] the first Taliban representatives to officially visit Kabul since 2001. [ 419 ] On 7 April, the Taliban departed from the prisoner swap talks, which Taliban spokesman Suhail Shaheen said was unsuccessful. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] Shaheen tweeted hours later that the Taliban's negotiating team was recalled from Kabul. [ 422 ] The Taliban failed to secure the release of any of the 15 commanders they sought to be released. [ 421 ] Arguments over which prisoners to swap resulted in a delay of the planned prisoner swap. [ 421 ] After a long delay due to disputes regarding prisoners' releases, the Afghan government had by August released 5,100 prisoners, [ 423 ] and the Taliban had released 1,000. [ 424 ] However, the Afghan government refused to release 400 prisoners that the Taliban requested be freed, as the prisoners were accused of serious crimes. [ 425 ] Ghani also said he lacked the constitutional authority to release them, so he convened a loya jirga from 7 to 9 August to discuss the issue. [ 426 ] The jirga agreed to free the 400. [ 425 ] Talks between the Afghan government and the Taliban began in Doha on 12 September. [ 427 ] On 22 June, Afghanistan reported its "bloodiest week in 19 years", during which 291 members of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) were killed and 550 others wounded in 422 attacks carried out by the Taliban. At least 42 civilians, including women and children, were also killed and 105 others wounded. [ 428 ] During the week, the Taliban kidnapped 60 civilians in central Daikundi Province . [ 429 ] 2021: End of US withdrawal, last Taliban offensive [ edit ] The Taliban insurgency intensified considerably in 2021 coinciding with the withdrawal of US and allied troops from Afghanistan . [ 430 ] Since the US withdrawal, the number of casualties of women in the Afghanistan conflict rose by almost 40% in the first quarter of 2021 alone. [ 431 ] On 6 March, Ghani expressed that his government would negotiate peace with the Taliban, discussing with them about holding new elections, and forming a government in a democratic manner. [ 432 ] On 13 April, the Joe Biden administration in the US announced that it would withdraw its remaining 2,500 troops from Afghanistan by 11 September. [ 433 ] The US also reiterated support for the Afghan government regarding a possible Taliban military victory. [ 434 ] A map of Afghanistan showing the 2021 Taliban offensive The Taliban began its last major offensive on 1 May, culminating in the fall of Kabul , a Taliban victory, and the end of war. [ 435 ] [ 436 ] [ 437 ] In the first three months of the offensive, the Taliban made significant territorial gains in the countryside, increasing the number of districts it controlled from 73 to 223. [ 438 ] On 5 July, the Taliban announced their intention to present a written peace plan to the Afghan Government in August, but as of 13 August, this had not been done. [ 439 ] [ 440 ] Sources claimed that on 12 August, Abdullah Abdullah, the Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation, handed in a plan titled "exiting the crisis" which was shared with the Taliban; it called for the creation of a "joint government." [ 441 ] The Taliban gained control of various towns throughout June and July. On 6 August, they captured the first provincial capital of Zaranj . Over the next ten days, they swept across the country, capturing capital after capital. On 14 August, Mazar-i-Sharif was captured as commanders Rashid Dostum and Atta Nur fled across the border to Uzbekistan, cutting Kabul's vital northern supply route. [ 442 ] On 15 August, Jalalabad fell, cutting the only remaining international route through the Khyber Pass . [ 442 ] By noon, Taliban forces advanced from the Paghman district reaching the gates of Kabul; Ghani discussed the city's protection with security ministers, while sources claimed a unity peace agreement with the Taliban was imminent. However, Ghani was unable to reach top officials in the interior and defense ministries, and several high-profile politicians had already hurried to the airport. By 2 p.m., the Taliban had entered the city facing no resistance; the president soon fled by helicopter from the Presidential Palace , and within hours, Taliban fighters were pictured at Ghani's desk in the palace. [ 443 ] With the virtual collapse of the republic, the war was declared over by the Taliban on the same day. [ 444 ] Taliban fighters in Kabul, 17 August 2021 As the Taliban seized control, the need to evacuate populations vulnerable to the Taliban, including the interpreters and assistants who had worked with the coalition forces, ethnic minorities, and women, became urgent. For more than two weeks, international diplomatic, military and civilian staff, as well as Afghan civilians, were airlifted out the country from Hamid Karzai International Airport . On 16 August, Major General Hank Taylor confirmed that US air strikes had ended at least 24 hours earlier and that the US military's focus would be to maintain security at the airport as evacuations continued. [ 445 ] The final flight, a US Air Force C-17, departed on 30 August, [ 446 ] marking the end of America's longest war. [ 85 ] [ 447 ] [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Victims of the Narang night raid that killed at least 10 Afghan civilians, December 2009 According to the Costs of War Project , the war killed 46,319 Afghan civilians in Afghanistan. However, the death toll is possibly higher due to unaccounted deaths by "disease, loss of access to food, water, infrastructure, and/or other indirect consequences of the war." [ 86 ] The Physicians for Social Responsibility , Physicians for Global Survival and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians were killed as a result of fighting in Afghanistan by all parties in the conflict. [ 450 ] More than 80,000 Taliban fighters were killed. [ 68 ] The majority of civilian casualties were attributed to anti-government elements each year, though the figure varied from 61% to 80%, with the average hovering around 75% due to the Taliban and other anti-government elements. [ 451 ] [ 452 ] [ 453 ] [ 454 ] [ 455 ] UNAMA started publishing civilian casualty figures in 2008. These figures attributed about 41% of civilian casualties to government-aligned forces in 2008, dropping to about 18% in 2015. [ 456 ] Civilian deaths caused by non-Afghan Coalition forces were low later in the war after most foreign troops were withdrawn and the coalition shifted to airstrikes. For example, in 2015, pro-government forces caused 17% of civilian deaths and injuries – including US and NATO troops, which were responsible for only 2% of the casualties. [ 457 ] 2016 had a similar 2% figure. Civilian deaths were higher as well in the latter part of the war, with 2015 and 2016 both consecutively breaking the record of annual civilian deaths. [ 458 ] A prospective study of injuries caused by anti-personnel IEDs was reported in BMJ Open . It showed the injuries to be far worse with IEDs than with landmines , causing multiple limb amputations and lower body mutilation. [ 459 ] In an accompanying press release , BMJ considered the anti-personnel IED to cause 'superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering'. Use of weapons that cause superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering is considered a war crime. [ 460 ] Foreign donated clothing being handed out by an Afghan civil officer to children at a refugee camp, 2011 Millions of Afghans have been internally displaced or become refugees as a result of decades of conflict in Afghanistan since 1979. From 2002 to 2012, more than 5.7 million former refugees returned to Afghanistan, increasing the country's population by 25%. [ 461 ] [ 462 ] 2.6 million Afghans remained refugees in 2021 when the Taliban took over, [ 88 ] [ 463 ] while another 4 million were internally displaced . [ 88 ] Following the Taliban takeover, over 122,000 people were airlifted abroad from Kabul airport, during the evacuation from Afghanistan , including Afghans, American citizens, and other foreign citizens. [ 464 ] War crimes have been committed by both sides including civilian massacres, bombings of civilian targets, terrorism, use of torture and the murder of prisoners of war . Additional common crimes include theft, arson, and destruction of property not warranted by military necessity . The Taliban committed war crimes including massacres, suicide bombing, anti-personnel IED use, terrorism, and targeting civilians (such as using human shields ). [ 465 ] [ 466 ] As of 2011, the Taliban was responsible for 3 ⁄ 4 of all civilian deaths in the war in Afghanistan. [ 467 ] [ 468 ] UN reports consistently blamed the Taliban and other anti-government forces for the majority of civilian deaths in the conflict. [ 458 ] [ 451 ] [ 469 ] Other crimes include mass rape and executing surrendered soldiers. [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Afghan boy murdered on 15 January 2010 by a group of US Army soldiers called the Kill Team War crimes committed by the Coalition, Afghan security forces, and Northern Alliance included massacres, prisoner mistreatment, carpet bombing villages [ 472 ] , [ unreliable source? ] and killings of civilians. Amnesty International accused the Pentagon of covering up evidence related to war crimes, torture and unlawful killings in Afghanistan. [ 473 ] Notable incidents include the Dasht-i-Leili massacre , [ 474 ] Bagram torture and prisoner abuse , [ 475 ] Kandahar massacre, [ 476 ] among others. In 2020, the International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan formally commenced, investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by all parties in Afghanistan since 1 May 2013. [ 477 ] In 2023, the UK launched a public inquiry to investigate reports of alleged unlawful killings by UKSF personnel during the war in Afghanistan. [ 478 ] In 2000, Afghanistan accounted for an estimated 75% of the world's opium supply, [ 479 ] which was the Taliban's largest source of revenue through taxes on opium exports. [ 480 ] However, in July 2000, Mullah Omar banned all opium cultivation, cutting the opium harvest by 94%. [ 481 ] Observers said this was an attempt to gain international recognition , raise opium prices and increase profit from the sale of large existing stockpiles. [ 480 ] During and after the 2001 invasion, the US allied with powerful Pashtun warlords who had been involved in drug smuggling in the country’s south-east. According to historian Alfred McCoy , this meant that when the Taliban was overthrown, "the groundwork had already been laid for the resumption of opium cultivation and the drug trade on a major scale." [ 482 ] Ahmed Wali Karzai , the younger brother of Hamid Karzai, was allegedly a prominent drug trafficker and on the CIA payroll, though he denied this. [ 483 ] [ 484 ] In 2008, the New York Times reported that despite credible reports of his involvement in the trade, these were not investigated by the US government. [ 485 ] By 2005, Afghanistan was producing 90% of the world's opium. [ 486 ] By 2018, the US had spent $8.6 billion since 2002 to stop Afghanistan's drug trade. A 2021 report estimated that the Taliban earned 60% of their revenue from the trade, while UN officials estimated more than $400 million was earned by the Taliban between 2018 and 2019, however other experts estimated that the Taliban earned at most $40 million annually. [ 487 ] In 2010, Peter Dale Scott , citing UN estimates, stated that the Taliban's share of the Afghan opium trade was far smaller than that belonging to supporters of Karzai's government. [ 488 ] Between 2004 and 2015, the CIA ran a covert program in an attempt to reduce the opium trade in Afghanistan by dropping specially developed poppy seeds that would produce plants containing almost none of the chemicals used to make heroin. [ 489 ] After the Fall of Kabul, the opium trade initially boomed. [ 490 ] The Taliban outlawed opium production again in 2022 during the poppy harvest. The ban also came in the middle of a major economic crisis. [ 491 ] [ 492 ] A 2023 UN report estimated that poppy cultivation in Afghanistan had dropped by over 95% removing the country from its place as the world's largest opium producer and being replaced by the Chin State and Sagaing Region of Myanmar. [ 493 ] [ 494 ] NATO's failure to secure Afghanistan [ edit ] Observers have argued that the mission in Afghanistan was hampered by a lack of agreement on objectives, a lack of resources, lack of coordination, too much focus on the central government at the expense of local and provincial governments, and too much focus on the country instead of the region. [ 495 ] Failures of the NATO-led coalition efforts to end the Afghanistan insurgency include systematic failures to build institutional and governance structures, as US policy prioritized counterterrorism. Government forces in Afghanistan likewise became too financially dependent on Western powers, unable to build an independent governing system in rural areas. [ 496 ] Environment and drug trade [ edit ] Climate change significantly instability in Afghanistan and strengthened the Taliban. In 2021, more than 60% of the Afghan population depended on agriculture, and Afghanistan was the sixth most vulnerable country to climate change in the world, according to the UN Environment Program and Afghanistan's National Environmental Protection Agency. The Taliban used resentment over government inaction to climate change-induced drought and flooding to strengthen its support and Afghans were able to earn more money supporting the Taliban than from farming. [ 497 ] Despite efforts to eradicate poppy, Afghanistan remained the world's largest producer of illicit opiate by the end of the war. The Taliban profited at least tens of millions of dollars from opium and heroin annually as of 2018. [ 498 ] Early mistakes and the US' other war [ edit ] Journalist Jason Burke notes "strategic mistakes by the US and allies in the immediate aftermath of the 2001 invasion" as being a reason why the war went on for so long. He also noted "missed early opportunities" to "construct a stable political settlement." [ 499 ] Steve Coll believes that "No small part of NATO's ultimate failure to stabilize Afghanistan flowed from the disastrous decision by George W. Bush to invade Iraq in 2003. ... The Taliban's comeback, America's initial inattention to it, and the attraction for some Afghans and Pakistanis of the Taliban's ideology of national resistance under Islamic principles—all these sources of failure cannot be understood in isolation from the Iraq War." Coll further notes that neither the Bush nor the Obama administrations achieved consensus on key questions such as the relative importance of nation-building versus counterterrorism, whether the stability of Afghanistan took priority over that of Pakistan, or the role of the drug trade, although "the failure to solve the riddle of ISI and to stop its covert interference in Afghanistan became ... the greatest strategic failure of the American war." [ 500 ] Domestic corruption and politics [ edit ] Presidents Hamid Karzai and Barack Obama in 2009 In 2009, Afghanistan was ranked as the world's second most-corrupt country. [ 501 ] A lengthy report by SIGAR, and other findings, found that spiraling corruption in Afghanistan during the 2000s was not halted by the US. During this time, many elite figures in the country had effectively become kleptocrats, while ordinary Afghans were struggling. [ 498 ] It has been argued that the restoration of monarchy in Afghanistan should not have been vetoed, as this may have provided stability to the country. [ 502 ] [ 503 ] [ 504 ] [ 505 ] Influence of non-NATO actors [ edit ] Pakistan played a central role in the conflict. A 2010 report stated that the ISI had an "official policy" of supporting the Taliban. [ 506 ] "Pakistan appears to be playing a double-game of astonishing magnitude", the report states. [ 506 ] Regarding the Afghan War documents leak, Der Spiegel wrote that "the documents clearly show that [Pakistan's ISI] is the most important accomplice the Taliban has outside of Afghanistan." [ 507 ] Amrullah Saleh, the former director of Afghanistan's intelligence service, stated, "We talk about all these proxies [Taliban, Haqqanis] but not the master of proxies, which is the Pakistan army. ... They want to gain influence in the region." [ 508 ] Just as when they funded the Afghan mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War, Pakistan's objective was to ensure that Afghanistan is friendly to their interests, and provide "geopolitical depth in any future conflict with India." [ 509 ] In the war, Iran and the Taliban formed ties Russian assistance to "bleed" the American force. Iran and Russia, emboldened by their alliance in the Syrian civil war , initiated a 'proxy war' in Afghanistan against the US. The Taliban received economic support from Dubai, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. Pakistan gave economic support and encouraged increased Iran-Taliban ties. [ 510 ] China quietly expanded its influence. Since 2010, China had signed mining contracts with Kabul [ 511 ] and is building a military base in Badakhshan to counter regional terrorism (from the ETIM ). [ 512 ] China donated billions of dollars in aid over the years to Afghanistan, which plays a strategic role in the Belt and Road Initiative . [ 512 ] Additionally, after 2011, Pakistan expanded its economic and military ties to China as a hedge against dependency on the US. Coll observes that "Overall, the war left China with considerable latitude in Central Asia, without having made any expenditure of blood, treasure, or reputation." [ 513 ] Misleading the American public [ edit ] In 2019, The Washington Post published 2,000 pages of government documents, mostly transcripts of interviews with more than 400 key figures involved in prosecuting the war. According to the Post and The Guardian , the documents (dubbed the Afghanistan Papers ) showed that US officials consistently and deliberately misled the American public about the unwinnable nature of the conflict, [ 514 ] and some commentators and foreign policy experts subsequently drew comparisons to the release of the Pentagon Papers. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] Foreign support for the Taliban [ edit ] The Taliban's victory was aided by Pakistan. Although Pakistan was a major US ally before and after the 2001 invasion, elements of its military and intelligence services have, for decades, maintained strong ties with Taliban militants, and this support helped the insurgency in Afghanistan. [ 516 ] [ 517 ] For example, the Haqqani Network had strong support from the ISI. [ 516 ] Taliban leaders found a safe haven in Pakistan; they lived there, doing business, earning funds, and receiving medical care. [ 516 ] [ 517 ] Some elements of the Pakistani establishment sympathized with Taliban ideology, and many Pakistan officials considered the Taliban as an asset against India . [ 516 ] [ 517 ] After 9/11, Iranian forces led by Qassem Soleimani initially cooperated, secretly, with American officials against al-Qaeda and the Taliban, but that cooperation ended after Bush's " axis of evil " speech" on January 29, 2002, which labeled Iran a state sponsor of terror and threat to regional peace. Afterwards, Iran became increasingly hostile to American forces in the region. [ 138 ] Terrorism analyst Antonio Giustozzi wrote: "Both the Russians and the Iranians helped the Taliban advance at a breakneck pace in May–August 2021. They contributed to funding and equipping them, but perhaps even more importantly they helped them by brokering deals with parties, groups, and personalities close to either country, or even both. [...] The Revolutionary Guards helped the Taliban's advance in western Afghanistan, including by lobbying various strongmen and militia commanders linked to Iran not to resist the Taliban." [ 518 ] A US marine interacting with Afghan children in Helmand Province In November 2001, the CNN reported widespread relief amongst Kabul's residents after the Taliban fled the city, with young men shaving off their beards and women taking off their burqas. [ 519 ] Later that month, BBC reporter Kate Clark said that "almost all women in Kabul are still choosing to veil" but that many felt hopeful that the ousting of the Taliban would improve their safety and access to food. [ 520 ] A 2006 WPO opinion poll found that the majority of Afghans endorsed America's military presence, with 83% of Afghans stating that they had a favorable view of the US military forces in their country. Only 17% gave an unfavorable view. 82% of Afghans, among all ethnic groups including Pashtuns, stated that the overthrowing of the Taliban was a good thing. However, the majority of Afghans held negative views on Pakistan and most Afghans also stated that they believe that the Pakistani government was allowing the Taliban to operate from its soil. [ 521 ] A 2015 survey by Langer Research Associates found that 80% of Afghans believed it was a good thing for the US to overthrow the Taliban in 2001. More Afghans blamed the Taliban or al-Qaeda for the country's violence (53%) than those who blame the US (12%). [ 522 ] A 2019 survey by The Asia Foundation found that 13.4% of Afghans had sympathy for the Taliban, while 85.1% of respondents had none. 88.6% of urban residents had no sympathy, compared to 83.9% of rural residents. [ 523 ] 22 June 2007 demonstration in QuĂ©bec City against the Canadian military involvement in Afghanistan International public opinion [ edit ] In October 2001, polls indicated that about 88% of Americans and about 65% of Britons backed military action. [ 524 ] An Ipsos-Reid poll conducted between November and December 2001 showed that majorities in Canada (66%), France (60%), Germany (60%), Italy (58%), and the UK (65%) approved of US airstrikes while majorities in Argentina (77%), China (52%), South Korea (50%), Spain (52%), and Turkey (70%) opposed them. [ 525 ] In 2008, there was a strong opposition to the war in Afghanistan in 21 of 24 countries surveyed. Only in the US and Great Britain did half the people support the war, with a larger percentage (60%) in Australia. [ 526 ] Of the seven NATO countries in the survey, none showed a majority in favor of keeping NATO troops in Afghanistan – one, the US, came close to a majority (50%). Of the other six NATO countries, five had majorities of their population wanting NATO troops removed from Afghanistan as soon as possible. [ 526 ] A 2011 Pew Research Center poll showed little change in American views, with about 50% saying that the effort was going very well or fairly well and only 44% supporting NATO troop presence in Afghanistan. [ 527 ] Protests, demonstrations and rallies [ edit ] The war was the subject of large protests around the world , starting in the days leading up to the invasion, and every year since. Many protesters considered the bombing and invasion of Afghanistan to be unjustified aggression. [ 528 ] Dozens of organizations held a national march for peace in Washington, D.C., on 20 March 2010. [ 529 ] Formation of the Taliban government and international recognition [ edit ] Taliban fighters at a market in Kabul, September 2021. A vendor selling Islamic Emirate flags can be seen. On 7 September 2021, an interim government headed by Mohammad Hassan Akhund as Prime Minister was declared by the Taliban. [ 530 ] Continuing conflict [ edit ] Despite the fall of the Republican government and the complete Taliban takeover of the country, conflict continued in Afghanistan into 2025 in multiple forms including by republican groups and terrorist groups opposed to the Taliban. This poses significant challenges to their rule and the stability of the country. The presence of terrorist groups against or allied with the Taliban also invites the possibility of foreign military action against those groups or the Taliban government if it is deemed to provide these groups with safe haven. [ 531 ] Republican insurgency [ edit ] One remaining Republican holdout operating in Panjshir Valley, which had not been taken by Taliban forces up to that point, was defeated in mid-September 2021, and the resistance leaders reportedly fled to neighboring Tajikistan. [ 532 ] However, fighting between Taliban and pro-republican forces continued in other provinces. Several regions had become the site of a guerrilla campaign by early 2022. [ 533 ] As of October 2022, at least 14 armed anti-Taliban resistance groups, including the National Resistance Front , Afghanistan Freedom Front , Supreme Resistance Council , Freedom Uprising , [ 534 ] are active in Afghanistan. Terrorist groups and terrorism against the Taliban government [ edit ] The Taliban promised in the 2020 Doha Agreement to cut ties with al-Qaeda and to discontinue providing a safe haven for terrorist groups. While it has taken significant action to suppress hostile groups and make other groups fall in line, multiple armed groups (including al-Qaeda) continue to operate in Afghanistan. The relationship between these groups and the Taliban is not uniform, with some opposing Taliban rule through military action. [ 535 ] [ 531 ] [ 536 ] Islamic State activity [ edit ] By 2014, ISIS-K became the largest and strongest terror group active in Afghanistan, [ 531 ] with the Taliban viewing them as the primary threat to their rule. [ 535 ] Following the 2021 Kabul airport attack conducted by the group, the US said it could work with the Taliban to fight against IS as part of the International military intervention against IS . [ 537 ] Other active armed groups [ edit ] Various other armed groups besides ISIS-K and Republican groups operate in Afghanistan. Since the Taliban takeover, some Taliban-allied groups are serving specific roles for the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. [ 538 ] Some of them include: Haqqani Network A highly organized and connected group that has over time become a Taliban element. The group has been tasked with matters of internal security in Kabul [ 538 ] or beyond [ 539 ] after the city was seized. Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent (AQIS) The regional al-Qaeda branch, which is allied to the Taliban. Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) A group-collective with low cohesion operating along the Afghan-Pakistan border in resistance to the current Pakistani state. Its leader formally pledged allegiance to Taliban (who publicly rejected it), groups under TTP have variously pledged allegiance to the Islamic State instead. The group had fractured and recombined many times creating both short- and long-lived splinters that make statements on allegiance difficult. [ 540 ] Jundullah A former TTP affiliate that now pledges allegiance to the IS. [ 541 ] Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan (TJP) Claims to be an independent group but is accused of being a TTP front for either avoiding public condemnation or to enable to continue attacks in Pakistan while shielding the Taliban from Pakistani accusations of sheltering TTP militants. [ 542 ] [ 543 ] Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) A group looking to establish an Islamic state in East-Central Asia and Xinjiang. They have a cordial relationship with the Taliban, but the Taliban seem to have made efforts to remove them from the Chinese border region to not upset China. [ 544 ] Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) Some time after the original IMU was absorbed into ISIS-K in mid-2015 a faction using the group's name appeared. The new group has signaled loyalty to al-Qaeda and the Taliban while opposing the Islamic State. [ 545 ] Jamaat Ansarullah (JA) An Islamic-nationalist group opposed to the government of Tajikistan. They are tasked with border security on the Afghan-Tajik border. [ 546 ] Taliban action to counter domestic threats [ edit ] The Taliban have made major efforts to suppress hostile groups and to make rogue elements fall in line. The Taliban's first method of combating rogue elements was to publicly downplay any threats while crushing them with brute force, including collective punishment, ethnic and religious profiling, arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killings. The Taliban have since recognized how such methods can be counterproductive to the stability and legitimacy of their government, and have since experimented with approaches such as disarmament and reconciliation. The more soft-handed methods includes the transfer of personnel to prevent feuds, releasing prisoners in cooperation with tribal leaders, and enlisting religious scholars to dissuade people from violent resistance. [ 531 ] They have also again offered amnesty to their former opponents to cooperate and not fight them in order to rebuild the state and its institutions and security apparatus. [ 531 ] The Taliban killed or forcibly disappeared more than 100 former members of the Afghan security forces in the three months after the takeover in the provinces of Ghazni, Helmand, Kandahar, and Kunduz. The Taliban identified targets for arrest and execution through intelligence operations and access to employment records that were left behind. Former members of the security forces were also killed by the Taliban within days of registering with them to receive a letter guaranteeing their safety. [ 547 ] Abandonment of Afghan allies [ edit ] As many as 150,000 Afghans who assisted the US remained in Afghanistan, including individuals who worked closely with US forces. [ 548 ] Hundreds of former Afghan special forces who fought alongside British troops in Afghanistan have been barred from resettling in the UK. [ 549 ] [ 550 ] One former UK Special Forces officer stated that "At a time when certain actions by UK Special Forces are under investigation by a public inquiry , their headquarters also had the power to prevent former Afghan Special Forces colleagues and potential witnesses to these actions from getting safely to the UK." [ 551 ] Humanitarian crisis [ edit ] Following the Taliban takeover, western nations suspended humanitarian aid, and the World Bank and International Monetary Fund also halted payments to Afghanistan. [ 552 ] [ 553 ] The Biden administration froze about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central banks , blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts. [ 554 ] By October 2021, more than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute food shortage. [ 555 ] By November, Afghanistan was facing widespread famine due to collapsed economy and broken banking system. [ 553 ] World leaders pledged $1.2 billion in humanitarian aid to Afghanistan. [ 554 ] In December, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted a US-proposed resolution to help aid reach desperate Afghans, while seeking to keep funds out of Taliban hands. [ 556 ] In August 2022, UN humanitarian chief Martin Griffiths warned about Afghanistan's deepening poverty, with 6 million people at risk of famine. He stated that conflict, poverty, climate shocks, and food insecurity "have long been a sad reality" in Afghanistan, but almost a year after the Taliban takeover, halt to large-scale development aid have made the situation critical. [ 557 ] In 2025, the second Trump administration froze foreign aid and cut funding to the US Agency for International Development (USAID), adversely affecting the humanitarian crisis. 40% of the country's humanitarian health facilities closed or suspended operations as a result. The Trump administration stated that no one had died as a result of aid cuts. CNN disputed this, with one pediatrician in Afghanistan telling them that the infant mortality rate had increased by 3 to 4%. 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University of Arizona Libraries. 1991. doi : 10.2458/azu_acku_pamphlet_ds371_2_w45_w37_1991 . ^ Gall, Carlotta (5 August 2017). "In Afghanistan, US Exits, and Iran Comes In" . The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2019 . ^ Lee, Carol E.; Kube, Courtney (2 August 2017). "Trump says US losing war, compares Afghanistan to NYC restaurant consultant" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 8 June 2019 . Retrieved 10 June 2019 . ^ a b Ramachandran, Sudha (20 June 2018). "Is China Bringing Peace to Afghanistan?" . The Diplomat . Archived from the original on 4 July 2019 . Retrieved 10 June 2019 . ^ Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan . Penguin Group . pp.  559– 560, 663. ISBN   978-0-14-313250-9 . ^ a b Beaumont, Peter (9 December 2019). "Afghanistan papers reveal US public were misled about unwinnable war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 December 2019 . ^ Whitlock, Craig (9 December 2019). "The Afghanistan Papers: A Secret History of the War" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 9 December 2019 . ^ a b c d "Pakistan's hand in the Taliban's victory" . Washington Post . Washington, D.C. 18 August 2021 . Retrieved 27 August 2021 . ^ a b c "The Real Winner of the Afghan War? It's Not Who You Think" . The New York Times . New York. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021 . Retrieved 27 August 2021 . ^ Giustozzi, Antonio (30 September 2021). "Russia and Iran: Disappointed Friends of the Taliban?" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ "Kabul residents relish new freedoms" . CNN. 14 November 2001. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Clark, Kate (24 November 2001). "Kabul women keep the veil" . BBC . Archived from the original on 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . ^ "WPO Poll: Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al-Qaeda, Taliban" . 30 January 2006. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ "Afghan Futures: A National Public Opinion Survey" (PDF) . 29 January 2015. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ "Afghanistan in 2019 A Survey of the Afghan People" (PDF) . The Asia Foundation . Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2021 . Retrieved 28 August 2021 . ^ AEI 2008 . ^ AEI 2008 , p. 157. ^ a b "Global Economic Gloom – China and India Notable Exceptions" . Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project . 12 June 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . ^ "Goal of Libyan Operation Less Clear to Public" . Pew Research Center . 5 April 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 May 2011 . ^ Adams, Harold J. Protesters oppose sending more troops to Afghanistan. Archived 14 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Louisville Courier-Journal . 6 December 2009. ^ Janie Lorber (20 March 2010). "Saturday Word: Health Care (and Finance)" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . ^ "Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan" . BBC News . 7 September 2021. ^ a b c d e "Afghanistan's Security Challenges under the Taliban" . 12 August 2022. ^ "Afghan resistance has sanctuary in Tajikistan, but fighting Taliban a 'non-viable prospect' " . France 24 . FRANCE24.English. 4 October 2021 . Retrieved 5 October 2021 . ^ Bruce Pannier (29 January 2022). "Taliban's Arrest Of Ethnic Uzbek Commander Sparks Clashes In Northern Afghanistan" . Radio Free Europe . Retrieved 10 February 2022 . ^ "The Taliban in Afghanistan - Assessing New Threats to the Region and Beyond" . October 2022. ^ a b "Terrorist Groups in Afghanistan" . 2 April 2024. ^ Wolff, Stefan (11 August 2023). Este, Jonathan (ed.). "Two years after Taliban takeover: why Afghanistan still poses a threat to the region and beyond" . doi : 10.64628/AB.evrk4hedc . ^ Pannett, Rachel; Francis, Ellen; Berger, Miriam; Westfall, Sammy; Villegas, Paulina (2 September 2021). "U.S. could work with Taliban against terrorists, Pentagon says" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 December 2021 . ^ a b "Hardline Haqqani Network Put in Charge of Kabul Security" . Voice of America. 19 August 2021. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021 . Retrieved 20 August 2021 . ^ Vohra, Anchal (27 August 2021). "It's Crazy to Trust the Haqqanis" . Archived from the original on 9 September 2021 . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ Babar, Majeed (1 October 2011). "Why Are Pakistan's Militant Groups Splintering?" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . ^ Saud Mehsud; Mubasher Bukhari (18 November 2014). "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State" . Reuters . ^ "KP CTD denies existence of Tehreek-i-Jihad, claims it is another name for TTP" . Dawn . 10 August 2023. ^ Firdous, Iftikhar (29 April 2023). "Does Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan (TJP) Actually Exist?" . The Khorasan Diary . ^ Standish, Reid (5 October 2021). "Taliban 'Removing' Uyghur Militants From Afghanistan's Border With China" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 23 December 2021 . ^ "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan faction emerges after group's collapse" . Long War Journal . 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . ^ Andrew Tobin; Bill Roggio (25 May 2022). "Tajik terrorist serves as Taliban commander in northern Afghanistan" . FDD's Long War Journal . Retrieved 30 December 2024 . ^ "Executions and Enforced Disappearances in Afghanistan under the Taliban" . Human Rights Watch . 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 20 June 2023 . ^ "Nearly two years later, Afghan allies still left hoping for help" . Military Times . 22 August 2023. ^ "Elite Afghan commandos 'betrayed' by the British and left behind to be hunted down" . Sky News . 1 November 2023. ^ "Murdered, tortured or in hiding from the Taliban: The special forces abandoned by Britain" . The Independent . 1 November 2023. ^ "Special forces blocked UK resettlement applications from elite Afghan troops" . BBC News . 19 February 2024. ^ "China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan" . News24 . 28 October 2021. ^ a b "Afghanistan Facing Famine: UN, World Bank, US Should Adjust Sanctions, Economic Policies" . Human Rights Watch . 11 November 2021. ^ a b "Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation" . CBS News . 20 October 2021. ^ " 'Countdown to catastrophe': half of Afghans face hunger this winter – UN" . The Guardian . 25 October 2021. ^ "Security Council paves way for aid to reach desperate Afghans" . United Nations . 22 December 2021 . Retrieved 22 December 2021 . ^ "UN warns 6 million Afghans at risk of famine as crises grow" . Associated Press . 30 August 2022 . Retrieved 30 August 2022 . ^ "The Trump administration claims no one has died due to US aid cuts. Our trip to Afghanistan suggests otherwise" . CNN . 22 July 2025 . Retrieved 1 September 2025 . Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 . Penguin. ISBN   978-1-59420-007-6 . Coll, Steve (2018). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan . New York: Penguin Press. ISBN   978-1-84614-660-2 . Girardet, Edward (2011). Killing the Cranes: A Reporter's Journey Through Three Decades of War in Afghanistan (3 August 2011 ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 416. "National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States" . 9–11 Commission. 20 September 2004. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Risen, James (4 September 2008). State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration . Simon & Schuster UK. ISBN   978-1-84737-511-7 . Auerswald, David P. & Stephen M. Saideman, eds. NATO in Afghanistan: Fighting Together, Fighting Alone (Princeton U.P. 2014) This book breaks down the history of the US effort in Afghanistan down by deployed commander. Also useful in this fashion are Kaplan, "The Insurgents", and "A Different Kind of War." Mikulaschek, Christoph and Jacob Shapiro. (2018). Lessons on Political Violence from America's Post-9/11 Wars . Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(1): 174–202. Miller, Paul D. 2025. Choosing Defeat: The Twenty-Year Saga of How America Lost Afghanistan . Cambridge University Press. MĂŒnch, Philipp. "Creating common sense: getting NATO to Afghanistan." Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2021): 1–29 online . Stewart, Richard W. (2004). Operation Enduring Freedom . BG John S. Brown . United States Army. p. 46. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. "America and the War on Terror" . AEI Public Opinion Study. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Call, Steve (15 January 2010). Danger Close . Texas A&M University Press. ISBN   978-1-60344-304-3 . Rashid, Ahmed (2022). Taliban: The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond (3rd ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-26682-5 . Weigand, Florian (2022). Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan . Columbia University Press. ISBN   978-0-231-20049-3 . Woodward, Bob (27 September 2010). Obama's Wars . Simon & Schuster. ISBN   978-1-4391-7251-3 . 75,000 documents Archived 10 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine on Wikileaks "America and the Taliban" . Frontline . Season 41. Episode 12. 4 April 2023. PBS . WGBH . Retrieved 6 October 2023 .
Markdown
[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29 "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29 "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)) - [1 Names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Names) - [2 Prelude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Prelude) Toggle Prelude subsection - [2\.1 Rise of the Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Rise_of_the_Taliban) - [2\.2 Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Al-Qaeda) - [2\.3 11 September attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#11_September_attacks) - [2\.4 US ultimatum to the Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#US_ultimatum_to_the_Taliban) - [3 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#History) Toggle History subsection - [3\.1 Tactical overview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Tactical_overview) - [3\.2 2001: Invasion and early operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2001:_Invasion_and_early_operations) - [3\.3 2002–2005: Taliban resurgence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2002%E2%80%932005:_Taliban_resurgence) - [3\.3.1 Coalition mistakes, Taliban start to re-organize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Coalition_mistakes,_Taliban_start_to_re-organize) - [3\.4 2006–2007: Escalating war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2006%E2%80%932007:_Escalating_war) - [3\.5 2008–2009: NATO build-up, Pakistan skirmishes, and Karzai re-election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2008%E2%80%932009:_NATO_build-up,_Pakistan_skirmishes,_and_Karzai_re-election) - [3\.6 2010–2011: Strategic agreements and death of Bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2010%E2%80%932011:_Strategic_agreements_and_death_of_Bin_Laden) - [3\.7 2012–2013: US troop incidents, Obama-Karzai meetings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2012%E2%80%932013:_US_troop_incidents,_Obama-Karzai_meetings) - [3\.8 2014–2015: Withdrawal and increase of insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2014%E2%80%932015:_Withdrawal_and_increase_of_insurgency) - [3\.9 2016–2017: Collapse of peace talks, emergence of Islamic State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2016%E2%80%932017:_Collapse_of_peace_talks,_emergence_of_Islamic_State) - [3\.10 2018–2019: Peace overtures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2018%E2%80%932019:_Peace_overtures) - [3\.11 2020: US–Taliban deal, beginning of US withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2020:_US%E2%80%93Taliban_deal,_beginning_of_US_withdrawal) - [3\.12 2021: End of US withdrawal, last Taliban offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#2021:_End_of_US_withdrawal,_last_Taliban_offensive) - [4 Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Impact) Toggle Impact subsection - [4\.1 Casualties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Casualties) - [4\.2 Refugees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Refugees) - [4\.3 War crimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#War_crimes) - [4\.4 Drug trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Drug_trade) - [5 NATO's failure to secure Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#NATO's_failure_to_secure_Afghanistan) Toggle NATO's failure to secure Afghanistan subsection - [5\.1 Environment and drug trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Environment_and_drug_trade) - [5\.2 Early mistakes and the US' other war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Early_mistakes_and_the_US'_other_war) - [5\.3 Domestic corruption and politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Domestic_corruption_and_politics) - [5\.4 Influence of non-NATO actors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Influence_of_non-NATO_actors) - [5\.5 Misleading the American public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Misleading_the_American_public) - [6 Foreign support for the Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Foreign_support_for_the_Taliban) Toggle Foreign support for the Taliban subsection - [6\.1 Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Pakistan) - [6\.2 Russia and Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Russia_and_Iran) - [7 Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Reactions) Toggle Reactions subsection - [7\.1 Domestic reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Domestic_reactions) - [7\.2 International public opinion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#International_public_opinion) - [7\.3 Protests, demonstrations and rallies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Protests,_demonstrations_and_rallies) - [8 Aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Aftermath) Toggle Aftermath subsection - [8\.1 Formation of the Taliban government and international recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Formation_of_the_Taliban_government_and_international_recognition) - [8\.2 Continuing conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Continuing_conflict) - [8\.2.1 Republican insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Republican_insurgency) - [8\.2.2 Terrorist groups and terrorism against the Taliban government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Terrorist_groups_and_terrorism_against_the_Taliban_government) - [8\.2.3 Islamic State activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Islamic_State_activity) - [8\.2.4 Other active armed groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Other_active_armed_groups) - [8\.2.5 Taliban action to counter domestic threats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Taliban_action_to_counter_domestic_threats) - [8\.3 Abandonment of Afghan allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Abandonment_of_Afghan_allies) - [8\.4 Humanitarian crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Humanitarian_crisis) - [9 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#See_also) - [10 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Notes) - [11 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#References) - [12 Sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#Sources) - [13 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 71 languages - [Ű§Ù„ŰčŰ±ŰšÙŠŰ©](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Ű§Ù„Ű­Ű±Űš في ŰŁÙŰșŰ§Ù†ŰłŰȘŰ§Ù† (2001–2021) – Arabic") - [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Afganist%C3%A1n_\(2001-2021\) "Guerra d'AfganistĂĄn (2001-2021) – Asturian") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Ffqan%C4%B1stan_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Əfqanıstan mĂŒharibəsi (2001–2021) – Azerbaijani") - [Đ‘Đ°ŃˆÒĄĐŸŃ€Ń‚ŃĐ°](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_\(2001%E2%80%942021\) "ĐŃ„Ò“Đ°ĐœŃŃ‚Đ°ĐœĐŽĐ° Ò»ŃƒÒ“Ń‹Ńˆ (2001—2021) – Bashkir") - [Đ‘Đ”Đ»Đ°Ń€ŃƒŃĐșая](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_\(2001%E2%80%942021\) "ВаĐčĐœĐ° ў ĐŃ„ĐłĐ°ĐœŃ–ŃŃ‚Đ°ĐœĐ” (2001—2021) – Belarusian") - [БългарсĐșĐž](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_\(2001_%E2%80%93_2021\) "Đ’ĐŸĐčĐœĐ° ĐČ ĐŃ„ĐłĐ°ĐœĐžŃŃ‚Đ°Đœ (2001 – 2021) – Bulgarian") - [àŠŹàŠŸàŠ‚àŠČàŠŸ](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7 "àŠźàŠŸàŠ°à§àŠ•àŠżàŠš-àŠ†àŠ«àŠ—àŠŸàŠš àŠŻà§àŠŠà§àŠ§ – Bangla") - [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Afghanistan_\(2001-2021\) "Brezel Afghanistan (2001-2021) – Breton") - [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_l%27Afganistan "Guerra de l'Afganistan – Catalan") - [Ú©ÙˆŰ±ŰŻÛŒ](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_\(%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A0%D9%A1-%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A2%D9%A1\) "ŰŽÛ•Ú• لە ŰŠÛ•ÙŰșŰ§Ù†ŰłŰȘŰ§Ù† (ÙąÙ Ù ÙĄ-ÙąÙ ÙąÙĄ) – Central Kurdish") - [ČeĆĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_v_Afgh%C3%A1nist%C3%A1nu_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "VĂĄlka v AfghĂĄnistĂĄnu (2001–2021) – Czech") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Affganistan_\(2001%E2%80%9321\) "Rhyfel Affganistan (2001–21) – Welsh") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigen_i_Afghanistan_\(2001-2021\) "Krigen i Afghanistan (2001-2021) – Danish") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg_in_Afghanistan_2001%E2%80%932021 "Krieg in Afghanistan 2001–2021 – German") - [ΕλληΜÎčÎșÎŹ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%86%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD_\(2001-2021\) "Î ÏŒÎ»Î”ÎŒÎżÏ‚ Ï„ÎżÏ… Î‘Ï†ÎłÎ±ÎœÎčÏƒÏ„ÎŹÎœ (2001-2021) – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_en_Afganio_\(2001-2021\) "Milito en Afganio (2001-2021) – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Afganist%C3%A1n_\(2001-2021\) "Guerra de AfganistĂĄn (2001-2021) – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistani_s%C3%B5da_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Afganistani sĂ”da (2001–2021) – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistango_gerra_\(2001-2021\) "Afganistango gerra (2001-2021) – Basque") - [ÙŰ§Ű±ŰłÛŒ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_\(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B1%E2%80%93%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B1\) "ŰŹÙ†ÚŻ ۯ۱ Ű§ÙŰșŰ§Ù†ŰłŰȘŰ§Ù† (ÛČÛ°ÛČ۱–ÛČÛ°Û°Û±) – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistanin_sota_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Afganistanin sota (2001–2021) – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_d%27Afghanistan_\(2001-2021\) "Guerre d'Afghanistan (2001-2021) – French") - [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_na_hAfganast%C3%A1ine_\(2001_-_2021\) "Cogadh na hAfganastĂĄine (2001 - 2021) – Irish") - [ŚąŚ‘ŚšŚ™ŚȘ](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "ŚžŚœŚ—ŚžŚȘ ŚŚ€Ś’Ś Ś™ŚĄŚ˜ŚŸ (2001–2021) – Hebrew") - [à€čà€żà€šà„à€Šà„€](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "à€…à€«à€Œà€—à€Œà€Ÿà€šà€żà€žà„à€€à€Ÿà€š à€Żà„à€Šà„à€§ (2001–2021) – Hindi") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_u_Afganistanu_\(2001._%E2%80%93_2021.\) "Rat u Afganistanu (2001. – 2021.) – Croatian") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganiszt%C3%A1ni_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA "AfganisztĂĄni hĂĄborĂș – Hungarian") - [Ő€ŐĄŐ”Ő„Ö€Ő„Ő¶](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%86%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_\(2001-2021\) "ԱֆŐČŐĄŐ¶ŐĄŐŻŐĄŐ¶ ŐșŐĄŐżŐ„Ö€ŐĄŐŠŐŽ (2001-2021) – Armenian") - [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_ba_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Perang ba Afghanistan (2001–2021) – Iban") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_di_Afganistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Perang di Afganistan (2001–2021) – Indonesian") - [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0_%C3%AD_Afganistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "StrĂ­Ă°iĂ° Ă­ Afganistan (2001–2021) – Icelandic") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_in_Afghanistan_\(2001-2021\) "Guerra in Afghanistan (2001-2021) – Italian") - [æ—„æœŹèȘž](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E7%B4%9B%E4%BA%89_\(2001%E5%B9%B4-2021%E5%B9%B4\) "ケフガニă‚čタン箛äș‰ (2001ćčŽ-2021ćčŽ) – Japanese") - [áƒ„áƒáƒ áƒ—áƒŁáƒšáƒ˜](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "ავჩანეთის ომი (2001–2021) – Georgian") - [한ꔭ얎](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81_\(2001%EB%85%84~2021%EB%85%84\) "아프가니슀탄 전쟁 (2001년~2021년) – Korean") - [LietuviĆł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistano_karas_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Afganistano karas (2001–2021) – Lithuanian") - [LatvieĆĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%A1_Afganist%C4%81n%C4%81_\(2001%E2%80%942014\) "KarĆĄ Afganistānā (2001—2014) – Latvian") - [МаĐșĐ”ĐŽĐŸĐœŃĐșĐž](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0 "АĐČĐłĐ°ĐœĐžŃŃ‚Đ°ĐœŃĐșĐ° ĐČĐŸŃ˜ĐœĐ° – Macedonian") - [àŽźàŽČàŽŻàŽŸàŽłàŽ‚](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82_\(2001-_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD\) "àŽ…àŽ«à”àŽ—àŽŸà”» àŽŻà”àŽŠà”àŽ§àŽ‚ (2001- àŽšàŽżàŽČàŽ”àŽżà”œ) – Malayalam") - [ĐœĐŸĐœĐłĐŸĐ»](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "ĐŃ„ĐłĐ°ĐœĐžŃŃ‚Đ°ĐœŃ‹ ĐŽĐ°ĐčĐœ (2001–2021) – Mongolian") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_di_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Perang di Afghanistan (2001–2021) – Malay") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlog_in_Afghanistan_\(2001-2021\) "Oorlog in Afghanistan (2001-2021) – Dutch") - [Norsk bokmĂ„l](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigen_i_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Krigen i Afghanistan (2001–2021) – Norwegian BokmĂ„l") - [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_d%27Afganistan "Segonda GuĂšrra d'Afganistan – Occitan") - [àšȘà©°àšœàšŸàšŹà©€](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_\(2001%E2%80%9314\) "àš…àš«àš—àšŸàššàšżàšžàš€àšŸàšš àš”àšżà©±àšš àšŻà©à©±àš§ (2001–14) – Punjabi") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_w_Afganistanie_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Wojna w Afganistanie (2001–2021) – Polish") - [ÙŸÙ†ŰŹŰ§ŰšÛŒ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_\(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B1%D8%A1_%E2%80%93_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B1%D8%A1\) "Ű§ÙŰșŰ§Ù†ŰłŰȘŰ§Ù† وچ ŰŹÙ†ÚŻ (ÛČÛ°Û°Û±ŰĄ – ÛČÛ°ÛČÛ±ŰĄ) – Western Punjabi") - [ÙŸÚšŰȘو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87_\(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B1-_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B1\) "ŰŻ Ű§ÙŰșŰ§Ù†ŰłŰȘŰ§Ù† ŰŹÚ«Ú“Ù‡ (ÛČÛ°Û°Û±- ÛČÛ°ÛČÛ±) – Pashto") - [PortuguĂȘs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Guerra do AfeganistĂŁo (2001–2021) – Portuguese") - [RomĂąnă](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Afganistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Războiul din Afganistan (2001–2021) – Romanian") - [РуссĐșĐžĐč](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_\(2001%E2%80%942021\) "Đ’ĐŸĐčĐœĐ° ĐČ ĐŃ„ĐłĐ°ĐœĐžŃŃ‚Đ°ĐœĐ” (2001—2021) – Russian") - [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_de_Afganist%C3%A0n_\(2001-sighende\) "Gherra de AfganistĂ n (2001-sighende) – Sardinian") - [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_nti_l%27Afganistan_\(2001-2021\) "Guerra nti l'Afganistan (2001-2021) – Sicilian") - [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%93present\) "War in Afghanistan (2001–present) – Scots") - [Srpskohrvatski / српсĐșĐŸŃ…Ń€ĐČатсĐșĐž](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_u_Afganistanu_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Rat u Afganistanu (2001–2021) – Serbo-Croatian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) – Simple English") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_v_Afganistane_\(2001_%E2%80%93_2021\) "Vojna v Afganistane (2001 – 2021) – Slovak") - [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Afgaanistaan_%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B\(2001-taako\) "Dagaalkii Afgaanistaan ​​(2001-taako) – Somali") - [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_n%C3%AB_Afganistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Lufta nĂ« Afganistan (2001–2021) – Albanian") - [СрпсĐșĐž / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_\(2001%E2%80%942021\) "Рат у АĐČĐłĐ°ĐœĐžŃŃ‚Đ°ĐœŃƒ (2001—2021) – Serbian") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistankriget_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Afghanistankriget (2001–2021) – Swedish") - [àź€àźźàźżàźŽàŻ](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_\(2001-2021\) "àź†àźȘàŻàź•àźŸàź©àźżàź€àŻàź€àźŸàź©àźżàźČàŻ àźȘàŻ‹àź°àŻ (2001-2021) – Tamil") - [àč„àž—àžą](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_\(%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2544%E2%80%93%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2564\) "àžȘàž‡àž„àžŁàžČàžĄàčƒàž™àž­àž±àžŸàžàžČàž™àžŽàžȘàž–àžČàž™ (àžž.àžš. 2544â€“àžž.àžš. 2564) – Thai") - [TĂŒrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_\(2001-2021\) "Afganistan SavaĆŸÄ± (2001-2021) – Turkish") - [ĐŁĐșŃ€Đ°Ń—ĐœŃŃŒĐșĐ°](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_\(2001%E2%80%942021\) "ВіĐčĐœĐ° ĐČ ĐŃ„ĐłĐ°ĐœŃ–ŃŃ‚Đ°ĐœŃ– (2001—2021) – Ukrainian") - [Ű§Ű±ŰŻÙˆ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_\(2001%D8%A1_%E2%80%93_2021%D8%A1\) "Ű§ÙŰșŰ§Ù†ŰłŰȘŰ§Ù† میÚș ŰŹÙ†ÚŻ (2001ŰĄ – 2021ŰĄ) – Urdu") - [OÊ»zbekcha / ўзбДĐșча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afg%CA%BBonistondagi_urush_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "AfgÊ»onistondagi urush (2001–2021) – Uzbek") - [Tiáșżng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Chiáșżn tranh Afghanistan (2001–2021) – Vietnamese") - [ćŽèŻ­](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%EF%BC%882001%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89 "é˜żćŻŒæ±—æˆ˜äș‰ïŒˆ2001ćčŽïŒ‰ – Wu") - [çČ”èȘž](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_\(2001%E5%B9%B4-2021%E5%B9%B4\) "é˜żćŻŒæ±—æˆ°çˆ­ (2001ćčŽ-2021ćčŽ) – Cantonese") - [äž­æ–‡](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_\(2001%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%942021%E5%B9%B4\) "é˜żćŻŒæ±—æˆ°çˆ­ (2001ćčŽâ€”2021ćčŽ) – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182865#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - 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[Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)) - [Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182865 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Armed conflict in South Asia This article is about the American war in Afghanistan. For the Soviet war in Afghanistan, see [Soviet–Afghan War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "Soviet–Afghan War"). For the global military campaign resulting from the [September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), see [War on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror "War on terror"). For other uses, see [War in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan "War in Afghanistan"). | | | |---|---| | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png) | This article **may be [too long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size "Wikipedia:Article size") to read and navigate comfortably**. When this tag was added, its [readable prose size](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE "Wikipedia:SIZERULE") was ~14,600 words. Consider [splitting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting "Wikipedia:Splitting") content into sub-articles, [condensing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style "Wikipedia:Summary style") it, or adding [subheadings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections "Help:Section"). Please discuss this issue on the article's [talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Talk:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)"). *(February 2026)* | | War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | | |---|---| | Part of the [war on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror "War on terror") and the [Afghan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_conflict "Afghan conflict") | | | [![Seven soldiers in beige tactical gear huddle behind a row of green sandbags on a mountainside, pointing rifles in various directions](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Army_firefight_in_Kunar.jpg/250px-U.S._Army_firefight_in_Kunar.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Army_firefight_in_Kunar.jpg) [![A U.S. Air Force F-15E Strike Eagle dropping 2000-pound munitions](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/F-15E_drops_2%2C000-pound_munitions_Afghanistan_2009.jpg/250px-F-15E_drops_2%2C000-pound_munitions_Afghanistan_2009.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-15E_drops_2,000-pound_munitions_Afghanistan_2009.jpg) [![An Afghan National Army soldier in camouflage gear points a rifle over a dirt wall](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/An_Afghan_National_Army_soldier_surveys_a_valley_for_suspicious_activity_during_an_operation_in_Ghorband_district%2C_Parwan_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Jan._15%2C_2014_140115-A-CL980-187_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_Afghan_National_Army_soldier_surveys_a_valley_for_suspicious_activity_during_an_operation_in_Ghorband_district,_Parwan_province,_Afghanistan,_Jan._15,_2014_140115-A-CL980-187_\(cropped\).jpg) [![British soldiers prepare to board a Chinook twin-rotor helicopter landing on a field](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Soldiers_of_Somme_Company%2C_1st_Lancs_Board_a_Chinook_in_Afghanistan_During_Op_Tor_Shezada_MOD_45151695.jpg/250px-Soldiers_of_Somme_Company%2C_1st_Lancs_Board_a_Chinook_in_Afghanistan_During_Op_Tor_Shezada_MOD_45151695.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldiers_of_Somme_Company,_1st_Lancs_Board_a_Chinook_in_Afghanistan_During_Op_Tor_Shezada_MOD_45151695.jpg) [![An Afghan National Army soldier stands atop a desert-camouflaged Humvee](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Afghan_soldiers_train_with_airpower_DVIDS247921_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/120px-Afghan_soldiers_train_with_airpower_DVIDS247921_%28cropped_2%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghan_soldiers_train_with_airpower_DVIDS247921_\(cropped_2\).jpg) [![Taliban soldiers ride a beige Humvee through the streets of Kabul](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul,_August_2021_\(cropped\).png) [![Soldiers in green camouflage gear trudge through snow during a snowstorm](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Defense.gov_News_Photo_110212-A-1782C-002_-_U.S._and_Afghan_soldiers_move_through_Kherwar_district_to_prevent_Taliban_freedom_of_movement_in_Logar_province_Afghanistan_on_Feb.12_2011._The.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_110212-A-1782C-002_-_U.S._and_Afghan_soldiers_move_through_Kherwar_district_to_prevent_Taliban_freedom_of_movement_in_Logar_province_Afghanistan_on_Feb.12_2011._The.jpg) **Clockwise from top-left:** American troops in a firefight with Taliban insurgents in [Kunar Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunar_Province "Kunar Province"); An American F-15E Strike Eagle dropping 2000 pound [JDAMs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Direct_Attack_Munition "Joint Direct Attack Munition") on a cave in eastern Afghanistan; an Afghan soldier surveying atop a [Humvee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee "Humvee"); Afghan and American soldiers move through snow in [Logar Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logar_Province "Logar Province"); victorious Taliban fighters after securing [Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul "Kabul"); an Afghan soldier surveying a valley in [Parwan Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parwan_Province "Parwan Province"); British troops preparing to board a [Chinook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Chinook_\(UK_variants\) "Boeing Chinook (UK variants)") during [Operation Black Prince](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tor_Shezada "Operation Tor Shezada") | | | | | | Date | 7 October 2001 – 30 August 2021 (19 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) | | Location | [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan#Contemporary_era_\(1973%E2%80%93present\) "History of Afghanistan")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-32) | | Result | Taliban victory[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-taliban_victory-33) | | Territorial changes | Taliban control over Afghanistan increases compared to [pre-intervention territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan#Taliban_vs._Northern_Alliance_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "United States invasion of Afghanistan") | | Belligerents | | | **Invasion (2001):**![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png) [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png) [Northern Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance "Northern Alliance") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png) [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png) [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png) [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png) [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png) [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png) [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png) [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") | **Invasion (2001):** ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network") **Non-state allies**: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") [055 Brigade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/055_Brigade "055 Brigade") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-1) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tnsm-flag.svg/40px-Tnsm-flag.svg.png) [Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi "Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-3) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_JTJ.svg/40px-Flag_of_JTJ.svg.png) [Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad "Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad")[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-5) | | **ISAF/RS phase (2001–2021):**![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png) [Islamic State of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan "Islamic State of Afghanistan") (2001–2002) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png) [Afghan Transitional Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan "Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan") (2002–2004) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png) [Islamic Republic of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan") (2004–2021) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg.png) [ISAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") (2001–2014; 51 countries)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-6) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png) United States ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png) United Kingdom ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png) Canada ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png) Germany ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png) Australia ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png) Italy ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png) New Zealand ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png) [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png) [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png) [Georgia (country)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(country\) "Georgia (country)") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png) [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png) [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png) [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png) [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png) [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png) [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png) [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia "North Macedonia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png) [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png) [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia "Armenia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png) [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png) [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland "Finland") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png) [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia "Croatia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png) [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png) [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png) [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png) [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia "Mongolia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png) [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png) [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Portugal_%28official%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Portugal_%28official%29.svg.png) [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png) [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png) [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/40px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png) [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png) [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia "Latvia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png) [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png) [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania "Albania") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png) [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png) [Bosnia–Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png) [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece "Greece") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png) [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png) [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland "Iceland") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png) [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia "Estonia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png) [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png) [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png) [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia "Slovenia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png) [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png) [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png) [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain "Bahrain") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/40px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png) [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png) [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg "Luxembourg") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png) [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png) [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga "Tonga") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/40px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png) [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg.png) [Resolute Support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission") (2015–2021; 36 countries)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-7) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Council_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan "High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan") (allegedly; from 2015)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Nangialai-9) [Khost Protection Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_Protection_Force "Khost Protection Force") and other pro-government paramilitaries[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-10) | **ISAF/RS phase (2001–2021):** ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network")[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-longwarjournal.org-11) (from 2002) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") [Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_Subcontinent "Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent")[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-12) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jamaat_Ansarullah_flag.svg/40px-Jamaat_Ansarullah_flag.svg.png) [Jamaat Ansarullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat_Ansarullah "Jamaat Ansarullah") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) Taliban splinter groups [Mullah Dadullah Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Dadullah_Front "Mullah Dadullah Front") (from 2012)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-13) [Fidai Mahaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidai_Mahaz "Fidai Mahaz") (from 2013) Supported by: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png) [Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezb-e-Islami_Gulbuddin "Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin") (on and off until 2016) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Islamic Jihad Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Union "Islamic Jihad Union")[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-14)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-15) (from 2002) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan") (until 2015) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg.png) [Turkistan Islamic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party "Turkistan Islamic Party") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg.png) [Lashkar-e-Jhangvi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Jhangvi "Lashkar-e-Jhangvi")[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-16) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Taliban.svg.png) [Pakistani Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban "Pakistani Taliban")[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-17) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/No_flag.svg/40px-No_flag.svg.png) [Lashkar-e-Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Islam "Lashkar-e-Islam") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png) [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran "Iran") (alleged, but denied by Iran)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-18) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png) [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") (alleged, but denied by Pakistan)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-20) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png) [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") (alleged, but denied by Russia)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-23) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png) [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia") (alleged, but denied by Saudi Arabia)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-25) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png) [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar "Qatar") (alleged by Saudi Arabia, but denied by Qatar)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-27) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png) [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") (alleged by the US, but denied by China)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-29) **RS phase (2015–2021):** ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Islamic State - Khorasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province "Islamic State – Khorasan Province") (from 2015)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-find_sanctuary-30) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (since 2015)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-IMU_joins_ISIL-31) | | Commanders and leaders | | | List [![Islamic Republic of Afghanistan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan") [Hamid Karzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai "Hamid Karzai") [![Islamic Republic of Afghanistan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan") [Ashraf Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani "Ashraf Ghani") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Donald Rumsfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld "Donald Rumsfeld") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Robert Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates "Robert Gates") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Leon Panetta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta "Leon Panetta") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Chuck Hagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel "Chuck Hagel") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Ash Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Carter "Ash Carter") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Jim Mattis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Mattis "Jim Mattis") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Mark Esper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Esper "Mark Esper") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Lloyd Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Austin "Lloyd Austin") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Tony Blair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair "Tony Blair") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Gordon Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown "Gordon Brown") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Geoff Hoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Hoon "Geoff Hoon") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [John Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan "John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Desmond Browne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Browne "Des Browne") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [John Hutton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hutton,_Baron_Hutton_of_Furness "John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Robert Ainsworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ainsworth "Bob Ainsworth") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Liam Fox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Fox "Liam Fox") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Philip Hammond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hammond "Philip Hammond") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Michael Fallon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fallon "Michael Fallon") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Gavin Williamson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Williamson "Gavin Williamson") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Penelope Mordaunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt "Penny Mordaunt") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Ben Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Wallace_\(politician\) "Ben Wallace (politician)") [![Canada](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") [Jean ChrĂ©tien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien "Jean ChrĂ©tien") [![Canada](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") [Paul Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin "Paul Martin") [![Canada](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") [Stephen Harper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper "Stephen Harper") [![Canada](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") [Justin Trudeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau "Justin Trudeau") [![Germany](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") [Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") [![Germany](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [John Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard "John Howard") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [Kevin Rudd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd "Kevin Rudd") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [Julia Gillard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard "Julia Gillard") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [Tony Abbott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Abbott "Tony Abbott") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [Malcolm Turnbull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull "Malcolm Turnbull") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [Scott Morrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Morrison "Scott Morrison") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Silvio Berlusconi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi "Silvio Berlusconi") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Romano Prodi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi "Romano Prodi") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Mario Monti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Monti "Mario Monti") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Enrico Letta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Letta "Enrico Letta") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Matteo Renzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Renzi "Matteo Renzi") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Paolo Gentiloni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Gentiloni "Paolo Gentiloni") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Giuseppe Conte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte "Giuseppe Conte") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Mario Draghi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Draghi "Mario Draghi") [![New Zealand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [Helen Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Clark "Helen Clark") [![New Zealand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [John Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Key "John Key") [![New Zealand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [Bill English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_English "Bill English") [![New Zealand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [Jacinda Ardern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern "Jacinda Ardern") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg.png) [Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_F._McKenzie_Jr. "Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg.png) [John F. Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Campbell_\(general\) "John F. Campbell (general)") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg.png) [List of former ISAF Commanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force#List_of_Commanders "International Security Assistance Force") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg.png) [List of former RS Commanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission#List_of_commanders "Resolute Support Mission") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) Nangialai [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action")[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Nangialai-9) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) Abdul Manan Niazi [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action")[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-34) | List ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Mullah Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar "Mullah Omar") [\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes "Death by natural causes") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Akhtar Mansour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour "Akhtar Mansour") [**X**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Akhtar_Mansour "Death of Akhtar Mansour") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Hibatullah Akhundzada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada "Hibatullah Akhundzada") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Obaidullah Akhund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaidullah_Akhund "Obaidullah Akhund") ( [POW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") ) [\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes "Death by natural causes")[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-tribune.com.pk-35)\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Jalaluddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani "Jalaluddin Haqqani") [\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes "Death by natural causes") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Sirajuddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani "Sirajuddin Haqqani") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Mullah Yaqoob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob "Mullah Yaqoob") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Abdul Ghani Baradar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar "Abdul Ghani Baradar") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden "Osama bin Laden") [**X**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Ayman al-Zawahiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri "Ayman al-Zawahiri") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Mohammed Atef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Atef "Mohammed Atef") [**X**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination "Assassination") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_AQIS.svg/40px-Flag_of_AQIS.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_subcontinent "Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent") [Asim Umar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asim_Umar "Asim Umar") [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Muhammad Rasul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Rasul "Muhammad Rasul") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Haji Najibullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najibullah_\(militant_leader\) "Najibullah (militant leader)")[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-newsweek.com-36) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Shahab al-Muhajir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab_al-Muhajir "Shahab al-Muhajir")[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-37) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Hafiz Saeed Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed_Khan "Hafiz Saeed Khan") [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Mawlavi Habib Ur Rahman[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-38) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Abdul Haseeb Logari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Haseeb_Logari "Abdul Haseeb Logari") [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Abdul Rahman Ghaleb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ghaleb "Abdul Rahman Ghaleb") [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Abu Saad Erhabi [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Abdullah Orokzai ( [POW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") ) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Qari Hekmat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qari_Hekmat "Qari Hekmat") [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Mufti Nemat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_Nemat "Mufti Nemat") [![Surrendered](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/20px-White_flag_icon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_\(military\) "Surrendered") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Dawood Ahmad Sofi [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Mohamed Zahran [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attack "Suicide attack") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Ishfaq Ahmed Sofi [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") | | Strength | | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg.png) [ISAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force"): 130,000+ (peak strength)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NATO_2003-39) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png) [Afghan National Defense and Security Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces "Afghan National Security Forces"): 307,947 (peak strength, January 2021)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-40) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg.png) [Resolute Support Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission"): 17,178 (peak strength, October 2019)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-41) Defence contractors: 117,227 (peak strength, Q2 2012)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-42) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: **3,000–3,500**[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-red_on_red-43) [Khost Protection Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_Protection_Force "Khost Protection Force"): 3,000–10,000 (2018)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-44) | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") : 58,000–100,000 (as of February 2021)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN.com-45) **·** [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network"): **4,000–15,000** (2009)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-rassler-46)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-47)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nytimes_15haqqani-48) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png) [HIG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin "Hezbi Islami Gulbuddin"): **1,500–2,000+** (2014)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-49) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda"): c. **300** in 2016[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-working_more_closely-50)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-51)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-52) (c. **3,000** in 2001)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-working_more_closely-50) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Fidai Mahaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidai_Mahaz "Fidai Mahaz"): **8,000** (2013)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-newsweek.com-36) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [ISIL–KP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL%E2%80%93KP "ISIL–KP"): **3,500–4,000** (2018, in Afghanistan)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-53) | | Casualties and losses | | | **[Afghan security forces:](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Afghan_security_forces_fatality_reports_in_Afghanistan "List of Afghan security forces fatality reports in Afghanistan")** 66,000–92,000 killed[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-54)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-55) **Northern Alliance:** 200 killed[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-56)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-57)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-58)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-60) **[Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_casualties_in_Afghanistan "Coalition casualties in Afghanistan"):** **Dead:** 3,579 [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan "United States military casualties in the War in Afghanistan"): 2,420 \[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan_since_2001 "British Forces casualties in Afghanistan since 2001"): 457[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-61) [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan "Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan"): 159 [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_forces_in_Afghanistan "French forces in Afghanistan"): 90 [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Armed_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan "German Armed Forces casualties in Afghanistan"): 62 Italy: 53 Others: 338 **Wounded:** 23,536 United States: 20,093[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-62) United Kingdom: 2,188[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-63) Canada: 2,071[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-65)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-66) **[Contractors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_private_contractor_deaths_in_Afghanistan "List of private contractor deaths in Afghanistan")** **Dead:** 3,917[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WatsonBrown2022-67)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-dol.gov-68)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-projects.propublica.org-69) **Wounded:** 15,000+[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-dol.gov-68)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-projects.propublica.org-69) **Total killed:** 73,696–99,696 | **[Taliban insurgents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban"):** 52,893–80,000+ killed[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WatsonBrown2022-67)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi_260%E2%80%93263-70) (2,000+ [al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") fighters)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-working_more_closely-50) **[ISIL–KP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL%E2%80%93KP "ISIL–KP"):** 2,400+ killed[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-find_sanctuary-30) | | **Civilians killed:** 46,319[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WatsonBrown2022-67) **Total killed:** 176,206 (per [Costs of War Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costs_of_War_Project "Costs of War Project"))[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WatsonBrown2022-67) 212,191+ (per [UCDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program "Uppsala Conflict Data Program"))[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-71) **Total killed in related [insurgency in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"):** 66,650[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WatsonBrown2022-67) | | | a The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of November 2014.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-72) b The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of May 2017.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-73) | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Afghan_Civil_War "Template:Campaignbox Afghan Civil War") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Afghan_Civil_War "Template talk:Campaignbox Afghan Civil War") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Afghan_Civil_War "Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Afghan Civil War")[Afghan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_conflict "Afghan conflict") | |---| | [1973 coup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1973 Afghan coup d'Ă©tat") [1975 uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Panjshir_Valley_uprising "1975 Panjshir Valley uprising") [1976 coup attempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Ahmad_Shah_Rizwani "Mir Ahmad Shah Rizwani") [Saur Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saur_Revolution "Saur Revolution") [1979 uprisings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_uprisings_in_Afghanistan "1979 uprisings in Afghanistan") [Soviet–Afghan War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "Soviet–Afghan War") [First Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1989%E2%80%931992\) "Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)") [Second Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1992%E2%80%931996\) "Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)") [Third Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)") [*Infinite Reach*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach "Operation Infinite Reach") [War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]() [Pakistan border skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes") [Islamic State conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict "Islamic State–Taliban conflict") [Republican insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan "Republican insurgency in Afghanistan") [Pakistan clashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_clashes_\(2024%E2%80%93present\) "Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes (2024–present)") [2025 conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict "2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict") [2026 conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict "2026 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Template:Campaignbox Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Template talk:Campaignbox Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa")[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") (North-West Pakistan) | |---| | [*Wana*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wanna "Battle of Wanna") [*Al-Mizan*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_al-Mizan "Operation al-Mizan") [*Waziristan ceasefire*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan_Accord "Waziristan Accord") [*Sunrise*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lal_Masjid "Siege of Lal Masjid") or [*Battle of Lal Masjid*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lal_Masjid "Siege of Lal Masjid") ([*Red Mosque*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Masjid,_Islamabad "Lal Masjid, Islamabad")) [*Mirali*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mirali "Battle of Mirali") [*First Swat*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Swat "First Battle of Swat") or [*Rah-e-Haq*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Swat "First Battle of Swat") ([*Righteous Path*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Swat "First Battle of Swat")) [*2007 Kurram*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Kurram_Agency_conflict "2007 Kurram Agency conflict") [*Zalzala*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zalzala "Operation Zalzala") ([*Earthquake*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zalzala "Operation Zalzala")) [*Sirat-e-Mustaqeem*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sirat-e-Mustaqeem "Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem") ([*Righteous Path*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sirat-e-Mustaqeem "Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem")) [*Bajaur*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bajaur "Battle of Bajaur") or [*Sherdil*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bajaur "Battle of Bajaur") ([*Lionhearted*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bajaur "Battle of Bajaur")) [*Black Thunderstorm*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunderstorm "Operation Black Thunderstorm") [*Second Swat*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Swat "Second Battle of Swat") or [*Rah-e-Raast*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Swat "Second Battle of Swat") ([*Path to Salvation*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Swat "Second Battle of Swat")) [*Janbaz*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Janbaz "Operation Janbaz") ([*Daredevil*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Janbaz "Operation Janbaz")) [*Khyber Pass*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Khyber_Pass_offensive "2009 Khyber Pass offensive") [*Rah-e-Nijat*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rah-e-Nijat "Operation Rah-e-Nijat") ([*Path to Salvation*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rah-e-Nijat "Operation Rah-e-Nijat")) [*Mohmand*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand_Offensive "Mohmand Offensive") [*Kurram and Orankzai*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakzai_and_Kurram_offensive "Orakzai and Kurram offensive") or [*Khwakh Ba De Sham*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakzai_and_Kurram_offensive "Orakzai and Kurram offensive") ([*I will teach you a lesson*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakzai_and_Kurram_offensive "Orakzai and Kurram offensive")) [*2011 Chitral*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Chitral_cross-border_attacks "2011 Chitral cross-border attacks") [*Koh-e-Sufaid*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Koh-e-Sufaid "Operation Koh-e-Sufaid") ([*White Mountain*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Koh-e-Sufaid "Operation Koh-e-Sufaid")) [*Zarb-e-Azb*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zarb-e-Azb "Operation Zarb-e-Azb") ([*Sharp and Cutting Strike*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zarb-e-Azb "Operation Zarb-e-Azb")) [*Khyber*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Khyber "Operation Khyber") [*Ghazi*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ghazi "Operation Ghazi") ([*Warrior*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ghazi "Operation Ghazi")) [*Radd-ul-Fasaad*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Radd-ul-Fasaad "Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad") ([*Elimination of Chaos*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Radd-ul-Fasaad "Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad")) [*Bannu siege*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bannu_counterterrorism_centre_attack_and_siege "2022 Bannu counterterrorism centre attack and siege") [*2023 Kurram*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Kurram_conflict "2023 Kurram conflict") [*2023 Chitral*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chitral_cross-border_attacks "2023 Chitral cross-border attacks") [*Azm-e-Istehkam*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Azm-e-Istehkam "Operation Azm-e-Istehkam") ([*Resolve for Stability*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Azm-e-Istehkam "Operation Azm-e-Istehkam")) [*2024 Kurram*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Kurram_conflict "2024 Kurram conflict") [*North Waziristan*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_North_Waziristan_border_clashes "2025 North Waziristan border clashes") [*Sarbakaf*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sarbakaf "Operation Sarbakaf") ([*Willing to sacrifice*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sarbakaf "Operation Sarbakaf")) **[American airstrikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan "Drone strikes in Pakistan")** [Damadola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damadola_airstrike "Damadola airstrike") [Chenagai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenagai_airstrike "Chenagai airstrike") [Dande Darpakhel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa#Intensified_drone_strikes_and_border_skirmishes_with_United_States "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") [Miramshah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramshah_airstrike "Miramshah airstrike") [Baghar China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghar_China_airstrike "Baghar China airstrike") [Laghman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laghman_airstrikes "Laghman airstrikes") [Shrawangai Nazarkhel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrawangai_Nazarkhel_airstrike "Shrawangai Nazarkhel airstrike") [Datta Khel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datta_Khel_airstrike "Datta Khel airstrike") **[Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pakistani_airstrikes_in_Afghanistan "2022 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan"):** [Spera and Shultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pakistani_airstrikes_in_Afghanistan "2022 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan") [Paktika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Pakistani_airstrikes_in_Afghanistan "2024 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan") [Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Pakistani_airstrikes_in_Kabul "2025 Pakistani airstrikes in Kabul") [Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes") (since 2003) [Pakistan–United States skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_skirmishes "Pakistan–United States skirmishes") (2008–2012) [Neptune Spear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden#Operation_Neptune_Spear "Killing of Osama bin Laden") [Angur Ada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angur_Ada_raid "Angur Ada raid") [2009 refugee crisis in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_refugee_crisis_in_Pakistan "2009 refugee crisis in Pakistan") [Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes (2024–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_clashes_\(2024%E2%80%93present\) "Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes (2024–present)") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Template:Campaignbox War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Template talk:Campaignbox War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)")[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]() | |---| | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_2001_invasion_of_Afghanistan_campaign "Template:Campaignbox 2001 invasion of Afghanistan campaign") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_2001_invasion_of_Afghanistan_campaign "Template talk:Campaignbox 2001 invasion of Afghanistan campaign") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_2001_invasion_of_Afghanistan_campaign "Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox 2001 invasion of Afghanistan campaign")[Invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan "United States invasion of Afghanistan") | | *[Crescent Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crescent_Wind "Operation Crescent Wind")* *[Rhino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rhino "Operation Rhino")* [Mazar-i-Sharif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Mazar-i-Sharif "Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif") [Kunduz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kunduz "Siege of Kunduz") [Herat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_uprising_in_Herat "2001 uprising in Herat") [Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2001\) "Fall of Kabul (2001)") [Tarinkot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarinkot "Battle of Tarinkot") *[Trent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trent "Operation Trent")* [Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kandahar "Fall of Kandahar") [Qala-i-Jangi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qala-i-Jangi "Battle of Qala-i-Jangi") [Shawali Kowt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shawali_Kowt "Battle of Shawali Kowt") [Sayyd Alma Kalay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sayyd_Alma_Kalay "Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay") [Tora Bora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora "Battle of Tora Bora") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Helmand_province_campaign "Template:Campaignbox Helmand province campaign") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Helmand_province_campaign "Template talk:Campaignbox Helmand province campaign") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Helmand_province_campaign "Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Helmand province campaign")[Helmand Province campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmand_province_campaign "Helmand province campaign") | | [Lejay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Lejay_firefight "2003 Lejay firefight") [*Eagle Fury*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Fury "Operation Eagle Fury") [Lashkar Gah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire_incident_at_Sangin "Friendly fire incident at Sangin") [2006 Taliban offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Taliban_offensive "2006 Taliban offensive") [*Mountain Thrust*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Thrust "Operation Mountain Thrust") [1st Sangin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sangin "Siege of Sangin") [*Mountain Fury*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Fury "Operation Mountain Fury") [Nawzad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nawzad "Battle of Nawzad") [*Achilles*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Achilles "Operation Achilles") [Musa Qala I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Musa_Qala "Siege of Musa Qala") [*Volcano*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Volcano "Operation Volcano") [*Kryptonite*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kryptonite "Operation Kryptonite") [*Silver*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Silver_\(2007\) "Operation Silver (2007)") [*Pickaxe-Handle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pickaxe-Handle "Operation Pickaxe-Handle") [*Hammer*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hammer_\(Afghanistan\) "Operation Hammer (Afghanistan)") [*Nasrat*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nasrat "Operation Nasrat") [Musa Qala II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Musa_Qala "Battle of Musa Qala") [Garmsir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Garmsir "Battle of Garmsir") [*Eagle's Summit*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle%27s_Summit "Operation Eagle's Summit") [*Red Dagger*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Red_Dagger "Operation Red Dagger") [*Shahi Tandar*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shahi_Tandar "Operation Shahi Tandar") [*Diesel*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Diesel "Operation Diesel") [*Mar Lewe*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mar_Lewe "Operation Mar Lewe") [*Panther's Claw*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Panther%27s_Claw "Operation Panther's Claw") [*Strike of the Sword*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Strike_of_the_Sword "Operation Strike of the Sword") [Dahaneh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dahaneh "Battle of Dahaneh") [*Cobra's Anger*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cobra%27s_Anger "Operation Cobra's Anger") [*Moshtarak*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moshtarak "Operation Moshtarak") [*Tor Shezada*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tor_Shezada "Operation Tor Shezada") [Battle of Sangin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sangin_\(2010\) "Battle of Sangin (2010)") [Camp Bastion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2012_raid_on_Camp_Bastion "September 2012 raid on Camp Bastion") [January 2017 Lashkargah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2017_Afghanistan_bombings "January 2017 Afghanistan bombings") [Sangin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Sangin "Fall of Sangin") [June 2017 Lashkargah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2017_Lashkargah_bombing "June 2017 Lashkargah bombing") [Camp Shorabak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Camp_Shorabak_attack "2019 Camp Shorabak attack") [Grishk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "May 2020 Afghanistan attacks") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kandahar_province_campaign "Template:Campaignbox Kandahar province campaign") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kandahar_province_campaign "Template talk:Campaignbox Kandahar province campaign") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kandahar_province_campaign "Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Kandahar province campaign")[Kandahar Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Province "Kandahar Province") | | [2001 Kandahar bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kandahar_\(2001\) "Bombing of Kandahar (2001)") [Fall of Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kandahar "Fall of Kandahar") [Tarnak Farm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnak_Farm_incident "Tarnak Farm incident") [*Mongoose*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mongoose_\(2003\) "Operation Mongoose (2003)") [*Medusa*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Medusa "Operation Medusa") [*Avalanche*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Avalanche_\(Afghanistan\) "Operation Avalanche (Afghanistan)") [2006 Taliban offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Taliban_offensive "2006 Taliban offensive") [*Kaika*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kaika "Operation Kaika") [Panjwaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Panjwaii "Battle of Panjwaii") [*Falcon Summit*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Falcon_Summit "Operation Falcon Summit") [*Hoover*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hoover "Operation Hoover") [*Luger*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Luger "Operation Luger") [*Kamin*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kamin "Operation Kamin") [Shah Wali Kot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Wali_Kot_Offensive "Shah Wali Kot Offensive") [2008 Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kandahar_bombing "2008 Kandahar bombing") [Spin Boldak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_Boldak_bombing "Spin Boldak bombing") [Sarposa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarposa_prison_attack_of_2008 "Sarposa prison attack of 2008") [Arghandab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arghandab_\(2008\) "Battle of Arghandab (2008)") [Wech Baghtu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wech_Baghtu_wedding_party_airstrike "Wech Baghtu wedding party airstrike") [2009 Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kandahar_bombing "2009 Kandahar bombing") [Nadahan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadahan_wedding_bombing "Nadahan wedding bombing") [*Hamkari*](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Hamkari&action=edit&redlink=1 "Operation Hamkari (page does not exist)") [*Dragon Strike*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Strike "Operation Dragon Strike") [*Baawar*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Baawar "Operation Baawar") [Battle of Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_\(2011\) "Battle of Kandahar (2011)") [Kandahar massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_massacre "Kandahar massacre") [2017 Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2017_Afghanistan_bombings "January 2017 Afghanistan bombings") [2020 Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "May 2020 Afghanistan attacks") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Eastern_Afghanistan_campaign "Template:Campaignbox Eastern Afghanistan campaign") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Eastern_Afghanistan_campaign "Template talk:Campaignbox Eastern Afghanistan campaign") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Eastern_Afghanistan_campaign "Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Eastern Afghanistan campaign")Eastern Afghanistan | | [*Hazar Qadam*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Hazar_Qadam "Raid on Hazar Qadam") [*Anaconda*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anaconda "Operation Anaconda") ([Takur Ghar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Takur_Ghar "Battle of Takur Ghar")) [*Warrior Sweep*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warrior_Sweep "Operation Warrior Sweep") [*Jacana*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jacana "Operation Jacana") [*Haven Denial*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Haven_Denial "Operation Haven Denial") [*Mountain Resolve*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Resolve "Operation Mountain Resolve") [Korangal valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korangal_Valley_campaign "Korangal Valley campaign") ([*Red Wings*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Red_Wings "Operation Red Wings")) [Jaji border incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes") [Bagram (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Bagram_Airfield_bombing "2007 Bagram Airfield bombing") [South Korean hostages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_South_Korean_hostage_crisis_in_Afghanistan "2007 South Korean hostage crisis in Afghanistan") [Nangar Khel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangar_Khel_incident "Nangar Khel incident") [Aranas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aranas "Battle of Aranas") [Wanat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wanat "Battle of Wanat") [Ebrahimkhel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ebrahimkhel "Battle of Ebrahimkhel") [Alasay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alasay "Battle of Alasay") [Bari Alai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Bari_Alai "Attack on Bari Alai") [Ganjal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ganjgal "Battle of Ganjgal") [Kamdesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kamdesh "Battle of Kamdesh") [Narang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_raid_on_Narang "Night raid on Narang") [Khataba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Khataba "Raid on Khataba") [2010 Badakhshan massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Badakhshan_massacre "2010 Badakhshan massacre") [Bad Pakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bad_Pakh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Battle of Bad Pakh (page does not exist)") [*Bulldog Bite*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bulldog_Bite "Operation Bulldog Bite") [Barawala Kalay Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barawala_Kalay_Valley "Battle of Barawala Kalay Valley") [Do Ab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Do_Ab "Battle of Do Ab") [Asadabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Asadabad "Battle of Asadabad") [Bagram (2014)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Bagram_Airfield_bombing "2014 Bagram Airfield bombing") [Jalalabad (2015)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing "2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing") [Bagram (2015)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Bagram_Airfield_bombing "2015 Bagram Airfield bombing") [Nangarhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangarhar_offensive_\(2016\) "Nangarhar offensive (2016)") [Jalalabad (2016)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing "2016 Jalalabad suicide bombing") [Janikhel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janikhel_offensive "Janikhel offensive") [Bagram (2016)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Bagram_Airfield_bombing "2016 Bagram Airfield bombing") [Mohmand Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand_Valley_raid "Mohmand Valley raid") [Tora Bora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora_\(2017\) "Battle of Tora Bora (2017)") [Jalalabad (January 2018)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children_Jalalabad_attack "Save the Children Jalalabad attack") [Jalalabad (July 2018)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing "July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing") [Jalalabad (September 2018)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing "September 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing") [Charikar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_September_2019_Afghanistan_bombings "17 September 2019 Afghanistan bombings") [Jalalabad (2019)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing "2019 Jalalabad suicide bombing") [Bagram (2019)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bagram_Airfield_attack "2019 Bagram Airfield attack") [May 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "May 2020 Afghanistan attacks") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kabul_province_campaign "Template:Campaignbox Kabul province campaign") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kabul_province_campaign "Template talk:Campaignbox Kabul province campaign") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kabul_province_campaign "Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Kabul province campaign")[Kabul Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_Province "Kabul Province") | | [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Kabul_bombing "2002 Kabul bombing") [2008 Serena Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kabul_Serena_Hotel_attack "2008 Kabul Serena Hotel attack") [2008 Indian embassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_bombing_of_Indian_embassy_in_Kabul "2008 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul") [Uzbin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbin_Valley_ambush "Uzbin Valley ambush") [2009 raids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2009_raids_on_Kabul "February 2009 raids on Kabul") [NATO HQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NATO_Afghanistan_headquarters_bombing "2009 NATO Afghanistan headquarters bombing") [2009 Indian embassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_bombing_of_Indian_embassy_in_Kabul "2009 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul") [Bakhtar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_UN_guest_house_attack_in_Kabul "2009 UN guest house attack in Kabul") [January 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2010_Kabul_attack "January 2010 Kabul attack") [February 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2010_Kabul_attack "February 2010 Kabul attack") [May 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2010_Kabul_bombing "May 2010 Kabul bombing") [2011 Inter-Continental Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Inter-Continental_Hotel_Kabul_attack "2011 Inter-Continental Hotel Kabul attack") [September 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_attack_on_the_United_States_embassy,_Kabul "2011 attack on the United States embassy, Kabul") [December 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Afghanistan_Ashura_bombings "2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings") [April 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2012_Afghanistan_attacks "April 2012 Afghanistan attacks") [June 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_June_2013_Kabul_bombing "11 June 2013 Kabul bombing") [Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Afghan_presidential_palace_attack "2013 Afghan presidential palace attack") [January 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2014_Kabul_restaurant_attack "January 2014 Kabul restaurant attack") [2014 Serena Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Kabul_Serena_Hotel_shooting "2014 Kabul Serena Hotel shooting") [December 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2014_Kabul_bombings "December 2014 Kabul bombings") [Park Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Park_Palace_guesthouse_attack "2015 Park Palace guesthouse attack") [Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Kabul_Parliament_attack "2015 Kabul Parliament attack") [7 August 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_August_2015_Kabul_attacks "7 August 2015 Kabul attacks") [10 August 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_August_2015_Kabul_suicide_bombing "10 August 2015 Kabul suicide bombing") [22 August 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_August_2015_Kabul_suicide_bombing "22 August 2015 Kabul suicide bombing") [Spanish Embassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Spanish_Embassy_attack_in_Kabul "2015 Spanish Embassy attack in Kabul") [April 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2016_Kabul_attack "April 2016 Kabul attack") [Canadian Embassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_attack_on_Canadian_Embassy_guards "Kabul attack on Canadian Embassy guards") [July 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2016_Kabul_bombing "July 2016 Kabul bombing") [American University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Afghanistan_attack "American University of Afghanistan attack") [September 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2016_Kabul_attacks "September 2016 Kabul attacks") [January 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2017_Afghanistan_bombings "January 2017 Afghanistan bombings") [March 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2017_Kabul_attack "March 2017 Kabul attack") [May 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2017_Kabul_bombing "May 2017 Kabul bombing") [October 2017 mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_October_2017_Afghanistan_attacks "20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks") [28 December 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_December_2017_Kabul_suicide_bombing "28 December 2017 Kabul suicide bombing") [2018 Inter-Continental Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Inter-Continental_Hotel_Kabul_attack "2018 Inter-Continental Hotel Kabul attack") [Ambulance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_ambulance_bombing "Kabul ambulance bombing") [March 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing "March 2018 Kabul suicide bombing") [22 April 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing "22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing") [30 April 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombings "30 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombings") [September 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2018_Kabul_attacks "September 2018 Kabul attacks") [2019 mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Kabul_mosque_bombing "2019 Kabul mosque bombing") [1 July 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_July_2019_Kabul_attack "1 July 2019 Kabul attack") [28 July 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_July_2019_Kabul_suicide_bombing "28 July 2019 Kabul suicide bombing") [7 August 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_August_2019_Kabul_bombing "7 August 2019 Kabul bombing") [17 August 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_August_2019_Kabul_bombing "17 August 2019 Kabul bombing") [2 and 5 September 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_and_5_September_2019_Kabul_bombings "2 and 5 September 2019 Kabul bombings") [17 September 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_September_2019_Afghanistan_bombings "17 September 2019 Afghanistan bombings") [6 March 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting "6 March 2020 Kabul shooting") [Gurdwara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_gurdwara_attack "Kabul gurdwara attack") [May 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "May 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "June 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [July 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "July 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [August 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "August 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [September 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "September 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [October 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "October 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [November 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "November 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Kabul_University_attack "2020 Kabul University attack") [December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "December 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [2021 school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_school_bombing "2021 Kabul school bombing") [Fall of Kabul (2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2021\) "Fall of Kabul (2021)") [2021 hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_hospital_attack "2021 Kabul hospital attack") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kunduz_province_campaign "Template:Campaignbox Kunduz province campaign") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kunduz_province_campaign "Template talk:Campaignbox Kunduz province campaign") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kunduz_province_campaign "Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Kunduz province campaign")[Kunduz Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency_in_Northern_Afghanistan "Counterinsurgency in Northern Afghanistan") | | [Airlift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_airlift "Kunduz airlift") [Siege](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kunduz "Siege of Kunduz") [*Harekate Yolo*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Harekate_Yolo "Operation Harekate Yolo") [*Karez*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Karez "Operation Karez") [*Oqab*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Oqab "Operation Oqab") [2009 airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kunduz_airstrike "2009 Kunduz airstrike") [*Sahda Ehlm*](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Sahda_Ehlm&action=edit&redlink=1 "Operation Sahda Ehlm (page does not exist)") [*Gala-e Gorg*](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Gala-e_Gorg&action=edit&redlink=1 "Operation Gala-e Gorg (page does not exist)") [*Halmazag*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Halmazag "Operation Halmazag") [2015 battle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunduz_\(2015\) "Battle of Kunduz (2015)") [Hospital airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike "Kunduz hospital airstrike") [Hostage crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz-Takhar_highway_hostage_crisis "Kunduz-Takhar highway hostage crisis") [2016 battle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunduz_\(2016\) "Battle of Kunduz (2016)") [Boz Qandahari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boz_Qandahari "Battle of Boz Qandahari") [Kunduz madrassa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_madrassa_airstrike "Kunduz madrassa airstrike") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "May 2020 Afghanistan attacks") | The **War in Afghanistan** was a prolonged armed conflict lasting from 2001 to 2021. It began with [an invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan "United States invasion of Afghanistan") by a [United States–led coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom") under the name [Operation Enduring Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom") in response to the [11 September attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") (9/11) carried out by the [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban")\-allied and Afghanistan-based [al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda"). The Taliban were expelled from major population centers by American-led forces supporting the anti-Taliban [Northern Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance "Northern Alliance"), thus toppling the Taliban-ruled [Islamic Emirate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)"). In 2004, the U.S.-backed [Islamic Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan") was established, but by then, the Taliban, led by founder [Mullah Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar "Mullah Omar"), had reorganized and begun [an insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency") against the Afghan government and coalition forces. The conflict ended as the [2021 Taliban offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive "2021 Taliban offensive") reestablished the Islamic Emirate. It was the [longest war in United States military history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars "List of the lengths of United States participation in wars"), surpassing the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") by six months. Following 9/11, masterminded by al-Qaeda leader [Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden "Osama bin Laden"), American president [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") demanded that the Taliban immediately extradite him to the United States and close down al-Qaeda's camps in Afghanistan; the Taliban refused and demanded evidence of bin Laden's guilt before offering to hand him over to a neutral country. The US dismissed these offers and proceeded with the invasion. After expelling the Taliban and their allies, the American-led coalition remained in Afghanistan, forming the [International Security Assistance Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") (ISAF)—sanctioned by the [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations")—with the goal of creating a new democratic authority in the country that would prevent the Taliban from returning to power.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-books.google.com-74) A new [Afghan Interim Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration "Afghan Interim Administration") was established, and [international rebuilding efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_in_Afghanistan "Reconstruction in Afghanistan") were launched.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:11-75) By 2003, the Taliban had reorganized and launched [a widespread insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency") against the new Afghan government and coalition forces. Insurgents from the Taliban and other Islamist groups waged [asymmetric warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare "Asymmetric warfare"), fighting with [guerrilla warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare "Guerrilla warfare") in the countryside, [suicide attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attack "Suicide attack") against urban targets, and reprisals against perceived Afghan collaborators. By 2007, large parts of Afghanistan had been retaken by the Taliban.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-76)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-77) In response, the coalition sent a major influx of troops for [counter-insurgency operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency "Counterinsurgency"), with a "[clear and hold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_and_hold "Clear and hold")" strategy for villages and towns; this influx peaked in 2011, when roughly 140,000 foreign troops were operating under ISAF command across Afghanistan.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-78) An American covert operation in neighboring Pakistan led to the [killing of Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden") in 2011, and [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO") leaders began planning an exit strategy from Afghanistan.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-79)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WP20140527-80) In 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and officially transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. Unable to eliminate the Taliban through military means, coalition forces (and separately, the Afghan government led by [Ashraf Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani "Ashraf Ghani")) turned to diplomacy to end the conflict.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-81) These efforts culminated in the [United States–Taliban deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") in 2020, which stipulated the [withdrawal of all US troops from Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan") by 2021.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:9-82) In exchange, the Taliban pledged to prevent any militant group from staging attacks from Afghan territory against the US and its allies.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-proposedwithdrawal-83) However, the Afghan government was not a party to the deal and rejected its terms.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nprreject-84) Coinciding with the withdrawal of troops, the Taliban launched a broad offensive throughout the summer of 2021, successfully reestablishing their control over Afghanistan, [including the capital city of Kabul on 15 August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2021\) "Fall of Kabul (2021)"). On the same day, Ghani fled the country; the Taliban declared victory and the war was formally brought to a close.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-85) By 30 August, [the last American military aircraft departed from Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift "2021 Kabul airlift"), ending the protracted American-led military presence in the country.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:4-86)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT300821-87) Overall, the war killed an estimated 176,000–212,000+ people, including 46,319 civilians. In addition, 66,650 people were killed in the related [War in North-West Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:2-88) While more than 5.7 million former refugees returned to Afghanistan after the 2001 invasion,[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-89) by the fall of Kabul, [2\.6 million Afghans remained refugees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugees "Afghan refugees"),[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bbc2021-90) while another 4 million were [internally displaced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person "Internally displaced person").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-91)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Auer_&_Said2-92) ## Names \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Names")\] This conflict from 2001 to 2021 is referred to as the war in Afghanistan,[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-93) in order to distinguish it from Afghanistan's various other wars,[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-94) notably the ongoing [Afghan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_conflict "Afghan conflict") of which it was a part,[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-95) and the [Soviet–Afghan War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "Soviet–Afghan War").[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-96) From the perspective of [the West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world "Western world"), the war is divided between 2001 and 2014 (the [ISAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISAF "ISAF") mission), when most combat operations were performed by coalition forces, and 2015 to 2021 (the [Resolute Support Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission")), when the Afghan armed forces did most of the fighting against the Taliban. The war was named [Operation Enduring Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom") from 2001 to 2014[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-97) and as [Operation Freedom's Sentinel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freedom%27s_Sentinel "Operation Freedom's Sentinel") from 2015 to 2021 by the US.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-98) Alternatively, it has been called the US war in Afghanistan.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-99)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-100)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-101) In Afghanistan itself, the war is known as simply the "war in Afghanistan".[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-102)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-103)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-104) ## Prelude \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Prelude")\] Main article: [Prelude to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Prelude to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Afghanistan_Civil_War%2C_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png/250px-Afghanistan_Civil_War%2C_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanistan_Civil_War,_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png) The military situation of the Afghan Civil War in 1996 between the Taliban (red) and the Northern Alliance (blue) ### Rise of the Taliban \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Rise of the Taliban")\] The [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") emerged from religious students known as the *Talib* who sought to end [warlordism in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord#Afghanistan "Warlord") through stricter adherence to *[Sharia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia "Sharia")*.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-105)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-George_Washington_University-106) In 1996, the Taliban, with military support by Pakistan and financial support from [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"), seized [Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul "Kabul") and founded the [Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)").[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl200414-107) The Taliban imposed their [fundamentalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism "Islamic fundamentalism") [Deobandi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi "Deobandi") interpretation of Islam in areas under their control, issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside the home, attend school or to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male relative.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Physicians_for_Human_Rights-108) According to the [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") (UN), the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001, many of them targeting [Shias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Muslims "Shia Muslims") and [Hazaras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaras "Hazaras").[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Newsday_2001-109)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-papillonsartpalace.com-110) By 2001, the Taliban controlled as much as 90% of Afghanistan, with the [Northern Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance "Northern Alliance") confined to the country's northeast corner. Fighting alongside Taliban forces were some 28,000–30,000 Pakistanis (usually also [Pashtun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns "Pashtuns")) and 2,000–3,000 [al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") militants.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Webster_University_Press_Book-111)[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Ahmed_Rashid/The_Telegraph-112)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirardet2011416-113) ### Al-Qaeda \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Al-Qaeda")\] The [9/11 Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission "9/11 Commission") in the US found that under the Taliban, al-Qaeda was able to use Afghanistan as a place to train and teach fighters, import weapons, coordinate with other [jihadists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist "Jihadist"), and plot terrorist actions.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-114) While al-Qaeda maintained its own [camps in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_training_camp "Afghan training camp"), it also supported training camps of other organizations. An estimated 10,000 to 20,000 men passed through these facilities before 9/11, most of whom were sent to fight for the Taliban against the Northern Alliance. A smaller number were inducted into al-Qaeda.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-115) After the [1998 US embassy bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings "1998 United States embassy bombings") were linked to bin Laden, US president [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") ordered [missile strikes on an al-Qaeda camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach "Operation Infinite Reach") in Afghanistan. US officials pressed the Taliban to surrender bin Laden. In 1999, the international community imposed sanctions on the Taliban to motivate their extradition of him. The Taliban rebuffed these demands. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") (CIA) [Special Activities Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Activities_Division "Special Activities Division") paramilitary teams were active in Afghanistan in the 1990s in clandestine operations to locate and kill or capture bin Laden. These teams planned several operations but did not receive the order to proceed from Clinton. Their efforts built relationships with Afghan leaders that proved essential in the 2001 invasion.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl2004-116) ### 11 September attacks \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: 11 September attacks")\] Main article: [September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/WTCgroundzero.jpg/250px-WTCgroundzero.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WTCgroundzero.jpg) Ground Zero in New York following the [September 11th attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), September 2001 On the morning of 11 September 2001 (9/11), 19 members of al-Qaeda carried out [coordinated attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") in the United States by hijacking four commercial airliners.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Holmes-117)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Keppel2008-118) The hijackers intentionally crashed two of them into the [World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_\(1973%E2%80%932001\) "World Trade Center (1973–2001)") in New York City. The [center collapsed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center "Collapse of the World Trade Center") as a result. The hijackers crashed a [third airliner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77 "American Airlines Flight 77") into the [Pentagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") in [Arlington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia "Arlington County, Virginia"), [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia")[.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") [The fourth plane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93 "United Airlines Flight 93"), which had been targeted at [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), crashed into a field [in Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania "Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania"). No one aboard the four flights survived.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOX_Responders-119) Total deaths were 2,996, including the 19 hijackers.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOX_Responders-119) Osama bin Laden planned and coordinated the attacks, and the US desire to hold him accountable became the *[casus belli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casus_belli "Casus belli")* for invasion. After the invasion was declared, bin Laden sought, successfully, to draw the US into an extended war similar to that fought against the Soviets.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 62–64 The Taliban publicly condemned 9/11.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ultimatum-121) They also greatly underestimated the US' willingness to go to war. The US was mistaken in its belief that the Taliban and al-Qaeda were almost inseparable when, in fact, they had very different goals and leaders.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 65–70 ### US ultimatum to the Taliban \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: US ultimatum to the Taliban")\] Immediately after 9/11, the [US National Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council "United States National Security Council") agreed that military action would probably have to be taken against al-Qaeda and the Taliban. However, Bush decided to issue an ultimatum to the Taliban first,[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 54 demanding that the Taliban hand over bin Laden, "close immediately every terrorist training camp, hand over every terrorist and their supporters, and give the US full access to terrorist training camps for inspection."[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ultimatum-121) The same day, religious scholars met in Kabul, deciding that bin Laden should be surrendered; however, Taliban founder [Mullah Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar "Mullah Omar") decided that "turning over Osama would only be a disgrace for us and Islamic thought and belief would be a weakness", and that the US would continue making demands after surrendering bin Laden, who he claimed was innocent.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 56 The Taliban refused the ultimatum, saying that Osama bin Laden was protected by the traditional [Pashtun laws of hospitality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunwali "Pashtunwali").[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-122)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-123) In the weeks ahead and at the beginning of the US and NATO invasion of Afghanistan, the Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden's guilt but subsequently offered to hand him over to a third country if the US stopped its bombing and provided evidence of his guilt.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-124)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-125) A [Bush administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush "Presidency of George W. Bush") official later stated that their demands were "not subject to negotiation" and that it was "time for the Taliban to act now."[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-126) Covert US military action began soon after, and the war started officially on 7 October 2001.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 58 ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: History")\] Main article: [History of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "History of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") ### Tactical overview \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Tactical overview")\] The war contained two main factions: the Coalition, which included the US and its allies (eventually supporting the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan), fighting against the Taliban, its allies, and its militias. Complicating the fight were Taliban splinter groups and other, more radical religious groups such as al-Qaeda, and later, the [Islamic State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State"). These radical groups sometimes fought for the Taliban, sometimes fought for their own goals, and sometimes fought against both the Taliban and the government. Afghanistan is a rural country; in 2020, some 80% of its 33 million people lived in the countryside.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 12 This predisposes warfare to rural areas, and provides ample hiding spots for guerrilla fighters. The country also has harsh winters, which favors spring or summertime military offensives after winter lulls in fighting.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-127)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-128) Afghanistan is 99.7% [Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims "Muslims"),[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Factbook-129) which affected the ideology of both the Taliban and the Afghan government. Centuries of foreign invasion by non-Muslims cemented the religious nature of resisting outsiders and the Afghan identity.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 17–19 Local religious leaders ([mullahs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah "Mullah")) could influence the population as much as the government. Mullahs have traditionally been important in prescribing resistance to outsiders through calls for holy war or jihad.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 23–24 Afghanistan is a largely tribal society, and this significantly influences Afghan society and politics. Tribalism is largely a source of division, unlike Islam. Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising between 38% and 50% of the population.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-AsiaFoundation-130) [Pashtunwali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunwali "Pashtunwali"), the traditional way of life for the Pashtuns, guided most tribal decision making. Tribal unity was often weak as well due to Pashtunwali's method of dealing with feuds. Traditionally, Afghan leaders have depended on tribes to keep order in rural areas because without their cooperation the state was often ineffective and weak. Afghans were more loyal to their own community and tribe, not the state, which meant that tribes would align with either the Taliban or the Government as was most beneficial.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 19–22 The significant difference in power between high-tech Coalition militaries and the guerrilla Taliban led to [asymmetric warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare "Asymmetric warfare"). Owing to their roots in the [anti-Soviet *mujahideen*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen "Afghan mujahideen"), the Taliban carried on the guerrilla tactics developed in the 1980s. The mujahideen operated in small cadres of 10 to 50 men, armed with a combination of outdated and (usually looted) modern weapons.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 31 The Taliban increasingly used guerrilla tactics such as suicide, car and roadside bombs ([IEDs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device "Improvised explosive device")), and targeted assassinations.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-UNAMAJul09-131) By 2009, IEDs had become the Taliban's weapon of choice.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Arnoldy-132) The Taliban also used insider attacks as the war drew on, by planting personnel in the Afghan military and police forces.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ShootingAfghanistan-133) ### 2001: Invasion and early operations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: 2001: Invasion and early operations")\] Main article: [United States invasion of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan "United States invasion of Afghanistan") See also: [Battle of Tora Bora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora "Battle of Tora Bora"), [Operation Anaconda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anaconda "Operation Anaconda"), and [Operation Harpoon (2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_\(2002\) "Operation Harpoon (2002)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg/250px-US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg) [US Army Special Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Special_Forces "US Army Special Forces") and [US Air Force Combat Controllers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Controller "Combat Controller") with Northern Alliance troops on horseback in [Samangan Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samangan_Province "Samangan Province"), 2001 Though the US officially invaded on 7 October 2001 by launching Operation Enduring Freedom, covert operations had begun several weeks earlier. Fifteen days after 9/11, the US covertly inserted members of the CIA's Special Activities Division into Afghanistan, forming the Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-134) They linked up with the Northern Alliance in the [Panjshir Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjshir_Valley "Panjshir Valley") north of Kabul.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Malkasian2021p61-135) In October, twelve-man Special Forces teams began arriving in Afghanistan to work with the CIA and Northern Alliance.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Malkasian2021p61-135) Within a few weeks the Northern Alliance, with assistance from the US ground and air forces, captured several key cities from the Taliban.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-army.mil-136)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-gresham-137) The Taliban retreated throughout the country, holding steady only in [Kunduz Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_Province "Kunduz Province"), outmatched by US air support. By November, the Taliban had lost control of most of the country.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 70–75 The US did not invade alone: it began with assistance from the UK, and eventually over a dozen more countries.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-The_Guardian-138)[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Canada_in_Afghanistan_2001-139)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:1-140) The US and its allies [drove the Taliban from power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kandahar "Fall of Kandahar") and built military bases near major cities across the country. Most al-Qaeda and Taliban were not captured, escaping to neighboring Pakistan or retreating to rural or remote mountainous regions.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-141) On 20 December 2001, the UN authorized an [International Security Assistance Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") (ISAF), with a mandate to help the Afghans maintain security in Kabul and surrounding areas.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cdi1-142) Its mandate did not extend beyond the Kabul area for the first few years.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ISAF_Chronology-143) 18 countries contributed to the force in February 2002. The CIA created Counter-terrorism Pursuit Teams staffed by Afghans at the war's beginning.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-144)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Whitlock2010-145) This force grew to over 3,000 by 2010 and was considered one of the "best Afghan fighting forces."[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Whitlock2010-145) These units were not only effective in operations against the Taliban and al-Qaeda forces in Afghanistan,[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward20108-146) but also expanded their operations into Pakistan.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2010367-147) Who would lead the country became an acute political question. At the [Bonn Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Afghanistan,_Bonn_\(2001\) "International Conference on Afghanistan, Bonn (2001)") in December 2001, [Hamid Karzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai "Hamid Karzai") was selected to head the [Afghan Interim Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration "Afghan Interim Administration"), which after a [2002 *loya jirga*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_loya_jirga "2002 loya jirga") (grand assembly) in Kabul became the [Afghan Transitional Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Transitional_Administration "Afghan Transitional Administration"). The agreement provided steps that would lead to democracy for the country.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-dx-148) Shortly after the elevation of Karzai to the president on 5 December, the Taliban may have tried to seek a conditional surrender to Karzai. There are two conflicting accounts. The first is that an agreement, possibly signed by Mullah Omar, was reached wherein the Taliban would surrender in exchange for immunity. The second is that the agreement was more narrowly focused on surrendering [Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar "Kandahar"). Taliban sources, on the other hand, said Omar was not part of the deal, and would not surrender Kandahar. Whatever the case, the US vetoed any sort of negotiation. Omar disappeared, leaving for Pakistan or elsewhere in Afghanistan. The Taliban went into hiding, or fled to Pakistan, though many gave up arms as well. Most leaders and thousands of fighters went to Pakistan. Whether the Taliban had decided on an insurgency at this time is unknown.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 74–84 Taliban fighters remained in hiding in the rural regions of four southern provinces: [Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Province "Kandahar Province"), [Zabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabul "Zabul"), [Helmand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmand_Province "Helmand Province") and [Uruzgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruzgan_Province "Uruzgan Province").[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-149) By late November, bin Laden was at a fortified training camp in Tora Bora. The [Battle of Tora Bora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora "Battle of Tora Bora") began on 30 November. CIA teams working with tribal militias followed bin Laden there and began to call in airstrikes to clear out the mountainous camp, with special forces soon arriving in support. While the tribal militia numbered 1,000, it was not fighting eagerly during [Ramadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan"). While the CIA requested that US Army Rangers be sent and Marines were ready to deploy, they were declined. Bin Laden was eventually able to escape at some point in December to Pakistan.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 76–79 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Canadian_soldiers_afghanistan.jpg/250px-Canadian_soldiers_afghanistan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_soldiers_afghanistan.jpg) Canadian soldiers from [3PPCLI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry#3rd_Battalion "Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry"), search for al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters after an air assault, approach on an objective north of [Qalati Ghilji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalati_Ghilji "Qalati Ghilji"), 2002 The invasion was a striking military success for the Coalition. Fewer than twelve US soldiers died between October and March, compared to some 15,000 Taliban killed or taken prisoner. Special forces teams and their Afghan allies had done most of the work and relatively few soldiers had been required. Karzai was a respected, legitimate, and charismatic leader. Still, Malkasian writes, the failure to capture bin Laden or negotiate with the Taliban, or include them in any way in the new government, set the course for the long war that bin Laden had dreamed of getting the US into.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 86–88 In the war's early years, Pakistan had been seen as a firm ally, and little concern had been given to its support of the Taliban. Pakistan had also helped capture numerous top al-Qaeda leaders, including [Khalid Sheikh Mohammed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed"). But internally, Pakistan was providing significant funding, access to safe houses, and political support to the Taliban. Public opinion in Pakistan heavily favored the Taliban, and the US invasion was viewed very negatively. The government was in no position to expel the Taliban, lest it starts a conflict within its already fragile country. Thus the Taliban continued to use Pakistan as a base of operations and a safe haven to rebuild their strength.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 129–132 ### 2002–2005: Taliban resurgence \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: 2002–2005: Taliban resurgence")\] Further information: [Taliban insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency"), [Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"), [2003 in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_Afghanistan "2003 in Afghanistan"), [2004 in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_Afghanistan "2004 in Afghanistan"), and [2005 in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_Afghanistan "2005 in Afghanistan") #### Coalition mistakes, Taliban start to re-organize \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Coalition mistakes, Taliban start to re-organize")\] Following initial success, the US lacked an obvious goal in Afghanistan beyond the counter-terrorism objectives of finding senior Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders. [Nation-building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-building "Nation-building") was initially opposed by the Bush administration, but as the US stayed, it slowly crept into the rationale for staying. In April 2002, Bush made a speech expressing a desire to rebuild Afghanistan. The US also sought to instill democracy and women's rights as a moral matter. The international community contributed to the development effort in Afghanistan, which focused on aid and creating institutions to run the country. US reconstruction efforts also focused on improving education, health care, and community development. The US helped create and funded a new Afghan army in early 2002. However, the army was built slowly due to competing interests and a US belief that the Taliban were no longer a strong threat. Some in the Bush administration preferred to use the Northern Alliance and warlords as the military instead of creating a new military. The army became an afterthought and was poorly trained and equipped, further enabling the Taliban.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 89–105 The first attempt at a larger organization of Taliban groups after the invasion occurred in April 2002 in the country's south. A *[shura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura "Shura")* was established by former mid-level Taliban officials in Gardi Jangal, a refugee camp near the Helmand border. It operated in the core provinces of Kandahar, Helmand, Zabul, and Uruzgan. It was composed of 23 groups of about 50 individuals each, for a total of around 1,200. In the [North Waziristan District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waziristan_District "North Waziristan District") of Pakistan, [Jalaluddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani "Jalaluddin Haqqani") had started organizing the [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network") after exiling there in 2001. In early 2002, their membership was estimated at 1,400 and had a presence in [Paktia Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paktia_Province "Paktia Province") and [Khost Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_Province "Khost Province") in the second half of 2002 with limited activity. They were joined by members of al-Qaeda. [Operation Jacana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jacana "Operation Jacana") & [Operation Condor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Condor_\(Afghanistan\) "Operation Condor (Afghanistan)"), among others, tried to flush out the Taliban with varying results.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi-150): 25–29 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Neotaliban_insurgency_2002-2006_en.png/250px-Neotaliban_insurgency_2002-2006_en.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neotaliban_insurgency_2002-2006_en.png) Map detailing the spread of the Taliban insurgency, 2002–2006 Some members of the Taliban reached out to Karzai to open negotiations several times between 2002 and 2004, but the US was adamantly against this, and ensured that all top Taliban leaders were blacklisted, such that the Afghan Government could not negotiate with them. Malkasian argues that negotiations with the Taliban would have been low cost, but highly effective at this stage, and attributes it to US overconfidence and hubris, and notes that all the information that the Taliban could resurge was available but ignored.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 106–111 Some Taliban leaders considered joining the political process, with meetings on the issue until 2004, though these did not result in a decision to do so.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi-150): 19 From 2002 to 2005, the Taliban reorganized and planned a resurgence. Pressure on Coalition forces to hunt down terrorists led to excesses and generated some popular support for the Taliban. Coalition troops would go on missions with questionable intelligence, at one point falling prey to a false tip provided by a target's political opponents. Few high-level Taliban or al-Qaeda leaders were caught. Those captured were predominantly low-level Taliban operatives who had little information on al-Qaeda. Numerous civilians were killed in operations, including [a wedding which was misinterpreted as a Taliban gathering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruzgan_wedding_bombing "Uruzgan wedding bombing"). Repeated errors by Coalition forces drove Taliban recruitment. Many Taliban leaders who had given up arms to leave peacefully, especially after being promised amnesty by Karzai, were increasingly harassed by the US and elements of the Afghan government. By 2004, most Taliban leaders in Afghanistan had fled back to Pakistan, where the remnants of the Taliban were hiding. Malkasian argues that the US provided significant momentum to the Taliban by its own missteps, especially by focusing on aggressive counter-terrorism and vengeance for 9/11. He further argues that these actions alone did not restart the conflict because the Taliban would have re-emerged regardless because of leaders like Mullah Omar and Jalaluddin Haqqani who had never put down arms.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 119–123 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_10th_Mountain_Division_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg/250px-US_10th_Mountain_Division_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_10th_Mountain_Division_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg) US Army Soldiers board a helicopter in Zabul province, 2003 The Taliban undertook relatively few actions until 2005. Pamphlets by Taliban and other groups appeared in towns and the countryside in early 2003, urging Muslims to take up a holy war against Americans and other foreign troops.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-151) American attention was diverted from Afghanistan when US forces [invaded Iraq in March 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War").[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-152) In May 2003, the Taliban Supreme Court's chief justice, Abdul Salam, proclaimed that the Taliban were back, regrouped, rearmed, and ready for guerrilla war to expel US forces from Afghanistan.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CSMontorTalibanResurge-153) As the summer of 2003 continued, Taliban attacks gradually increased in frequency. Dozens of Afghan government soldiers, [NGO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization "Non-governmental organization") [humanitarian workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid "Humanitarian aid"), and several US soldiers died in the raids, ambushes, and rocket attacks. Besides guerrilla attacks, Taliban fighters began building up forces in the district of [Dey Chopan District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dey_Chopan_District "Dey Chopan District") in Zabul Province. The Taliban decided to make a stand there. Over the summer, up to 1,000 guerrillas moved there. Over 220 people, including several dozen Afghan police, were killed in August 2003.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-The_Associated_Press-154) On 11 August, NATO assumed control of ISAF.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Rubin-155) Omar reorganized the movement, and in 2003, launched [an insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency") against the government and ISAF.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cfr.org-156)[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-rothstein-157) From the second half of 2003 and through 2004, operations intensified, with [night letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_letter "Night letter") followed by kidnappings and assassinations of government officials and collaborating village elders by 2005, with the former leaving villages in fear. Government schools and clinics were burned down.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi-150): 34 Privately, the Taliban were preparing a grand offensive against the Coalition. It was to be several years in the making so that enough strength could be gathered. [Dadullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadullah "Dadullah") was put in charge of it. His tactics were largely effective. He was responsible for introducing suicide bombing into wide use around 2004, as previously, suicide or taking civilian lives had only been an al-Qaeda tactic. A network of [madrassas in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassas_in_Pakistan "Madrassas in Pakistan") catering to Afghan refugees provided a steady stream of extremist recruits willing to die.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 125–127 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/3rd_Battalion%2C_3rd_Marines_-_Afghanistan.jpg/250px-3rd_Battalion%2C_3rd_Marines_-_Afghanistan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3rd_Battalion,_3rd_Marines_-_Afghanistan.jpg) A US Navy Corpsman searches for Taliban fighters in [Mihtarlam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihtarlam "Mihtarlam"), 2005 [Operation Asbury Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Asbury_Park "Operation Asbury Park") cleared out Taliban forces in the Dey Chopan District during summer 2004.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-158) In late 2004, the then-hidden Omar announced an insurgency against America and the [transitional Afghan government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan "Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan") forces to "regain the sovereignty of our country."[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYTNov2004-159) The [2004 Afghan presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Afghan_presidential_election "2004 Afghan presidential election") was a major target of the Taliban, though only 20 districts and 200 villages elsewhere were claimed to have been successfully prevented from voting. Karzai was elected president of the country, now named the [Islamic Republic of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi-150): 40 The US started using [drone strikes in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan "Drone strikes in Pakistan") in 2004, starting along the [Federal Tribal Areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas "Federally Administered Tribal Areas") against Taliban and al-Qaeda militants.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-The_CIA's_Silent_War_in_Pakistan-160)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-161) In June and July 2005, US [Navy Seals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Seals "Navy Seals") carried out [Operation Red Wings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Red_Wings "Operation Red Wings") as a joint military operation in [Kunar Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunar_Province "Kunar Province"). The mission intended to disrupt local Taliban led by [Ahmad Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_\(Taliban\) "Ahmad Shah (Taliban)"), hopefully bringing stability and facilitating the [Afghan Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_\(Afghanistan\) "National Assembly (Afghanistan)") elections [scheduled for September 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Afghan_parliamentary_election "2005 Afghan parliamentary election"). The operation had one survivor, and left 19 dead.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-macmannis-162)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Ed_Darack_Victory_Point-163)[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Ed_Darack_Marine_Corps_Gazette-164) [Operation Whalers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Whalers "Operation Whalers") would finish the job several weeks later. Taliban activity dropped significantly and Shah was seriously wounded. Shah was not able to undertake any significant operations subsequent to Operation Whalers in Kunar or neighboring provinces.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Ed_Darack_Victory_Point-163)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-BBC-165) The Taliban regained control over several villages in the south by the end of 2005, as villages were frustrated with the lack of government help, and hoped life would be better under the Taliban. Years of planning were coming to fruition for the Taliban. By comparison, the Government was in a very weak position. The police were deeply underfunded, and the average district had only 50 officers. Some districts had no Government presence at all. Most of the country's militias (with a strength of ~100,000) had been demobilized due to international pressure to create an army, but it was still weak. Combined with an increase in tribal feuding, the conditions were perfect for a Taliban comeback.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 134–136 ### 2006–2007: Escalating war \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: 2006–2007: Escalating war")\] Further information: [Taliban insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency"), [Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_combat_operations_in_Afghanistan_in_2006 "Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2006"), [Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_combat_operations_in_Afghanistan_in_2007 "Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2007"), and [Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_combat_operations_in_Afghanistan_in_2008 "Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2008") As insurgent attacks in the country reportedly grew fourfold between 2002 and 2006,[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-166) by late 2007 Afghanistan was said to be in "serious danger" of falling into Taliban control despite the presence of 40,000 ISAF troops.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-167) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Air_assaulting_Lwar_Kowndalan.jpg/250px-Air_assaulting_Lwar_Kowndalan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_assaulting_Lwar_Kowndalan.jpg) An [Apache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache "Boeing AH-64 Apache") helicopter provides protection from the air, Lwar Kowndalan in Kandahar, 2005 From January 2006, a multinational ISAF contingent started to replace US troops in southern Afghanistan. The UK formed the core of the force, along with Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and Estonia.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-news_bbc_co_uk2-168)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-news_bbc_co_uk3-169)[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-news_bbc_co_uk6-170)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-www_centcom_mil5-171)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-www_defensenews_com7-172) In January 2006, NATO's focus in southern Afghanistan was to form [Provincial Reconstruction Teams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Reconstruction_Team "Provincial Reconstruction Team"). Local Taliban figures pledged to resist.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-news_bbc_co_uk8-173) Since Canada wanted to deploy in Kandahar, the UK got Helmand province. Helmand was a center of poppy production, so it seemed a good region for the anti-narcotic focused UK. However, Pashtun Helmandis had never forgotten the 1880 [Battle of Maiwand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand "Battle of Maiwand") with the British, and it proved a source of significant resistance from them.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 138–142 Local intelligence suggested that the Taliban were going to wage a brutal campaign in the summer of 2006. Coalition generals sent this info up the chain of command, but decision-makers ignored warnings. The US was distracted in Iraq, and Secretary of State Rumsfeld was more interested in making the Afghan army affordable than effective. Of the 70,000 soldiers the Afghan army was supposed to have, only 26,000 had been trained and retained.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 138–142 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Swedish_medic_in_Afghanistan_2006.jpg/250px-Swedish_medic_in_Afghanistan_2006.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swedish_medic_in_Afghanistan_2006.jpg) [Swedish Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Army "Swedish Army") medic in the Mazar-e Sharif region, 2006 Spring and summer action in 2006 by the Coalition included [Operation Mountain Thrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Thrust "Operation Mountain Thrust"), [Operation Medusa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Medusa "Operation Medusa"), [a Dutch/Australian offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Dutch/Australian_Offensive "2006 Dutch/Australian Offensive"), the [Battle of Panjwaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Panjwaii "Battle of Panjwaii"), [Operation Mountain Fury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Fury "Operation Mountain Fury") and [Operation Falcon Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Falcon_Summit "Operation Falcon Summit"). The Coalition achieved tactical victories and area denial, but the Taliban were not completely defeated. On 29 May 2006, a US military truck that was part of a convoy in Kabul lost control and plowed into civilian vehicles, killing one person and injuring six. The surrounding crowd got angry and a riot arose, ending with 20 dead and 160 injured. When stone-throwing and gunfire had come from a crowd of some 400 men, the US troops had used their weapons "to defend themselves" while leaving the scene, a US military spokesman said. A *Financial Times* reporter suggested that this was the outbreak of "a ground swell of resentment" towards foreigners that had been growing since 2004.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-174)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-175) UK actions in early 2007 included [Operation Volcano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Volcano "Operation Volcano"), [Operation Achilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Achilles "Operation Achilles"), and [Operation Lastay Kulang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lastay_Kulang "Operation Lastay Kulang"). The UK Ministry of Defence also announced its intention to bring British troop levels in the country up to 7,700.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-www_mod_uk10-176) In March 2007, the US deployed some 3,500 more troops, though deployment was slow due to American priorities in Iraq.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-177)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-178) In the first five months of 2008, US troops in Afghanistan increased by over 80%, with a surge of 21,643 more troops—26,607 in January to 48,250 in June.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Congressional_Research_Services_Report_for_Congress_%E2%80%93_U.S._Forces_in_Afghanistan_%E2%80%93_Updated_15_July_2008-179) On 4 March 2007, US Marines allegedly [killed at least 12 civilians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Shinwar_shooting "2007 Shinwar shooting") and injured 33 in Nangarhar,[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-180) in a response to a bomb ambush.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-181) The 120 member Marine unit responsible for the attack were ordered to leave the country because the incident damaged the unit's relations with the local population.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-182) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Afghanistan_Troop_Strength.svg/500px-Afghanistan_Troop_Strength.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanistan_Troop_Strength.svg) Development of ISAF troop strength from 2007 to 2015 During the summer, NATO forces achieved tactical victories at the [Battle of Chora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chora "Battle of Chora") in OrĆ«zgān, where Dutch and [Australian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army#Current_deployments "Australian Army") ISAF forces were deployed. The [Battle of Musa Qala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Musa_Qala "Battle of Musa Qala") took place in December. Afghan units were the principal fighting force, supported by British forces.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-183) Taliban forces were forced out of the town. In 2007, Western analysts estimated the strength of Taliban forces at about 10,000 fighters fielded at any given time. Of that number, only 2,000 to 3,000 were highly motivated, full-time insurgents.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-184) The rest were volunteer units, made up of young Afghans, angered by deaths of Afghan civilians in military airstrikes and American detention of Muslim prisoners who had been held for years without being charged.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-185) In 2007, more foreign fighters came into Afghanistan than ever before, according to officials. Approximately 100 to 300 full-time combatants were foreigners, many from Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and [Chechnya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya "Chechnya"). They were reportedly more violent, and uncontrollable, often bringing superior video-production or bomb making expertise.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nytimes-186) By 2010, the Taliban had as many as 25,000 dedicated soldiers, almost as many as before 9/11.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-187) General McChrystal, newly appointed as US commander in Afghanistan, said that the Taliban had gained the upper hand. In a continuation of the Taliban's usual strategy of summer offensives,[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-188) the militants aggressively spread their influence into north and west Afghanistan and stepped up their attack in an attempt to disrupt presidential polls.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-189) He added that the US strategy was to stop their momentum, and focus on protecting and safeguarding Afghan civilians, calling it "hard work."[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-190) ### 2008–2009: NATO build-up, Pakistan skirmishes, and Karzai re-election \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: 2008–2009: NATO build-up, Pakistan skirmishes, and Karzai re-election")\] Main articles: [Pakistan in the war on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_in_the_war_on_terror "Pakistan in the war on terror"), [Pakistan–United States skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_skirmishes "Pakistan–United States skirmishes"), and [Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_combat_operations_in_Afghanistan_in_2009 "Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2009") On 13 June 2008, Taliban fighters demonstrated their ongoing strength, freeing all prisoners in Kandahar jail. The operation freed 1200 prisoners, 400 of whom were Taliban, causing a major embarrassment for NATO.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-191) By the end of 2008, the Taliban apparently had severed remaining ties with al-Qaeda.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-192) According to US officials, perhaps fewer than 100 members of al-Qaeda remained in Afghanistan.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-193) In summer 2008, Bush authorized raids against militants in Pakistan. Pakistan said it would not allow foreign forces onto its territory, and would protect its sovereignty.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bg-194) In September, it stated that it had issued orders to fire upon US soldiers who crossed the border.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-195) Also in September, Bush announced 8,000 troops would withdraw from Iraq, and an increase of up to 4,500 troops in Afghanistan.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-196) The same month, the UK lost its 100th serviceperson.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-197) On 3 September, US commandos landed by helicopter and attacked three houses close to a known enemy stronghold in Pakistan. Pakistan condemned the attack as "a gross violation of Pakistan's territory."[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-198)[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-199) On 6 September, in an apparent reaction, Pakistan announced an indefinite disconnection of supply lines to NATO forces.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-200) A further split occurred when Pakistani soldiers fired on NATO aircraft which had crossed the border on 25 September.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-big-201) However, despite tensions, the US increased its [drone attacks in Pakistan's border regions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_attacks_in_Pakistan "Drone attacks in Pakistan"), in particular the Federal Tribal Areas and [Balochistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan "Balochistan"); by 2009, drone attacks were up 183% since 2006.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-202) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Insurgent_evacuation.jpg/250px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Insurgent_evacuation.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Insurgent_evacuation.jpg) US Army [10th Mountain Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division "10th Mountain Division") Soldiers medically evacuating in Nuristan, Province, 2009 By 2009 there was broad agreement in Afghanistan that the war should end, but how it should happen was a major issue for the candidates of the [2009 Afghan presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Afghan_presidential_election "2009 Afghan presidential election") that re-elected Karzai.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-203) In a televised speech after being elected, Karzai called on "our Taliban brothers to come home and embrace their land"[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-204) and laid plans to launch a *[loya jirga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loya_jirga "Loya jirga")*. Efforts were undermined by the [Obama administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration "Obama administration")'s increase of American troops in the country.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-205) Karzai reiterated in January 2010 that he wanted to reach out to the Taliban to lay down arms.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-206) US Secretary of State [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") cautiously supported the proposal.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-207) January 2009 brought a change in American leadership, with the inauguration of President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"). That month, US soldiers, alongside Afghan Federal Guards, moved into the provinces of [Logar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logar_Province "Logar Province"), [Wardak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardak_Province "Wardak Province"), and Kunar. The troops were the first wave of an expected surge of reinforcements originally ordered by Bush and increased by Obama.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-208) In mid-February 2009, it was announced that 17,000 additional troops would be deployed in two [brigades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade "Brigade") and support troops; the [2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Brigade "2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade") of about 3,500 and the [5th Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_\(United_States\)#Current_structure "2nd Infantry Division (United States)"), a [Stryker brigade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker_Brigade#Operators "Stryker Brigade") with about 4,000.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-209) ISAF commander General [David McKiernan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McKiernan "David McKiernan") had called for as many as 30,000 additional troops, effectively doubling the number of troops.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-210) On 23 September, a classified assessment by McChrystal included his conclusion that a successful [counterinsurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-insurgency "Counter-insurgency") strategy would require 500,000 troops and five years.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-211) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_soldiers_in_Zabul_province.jpg/250px-US_soldiers_in_Zabul_province.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_soldiers_in_Zabul_province.jpg) A US Army Soldier and an Afghan interpreter in Zabul, 2009 Pakistani drone strikes against Taliban and al-Qaeda militants increased substantially under Obama.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-GregMiller-212) Some in the media referred to the attacks as a "drone war."[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-afp20July2009-213)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-naf3June2009-214) In August 2009, [Baitullah Mehsud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitullah_Mehsud "Baitullah Mehsud"), the leader of the [Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan "Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan") was killed in a drone strike.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-215) June 2009 brought [Operation Strike of the Sword](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Strike_of_the_Sword "Operation Strike of the Sword") in Helmand.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-216) It followed a British-led operation named [Operation Panther's Claw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Panther%27s_Claw "Operation Panther's Claw") in the same region, which was aimed to secure various canal and river crossings to establish a long-term ISAF presence.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-MoD,_23_June-217) On 4 September 2009, during the [Kunduz Province Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_Province_Campaign "Kunduz Province Campaign") a [devastating NATO air raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kunduz_airstrike "2009 Kunduz airstrike") was conducted southwest of Kunduz, where Taliban fighters had hijacked civilian supply trucks, killing up to 179 people, including over 100 civilians.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-spiegel-20100806-218) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Snow_Storm_DVIDS227347.jpg/250px-Snow_Storm_DVIDS227347.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snow_Storm_DVIDS227347.jpg) Russian made [Mil Mi-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-8 "Mil Mi-8") chopper landing at Forward Operating Base Airborne to deliver mail and supplies, 2009 After Karzai's alleged [win of 54%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Afghan_presidential_election "2009 Afghan presidential election") in 2009, which would prevent a runoff, over 400,000 Karzai votes had to be disallowed after accusations of fraud. Some nations criticized the elections as "free but not fair."[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-219)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:0-220) The Taliban's claim that the over 135 violent incidents disrupted elections was largely disputed. However, the media was asked to not report any violent incidents.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-221) In southern Afghanistan, where the Taliban held the most power, voter turnout was low and sporadic violence was directed at voters and security personnel.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-222) The Taliban released a video days after the elections, filming on the road between Kabul and Kandahar, stopping vehicles and asking to see their fingers (voters were marked by dipping their fingers in ink so they could not double vote). The video went showed ten men who had voted, listening to a Taliban militant. The Taliban pardoned the voters because of [Ramadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan").[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-223) The Taliban attacked towns with rockets and other indirect fire. Amid claims of widespread fraud, both top contenders, Karzai and [Abdullah Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah "Abdullah Abdullah"), claimed victory. Reports suggested that turnout was lower than in the prior election.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:0-220) On 26 November, Karzai made a public plea for direct negotiations with the Taliban leadership, saying there was an "urgent need" for negotiations and made it clear that the Obama administration had opposed such talks. There was no formal US response.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-224)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-225) In December 2009, an [attack on Forward Operating Base Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base_Chapman_attack "Forward Operating Base Chapman attack"), used by the CIA to gather information and to coordinate [drone attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_attack "Drone attack") against Taliban leaders, killed eight working for the CIA.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CBS_Setback-226) On 1 December 2009, Obama announced that the US would send 30,000 more troops.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-227) Antiwar organizations in the US responded quickly, and American cities saw protests on 2 December.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Fight_Back!_News-228) Many protesters compared the decision to the expansion of the Vietnam War under [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Vietnam_War "Lyndon B. Johnson").[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-229) ### 2010–2011: Strategic agreements and death of Bin Laden \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: 2010–2011: Strategic agreements and death of Bin Laden")\] See also: [Killing of Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden") and [Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_combat_operations_in_Afghanistan_in_2010 "Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2010") Deployment of additional US troops continued in early 2010, with 9,000 of the planned 30,000 in place before the end of March and another 18,000 expected by June.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-230) The surge in troops supported a sixfold increase in Special Forces operations.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Eric_Schmitt-231) The surge of American personnel that began in late 2009 ended by September 2012.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-232) 700 airstrikes occurred in September 2010 alone versus 257 in all of 2009.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-233) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Royal_Air_Force_Regiment_in_Afghanistan.JPG/250px-Royal_Air_Force_Regiment_in_Afghanistan.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Regiment_in_Afghanistan.JPG) UK service members of the [Royal Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") Regiment stop on a road while conducting a combat mission near Kandahar Airfield, 2010 Due to increased use of IEDs by insurgents, the number of injured Coalition soldiers, mainly Americans, significantly increased.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-234) Beginning in May 2010, NATO special forces began to concentrate on operations to capture or kill specific Taliban leaders. As of March 2011, the US military claimed that the effort had resulted in the capture or killing of more than 900 low- to mid-level Taliban commanders.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-USAToday20110703-235)[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-236) Overall, 2010 saw the most insurgent attacks of any year since the war began, peaking in September at more than 1,500.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-237) In February 2010, Coalition and Afghan forces began highly visible plans for an offensive, codenamed [Operation Moshtarak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moshtarak "Operation Moshtarak"), on a Taliban stronghold near the village of [Marjah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjah "Marjah").[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-238) The ["Peace Jirga"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Peace_Jirga_2010 "Afghan Peace Jirga 2010") was held in Kabul, attended by 1,600 delegates, in June 2010. However, the Taliban and the [Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezb-i_Islami_Gulbuddin "Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin"), who were both invited by Karzai as a gesture of goodwill did not attend the conference.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-239) The Taliban's co-founder and then-second-in-command, [Abdul Ghani Baradar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar "Abdul Ghani Baradar"), was one of the leading Taliban members who favored talks with the US and Afghan governments. Karzai's administration reportedly held talks with Baradar in February; however, later that month, Baradar was captured in a joint US-Pakistani raid in [Karachi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi "Karachi"), Pakistan. The arrest infuriated Karzai and invoked suspicions that he was seized because the [Pakistani intelligence community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_intelligence_community "Pakistani intelligence community") was opposed to Afghan peace talks.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-240)[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-241) Karzai started peace talks with Haqqani Network groups in March.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-242) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ASLAV_in_Afghanistan_during_early_2011.jpg/250px-ASLAV_in_Afghanistan_during_early_2011.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASLAV_in_Afghanistan_during_early_2011.jpg) An Australian service light armored vehicle drives through [Tangi Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangi_Valley "Tangi Valley"), 2011 In 2010, the Obama administration decided to allow possible political negotiations to solve the war.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-243) The Taliban themselves had refused to speak to the Afghan government, portraying them as an American "puppet." Sporadic efforts for peace talks between the US and the Taliban occurred afterward, and it was reported in October that Taliban leadership commanders (the "[Quetta Shura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta_Shura "Quetta Shura")") had left their haven in Pakistan and been safely escorted to Kabul by NATO aircraft for talks, with the assurance that NATO staff would not apprehend them.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-244) After the talks concluded, it emerged that the leader of this delegation, who claimed to be [Akhtar Mansour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour "Akhtar Mansour"), the second-in-command of the Taliban, was actually an imposter who had duped NATO officials.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-245) On 25 July 2010, the [release of 91,731 classified documents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_War_documents_leak "Afghan War documents leak") from the [WikiLeaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks "WikiLeaks") organization was made public. The documents cover US military incident and intelligence reports from January 2004 to December 2009.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-246) Some of these documents included sanitized, and "covered up", accounts of civilian casualties caused by [Coalition Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Forces "Coalition Forces"). The reports included many references to other incidents involving civilian casualties like the Kunduz airstrike and [Nangar Khel incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangar_Khel_incident "Nangar Khel incident").[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-247) The leaked documents also contain reports of Pakistan collusion with the Taliban. According to *Der Spiegel*, "the documents clearly show that the Pakistani intelligence agency [Inter-Services Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence "Inter-Services Intelligence") (ISI) is the most important accomplice the Taliban has outside of Afghanistan."[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Spiegel2-248) On 2 May 2011, US officials announced that bin Laden had been killed in [Operation Neptune Spear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neptune_Spear "Operation Neptune Spear"), conducted by the US Navy SEALs in [Abbottabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad "Abbottabad"), Pakistan.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-249) Pakistan came under intense international scrutiny after the raid. The Pakistani government denied that it had sheltered bin Laden, and said it had shared information with the CIA and other intelligence agencies about the compound since 2009.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-250) The 2011 [Battle of Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_\(2011\) "Battle of Kandahar (2011)") was part of an offensive that followed a 30 April announcement that the Taliban would launch their spring offensive.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-251) On 7 May, the Taliban launched a major offensive on government buildings in Kandahar.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-252) The [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") called it "the worst attack in Kandahar Province since \[2001\], and an embarrassment for the \[Afghan\] government."[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-253) Karzai confirmed in June 2011 that secret talks were taking place between the US and the Taliban,[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-254) but these collapsed by August.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-255) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundeswehr_in_Afghanistan%2C_August_2011.jpg/250px-Bundeswehr_in_Afghanistan%2C_August_2011.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundeswehr_in_Afghanistan,_August_2011.jpg) A German [Bundeswehr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr "Bundeswehr") soldier, part of ISAF's Regional Command North at [Camp Marmal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Marmal "Camp Marmal"), 2011 On 22 June 2011, Obama announced that 10,000 troops [would be withdrawn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_\(2011%E2%80%932016\) "Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)") by the end of the year, and an additional 23,000 troops would return by the summer of 2012. After the withdrawal of 10,000 US troops, 80,000 remained.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-256) In 2011, Canada withdrew its combat troops, transitioning to a training role. Following suit, other NATO countries announced troop reductions. Taliban attacks continued at the same rate as they did in 2011, around 28,000 in 2013.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-257) Tensions between Pakistan and the US increased in late September 2011, after several Pakistan Frontier Corps soldiers were killed and wounded. The troops were attacked by a US piloted aircraft that was pursuing Taliban forces near the Afghan-Pakistan border, but for unknown reasons, opened fire on two Pakistan border posts. In retaliation, Pakistan closed the Torkham ground border crossing to NATO supply convoys for an unspecified period. This incident followed the release of a video allegedly showing uniformed Pakistan soldiers executing unarmed civilians.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-258) After the border closing, Pakistani Taliban attacked NATO convoys, killing several drivers, and destroying around 100 tankers.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-259) ISAF forces [skirmished Pakistan's armed forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NATO_attack_in_Pakistan "2011 NATO attack in Pakistan") on 26 November, killing 24 Pakistani soldiers. Each side claimed the other shot first. Pakistan blocked NATO supply lines and ordered Americans to leave [Shamsi Airfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsi_Airfield "Shamsi Airfield").[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-The_News-260)[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Newsweek-012-261) ### 2012–2013: US troop incidents, Obama-Karzai meetings \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: 2012–2013: US troop incidents, Obama-Karzai meetings")\] See also: [US–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%E2%80%93Afghanistan_Strategic_Partnership_Agreement "US–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/U.S._Soldiers_walk_by_two_Afghan_boys_while_performing_a_presence_patrol_through_the_snow-covered_streets_of_Gardez%2C_Paktia_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Feb_120216-A-ZU930-005.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Soldiers_walk_by_two_Afghan_boys_while_performing_a_presence_patrol_through_the_snow-covered_streets_of_Gardez,_Paktia_province,_Afghanistan,_Feb_120216-A-ZU930-005.jpg) US Army Soldiers walk by local Afghan boys during a patrol in [Gardez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardez "Gardez"), 2012 [Beginning in January 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_of_US_troops_urinating_on_Taliban_fighters "Video of US troops urinating on Taliban fighters"), incidents involving US troops[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-SMH20120419-262)[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT_20120418_2-263)[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-RHP20120418-264)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-265)[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN20120418-266)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-267) occurred that were described by *[The Sydney Morning Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald "The Sydney Morning Herald")* as "a series of damaging incidents and disclosures involving US troops in Afghanistan."[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-SMH20120419-262) These incidents fractured the partnership between Afghanistan and ISAF,[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-268) raised the question whether discipline within US troops was breaking down,[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-269) undermined "the image of foreign forces in a country where there is already deep resentment owing to civilian deaths and a perception among many Afghans that US troops lack respect for Afghan culture and people"[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Guardian20120706-270) and strained [relations between Afghanistan and the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Afghanistan–United States relations").[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT_20120418_2-263)[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-RHP20120418-264) Besides an [incident involving US troops who posed with body parts of dead insurgents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgents%27_bodies_incident "Insurgents' bodies incident") and a video apparently showing a US helicopter crew blasting a group of Afghan men with a Hellfire missile,[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Guardian20120706-270)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-271) these "high-profile US military incidents in Afghanistan"[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN20120418-266) also included the [2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Afghanistan_Quran_burning_protests "2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests") and the [Panjwai shooting spree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_massacre "Kandahar massacre"). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Black_Hawk_boarding_%281%29.jpg/250px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Black_Hawk_boarding_%281%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Black_Hawk_boarding_\(1\).jpg) US Army soldiers boarding a [Black Hawk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk "Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk") in [Nari District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari_District "Nari District"), near the Pakistani border, 2012 Karzai visited the US in January 2012. At the time, the US stated its openness to withdrawing all of its troops by the end of 2014.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-272) Karzai and Obama agreed to transfer combat operations from NATO to Afghan forces by spring 2013 rather than summer 2013.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYTO20130111-273)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN20130112-274) "What's going to happen this spring is that Afghans will be in the lead throughout the country", Obama said. "They \[ISAF forces\] will still be fighting alongside Afghan troops...we will be in a training, assisting, advising role."[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN20130112-274) He also stated the reason of the withdrawals that "We achieved our central goal, or have come very close...which is to de-capacitate al-Qaeda" and making sure that "they can't attack us again."[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WP20130111-275) He added that any US mission beyond 2014 would focus solely on [counterterrorism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism "Counterterrorism") operations and training.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WP20130111-275)[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-LATimes20130111-276) In 2012, the leaders of NATO-member countries endorsed an exit strategy during the NATO Summit.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-dx-148) ISAF Forces would transfer command of all combat missions to Afghan forces by the middle of 2013,[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Reuters_20120521-277) while shifting from combat to advising, training and assisting [Afghan security forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces "Afghan National Security Forces").[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Chicago_Declaration-278)[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-279) Most of the 130,000 ISAF troops would depart by the end of December 2014,[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Reuters_20120521-277) and a new NATO mission would then assume the support role.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Chicago_Declaration-278)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-280) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/120125-A-0000F-006.jpg/250px-120125-A-0000F-006.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:120125-A-0000F-006.jpg) Troops from the 31st and 33rd Kandak, Afghan National Army, execute a departure for Operation Valley Flood, 2012 Further attempts to resume talks were canceled in March 2012[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-281) and June 2013, following a dispute between Afghanistan and the Taliban regarding the latter's opening of a [political office in Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_in_Qatar "Taliban in Qatar"). Karzai accused the Taliban of portraying themselves as a [government-in-exile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_in_exile "Government in exile").[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-282) On [2 May 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Chicago_summit "2012 Chicago summit"), Karzai and Obama signed [a strategic partnership agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%E2%80%93Afghanistan_Strategic_Partnership_Agreement "US–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement") between the two countries, after the latter had arrived unannounced in Kabul.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT20120501-283) On 7 July, as part of the agreement, the US designated Afghanistan a [major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally "Major non-NATO ally") after Karzai and Clinton met in Kabul.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-284) Both leaders agreed that the US would transfer Afghan prisoners and prisons to the Afghan government[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN20130112-274)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-BBC20130111-285) and withdraw troops from Afghan villages in spring 2013.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-BBC20130111-285)[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT20130111-286) On 18 June 2013, the transfer of security responsibilities from NATO to Afghan forces was completed.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-287) ISAF remained slated to end its mission by the end of 2014.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WSJ29130618-288) Some 100,000 ISAF forces remained in the country.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-AJE20130618-289) ### 2014–2015: Withdrawal and increase of insurgency \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: 2014–2015: Withdrawal and increase of insurgency")\] See also: [Operation Freedom's Sentinel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freedom%27s_Sentinel "Operation Freedom's Sentinel") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Presentation_of_the_Resolute_Support_Colors.jpg/250px-Presentation_of_the_Resolute_Support_Colors.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presentation_of_the_Resolute_Support_Colors.jpg) Resolute Support Colors presented at Kabul on 28 December 2014, after the ISAF colors are encased The UK and the US officially ended their combat operation in Afghanistan on 26 October 2014. The UK handed over its last base in Afghanistan, [Camp Bastion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Shorabak "Camp Shorabak"), and the US handed over its last base, [Camp Leatherneck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Leatherneck "Camp Leatherneck"), to Afghan forces.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-290) Around 500 UK troops remained in "non-combat" roles.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-291)[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-292) On 28 December, NATO officially ended combat operations in a ceremony held in Kabul.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-2014APcessation-293) Continued operations by US forces within Afghanistan were under [Operation Freedom's Sentinel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freedom%27s_Sentinel "Operation Freedom's Sentinel");[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-294) and the new NATO mission was [Operation Resolute Support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Resolute_Support "Operation Resolute Support").[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-295) The withdrawal of troops did not mean the withdrawal of military presence. As US troops withdrew from Afghanistan, they were replaced by [military contractors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company "Private military company") hired by the US and UN. Many of these contractors consisted of ex-Coalition military personnel. This allowed the US and British to continue to be involved in ground actions without the requirement to station their own forces.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-296) The Taliban began a resurgence due to several factors. The withdrawal of most foreign forces from Afghanistan reduced the risk the Taliban faced of being bombed and raided. In June 2014, Pakistan launched [Operation Zarb-e-Azb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zarb-e-Azb "Operation Zarb-e-Azb") in the [North Waziristan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waziristan "North Waziristan") tribal area, and dislodged thousands of mainly Uzbek, Arab, and Pakistani militants, who flooded into Afghanistan and swelled the Taliban's ranks. The group was further emboldened by the relative lack of interest from the international community, as attention was given to crises in [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War "Syrian Civil War"), [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_War_\(2014%E2%80%932017\) "Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)"), and [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_\(2014%E2%80%932022\) "War in Donbas (2014–2022)"). Afghan security forces lacked, among other things, air power and reconnaissance. The political infighting in Kabul, and the apparent weakness in governance at different levels, were exploited by the Taliban.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-297) The Taliban expanded governance in the areas under their control, attempting to build local-level legitimacy.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-298) Their governance strategy rested in particular on the provision of justice, which was often viewed as less corrupt than the courts of the government.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-299)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-300) Heavy fighting occurred in Kunduz Province,[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-301)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-302) which was the site of [clashes from 2009 onwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency_in_Northern_Afghanistan "Counterinsurgency in Northern Afghanistan"). In May 2015, flights into the Kunduz city were suspended due to weeks of clashes between the Afghan security forces and the Taliban outside the city.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-303) The intensifying conflict in the Northern [Char Dara District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_Dara_District "Char Dara District") within Kunduz Province led the Afghan government to enlist local militia fighters to bolster opposition to the Taliban insurgency.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-304) In June, the Taliban intensified attacks around [Kunduz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz "Kunduz") city as part of a major offensive to try and capture it;[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-305)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-306)[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-307) tens of thousands of inhabitants were displaced internally. The government recaptured the Char Dara district after roughly a month of fighting.[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-308) In late September, Taliban forces launched an attack on Kunduz city, seizing outlying villages and entering the city. The Taliban stormed the regional hospital and clashed with security forces at the nearby university. The fighting saw the Taliban attack from four different districts: Char Dara to the west, Aliabad to the southwest, Khanabad to the east, and Imam Saheb to the north.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Guardian_Kunduz-309)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-310) The Taliban took the Zakhel and Ali Khel villages on the highway leading south, which connects the city to Kabul and Mazar-e Sharif through Aliabad district. They reportedly made their largest gains in the southwest of Kunduz, where some armed local communities had started supporting the Taliban.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Guardian_Kunduz-309) Taliban fighters had allegedly blocked the route to the airport, to prevent civilians fleeing the city.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-311) One witness reported that the headquarters of the [National Directorate of Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security "National Directorate of Security") was set on fire.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-312) In January 2015, the [Islamic State caliphate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State") (IS) established a branch in Afghanistan called [Khorasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State") (ISIS-K), and began recruiting fighters[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ISIL_confirmed_to_have_presence_in_Afghanistan-313) and clashing with the Taliban.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cbsnews.com1-314)[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-315) It was created after pledging allegiance to the self-assumed worldwide caliph [Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi").[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-316) On 18 March, Hafiz Wahidi, IS' replacement deputy Emir in Afghanistan, was killed by the Afghan Armed Forces, along with 9 other IS militants accompanying him.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ISIL_Afghan_replacement_deputy_killed-317) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/TAAC-E_advisers_emphasize_Afghan_police_logistics_in_Nangarhar_150106-A-VO006-013.jpg/250px-TAAC-E_advisers_emphasize_Afghan_police_logistics_in_Nangarhar_150106-A-VO006-013.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAAC-E_advisers_emphasize_Afghan_police_logistics_in_Nangarhar_150106-A-VO006-013.jpg) US Army soldier in Nangarhar Province, 2015 In 2015, the Taliban began an offensive that took over parts of Helmand Province. By June, they had seized control of [Dishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishu_District "Dishu District") and [Baghran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghran_District "Baghran District") killing 5,588 Afghan government security forces (3,720 of them were police officers).[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-318) By the end of July, the Taliban had overrun [Nawzad District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawzad_District "Nawzad District")[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-319) and on 26 August, the Taliban took control of [Musa Qala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Qala_District "Musa Qala District").[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-320) In October, Taliban forces had attempted to take [Lashkar Gah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar_Gah "Lashkar Gah"), the capital of Helmand province. The Afghan 215th Corps and special operations forces launched a counteroffensive against the Taliban in November,[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-321) Whilst the assault was repelled, Taliban forces remained dug into the city's suburbs as of December 2015.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Prepare_200_Graves_Times-322) On 22 June 2015, the Taliban detonated a car bomb outside the National Assembly in Kabul, and attacked the building with assault rifles and [RPGs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade "Rocket-propelled grenade").[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN_June2015-323)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Reuters_June2015-324) The bombing highlighted differences within the Taliban in their approach to peace talks.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-economistjune-325)[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-326) In July 2015, Pakistan hosted the first official peace talks between Taliban representatives and the Afghan government. The US and China attended the talks brokered by Pakistan in Murree as two observers.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-327) In January 2016, Pakistan hosted a round of four-way talks with Afghan, Chinese and American officials, but the Taliban did not attend.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-328) The Taliban did hold informal talks with the Afghan government in 2016.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-329) China's reason for the negotiation was that Afghan security situation affected its own separatist groups, and economic activity with Pakistan. The Taliban declined.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-330)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Aljazeera-331) On 11 November 2015, it was reported that in Zabul Province, Taliban fighters loyal to the new Taliban leader Mullah Akhtar Mansoor fought a pro-IS splinter faction of the Taliban led by Mullah Mansoor Dadullah. Even though Dadullah's faction enjoyed the support of foreign IS fighters, including Uzbeks and Chechens, Mansoor's loyalists reportedly had the upper hand. According to a Zabul Province official, more than 100 militants from both sides were killed in the conflict.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-332) The infighting stifled peace talks.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-the_guardian-333)[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-US_department_of_defence-334) The infighting caused Mansour to be consumed with a campaign to quell dissent against his leadership; this led [Sirajuddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani "Sirajuddin Haqqani"), then-chief of the Haqqani Network, to be selected as the deputy leader of the Taliban in summer 2015. Sirajuddin and other Haqqani leaders increasingly ran the Taliban's day-to-day military operations, notably organizing urban terrorist attacks, and building a complex international fundraising network. They also appointed Taliban governors, and began uniting the Taliban. As a result, the Haqqani Network, mostly autonomous until then, became deeply integrated with the Taliban, and grew in influence within the insurgency. Tensions with the Pakistani military grew because American and Afghan officials accused them of sheltering the Haqqanis as a proxy group.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nytimes.com_2-335)[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ABC_news-336) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/TAAC-E_advisers_observe_progress_in_Afghan_police_logistics_150217-A-VO006-028.jpg/250px-TAAC-E_advisers_observe_progress_in_Afghan_police_logistics_150217-A-VO006-028.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAAC-E_advisers_observe_progress_in_Afghan_police_logistics_150217-A-VO006-028.jpg) [TAAC-E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_Advise_Assist_Command_%E2%80%93_East "Train Advise Assist Command – East") advisers in 2015 December 2015 saw a renewed Taliban offensive in Helmand focused on the town of [Sangin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangin "Sangin"). The Sangin district fell to the Taliban on 21 December after fierce clashes that killed more than 90 soldiers in two days.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-337) It was reported that 30 members of the [SAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service "Special Air Service"), alongside 60 US special forces operators, joined the Afghan Army in the battle to retake parts of Sangin from Taliban insurgents.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-338) In addition, about 300 US troops and a small number of British remained in Helmand to advise Afghan commanders at the [corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps "Corps") level.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-auto2017-339)[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-340) Senior American commanders said that the Afghan troops in the province had lacked effective leaders, as well as the necessary weapons and ammunition to hold off persistent Taliban attacks. Some Afghan soldiers in Helmand had fought in tough conditions for years without getting to see their families, causing poor morale and high desertion.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-auto2017-339) Peace movements started arising in Afghanistan, including the [Tabassum movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabassum_movement "Tabassum movement") in 2015, the [Enlightenment Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_Movement_\(Afghanistan\) "Enlightenment Movement (Afghanistan)") during 2016–17, [Uprising for Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_for_Change_\(Afghanistan\) "Uprising for Change (Afghanistan)") in 2017, and the People's Peace Movement in 2018. ### 2016–2017: Collapse of peace talks, emergence of Islamic State \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: 2016–2017: Collapse of peace talks, emergence of Islamic State")\] See also: [Islamic State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State") In January 2016, the US government granted the Pentagon new legal authority for a US offensive against ISIS-K-affiliated militants, following the State Department designating IS in Afghanistan and Pakistan as a foreign terrorist organization. The number of militants started with around 60 or 70, with most of them coming over the Pakistani border, but eventually\[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\] ranged between 1,000 and 3,000 militants.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-341) They were mainly defectors from the Afghan and the Pakistani Taliban, and were generally confined to [Nangarhar Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangarhar_Province "Nangarhar Province"), and partially, Kunar Province.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-341)[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-342) In early February 2016, Taliban insurgents renewed their assault on Sangin, after previously being repulsed in December 2015, launching many strong attacks on Afghan government forces earlier in the month. As a result, the US sent troops from the 2nd Battalion, [87th Infantry Regiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_\(United_States\) "87th Infantry Regiment (United States)"), and [10th Mountain Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division "10th Mountain Division") to prop up the Afghan [215th Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/215th_Corps_\(Afghanistan\) "215th Corps (Afghanistan)") in Helmand Province, particularly around Sangin, joining US special ops forces already in the area.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-343)[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-344)[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-345)[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-346)[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-the_New_York_Times-347) On 14 March 2016, [Khanneshin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanneshin "Khanneshin") District in Helmand Province fell to the Taliban; and district by district, Afghan troops were retreating back to urban centers in Helmand.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Aljazeera-331)[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-the_New_York_Times-347) In early April 2016, 600 Afghan troops launched a major offensive to retake Taliban-occupied areas in and around Sangin.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-348) An Afghan army offensive to retake the town of Khanisheen was repelled by the Taliban, and desertions in the army were rife.[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-349) Despite US airstrikes, militants besieged Lashkar Gah, reportedly controlling all roads leading to the city and areas a few kilometres away. The US stepped up airstrikes in support of Afghan ground forces. Afghan forces in the city were reported as "exhausted", whilst police checkpoints around the capital were falling one by one. Meanwhile, the Taliban sent a new elite commando force into Helmand called "[Sara Khitta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Group "Red Group")" in Pashto.[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-350)[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-351)[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-352) Afghan security forces repelled attacks by Taliban fighters encroaching on Chah-e-Anji nearby Lashkar Gah; Afghan special forces backed by US airstrikes battled increasingly well-armed and disciplined Taliban militants. An Afghan special forces commander said: "The Taliban have heavily armed, uniformed units that are equipped with night vision and modern weapons."[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-353) On 10 March 2016, officials said that the Taliban clashed with a Taliban splinter group (led by Muhammad Rasul) in the Shindand district of [Herat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat "Herat"), and up to 100 militants were killed.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-the_guardian-333)[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-US_department_of_defence-334) In April 2016, Afghan president [Ashraf Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani "Ashraf Ghani") ended his' governments failing effort to start peace talks with the Taliban.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-354) Additionally, due to the integration of Haqqani Networks into the Taliban leadership, it would become harder for peace talks to take place.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nytimes.com_2-335)[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ABC_news-336) Although leader of the Taliban, [Haibatullah Akhundzada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada "Hibatullah Akhundzada"), said a peace agreement was possible if the Kabul government renounced its foreign allies.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-355) On 23 July 2016, Afghan and US forces began an offensive to clear Nangarhar Province of IS militants hours after the [Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2016_Kabul_bombing "July 2016 Kabul bombing"). The operation was dubbed "Wrath of the Storm", involving both Afghan regular army and special forces, and was the Afghan army's first major offensive that summer. The estimated size of ISIS-K in January 2016 was around 3,000, but by July, it had dropped to around 1,000 to 1,500, with 70% of its fighters coming from the TTP.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-militarytimes-356)[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-357)[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-358) As of July 2016, at least an estimated 20% of Afghanistan was under Taliban control, with southernmost [Helmand Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmand_Province "Helmand Province") as a major stronghold,[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-359) while [General John Nicholson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Nicholson_Jr. "John W. Nicholson Jr.") stated that Afghan Armed Forces' casualties had risen 20% compared to 2015.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-militarytimes-356) On 22 August, the US announced that 100 US troops were sent to Lashkar Gah to help prevent the Taliban from overrunning it, in what Brigadier General Charles Cleveland called a "temporary effort" to advise Afghan police.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-360) On 22 September 2016, the Afghan government signed a draft peace deal with Hezb-i-Islami.[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-361)[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-362) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Soldiers_of_Special_Forces_of_10th_Special_Forces_Group_%28Airborne%29_memorialize_two_of_their_fallen_brothers_during_a_memorial_held_at_Kunduz_Airfield_in_Afghanistan_on_Nov._7%2C_2016.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldiers_of_Special_Forces_of_10th_Special_Forces_Group_\(Airborne\)_memorialize_two_of_their_fallen_brothers_during_a_memorial_held_at_Kunduz_Airfield_in_Afghanistan_on_Nov._7,_2016.jpg) Green Berets of the [10th SFG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Special_Forces_Group_\(United_States\) "10th Special Forces Group (United States)") memorialize two comrades who were killed in action during the [Battle of Boz Qandahari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boz_Qandahari "Battle of Boz Qandahari") in 2016 On 31 December 2016, the Taliban continued their assault on the province with attacks on Sangin and Marjah districts.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-363) Some estimated suggest the Taliban had retaken more than 80% of Helmand province.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-marinecorpstimes-364) In early January 2017, the *Marine Corps Times* reported that Afghan forces sought to rebuild, following an exhausting 2016 fighting season; 33 districts, spread across 16 Afghan provinces, were under insurgent control whilst 258 were under government control and nearly 120 districts remained "contested."[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-marinecorpstimes-364) The Afghan army reportedly had about 169,000 soldiers, but in 2016, suffered a 33% attrition rate—a 7% increase from 2015.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-marinecorpstimes-364) In early March 2017, American and Afghan forces launched Operation Hamza to "flush" ISIS-K from its stronghold in eastern Afghanistan, engaging in regular ground battles.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-365) In April 2017, a NATO spokesman said that Afghan and international forces had reduced ISIS-K controlled territory in Afghanistan by two-thirds, and had killed around half their fighters in two years. Since the beginning of 2017, 460 airstrikes against terrorists (with drone strikes alone killing more than 200 IS militants); he added that the affiliate had an estimated 600–800 fighters in two eastern Afghan provinces.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-366) On 23 March 2017, [Sangin district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangin_District "Sangin District") was captured by the Taliban, as they had overrun the district center of the town of Sangin. During the earlier phase of the war, almost a quarter of British casualties were caused by fighting for the town, while more recently hundreds of Afghan troops died defending it.[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-367)[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-368) On 29 April, the US deployed an additional 5,000 Marines to southern Helmand Province.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-369) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/U.S._Army_CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_pilots_fly_near_Jalalabad%2C_Afghanistan%2C_April_5%2C_2017.jpg/250px-U.S._Army_CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_pilots_fly_near_Jalalabad%2C_Afghanistan%2C_April_5%2C_2017.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Army_CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_pilots_fly_near_Jalalabad,_Afghanistan,_April_5,_2017.jpg) USAF pilots fly a CH-47 Chinook in Nangarhar, 2017 On 21 April 2017, the Taliban [attacked Camp Shaheen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Camp_Shaheen_attack "2017 Camp Shaheen attack") near Mazar-e-Sharif, killing over 140 Afghan soldiers.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-370)[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-371)[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-372) On 15 September 2017, it was reported that the CIA was seeking authority to conduct its own [drone strikes in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Afghanistan "Drone strikes in Afghanistan") and other war zones, according to current and former intelligence and military officials, and that the change in authority was being considered by the White House as part of the new strategy despite concerns by the Pentagon.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-373) On 19 September, the [Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") deployed another 3,000 US troops to Afghanistan, adding to the roughly 11,000 US troops already there.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-374) On 4 October, Defense Secretary [Jim Mattis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Mattis "Jim Mattis") approved a change in [rules of engagement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_engagement "Rules of engagement") as part of the new strategy so that there was no longer a requirement for US troops to be in contact with enemy forces in Afghanistan before opening fire.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-375) On 20 November 2017, General Nicholson announced that US and Afghan airstrikes were targeting Taliban-run drug production facilities in Afghanistan, under a new strategy aimed at cutting off Taliban funding, saying that the latter was "becoming a criminal organization" that was earning about \$200 million a year from drug-related activities. Ghani strongly endorsed the airstrikes.[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-376) ### 2018–2019: Peace overtures \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: 2018–2019: Peace overtures")\] Further information: [Afghan peace process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_peace_process "Afghan peace process"), [Battle of Darzab (2018)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Darzab_\(2018\) "Battle of Darzab (2018)"), [Ghazni offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni_offensive "Ghazni offensive"), and [2019 Afghan presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Afghan_presidential_election "2019 Afghan presidential election") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taliban_insurgency_in_Afghanistan_%282015%E2%80%932021%29.svg/500px-Taliban_insurgency_in_Afghanistan_%282015%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taliban_insurgency_in_Afghanistan_\(2015%E2%80%932021\).svg) Map showing the war as of January 2019 Under control of the [Afghan Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan "Politics of Afghanistan"), [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission"), and [Allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2015%E2%80%93present\)#Allied_militias "War in Afghanistan (2015–present)") Under control of the [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban"), [Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda"), and [Allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Union "Islamic Jihad Union") Under control of the [Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State") (ISIL) and [Allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan") Under control of the [Pakistani Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Army "Pakistani Army") In January 2018, the Taliban were openly active in 70% of the country (being in full control of 14 districts and have an active and open physical presence in a further 263) and IS was more active in the country than ever before. Following recent attacks by the Taliban (including the [Kabul ambulance bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_ambulance_bombing "Kabul ambulance bombing") on 27 January) and IS that killed scores of civilians, U.S. president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") and Afghan officials decided to rule out any talks with the Taliban.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-377) However, on 27 February, following an increase in violence, Ghani proposed unconditional peace talks with the Taliban, offering them recognition as a legal political party and the release of the Taliban prisoners. The offer was the most favorable to the Taliban since the war started. It was preceded by months of national consensus building, which found that Afghans overwhelmingly supported a negotiated end to the war.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-378)[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-379) Two days earlier, the Taliban had called for talks with the US.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-380) On 27 March, a conference of 20 countries in [Tashkent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent "Tashkent"), [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan "Uzbekistan"), backed the Afghan government's peace offer.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-381) The Taliban did not publicly respond. Following Ghani's offer of unconditional peace talks with the Taliban, a growing peace movement arose in Afghanistan during 2018, particularly following a [peace march](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_march "Peace march") by the [People's Peace Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_\(Afghanistan\) "People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)"),[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-TOLO_PPM_blame_foreign-382) which the Afghan media dubbed the "Helmand Peace Convoy."[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-383)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-384) The marchers walked several hundred kilometers from Lashkar Gah in Helmand Province, through Taliban-held territory,[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-385) to Kabul. There, they met Ghani, and held sit-in protests outside the [UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_in_Afghanistan "United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan") (UNAMA) and nearby embassies.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-386) Their efforts inspired further movements in other parts of Afghanistan.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-387) Following the march, Ghani and the Taliban agreed a mutual, unprecedented, [ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceasefire "Ceasefire") during [Eid al-Fitr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr "Eid al-Fitr") celebrations in June. During the ceasefire, Taliban members flocked into Kabul, where they communicated with locals and state security forces. Creating a mood of both hope and fear, many civilians welcomed the Taliban and spoke about peace.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-388) Although civilians called for the ceasefire to be made permanent, the Taliban rejected an extension and resumed fighting after the ceasefire ended on 18 June, while the Afghan government's ceasefire ended a week later.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-389)[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-390)[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-391) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Oklahoma_National_Guard_%2825227527847%29.jpg/250px-Oklahoma_National_Guard_%2825227527847%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oklahoma_National_Guard_\(25227527847\).jpg) US, British and [Afghan security forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces "Afghan National Security Forces") train together in an aerial reaction force exercise at [Camp Qargha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Qargha "Camp Qargha") in Kabul, 2018 American officials secretly met members of the Taliban's political commission in Qatar in July 2018.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-392) In September 2018, Trump appointed [Zalmay Khalilzad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad "Zalmay Khalilzad") as special adviser on Afghanistan in the US State Department, with the stated goal of facilitating an intra-Afghan political peace process.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-393) Khalilzad led further talks between the US and the Taliban in Qatar in October.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-394) Russia hosted a separate peace talk in November between the Taliban and officials from Afghanistan's High Peace Council.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-395) The talks in Qatar resumed in December,[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-396) though the Taliban refused to allow the Afghan government to be invited,[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-397) considering them a [puppet government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_government "Puppet government") of the US.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-BBC1-398) The Taliban spoke with Afghans, including Karzai, in Moscow in February 2019, but again these talks did not include the Afghan government.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-399) In July 2018, the Taliban carried out the [Darzab offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Darzab_\(2018\) "Battle of Darzab (2018)") and captured Darzab District, following the surrender of ISIS-K to the Afghan government. In August, the Taliban launched a series of offensives. The largest was the [Ghazni offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni_offensive "Ghazni offensive"), in which the Taliban assaulted the major city of [Ghazni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni "Ghazni") for several days, but eventually retreated.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-400)[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-401) On 25 January 2019, Ghani said that more than 45,000 members of the Afghan security forces had been killed since he became president in 2014. He also said that there had been fewer than 72 international casualties during the same period.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-402) A January 2019 report by the US estimated that 53.8% of Afghan districts were government control or influence, with 33.9% contested, and 12.3% under insurgent control or influence.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-403) On 30 April 2019, Afghan government forces undertook clearing operations directed against both ISIS-K and the Taliban in eastern Nangarhar Province, after the two groups fought for more than a week over multiple villages in an area of illegal [talc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talc "Talc") mining. The National Directorate of Security claimed 22 ISIS-K fighters were killed and two weapons caches destroyed, while the Taliban claimed Afghan forces killed seven civilians.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-404) On 28 July, Ghani's running mate [Amrullah Saleh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrullah_Saleh "Amrullah Saleh")'s office was attacked by a suicide bomber and a few militants. At least 20 people were killed; Saleh and 49 others were injured.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-405) By August, the Taliban controlled more territory than at any point since 2001.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-406) Peace negotiations between the US and the Taliban failed in September.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:10-407) On 25 February 2019, peace talks began between the Taliban and the US in Qatar, with Abdul Ghani Baradar notably present.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-BBC1-398) Peace negotiations had resumed in December.[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-408) This round of talks resulted in a seven-day partial ceasefire which began on 22 February 2020.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-409) ### 2020: US–Taliban deal, beginning of US withdrawal \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: 2020: US–Taliban deal, beginning of US withdrawal")\] Main articles: [United States–Taliban deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") and [2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Secretary_Pompeo_Participates_in_a_Signing_Ceremony_in_Doha_%2849601220548%29.jpg/250px-Secretary_Pompeo_Participates_in_a_Signing_Ceremony_in_Doha_%2849601220548%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Participates_in_a_Signing_Ceremony_in_Doha_\(49601220548\).jpg) US representative [Zalmay Khalilzad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad "Zalmay Khalilzad") (left) and Taliban representative [Abdul Ghani Baradar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar "Abdul Ghani Baradar") (right) sign the [Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_for_Bringing_Peace_to_Afghanistan "Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan") on 29 February 2020 On 29 February 2020, the US and the Taliban [signed a conditional peace deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") in [Doha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha "Doha"), Qatar,[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-peace-deal-Feb29-410) that called for a prisoner exchange within ten days and was supposed to lead to US troops withdrawal from Afghanistan within 14 months.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-proposedwithdrawal-83)[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-stillproposedwithdrawal-411) However, the Afghan government was not a party to the deal, and, in a press conference the next day, Ghani criticized the deal for being "signed behind closed doors." He said the Afghan government had "made no commitment to free 5,000 Taliban prisoners", and that such an action "is not the United States' authority", but rather Afghanistan's.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-412)[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-413)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nprreject-84)[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-apreject-414) After signing the agreement with the US, the Taliban resumed offensive operations against the Afghan army and police on 3 March, conducting attacks in Kunduz and Helmand provinces.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-415) On 4 March, the US retaliated by launching an air strike against Taliban fighters in Helmand.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-416) Despite the peace agreement between the US and the Taliban, insurgent attacks against Afghan security forces reportedly surged in the country. In the 45 days after the agreement (1 March to 15 April), the Taliban conducted more than 4,500 attacks in Afghanistan, which showed an increase of more than 70% as compared to the same period in the previous year.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-re1-417) More than 900 Afghan security forces were killed in the period, up from about 520 in the same period a year earlier. Because of a significant reduction in the number of offensives and airstrikes by Afghan and US forces against the Taliban due to the agreement, Taliban casualties dropped to 610 in the period down from about 1,660 in the same period a year earlier.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-re1-417) Meanwhile, ISIS-K continued to be a threat on its own, killing 32 people in a [mass shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting "6 March 2020 Kabul shooting") in Kabul on 6 March,[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-B-418) killing 25 [Sikh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh "Sikh") worshippers in Kabul on 25 March,[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-419) and a [series of attacks in May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "May 2020 Afghanistan attacks") most notably killing 16 mothers and newborn babies in Kabul.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-420) On 31 March 2020, a three-person Taliban delegation arrived in Kabul to discuss the release of prisoners,[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-talibantalks-421)[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-reutersmarch31-422) the first Taliban representatives to officially visit Kabul since 2001.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-talibantalks-421) On 7 April, the Taliban departed from the prisoner swap talks, which Taliban spokesman [Suhail Shaheen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhail_Shaheen "Suhail Shaheen") said was unsuccessful.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-talksfail-423)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-prisonerelease-424) Shaheen tweeted hours later that the Taliban's negotiating team was recalled from Kabul.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-prisonerelease-424) The Taliban failed to secure the release of any of the 15 commanders they sought to be released.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-talksfail-423) Arguments over which prisoners to swap resulted in a delay of the planned prisoner swap.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-talksfail-423) After a long delay due to disputes regarding prisoners' releases, the Afghan government had by August released 5,100 prisoners,[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-425) and the Taliban had released 1,000.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-426) However, the Afghan government refused to release 400 prisoners that the Taliban requested be freed, as the prisoners were accused of serious crimes.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-traditional_council-427) Ghani also said he lacked the constitutional authority to release them, so he convened a *loya jirga* from 7 to 9 August to discuss the issue.[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-torelease-428) The jirga agreed to free the 400.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-traditional_council-427) Talks between the Afghan government and the Taliban began in Doha on 12 September.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-429) On 22 June, Afghanistan reported its "bloodiest week in 19 years", during which 291 members of the [Afghan National Defense and Security Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Defense_and_Security_Forces "Afghan National Defense and Security Forces") (ANDSF) were killed and 550 others wounded in 422 attacks carried out by the Taliban. At least 42 civilians, including women and children, were also killed and 105 others wounded.[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-430) During the week, the Taliban kidnapped 60 civilians in central [Daikundi Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikundi_Province "Daikundi Province").[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-431) ### 2021: End of US withdrawal, last Taliban offensive \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: 2021: End of US withdrawal, last Taliban offensive")\] Main articles: [2021 Taliban offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive "2021 Taliban offensive") and [Fall of Kabul (2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2021\) "Fall of Kabul (2021)") The Taliban insurgency [intensified considerably](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2021_Afghanistan_attacks "List of 2021 Afghanistan attacks") in 2021 coinciding with the [withdrawal of US and allied troops from Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan").[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-disi-432) Since the US withdrawal, the number of casualties of women in the Afghanistan conflict rose by almost 40% in the first quarter of 2021 alone.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-433) On 6 March, Ghani expressed that his government would negotiate peace with the Taliban, discussing with them about holding new elections, and forming a government in a democratic manner.[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-434) On 13 April, the [Joe Biden administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_administration "Biden administration") in the US announced that it would withdraw its remaining 2,500 troops from Afghanistan by 11 September.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Time_2021-435) The US also reiterated support for the Afghan government regarding a possible Taliban military victory.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-436) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2021_Taliban_Offensive.png/250px-2021_Taliban_Offensive.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021_Taliban_Offensive.png) A map of Afghanistan showing the 2021 Taliban offensive The Taliban began [its last major offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive "2021 Taliban offensive") on 1 May, culminating in the [fall of Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2021\) "Fall of Kabul (2021)"), a Taliban victory, and the end of war.[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-437)[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-fastadv1-438)[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-jul15-439) In the first three months of the offensive, the Taliban made significant territorial gains in the countryside, increasing the number of [districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan "Districts of Afghanistan") it controlled from 73 to 223.[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-lwjmap-440) On 5 July, the Taliban announced their intention to present a written peace plan to the Afghan Government in August, but as of 13 August, this had not been done.[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-441)[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-442) Sources claimed that on 12 August, Abdullah Abdullah, the Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation, handed in a plan titled "exiting the crisis" which was shared with the Taliban; it called for the creation of a "joint government."[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-443) The Taliban gained control of various towns throughout June and July. On 6 August, they captured the first provincial capital of [Zaranj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaranj "Zaranj"). Over the next ten days, they swept across the country, capturing capital after capital. On 14 August, [Mazar-i-Sharif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif "Mazar-i-Sharif") was captured as commanders [Rashid Dostum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum "Abdul Rashid Dostum") and [Atta Nur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_Muhammad_Nur "Atta Muhammad Nur") fled across the border to Uzbekistan, cutting Kabul's vital northern supply route.[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:6-444) On 15 August, [Jalalabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad "Jalalabad") fell, cutting the only remaining international route through the [Khyber Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass "Khyber Pass").[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:6-444) By noon, Taliban forces advanced from the [Paghman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghman "Paghman") district reaching the gates of Kabul; Ghani discussed the city's protection with security ministers, while sources claimed a unity peace agreement with the Taliban was imminent. However, Ghani was unable to reach top officials in the interior and defense ministries, and several high-profile politicians had already hurried to the airport. By 2 p.m., the Taliban had entered the city facing no resistance; the president soon fled by helicopter from the [Presidential Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg,_Kabul "Arg, Kabul"), and within hours, Taliban fighters were pictured at Ghani's desk in the palace.[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-445) With the virtual collapse of the republic, the war was declared over by the Taliban on the same day.[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-446) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul,_August_2021_\(cropped\).png) Taliban fighters in Kabul, 17 August 2021 As the Taliban seized control, the need to evacuate populations vulnerable to the Taliban, including the interpreters and assistants who had worked with the coalition forces, ethnic minorities, and women, became urgent. For more than two weeks, international diplomatic, military and civilian staff, as well as Afghan civilians, were [airlifted out the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift "2021 Kabul airlift") from [Hamid Karzai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai_International_Airport "Hamid Karzai International Airport"). On 16 August, Major General Hank Taylor confirmed that US air strikes had ended at least 24 hours earlier and that the US military's focus would be to maintain security at the airport as evacuations continued.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-447) The final flight, a US Air Force C-17, departed on 30 August,[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-448) marking the end of America's longest war.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT300821-87)[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-449)[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-450)[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-451) ## Impact \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Impact")\] Main article: [Impact of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Impact of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") ### Casualties \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Casualties")\] Main article: [Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Narang_night_raid.jpg/250px-Narang_night_raid.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narang_night_raid.jpg) Victims of the [Narang night raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narang_night_raid "Narang night raid") that killed at least 10 Afghan civilians, December 2009 According to the [Costs of War Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costs_of_War_Project "Costs of War Project"), the war killed 46,319 Afghan civilians in Afghanistan. However, the death toll is possibly higher due to unaccounted deaths by "disease, loss of access to food, water, infrastructure, and/or other indirect consequences of the war."[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:2-88) The [Physicians for Social Responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility "Physicians for Social Responsibility"), [Physicians for Global Survival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians_for_Global_Survival "Physicians for Global Survival") and [International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War "International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War") (IPPNW) concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians were killed as a result of fighting in Afghanistan by all parties in the conflict.[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-IPPNW-452) More than 80,000 Taliban fighters were killed.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi_260%E2%80%93263-70) The majority of civilian casualties were attributed to anti-government elements each year, though the figure varied from 61% to 80%, with the average hovering around 75% due to the Taliban and other anti-government elements.[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-UN_casualties-453)[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-454)[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-455)[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-UNAMA-456)[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-August2009,_UN-457) UNAMA started publishing civilian casualty figures in 2008. These figures attributed about 41% of civilian casualties to government-aligned forces in 2008, dropping to about 18% in 2015.[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-SSGTW-458) Civilian deaths caused by non-Afghan Coalition forces were low later in the war after most foreign troops were withdrawn and the coalition shifted to airstrikes. For example, in 2015, pro-government forces caused 17% of civilian deaths and injuries – including US and NATO troops, which were responsible for only 2% of the casualties.[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-459) 2016 had a similar 2% figure. Civilian deaths were higher as well in the latter part of the war, with 2015 and 2016 both consecutively breaking the record of annual civilian deaths.[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_casualties-460) A prospective study of injuries caused by anti-personnel IEDs was reported in *[BMJ Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMJ_Open "BMJ Open")*. It showed the injuries to be far worse with IEDs than with [landmines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmines "Landmines"), causing multiple limb [amputations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation "Amputation") and lower body mutilation.[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-461) In an accompanying [press release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_release "Press release"), [BMJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMJ "BMJ") considered the anti-personnel IED to cause 'superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering'. Use of weapons that cause superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering is considered a war crime.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-462) ### Refugees \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Refugees")\] Main article: [Afghan refugees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugees "Afghan refugees") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/An_Afghan_National_Civil_Order_Police_officer_hands_out_clothing_donated_by_a_charity_in_New_Jersey_to_children_living_at_a_refugee_camp_in_Kabul%2C_Afghanistan%2C_July_28%2C_2011_110728-F-AK669-291.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_Afghan_National_Civil_Order_Police_officer_hands_out_clothing_donated_by_a_charity_in_New_Jersey_to_children_living_at_a_refugee_camp_in_Kabul,_Afghanistan,_July_28,_2011_110728-F-AK669-291.jpg) Foreign donated clothing being handed out by an Afghan civil officer to children at a refugee camp, 2011 Millions of Afghans have been internally displaced or become refugees as a result of decades of conflict in Afghanistan since 1979. From 2002 to 2012, more than 5.7 million former refugees returned to Afghanistan, increasing the country's population by 25%.[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-unhcr1-463)[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-464) 2.6 million Afghans remained refugees in 2021 when the Taliban took over,[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bbc2021-90)[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-unhcr-465) while another 4 million were [internally displaced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person "Internally displaced person").[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bbc2021-90) Following the Taliban takeover, over 122,000 people were airlifted abroad from Kabul airport, during the [evacuation from Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_evacuation_from_Afghanistan "2021 evacuation from Afghanistan"), including Afghans, American citizens, and other foreign citizens.[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cnn-withdrawal-466) ### War crimes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: War crimes")\] Main articles: [War crimes in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan "War crimes in Afghanistan") and [International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Afghanistan "International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan") [War crimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes "War crimes") have been committed by both sides including civilian massacres, bombings of civilian targets, terrorism, use of torture and the murder of [prisoners of war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war "Prisoners of war"). Additional common crimes include theft, arson, and destruction of property not warranted by [military necessity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_necessity "Military necessity"). The Taliban committed war crimes including massacres, suicide bombing, anti-personnel IED use, terrorism, and targeting civilians (such as using [human shields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_shield "Human shield")).[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Tolonews-467)[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-468) As of 2011, the Taliban was responsible for 3⁄4 of all civilian deaths in the war in Afghanistan.[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-469)[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Kegley-470) UN reports consistently blamed the Taliban and other anti-government forces for the majority of civilian deaths in the conflict.[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_casualties-460)[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-UN_casualties-453)[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021-471) Other crimes include mass rape and executing surrendered soldiers.[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:3-472)[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-473) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gul_Mudin.jpg/250px-Gul_Mudin.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gul_Mudin.jpg) Afghan boy murdered on 15 January 2010 by a group of US Army soldiers called the *[Kill Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywand_District_murders "Maywand District murders")* War crimes committed by the Coalition, Afghan security forces, and Northern Alliance included massacres, prisoner mistreatment, carpet bombing villages[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-474),\[*[unreliable source?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources "Wikipedia:Reliable sources")*\] and killings of civilians. [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") accused the Pentagon of covering up evidence related to war crimes, torture and unlawful killings in Afghanistan.[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-475) Notable incidents include the [Dasht-i-Leili massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasht-i-Leili_massacre "Dasht-i-Leili massacre"),[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-476) [Bagram torture and prisoner abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagram_torture_and_prisoner_abuse "Bagram torture and prisoner abuse"),[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-477) Kandahar massacre,[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-478) among others. In 2020, the [International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Afghanistan "International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan") formally commenced, investigating war crimes and [crimes against humanity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity "Crimes against humanity") committed by all parties in Afghanistan since 1 May 2013.[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-AJE_ICC_Afghan_reopened-479) In 2023, the UK launched [a public inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Unlawful_Killings_inquiry "Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry") to investigate reports of alleged unlawful killings by [UKSF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Special_Forces "United Kingdom Special Forces") personnel during the war in Afghanistan.[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:22-480) ### Drug trade \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: Drug trade")\] Main article: [Opium production in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan "Opium production in Afghanistan") In 2000, Afghanistan accounted for an estimated 75% of the world's opium supply,[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Thourni-481) which was the Taliban's largest source of revenue through taxes on opium exports.[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Chouvy1-482) However, in July 2000, Mullah Omar banned all opium cultivation, cutting the opium harvest by 94%.[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-483) Observers said this was an attempt to gain [international recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition "International recognition"), raise opium prices and increase profit from the sale of large existing stockpiles.[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Chouvy1-482) During and after the 2001 invasion, the US allied with powerful Pashtun warlords who had been involved in drug smuggling in the country’s south-east. According to historian [Alfred McCoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._McCoy "Alfred W. McCoy"), this meant that when the Taliban was overthrown, "the groundwork had already been laid for the resumption of opium cultivation and the drug trade on a major scale."[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-484) [Ahmed Wali Karzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Wali_Karzai "Ahmed Wali Karzai"), the younger brother of Hamid Karzai, was allegedly a prominent drug trafficker and on the CIA payroll, though he denied this.[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-485)[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-486) In 2008, the *[New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")* reported that despite credible reports of his involvement in the trade, these were not investigated by the US government. [\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-487) By 2005, Afghanistan was producing 90% of the world's opium.[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-www_csmonitor_com23-488) By 2018, the US had spent \$8.6 billion since 2002 to stop Afghanistan's drug trade. A 2021 report estimated that the Taliban earned 60% of their revenue from the trade, while UN officials estimated more than \$400 million was earned by the Taliban between 2018 and 2019, however other experts estimated that the Taliban earned at most \$40 million annually.[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-489) In 2010, [Peter Dale Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dale_Scott "Peter Dale Scott"), citing UN estimates, stated that the Taliban's share of the Afghan opium trade was far smaller than that belonging to supporters of Karzai's government.[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-490) Between 2004 and 2015, the CIA ran a covert program in an attempt to reduce the opium trade in Afghanistan by dropping specially developed poppy seeds that would produce plants containing almost none of the chemicals used to make heroin.[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-491) After the Fall of Kabul, the opium trade initially boomed.[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-492) The Taliban outlawed opium production again in 2022 during the poppy harvest. The ban also came in the middle of a major economic crisis.[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-493)[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-494) A 2023 UN report estimated that poppy cultivation in Afghanistan had dropped by over 95% removing the country from its place as the world's largest opium producer and being replaced by the [Chin State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_State "Chin State") and [Sagaing Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaing_Region "Sagaing Region") of Myanmar.[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-495)[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-496) ## NATO's failure to secure Afghanistan \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: NATO's failure to secure Afghanistan")\] Further information: [History of the Afghan Armed Forces (2002–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Afghan_Armed_Forces_\(2002%E2%80%932021\) "History of the Afghan Armed Forces (2002–2021)") Observers have argued that the mission in Afghanistan was hampered by a lack of agreement on objectives, a lack of resources, lack of coordination, too much focus on the central government at the expense of local and provincial governments, and too much focus on the country instead of the region.[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-497) Failures of the NATO-led coalition efforts to end the Afghanistan insurgency include systematic failures to build institutional and governance structures, as US policy prioritized counterterrorism. Government forces in Afghanistan likewise became too financially dependent on Western powers, unable to build an independent governing system in rural areas.[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-498) ### Environment and drug trade \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=27 "Edit section: Environment and drug trade")\] [Climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") significantly instability in Afghanistan and strengthened the Taliban. In 2021, more than 60% of the Afghan population depended on agriculture, and Afghanistan was the sixth most vulnerable country to climate change in the world, according to the UN Environment Program and Afghanistan's National Environmental Protection Agency. The Taliban used resentment over government inaction to climate change-induced drought and flooding to strengthen its support and Afghans were able to earn more money supporting the Taliban than from farming.[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-499) Despite efforts to eradicate poppy, Afghanistan remained the world's largest producer of illicit opiate by the end of the war. The Taliban profited at least tens of millions of dollars from opium and heroin annually as of 2018.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-auto-500) ### Early mistakes and the US' other war \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: Early mistakes and the US' other war")\] Journalist [Jason Burke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Burke "Jason Burke") notes "strategic mistakes by the US and allies in the immediate aftermath of the 2001 invasion" as being a reason why the war went on for so long. He also noted "missed early opportunities" to "construct a stable political settlement."[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-501) [Steve Coll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll "Steve Coll") believes that "No small part of NATO's ultimate failure to stabilize Afghanistan flowed from the disastrous decision by George W. Bush to invade Iraq in 2003. ... The Taliban's comeback, America's initial inattention to it, and the attraction for some Afghans and Pakistanis of the Taliban's ideology of national resistance under Islamic principles—all these sources of failure cannot be understood in isolation from the Iraq War." Coll further notes that neither the Bush nor the Obama administrations achieved consensus on key questions such as the relative importance of nation-building versus counterterrorism, whether the stability of Afghanistan took priority over that of Pakistan, or the role of the drug trade, although "the failure to solve the riddle of ISI and to stop its covert interference in Afghanistan became ... the greatest strategic failure of the American war."[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-502) ### Domestic corruption and politics \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=29 "Edit section: Domestic corruption and politics")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Barack_Obama%2C_Hamid_Karzai_%26_Asif_Ali_Zardari_after_trilateral_meeting_5-6-09_2.jpg/250px-Barack_Obama%2C_Hamid_Karzai_%26_Asif_Ali_Zardari_after_trilateral_meeting_5-6-09_2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama,_Hamid_Karzai_%26_Asif_Ali_Zardari_after_trilateral_meeting_5-6-09_2.jpg) Presidents Hamid Karzai and Barack Obama in 2009 In 2009, Afghanistan was ranked as the world's second most-corrupt country.[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-503) A lengthy report by SIGAR, and other findings, found that spiraling corruption in Afghanistan during the 2000s was not halted by the US. During this time, many elite figures in the country had effectively become kleptocrats, while ordinary Afghans were struggling.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-auto-500) It has been argued that the restoration of [monarchy in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan "Kingdom of Afghanistan") should not have been vetoed, as this may have provided stability to the country.[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-504)[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-505)[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-506)[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-507) ### Influence of non-NATO actors \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=30 "Edit section: Influence of non-NATO actors")\] Pakistan played a central role in the conflict. A 2010 report stated that the ISI had an "official policy" of supporting the Taliban.[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Discussion_Papers-508) "Pakistan appears to be playing a double-game of astonishing magnitude", the report states.[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Discussion_Papers-508) Regarding the Afghan War documents leak, *Der Spiegel* wrote that "the documents clearly show that \[Pakistan's ISI\] is the most important accomplice the Taliban has outside of Afghanistan."[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-spigel-war-logs-509) Amrullah Saleh, the former director of Afghanistan's intelligence service, stated, "We talk about all these proxies \[Taliban, Haqqanis\] but not the master of proxies, which is the Pakistan army. ... They want to gain influence in the region."[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Jamestown_Foundation_Terrorism_Conference_2010-510) Just as when they funded the Afghan mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War, Pakistan's objective was to ensure that Afghanistan is friendly to their interests, and provide "geopolitical depth in any future conflict with India."[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-511) In the war, Iran and the Taliban formed ties Russian assistance to "bleed" the American force. Iran and Russia, emboldened by their alliance in the [Syrian civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war "Syrian civil war"), initiated a 'proxy war' in Afghanistan against the US. The Taliban received economic support from Dubai, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. Pakistan gave economic support and encouraged increased Iran-Taliban ties.[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-512) China quietly expanded its influence. Since 2010, China had signed mining contracts with Kabul[\[511\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:7-513) and is building a military base in [Badakhshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakhshan "Badakhshan") to counter regional terrorism (from the [ETIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_turkestan_independence_movement "East turkestan independence movement")).[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:8-514) China donated billions of dollars in aid over the years to Afghanistan, which plays a strategic role in the [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative "Belt and Road Initiative").[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:8-514) Additionally, after 2011, Pakistan expanded its [economic and military ties to China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations "China–Pakistan relations") as a hedge against dependency on the US. Coll observes that "Overall, the war left China with considerable latitude in Central Asia, without having made any expenditure of blood, treasure, or reputation."[\[513\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-515) ### Misleading the American public \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=31 "Edit section: Misleading the American public")\] In 2019, *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* published 2,000 pages of government documents, mostly transcripts of interviews with more than 400 key figures involved in prosecuting the war. According to the *Post* and *The Guardian*, the documents (dubbed the [Afghanistan Papers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Papers "Afghanistan Papers")) showed that US officials consistently and deliberately misled the American public about the unwinnable nature of the conflict,[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-guardianafghanpapers-516) and some commentators and foreign policy experts subsequently drew comparisons to the release of the Pentagon Papers.[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-guardianafghanpapers-516)[\[515\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-517) ## Foreign support for the Taliban \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=32 "Edit section: Foreign support for the Taliban")\] ### Pakistan \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=33 "Edit section: Pakistan")\] The Taliban's victory was aided by Pakistan. Although Pakistan was a major US ally before and after the 2001 invasion, elements of its military and intelligence services have, for decades, maintained strong ties with Taliban militants, and this support helped the insurgency in Afghanistan.[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WaPoPak-518)[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYTPak-519) For example, the Haqqani Network had strong support from the ISI.[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WaPoPak-518) Taliban leaders found a safe haven in Pakistan; they lived there, doing business, earning funds, and receiving medical care.[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WaPoPak-518)[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYTPak-519) Some elements of the Pakistani establishment sympathized with Taliban ideology, and many Pakistan officials considered the Taliban as an asset [against India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts "Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts").[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WaPoPak-518)[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYTPak-519) ### Russia and Iran \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=34 "Edit section: Russia and Iran")\] After 9/11, Iranian forces led by [Qassem Soleimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani "Qasem Soleimani") initially cooperated, secretly, with American officials against al-Qaeda and the Taliban, but that cooperation ended after Bush's "[axis of evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil "Axis of evil")" speech" on January 29, 2002, which labeled Iran a state sponsor of terror and threat to regional peace. Afterwards, Iran became increasingly hostile to American forces in the region.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:1-140) Terrorism analyst Antonio Giustozzi wrote: "Both the Russians and the Iranians helped the Taliban advance at a breakneck pace in May–August 2021. They contributed to funding and equipping them, but perhaps even more importantly they helped them by brokering deals with parties, groups, and personalities close to either country, or even both. \[...\] The Revolutionary Guards helped the Taliban's advance in western Afghanistan, including by lobbying various strongmen and militia commanders linked to Iran not to resist the Taliban."[\[518\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-520) ## Reactions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=35 "Edit section: Reactions")\] Main article: [Reactions to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Reactions to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") ### Domestic reactions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=36 "Edit section: Domestic reactions")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Defense.gov_News_Photo_111120-M-KG816-186_-_U.S._Marine_Corps_Lance_Cpl._Todd_Collins_interacts_with_Afghan_children_near_Patrol_Base_Atull_in_Helmand_province_Afghanistan_on_Nov._20_2011.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_111120-M-KG816-186_-_U.S._Marine_Corps_Lance_Cpl._Todd_Collins_interacts_with_Afghan_children_near_Patrol_Base_Atull_in_Helmand_province_Afghanistan_on_Nov._20_2011.jpg) A US marine interacting with Afghan children in Helmand Province In November 2001, the CNN reported widespread relief amongst Kabul's residents after the Taliban fled the city, with young men shaving off their beards and women taking off their burqas.[\[519\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-521) Later that month, BBC reporter Kate Clark said that "almost all women in Kabul are still choosing to veil" but that many felt hopeful that the ousting of the Taliban would improve their safety and access to food.[\[520\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-522) A 2006 WPO opinion poll found that the majority of Afghans endorsed America's military presence, with 83% of Afghans stating that they had a favorable view of the US military forces in their country. Only 17% gave an unfavorable view. 82% of Afghans, among all ethnic groups including Pashtuns, stated that the overthrowing of the Taliban was a good thing. However, the majority of Afghans held negative views on Pakistan and most Afghans also stated that they believe that the Pakistani government was allowing the Taliban to operate from its soil.[\[521\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-523) A 2015 survey by Langer Research Associates found that 80% of Afghans believed it was a good thing for the US to overthrow the Taliban in 2001. More Afghans blamed the Taliban or al-Qaeda for the country's violence (53%) than those who blame the US (12%).[\[522\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-524) A 2019 survey by [The Asia Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asia_Foundation "The Asia Foundation") found that 13.4% of Afghans had sympathy for the Taliban, while 85.1% of respondents had none. 88.6% of urban residents had no sympathy, compared to 83.9% of rural residents.[\[523\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-525) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/June_22%2C_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg/250px-June_22%2C_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:June_22,_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg) 22 June 2007 demonstration in QuĂ©bec City against the Canadian military involvement in Afghanistan ### International public opinion \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=37 "Edit section: International public opinion")\] Main article: [International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_public_opinion_on_the_war_in_Afghanistan "International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan") In October 2001, polls indicated that about 88% of Americans and about 65% of Britons backed military action.[\[524\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAEI2008-526) An [Ipsos-Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos-Reid "Ipsos-Reid") poll conducted between November and December 2001 showed that majorities in Canada (66%), France (60%), Germany (60%), Italy (58%), and the UK (65%) approved of US airstrikes while majorities in Argentina (77%), China (52%), South Korea (50%), Spain (52%), and Turkey (70%) opposed them.[\[525\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAEI2008157-527) In 2008, there was a strong [opposition to the war in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") in 21 of 24 countries surveyed. Only in the US and Great Britain did half the people support the war, with a larger percentage (60%) in Australia.[\[526\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-24-Nation_Pew_Global_Attitudes_Project_Survey-528) Of the seven NATO countries in the survey, none showed a majority in favor of keeping NATO troops in Afghanistan – one, the US, came close to a majority (50%). Of the other six NATO countries, five had majorities of their population wanting NATO troops removed from Afghanistan as soon as possible.[\[526\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-24-Nation_Pew_Global_Attitudes_Project_Survey-528) A 2011 Pew Research Center poll showed little change in American views, with about 50% saying that the effort was going very well or fairly well and only 44% supporting NATO troop presence in Afghanistan.[\[527\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-529) ### Protests, demonstrations and rallies \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=38 "Edit section: Protests, demonstrations and rallies")\] Further information: [Protests against the war in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_war_in_Afghanistan "Protests against the war in Afghanistan") The war was the subject of [large protests around the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_invasion_of_Afghanistan "Protests against the invasion of Afghanistan"), starting in the days leading up to the invasion, and every year since. Many protesters considered the bombing and invasion of Afghanistan to be unjustified aggression.[\[528\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-530) Dozens of organizations held a national march for peace in Washington, D.C., on 20 March 2010.[\[529\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-531) ## Aftermath \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=39 "Edit section: Aftermath")\] Main article: [Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Afghanistan_War_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021)") ### Formation of the Taliban government and international recognition \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=40 "Edit section: Formation of the Taliban government and international recognition")\] Main articles: [Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan "Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan") and [List of decrees by Hibatullah Akhundzada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_decrees_by_Hibatullah_Akhundzada "List of decrees by Hibatullah Akhundzada") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Daily_Life_in_Afghanistan%27s_Capital_30.jpg/250px-Daily_Life_in_Afghanistan%27s_Capital_30.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daily_Life_in_Afghanistan%27s_Capital_30.jpg) Taliban fighters at a market in Kabul, September 2021. A vendor selling Islamic Emirate flags can be seen. On 7 September 2021, an interim government headed by [Mohammad Hassan Akhund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hassan_Akhund "Mohammad Hassan Akhund") as Prime Minister was declared by the Taliban.[\[530\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-532) ### Continuing conflict \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=41 "Edit section: Continuing conflict")\] Despite the fall of the Republican government and the complete Taliban takeover of the country, conflict continued in Afghanistan into 2025 in multiple forms including by republican groups and terrorist groups opposed to the Taliban. This poses significant challenges to their rule and the stability of the country. The presence of terrorist groups against or allied with the Taliban also invites the possibility of foreign military action against those groups or the Taliban government if it is deemed to provide these groups with safe haven.[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-crisisgroup.org-533) #### Republican insurgency \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=42 "Edit section: Republican insurgency")\] Main article: [Republican insurgency in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan "Republican insurgency in Afghanistan") One remaining Republican holdout operating in Panjshir Valley, which had not been taken by Taliban forces up to that point, was defeated in mid-September 2021, and the resistance leaders reportedly fled to neighboring Tajikistan.[\[532\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-534) However, fighting between Taliban and pro-republican forces continued in other provinces. Several regions had become the site of a guerrilla campaign by early 2022.[\[533\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-535) As of October 2022, at least 14 armed anti-Taliban resistance groups, including the [National Resistance Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan "National Resistance Front of Afghanistan"), [Afghanistan Freedom Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Freedom_Front "Afghanistan Freedom Front"), [Supreme Resistance Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Resistance_Council&action=edit&redlink=1 "Supreme Resistance Council (page does not exist)"), [Freedom Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1 "Freedom Uprising (page does not exist)"),[\[534\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-unicri.org-536) are active in Afghanistan. #### Terrorist groups and terrorism against the Taliban government \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=43 "Edit section: Terrorist groups and terrorism against the Taliban government")\] The Taliban promised in the [2020 Doha Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") to cut ties with al-Qaeda and to discontinue providing a safe haven for terrorist groups. While it has taken significant action to suppress hostile groups and make other groups fall in line, multiple armed groups (including al-Qaeda) continue to operate in Afghanistan. The relationship between these groups and the Taliban is not uniform, with some opposing Taliban rule through military action.[\[535\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Terrorist_Groups_in_Afghanistan-537)[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-crisisgroup.org-533)[\[536\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-538) #### Islamic State activity \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=44 "Edit section: Islamic State activity")\] Main article: [Islamic State–Taliban conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict "Islamic State–Taliban conflict") By 2014, ISIS-K became the largest and strongest terror group active in Afghanistan,[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-crisisgroup.org-533) with the Taliban viewing them as the primary threat to their rule.[\[535\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Terrorist_Groups_in_Afghanistan-537) Following the [2021 Kabul airport attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airport_attack "2021 Kabul airport attack") conducted by the group, the US said it could work with the Taliban to fight against IS as part of the [International military intervention against IS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_ISIL "International military intervention against ISIL").[\[537\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-539) #### Other active armed groups \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=45 "Edit section: Other active armed groups")\] Various other armed groups besides ISIS-K and Republican groups operate in Afghanistan. Since the Taliban takeover, some Taliban-allied groups are serving specific roles for the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.[\[538\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-voanews.com-540) Some of them include: - [Haqqani Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_Network "Haqqani Network") A highly organized and connected group that has over time become a Taliban element. The group has been tasked with matters of internal security in Kabul[\[538\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-voanews.com-540) or beyond[\[539\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-541) after the city was seized. - [Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_subcontinent "Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent") (AQIS) The regional al-Qaeda branch, which is allied to the Taliban. - [Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehreek-e-Taliban_Pakistan "Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan") (TTP) A group-collective with low cohesion operating along the Afghan-Pakistan border in resistance to the current Pakistani state. Its leader formally pledged allegiance to Taliban (who publicly rejected it), groups under TTP have variously pledged allegiance to the Islamic State instead. The group had fractured and recombined many times creating both short- and long-lived splinters that make statements on allegiance difficult.[\[540\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-542) - [Jundullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jundallah_\(Pakistan\) "Jundallah (Pakistan)") A former TTP affiliate that now pledges allegiance to the IS.[\[541\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-543) - [Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehreek-e-Jihad_Pakistan "Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan") (TJP) Claims to be an independent group but is accused of being a TTP front for either avoiding public condemnation or to enable to continue attacks in Pakistan while shielding the Taliban from Pakistani accusations of sheltering TTP militants.[\[542\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-544)[\[543\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-545) - [Turkistan Islamic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party "Turkistan Islamic Party") (TIP) A group looking to establish an Islamic state in East-Central Asia and Xinjiang. They have a cordial relationship with the Taliban, but the Taliban seem to have made efforts to remove them from the Chinese border region to not upset China.[\[544\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-546) - [Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan") (IMU) Some time after the original IMU was absorbed into ISIS-K in mid-2015 a faction using the group's name appeared. The new group has signaled loyalty to al-Qaeda and the Taliban while opposing the Islamic State.[\[545\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-547) - [Jamaat Ansarullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat_Ansarullah "Jamaat Ansarullah") (JA) An Islamic-nationalist group opposed to the government of Tajikistan. They are tasked with border security on the Afghan-Tajik border.[\[546\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-548) #### Taliban action to counter domestic threats \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=46 "Edit section: Taliban action to counter domestic threats")\] The Taliban have made major efforts to suppress hostile groups and to make rogue elements fall in line. The Taliban's first method of combating rogue elements was to publicly downplay any threats while crushing them with brute force, including collective punishment, ethnic and religious profiling, arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killings. The Taliban have since recognized how such methods can be counterproductive to the stability and legitimacy of their government, and have since experimented with approaches such as disarmament and reconciliation. The more soft-handed methods includes the transfer of personnel to prevent feuds, releasing prisoners in cooperation with tribal leaders, and enlisting religious scholars to dissuade people from violent resistance.[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-crisisgroup.org-533) They have also again offered amnesty to their former opponents to cooperate and not fight them in order to rebuild the state and its institutions and security apparatus.[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-crisisgroup.org-533) The Taliban killed or forcibly disappeared more than 100 former members of the Afghan security forces in the three months after the takeover in the provinces of Ghazni, Helmand, Kandahar, and Kunduz. The Taliban identified targets for arrest and execution through intelligence operations and access to employment records that were left behind. Former members of the security forces were also killed by the Taliban within days of registering with them to receive a letter guaranteeing their safety.[\[547\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-549) ### Abandonment of Afghan allies \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=47 "Edit section: Abandonment of Afghan allies")\] As many as 150,000 Afghans who assisted the US remained in Afghanistan, including individuals who worked closely with US forces.[\[548\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-550) Hundreds of former Afghan special forces who fought alongside British troops in Afghanistan have been barred from resettling in the UK.[\[549\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-551)[\[550\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-552) One former UK Special Forces officer stated that "At a time when certain actions by UK Special Forces are under investigation by a [public inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Unlawful_Killings_inquiry "Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry"), their headquarters also had the power to prevent former Afghan Special Forces colleagues and potential witnesses to these actions from getting safely to the UK."[\[551\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-553) ### Humanitarian crisis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=48 "Edit section: Humanitarian crisis")\] Following the Taliban takeover, western nations suspended humanitarian aid, and the [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank") and [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") also halted payments to Afghanistan.[\[552\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-554)[\[553\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-hrw-famine-555) The Biden administration froze about \$9 billion in assets belonging to the [Afghan central banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Afghanistan_Bank "Da Afghanistan Bank"), blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts.[\[554\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cbs-crisis-556) By October 2021, more than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute food shortage.[\[555\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-557) By November, Afghanistan was facing widespread [famine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine "Famine") due to collapsed economy and broken banking system.[\[553\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-hrw-famine-555) World leaders pledged \$1.2 billion in humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.[\[554\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cbs-crisis-556) In December, the [UN Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council") unanimously adopted a US-proposed resolution to help aid reach desperate Afghans, while seeking to keep funds out of Taliban hands.[\[556\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-558) In August 2022, UN humanitarian chief [Martin Griffiths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Griffiths "Martin Griffiths") warned about Afghanistan's deepening poverty, with 6 million people at risk of famine. He stated that conflict, poverty, climate shocks, and food insecurity "have long been a sad reality" in Afghanistan, but almost a year after the Taliban takeover, halt to large-scale development aid have made the situation critical.[\[557\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-559) In 2025, the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump") froze foreign aid and cut funding to the [US Agency for International Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development "United States Agency for International Development") (USAID), adversely affecting the humanitarian crisis. 40% of the country's humanitarian health facilities closed or suspended operations as a result. The Trump administration stated that no one had died as a result of aid cuts. CNN disputed this, with one pediatrician in Afghanistan telling them that the infant mortality rate had increased by 3 to 4%.[\[558\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-560) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=49 "Edit section: See also")\] - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png)[Afghanistan portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan "Portal:Afghanistan") - ![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/40px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png)[Modern history portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Modern_history "Portal:Modern history") - [United States documents leak of the War in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_documents_leak_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan "United States documents leak of the War in Afghanistan") - [Criticism of the war on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror "Criticism of the war on terror") - [Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan "Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan") - [List of Afghanistan War (2001–2021) documentaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Afghanistan_War_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)_documentaries "List of Afghanistan War (2001–2021) documentaries") - [List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan "List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan") - [List of conflicts in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia "List of conflicts in Asia") - [List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_operations_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") - [NATO logistics during the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_logistics_during_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "NATO logistics during the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") - *[The American War in Afghanistan: A History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_War_in_Afghanistan:_A_History "The American War in Afghanistan: A History")* nonfiction book by [Carter Malkasian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Malkasian "Carter Malkasian") 2021. - [US government response to the September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_government_response_to_the_September_11_attacks "US government response to the September 11 attacks") ## Notes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=50 "Edit section: Notes")\] 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-32)** Bordering areas of [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") were also affected ([War in North-West Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan "War in North-West Pakistan")), and was considered for some time to be a single theater of operations by the United States ([AfPak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfPak "AfPak")). 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-65)** Per figures released by [Canadian Department of National Defence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_\(Canada\) "Department of National Defence (Canada)") in June 2013, 635 were listed as WIA (wounded in action) while 1,436 were listed as NBI (non-battle injuries).[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-64) ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=51 "Edit section: References")\] 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-1)** ["Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region"](http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/BackgrounderIMU_28Jan.pdf) (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2023. 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-2)** ["Inside rebel Pakistan cleric's domain - USATODAY.com"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090501184512/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-10-27-1647230362_x.htm). *[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. 28 October 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-10-27-1647230362_x.htm) on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2023. 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-3)** ["Top Pakistani militant released"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7359523.stm). *BBC News*. 21 April 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090522083516/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7359523.stm) from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2023. 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-4)** Whitlock, Craig (8 June 2006). ["Al-Zarqawi's Biography"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800299.html?nav=rss_world%2Fafrica). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121020144918/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800299.html?nav=rss_world%2Fafrica) from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2023. 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-5)** Bergen, Peter. " *The Osama bin Laden I Know*, 2006 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-6)** ["ISAF's mission in Afghanistan (2001–2014)"](https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_69366.htm). NATO. 30 May 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2025. 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-7)** ["Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures"](https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2021/2/pdf/2021-02-RSM-Placemat.pdf) (PDF). NATO. 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-8)** Multiple sources: - Nordland, Rod; Sukhanyar, Jawad; Shah, Taimoor (19 June 2017). ["Afghan Government Quietly Aids Breakaway Taliban Faction"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/19/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-faction-renouncers.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved 6 September 2017. - Donati, Jessica; Totakhil, Habib Khan (23 May 2016). ["Afghan Government Secretly Fosters Taliban Splinter Groups"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-afghanistan-a-secret-plan-pays-off-the-taliban-1463964545). *Wall Street Journal*. - ["Taliban splinter group declares open-ended truce with Kabul"](https://www.stripes.com/news/taliban-splinter-group-declares-open-ended-truce-with-kabul-1.532070). *Stars and Stripes*. 10 June 2018. - ["Prayer ceremony for Taliban faction's deputy held at Herat Grand Mosque"](https://ariananews.af/prayer-ceremony-for-taliban-factions-deputy-held-at-herat-grand-mosque/). *Ariana News*. 17 May 2021. "The group had recently aligned itself with the government, and fighters were sent to Niazi as part of an uprising force to secure a number of Herat districts." 9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-Nangialai_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-Nangialai_9-1) ["Local Officials Criticized for Silence on Shindand Strike"](https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/local-officials-criticized-silence-shindand-strike). *TOLOnews*. 11 January 2020. 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-10)** Raghavan, Sudarsan (3 December 2015). ["CIA runs shadow war with Afghan militia implicated in civilian killings"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-backed-afghan-militias-fight-a-shadow-war/2015/12/02/fe5a0526-913f-11e5-befa-99ceebcbb272_story.html). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved 19 March 2025. 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-longwarjournal.org_11-0)** Joscelyn, Thomas; Roggio, Bill (31 July 2015). ["The Taliban's new leadership is allied with al Qaeda"](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/07/the-talibans-new-leadership-is-allied-with-al-qaeda.php). *The Long War Journal*. Retrieved 19 March 2025. 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-12)** Hardaha, Rashi (24 July 2021). ["Al-Qaeda operates under Taliban protection: UN report"](https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/al-qaeda-operates-under-taliban-protection-un-report-721719). *India TV News*. Retrieved 14 September 2021. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-13)** Nordland, Rod (19 May 2012). ["In Afghanistan, New Group Begins Campaign of Terror"](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/world/asia/in-afghanistan-new-insurgent-group-emerges.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved 25 June 2021. 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-14)** ["Taliban storm Kunduz city"](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/taliban-storm-kunduz-city.php). *The Long War Journal*. Retrieved 30 September 2015. 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-15)** ["Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad"](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/08/central-asian-groups-split-over-leadership-of-global-jihad.php). *The Long War Journal*. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015. 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-16)** ["Who is Lashkar-e-Jhangvi?"](http://www.voanews.com/a/lashkar-e-jhangvi/3565322.html). *Voice of America*. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2017. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-17)** ["ISIS 'Outsources' Terror Attacks to the Pakistani Taliban in Afghanistan: U.N. Report"](http://www.newsweek.com/down-its-luck-syria-and-iraq-isis-outsources-terror-attacks-pakistani-taliban-650926). *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")*. 15 August 2017. 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-18)** Multiple sources: - ["Report: Iran pays \$1,000 for each U.S. soldier killed by the Taliban"](http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39014669/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/t/report-iran-pays-each-us-soldier-killed-taliban/). *NBC News*. 9 May 2010. - Tabatabai, Ariane M. (9 August 2019). ["Iran's cooperation with the Taliban could affect talks on U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/08/09/irans-cooperation-with-taliban-could-affect-talks-us-withdrawal-afghanistan/). *The Washington Post*. - ["Iran denies Taliban were paid bounties to target US troops"](https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-middle-east-us-news-taliban-iran-99c1d96ba53ab0ccd543bf6ec2a0d040). *AP News*. 18 August 2020. - Patrikarakos, David (25 August 2021). ["Iran is an immediate winner of the Taliban takeover"](https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/iran-is-an-immediate-winner-of-the-taliban-takeover). *The Spectator*. - Salahuddin, Syed (27 May 2018). ["Iran funding Taliban to affect US military presence in Afghanistan, say police and lawmakers"](https://www.arabnews.com/node/1310541/world). *Arab News*. - Siddique, Abubakar; Shayan, Noorullah (31 July 2017). ["Mounting Afghan Ire Over Iran's Support For Taliban"](https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-iran-taliban-support/28651070.html). *Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty*. 19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-19)** Jamal, Umair (23 May 2020). ["Understanding Pakistan's Take on India-Taliban Talks"](https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/understanding-pakistans-take-on-india-taliban-talks/). *The Diplomat*. 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-20)** Farmer, Ben (26 August 2020). ["Pakistan urges Taliban to get on with Afghan government talks"](https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/pakistan-urges-taliban-to-get-on-with-afghan-government-talks-1.1068678). *The National*. 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-21)** Multiple sources: - Martinez, Luis (10 July 2020). ["Top Pentagon officials say Russian bounty program not corroborated"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/top-pentagon-officials-russian-bounty-program-corroborated/story?id=71694167). *ABC News*. - Loyd, Anthony (16 October 2017). ["Russia funds Taliban in war against Nato forces"](https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/russia-funds-taliban-in-war-against-nato-forces-hvfl3cgrg). *The Times*. Retrieved 18 September 2021. 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-22)** Noorzai, Roshan; Sahinkaya, Ezel; Gul Sarwan, Rahim (3 July 2020). ["Afghan Lawmakers: Russian Support to Taliban No Secret"](https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_afghan-lawmakers-russian-support-taliban-no-secret/6192205.html). *Voice of America*. 23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-23)** ["Russian ambassador denies Moscow supporting Taliban"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-russia-idUSKCN0XM1PK). *Reuters*. 25 April 2016. 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-24)** ["Saudis Bankroll Taliban, Even as King Officially Supports Afghan Government"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/06/world/asia/saudi-arabia-afghanistan.html). *The New York Times*. 12 June 2016. 25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-25)** Ramani, Samuel (7 September 2017). ["What's Behind Saudi Arabia's Turn Away From the Taliban?"](https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/whats-behind-saudi-arabias-turn-away-from-the-taliban/). *The Diplomat*. 26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-26)** ["Qatar's Dirty Hands"](http://www.nationalreview.com/article/450093/qatar-supports-islamists-threatens-american-middle-east-allies). *[National Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review "National Review")*. 3 August 2017. 27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-27)** ["Saudi has evidence Qatar supports Taliban: Envoy"](https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2017/08/07/saudi-has-evidence-qatar-supports-taliban-envoy). *[Pajhwok Afghan News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajhwok_Afghan_News "Pajhwok Afghan News")*. 7 August 2017. 28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-28)** ["China offered Afghan militants bounties to attack US soldiers: reports"](https://www.dw.com/en/china-offered-afghan-militants-bounties-to-attack-us-soldiers-reports/a-56103735). *Deutsche Welle*. 31 December 2020. 29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-29)** Gittleson, Ben (1 January 2021). ["US investigating unconfirmed intel that China offered bounties on American troops"](https://abc7news.com/us-investigating-unconfirmed-intel-that-china-offered-bounties-on-american-troops/9234125/). *ABC7 San Francisco*. "A spokesperson for China's foreign ministry, Wang Wenbin, on Thursday denied the accusation, calling it a 'smear and slander against China' that was 'completely nonsense' and 'fake news'." 30. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-find_sanctuary_30-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-find_sanctuary_30-1) Seldin, Jeff (18 November 2017). ["Afghan Officials: Islamic State Fighters Finding Sanctuary in Afghanistan"](https://www.voanews.com/a/afghan-officials-islamic-state-finds-sanctuary-in-afghanistan/4122270.html). *Voice of America*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 18 November 2017. 31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-IMU_joins_ISIL_31-0)** ["A look at the Islamic State affiliate's rise in Afghanistan"](https://apnews.com/article/religion-zalmay-khalilzad-ap-top-news-international-news-afghanistan-add4a393afed4ca798401c5a0958f2c2). *AP News*. 19 August 2019. 32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-taliban_victory_33-0)** Multiple sources: - [Pedaliu, Effie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effie_Pedaliu "Effie Pedaliu") (16 August 2021). ["The Taliban's victory proves the West has failed to learn the lessons of the past"](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2021/08/16/the-talibans-victory-proves-the-west-has-failed-to-learn-the-lessons-of-the-past/). *LSE EUROPP*. [London School of Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics "London School of Economics"). Retrieved 23 August 2021. - Barry, Ben (19 August 2021). ["Understanding the Taliban's military victory"](https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2021/08/taliban-military-victory). [International Institute for Strategic Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies "International Institute for Strategic Studies"). Retrieved 23 August 2021. - Saeed, Saim; Olivier, Christian (18 August 2021). ["Taliban victory in Afghanistan spells trouble for the neighbors"](https://www.politico.eu/article/taliban-afghanistan-iran-pakistan-conflict-evacuation-withdrawal/). *[Politico Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico_Europe "Politico Europe")*. [Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico "Politico") and [Axel Springer AG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_AG "Axel Springer AG"). Retrieved 23 August 2021. - Willis, Halley; Triebert, Christiaan; Hill, Evan; Smith, Brenna; Khavin, Dmitrity (16 August 2021). ["What Scenes From the Taliban's Victory in Afghanistan Reveal"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/16/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-video.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved 23 August 2021. - Holleis, Jennifer; Hussein, Mehyeddin (18 August 2021). ["Taliban victory: A likely boost for Islamist extremists in the Middle East"](https://www.dw.com/en/taliban-victory-a-likely-boost-for-islamist-extremists-in-the-middle-east/a-58887434). *[Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle "Deutsche Welle")*. Retrieved 23 August 2021. - Coffey, David (19 August 2021). 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[*Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001*](https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll). Penguin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59420-007-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6") . - Coll, Steve (2018). *Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan*. New York: Penguin Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-84614-660-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-660-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-660-2") . - Girardet, Edward (2011). *Killing the Cranes: A Reporter's Journey Through Three Decades of War in Afghanistan* (3 August 2011 ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 416. - ["National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States"](https://www.9-11commission.gov/). 9–11 Commission. 20 September 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100211154714/http://www.9-11commission.gov/) from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010. - Risen, James (4 September 2008). [*State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xBFbzzGg71cC). Simon & Schuster UK. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-84737-511-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84737-511-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84737-511-7") . - Auerswald, David P. & Stephen M. Saideman, eds. *NATO in Afghanistan: Fighting Together, Fighting Alone* (Princeton U.P. 2014) This book breaks down the history of the US effort in Afghanistan down by deployed commander. Also useful in this fashion are Kaplan, "The Insurgents", and "A Different Kind of War." - Mikulaschek, Christoph and Jacob Shapiro. (2018). [Lessons on Political Violence from America's Post-9/11 Wars](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022002716669808). *Journal of Conflict Resolution* 62(1): 174–202. - Miller, Paul D. 2025. *[Choosing Defeat: The Twenty-Year Saga of How America Lost Afghanistan](https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009614382 "doi:10.1017/9781009614382")*. Cambridge University Press. - MĂŒnch, Philipp. "Creating common sense: getting NATO to Afghanistan." *Journal of Transatlantic Studies* (2021): 1–29 [online](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s42738-021-00067-0). - Stewart, Richard W. (2004). [*Operation Enduring Freedom*](https://web.archive.org/web/20071214152935/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Afghanistan/Operation%20Enduring%20Freedom.htm). BG [John S. Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Brown_\(general\) "John S. Brown (general)"). United States Army. p. 46. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Afghanistan/Operation%20Enduring%20Freedom.htm) on 14 December 2007. - ["America and the War on Terror"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150404000410/http://www.aei.org/publication/america-and-the-war-on-terror/). AEI Public Opinion Study. 24 July 2008. Archived from [the original](https://www.aei.org/publication/america-and-the-war-on-terror/) on 4 April 2015. - Call, Steve (15 January 2010). [*Danger Close*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ObYsOXiEtxgC). Texas A\&M University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-60344-304-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-304-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-304-3") . - [Rashid, Ahmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid "Ahmed Rashid") (2022). *Taliban: The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond* (3rd ed.). Yale University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-300-26682-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26682-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26682-5") . - Weigand, Florian (2022). [*Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan*](https://cup.columbia.edu/book/waiting-for-dignity/9780231200493). Columbia University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-231-20049-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-20049-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-231-20049-3") . - Woodward, Bob (27 September 2010). [*Obama's Wars*](https://archive.org/details/obamasw_woo_2010_00_4700). Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4391-7251-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7251-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7251-3") . ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=53 "Edit section: External links")\] **War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects") - [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "c:Category:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") from Commons - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)[Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "q:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") from Wikiquote - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png)[Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182865 "d:Q182865") from Wikidata - [75,000 documents](http://wardiary.wikileaks.org/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210510090131/http://wardiary.wikileaks.org/) 10 May 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") on Wikileaks - ["America and the Taliban"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/america-and-the-taliban/). [*Frontline*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_\(American_TV_program\) "Frontline (American TV program)"). Season 41. Episode 12. 4 April 2023. [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS "PBS"). [WGBH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH-TV "WGBH-TV"). Retrieved 6 October 2023. | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_War "Template:Afghanistan War") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_War "Template talk:Afghanistan War") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_War "Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan War")[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]() | | |---|---| | Overview | [Prelude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Prelude to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "History of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Timeline of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [Operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_operations_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [Logistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_logistics_during_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "NATO logistics during the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Impact of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [International Security Assistance Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") [Taliban insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency") [Drone strikes in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan "Drone strikes in Pakistan") Withdrawal of U.S. troops [2011–2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_\(2011%E2%80%932016\) "Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)") [2020–2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan") [Resolute Support Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission") [Evacuation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift "2021 Kabul airlift") | | Casualties and losses | [Afghan forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Afghan_security_forces_fatality_reports_in_Afghanistan "List of Afghan security forces fatality reports in Afghanistan") [Civilian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [2001–2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932006\) "List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2006)") [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2007\) "List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2007)") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2008\) "List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2008)") [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2009\) "List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2009)") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2011\) "List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2011)") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2012\) "List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2012)") [Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_casualties_in_Afghanistan "Coalition casualties in Afghanistan") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan "United States military casualties in the War in Afghanistan") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan_since_2001 "British Forces casualties in Afghanistan since 2001") [Canadian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan "Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan") [German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Armed_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan "German Armed Forces casualties in Afghanistan") [Australian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_Defence_Force_casualties_in_Afghanistan "List of Australian Defence Force casualties in Afghanistan") [Norwegian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_Armed_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan "List of Norwegian Armed Forces casualties in Afghanistan") [Aviation incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan "List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan") | | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Timeline of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") | | | | | | [2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_Afghanistan "2001 in Afghanistan") | [Bombing of Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kandahar_\(2001\) "Bombing of Kandahar (2001)") [Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Mazar-i-Sharif "Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif") [Siege of Kunduz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kunduz "Siege of Kunduz") [Herat uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_uprising_in_Herat "2001 uprising in Herat") [Fall of Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2001\) "Fall of Kabul (2001)") [Battle of Tarinkot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarinkot "Battle of Tarinkot") [Fall of Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kandahar "Fall of Kandahar") [Battle of Qala-i-Jangi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qala-i-Jangi "Battle of Qala-i-Jangi") [Dasht-i-Leili massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasht-i-Leili_massacre "Dasht-i-Leili massacre") [Battle of Shawali Kowt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shawali_Kowt "Battle of Shawali Kowt") [Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sayyd_Alma_Kalay "Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay") [Battle of Tora Bora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora "Battle of Tora Bora") | | 2002 –2006 | [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_Afghanistan "2002 in Afghanistan") [Guantanamo Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp "Guantanamo Bay detention camp") [Uruzgan bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruzgan_wedding_bombing "Uruzgan wedding bombing") [Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Kabul_bombing "2002 Kabul bombing") [2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_Afghanistan "2003 in Afghanistan") [Pakistan Embassy in Kabul attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_attack_on_the_Embassy_of_Pakistan_in_Kabul "2003 attack on the Embassy of Pakistan in Kabul") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_Afghanistan "2004 in Afghanistan") [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_Afghanistan "2005 in Afghanistan") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_Afghanistan "2006 in Afghanistan") [Taliban offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Taliban_offensive "2006 Taliban offensive") | | [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_Afghanistan "2007 in Afghanistan") | [Shinwar shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Shinwar_shooting "2007 Shinwar shooting") [Hyderabad airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_airstrike "Hyderabad airstrike") [Nangar Khel incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangar_Khel_incident "Nangar Khel incident") [Helmand airstrikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Helmand_Province_airstrikes "2007 Helmand Province airstrikes") [Baghlan bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Baghlan_sugar_factory_bombing "2007 Baghlan sugar factory bombing") [Bagram bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Bagram_Airfield_bombing "2007 Bagram Airfield bombing") [South Korean hostage crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_South_Korean_hostage_crisis_in_Afghanistan "2007 South Korean hostage crisis in Afghanistan") | | [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_Afghanistan "2008 in Afghanistan") | [Haska Meyna airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haska_Meyna_wedding_party_airstrike "Haska Meyna wedding party airstrike") [Azizabad airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azizabad_airstrike "Azizabad airstrike") [Wech Bagtu airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wech_Baghtu_wedding_party_airstrike "Wech Baghtu wedding party airstrike") [Kabul Indian embassy bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_bombing_of_Indian_embassy_in_Kabul "2008 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul") [Kabul S Hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kabul_Serena_Hotel_attack "2008 Kabul Serena Hotel attack") [Kidnapping of David Rohde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_David_Rohde "Kidnapping of David Rohde") [Sarposa attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarposa_prison_attack_of_2008 "Sarposa prison attack of 2008") [Kandahar bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kandahar_bombing "2008 Kandahar bombing") [Spin Boldak bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_Boldak_bombing "Spin Boldak bombing") | | [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_Afghanistan "2009 in Afghanistan") | [Granai airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granai_airstrike "Granai airstrike") [Kunduz airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kunduz_airstrike "2009 Kunduz airstrike") [Narang raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_raid_on_Narang "Night raid on Narang") [February Kabul raids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2009_raids_on_Kabul "February 2009 raids on Kabul") [Kabul Indian embassy bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_bombing_of_Indian_embassy_in_Kabul "2009 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul") [Kandahar bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kandahar_bombing "2009 Kandahar bombing") [NATO HQ bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NATO_Afghanistan_headquarters_bombing "2009 NATO Afghanistan headquarters bombing") [Camp Chapman attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Chapman_attack "Camp Chapman attack") [Battle of Sabzak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sabzak "Battle of Sabzak") | | [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_Afghanistan "2010 in Afghanistan") | [January Kabul attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2010_Kabul_attack "January 2010 Kabul attack") [Raid on Khataba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Khataba "Raid on Khataba") [February Kabul attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2010_Kabul_attack "February 2010 Kabul attack") [Uruzgan attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruzgan_helicopter_attack "Uruzgan helicopter attack") [Sangin airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sangin_airstrike "2010 Sangin airstrike") [Maywand murders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywand_District_murders "Maywand District murders") [Tarok Kolache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarok_Kolache "Tarok Kolache") [Nadahan bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadahan_wedding_bombing "Nadahan wedding bombing") [May Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2010_Kabul_bombing "May 2010 Kabul bombing") [Badakhshan massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Badakhshan_massacre "2010 Badakhshan massacre") [Operation Halmazag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Halmazag "Operation Halmazag") | | [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_Afghanistan "2011 in Afghanistan") | [Mano Gai airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Gai_airstrike "Mano Gai airstrike") [Sarposa prison escape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarposa_prison_tunneling_escape_of_2011 "Sarposa prison tunneling escape of 2011") [Bin Laden raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden") [Logar bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Logar_province_bombing "2011 Logar province bombing") [I-C Hotel Kabul attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Inter-Continental_Hotel_Kabul_attack "2011 Inter-Continental Hotel Kabul attack") [Nimruz bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nimruz_province_bombing "2011 Nimruz province bombing") [Zabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Zabul_province_bombing "2011 Zabul province bombing") [Chinook shootdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Afghanistan_Boeing_Chinook_shootdown "2011 Afghanistan Boeing Chinook shootdown") [Helmand killing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Helmand_Province_killing "2011 Helmand Province killing") [Pakistani border attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NATO_attack_in_Pakistan "2011 NATO attack in Pakistan") [Ashura bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Afghanistan_Ashura_bombings "2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings") | | [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_in_Afghanistan "2012 in Afghanistan") | [Order of battle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_order_of_battle,_2012 "War in Afghanistan order of battle, 2012") [Urination video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_of_U.S._Marines_urinating_on_Taliban_fighters "Video of U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters") [Kapisa airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Kapisa_airstrike "2012 Kapisa airstrike") [Quran burning protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Afghanistan_Quran_burning_protests "2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests") [April attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2012_Afghanistan_attacks "April 2012 Afghanistan attacks") [Forward Operating Base Delhi massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base_Delhi_massacre "Forward Operating Base Delhi massacre") [Kandahar massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_massacre "Kandahar massacre") [September Camp Bastion raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2012_raid_on_Camp_Bastion "September 2012 raid on Camp Bastion") [Shesh Aba raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shesh_Aba_raid "Shesh Aba raid") [Body pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._soldiers_posing_with_body_parts_of_dead_Afghans "U.S. soldiers posing with body parts of dead Afghans") | | [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_Afghanistan "2013 in Afghanistan") | [Farah attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Farah_attack "2013 Farah attack") [June Kabul bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_June_2013_Kabul_bombing "11 June 2013 Kabul bombing") [Presidential palace attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Afghan_presidential_palace_attack "2013 Afghan presidential palace attack") [Herat U.S. consulate attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_attack_on_U.S._consulate_in_Herat "2013 attack on U.S. consulate in Herat") [Jalalabad Indian consulate bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_bombing_of_Indian_consulate_in_Jalalabad "2013 bombing of Indian consulate in Jalalabad") | | [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_Afghanistan "2014 in Afghanistan") | [Kabul S Hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Kabul_Serena_Hotel_attack "2014 Kabul Serena Hotel attack") [Herat Indian consulate attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_attack_on_Indian_consulate_in_Herat "2014 attack on Indian consulate in Herat") [Bagram bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Bagram_Airfield_bombing "2014 Bagram Airfield bombing") [Paktika bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Paktika_car_bombing "2014 Paktika car bombing") [Yahyakhel bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Yahyakhel_suicide_bombing "2014 Yahyakhel suicide bombing") [December Kabul bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2014_Kabul_bombings "December 2014 Kabul bombings") [Atiqullah Raufi assassination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiqullah_Raufi "Atiqullah Raufi") | | [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_Afghanistan "2015 in Afghanistan") | [Park Palace attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Park_Palace_guesthouse_attack "2015 Park Palace guesthouse attack") [Kabul Parliament attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Kabul_Parliament_attack "2015 Kabul Parliament attack") [Khost bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Khost_suicide_bombing "2015 Khost suicide bombing") [April Jalalabad bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing "2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing") [7 August Kabul attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_August_2015_Kabul_attacks "7 August 2015 Kabul attacks") [10 August Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_August_2015_Kabul_suicide_bombing "10 August 2015 Kabul suicide bombing") [22 August Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_August_2015_Kabul_suicide_bombing "22 August 2015 Kabul suicide bombing") [Ghazni prison escape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni_prison_escape "Ghazni prison escape") [Battle of Kunduz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunduz_\(2015\) "Battle of Kunduz (2015)") [Hospital airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike "Kunduz hospital airstrike") [Kandahar Airport bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Kandahar_Airport_bombing "2015 Kandahar Airport bombing") [Kabul Spanish Embassy attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Spanish_Embassy_attack_in_Kabul "2015 Spanish Embassy attack in Kabul") [Bagram bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Bagram_Airfield_bombing "2015 Bagram Airfield bombing") | | [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_in_Afghanistan "2016 in Afghanistan") | [Nangarhar offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangarhar_offensive_\(2016\) "Nangarhar offensive (2016)") [Operation Omari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Omari "Operation Omari") [April Kabul attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2016_Kabul_attack "April 2016 Kabul attack") [Kunduz-Takhar highway hostage crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz-Takhar_highway_hostage_crisis "Kunduz-Takhar highway hostage crisis") [Kabul Canadian Embassy convoy bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_attack_on_Canadian_Embassy_guards "Kabul attack on Canadian Embassy guards") [30 June bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_June_2016_Afghanistan_bombings "30 June 2016 Afghanistan bombings") [July Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2016_Kabul_bombing "July 2016 Kabul bombing") [Janikhel offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janikhel_offensive "Janikhel offensive") [AUoA attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Afghanistan_attack "American University of Afghanistan attack") [September Kabul attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2016_Kabul_attacks "September 2016 Kabul attacks") [Battle of Tarinkot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarinkot_\(2016\) "Battle of Tarinkot (2016)") [Battle of Kunduz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunduz_\(2016\) "Battle of Kunduz (2016)") [Battle of Boz Qandahari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boz_Qandahari "Battle of Boz Qandahari") [Mazar-i-Sharif German consulate bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_bombing_of_the_German_consulate_in_Mazar-i-Sharif "2016 bombing of the German consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif") [Bagram bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Bagram_Airfield_bombing "2016 Bagram Airfield bombing") | | [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_Afghanistan "2017 in Afghanistan") | [January bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2017_Afghanistan_bombings "January 2017 Afghanistan bombings") [Sangin airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Sangin_airstrike "2017 Sangin airstrike") [March Kabul attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2017_Kabul_attack "March 2017 Kabul attack") [Nangarhar airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Nangarhar_airstrike "2017 Nangarhar airstrike") [Camp Shaheen attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Camp_Shaheen_attack "2017 Camp Shaheen attack") [May Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2017_Kabul_bombing "May 2017 Kabul bombing") [June Herat bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2017_Herat_mosque_bombing "June 2017 Herat mosque bombing") [Battle of Bora Bora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora_\(2017\) "Battle of Tora Bora (2017)") [June Lashkargar bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2017_Lashkargah_bombing "June 2017 Lashkargah bombing") [August Herat attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2017_Herat_mosque_attack "August 2017 Herat mosque attack") [17 October attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_2017_Afghanistan_attacks "17 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks") [20 October attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_October_2017_Afghanistan_attacks "20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks") [28 December Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_December_2017_Kabul_suicide_bombing "28 December 2017 Kabul suicide bombing") | | [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_Afghanistan "2018 in Afghanistan") | [I-C Hotel Kabul attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Inter-Continental_Hotel_Kabul_attack "2018 Inter-Continental Hotel Kabul attack") [STC Jalalabad attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children_Jalalabad_attack "Save the Children Jalalabad attack") [Kabul ambulance bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_ambulance_bombing "Kabul ambulance bombing") [March Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing "March 2018 Kabul suicide bombing") [Kunduz madrassa attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_madrassa_attack "Kunduz madrassa attack") [22 April Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing "22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing") [30 April Kabul bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombings "30 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombings") [Battle of Farah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Farah "Battle of Farah") [July Jalalabad bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing "July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing") [Battle of Darzab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Darzab_\(2018\) "Battle of Darzab (2018)") [Ghazni offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni_offensive "Ghazni offensive") [September Jalalabad bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing "September 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing") | | [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_Afghanistan "2019 in Afghanistan") | [Maidan Shar attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidan_Shar_attack "Maidan Shar attack") [Camp Shorabak attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Camp_Shorabak_attack "2019 Camp Shorabak attack") [2019 Kabul mosque bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Kabul_mosque_bombing "2019 Kabul mosque bombing") [1 July Kabul attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_July_2019_Kabul_attack "1 July 2019 Kabul attack") [Ghazni bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ghazni_bombing "2019 Ghazni bombing") [28 July Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_July_2019_Kabul_suicide_bombing "28 July 2019 Kabul suicide bombing") [July Farah bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2019_Farah_bombing "July 2019 Farah bombing") [7 August Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_August_2019_Kabul_bombing "7 August 2019 Kabul bombing") [17 August Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_August_2019_Kabul_bombing "17 August 2019 Kabul bombing") [2 & 5 September Kabul bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_and_5_September_2019_Kabul_bombings "2 and 5 September 2019 Kabul bombings") [17 September bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_September_2019_Afghanistan_bombings "17 September 2019 Afghanistan bombings") [Qalat bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Qalat_bombing "2019 Qalat bombing") [Jalalabad suicide bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing "2019 Jalalabad suicide bombing") [Haska Meyna mosque bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haska_Meyna_mosque_bombing "Haska Meyna mosque bombing") [Bagram attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bagram_Airfield_attack "2019 Bagram Airfield attack") | | [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_Afghanistan "2020 in Afghanistan") | [6 March Kabul shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting "6 March 2020 Kabul shooting") [Kabul gurdwara attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_gurdwara_attack "Kabul gurdwara attack") [May attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "May 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [June attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "June 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [July attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "July 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [August attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "August 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [Jalalabad prison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad_prison_attack "Jalalabad prison attack") [September attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "September 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [October attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "October 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [November attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "November 2020 Afghanistan attacks") [Kabul University attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Kabul_University_attack "2020 Kabul University attack") [December attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "December 2020 Afghanistan attacks") | | [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_Afghanistan "2021 in Afghanistan") | [Attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2021_Afghanistan_attacks "List of 2021 Afghanistan attacks") [Taliban offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive "2021 Taliban offensive") [Kabul school bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_school_bombing "2021 Kabul school bombing") [Battle of Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_\(2021\) "Battle of Kandahar (2021)") [Fall of Herat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Herat "Fall of Herat") [Battle of Lashkargah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lashkargah "Battle of Lashkargah") [Capture of Zaranj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Zaranj "Capture of Zaranj") [Fall of Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2021\) "Fall of Kabul (2021)") [Kunduz mosque bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kunduz_mosque_bombing "2021 Kunduz mosque bombing") [Kandahar bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kandahar_bombing "2021 Kandahar bombing") [2021 Kabul airlift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift "2021 Kabul airlift") [Operation Allies Refuge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allies_Refuge "Operation Allies Refuge") [Operation Pitting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pitting "Operation Pitting") [Operation Devi Shakti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Devi_Shakti "Operation Devi Shakti") [Kabul airport attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airport_attack "2021 Kabul airport attack") [August 29 drone strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2021_Kabul_drone_strike "August 2021 Kabul drone strike") | | [Aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Afghanistan_War_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021)") | [Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan "Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan") [Republican insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan "Republican insurgency in Afghanistan") [Islamic State–Taliban conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict "Islamic State–Taliban conflict") [Afghan frozen assets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_frozen_assets "Afghan frozen assets") | | [War crimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan "War crimes in Afghanistan") | [ICC investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Afghanistan "International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan") [Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission "Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission") [UK Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_unlawful_killings_inquiry "Afghan unlawful killings inquiry") [Australian Brereton Inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brereton_Report "Brereton Report") [War crimes by the Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_by_the_Taliban "War crimes by the Taliban") [Kunduz hospital airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike "Kunduz hospital airstrike") [Kandahar massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_massacre "Kandahar massacre") Torture [Bagram torture and prisoner abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagram_torture_and_prisoner_abuse "Bagram torture and prisoner abuse") [Salt Pit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Pit "Salt Pit") | | Peace process | [Afghan peace process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_peace_process "Afghan peace process") Afghan peace groups [Tabassum movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabassum_movement "Tabassum movement") [Enlightenment Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_Movement_\(Afghanistan\) "Enlightenment Movement (Afghanistan)") [Uprising for Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_for_Change_\(Afghanistan\) "Uprising for Change (Afghanistan)") [People's Peace Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_\(Afghanistan\) "People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)") [2021–2022 Afghan protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Afghan_protests "2021–2022 Afghan protests") | | [Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_and_aftermath_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Reactions and aftermath to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") | [Afghan War documents leak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_War_documents_leak "Afghan War documents leak") [International public opinion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_public_opinion_on_the_war_in_Afghanistan "International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan") [Opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_war_in_Afghanistan "Protests against the war in Afghanistan") [To the fall of Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_fall_of_Kabul_\(2021\) "Reactions to the fall of Kabul (2021)") | | Memorials | [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_Afghanistan_Memorial "Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial") | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Category:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [Multimedia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932014\) "commons:War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/20px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg "Wikinews page") [Wikinews](https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan "n:Category:Afghanistan") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg "Portal") [Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan "Portal:Afghanistan") | | | Related articles | | |---|---| | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:War_on_terror "Template:War on terror") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror "Template talk:War on terror") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror "Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror")[War on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror "War on terror") | | | [September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") [War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]() ([Withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_\(2011%E2%80%932016\) "Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)")) [Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") (2003–2011) ([Withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_\(2007%E2%80%932011\) "Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)")) | | | Participants | | | | | | Operational | [ISAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") [Operation Enduring Freedom participants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom") [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan") [Northern Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance "Northern Alliance") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") ([Iraqi Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces "Iraqi Armed Forces")) [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia "Ethiopia") | | Targets | | | | | | Individuals | [Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden "Osama bin Laden") [Hamza bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden "Hamza bin Laden") [Anwar al-Awlaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki "Anwar al-Awlaki") [Sirajuddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani "Sirajuddin Haqqani") [Jalaluddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani "Jalaluddin Haqqani") [Anas Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_Haqqani "Anas Haqqani") [Khalil Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani "Khalil Haqqani") [Hafiz Saeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed "Hafiz Saeed") [Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq "Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq") [Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi") | | Factions | [al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") [al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula "Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula") [Abu Sayyaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf "Abu Sayyaf") [Al-Shabaab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_\(militant_group\) "Al-Shabaab (militant group)") [Boko Haram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram "Boko Haram") [Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami "Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami") [Hizbul Mujahideen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen "Hizbul Mujahideen") [Islamic Courts Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union "Islamic Courts Union") [Jaish-e-Mohammed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed "Jaish-e-Mohammed") [Jemaah Islamiyah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah "Jemaah Islamiyah") [Lashkar-e-Taiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba "Lashkar-e-Taiba") [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") [Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan") [Islamic State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State") | | Conflicts | | | | | | [Operation *Enduring Freedom*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom") | [War in Afghanistan]() [OEF – Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines "Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines") [Georgian involvement in the Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War "Georgian involvement in the Iraq War") [OEF – Horn of Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa "Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa") [OEF – Trans Sahara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield "Operation Juniper Shield") [Drone strikes in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan "Drone strikes in Pakistan") | | Other | [Operation Active Endeavour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour "Operation Active Endeavour") [Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_\(2002%E2%80%93present\) "Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)") [Insurgency in the North Caucasus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus "Insurgency in the North Caucasus") [Moro conflict in the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_conflict "Moro conflict") [Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") [Iraqi insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_\(2011%E2%80%932013\) "Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)") [Operation Linda Nchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi "Operation Linda Nchi") [Terrorism in Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia "Terrorism in Saudi Arabia") [Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") [War in Somalia (2006–2009)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Somalia_\(2006%E2%80%932009\) "War in Somalia (2006–2009)") [2007 Lebanon conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict "2007 Lebanon conflict") [al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen "Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen") | | Policies | [Patriot Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act "Patriot Act") (2001) [Torture Memos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_Memos "Torture Memos") (2002) [Military Commissions Act of 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006 "Military Commissions Act of 2006") [Military Commissions Act of 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009 "Military Commissions Act of 2009") [President's Surveillance Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program "President's Surveillance Program") [Protect America Act of 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007 "Protect America Act of 2007") [Terrorist Surveillance Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program "Terrorist Surveillance Program") | | Related | [Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse "Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse") [Axis of evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil "Axis of evil") [Bush Doctrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Doctrine "Bush Doctrine") [Clash of Civilizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations "Clash of Civilizations") [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") [Combatant Status Review Tribunal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal "Combatant Status Review Tribunal") [Criticism of the war on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror "Criticism of the war on terror") [CIA black sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_black_sites "CIA black sites") [Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri "Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri") [Killing of Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden") [Enhanced interrogation techniques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques "Enhanced interrogation techniques") [Extrajudicial prisoners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States "Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States") [Extraordinary rendition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition "Extraordinary rendition") [Guantanamo Bay detention camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp "Guantanamo Bay detention camp") [Iranian Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution "Iranian Revolution") [Islamic terrorism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism "Islamic terrorism") [Islamism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism "Islamism") [Operation Noble Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle "Operation Noble Eagle") [Operation Eagle Assist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist "Operation Eagle Assist") [*Situation Room* photograph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_Room_\(photograph\) "Situation Room (photograph)") [State Sponsors of Terrorism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-designated_state_sponsors_of_terrorism "US-designated state sponsors of terrorism") [Targeted killing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposition_Matrix "Disposition Matrix") *[Targeted Killing in International Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law "Targeted Killing in International Law")* *[Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_Killings "Targeted Killings")* [Unitary executive theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory "Unitary executive theory") [Unlawful combatant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant "Unlawful combatant") [CAGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_\(organisation\) "Cage (organisation)") | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:War_on_terror "Category:War on terror") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror "commons:War on terror") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:September_11_attacks "Template:September 11 attacks") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:September_11_attacks "Template talk:September 11 attacks") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:September_11_attacks "Special:EditPage/Template:September 11 attacks")[September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") | | | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_September_11_attacks "Timeline of the September 11 attacks") | [Air traffic control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control_during_the_September_11_attacks "Air traffic control during the September 11 attacks") [Planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_of_the_September_11_attacks "Planning of the September 11 attacks") [September 11, 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_the_day_of_the_September_11_attacks "Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks") [World Trade Center collapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center "Collapse of the World Trade Center") [7 World Trade Center collapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_7_World_Trade_Center "Collapse of 7 World Trade Center") [Remainder of September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_September_following_the_September_11_attacks "Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_October_following_the_September_11_attacks "Timeline for October following the September 11 attacks") [Post-October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_beyond_October_following_the_September_11_attacks "Timeline beyond October following the September 11 attacks") | | Victims | [Casualties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks "Casualties of the September 11 attacks") List [A–G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks_\(A%E2%80%93G\) "List of victims of the September 11 attacks (A–G)") [H–N](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks_\(H%E2%80%93N\) "List of victims of the September 11 attacks (H–N)") [O–Z](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks_\(O%E2%80%93Z\) "List of victims of the September 11 attacks (O–Z)") | | Hijacked airliners | [American Airlines Flight 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11 "American Airlines Flight 11") [United Airlines Flight 175](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175 "United Airlines Flight 175") [American Airlines Flight 77](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77 "American Airlines Flight 77") [United Airlines Flight 93](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93 "United Airlines Flight 93") | | Crash sites | [World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_\(1973%E2%80%932001\) "World Trade Center (1973–2001)") [site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site "World Trade Center site") [The Pentagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") [Stonycreek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania "Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania") / [Shanksville, Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanksville,_Pennsylvania "Shanksville, Pennsylvania") | | Aftermath | [Immediate repercussions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks") [artwork destroyed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artwork_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks "Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks") [buildings destroyed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks "List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks") [closings and cancellations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closings_and_cancellations_following_the_September_11_attacks "Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks") [detentions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detentions_following_the_September_11_attacks "Detentions following the September 11 attacks") [Communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_during_the_September_11_attacks "Communication during the September 11 attacks") [Post-9/11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-9/11 "Post-9/11") [economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks "Economic effects of the September 11 attacks") [local health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks "Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks") [airport security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_security_repercussions_due_to_the_September_11_attacks "Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks") [Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_September_11_attacks "Reactions to the September 11 attacks") [conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories "9/11 conspiracy theories") [Rudy Giuliani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_during_the_September_11_attacks "Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks") [Unsuccessful terrorist plots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_terrorist_plots_in_the_United_States_post-9/11 "List of unsuccessful terrorist plots in the United States post-9/11") | | Response | [U.S. government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._government_response_to_the_September_11_attacks "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks") [U.S. military response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._military_response_during_the_September_11_attacks "U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks") [War on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror "War on terror") [Afghanistan]() [North-West Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") [Rescue and recovery effort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_and_recovery_effort_after_the_September_11_attacks_on_the_World_Trade_Center "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center") [maritime response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_response_following_the_September_11_attacks "Maritime response following the September 11 attacks") [Financial assistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_assistance_following_the_September_11_attacks "Financial assistance following the September 11 attacks") [Operation SUPPORT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Support "Operation Support") [Operation Yellow Ribbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon "Operation Yellow Ribbon") [Memorials and services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorials_and_services_for_the_September_11_attacks "Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks") [9/11 Memorial and Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum "National September 11 Memorial & Museum") [Flight 93 National Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_93_National_Memorial "Flight 93 National Memorial") [Pentagon Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial "Pentagon Memorial") [Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victims_of_Terrorist_Attack_on_the_Pentagon_Memorial "Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial") [World Trade Center Health Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Health_Program "World Trade Center Health Program") [Killing of Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden") [Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri "Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri") | | Perpetrators | [Responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_September_11_attacks "Responsibility for the September 11 attacks") [Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") [Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden "Osama bin Laden") [Alleged Saudi role](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_role_in_the_September_11_attacks "Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks") [Motives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks "Motives for the September 11 attacks") [Hijackers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks "Hijackers in the September 11 attacks") [20th hijacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_hijacker "20th hijacker") [Hamburg cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_cell "Hamburg cell") [Trials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trials_related_to_the_September_11_attacks "Trials related to the September 11 attacks") | | Inquiries | [U.S. congressional inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Inquiry_into_Intelligence_Community_Activities_before_and_after_the_Terrorist_Attacks_of_September_11,_2001 "Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001") [the 28 pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_28_pages "The 28 pages") [September 11 intelligence before the attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_intelligence_before_the_attacks "September 11 intelligence before the attacks") [August 2001 CIA warning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Ladin_Determined_To_Strike_in_US "Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US") [Phoenix Memo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Memo "Phoenix Memo") [9/11 Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission "9/11 Commission") [*Commission Report*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report "9/11 Commission Report") [criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_9/11_Commission "Criticism of the 9/11 Commission") [NIST investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_World_Trade_Center_Disaster_Investigation "NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation") [PENTTBOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PENTTBOM "PENTTBOM") [ThinThread](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThinThread "ThinThread") | | [Cultural effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_the_September_11_attacks "Cultural influence of the September 11 attacks") | [Cultural references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cultural_references_to_the_September_11_attacks "List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks") [songs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_September_11_attacks "List of songs about the September 11 attacks") [comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comics_about_the_September_11_attacks "List of comics about the September 11 attacks") [books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_September_11_attacks "List of books about the September 11 attacks") *[Cartoonists Remember 9/11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonists_Remember_9/11 "Cartoonists Remember 9/11")* [Impact on the entertainment industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_September_11_attacks_on_the_entertainment_industry "Impact of the September 11 attacks on the entertainment industry") [Humor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor_based_on_the_September_11_attacks "Humor based on the September 11 attacks") [Lost artworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artwork_damaged_or_destroyed_in_the_September_11_attacks "Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks") [Clear Channel memorandum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Channel_memorandum "Clear Channel memorandum") [Digital Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_Digital_Archive "September 11 Digital Archive") | | [Media documentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_documentation_of_the_September_11_attacks "Media documentation of the September 11 attacks") | *[9/10: The Final Hours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/10:_The_Final_Hours "9/10: The Final Hours")* *[The Falling Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Falling_Man "The Falling Man")* *[Impending Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impending_Death "Impending Death")* [Marcy Borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcy_Borders "Marcy Borders") *[Raising the Flag at Ground Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_at_Ground_Zero "Raising the Flag at Ground Zero")* *[View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_Williamsburg,_Brooklyn,_on_Manhattan,_9/11 "View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11")* [WPIX September 11 broadcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPIX#September_11_attacks "WPIX") [September 11 Photo Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_Photo_Project "September 11 Photo Project") [*9/11* (2002 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_\(2002_film\) "9/11 (2002 film)") *[One Day in America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11:_One_Day_in_America "9/11: One Day in America")* *[102 Minutes That Changed America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102_Minutes_That_Changed_America "102 Minutes That Changed America")* *[The Love We Make](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_We_Make "The Love We Make")* [*9-11* (book)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-11_\(book\) "9-11 (book)") [*Perfect Soldiers*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Soldiers_\(book\) "Perfect Soldiers (book)") | | Miscellaneous | [Edna CintrĂłn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Cintr%C3%B3n "Edna CintrĂłn") [War games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_government_operations_and_exercises_on_September_11,_2001 "United States government operations and exercises on September 11, 2001") [Patriot Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Day "Patriot Day") *[Blind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_\(sculpture\) "Blind (sculpture)")* [Tourist Guy hoax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_guy "Tourist guy") [Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") [Twin Towers II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Towers_2 "Twin Towers 2") [Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Sneha_Anne_Philip "Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip") [Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Michele_Anne_Harris "Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris") [Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Balbir_Singh_Sodhi "Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi") [Killing of Henryk Siwiak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Henryk_Siwiak "Killing of Henryk Siwiak") [Mark Anthony Stroman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Anthony_Stroman "Mark Anthony Stroman") [Larme Price](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larme_Price "Larme Price") [Rudi Dekkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Dekkers "Rudi Dekkers") [Alicia Esteve Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Esteve_Head "Alicia Esteve Head") [Jersey Girls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Girls "Jersey Girls") [Emma E. Booker Elementary School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_E._Booker_Elementary_School "Emma E. Booker Elementary School") | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:September_11_attacks "Category:September 11 attacks") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts "Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts "Template talk:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts "Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts")[Post-Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era "Post–Cold War era") [conflicts in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia "List of conflicts in Asia") | | | South Asia | | | | | | India | [Kashmir conflict (1947–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflict "Kashmir conflict") [2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes") [2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes") [2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes") [Kargil War (1999)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War "Kargil War") [Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir "Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir") [Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India "Insurgency in Northeast India") [Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India "Insurgency in Punjab, India") [Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency "Naxalite–Maoist insurgency") [Religious violence in India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India "Religious violence in India") | | Pakistan | [Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes") [2026–present conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict "2026 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict") [Kashmir conflict (1947–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflict "Kashmir conflict") [2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes") [India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes") [India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes") [Kargil War (1999)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War "Kargil War") [Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir "Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir") [Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan "Insurgency in Balochistan") [Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") [Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh "Insurgency in Sindh") [Religious violence in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Pakistan "Religious violence in Pakistan") | | Sri Lanka | [Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war "Sri Lankan civil war") [JVP insurrection (1987–1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection "1987–1989 JVP insurrection") | | Others | [Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Maldives_political_crisis "2011–2013 Maldives political crisis") [Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War "Nepalese Civil War") [Operation All Clear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_All_Clear "Operation All Clear") | | East Asia | | | | | | China and Taiwan | [Third Taiwan Strait Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis "Third Taiwan Strait Crisis") (1995–1996) [Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis "Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis") (2022–present) | | Korea (North and South) | [Korean conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_conflict "Korean conflict") [Maritime border incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea "List of border incidents involving North and South Korea") [1994 North Korean nuclear crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis "1994 North Korean nuclear crisis") [2017–2018 crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis "2017–2018 North Korea crisis") | | Southeast Asia | | | | | | Cambodia | [Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_\(1979%E2%80%931998\) "Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)") Cambodian–Thai border [2008–2013 crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932013_Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_crisis "2008–2013 Cambodian–Thai border crisis") [2025 conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_crisis "2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis") | | Indonesia | [Papua conflict (1962–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_conflict "Papua conflict") [Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor "Indonesian occupation of East Timor") [East Timor genocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_genocide "East Timor genocide") [Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh "Insurgency in Aceh") [East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya "Operation Madago Raya") | | Myanmar | [Myanmar conflict (1948–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_conflict "Myanmar conflict") [Karen conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_conflict "Karen conflict") [Kachin conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachin_conflict "Kachin conflict") [Rohingya conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict "Rohingya conflict") [Civil war (2021–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_\(2021%E2%80%93present\) "Myanmar civil war (2021–present)") | | Philippines | [Moro Conflict (1968–2019)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Conflict "Moro Conflict") [ISIL Insurgency (2014–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Islamic_State "Philippines and the Islamic State") [New People's Army conflict (1969–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion "New People's Army rebellion") | | Thailand | [Southern Thailand insurgency (2004–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Thailand_insurgency "Southern Thailand insurgency") Cambodian–Thai border [2008–2013 crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Cambodia%E2%80%93Thailand_border_crisis "2008–2011 Cambodia–Thailand border crisis") [2025 conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_crisis "2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis") | | East Timor | [Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor "Indonesian occupation of East Timor") [East Timor genocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_genocide "East Timor genocide") [1999 crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis "1999 East Timorese crisis") [2006 crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_crisis_in_Timor-Leste "2006 crisis in Timor-Leste") | | Others | [FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FULRO_insurgency "FULRO insurgency") [Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos "Insurgency in Laos") [2013 Lahad Datu standoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff "2013 Lahad Datu standoff") | | Central Asia | | | | | | Afghanistan | [Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes") [2026–present conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict "2026 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict") [Afghan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_conflict "Afghan conflict") Civil War [1989–1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1989%E2%80%931992\) "Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)") [1992–1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1992%E2%80%931996\) "Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)") [1996–2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)") [2001–2021 War]() [Republican insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan "Republican insurgency in Afghanistan") | | Kazakhstan | [Ethnic conflicts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kazakhstan "Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan") | | Kyrgyzstan | [1990 Osh clashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Osh_clashes "1990 Osh clashes") [2010 Kyrgyz Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution "2010 Kyrgyz Revolution") [2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes "2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes") | | Tajikistan | [Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War "Tajikistani Civil War") [Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_\(2010%E2%80%932015\) "Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)") | | Uzbekistan | [Fergana massacre (1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana_massacre "Fergana massacre") [Andijan massacre (2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andijan_massacre "Andijan massacre") | | West Asia | | | | | | Azerbaijan | [Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict") [First War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War "First Nagorno-Karabakh War") [2016 conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict "2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict") [Second War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War") | | Bahrain | [Bahraini uprising (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising "2011 Bahraini uprising") | | Iran | [Kurdish separatism in Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran "Kurdish separatism in Iran") [KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_\(1989%E2%80%931996\) "KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)") [Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict "Iran–PJAK conflict") [Western Iran clashes (2016–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_\(2016%E2%80%93present\) "Western Iran clashes (2016–present)") [Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan "Arab separatism in Khuzestan") [Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_war "Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war") [Iran–Israel (1985–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict "Iran–Israel proxy conflict") [South Lebanon (1985–2000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_\(1985%E2%80%932000\) "South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)") [Lebanon War (2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War "2006 Lebanon War") [Syrian arena (2012–2024)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war "Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war") [Sistan and Balochistan insurgency (2004–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Balochistan_insurgency "Sistan and Balochistan insurgency") [Iran war (2026–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_war "2026 Iran war") | | Iraq | [Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict "Iraqi–Kurdish conflict") [Civil War (1994–1997)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War "Iraqi Kurdish Civil War") [Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_conflict_\(2001%E2%80%932003\) "Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)") [Iraqi conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_conflict "Iraqi conflict") [Iraq War (2003–2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") [Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_\(2011%E2%80%932013\) "Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)") [War in Iraq (2013–2017)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Iraq_\(2013%E2%80%932017\) "War in Iraq (2013–2017)") [ISIL insurgency (2017–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_\(2017%E2%80%93present\) "Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)") | | Israel | [Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict "Israeli–Palestinian conflict") [Second Intifada (2000–2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada "Second Intifada") [Gaza–Israel (2006–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict "Gaza–Israel conflict") [Iran–Israel (1985–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict "Iran–Israel proxy conflict") [Syrian arena (2012–2024)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war "Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war") | | Lebanon | [South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_\(1985%E2%80%932000\) "South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)") [Lebanon War (2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War "2006 Lebanon War") [Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict "2007 Lebanon conflict") [Lebanon conflict (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict "2008 Lebanon conflict") [Hezbollah–Israel conflict (2023–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_\(2023%E2%80%93present\) "Hezbollah–Israel conflict (2023–present)") | | Palestine | [Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict "Israeli–Palestinian conflict") [Second Intifada (2000–2005)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada "Second Intifada") [Gaza–Israel (2006–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict "Gaza–Israel conflict") [Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict "Fatah–Hamas conflict") | | Saudi Arabia | [Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_war "Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war") [Qatif conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatif_conflict "Qatif conflict") | | Syria | [Syrian Civil War (2011–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war "Syrian civil war") [Regional spillover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War "Spillover of the Syrian Civil War") | | Turkey | [Maoist insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey "Maoist insurgency in Turkey") [DHKP/C insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey "DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey") [Kurdish–Turkish conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_\(1978%E2%80%93present\) "Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)") [Turkey–ISIL conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict "Turkey–Islamic State conflict") | | Yemen | [Civil war (1994)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_\(1994\) "Yemeni civil war (1994)") [al-Qaeda (1998–2015)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen "Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen") [Houthi (2004–2015)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_insurgency "Houthi insurgency") [South Yemen (2009–2015)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency "South Yemen insurgency") [Yemeni crisis (2011–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_crisis "Yemeni crisis") [Houthi takeover (2014–2015)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen "Houthi takeover in Yemen") [Civil War (2014–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_\(2014%E2%80%93present\) "Yemeni civil war (2014–present)") | | Inter-continental conflict | [Sinai insurgency (2011–2023)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_insurgency "Sinai insurgency") | | Related topics | [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") [War on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror "War on terror") [Operation Inherent Resolve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve "Operation Inherent Resolve") [Arab Spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring") [Arab Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Winter "Arab Winter") [Asian Spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Spring "Asian Spring") [Colour revolutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_revolution "Colour revolution") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces "Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces "Template talk:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces "Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces")[Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_wars_involving_the_United_States "Lists of wars involving the United States") | | | Listed chronologically | | | Domestic | [Shays' Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion "Shays' Rebellion") [Whiskey Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion "Whiskey Rebellion") [Fries's Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion "Fries's Rebellion") [1811 German Coast uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising "1811 German Coast uprising") [Turner's Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion "Nat Turner's Rebellion") [Dorr Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion "Dorr Rebellion") [Bleeding Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas "Bleeding Kansas") [Utah War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_War "Utah War") [Harpers Ferry raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry "John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry") [American Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") [New York City draft riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots "New York City draft riots") [New Orleans Massacre of 1866](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Massacre_of_1866 "New Orleans Massacre of 1866") [American Indian Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars "American Indian Wars") [Meridian race riot of 1871](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871 "Meridian race riot of 1871") [Colfax Massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax_Massacre "Colfax Massacre") [Brooks–Baxter War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War "Brooks–Baxter War") [Battle of Liberty Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place "Battle of Liberty Place") [Vicksburg riot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_riot "Vicksburg riot") [Range War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_war "Range war") [Hamburg riot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_massacre "Hamburg massacre") [Great Railroad Strike of 1877](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877 "Great Railroad Strike of 1877") [Lincoln County War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County_War "Lincoln County War") [Colfax County War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax_County_War "Colfax County War") [Rock Springs Riot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Springs_Riot "Rock Springs Riot") [Seattle riot of 1886](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886 "Seattle riot of 1886") [Johnson County War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County_War "Johnson County War") [Coal Creek War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Creek_War "Coal Creek War") [1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_Coeur_d%27Alene_labor_strike "1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike") [Homestead strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_strike "Homestead strike") [Pullman Strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_Strike "Pullman Strike") [1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899_Coeur_d%27Alene_labor_confrontation "1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation") [Colorado Coalfield War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War "Colorado Coalfield War") [Red Summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Summer "Red Summer") [Denver streetcar strike of 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_streetcar_strike_of_1920 "Denver streetcar strike of 1920") [Battle of Blair Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain "Battle of Blair Mountain") [Tulsa riot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre "Tulsa race massacre") [Bonus Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_Army "Bonus Army") [1943 Detroit race riot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Detroit_race_riot "1943 Detroit race riot") [Puerto Rican revolts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s "Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s") [Ole Miss riot of 1962](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962 "Ole Miss riot of 1962") [1960s ghetto rebellions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_riots_\(1964%E2%80%931969\) "Ghetto riots (1964–1969)") [1969 Greensboro uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising "1969 Greensboro uprising") [Occupation of Alcatraz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Alcatraz "Occupation of Alcatraz") [Kent State shootings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_shootings "Kent State shootings") [Wounded Knee Occupation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Occupation "Wounded Knee Occupation") [1992 Los Angeles riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots "1992 Los Angeles riots") [2020 racial unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest "2020–2023 United States racial unrest") [2021 U.S. Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "January 6 United States Capitol attack") [2025 Los Angeles protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests "June 2025 Los Angeles protests") [Domestic military deployments by the second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_military_deployments_by_the_second_Trump_administration "Domestic military deployments by the second Trump administration") | | Foreign | [American Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War") [American–Algerian War (1785–1795)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_\(1785%E2%80%931795\) "American–Algerian War (1785–1795)") [Quasi-War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-War "Quasi-War") [First Barbary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War "First Barbary War") [War of 1812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812 "War of 1812") [Second Barbary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barbary_War "Second Barbary War") [First Sumatran expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition "First Sumatran expedition") [Second Sumatran expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition "Second Sumatran expedition") [1840 Fiji expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_Fiji_expedition "1840 Fiji expedition") [Ivory Coast expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition "Ivory Coast expedition") [Mexican–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War") [1855 Fiji expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1855_Fiji_expedition "1855 Fiji expedition") [Second Opium War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_War "Second Opium War") [1858 Fiji expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1858_Fiji_expedition "1858 Fiji expedition") [Formosa Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Expedition "Formosa Expedition") [Korean Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea "United States expedition to Korea") [Spanish–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War "Spanish–American War") [Philippine–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War "Philippine–American War") [Boxer Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion "Boxer Rebellion") [Banana Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars "Banana Wars") [Border War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Border_War "Mexican Border War") [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") [Russian Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War "Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War") [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") [Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") [Bay of Pigs Invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion "Bay of Pigs Invasion") [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") [Dominican Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War "Dominican Civil War") [Iranian Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution "Iranian Revolution") ([Operation Eagle Claw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw "Operation Eagle Claw")) [Invasion of Grenada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada "United States invasion of Grenada") [Lebanese Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon "Multinational Force in Lebanon") ([1983 Beirut barracks bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings "1983 Beirut barracks bombings")) [Invasion of Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama "United States invasion of Panama") [Gulf War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War") [Somali Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War "Somali Civil War") ([Operation Gothic Serpent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gothic_Serpent "Operation Gothic Serpent")) [Intervention in Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy "Operation Uphold Democracy") [Bosnian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force "Operation Deliberate Force") [Kosovo War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia "NATO bombing of Yugoslavia") [War in Afghanistan]() [Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") [War in North-West Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") [First Libyan Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya "2011 military intervention in Libya") [War against the Islamic State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State "War against the Islamic State") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_\(2014%E2%80%932021\) "American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war "US intervention in the Syrian civil war") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency#American_military_support "Boko Haram insurgency") [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_\(2015%E2%80%932019\) "American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)") [Yemeni civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_\(2014%E2%80%93present\) "Yemeni civil war (2014–present)") [Iran–Israel war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_war "Iran–Israel war") ([Operation Midnight Hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Midnight_Hammer "Operation Midnight Hammer")) [Operation Southern Spear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Spear "Operation Southern Spear") [2026 United States intervention in Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_intervention_in_Venezuela "2026 United States intervention in Venezuela") [2026 Iran war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_war "2026 Iran war") | | Related | [Conflicts in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States "List of conflicts in the United States") [Wars involving the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States "List of wars involving the United States") [Timeline of U.S. military operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations "Timeline of United States military operations") [Length of U.S. participation in major wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars "List of the lengths of United States participation in wars") [Territorial evolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States "Territorial evolution of the United States") [Military history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States "Military history of the United States") [History of the Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency "History of the Central Intelligence Agency") [Casualties of war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war "United States military casualties of war") [Peace movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States "Peace movement") [List of anti-war organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States "List of anti-war organizations") [Conscientious objector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States "Conscientious objector") [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") [War on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror "War on terror") [War crimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_war_crimes "United States war crimes") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Croatia "Template:Wars and battles involving Croatia") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_and_battles_involving_Croatia "Template talk:Wars and battles involving Croatia") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Croatia "Special:EditPage/Template:Wars and battles involving Croatia")[Wars and battles involving Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Croatia "Military history of Croatia") | | | Medieval wars and battles | | | | | | 8th/9th-century battles | [Siege of Trsat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Trsat "Siege of Trsat") [Rebellion of Ljudevit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_of_Ljudevit "Rebellion of Ljudevit") [Battle of Kupa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupa "Battle of Kupa") [Battle of Makarska (887)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Makarska "Battle of Makarska") | | Croatian–Hungarian wars | [Battle of Drava River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drava_River "Battle of Drava River") (925) [Battle of Gvozd Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gvozd_Mountain "Battle of Gvozd Mountain") | | [Croatian–Bulgarian wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars "Croatian–Bulgarian wars") | [Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_battle_of_854 "Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854") [Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 927](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_battle_of_926 "Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 926") [Siege of Zadar (998)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zadar_\(998\) "Siege of Zadar (998)") | | [Croatian-Venetian wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian-Venetian_wars "Croatian-Venetian wars") | [Battle of OmiĆĄ (948)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Omi%C5%A1_\(948\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Battle of OmiĆĄ (948) (page does not exist)") [Battle of Lastovo (1000)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lastovo_\(1000\) "Battle of Lastovo (1000)") [Siege of Zadar (1345–1346)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zadar_\(1345%E2%80%931346\) "Siege of Zadar (1345–1346)") [Battle of Motta (1412)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Motta_\(1412\) "Battle of Motta (1412)") [Uskok War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskok_War "Uskok War") | | High and Late Middle Ages wars and battles | [Siege of Zadar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zadar "Siege of Zadar") [Fourth Crusade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade "Fourth Crusade") [Fifth Crusade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusade "Fifth Crusade") [Battle of Mohi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi "Battle of Mohi") [Battle of Grobnik Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grobnik_Field "Battle of Grobnik Field") (legendary) [Battle of Bliska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bliska "Battle of Bliska") [War of Hum (1326–1329)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Hum_\(1326%E2%80%931329\) "War of Hum (1326–1329)") [Bosnian-Dubrovnik War (1403-1404)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian%E2%80%93Ragusan_War "Bosnian–Ragusan War") [Battle of Samobor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Samobor "Battle of Samobor") [Crusade of Varna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna "Crusade of Varna") [Battle of Una](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Una "Battle of Una") [Battle of Vrpile Gulch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vrpile "Battle of Vrpile") | | [Croatian–Ottoman wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars "Croatian–Ottoman wars") | | | | | | [Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War "Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War") (1493–1593) | [Battle of Krbava Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krbava_Field "Battle of Krbava Field") [Battle of Dubica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dubica "Battle of Dubica") [Siege of Knin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Knin "Siege of Knin") [Battle of MohĂĄcs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs "Battle of MohĂĄcs") [Siege of Jajce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce "Siege of Jajce") [Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_campaign_of_1527%E2%80%931528 "Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528") [Balkan campaign of 1529](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_campaign_of_1529 "Balkan campaign of 1529") [Little War in Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_War_in_Hungary "Little War in Hungary") [Siege of VaraĆŸdin (1527)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_\(1527\) "Siege of VaraĆŸdin (1527)") [Battle of Belaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belaj "Battle of Belaj") [Siege of KƑszeg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_K%C5%91szeg "Siege of KƑszeg") [Siege of Klis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Klis "Siege of Klis") [Katzianer's Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katzianer%27s_Campaign "Katzianer's Campaign") [Battle of Gorjani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gorjani "Battle of Gorjani") [Battle of Otočac (1543)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oto%C4%8Dac_\(1543\) "Battle of Otočac (1543)") [Siege of Đurđevac (1552)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_%C4%90ur%C4%91evac_\(1552\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siege of Đurđevac (1552) (page does not exist)") [Battle of Hrastovica (1561)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hrastovica_\(1561\) "Battle of Hrastovica (1561)") [Siege of SzigetvĂĄr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r "Siege of SzigetvĂĄr") [Siege of Gvozdansko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Gvozdansko "Siege of Gvozdansko") [Battle of Slunj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Slunj "Battle of Slunj") [Siege of Bihać (1592)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_\(1592\) "Siege of Bihać (1592)") [Battle of Brest (1592)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_\(1592\) "Battle of Brest (1592)") [Battle of Sisak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sisak "Battle of Sisak") | | [Long War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Turkish_War "Long Turkish War") (1593–1606) | [Battle of Brest (1596)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_\(1596\) "Battle of Brest (1596)") [Battle of Keresztes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Keresztes "Battle of Keresztes") | | [Austro-Turkish War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_\(1663%E2%80%931664\) "Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)") (1663–1664) | [First Battle of Novi Zrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zr%C3%ADnyi%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r "First Battle of ZrĂ­nyiĂșjvĂĄr") [Battle of Otočac (1663)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_at_Jurjeve_Stijene "Battle at Jurjeve Stijene") [Second Battle of Novi Zrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zr%C3%ADnyi%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r "Second Battle of ZrĂ­nyiĂșjvĂĄr") [Siege of Novi Zrin (1664)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Novi_Zrin_\(1664\) "Siege of Novi Zrin (1664)") [Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_\(1664\) "Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)") | | [Great Turkish War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian_theater_in_the_Great_Turkish_War "Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian theater in the Great Turkish War") (1683–1699) | [Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian theater in the Great Turkish War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian_theater_in_the_Great_Turkish_War "Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian theater in the Great Turkish War") [Siege of Virovitica (1684)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Virovitica_\(1684\) "Siege of Virovitica (1684)") [Osijek Incursion (1685)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osijek_Incursion_\(1685\) "Osijek Incursion (1685)") [Battle of MohĂĄcs (1687)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_\(1687\) "Battle of MohĂĄcs (1687)") [Siege of Udbina Castle (1689)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian_theater_in_the_Great_Turkish_War#Siege_of_Udbina "Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian theater in the Great Turkish War") [Siege of Bihać (1697)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_\(1697\) "Siege of Bihać (1697)") [Battle of Slankamen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Slankamen "Battle of Slankamen") [Battle of Senta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta "Battle of Zenta") | | 18th-century Ottoman wars | [Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_\(1705\) "Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)") [Siege of Sinj (1715)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sinj_\(1715\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siege of Sinj (1715) (page does not exist)") [Battle of Petrovaradin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Petrovaradin "Battle of Petrovaradin") [Battle of Banja Luka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Banja_Luka "Battle of Banja Luka") [Relief of DreĆŸnik (1788)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Dre%C5%BEnik_\(1788\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Relief of DreĆŸnik (1788) (page does not exist)") [Relief of Cetingrad (1790)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_of_Cetingrad "Relief of Cetingrad") | | [European 17th/18th- century wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_wars_of_religion "European wars of religion") | | | | | | [Thirty Years' War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War") | [Uskok War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskok_War "Uskok War") [Battle of Sablat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sablat "Battle of Sablat") [Siege of Heidelberg (1622)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Heidelberg_\(1622\) "Siege of Heidelberg (1622)") [Sack of Magdeburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Magdeburg "Sack of Magdeburg") [Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_\(1631\) "Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)") [Battle of LĂŒtzen (1632)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_\(1632\) "Battle of LĂŒtzen (1632)") [Battle of Nördlingen (1634)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_\(1634\) "Battle of Nördlingen (1634)") | | [Seven Years' War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War "Seven Years' War") | [Battle of Lobositz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lobositz "Battle of Lobositz") [Battle of KolĂ­n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kol%C3%ADn "Battle of KolĂ­n") [Battle of Breslau (1757)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Breslau_\(1757\) "Battle of Breslau (1757)") [Battle of Hochkirch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hochkirch "Battle of Hochkirch") [Battle of Meissen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meissen "Battle of Meissen") [Battle of Landeshut (1760)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Landeshut_\(1760\) "Battle of Landeshut (1760)") [Battle of Liegnitz (1760)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Liegnitz_\(1760\) "Battle of Liegnitz (1760)") | | 19th-century wars | | | | | | [French Revolutionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars "French Revolutionary Wars") and [Napoleonic Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars") | [Battle of Castiglione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione "Battle of Castiglione") [Battle of Bassano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano "Battle of Bassano") [Battle of Ostrach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach "Battle of Ostrach") [Battle of Stockach (1799)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_\(1799\) "Battle of Stockach (1799)") [Battle of Marengo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo "Battle of Marengo") [Battle of Caldiero (1805)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_\(1805\) "Battle of Caldiero (1805)") [Battle of Austerlitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz "Battle of Austerlitz") [Battle of Landshut (1809)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_\(1809\) "Battle of Landshut (1809)") [Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit "Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit") [Battle of Sankt Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael "Battle of Sankt Michael") [Battle of Raab (1809)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_\(1809\) "Battle of Raab (1809)") [Battle of Graz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Graz "Battle of Graz") [Battle of Leipzig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig "Battle of Leipzig") | | [Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848%E2%80%9349 "Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49") | [Battle of PĂĄkozd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A1kozd "Battle of PĂĄkozd") [Vienna Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Uprising "Vienna Uprising") [Battle of Schwechat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Schwechat "Battle of Schwechat") [Battle of MĂłr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%B3r "Battle of MĂłr") [Battle of KĂĄpolna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%A1polna "Battle of KĂĄpolna") Battles of KomĂĄrom [First battle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_\(1849\) "First Battle of KomĂĄrom (1849)")) [Second battle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_\(1849\) "Second Battle of KomĂĄrom (1849)") [Third battle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kom%C3%A1rom_\(1849\) "Third Battle of KomĂĄrom (1849)") [Battle of TemesvĂĄr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Temesv%C3%A1r "Battle of TemesvĂĄr") | | [Third Italian War of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence "Third Italian War of Independence") | [Battle of Custoza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_\(1866\) "Battle of Custoza (1866)") [Battle of Vis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_\(1866\) "Battle of Lissa (1866)") | | [Austro-Hungarian – Bosnia-Herzegovinian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878#Occupation "Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878") | [Battle of Jajce (1878)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jajce_\(1878\) "Battle of Jajce (1878)") [Battle of Vitez (1878)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitez_\(1878\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Battle of Vitez (1878) (page does not exist)") [Battle of Sarajevo (1878)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sarajevo_\(1878\) "Battle of Sarajevo (1878)") [Battle of Livno (1878)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Livno_\(1878\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Battle of Livno (1878) (page does not exist)") | | 20th-century wars | | | | | | World War I | [Adriatic Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Campaign_of_World_War_I "Adriatic Campaign of World War I") [Battle of Galicia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia "Battle of Galicia") [Battle of Soča](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo "Battles of the Isonzo") [Battle of Caporetto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto "Battle of Caporetto") [Bombardment of Ancona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ancona "Bombardment of Ancona") [Second Battle of the Piave River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River "Second Battle of the Piave River") [Battle of Vittorio Veneto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto "Battle of Vittorio Veneto") | | World War II | [Invasion of Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia "Invasion of Yugoslavia") [Battle of Kozara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kozara "Battle of Kozara") [Battle of Livno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Livno "Battle of Livno") [Battle of Stalingrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad "Battle of Stalingrad") [Battle of Neretva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva "Battle of Neretva") [Operation Otto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Otto_\(1943\) "Operation Otto (1943)") [Battle of the Sutjeska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sutjeska "Battle of the Sutjeska") [Raid on Drvar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Drvar "Raid on Drvar") [Syrmian Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrmian_Front "Syrmian Front") [Battle of Knin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Knin "Battle of Knin") [Battle of Mostar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mostar "Battle of Mostar") [Battle of Lijevče Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field "Battle of Lijevče Field") [Battle of Sarajevo (1945)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo_\(1945\) "Siege of Sarajevo (1945)") | | [Croatian War of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence "Croatian War of Independence") (1991–1995) | [Pakrac clash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakrac_clash "Pakrac clash") [Plitvice Lakes incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident "Plitvice Lakes incident") [Borovo Selo killings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovo_Selo_killings "Borovo Selo killings") [Operation Stinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stinger "Operation Stinger") [1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia "1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia") [Dalj massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalj_massacre "Dalj massacre") [Battle of Osijek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek "Battle of Osijek") [Battle of Vukovar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar "Battle of Vukovar") [Vukovar massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukovar_massacre "Vukovar massacre") [Battle of Gospić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87 "Battle of Gospić") [Battle of Ć ibenik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik "Battle of Ć ibenik") [Battle of Zadar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar "Battle of Zadar") [Battle of Kusonje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje "Battle of Kusonje") [Battle of the Barracks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks "Battle of the Barracks") [Siege of VaraĆŸdin Barracks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks "Siege of VaraĆŸdin Barracks") [Siege of Bjelovar Barracks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks "Siege of Bjelovar Barracks") [Battle of the Dalmatian Channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Channels "Battle of the Dalmatian Channels") [Gospić massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospi%C4%87_massacre "Gospić massacre") [Siege of Dubrovnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik "Siege of Dubrovnik") [Operation Otkos 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10 "Operation Otkos 10") [Operation Orkan 91](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91 "Operation Orkan 91") [Operation Whirlwind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind "Operation Whirlwind") [Operation Baranja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Baranja "Operation Baranja") [Operation Jackal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jackal "Operation Jackal") [Battle of the Miljevci Plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau "Battle of the Miljevci Plateau") [Operation Tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_\(1992\) "Operation Tiger (1992)") [Operation Maslenica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maslenica "Operation Maslenica") [Daruvar Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daruvar_Agreement "Daruvar Agreement") [Operation Medak Pocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket "Operation Medak Pocket") [Operation Winter '94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794 "Operation Winter '94") [Operation Flash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Flash "Operation Flash") [Operation Summer '95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795 "Operation Summer '95") [Operation Storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm "Operation Storm") | | [War in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "War in Bosnia and Herzegovina") (1992–1995) | [Battle of Kupres (1992)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_\(1992\) "Battle of Kupres (1992)") [Siege of Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo "Siege of Sarajevo") [Siege of Bihać (1992–95)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_\(1992%E2%80%9395\) "Siege of Bihać (1992–95)") [Operation Vrbas '92](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792 "Operation Vrbas '92") [Operation Koridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Koridor "Operation Koridor") [Battle of Ćœepče](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BDep%C4%8De "Battle of Ćœepče") [Siege of Mostar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar "Siege of Mostar") [Operation Neretva '93](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793 "Operation Neretva '93") [Operation Tvigi 94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tvigi_94 "Operation Tvigi 94") [Battle of Kupres (Operation Cincar)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_\(1994\) "Battle of Kupres (1994)") [Battle of OraĆĄje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je "Battle of OraĆĄje") [Operation Maestral 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2 "Operation Mistral 2") [Operation Una](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Una "Operation Una") [Operation Southern Move](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move "Operation Southern Move") | | 21st-century conflicts | | | | | | [War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]() | [International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") (2003–2014) [Resolute Support Mission Force (RS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission") (2015–2021) | | [Golan Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights "Golan Heights") [ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceasefire "Ceasefire") after [Yom Kippur War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War "Yom Kippur War") | [United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force "United Nations Disengagement Observer Force") (2008–2013) | | [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Croatia "Category:Battles involving Croatia") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Military_history_of_Pakistan "Template:Military history of Pakistan") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Military_history_of_Pakistan "Template talk:Military history of Pakistan") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_history_of_Pakistan "Special:EditPage/Template:Military history of Pakistan")[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/40px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg) [Armed conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan "Military history of Pakistan") involving the [Pakistan Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces "Pakistan Armed Forces") | | | Domestic | [Martial law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan "Military coups in Pakistan") [Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War "Bangladesh Liberation War") [Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan "Insurgency in Balochistan") [1970s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_operation_in_Balochistan "1970s operation in Balochistan") [Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") | | [India and Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts "Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts") | [1947](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948 "Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948") [1965](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965 "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965") [1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971 "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971") [Siachen conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_conflict "Siachen conflict") [1999](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War "Kargil War") | | [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_conflict "Afghan conflict") | [Waziristan 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan_rebellion_\(1948-1954\) "Waziristan rebellion (1948-1954)") [Bajaur Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaur_Campaign "Bajaur Campaign") [Panjshir Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Panjshir_Valley_uprising "1975 Panjshir Valley uprising") [Soviet War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "Soviet–Afghan War") [1989-92](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1989%E2%80%931992\) "Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)") [1992-96](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1992%E2%80%931996\) "Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)") [1996-2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)") [2001-21]() [War with Islamic State (2022–Present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict "Islamic State–Taliban conflict") | | Middle East | [Arab–Israeli conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict "Arab–Israeli conflict") [1967](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War") [1973](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War "Yom Kippur War") [Black September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September "Black September") [Dhofar Rebellion (Oman)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion "Dhofar Rebellion") [Gulf War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War") [Yemen crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen "Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen") [Grand Mosque seizure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure "Grand Mosque seizure") | | Worldwide | [Bosnian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War "Bosnian War") [Sudanese civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War "Second Sudanese Civil War") [Somalian civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Task_Force "Unified Task Force") [War on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror "War on terror") | | [Foreign deployments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_deployments "Pakistan Armed Forces deployments") | [UN peacekeeping missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions_involving_Pakistan "United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan") | | Anti-piracy | [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia "Piracy off the coast of Somalia") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela "Piracy off the coast of Venezuela") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush "Template:George W. Bush") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush "Template talk:George W. Bush") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush "Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush")[George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") | | | [43rd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of presidents of the United States") [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") (2001–2009) [46th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas "List of governors of Texas") [Governor of Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Texas "Governor of Texas") (1995–2000) | | | [Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush "Presidency of George W. Bush") ([timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency")) | [Transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush "Presidential transition of George W. Bush") Vote counts [2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2001 United States Electoral College vote count") [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2005 United States Electoral College vote count") Inaugurations [2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush "First inauguration of George W. Bush") [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush "Second inauguration of George W. Bush") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency") [2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_\(2001\) "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_\(2002\) "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)") [2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_\(2003\) "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_\(2004\) "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)") [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_\(2005\) "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_\(2006\) "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)") [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_\(2007\) "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_\(2008%E2%80%932009\) "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)") [January 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_\(2008%E2%80%932009\)#January_2009 "Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)") [Domestic policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration "Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration") [Legislation and programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs "List of George W. Bush legislation and programs") [Economic policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration "Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration") [Foreign policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration "Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration") [International trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush "List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush") [Bush Doctrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Doctrine "Bush Doctrine") [Russia summits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits "List of Russia–United States summits") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001 "Slovenia Summit 2001") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005 "Slovakia Summit 2005") [Special Relationship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Relationship "Special Relationship") [State visit to the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_George_W._Bush_to_the_United_Kingdom "State visit by George W. Bush to the United Kingdom") [2007 state visit by Elizabeth II to the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_state_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_the_United_States "2007 state visit by Elizabeth II to the United States") [War in Afghanistan]() [Patriot Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act "Patriot Act") [No Child Left Behind Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act "No Child Left Behind Act") [2003 invasion of Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq "2003 invasion of Iraq") [Capture of Saddam Hussein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein "Capture of Saddam Hussein") [Status of Forces Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement "U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement") [Relations with Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_during_the_George_W._Bush_administration "Iran–United States relations during the George W. Bush administration") [Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act "Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act") [USA Freedom Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps "USA Freedom Corps") [Department of Homeland Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security "United States Department of Homeland Security") [Space policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration "Space policy of the George W. Bush administration") [Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty "Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty") [War on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror "War on terror") [President's Council on Service and Civic Participation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation "President's Council on Service and Civic Participation") [award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award "President's Volunteer Service Award") [Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys "2006 dismissal of U.S. attorneys") [Email controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy "Bush White House email controversy") [Judicial appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush "List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush") [Supreme Court candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates "George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates") [John Roberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nominations "John Roberts Supreme Court nominations") [Harriet Miers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination "Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination") [Samuel Alito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination "Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination") [controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies "George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies") [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush#Administration "Presidency of George W. Bush") [Cheney vice presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Dick_Cheney "Vice presidency of Dick Cheney") [Pardons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush "List of people pardoned by George W. Bush") [Impeachment efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush "Efforts to impeach George W. Bush") [Executive orders](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders "wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders") [Presidential proclamations](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations "wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations") [State funeral of Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan "Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan") [State funeral of Gerald Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford "Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford") [Obama transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama "Presidential transition of Barack Obama") | | Life and legacy | [Childhood home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Family_Home_State_Historic_Site "Bush Family Home State Historic Site") [Early life and career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush "Early life of George W. Bush") [Presidential library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center "George W. Bush Presidential Center") [Official White House portrait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_White_House_portraits_of_Laura_and_George_W._Bush "Official White House portraits of Laura and George W. Bush") [Military service controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy "George W. Bush military service controversy") [Killian documents controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy "Killian documents controversy") [authenticity issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues "Killian documents authenticity issues") [Professional life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush "Professional life of George W. Bush") [Governorship of Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush "Governorship of George W. Bush") [Prairie Chapel Ranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch "Prairie Chapel Ranch") [Walker's Point Estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate "Walker's Point Estate") [Clinton Bush Haiti Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund "Clinton Bush Haiti Fund") | | Speeches | [Congressional joint session address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress "2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress") (2001) [Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remarks_at_the_Islamic_Center_of_Washington "Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington") (2001) [Congressional joint session address (September 11 attacks)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress "September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress") (2001) [Mission Accomplished](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech "Mission Accomplished speech") (2003) [State of the Union addresses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union "State of the Union") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address "2002 State of the Union Address") (["Axis of evil"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil "Axis of evil")) [2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address "2003 State of the Union Address") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address "2004 State of the Union Address") [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address "2005 State of the Union Address") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address "2006 State of the Union Address") [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address "2007 State of the Union Address") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address "2008 State of the Union Address") | | [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush "Electoral history of George W. Bush") | | | | | | U.S. House | [1978](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1978 United States House of Representatives elections") | | Gubernatorial | [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election "1994 Texas gubernatorial election") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election "1998 Texas gubernatorial election") | | Presidential | [2000 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign "George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries") [running mate selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection "2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention "2000 Republican National Convention") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates "2000 United States presidential debates") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election") *[Bush v. Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore "Bush v. Gore")* [2004 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign "George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries "2004 Republican Party presidential primaries") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention "2004 Republican National Convention") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates "2004 United States presidential debates") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election "2004 United States presidential election") | | [Public image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush "Public image of George W. Bush") | [Bushisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushism "Bushism") [Nicknames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush "List of nicknames used by George W. Bush") [Fictionalized portrayals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush "Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush") [Miss Me Yet?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F "Miss Me Yet?") "[Yo, Blair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo,_Blair "Yo, Blair")" | | [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush "Bibliography of George W. Bush") | *[A Charge to Keep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep "A Charge to Keep")* (1999) *[Decision Points](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Points "Decision Points")* (2010) *[41: A Portrait of My Father](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father "41: A Portrait of My Father")* (2014) *[Portraits of Courage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage "Portraits of Courage")* (2017) *[Out of Many, One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants "Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants")* (2021) | | Popular culture | [*Fahrenheit 9/11* (2004 documentary)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11 "Fahrenheit 9/11") [*W.* (2008 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._\(film\) "W. (film)") [Vice (2018 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_\(2018_film\) "Vice (2018 film)") | | [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_family "Bush family") | [Laura Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bush "Laura Bush") (wife) [Barbara Pierce Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bush_\(born_1981\) "Barbara Bush (born 1981)") (daughter) [Jenna Bush Hager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager "Jenna Bush Hager") (daughter) [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") (father [presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush "Presidency of George H. W. Bush")) [Barbara Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bush "Barbara Bush") (mother) [Robin Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush "Pauline Robinson Bush") (sister) [Jeb Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush "Jeb Bush") (brother) [Neil Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Bush "Neil Bush") (brother) [Marvin Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Bush "Marvin Bush") (brother) [Dorothy Bush Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch "Dorothy Bush Koch") (sister) [Barney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_\(dog\) "Barney (dog)") (dog) [Miss Beazley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Beazley "Miss Beazley") (dog) [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_\(cat\) "India (cat)") (cat) [Spot Fetcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_Fetcher "Spot Fetcher") (dog) | | **[← Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton")** **[Barack Obama →](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")** ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush "Category:George W. Bush") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama "Template:Barack Obama") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama "Template talk:Barack Obama") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama "Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama")[Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") | | | [44th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of presidents of the United States") [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") (2009–2017) [U.S. Senator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") [from Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois "List of United States senators from Illinois") (2005–2008) [Illinois Senator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate "Illinois Senate") from the 13th district (1997–2004) | | | | | | Life and politics | [Early life and career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama "Early life and career of Barack Obama") [Illinois Senate career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama "Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama") [2004 Democratic National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention "2004 Democratic National Convention") [U.S. Senate career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama "US Senate career of Barack Obama") [Political positions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama "Political positions of Barack Obama") [Administration foreign policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "Foreign policy of the Obama administration") [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "Cannabis policy of the Obama administration") [Mass surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance "Barack Obama on mass surveillance") [Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "Social policy of the Obama administration") [Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "Space policy of the Obama administration") [2009 Nobel Peace Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize "2009 Nobel Peace Prize") [West Wing Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Wing_Week "West Wing Week") | | [Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama "Presidency of Barack Obama") ([timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency")) | [Transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama "Presidential transition of Barack Obama") Inaugurations [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama "First inauguration of Barack Obama") [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama "Second inauguration of Barack Obama") [First 100 days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Obama_presidency "First 100 days of the Obama presidency") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency") [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_\(2009\) "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_\(2010\) "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2010)") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_\(2011\) "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2011)") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_\(2012\) "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2012)") [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_\(2013\) "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2013)") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_\(2014\) "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2014)") [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_\(2015\) "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2015)") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_\(2016%E2%80%932017\) "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)") [January 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_\(2016%E2%80%932017\)#January_2017 "Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)") [Foreign policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "Foreign policy of the Obama administration") [Ambassadors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Barack_Obama "List of ambassadors appointed by Barack Obama") [Middle East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Obama administration") [Afghanistan withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_\(2011%E2%80%932016\) "Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)") [Iraq withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_\(2007%E2%80%932011\) "Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)") [Killing of Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden") [Benghazi attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack "2012 Benghazi attack") [Return to Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_\(2014%E2%80%932021\) "US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)") [War in Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war "US intervention in the Syrian civil war") [Relations with Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_during_the_Obama_administration "Iran–United States relations during the Obama administration") [Iran nuclear deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") [Pivot to Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "East Asian foreign policy of the Obama administration") [Cuban thaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_thaw "Cuban thaw") [Obama Doctrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Doctrine "Obama Doctrine") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "European foreign policy of the Obama administration") [Economic policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "Economic policy of the Obama administration") [Affordable Care Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act "Affordable Care Act") [American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009 "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009") [Dodd–Frank Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act "Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act") [Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009 "Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "Energy policy of the Obama administration")/Environmental [Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act "Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act") [Marine policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_policy_of_the_Obama_administration "Marine policy of the Obama administration") [New Energy for America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Energy_for_America "New Energy for America") [Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act "Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act") [Clean Power Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan "Clean Power Plan") [Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Act "Clean Water Act") [Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy,_Hunger-Free_Kids_Act_of_2010 "Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010") [New START](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START "New START") [State visit to the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Barack_Obama_to_the_United_Kingdom "State visit by Barack Obama to the United Kingdom") [MAP-21st Century Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act "Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act") [FAST Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_America%27s_Surface_Transportation_Act "Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act") [Pardons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama "List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama") [Presidential trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama "Lists of presidential trips made by Barack Obama") [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_\(2009\) "List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2009)") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_\(2010\) "List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2010)") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_\(2011\) "List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2011)") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_\(2012\) "List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2012)") [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_\(2013\) "List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2013)") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_\(2014\) "List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2014)") [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_\(2015\) "List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2015)") [2016–17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_\(2016%E2%80%9317\) "List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2016–17)") [international](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama "List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama") [Judicial appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama "List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama") [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates "Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates") [Sotomayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination "Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination") [Kagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination "Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination") [Garland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination "Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination") [controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies "Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies") [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Barack_Obama "Cabinet of Barack Obama") [Biden vice presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Vice presidency of Joe Biden") [Obama Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Foundation "Obama Foundation") [Presidential Library and Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center "Barack Obama Presidential Center") [Executive actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Barack_Obama "List of executive actions by Barack Obama") [Executive orders](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Hussein_Obama/Executive_orders "wikisource:Author:Barack Hussein Obama/Executive orders") [Memoranda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_memoranda_by_Barack_Obama "List of presidential memoranda by Barack Obama") [Proclamations](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Obama/Presidential_Proclamations "wikisource:Author:Barack Obama/Presidential Proclamations") [Trump transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "First presidential transition of Donald Trump") [Plantation Estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_Estate "Plantation Estate") | | [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_by_Barack_Obama "Category:Books by Barack Obama") | [*Dreams from My Father* (1995)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father "Dreams from My Father") [*The Audacity of Hope* (2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope "The Audacity of Hope") [*Of Thee I Sing* (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_\(book\) "Of Thee I Sing (book)") [*A Promised Land* (2020)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Promised_Land "A Promised Land") | | [Speeches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama "Speeches of Barack Obama") | "[The Audacity of Hope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address "2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address")" (2004) "[Yes We Can](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_of_Senator_Barack_Obama_on_New_Hampshire_Primary_Night "s:Remarks of Senator Barack Obama on New Hampshire Primary Night")" (2008) "[A More Perfect Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_\(speech\) "A More Perfect Union (speech)")" (2008) "[Change Has Come to America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_election_victory_speech "Barack Obama 2008 presidential election victory speech")" (2008) "[A New Birth of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama#Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom" "First inauguration of Barack Obama")" (2009) [Congressional joint session address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress "2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress") (2009) "[A New Beginning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning_\(speech\) "A New Beginning (speech)")" (2009) [Congressional joint session address (health care reform)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress "September 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress") (2009) [State of the Union Address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union "State of the Union") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address "2010 State of the Union Address") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address "2011 State of the Union Address") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_State_of_the_Union_Address "2012 State of the Union Address") [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address "2013 State of the Union Address") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_State_of_the_Union_Address "2014 State of the Union Address") [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_State_of_the_Union_Address "2015 State of the Union Address") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_State_of_the_Union_Address "2016 State of the Union Address") [Tucson memorial speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Tucson_memorial_speech "Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech") (2011) [Congressional joint session address (jobs)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jobs_Act "American Jobs Act") (2011) "[You didn't build that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_didn%27t_build_that "You didn't build that")" (2012) [Selma 50th anniversary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Selma_50th_anniversary_speech "Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech") (2015) [Farewell address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_farewell_address "Barack Obama's farewell address") (2017) | | [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama "Electoral history of Barack Obama") | | | | | | Illinois | [State Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama "Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#First_state_Senate_election,_1996 "Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Second_state_Senate_election,_1998 "Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Third_state_Senate_election,_2002 "Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama") U.S. House of Representatives [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election") | | U.S. Senate | [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois "2004 United States Senate election in Illinois") | | Presidential | [2008 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign "Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements "List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements") [GOP/conservative support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008 "Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008") [staff members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_staff_members "List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign staff members") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries") [primary campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign "Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign") [running mate selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection "2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention "2008 Democratic National Convention") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates "2008 United States presidential debates") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election") [2012 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign "Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements "List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention "2012 Democratic National Convention") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates "2012 United States presidential debates") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election "2012 United States presidential election") | | [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama "Family of Barack Obama") | [Michelle Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama "Michelle Obama") (wife) [Ann Dunham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham "Ann Dunham") (mother) [Barack Obama Sr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr. "Barack Obama Sr.") (father) [Lolo Soetoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro "Lolo Soetoro") (stepfather) [Maya Soetoro-Ng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng "Maya Soetoro-Ng") (maternal half-sister) [Stanley Armour Dunham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham "Stanley Armour Dunham") (maternal grandfather) [Madelyn Dunham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham "Madelyn Dunham") (maternal grandmother) [Auma Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auma_Obama "Auma Obama") (paternal half-sister) [Malik Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Obama "Malik Obama") (paternal half-brother) [Marian Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Robinson "Marian Robinson") (mother-in-law) [Craig Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Robinson_\(basketball\) "Craig Robinson (basketball)") (brother-in-law) [Bo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_\(dog\) "Bo (dog)") (family dog) [Sunny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_\(dog\) "Sunny (dog)") (family dog) | | [Public image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama "Public image of Barack Obama") | | | News and political events | [Oprah Winfrey's endorsement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_endorsement_of_Barack_Obama "Oprah Winfrey's endorsement of Barack Obama") [Citizenship conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories "Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories") [litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation "Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation") [Religion conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories "Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories") [Bill Ayers controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ayers_2008_presidential_election_controversy "Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy") [Jeremiah Wright controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy "Jeremiah Wright controversy") [Republican and conservative support (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008 "Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008") [Assassination threats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Barack_Obama "Security incidents involving Barack Obama") [2008 Denver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Denver "Barack Obama assassination plot in Denver") [2008 Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Tennessee "Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee") [First inauguration invitations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitations_to_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama "Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama") [Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial "We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial") *[Citizen's Briefing Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%27s_Briefing_Book "Citizen's Briefing Book")* [Tea Party protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_protests "Tea Party protests") [New Energy for America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Energy_for_America "New Energy for America") [Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_arrest_controversy#Presidential_involvement "Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy") [Firing of Shirley Sherrod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod "Firing of Shirley Sherrod") [Impeachment efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Barack_Obama "Efforts to impeach Barack Obama") [Tan suit controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_tan_suit_controversy "Barack Obama tan suit controversy") | | [Books about](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_about_Barack_Obama "Category:Books about Barack Obama") | [Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama "Bibliography of Barack Obama") *[Obama: From Promise to Power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power "Obama: From Promise to Power")* *[Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama:_Der_schwarze_Kennedy "Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy")* *[Redemption Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption_Song_\(Stanage_book\) "Redemption Song (Stanage book)")* *[The Case Against Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_Against_Barack_Obama "The Case Against Barack Obama")* *[The Obama Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Obama_Nation "The Obama Nation")* *[Culture of Corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Corruption "Culture of Corruption")* *[Catastrophe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_\(Morris_and_McGann_book\) "Catastrophe (Morris and McGann book)")* *[Barack and Michelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_and_Michelle "Barack and Michelle")* *[The Speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Speech_\(Sharpley-Whiting_book\) "The Speech (Sharpley-Whiting book)")* *[The Obama Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Obama_Story "The Obama Story")* *[Between Barack and a Hard Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_Barack_and_a_Hard_Place "Between Barack and a Hard Place")* *[Game Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Change "Game Change")* *[Obama Zombies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Zombies "Obama Zombies")* *[Conservative Victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Victory "Conservative Victory")* *[The Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama "The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama")* *[The Obama Diaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Obama_Diaries "The Obama Diaries")* *[The Obama Syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Obama_Syndrome "The Obama Syndrome")* *[The Obama Identity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Obama_Identity "The Obama Identity")* *[O: A Presidential Novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O:_A_Presidential_Novel "O: A Presidential Novel")* *[Where's the Birth Certificate?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%27s_the_Birth_Certificate%3F "Where's the Birth Certificate?")* *[Obama's Last Stand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama%27s_Last_Stand "Obama's Last Stand")* *[Barack Obama: The Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story "Barack Obama: The Story")* *[Game Change 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Down:_Game_Change_2012 "Double Down: Game Change 2012")* *[Buyer's Remorse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyer%27s_Remorse_\(book\) "Buyer's Remorse (book)")* *[Rising Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Star_\(book\) "Rising Star (book)")* *[Shade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade:_A_Tale_of_Two_Presidents "Shade: A Tale of Two Presidents")* *[The World as It Is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_as_It_Is_\(book\) "The World as It Is (book)")* | | Music | [Obama Girl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Lee_Ettinger "Amber Lee Ettinger") "[I Got a Crush... on Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crush_on_Obama "Crush on Obama")" "[Barack the Magic Negro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_Negro#Barack_Obama "Magical Negro")" [will.i.am](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will.i.am "Will.i.am") "[Yes We Can](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_We_Can_\(will.i.am_song\) "Yes We Can (will.i.am song)")" "[The President Sang Amazing Grace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_President_Sang_Amazing_Grace "The President Sang Amazing Grace")" "[There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_No_One_as_Irish_as_Barack_O%27Bama "There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama")" "[SĂ­ Se Puede Cambiar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD_Se_Puede_Cambiar "SĂ­ Se Puede Cambiar")" "[My President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_President "My President")" "[Deadheads for Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadheads_for_Obama "Deadheads for Obama")" "[Air and Simple Gifts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_and_Simple_Gifts "Air and Simple Gifts")" *[Change Is Now](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_Is_Now:_Renewing_America%27s_Promise "Change Is Now: Renewing America's Promise")* *[Hope! – Das Obama Musical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope!_%E2%80%93_Das_Obama_Musical "Hope! – Das Obama Musical")* "[Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_vs._Mitt_Romney_\(video\) "Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney (video)")" *[Barack's Dubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baracksdubs "Baracksdubs")* "[Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed,_Sealed,_Delivered_I%27m_Yours#Political_significance "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours")" | | Film, TV, and stage | *[By the People: The Election of Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_People:_The_Election_of_Barack_Obama "By the People: The Election of Barack Obama")* (2009) *[Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_\(film\) "Change (film)")* (2010) *[Little Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Obama "Little Obama")* (2010) *[2016: Obama's America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016:_Obama%27s_America "2016: Obama's America")* (2012) *[The Road We've Traveled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_We%27ve_Traveled "The Road We've Traveled")* (2012) *[Southside with You](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside_with_You "Southside with You")* (2016) *[Hillary and Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton "Hillary and Clinton")* (2016) *[Barry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_\(2016_film\) "Barry (2016 film)")* (2016) *[America's Great Divide: From Obama to Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Great_Divide:_From_Obama_to_Trump "America's Great Divide: From Obama to Trump")* (2020) *[We the People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_People_\(2021_TV_series\) "We the People (2021 TV series)")* (2021) *[Renegades: Born in the USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegades:_Born_in_the_USA "Renegades: Born in the USA")* (2021) *[Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama:_In_Pursuit_of_a_More_Perfect_Union "Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union")* (2021) *[The First Lady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Lady_\(American_TV_series\) "The First Lady (American TV series)")* (2022) *[Picturing the Obamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picturing_the_Obamas "Picturing the Obamas")* (2022) | | [Other media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Images_of_Barack_Obama "Category:Images of Barack Obama") | [Social media use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Barack_Obama "Social media use by Barack Obama") [Artists for Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_for_Obama "Artists for Obama") ["Hope" poster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Hope%22_poster "Barack Obama \"Hope\" poster") ["Joker" poster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Joker%22_poster "Barack Obama \"Joker\" poster") [*Hair Like Mine*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_Like_Mine "Hair Like Mine") [*Situation Room*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_Room_\(photograph\) "Situation Room (photograph)") [Iman Crosson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iman_Crosson "Iman Crosson") *[The Forgotten Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forgotten_Man_\(painting\) "The Forgotten Man (painting)")* (2010 painting) *[Saraswati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati_\(sculpture\) "Saraswati (sculpture)")* (2013 sculpture) *[President Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Barack_Obama_\(painting\) "President Barack Obama (painting)")* (2018 portrait) [Official White House portrait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_White_House_portraits_of_Michelle_and_Barack_Obama "Official White House portraits of Michelle and Barack Obama") (2022) [Obama logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_logo "Obama logo") [In comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_in_comics "Barack Obama in comics") "[Spidey Meets the President\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spidey_Meets_the_President! "Spidey Meets the President!")" *[Bomb Queen: Time Bomb: Countdown To Armageddon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bomb_Queen:_Time_Bomb:_Countdown_To_Armageddon&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bomb Queen: Time Bomb: Countdown To Armageddon (page does not exist)")* [Barack Obama's summer playlist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_summer_playlist "Barack Obama's summer playlist") [Obama is a schmuck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_is_a_schmuck "Obama is a schmuck") | | Related | [Barack Obama Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day "Barack Obama Day") [Awards and honors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Barack_Obama "List of awards and honors received by Barack Obama") [Namesakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama "List of things named after Barack Obama") [Higher Ground Productions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions "Higher Ground Productions") "[One Last Time (44 Remix)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Last_Time_\(Hamilton_song\)#Remix "One Last Time (Hamilton song)")" [Sunlight before signing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight_before_signing "Sunlight before signing") | | **[← George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")** **[Donald Trump →](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")** **![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Barack_Obama "Category:Barack Obama")** | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Template:First presidency of Donald Trump") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Template talk:First presidency of Donald Trump") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Special:EditPage/Template:First presidency of Donald Trump")[First presidency of Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") | | | General | [Appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Political appointments of the first Trump administration") [ambassadors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_in_the_first_Trump_presidency "List of ambassadors appointed in the first Trump presidency") [U.S. attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump "List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump") [judges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump "List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump") [Supreme Court candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates "Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates") [Gorsuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination "Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination") [Kavanaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination "Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination") [Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination "Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination") [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump "First cabinet of Donald Trump") [Pence vice presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Mike_Pence "Vice presidency of Mike Pence") [Economic advisors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economic_advisors_to_Donald_Trump "List of economic advisors to Donald Trump") [Withdrawn appointees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_nominees_who_have_withdrawn "List of Donald Trump nominees who have withdrawn") [Short-tenure appointees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_short-tenure_Donald_Trump_political_appointments "List of short-tenure Donald Trump political appointments") [Dismissals and resignations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dismissals_and_resignations_in_the_first_Trump_administration "List of dismissals and resignations in the first Trump administration") [attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys "2017 dismissal of U.S. attorneys") [Comey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey "Dismissal of James Comey") [inspectors general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_dismissals_of_inspectors_general "2020 dismissals of inspectors general") [Executive orders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_first_Trump_presidency "List of executive orders in the first Trump presidency") [Legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_the_first_Trump_presidency "Legal affairs of the first Trump presidency") Impeachments [efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump "Efforts to impeach Donald Trump") [resolutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump "List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump") [impeachment inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump "Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump") [first impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment of Donald Trump") [first trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "First impeachment trial of Donald Trump") [second impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment of Donald Trump") [second trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump "Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump") [proposed expungements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump "Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_first_Trump_presidency "Opinion polling on the first Trump presidency") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_opinion_polling_on_the_Trump_administration "2017 opinion polling on the Trump administration") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_opinion_polling_on_the_Trump_administration "2018 opinion polling on the Trump administration") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_opinion_polling_on_the_Trump_administration "2019 opinion polling on the Trump administration") [Pardons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_in_the_first_Trump_presidency "List of people granted executive clemency in the first Trump presidency") [Joe Arpaio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon_of_Joe_Arpaio "Pardon of Joe Arpaio") [commutation of Jaime Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Wallie_Howard_Jr. "Murder of Wallie Howard Jr.") [Proclamations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump "Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2017\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2017)") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2018\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2018)") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2019\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2019)") [2020–21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump_\(2020%E2%80%9321\) "List of proclamations by Donald Trump (2020–21)") [Trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump "Lists of presidential trips made by Donald Trump") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2017\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2018\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2019\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)") [2020–21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_\(2020%E2%80%9321\) "List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)") [international](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump "List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump") [Rex Tillerson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State "List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State") [Mike Pompeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State "List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State") [North Korea summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process "2018–19 Korean peace process") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit "2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit") [Hanoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit "2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit") [DMZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit "2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit") [Riyadh summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit "2017 Riyadh summit") [Helsinki summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit "2018 Russia–United States summit") [2019 state visit to the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_state_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_the_United_Kingdom "2019 state visit by Donald Trump to the United Kingdom") [Namaste Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namaste_Trump "Namaste Trump") | | Events | | | | | | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies "Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies") | [First 100 days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_first_Trump_presidency "First 100 days of the first Trump presidency") 2017 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2017_Q4\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q4)") 2018 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2018_Q4\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2018 Q4)") 2019 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2019_Q4\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2019 Q4)") 2020 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q1\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q2\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q3\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021\) "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)") [January 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_first_Trump_presidency_\(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021\)#January_2021 "Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)") | | Speeches | [Congressional joint session address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress "2017 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress") (2017) [Warsaw speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_in_Warsaw "2017 Donald Trump speech in Warsaw") (2017) [National Scout Jamboree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_National_Scout_Jamboree "2017 National Scout Jamboree") (2017) [State of the Union Address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union "State of the Union") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_State_of_the_Union_Address "2018 State of the Union Address") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_State_of_the_Union_Address "2019 State of the Union Address") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_State_of_the_Union_Address "2020 State of the Union Address") Oval Office Address [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Oval_Office_address "2019 Oval Office address") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Oval_Office_address "2020 Oval Office address") [Farewell address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_first_farewell_address "Donald Trump's first farewell address") (2021) | | Other | [Transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "First presidential transition of Donald Trump") [2017 Vote Count](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2017 United States Electoral College vote count") [Inauguration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump "First inauguration of Donald Trump") [Biden transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden "Presidential transition of Joe Biden") [2021 Vote Count](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count "2021 United States Electoral College vote count") | | [Policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump "Political positions of Donald Trump") | | | | | | [Domestic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Domestic policy of the first Trump administration") | Government shutdowns [January 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2018_United_States_federal_government_shutdown "January 2018 United States federal government shutdown") [2018–2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown "2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown") Salute to America [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Salute_to_America "2019 Salute to America") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Salute_to_America "2020 Salute to America") [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [Taskforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force "White House Coronavirus Task Force") [Communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [stimulus bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_\(economics\) "Stimulus (economics)") [CARES Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARES_Act "CARES Act") [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") [White House outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak "White House COVID-19 outbreak") [Interference with science agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_interference_with_science_agencies_by_the_first_Trump_administration "Political interference with science agencies by the first Trump administration") [Reactions to the George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "Reactions to the George Floyd protests") [Photo op at St. John's Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church "Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church") [Deployment of federal forces in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_deployment_of_federal_forces_in_the_United_States "2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States") [Attacks on journalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_government_attacks_on_journalists_in_the_United_States#2016%E2%80%93present:_Trump_era "Timeline of government attacks on journalists in the United States") [2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Fireworks_Celebration "Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration") [National Garden of American Heroes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Garden_of_American_Heroes "National Garden of American Heroes") [Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump "Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump") [Racial views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump "Racial views of Donald Trump") [Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Social policy of the first Trump administration") [First Step Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Step_Act "First Step Act") [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Cannabis policy of the first Trump administration") [Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Space policy of the first Trump administration") | | [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Economic policy of the first Trump administration") | [Tax cuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act") [Tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration") [China trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war "China–United States trade war") [USMCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement "United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement") [Farmer bailouts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts "Trump administration farmer bailouts") | | [Environmental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Environmental policy of the first Trump administration") | [Paris Agreement withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_Paris_Agreement "United States and the Paris Agreement") [America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018 "America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018") | | [Foreign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Foreign policy of the first Trump administration") | [America First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First "America First") [Saudi Arabia arms deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal "2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal") [Relations with Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_during_the_first_Trump_administration "Iran–United States relations during the first Trump administration") [Nuclear deal withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action "United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action") [Relations with Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations#First_Trump_administration_\(2017%E2%80%932021\) "Israel–United States relations") [Jerusalem recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel "United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel") [Golan Heights recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel "United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel") [Palestine peace plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_peace_plan "2020 Israel–Palestine peace plan") [Abraham Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords "Abraham Accords") [UAE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement "Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement "Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement "Israel–Sudan normalization agreement") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement "Israel–Morocco normalization agreement") [Kosovo–Serbia agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_and_Serbia_economic_normalization_agreements "Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements") [Syria strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Syria "United States intervention in Syria") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike "2017 Shayrat missile strike") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria "April 2018 missile strikes against Syria") Killings [al-Baghdadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi "Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi") [Soleimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani "Assassination of Qasem Soleimani") [Afghanistan withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan") [Taliban deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") [Proposed invasion of Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_United_States_invasion_of_Venezuela "Proposed United States invasion of Venezuela") | | [Immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Trump_administration "Immigration policy of the first Trump administration") | [Travel bans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_bans_under_the_Trump_administrations "Travel bans under the Trump administrations") [reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769 "Reactions to Executive Order 13769") [legal challenges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_challenges_to_the_Trump_travel_ban "Legal challenges to the Trump travel ban") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 "Protests against Executive Order 13769") [replacement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13780 "Executive Order 13780") [Executive Order 13767](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13767 "Executive Order 13767") [Border wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall "Mexico–United States border wall") [Family separation policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy "Trump administration family separation policy") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Trump_administration_family_separation_policy "Protests against the Trump administration family separation policy") [Migrant detentions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_detentions_under_the_first_Trump_administration "Migrant detentions under the first Trump administration") [Troop deployments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot "Operation Faithful Patriot") [National emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States "National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States") | | [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump "Protests against Donald Trump") | [2017 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March "2017 Women's March") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2017_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2017 Women's March locations") [Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Lincoln_Nebraska_Women%27s_March "2017 Lincoln Nebraska Women's March") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Portland "Women's March on Portland") [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Seattle "Women's March on Seattle") [global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2017_Women%27s_March_locations_outside_the_United_States "List of 2017 Women's March locations outside the United States") [LGBTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_protests_against_Donald_Trump "LGBTQ protests against Donald Trump") [Travel ban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 "Protests against Executive Order 13769") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protests_against_Executive_Order_13769 "List of protests against Executive Order 13769") [Day Without Immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Without_Immigrants_\(2017\) "Day Without Immigrants (2017)") [Not My Presidents Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_My_Presidents_Day "Not My Presidents Day") [Day Without a Woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Without_a_Woman "Day Without a Woman") [March for Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science "March for Science") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2017_March_for_Science_locations "List of 2017 March for Science locations") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science_Portland "March for Science Portland") [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science_Seattle "March for Science Seattle") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Science_2018 "March for Science 2018") [People's Climate March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_People%27s_Climate_March "2017 People's Climate March") [May Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_May_Day_protests "2017 May Day protests") [March for Truth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Truth "March for Truth") [Impeachment March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_March "Impeachment March") [Boston Free Speech Rally (counter-protest)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Free_Speech_Rally "Boston Free Speech Rally") [U.S. national anthem kneeling protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._national_anthem_kneeling_protests "U.S. national anthem kneeling protests") [2018 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Women%27s_March "2018 Women's March") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2018_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2018 Women's March locations") [Gun violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_gun_violence_protests "2018 United States gun violence protests") [March for Our Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives "March for Our Lives") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_March_for_Our_Lives_locations "List of March for Our Lives locations") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives_Portland "March for Our Lives Portland") [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives_Seattle "March for Our Lives Seattle") [Family separation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Trump_administration_family_separation_policy "Protests against the Trump administration family separation policy") [Abolish ICE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolish_ICE "Abolish ICE") [Families Belong Together](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Families_Belong_Together "Families Belong Together") [Occupy ICE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_ICE "Occupy ICE") [Women Disobey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Disobey "Women Disobey") [Donald Trump baby balloon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_baby_balloon "Donald Trump baby balloon") [Kremlin Annex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Annex "Kremlin Annex") [Nobody Is Above the Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody_Is_Above_the_Law "Nobody Is Above the Law") [2019 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Women%27s_March "2019 Women's March") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2019_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2019 Women's March locations") [2019 Presidents Day protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Presidents_Day_protest "2019 Presidents Day protest") [*Dump Trump* (statue)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_Trump_\(statue\) "Dump Trump (statue)") [December 2019 impeachment protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2019_impeachment_protests_in_the_United_States "December 2019 impeachment protests in the United States") [2020 Women's March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Women%27s_March "2020 Women's March") [January list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2020_Women%27s_March_locations "List of 2020 Women's March locations") [October list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2020_Women%27s_March_locations_\(October\) "List of 2020 Women's March locations (October)") [Racial unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_racial_unrest_\(2020%E2%80%932023\) "United States racial unrest (2020–2023)") [George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests") [list-USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_States "List of George Floyd protests in the United States") [list-abroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Floyd_protests_outside_the_United_States "List of George Floyd protests outside the United States") [Trump Statue Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Statue_Initiative "Trump Statue Initiative") *[God Emperor Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Emperor_Trump "God Emperor Trump")* | | Related | [2016 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") [Trump campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign "Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign") [Democratic backsliding in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States "Democratic backsliding in the United States") [Donald Trump and fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism "Donald Trump and fascism") [Trumpism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism "Trumpism") [Unitary executive theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory "Unitary executive theory") [Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_conflict_with_the_media "Donald Trump's conflict with the media") [False or misleading statements by Trump during first term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump_\(first_term\) "False or misleading statements by Donald Trump (first term)") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump "Social media use by Donald Trump") [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_use_by_Donald_Trump "Twitter use by Donald Trump") [Crossfire Hurricane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_\(FBI_investigation\) "Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)") [Classified information disclosures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information "Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information") Special counsel investigations [Mueller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation "Mueller special counsel investigation") [Durham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_special_counsel_investigation "Durham special counsel investigation") [Links between Trump administration and Russian government officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials "Links between Trump associates and Russian officials") [Russian bounty program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_bounty_program "Russian bounty program") [Anonymous senior official op-ed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Part_of_the_Resistance_Inside_the_Trump_Administration "I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration") [Stormy Daniels scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal "Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal") [Zelenskyy phone call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trump%E2%80%93Zelenskyy_phone_call "2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call") [Ukraine scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal "2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal") [Federal government data breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_federal_government_data_breach "2020 United States federal government data breach") [Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election "Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election") [Fake electors plot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot "Trump fake electors plot") [Chesebro memos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesebro_memos "Chesebro memos") [Eastman memos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_memos "Eastman memos") [Lawsuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election "Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election") *[Texas v. Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania "Texas v. Pennsylvania")* [Jeffrey Clark letter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter "Jeffrey Clark letter") [January 6 United States Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "January 6 United States Capitol attack") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [continued protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests "2021 United States inauguration week protests") [domestic reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [international reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack "International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack") [Presidential Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library "Donald J. Trump Presidential Library") | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Category:First presidency of Donald Trump")** | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Joe_Biden "Template:Joe Biden") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Joe_Biden "Template talk:Joe Biden") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joe_Biden "Special:EditPage/Template:Joe Biden")[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") | | | [46th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of presidents of the United States") [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") (2021–2025) [47th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of vice presidents of the United States") [Vice President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") (2009–2017) [U.S. Senator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") [from Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware "List of United States senators from Delaware") (1973–2009) | | | [Senator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senate_career_of_Joe_Biden "US Senate career of Joe Biden") | [Early life and career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden "Early life and career of Joe Biden") [Classified Information Procedures Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_Information_Procedures_Act "Classified Information Procedures Act") [Counterterrorism Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Counterterrorism_Act_of_1995 "Omnibus Counterterrorism Act of 1995") [Violence Against Women Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act "Violence Against Women Act") [Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act "Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act") | | [Vice presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Vice presidency of Joe Biden") | [Obama transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama "Presidential transition of Barack Obama") Task forces [Gun Violence Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Gun_Violence_Prevention "White House Office of Gun Violence Prevention") [Protect Students from Sexual Assault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault "White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault") [First Trump transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "First presidential transition of Donald Trump") | | [Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Presidency of Joe Biden") | | | | | | [Appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of political appointments by Joe Biden") | [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Joe_Biden "Cabinet of Joe Biden") [Harris vice presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Kamala_Harris "Vice presidency of Kamala Harris") [Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Agriculture_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Agriculture appointments by Joe Biden") [Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Commerce_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Commerce appointments by Joe Biden") [Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Defense_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Defense appointments by Joe Biden") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Education_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Education appointments by Joe Biden") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Energy_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Energy appointments by Joe Biden") [Executive Office appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Executive_Office_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Executive Office appointments by Joe Biden") [HHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Health and Human Services appointments by Joe Biden") [Homeland Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Homeland_Security_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Homeland Security appointments by Joe Biden") [HUD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Housing and Urban Development appointments by Joe Biden") [Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_the_Interior_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of the Interior appointments by Joe Biden") [Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Justice_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Justice appointments by Joe Biden") [U.S. attorneys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Joe_Biden "List of United States attorneys appointed by Joe Biden") [Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Labor_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Labor appointments by Joe Biden") [State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_State_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of State appointments by Joe Biden") [ambassadors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Joe_Biden "List of ambassadors appointed by Joe Biden") [Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Transportation_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Transportation appointments by Joe Biden") [Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_the_Treasury_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of the Treasury appointments by Joe Biden") [Veterans Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_appointments_by_Joe_Biden "List of Department of Veterans Affairs appointments by Joe Biden") [Judicial appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Joe_Biden "List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden") [Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination "Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination") [Supreme Court candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_Supreme_Court_candidates "Joe Biden Supreme Court candidates") | | Legislation | | | | | | 2021 | [American Rescue Plan Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021 "American Rescue Plan Act of 2021") [Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Police_Emergency_Assistance_Act_of_2021 "Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act of 2021") [Consolidated Appropriations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2022 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022") [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act") [RENACER Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENACER_Act "RENACER Act") [Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act "Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act") | | 2022 | [Bipartisan Safer Communities Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan_Safer_Communities_Act "Bipartisan Safer Communities Act") [CHIPS and Science Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act "CHIPS and Science Act") [Consolidated Appropriations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2023 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023") [Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Count_Reform_and_Presidential_Transition_Improvement_Act_of_2022 "Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022") [Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_Filing_Fee_Modernization_Act_of_2021 "Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2021") [No TikTok on Government Devices Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_TikTok_on_Government_Devices_Act "No TikTok on Government Devices Act") [Pregnant Workers Fairness Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnant_Workers_Fairness_Act "Pregnant Workers Fairness Act") [State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Antitrust_Enforcement_Venue_Act_of_2021 "State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act of 2021") [Emmett Till Antilynching Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act "Emmett Till Antilynching Act") [Inflation Reduction Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act "Inflation Reduction Act") [Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Marijuana_and_Cannabidiol_Research_Expansion_Act "Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act") [PACT Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoring_our_PACT_Act_of_2022 "Honoring our PACT Act of 2022") [Postal Service Reform Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Service_Reform_Act_of_2022 "Postal Service Reform Act of 2022") [Respect for Marriage Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act "Respect for Marriage Act") [Speak Out Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Out_Act "Speak Out Act") [Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022 "Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022") | | 2023 | [COVID-19 Origin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Origin_Act_of_2023 "COVID-19 Origin Act of 2023") [Fiscal Responsibility Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_2023 "Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023") [DCA agreement between Finland and the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Defense_Cooperation_between_Finland_and_the_United_States_of_America "Agreement on Defense Cooperation between Finland and the United States of America") | | 2024 | [ADVANCE Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADVANCE_Act "ADVANCE Act") [Consolidated Appropriations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2024 "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024") [National Security Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_118-50 "Public Law 118-50") [Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_Americans_from_Foreign_Adversary_Controlled_Applications_Act "Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act") | | 2025 | [Social Security Fairness Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Fairness_Act "Social Security Fairness Act") | | [Policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden "Political positions of Joe Biden") | [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Cannabis policy of the Biden administration") [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Biden_administration "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [COVID-19 Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board "COVID-19 Advisory Board") [White House COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team "White House COVID-19 Response Team") [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Economic policy of the Biden administration") *[Biden v. Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_v._Nebraska "Biden v. Nebraska")* [Build Back Better Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Act "Build Back Better Act") [Build Back Better Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Plan "Build Back Better Plan") [Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_School_Emergency_Relief_Fund "Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief Fund") [Electoral and ethical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_and_ethics_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Electoral and ethics policy of the Biden administration") [Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States") [Summit for Democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_for_Democracy "Summit for Democracy") [Environmental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Environmental policy of the Biden administration") [2021 Leaders Summit on Climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Leaders_Summit_on_Climate "2021 Leaders Summit on Climate") [Executive Order 13990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13990 "Executive Order 13990") [Foreign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Foreign policy of the Biden administration") [Geneva summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_Summit "2021 Russia–United States Summit") [2023 Chinese balloon incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_balloon_incident "2023 Chinese balloon incident") [AUKUS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUKUS "AUKUS") [Camp David Principles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%E2%80%93Japanese%E2%80%93Korean_trilateral_pact "American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact") [Afghanistan withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan") [killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri "Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri") [War in Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine") [2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_visit_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_the_United_States "2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United States") [2023 visit to Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_visit_by_Joe_Biden_to_Ukraine "2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine") [Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Gaza_war "United States support for Israel in the Gaza war") [Ankara prisoner exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Ankara_prisoner_exchange "2024 Ankara prisoner exchange") [Relations with Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_during_the_Biden_administration "Iran–United States relations during the Biden administration") [Immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Immigration policy of the Biden administration") [A Proclamation on Securing the Border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Proclamation_on_Securing_the_Border "A Proclamation on Securing the Border") [Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Biden_administration "Social policy of the Biden administration") [2021 National Day of Unity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_National_Day_of_Unity "2021 National Day of Unity") NDAAs [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2022 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2023 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2024 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024") [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2025 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025") | | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency") | [Transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden "Presidential transition of Joe Biden") [Inauguration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden "Inauguration of Joe Biden") [security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_preparations_for_the_inauguration_of_Joe_Biden "Security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden") [Celebrating America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrating_America "Celebrating America") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests "2021 United States inauguration week protests") [First 100 days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Biden_presidency "First 100 days of the Biden presidency") 2021 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2021_Q1\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2021_Q2\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2021_Q3\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2021_Q4\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q4)") 2022 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2022_Q1\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2022_Q2\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2022_Q3\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2022_Q4\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q4)") 2023 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2023_Q1\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2023_Q2\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2023_Q3\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2023_Q4\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q4)") 2024 [Q1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2024_Q1\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q1)") [Q2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2024_Q2\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q2)") [Q3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2024_Q3\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q3)") [Q4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2024_Q4%E2%80%93January_2025\) "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q4–January 2025)") [January 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_\(2024_Q4%E2%80%93January_2025\)#January_2025 "Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q4–January 2025)") [Second Trump transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidential transition of Donald Trump") | | [Classified documents incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_classified_documents_incident "Joe Biden classified documents incident") [White House cocaine incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_White_House_cocaine_incident "2023 White House cocaine incident") [Efforts to impeach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Joe_Biden "Efforts to impeach Joe Biden") [House Oversight Committee investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Committee_investigation_into_the_Biden_family "United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family") [inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Joe_Biden "Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden") [Executive actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Joe_Biden "List of executive actions by Joe Biden") [proclamations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Joe_Biden "List of proclamations by Joe Biden") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_Biden_administration "Opinion polling on the Biden administration") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_opinion_polling_on_the_Biden_administration "2021 opinion polling on the Biden administration") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_opinion_polling_on_the_Biden_administration "2022 opinion polling on the Biden administration") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_opinion_polling_on_the_Biden_administration "2023 opinion polling on the Biden administration") [2024–2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%932025_opinion_polling_on_the_Biden_administration "2024–2025 opinion polling on the Biden administration") [Presidential trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden "Lists of presidential trips made by Joe Biden") [international](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden "List of international presidential trips made by Joe Biden") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_\(2021\) "List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_\(2022\) "List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_\(2023\) "List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2023)") [2024–2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_\(2024%E2%80%9325\) "List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2024–25)") [Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jimmy_Carter "Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter") | | | [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Joe_Biden "Electoral history of Joe Biden") | | | | | | U.S. Senate | [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "1972 United States Senate election in Delaware") [1978](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "1978 United States Senate election in Delaware") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "1984 United States Senate election in Delaware") [1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "1990 United States Senate election in Delaware") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "1996 United States Senate election in Delaware") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "2002 United States Senate election in Delaware") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware "2008 United States Senate election in Delaware") | | Vice presidential | [2008 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign "Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign") [selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection "2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention "2008 Democratic National Convention") [debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates#October_2:_Vice_presidential_debate_\(Washington_University_in_St._Louis\) "2008 United States presidential debates") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election") [transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama#Biden_Senate_transition "Presidential transition of Barack Obama") [2012 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign "Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention "2012 Democratic National Convention") [debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates#October_11:_Vice_presidential_debate_\(Centre_College\) "2012 United States presidential debates") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election "2012 United States presidential election") | | Presidential | [1988 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_1988_presidential_campaign "Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries") [2008 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_2008_presidential_campaign "Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums "2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums") [2020 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign "Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements") [celebrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_celebrity_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements") [organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements_from_organizations "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements from organizations") [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_congressional_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign congressional endorsements") [state and territorial officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_state_and_territorial_legislative_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign state and territorial legislative endorsements") [municipal officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_municipal_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign municipal endorsements") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign primary endorsements") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates "2020 Democratic Party presidential debates") [Unity Task Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden-Sanders_Unity_Task_Forces "Biden-Sanders Unity Task Forces") [running mate selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection "2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection") [convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention "2020 Democratic National Convention") [debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates "2020 United States presidential debates") [election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election") [protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests "2020–21 United States election protests") [2024 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign "Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign") [withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election "Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election") [Democratic opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Democrats_who_opposed_the_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign "List of Democrats who opposed the Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign") [primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries "2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries") [endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements "List of Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign primary endorsements") [protest vote movements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war_protest_vote_movements "Gaza war protest vote movements") [debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Joe_Biden%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_presidential_debate "2024 Joe Biden–Donald Trump presidential debate") | | [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Joe_Biden "Family of Joe Biden") | [Edward Francis Blewitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Francis_Blewitt "Edward Francis Blewitt") (great-grandfather) [Neilia Hunter Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilia_Hunter_Biden "Neilia Hunter Biden") (first wife) [Jill Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Biden "Jill Biden") (second wife) [James Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Biden "James Biden") (brother) [Valerie Biden Owens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Biden_Owens "Valerie Biden Owens") (sister) [Beau Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Biden "Beau Biden") (son) [Hunter Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden "Hunter Biden") (son) [Ashley Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Biden "Ashley Biden") (daughter) [Howard Krein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Krein "Howard Krein") (son-in-law) [Hallie Olivere Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallie_Olivere_Biden "Hallie Olivere Biden") (daughter-in-law) [Kathleen Buhle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Buhle "Kathleen Buhle") (former daughter-in-law) [Melissa Cohen Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Cohen_Biden "Melissa Cohen Biden") (daughter-in-law) Dogs [Champ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_\(dog\) "Champ (dog)") [Major](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_\(Joe_Biden%27s_dog\) "Major (Joe Biden's dog)") [Commander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_\(dog\) "Commander (dog)") Cat [Willow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_\(cat\) "Willow (cat)") | | [Writings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Joe_Biden "Bibliography of Joe Biden") | *[Promises to Keep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promises_to_Keep_\(memoir\) "Promises to Keep (memoir)")* *[Promise Me, Dad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promise_Me,_Dad "Promise Me, Dad")* [*Tomorrow Will Be Different* (foreword)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Will_Be_Different "Tomorrow Will Be Different") | | [Speeches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeches_of_Joe_Biden "Speeches of Joe Biden") | [Inaugural address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden#Inaugural_address "Inauguration of Joe Biden") (2021) [Congressional joint session address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Joe_Biden_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress "2021 Joe Biden speech to a joint session of Congress") (2021) [State of the Union Address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union "State of the Union") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_State_of_the_Union_Address "2022 State of the Union Address") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_State_of_the_Union_Address "2023 State of the Union Address") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_State_of_the_Union_Address "2024 State of the Union Address") [Warsaw speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Joe_Biden_speech_in_Warsaw "2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw") (2022) [Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_the_Soul_of_the_Nation_speech "Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech") (2022) [Farewell address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden%27s_farewell_address "Joe Biden's farewell address") (2025) | | Media depictions | *[Confirmation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_\(film\) "Confirmation (film)")* *[The Choice 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Choice_2020 "The Choice 2020")* "[Intro to Political Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intro_to_Political_Science "Intro to Political Science")" *[My Son Hunter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Son_Hunter "My Son Hunter")* "[One Last Ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Last_Ride "One Last Ride")" [*The Onion*'s "Diamond Joe"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_\(The_Onion\) "Joe Biden (The Onion)") *[Our Cartoon President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Cartoon_President "Our Cartoon President")* [*Saturday Night Live* parodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Joe_Biden "Saturday Night Live parodies of Joe Biden") *[Spitting Image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_Image_\(2020_TV_series\) "Spitting Image (2020 TV series)")* | | Related | [Age and health concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Joe_Biden "Age and health concerns about Joe Biden") [Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Joe_Biden "List of awards and honors received by Joe Biden") [Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Biden_Cancer_Moonshot "Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot") [Biden Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_Foundation "Biden Foundation") [Biden Presidential Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Biden_Jr._Presidential_Library "Joseph R. Biden Jr. Presidential Library") [Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory "Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory") [Buy a shotgun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy_a_shotgun "Buy a shotgun") [Eponyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Joe_Biden "List of things named after Joe Biden") [Hunter Biden laptop controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy "Hunter Biden laptop controversy") [I Did That\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Did_That! "I Did That!") [Let's Go Brandon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Brandon "Let's Go Brandon") [Public image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Joe_Biden "Public image of Joe Biden") [Sexual assault allegation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_sexual_assault_allegation "Joe Biden sexual assault allegation") *[Situation Room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_Room_\(photograph\) "Situation Room (photograph)")* [Sleepy Joe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepy_Joe_\(nickname\) "Sleepy Joe (nickname)") [2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trump%E2%80%93Zelenskyy_phone_call "2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call") [2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal "2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal") | | **← [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") →** [← Dick Cheney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney") [Mike Pence →](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Joe_Biden "Category:Joe Biden") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taliban "Template:Taliban") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Taliban "Template talk:Taliban") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taliban "Special:EditPage/Template:Taliban")[Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") | | | Leadership | [Leadership Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan "Leadership Council of Afghanistan") [Supreme leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan "Supreme Leader of Afghanistan") [Mullah Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar "Mullah Omar") [Akhtar Mansour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour "Akhtar Mansour") [Hibatullah Akhundzada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada "Hibatullah Akhundzada") [decrees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_decrees_by_Hibatullah_Akhundzada "List of decrees by Hibatullah Akhundzada") [Deputy leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan "Deputy Leader of Afghanistan") [Mohammad Rabbani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Rabbani "Mohammad Rabbani") [Abdul Ghani Baradar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar "Abdul Ghani Baradar") [Sirajuddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani "Sirajuddin Haqqani") [Obaidullah Akhund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaidullah_Akhund "Obaidullah Akhund") [Mullah Yaqoob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob "Mullah Yaqoob") [Abdul Kabir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kabir "Abdul Kabir") [Tayyab Agha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayyab_Agha "Tayyab Agha") [Shahabuddin Delawar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahabuddin_Delawar "Shahabuddin Delawar") [Abdul Hakim Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani "Abdul Hakim Haqqani") [Hasan Akhund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Akhund "Hasan Akhund") [Amir Khan Muttaqi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi "Amir Khan Muttaqi") [trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Amir_Khan_Muttaqi_as_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan "List of international trips made by Amir Khan Muttaqi as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan") [Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakil_Ahmed_Muttawakil "Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil") [Qari Ahmadullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qari_Ahmadullah "Qari Ahmadullah") [Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Mohammad_Abbas_Stanikzai "Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai") [Khalil Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani "Khalil Haqqani") Commanders [Dadullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadullah "Dadullah") [Shahzada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahzada_\(Taliban_commander\) "Shahzada (Taliban commander)") [Abdul Qayyum Zakir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Zakir "Abdul Qayyum Zakir") [Zain-Ul-Abideen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zain-Ul-Abideen "Zain-Ul-Abideen") | | [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan "Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan") | [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Taliban "History of the Taliban") [Cabinet (2021–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan#Islamic_Emirate_\(2021%E2%80%93present\) "Cabinet of Afghanistan") [Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Police "Afghan National Police") [Religious police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_\(Afghanistan\) "Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)") [Propaganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_propaganda "Taliban propaganda") [Jirga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirga "Jirga") [Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan "Flag of Afghanistan") [Emblem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Afghanistan "Emblem of Afghanistan") [Motto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada "Shahada") | | Human rights/violations | [Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan#Destruction_by_the_Islamic_Emirate "Buddhas of Bamiyan") [Treatment of women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban "Treatment of women by the Taliban") [War crimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan#Taliban "War crimes in Afghanistan") | | [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces "Afghan Armed Forces") | [Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Army "Afghan Army") [Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Air_Force "Afghan Air Force") [55th Arab Brigade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/055_Brigade "055 Brigade") [Red Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Unit "Red Unit") [Badri 313 Battalion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badri_313_Battalion "Badri 313 Battalion") [Conscription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_conscription "Taliban conscription") | | [Conflicts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Taliban "Category:Wars involving the Taliban") | [Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)") (1996–2001) [War in Afghanistan]() (2001–2021) [Insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency") [leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taliban_insurgency_leaders "List of Taliban insurgency leaders") [2006 offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Taliban_offensive "2006 Taliban offensive") [2021 offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive "2021 Taliban offensive") [Fall of Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2021\) "Fall of Kabul (2021)") [Conflict with IS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict "Islamic State–Taliban conflict") (2015–present) [Republican insurgency in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan "Republican insurgency in Afghanistan") (2021–present) [Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") (2004–present) | | Foreign relations | [Taliban in Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_in_Qatar "Taliban in Qatar") [International relations with the Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_with_the_Taliban "International relations with the Taliban") [Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan "Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan") | | Related topics | [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network") [Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban "Pakistani Taliban") [Guantanamo detainees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guantanamo_detainees_who_were_previously_Taliban_prisoners "List of Guantanamo detainees who were previously Taliban prisoners") [Islamic state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state "Islamic state") [Islamism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism "Islamism") [Amir al-Mu'minin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin "Amir al-Mu'minin") [Sharia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia "Sharia") [Deobandi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi "Deobandi") [Pashtunwali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunwali "Pashtunwali") [Safe house](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_safe_house "Al-Qaeda safe house") [Talibanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibanization "Talibanization") [Theocracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy "Theocracy") [Waziristan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan "Waziristan") [Anti-intellectualism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-intellectualism "Anti-intellectualism") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Al-Qaeda "Template:Al-Qaeda") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Al-Qaeda "Template talk:Al-Qaeda") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Al-Qaeda "Special:EditPage/Template:Al-Qaeda")[Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") | | | [Leadership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_al-Qaeda_members "List of al-Qaeda members") | [Saif al-Adel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_al-Adel "Saif al-Adel") [Abd al-Rahman al-Maghrebi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Maghrebi "Abd al-Rahman al-Maghrebi") [Ali Mohamed Rage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mohamed_Rage "Ali Mohamed Rage") [Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ad_bin_Atef_al-Awlaki "Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki") [Ahmad Umar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Umar_Abu_Ubaidah "Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah") [Iyad Ag Ghaly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly "Iyad Ag Ghaly") [Amadou Koufa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Koufa "Amadou Koufa") [Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil "Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil") [Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_Youssef_al-Annabi "Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi") [Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sayyid_Muhamed_Mustafa_al-Bakri "Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri") [Ibrahim al-Banna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Banna "Ibrahim al-Banna") [Ibrahim al Qosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al_Qosi "Ibrahim al Qosi") [Mahad Karate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahad_Karate "Mahad Karate") [Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Showqi_Al-Islambouli "Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli") [Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdukadir_Mohamed_Abdukadir "Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir") [Fuad Qalaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf "Fuad Qalaf") [Jehad Mostafa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehad_Mostafa "Jehad Mostafa") [Abu Humam al-Shami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Humam_al-Shami "Abu Humam al-Shami") [Sami al-Oraydi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_al-Oraydi "Sami al-Oraydi") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Al-Qaeda "Template:Al-Qaeda") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Al-Qaeda "Template talk:Al-Qaeda") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Al-Qaeda "Special:EditPage/Template:Al-Qaeda")Former leadership | | | Killed | [Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden "Osama bin Laden") ([killing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden")) [Ayman al-Zawahiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri "Ayman al-Zawahiri") ([killing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri "Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri")) [Mohammed Atef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Atef "Mohammed Atef") [Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaed_Salim_Sinan_al-Harethi "Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi") ([killing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike "2002 Marib airstrike")) [Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Mohamed_Fadhil "Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil") [Haitham al-Yemeni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_al-Yemeni "Haitham al-Yemeni") [Abu Hamza Rabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Rabia "Abu Hamza Rabia") [Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhsin_Musa_Matwalli_Atwah "Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah") [Abu Musab al-Zarqawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi "Abu Musab al-Zarqawi") [Omar al-Faruq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Faruq "Omar al-Faruq") [Haitham al-Badri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_al-Badri "Haitham al-Badri") [Abu Yaqub al-Masri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Masri "Abu Yaqub al-Masri") [Abu Talha al-Sudani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Talha_al-Sudani "Abu Talha al-Sudani") [Abu al-Layth al-Libi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Libi "Abu al-Layth al-Libi") [Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Al-Jazairi "Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi") [Midhat Mursi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midhat_Mursi "Midhat Mursi") [Mohamed Moumou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Moumou "Mohamed Moumou") [Khalid Habib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Habib "Khalid Habib") [Abu Ghadiya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghadiya "Abu Ghadiya") [Abu Zubair al-Masri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Zubair_al-Masri "Abu Zubair al-Masri") [Rashid Rauf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rauf "Rashid Rauf") [Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hasan_Khalil_al-Hakim "Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim") [Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahid_Mohammed_Ally_Msalam "Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam") [Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed_Salim_Swedan "Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan") [Saad bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_bin_Laden "Saad bin Laden") [Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Ali_Saleh_Nabhan "Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan") [Abdullah Said al Libi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Said_al_Libi "Abdullah Said al Libi") [Saleh al-Somali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_al-Somali "Saleh al-Somali") [Saeed al-Masri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_al-Masri "Saeed al-Masri") [Hamza al-Jawfi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_al-Jawfi "Hamza al-Jawfi") [Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_Hamed_Ali "Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali") [Mohamed Abul-Khair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abul-Khair "Mohamed Abul-Khair") [Sheikh Fateh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Fateh "Sheikh Fateh") [Huthaifa al-Batawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huthaifa_al-Batawi "Huthaifa al-Batawi") [Ilyas Kashmiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyas_Kashmiri "Ilyas Kashmiri") [Fazul Abdullah Mohammed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazul_Abdullah_Mohammed "Fazul Abdullah Mohammed") [Atiyah Abd al-Rahman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah_Abd_al-Rahman "Atiyah Abd al-Rahman") [Anwar al-Awlaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki "Anwar al-Awlaki") [Samir Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Khan "Samir Khan") [Tariq al-Dahab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_al-Dahab "Tariq al-Dahab") [Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_Ali_Hasan "Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan") [Fahd al-Quso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_al-Quso "Fahd al-Quso") [Abu Yahya al-Libi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yahya_al-Libi "Abu Yahya al-Libi") [Hassan Ghul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Ghul "Hassan Ghul") [Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-Zaid_al_Kuwaiti "Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti") [Said Ali al-Shihri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Ali_al-Shihri "Said Ali al-Shihri") [Farman Ali Shinwari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farman_Ali_Shinwari "Farman Ali Shinwari") [Abdelhamid Abou Zeid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid "Abdelhamid Abou Zeid") [Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Haji_Jama_Mee%27aad "Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad") [Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansoor_Al-Amriki "Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki") [Said Bahaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Bahaji "Said Bahaji") [Abu Khalid al-Suri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Khalid_al-Suri "Abu Khalid al-Suri") [Omar Ould Hamaha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Ould_Hamaha "Omar Ould Hamaha") [Ahmed Abdi Godane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane "Ahmed Abdi Godane") [Abu Yusuf Al-Turki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Al-Turki "Abu Yusuf Al-Turki") [Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Gulshair_el_Shukrijumah "Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah") [Adam Yahiye Gadahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Yahiye_Gadahn "Adam Yahiye Gadahn") [Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harith_bin_Ghazi_al-Nadhari "Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari") [Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othman_Ahmad_Othman_al-Ghamdi "Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi") [Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Sulayman_Muhammad_al-Rubaysh "Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh") [Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_bin_Ali_al-Ansi "Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi") [Nasir al-Wuhayshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Wuhayshi "Nasir al-Wuhayshi") [Muhsin al-Fadhli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhsin_al-Fadhli "Muhsin al-Fadhli") [Abu Khalil al-Madani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Khalil_al-Madani "Abu Khalil al-Madani") [Matiur Rehman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiur_Rehman "Matiur Rehman") [Abu Firas al-Suri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Firas_al-Suri "Abu Firas al-Suri") [Ahmed Refai Taha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Refai_Taha "Ahmed Refai Taha") [Mokhtar Belmokhtar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar "Mokhtar Belmokhtar") [Abu Khayr al-Masri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Khayr_al-Masri "Abu Khayr al-Masri") [Ibrahim al-Asiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Asiri "Ibrahim al-Asiri") [Hamza bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden "Hamza bin Laden") [Sari Shihab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari_Shihab "Sari Shihab") [Asim Umar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asim_Umar "Asim Umar") [Qasim al-Raymi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_al-Raymi "Qasim al-Raymi") [Abdelmalek Droukdel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelmalek_Droukdel "Abdelmalek Droukdel") ([killing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talahandak_\(2020\) "Battle of Talahandak (2020)")) [Khalid al-Aruri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_al-Aruri "Khalid al-Aruri") [Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmed_Abdullah "Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah") [Abu Muhsin al-Masri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muhsin_al-Masri "Abu Muhsin al-Masri") | | Captured | [Mamdouh Mahmud Salim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamdouh_Mahmud_Salim "Mamdouh Mahmud Salim") [Wadih el-Hage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadih_el-Hage "Wadih el-Hage") [Khalid al-Fawwaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_al-Fawwaz "Khalid al-Fawwaz") [Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahim_al-Nashiri "Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri") [Khalid Sheikh Mohammed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed") [Walid bin Attash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_bin_Attash "Walid bin Attash") [Riduan Isamuddin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riduan_Isamuddin "Riduan Isamuddin") [Ali al-Bahlul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Bahlul "Ali al-Bahlul") [Abu Faraj al-Libbi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Faraj_al-Libbi "Abu Faraj al-Libbi") [Mustafa Setmariam Nasar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Setmariam_Nasar "Mustafa Setmariam Nasar") [Abdulhadi al-Iraqi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhadi_al-Iraqi "Abdulhadi al-Iraqi") [Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jafar_Jamal_al-Kahtani "Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani") [Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Atiq_Awayd_Al_Harbi "Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi") [Younis al-Mauritani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younis_al-Mauritani "Younis al-Mauritani") [Sulaiman Abu Ghaith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman_Abu_Ghaith "Sulaiman Abu Ghaith") [Abu Anas al-Libi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Anas_al-Libi "Abu Anas al-Libi") [Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhanad_Mahmoud_Al_Farekh "Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh") [Mukhtar Robow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow "Mukhtar Robow") [Amin al-Haq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Haq "Amin al-Haq") | | Other | [Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_al-Banshiri "Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri") (died) [Abu Ubaidah al-Masri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_al-Masri "Abu Ubaidah al-Masri") (died) [Mahfouz Ould al-Walid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahfouz_Ould_al-Walid "Mahfouz Ould al-Walid") (left) [Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi") (expelled) [Ahmed al-Sharaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa "Ahmed al-Sharaa") (left) [Abu Maria al-Qahtani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Maria_al-Qahtani "Abu Maria al-Qahtani") (left) [Ahmad Salama Mabruk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Salama_Mabruk "Ahmad Salama Mabruk") (left) [Abu Omar al-Turkistani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Turkistani "Abu Omar al-Turkistani") (left) [Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_al-Muhajir "Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir") (left) [Khalid Batarfi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Batarfi "Khalid Batarfi") (died) [Abu Walid al-Masri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Walid_al-Masri "Abu Walid al-Masri") (died) | | Wars | [Soviet–Afghan War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "Soviet–Afghan War") [Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1989%E2%80%931992\) "Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)") [Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1992%E2%80%931996\) "Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)") [First Chechen War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War "First Chechen War") [Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)") [Second Chechen War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War "Second Chechen War") [War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]() [Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War") [Somali Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War "Somali Civil War") [War in North-West Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan "War in North-West Pakistan") ([drone strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan "Drone strikes in Pakistan")) [Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_\(2002%E2%80%93present\) "Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)") [Syrian civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war "Syrian civil war") [Yemeni civil war (2014–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_\(2014%E2%80%93present\) "Yemeni civil war (2014–present)") [Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen "Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen") [Houthi insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_insurgency "Houthi insurgency") | | [Timeline of attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Al-Qaeda_attacks "Timeline of Al-Qaeda attacks") | [1992 Aden hotel bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Aden_hotel_bombings "1992 Aden hotel bombings") [1998 United States embassy bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings "1998 United States embassy bombings") [2000 USS *Cole* bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing "USS Cole bombing") [2001 September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") [2002 Bali bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings "2002 Bali bombings") [2004 Madrid train bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings "2004 Madrid train bombings") [2005 London bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings "7 July 2005 London bombings") [2007 Algiers bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_11,_2007_Algiers_bombings "December 11, 2007 Algiers bombings") [2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Danish_embassy_bombing_in_Islamabad "2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad") [2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Marriott_Hotel_bombing "Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing") [2008 Sanaa United States embassy attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Yemen "2008 attack on the United States embassy in Yemen") [2013 In Amenas hostage crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Amenas_hostage_crisis "In Amenas hostage crisis") [2013 Westgate shopping mall attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack "Westgate shopping mall attack") [2015 *Charlie Hebdo* shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting "Charlie Hebdo shooting") [2015 Garissa University College attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garissa_University_College_attack "Garissa University College attack") [2015 Bamako hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Bamako_hotel_attack "2015 Bamako hotel attack") [2016 Ouagadougou attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Ouagadougou_attacks "2016 Ouagadougou attacks") [2016 Grand-Bassam shootings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Grand-Bassam_shootings "2016 Grand-Bassam shootings") [2016 Bamako attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Bamako_attack "2016 Bamako attack") [2019 Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola_shooting "Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting") | | Affiliates | [Al-Shabaab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_\(militant_group\) "Al-Shabaab (militant group)") (Somalia) [Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula "Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula") (Yemen) [Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb") (North Africa) [Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_subcontinent "Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent") (Indian subcontinent) [Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin "Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin") (Mali) | | [Al-Shabaab attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Shabaab_\(militant_group\)_attacks "Category:Al-Shabaab (militant group) attacks") | | | 2008 | [Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Hargeisa%E2%80%93Bosaso_bombings "2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings") [Battle of Beledweyne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_\(2008\) "Battle of Beledweyne (2008)") [February 2008 Bosaso bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2008_Bosaso_bombings "February 2008 Bosaso bombings") | | 2009 | [African Union base bombings in Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_African_Union_base_bombings_in_Mogadishu "2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu") [Beledweyne bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Beledweyne_bombing "2009 Beledweyne bombing") | | 2010 | [2011–2014 terrorist attacks in Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932014_terrorist_attacks_in_Kenya "2011–2014 terrorist attacks in Kenya") [Kampala bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kampala_bombings "2010 Kampala bombings") [Battle of Beledweyne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_\(2010\) "Battle of Beledweyne (2010)") [Muna Hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna_Hotel_attack "Muna Hotel attack") | | 2011 | [Mogadishu bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Mogadishu_bombing "2011 Mogadishu bombing") [Battle of Beledweyne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_\(2011\) "Battle of Beledweyne (2011)") | | 2012 | | | 2013 | [Beledweyne attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Beledweyne_attacks "2013 Beledweyne attacks") [Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Mogadishu_Turkish_embassy_attack "2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack") [United Nations compound attack in Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_United_Nations_compound_attack_in_Mogadishu "2013 United Nations compound attack in Mogadishu") [Westgate shopping mall attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack "Westgate shopping mall attack") | | 2014 | [Hotel Amalo attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Hotel_Amalo_attack "2014 Hotel Amalo attack") [Villa Somalia attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Villa_Somalia_attack "2014 Villa Somalia attack") [Kenya attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2014_Kenya_attacks "July 2014 Kenya attacks") [Mpeketoni attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpeketoni_attacks "Mpeketoni attacks") | | 2015 | [Ministry of Higher Education attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Ministry_of_Higher_Education_attack "2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack") [Islamist attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_June_2015_Islamist_attacks "26 June 2015 Islamist attacks") [Battle of Baure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baure "Battle of Baure") [Battle of Janale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Janale_\(2015\) "Battle of Janale (2015)") [Battle of Leego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leego_\(2015\) "Battle of Leego (2015)") [Central Hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hotel_attack "Central Hotel attack") [Garissa University College attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garissa_University_College_attack "Garissa University College attack") [Garowe attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garowe_attack "Garowe attack") [Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazeera_Palace_Hotel_bombing "Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing") [Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka_al-Mukarama_hotel_attack "Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack") [Garissa ambush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2015_Garissa_ambush "May 2015 Garissa ambush") [Sahafi Hotel attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahafi_Hotel_attacks "Sahafi Hotel attacks") | | 2016 | [Galkayo bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Galkayo_bombings "2016 Galkayo bombings") [Baidoa suicide bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidoa_suicide_bombing "Baidoa suicide bombing") [Battle of El Adde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_El_Adde "Battle of El Adde") [Daallo Airlines Flight 159](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159 "Daallo Airlines Flight 159") [Mogadishu bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Shabaab_\(militant_group\)_attacks_in_Mogadishu "Category:Al-Shabaab (militant group) attacks in Mogadishu") [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2016_Mogadishu_attack "January 2016 Mogadishu attack") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2016_Mogadishu_attack "February 2016 Mogadishu attack") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2016_Mogadishu_attacks "June 2016 Mogadishu attacks") [November car bombin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2016_Mogadishu_car_bombing "November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing") | | 2017 | [14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings "14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings") [2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_January_2017_Mogadishu_bombings "2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings") [2017 Golweyn ambush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Golweyn_ambush "2017 Golweyn ambush") [28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_October_2017_Mogadishu_attacks "28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks") [Battle of Af Urur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Af_Urur "Battle of Af Urur") [Battle of Kulbiyow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kulbiyow "Battle of Kulbiyow") [Dayah Hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayah_Hotel_attack "Dayah Hotel attack") | | 2018 | [2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_African_Union_base_attack_in_Bulo_Marer "2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer") [February 2018 Mogadishu attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2018_Mogadishu_attacks "February 2018 Mogadishu attacks") [July 2018 Mogadishu bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2018_Mogadishu_bombings "July 2018 Mogadishu bombings") | | 2019 | [Kenya bus shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Kenya_bus_shooting "2019 Kenya bus shooting") [Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_DusitD2_complex_attack "Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack") [Mogadishu bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Shabaab_\(militant_group\)_attacks_in_Mogadishu "Category:Al-Shabaab (militant group) attacks in Mogadishu") [22 July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing "22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing") [24 July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing "24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing") [28 February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_February_2019_Mogadishu_bombings "28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings") [4 February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_February_2019_Mogadishu_bombing "4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2019_Mogadishu_bombing "December 2019 Mogadishu bombing") | | 2020 | [Afgooye bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Afgooye_bombing "2020 Afgooye bombing") [Galkayo bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Galkayo_bombing "2020 Galkayo bombing") [Mogadishu army base bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Mogadishu_army_base_bombing "2020 Mogadishu army base bombing") [Mogadishu hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Mogadishu_hotel_attack "2020 Mogadishu hotel attack") [Battle of Shabeelow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shabeelow "Battle of Shabeelow") [Camp Simba attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Simba_attack "Camp Simba attack") | | 2021 | [Golweyn ambush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Golweyn_ambush "2021 Golweyn ambush") [Awdheegle and Bariire attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awdheegle_and_Bariire_attacks "Awdheegle and Bariire attacks") [Battle of Wisil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wisil "Battle of Wisil") [Mogadishu bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Shabaab_\(militant_group\)_attacks_in_Mogadishu "Category:Al-Shabaab (militant group) attacks in Mogadishu") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2021_Mogadishu_bombing "June 2021 Mogadishu bombing") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2021_Mogadishu_bombing "March 2021 Mogadishu bombing") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2021_Mogadishu_bombing "November 2021 Mogadishu bombing") | | 2022 | [Mandera attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Mandera_attack "2022 Mandera attack") [2022 Somali Ministry of Education bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Somali_Ministry_of_Education_bombings "2022 Somali Ministry of Education bombings") [April 2022 Mogadishu bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_Mogadishu_bombing "April 2022 Mogadishu bombing") [Beledweyne bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2022_Beledweyne_bombing "February 2022 Beledweyne bombing") [Hayat Hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Hotel_attack "Hayat Hotel attack") [March 2022 Somalia attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2022_Somalia_attacks "March 2022 Somalia attacks") [Somalia attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2022_Somalia_attacks "March 2022 Somalia attacks") in Beledweyne [Beledweyne bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2022_Beledweyne_bombings "October 2022 Beledweyne bombings") [Beledweyne attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2022_Beledweyne_attack "September 2022 Beledweyne attack") [Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_the_Villa_Rossa_Hotel "Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel") | | 2023 | [Beledweyne bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Beledweyne_bombing "2023 Beledweyne bombing") [Jaalle Siyaad military academy bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Jaalle_Siyaad_military_academy_bombing "2023 Jaalle Siyaad military academy bombing") [Mogadishu hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Mogadishu_hotel_attack "2023 Mogadishu hotel attack") [Mogadishu tea shop bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Mogadishu_tea_shop_bombing "2023 Mogadishu tea shop bombing") [Battle of Buulo Mareer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buulo_Mareer "Battle of Buulo Mareer") [Buloburde and Jalalaqsi bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buloburde_and_Jalalaqsi_bombings "Buloburde and Jalalaqsi bombings") [Mahas bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahas_bombings "Mahas bombings") | | 2024 | [Busley army base attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_\(2009%E2%80%93present\)#2024 "Somali Civil War (2009–present)") [El Dher attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_El_Dher_attack "2024 El Dher attack") [Mogadishu bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Shabaab_\(militant_group\)_attacks_in_Mogadishu "Category:Al-Shabaab (militant group) attacks in Mogadishu") [Lido Beach attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Lido_Beach_attack "2024 Lido Beach attack") [Market bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_market_bombing "2024 Mogadishu market bombing") [Prison attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_prison_attack "2024 Mogadishu prison attack") [SYL Hotel attack and siege](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_SYL_Hotel_attack_and_siege "2024 Mogadishu SYL Hotel attack and siege") [Tea shop bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_tea_shop_bombing "2024 Mogadishu tea shop bombing") [Top Coffee bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Coffee_bombing "Top Coffee bombing") | | 2025 | [Beledweyne hotel attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Beledweyne_hotel_attack "2025 Beledweyne hotel attack") [Garissa attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Garissa_attack "2025 Garissa attack") [Godka Jilaow prison attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Godka_Jilaow_prison_attack "2025 Godka Jilaow prison attack") [Jaalle Siyaad military academy bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Jaalle_Siyaad_military_academy_bombing "2025 Jaalle Siyaad military academy bombing") [Mogadishu military base bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Mogadishu_military_base_bombing "2025 Mogadishu military base bombing") [Shabelle offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Shabelle_offensive "2025 Shabelle offensive") [Attempted assassination of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud "Attempted assassination of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud") | | Charity | [Benevolence International Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolence_International_Foundation "Benevolence International Foundation") [Al-Haramain Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haramain_Foundation "Al-Haramain Foundation") | | Media | | | | | | [Al Qaeda Handbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda_Handbook "Al Qaeda Handbook") [Al Neda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Neda "Al Neda") [As-Sahab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Sahab "As-Sahab") [Al-Andalus Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus_Media "Al-Andalus Media") [Al-Kataib Media Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kataib_Media_Foundation "Al-Kataib Media Foundation") [Radio al-Andalus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_al-Andalus "Radio al-Andalus") [Shahada News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada_News_Agency "Shahada News Agency") [Al-Malahem Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Malahem_Media "Al-Malahem Media") *[Inspire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspire_\(magazine\) "Inspire (magazine)")* [Az-Zallaqa Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az-Zallaqa_Foundation "Az-Zallaqa Foundation") [Fatawā of Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fataw%C4%81_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Fatawā of Osama bin Laden") *[Al-Khansaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khansaa_\(magazine\) "Al-Khansaa (magazine)")* [Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_al-Qaeda_Summit "Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit") *[Management of Savagery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_Savagery "Management of Savagery")* *[Voice of Jihad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_Jihad "Voice of Jihad")* [Qaedat al-Jihad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaedat_al-Jihad "Qaedat al-Jihad") [Umar Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Media "Umar Media") [Global Islamic Media Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Islamic_Media_Front "Global Islamic Media Front") [Al-I'tisam Media Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-I%27tisam_Media_Foundation "Al-I'tisam Media Foundation") | | | Video & audio | [Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden") [Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri "Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri") | | Related | [Safe houses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_safe_house "Al-Qaeda safe house") [Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory "Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations "Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations") [List of al-Qaeda attacks against Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_al-Qaeda_attacks_against_Israel "List of al-Qaeda attacks against Israel") | | **![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category:Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Qaeda "Category:Al-Qaeda")** | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Template:Afghanistan–United States relations") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Template talk:Afghanistan–United States relations") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan–United States relations")[![Afghanistan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") [Afghanistan–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Afghanistan–United States relations") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | | | Diplomatic posts | [Embassy of Afghanistan, Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Afghanistan,_Washington,_D.C. "Embassy of Afghanistan, Washington, D.C.") [Ambassadors of Afghanistan to the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Afghanistan_to_the_United_States "List of ambassadors of Afghanistan to the United States") [Embassy of the United States, Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Kabul "Embassy of the United States, Kabul") [Ambassadors of the United States to Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Afghanistan "List of ambassadors of the United States to Afghanistan") [Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Inspector_General_for_Afghanistan_Reconstruction "Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction") [Permanent Mission of Afghanistan to the United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Afghanistan_to_the_United_Nations "Permanent Mission of Afghanistan to the United Nations") [Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_South_and_Central_Asian_Affairs "Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs") | | Diplomacy | [Operation Cyclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone "Operation Cyclone") [Operation MIAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_MIAS "Operation MIAS") [U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Afghanistan_Strategic_Partnership_Agreement "U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement") [U.S.–Taliban deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") [Six plus Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_plus_Three "Six plus Three") [Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_plus_Two_Group_on_Afghanistan "Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan") [Major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally "Major non-NATO ally") | | [War in Afghanistan]() | [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "History of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Timeline of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [Opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [2011–2016 withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_\(2011%E2%80%932016\) "Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)") [2020–2021 withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan") [Fall of Kabul (2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2021\) "Fall of Kabul (2021)") [CIA activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Afghanistan "CIA activities in Afghanistan") [Task Force Phoenix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_Phoenix "Task Force Phoenix") [Peace process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_peace_process "Afghan peace process") [Reconstruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_in_Afghanistan "Reconstruction in Afghanistan") [Afghan frozen assets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_frozen_assets "Afghan frozen assets") | | Incidents | [Adolph Dubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Dubs "Adolph Dubs") [Operation Infinite Reach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach "Operation Infinite Reach") [Camp Chapman attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Chapman_attack "Camp Chapman attack") [2011 U.S. embassy attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_attack_on_the_United_States_embassy,_Kabul "2011 attack on the United States embassy, Kabul") [Video of U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_of_U.S._Marines_urinating_on_Taliban_fighters "Video of U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters") [Quran burning protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Afghanistan_Quran_burning_protests "2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests") [Kandahar massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_massacre "Kandahar massacre") [Insurgents' bodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgents%27_bodies_incident "Insurgents' bodies incident") [2013 U.S. Herat consulate attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_attack_on_U.S._consulate_in_Herat "2013 attack on U.S. consulate in Herat") [Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri "Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri") [Deportation of Afghan immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Afghan_immigrants_from_the_United_States "Deportation of Afghan immigrants from the United States") [Afghan Guantanamo Bay detainees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Afghan_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay "List of Afghan detainees at Guantanamo Bay") [Taliban Five](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_Five "Taliban Five") | | Legislation | [Access for Afghan Women Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_for_Afghan_Women_Act "Access for Afghan Women Act") [ALLIES Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averting_Loss_of_Life_and_Injury_by_Expediting_SIVs_Act_of_2021 "Averting Loss of Life and Injury by Expediting SIVs Act of 2021") [Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act "Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act") | | Related | [Anti-American sentiment in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Afghanistan "Anti-American sentiment in Afghanistan") [Afghanistanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanism "Afghanistanism") [Bost Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bost_Airport "Bost Airport") [Kabul International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_International_Airport "Kabul International Airport") [Herat International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_International_Airport "Herat International Airport") [Kandahar International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_International_Airport "Kandahar International Airport") [Kunduz Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_Airport "Kunduz Airport") [Mazar-i-Sharif International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif_International_Airport "Mazar-i-Sharif International Airport") *[Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Wilson%27s_War:_The_Extraordinary_Story_of_the_Largest_Covert_Operation_in_History "Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History")* *[Overthrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_\(book\) "Overthrow (book)")* | | **![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category:Afghanistan–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Category:Afghanistan–United States relations")** | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations "Template:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations "Template talk:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations "Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations")[![Afghanistan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") [Afghanistan–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations "Afghanistan–Pakistan relations") [![Pakistan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") | | | Diplomatic posts | [Embassy of Afghanistan, Islamabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Afghanistan,_Islamabad "Embassy of Afghanistan, Islamabad") [Ambassadors of Afghanistan to Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Afghanistan_to_Pakistan "List of ambassadors of Afghanistan to Pakistan") [Embassy of Pakistan, Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Pakistan,_Kabul "Embassy of Pakistan, Kabul") | | Diplomacy | [Islamabad Accord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Accord "Islamabad Accord") [Economic Cooperation Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization "Economic Cooperation Organization") [Trade Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement "Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement") [Six plus Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_plus_Three "Six plus Three") [Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_plus_Two_Group_on_Afghanistan "Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan") [Pakistan and Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan peace talks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan_peace_talks "Pakistan and Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan peace talks") | | [Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict "Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict") | [Insurgency in Balochistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan "Insurgency in Balochistan") [Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes "Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes") [Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_326 "Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326") [1990 Afghan coup attempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Afghan_coup_attempt "1990 Afghan coup attempt") [1994 Peshawar school bus hijacking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Peshawar_school_bus_hijacking "1994 Peshawar school bus hijacking") [1995 attack on the Embassy of Pakistan in Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_attack_on_the_Embassy_of_Pakistan_in_Kabul "1995 attack on the Embassy of Pakistan in Kabul") [2003 attack on the Embassy of Pakistan in Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_attack_on_the_Embassy_of_Pakistan_in_Kabul "2003 attack on the Embassy of Pakistan in Kabul") [2010 attack on Pakistan ambassador to Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_attack_on_Pakistan_ambassador_to_Iran "2010 attack on Pakistan ambassador to Iran") [2014 Peshawar school massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Peshawar_school_massacre "2014 Peshawar school massacre") [2015 Camp Badaber attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Camp_Badaber_attack "2015 Camp Badaber attack") [February 2017 Lahore suicide bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2017_Lahore_suicide_bombing "February 2017 Lahore suicide bombing") [2017 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish "2017 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmish") [Sehwan suicide bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehwan_suicide_bombing "Sehwan suicide bombing") [2021 Machh attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Machh_attack "2021 Machh attack") [2021 anti-Pakistan protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_anti-Pakistan_protests "2021 anti-Pakistan protests") [2022 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pakistani_airstrikes_in_Afghanistan "2022 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan") [2023 Chitral cross-border attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chitral_cross-border_attacks "2023 Chitral cross-border attacks") [Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes (2024–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_clashes_\(2024%E2%80%93present\) "Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes (2024–present)") [2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict "2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict") [2026 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict "2026 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict") | | [Afghan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_conflict "Afghan conflict") | [Soviet–Afghan War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "Soviet–Afghan War") [Afghan mujahideen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen "Afghan mujahideen") [Badaber uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badaber_uprising "Badaber uprising") [Geneva Accords (1988)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Accords_\(1988\) "Geneva Accords (1988)") [Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1992%E2%80%931996\) "Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)") [Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)") [War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]() [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "History of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [Kunduz airlift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_airlift "Kunduz airlift") [Taliban insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency") [Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") | | Economic relations | [Afghanistan Oil Pipeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Oil_Pipeline "Afghanistan Oil Pipeline") [Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_Transit_Trade_Agreement "Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement") [CASA-1000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA-1000 "CASA-1000") [Khyber Pass Economic Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass_Economic_Corridor "Khyber Pass Economic Corridor") [Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline "Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline") [Mazar-i-Sharif-Kabul-Peshawar railway line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif-Kabul-Peshawar_railway_line "Mazar-i-Sharif-Kabul-Peshawar railway line") | | Related | [Durand line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_line "Durand line") [Border barrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_barrier "Afghanistan–Pakistan border barrier") [AfPak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfPak "AfPak") [Pashtunistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunistan "Pashtunistan") [Sports rivalries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_sports_rivalries "Afghanistan–Pakistan sports rivalries") [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network") [Jinnah Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_Hospital,_Kabul "Jinnah Hospital, Kabul") [Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_Afghanistan "Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan") [Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism "Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism") [Pashtun Tahafuz Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement") [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") [Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan "Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan") [United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Good_Offices_Mission_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan "United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan") [United Nations Security Council Resolution 622](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_622 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 622") [United Nations Security Council Resolution 647](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_647 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 647") [Quetta Shura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta_Shura "Quetta Shura") | | **![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations")** | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Template:Pakistan–United States relations") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Template talk:Pakistan–United States relations") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan–United States relations")[![Pakistan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") [Pakistan–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Pakistan–United States relations") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | | | Diplomatic posts | [Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Pakistan,_Washington,_D.C. "Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D.C.") [Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Pakistan_to_the_United_States "List of ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States") [Embassy of the United States, Islamabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Islamabad "Embassy of the United States, Islamabad") [Ambassadors of the United States to Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Pakistan "List of ambassadors of the United States to Pakistan") [Consulate General of the United States, Karachi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Karachi "Consulate General of the United States, Karachi") [Consulate General of the United States, Lahore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Lahore "Consulate General of the United States, Lahore") [Consulate General of the United States, Peshawar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Peshawar "Consulate General of the United States, Peshawar") [Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C. "Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.") [Interests Section of Iran in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States "Interests Section of Iran in the United States") [Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_South_and_Central_Asian_Affairs "Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs") | | Diplomacy | [State visit by Liaquat Ali Khan to the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_to_the_United_States "State visit by Liaquat Ali Khan to the United States") [Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act of 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Partnership_with_Pakistan_Act_of_2009 "Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act of 2009") [Pakistan–United States trade deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_trade_deal "Pakistan–United States trade deal") | | Incidents | [1960 U-2 incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_U-2_incident "1960 U-2 incident") [Sino-Pakistan Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Agreement "Sino-Pakistan Agreement") [1979 U.S. embassy burning in Islamabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_U.S._embassy_burning_in_Islamabad "1979 U.S. embassy burning in Islamabad") [Project Sabre II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sabre_II "Project Sabre II") [Pan Am Flight 73](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73 "Pan Am Flight 73") [Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq "Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq") [CIA headquarters shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_headquarters_shooting "CIA headquarters shooting") [Mir Aimal Kansi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Aimal_Kansi "Mir Aimal Kansi") [Bojinka plot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojinka_plot "Bojinka plot") [Aafia Siddiqui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aafia_Siddiqui "Aafia Siddiqui") [D.C. Five](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._Five "D.C. Five") [April 2010 U.S consulate and ANP attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2010_U.S_consulate_and_ANP_attack "April 2010 U.S consulate and ANP attack") [Gary Brooks Faulkner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Brooks_Faulkner "Gary Brooks Faulkner") [United States diplomatic cables leak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_\(Pakistan\) "Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Pakistan)") [Raymond Allen Davis incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Allen_Davis_incident "Raymond Allen Davis incident") [Killing of Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden") [Abbottabad Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad_Commission "Abbottabad Commission") [Commission Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad_Commission_Report "Abbottabad Commission Report") [Memogate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memogate_\(Pakistan\) "Memogate (Pakistan)") [Shakil Afridi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakil_Afridi "Shakil Afridi") [Syed Ghulam Nabi Fai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ghulam_Nabi_Fai "Syed Ghulam Nabi Fai") [2011 NATO attack in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NATO_attack_in_Pakistan "2011 NATO attack in Pakistan") [Lettergate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettergate "Lettergate") [Jawad Saeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawad_Saeed "Jawad Saeed") [2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan_protests "2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests") [2026 attack on the United States consulate in Karachi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_attack_on_the_United_States_consulate_in_Karachi "2026 attack on the United States consulate in Karachi") [Pakistani Guantanamo Bay detainees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay "List of Pakistani detainees at Guantanamo Bay") | | [Military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations "Pakistan–United States military relations") | [AfPak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfPak "AfPak") [CIA activities in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Pakistan "CIA activities in Pakistan") [Drone strikes in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan "Drone strikes in Pakistan") [Damadola airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damadola_airstrike "Damadola airstrike") [Chenagai airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenagai_airstrike "Chenagai airstrike") [Gora Prai airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gora_Prai_airstrike "Gora Prai airstrike") [Miramshah airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramshah_airstrike "Miramshah airstrike") [2009 Makin airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Makin_airstrike "2009 Makin airstrike") [Datta Khel airstrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datta_Khel_airstrike "Datta Khel airstrike") [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network") [Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa") [Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_the_United_States "Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United States") [Major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally "Major non-NATO ally") [Operation Cyclone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone "Operation Cyclone") [Pakistan in the war on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_in_the_war_on_terror "Pakistan in the war on terror") [Skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_skirmishes "Pakistan–United States skirmishes") [Datta Khel incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datta_Khel_incident "Datta Khel incident") [Kurram incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurram_incident "Kurram incident") [Lowara Madi incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowara_Madi_incident "Lowara Madi incident") [Tanai incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanai_incident "Tanai incident") [Southeast Asia Treaty Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization "Southeast Asia Treaty Organization") [Task Force 74](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_74 "Task Force 74") [War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]() [Kunduz airlift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_airlift "Kunduz airlift") [NATO logistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_logistics_during_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "NATO logistics during the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") [Operation Cannonball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cannonball "Operation Cannonball") | | Related | [1953 American Karakoram expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_American_Karakoram_expedition "1953 American Karakoram expedition") [United States aid to Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_aid_to_Pakistan "United States aid to Pakistan") [Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Pakistan "Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan") [Bashir Ahmad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Ahmad_\(camel_driver\) "Bashir Ahmad (camel driver)") [Pakistan lobby in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_lobby_in_the_United_States "Pakistan lobby in the United States") [Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism "Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism") [American International School System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_School_System "American International School System") [International School of Islamabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_School_of_Islamabad "International School of Islamabad") [Karachi American School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_American_School "Karachi American School") [Lahore American School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_American_School "Lahore American School") *[Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Wilson%27s_War:_The_Extraordinary_Story_of_the_Largest_Covert_Operation_in_History "Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History")'* *[The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duel:_Pakistan_on_the_Flight_Path_of_American_Power "The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power")* | | **![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category:Pakistan–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Category:Pakistan–United States relations")** | | | [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182865#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | | |---|---| | International | [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4997894-9) | | National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2004004460) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13773245g) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13773245g) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01193194) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph330288&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX549857) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987011946666105171) | | Other | [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/23d7e461-9b3f-4dfb-9a9c-ee61afbcfa4e) | ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_(2001–2021)&oldid=1346376587>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Category:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") - [Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan_conflict_\(1978%E2%80%93present\) "Category:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)") - [International Security Assistance Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Security_Assistance_Force "Category:International Security Assistance Force") - [Aftermath of the September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks "Category:Aftermath of the September 11 attacks") - [Invasions of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Invasions_of_Afghanistan "Category:Invasions of Afghanistan") - [Invasions by Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Invasions_by_Australia "Category:Invasions by Australia") - [Invasions by Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Invasions_by_Canada "Category:Invasions by Canada") - [Invasions by the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Invasions_by_the_United_Kingdom "Category:Invasions by the United Kingdom") - [Invasions by the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Invasions_by_the_United_States "Category:Invasions by the United States") - [Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Qaeda "Category:Al-Qaeda") - [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Haqqani_network "Category:Haqqani network") - [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Taliban "Category:Taliban") - [United States involvement in regime change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_involvement_in_regime_change "Category:United States involvement in regime change") - [Afghanistan–Albania relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Albania_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Albania relations") - [Afghanistan–Armenia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Armenia_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Armenia relations") - [Afghanistan–Austria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Austria_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Austria relations") - [Afghanistan–Azerbaijan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Azerbaijan relations") - [Afghanistan–Bosnia and Herzegovina relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Bosnia and Herzegovina relations") - [Afghanistan–Bulgaria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Bulgaria_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Bulgaria relations") - [Afghanistan–Croatia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Croatia_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Croatia relations") - [Afghanistan–Denmark military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Denmark_military_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Denmark military relations") - [Afghanistan–El Salvador relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations "Category:Afghanistan–El Salvador relations") - [Afghanistan–Finland relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Finland_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Finland relations") - [Afghanistan–Georgia (country) military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Georgia_\(country\)_military_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Georgia (country) military relations") - [Afghanistan–Germany military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Germany_military_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Germany military relations") - [Afghanistan–Greece relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Greece_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Greece relations") - [Afghanistan–Hungary relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Hungary_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Hungary relations") - [Afghanistan–Iceland relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iceland_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Iceland relations") - [Afghanistan–Italy military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Italy_military_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Italy military relations") - [Afghanistan–Jordan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Jordan_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Jordan relations") - [Afghanistan–Latvia military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Latvia_military_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Latvia military relations") - [Afghanistan–Lithuania relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Lithuania relations") - [Afghanistan–Luxembourg relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Luxembourg relations") - [Afghanistan–Malaysia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Malaysia relations") - [Afghanistan–Mongolia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Mongolia relations") - [Afghanistan–Montenegro relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Montenegro relations") - [Afghanistan–New Zealand military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93New_Zealand_military_relations "Category:Afghanistan–New Zealand military relations") - [Afghanistan–North Macedonia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations "Category:Afghanistan–North Macedonia relations") - [Afghanistan–Norway military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Norway_military_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Norway military relations") - [Afghanistan–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations") - [Afghanistan–Poland military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Poland_military_relations "Category:Afghanistan–Poland military relations") - [Afghanistan–Portugal military relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan%E2%80%93Portugal_military_relations 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| War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | | |---|---| | Part of the [war on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror "War on terror") and the [Afghan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_conflict "Afghan conflict") | | | [![Seven soldiers in beige tactical gear huddle behind a row of green sandbags on a mountainside, pointing rifles in various directions](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Army_firefight_in_Kunar.jpg/250px-U.S._Army_firefight_in_Kunar.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Army_firefight_in_Kunar.jpg) [![A U.S. Air Force F-15E Strike Eagle dropping 2000-pound munitions](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/F-15E_drops_2%2C000-pound_munitions_Afghanistan_2009.jpg/250px-F-15E_drops_2%2C000-pound_munitions_Afghanistan_2009.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-15E_drops_2,000-pound_munitions_Afghanistan_2009.jpg) [![An Afghan National Army soldier in camouflage gear points a rifle over a dirt wall](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/An_Afghan_National_Army_soldier_surveys_a_valley_for_suspicious_activity_during_an_operation_in_Ghorband_district%2C_Parwan_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Jan._15%2C_2014_140115-A-CL980-187_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_Afghan_National_Army_soldier_surveys_a_valley_for_suspicious_activity_during_an_operation_in_Ghorband_district,_Parwan_province,_Afghanistan,_Jan._15,_2014_140115-A-CL980-187_\(cropped\).jpg) [![British soldiers prepare to board a Chinook twin-rotor helicopter landing on a field](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Soldiers_of_Somme_Company%2C_1st_Lancs_Board_a_Chinook_in_Afghanistan_During_Op_Tor_Shezada_MOD_45151695.jpg/250px-Soldiers_of_Somme_Company%2C_1st_Lancs_Board_a_Chinook_in_Afghanistan_During_Op_Tor_Shezada_MOD_45151695.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldiers_of_Somme_Company,_1st_Lancs_Board_a_Chinook_in_Afghanistan_During_Op_Tor_Shezada_MOD_45151695.jpg) [![An Afghan National Army soldier stands atop a desert-camouflaged Humvee](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Afghan_soldiers_train_with_airpower_DVIDS247921_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/120px-Afghan_soldiers_train_with_airpower_DVIDS247921_%28cropped_2%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghan_soldiers_train_with_airpower_DVIDS247921_\(cropped_2\).jpg) [![Taliban soldiers ride a beige Humvee through the streets of Kabul](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul,_August_2021_\(cropped\).png) [![Soldiers in green camouflage gear trudge through snow during a snowstorm](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Defense.gov_News_Photo_110212-A-1782C-002_-_U.S._and_Afghan_soldiers_move_through_Kherwar_district_to_prevent_Taliban_freedom_of_movement_in_Logar_province_Afghanistan_on_Feb.12_2011._The.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_110212-A-1782C-002_-_U.S._and_Afghan_soldiers_move_through_Kherwar_district_to_prevent_Taliban_freedom_of_movement_in_Logar_province_Afghanistan_on_Feb.12_2011._The.jpg) **Clockwise from top-left:** American troops in a firefight with Taliban insurgents in [Kunar Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunar_Province "Kunar Province"); An American F-15E Strike Eagle dropping 2000 pound [JDAMs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Direct_Attack_Munition "Joint Direct Attack Munition") on a cave in eastern Afghanistan; an Afghan soldier surveying atop a [Humvee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee "Humvee"); Afghan and American soldiers move through snow in [Logar Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logar_Province "Logar Province"); victorious Taliban fighters after securing [Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul "Kabul"); an Afghan soldier surveying a valley in [Parwan Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parwan_Province "Parwan Province"); British troops preparing to board a [Chinook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Chinook_\(UK_variants\) "Boeing Chinook (UK variants)") during [Operation Black Prince](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tor_Shezada "Operation Tor Shezada") | | | | | | Date | 7 October 2001 – 30 August 2021 (19 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) | | Location | [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan#Contemporary_era_\(1973%E2%80%93present\) "History of Afghanistan")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-32) | | Result | Taliban victory[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-taliban_victory-33) | | Territorial changes | Taliban control over Afghanistan increases compared to [pre-intervention territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan#Taliban_vs._Northern_Alliance_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "United States invasion of Afghanistan") | | Belligerents | | | **Invasion (2001):**![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png) [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png) [Northern Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance "Northern Alliance") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png) [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png) [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png) [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png) [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png) [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png) [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png) [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") | **Invasion (2001):** ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network") **Non-state allies**: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") [055 Brigade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/055_Brigade "055 Brigade") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-1) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tnsm-flag.svg/40px-Tnsm-flag.svg.png) [Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi "Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-3) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_JTJ.svg/40px-Flag_of_JTJ.svg.png) [Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad "Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad")[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-5) | | **ISAF/RS phase (2001–2021):**![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png) [Islamic State of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan "Islamic State of Afghanistan") (2001–2002) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png) [Afghan Transitional Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan "Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan") (2002–2004) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png) [Islamic Republic of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan") (2004–2021) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg.png) [ISAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") (2001–2014; 51 countries)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-6) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png) United States ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png) United Kingdom ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png) Canada ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png) Germany ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png) Australia ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png) Italy ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png) New Zealand ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png) [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png) [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png) [Georgia (country)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(country\) "Georgia (country)") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png) [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png) [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png) [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png) [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png) [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png) [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png) [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia "North Macedonia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png) [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png) [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia "Armenia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png) [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan "Azerbaijan") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png) [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland "Finland") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png) [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia "Croatia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png) [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png) [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png) [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png) [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia "Mongolia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png) [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png) [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Portugal_%28official%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Portugal_%28official%29.svg.png) [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png) [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png) [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/40px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png) [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png) [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia "Latvia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png) [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png) [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania "Albania") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png) [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png) [Bosnia–Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png) [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece "Greece") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png) [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png) [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland "Iceland") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png) [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia "Estonia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png) [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png) [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png) [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia "Slovenia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png) [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png) [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png) [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain "Bahrain") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/40px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png) [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador "El Salvador") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png) [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg "Luxembourg") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png) [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png) [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga "Tonga") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/40px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png) [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg.png) [Resolute Support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission") (2015–2021; 36 countries)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-7) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Council_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan "High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan") (allegedly; from 2015)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Nangialai-9) [Khost Protection Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_Protection_Force "Khost Protection Force") and other pro-government paramilitaries[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-10) | **ISAF/RS phase (2001–2021):** ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network")[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-longwarjournal.org-11) (from 2002) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") [Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_Subcontinent "Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent")[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-12) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jamaat_Ansarullah_flag.svg/40px-Jamaat_Ansarullah_flag.svg.png) [Jamaat Ansarullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat_Ansarullah "Jamaat Ansarullah") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) Taliban splinter groups [Mullah Dadullah Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Dadullah_Front "Mullah Dadullah Front") (from 2012)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-13) [Fidai Mahaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidai_Mahaz "Fidai Mahaz") (from 2013) Supported by: ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png) [Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezb-e-Islami_Gulbuddin "Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin") (on and off until 2016) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Islamic Jihad Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Union "Islamic Jihad Union")[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-14)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-15) (from 2002) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan") (until 2015) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg.png) [Turkistan Islamic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party "Turkistan Islamic Party") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg.png) [Lashkar-e-Jhangvi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Jhangvi "Lashkar-e-Jhangvi")[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-16) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Taliban.svg.png) [Pakistani Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban "Pakistani Taliban")[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-17) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/No_flag.svg/40px-No_flag.svg.png) [Lashkar-e-Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Islam "Lashkar-e-Islam") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png) [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran "Iran") (alleged, but denied by Iran)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-18) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png) [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") (alleged, but denied by Pakistan)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-20) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png) [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") (alleged, but denied by Russia)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-23) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png) [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia") (alleged, but denied by Saudi Arabia)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-25) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png) [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar "Qatar") (alleged by Saudi Arabia, but denied by Qatar)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-27) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png) [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") (alleged by the US, but denied by China)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-29) **RS phase (2015–2021):** ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Islamic State - Khorasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province "Islamic State – Khorasan Province") (from 2015)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-find_sanctuary-30) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (since 2015)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-IMU_joins_ISIL-31) | | Commanders and leaders | | | List [![Islamic Republic of Afghanistan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan") [Hamid Karzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai "Hamid Karzai") [![Islamic Republic of Afghanistan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan") [Ashraf Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani "Ashraf Ghani") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Donald Rumsfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld "Donald Rumsfeld") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Robert Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates "Robert Gates") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Leon Panetta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta "Leon Panetta") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Chuck Hagel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel "Chuck Hagel") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Ash Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Carter "Ash Carter") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Jim Mattis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Mattis "Jim Mattis") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Mark Esper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Esper "Mark Esper") [![United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") [Lloyd Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Austin "Lloyd Austin") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Tony Blair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair "Tony Blair") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Gordon Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown "Gordon Brown") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Geoff Hoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Hoon "Geoff Hoon") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [John Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan "John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Desmond Browne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Browne "Des Browne") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [John Hutton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hutton,_Baron_Hutton_of_Furness "John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Robert Ainsworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ainsworth "Bob Ainsworth") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Liam Fox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Fox "Liam Fox") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Philip Hammond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hammond "Philip Hammond") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Michael Fallon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fallon "Michael Fallon") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Gavin Williamson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Williamson "Gavin Williamson") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Penelope Mordaunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt "Penny Mordaunt") [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Ben Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Wallace_\(politician\) "Ben Wallace (politician)") [![Canada](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") [Jean ChrĂ©tien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien "Jean ChrĂ©tien") [![Canada](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") [Paul Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin "Paul Martin") [![Canada](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") [Stephen Harper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper "Stephen Harper") [![Canada](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") [Justin Trudeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau "Justin Trudeau") [![Germany](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") [Gerhard Schröder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der "Gerhard Schröder") [![Germany](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [John Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard "John Howard") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [Kevin Rudd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd "Kevin Rudd") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [Julia Gillard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard "Julia Gillard") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [Tony Abbott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Abbott "Tony Abbott") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [Malcolm Turnbull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull "Malcolm Turnbull") [![Australia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia") [Scott Morrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Morrison "Scott Morrison") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Silvio Berlusconi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi "Silvio Berlusconi") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Romano Prodi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi "Romano Prodi") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Mario Monti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Monti "Mario Monti") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Enrico Letta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Letta "Enrico Letta") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Matteo Renzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Renzi "Matteo Renzi") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Paolo Gentiloni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Gentiloni "Paolo Gentiloni") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Giuseppe Conte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte "Giuseppe Conte") [![Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Mario Draghi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Draghi "Mario Draghi") [![New Zealand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [Helen Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Clark "Helen Clark") [![New Zealand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [John Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Key "John Key") [![New Zealand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [Bill English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_English "Bill English") [![New Zealand](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") [Jacinda Ardern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern "Jacinda Ardern") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg.png) [Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_F._McKenzie_Jr. "Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg.png) [John F. Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Campbell_\(general\) "John F. Campbell (general)") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg.png) [List of former ISAF Commanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force#List_of_Commanders "International Security Assistance Force") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg.png) [List of former RS Commanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission#List_of_commanders "Resolute Support Mission") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) Nangialai [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action")[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Nangialai-9) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) Abdul Manan Niazi [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action")[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-34) | List ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Mullah Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar "Mullah Omar") [\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes "Death by natural causes") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Akhtar Mansour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour "Akhtar Mansour") [**X**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Akhtar_Mansour "Death of Akhtar Mansour") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Hibatullah Akhundzada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada "Hibatullah Akhundzada") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Obaidullah Akhund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaidullah_Akhund "Obaidullah Akhund") ( [POW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") ) [\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes "Death by natural causes")[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-tribune.com.pk-35)\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Jalaluddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani "Jalaluddin Haqqani") [\#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes "Death by natural causes") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Sirajuddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani "Sirajuddin Haqqani") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Mullah Yaqoob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob "Mullah Yaqoob") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Abdul Ghani Baradar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar "Abdul Ghani Baradar") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden "Osama bin Laden") [**X**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Ayman al-Zawahiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri "Ayman al-Zawahiri") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Mohammed Atef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Atef "Mohammed Atef") [**X**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination "Assassination") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_AQIS.svg/40px-Flag_of_AQIS.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_subcontinent "Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent") [Asim Umar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asim_Umar "Asim Umar") [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Muhammad Rasul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Rasul "Muhammad Rasul") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Haji Najibullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najibullah_\(militant_leader\) "Najibullah (militant leader)")[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-newsweek.com-36) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Shahab al-Muhajir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab_al-Muhajir "Shahab al-Muhajir")[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-37) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Hafiz Saeed Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed_Khan "Hafiz Saeed Khan") [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Mawlavi Habib Ur Rahman[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-38) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Abdul Haseeb Logari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Haseeb_Logari "Abdul Haseeb Logari") [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Abdul Rahman Ghaleb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ghaleb "Abdul Rahman Ghaleb") [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Abu Saad Erhabi [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Abdullah Orokzai ( [POW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") ) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Qari Hekmat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qari_Hekmat "Qari Hekmat") [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [Mufti Nemat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_Nemat "Mufti Nemat") [![Surrendered](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/20px-White_flag_icon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_\(military\) "Surrendered") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Dawood Ahmad Sofi [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Mohamed Zahran [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attack "Suicide attack") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) Ishfaq Ahmed Sofi [**†**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action "Killed in action") | | Strength | | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg.png) [ISAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force"): 130,000+ (peak strength)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NATO_2003-39) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png) [Afghan National Defense and Security Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces "Afghan National Security Forces"): 307,947 (peak strength, January 2021)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-40) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Resolute_Support_Mission.svg.png) [Resolute Support Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission"): 17,178 (peak strength, October 2019)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-41) Defence contractors: 117,227 (peak strength, Q2 2012)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-42) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: **3,000–3,500**[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-red_on_red-43) [Khost Protection Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_Protection_Force "Khost Protection Force"): 3,000–10,000 (2018)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-44) | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png) [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") : 58,000–100,000 (as of February 2021)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN.com-45) **·** [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network"): **4,000–15,000** (2009)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-rassler-46)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-47)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nytimes_15haqqani-48) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png) [HIG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin "Hezbi Islami Gulbuddin"): **1,500–2,000+** (2014)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-49) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda"): c. **300** in 2016[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-working_more_closely-50)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-51)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-52) (c. **3,000** in 2001)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-working_more_closely-50) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png) [Fidai Mahaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidai_Mahaz "Fidai Mahaz"): **8,000** (2013)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-newsweek.com-36) ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png) [ISIL–KP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL%E2%80%93KP "ISIL–KP"): **3,500–4,000** (2018, in Afghanistan)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-53) | | Casualties and losses | | | **[Afghan security forces:](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Afghan_security_forces_fatality_reports_in_Afghanistan "List of Afghan security forces fatality reports in Afghanistan")** 66,000–92,000 killed[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-54)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-55) **Northern Alliance:** 200 killed[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-56)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-57)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-58)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-60) **[Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_casualties_in_Afghanistan "Coalition casualties in Afghanistan"):** **Dead:** 3,579 [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan "United States military casualties in the War in Afghanistan"): 2,420 \[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan_since_2001 "British Forces casualties in Afghanistan since 2001"): 457[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-61) [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan "Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan"): 159 [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_forces_in_Afghanistan "French forces in Afghanistan"): 90 [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Armed_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan "German Armed Forces casualties in Afghanistan"): 62 Italy: 53 Others: 338 **Wounded:** 23,536 United States: 20,093[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-62) United Kingdom: 2,188[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-63) Canada: 2,071[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-65)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-66) **[Contractors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_private_contractor_deaths_in_Afghanistan "List of private contractor deaths in Afghanistan")** **Dead:** 3,917[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WatsonBrown2022-67)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-dol.gov-68)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-projects.propublica.org-69) **Wounded:** 15,000+[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-dol.gov-68)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-projects.propublica.org-69) **Total killed:** 73,696–99,696 | **[Taliban insurgents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban"):** 52,893–80,000+ killed[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WatsonBrown2022-67)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi_260%E2%80%93263-70) (2,000+ [al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") fighters)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-working_more_closely-50) **[ISIL–KP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL%E2%80%93KP "ISIL–KP"):** 2,400+ killed[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-find_sanctuary-30) | | **Civilians killed:** 46,319[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WatsonBrown2022-67) **Total killed:** 176,206 (per [Costs of War Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costs_of_War_Project "Costs of War Project"))[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WatsonBrown2022-67) 212,191+ (per [UCDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program "Uppsala Conflict Data Program"))[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-71) **Total killed in related [insurgency in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"):** 66,650[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WatsonBrown2022-67) | | | a The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of November 2014.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-72) b The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of May 2017.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-73) | | The **War in Afghanistan** was a prolonged armed conflict lasting from 2001 to 2021. It began with [an invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan "United States invasion of Afghanistan") by a [United States–led coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom") under the name [Operation Enduring Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom") in response to the [11 September attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") (9/11) carried out by the [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban")\-allied and Afghanistan-based [al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda"). The Taliban were expelled from major population centers by American-led forces supporting the anti-Taliban [Northern Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance "Northern Alliance"), thus toppling the Taliban-ruled [Islamic Emirate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)"). In 2004, the U.S.-backed [Islamic Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan") was established, but by then, the Taliban, led by founder [Mullah Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar "Mullah Omar"), had reorganized and begun [an insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency") against the Afghan government and coalition forces. The conflict ended as the [2021 Taliban offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive "2021 Taliban offensive") reestablished the Islamic Emirate. It was the [longest war in United States military history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars "List of the lengths of United States participation in wars"), surpassing the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") by six months. Following 9/11, masterminded by al-Qaeda leader [Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden "Osama bin Laden"), American president [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") demanded that the Taliban immediately extradite him to the United States and close down al-Qaeda's camps in Afghanistan; the Taliban refused and demanded evidence of bin Laden's guilt before offering to hand him over to a neutral country. The US dismissed these offers and proceeded with the invasion. After expelling the Taliban and their allies, the American-led coalition remained in Afghanistan, forming the [International Security Assistance Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") (ISAF)—sanctioned by the [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations")—with the goal of creating a new democratic authority in the country that would prevent the Taliban from returning to power.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-books.google.com-74) A new [Afghan Interim Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration "Afghan Interim Administration") was established, and [international rebuilding efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_in_Afghanistan "Reconstruction in Afghanistan") were launched.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:11-75) By 2003, the Taliban had reorganized and launched [a widespread insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency") against the new Afghan government and coalition forces. Insurgents from the Taliban and other Islamist groups waged [asymmetric warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare "Asymmetric warfare"), fighting with [guerrilla warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare "Guerrilla warfare") in the countryside, [suicide attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attack "Suicide attack") against urban targets, and reprisals against perceived Afghan collaborators. By 2007, large parts of Afghanistan had been retaken by the Taliban.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-76)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-77) In response, the coalition sent a major influx of troops for [counter-insurgency operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency "Counterinsurgency"), with a "[clear and hold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_and_hold "Clear and hold")" strategy for villages and towns; this influx peaked in 2011, when roughly 140,000 foreign troops were operating under ISAF command across Afghanistan.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-78) An American covert operation in neighboring Pakistan led to the [killing of Osama bin Laden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden "Killing of Osama bin Laden") in 2011, and [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO") leaders began planning an exit strategy from Afghanistan.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-79)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WP20140527-80) In 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and officially transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. Unable to eliminate the Taliban through military means, coalition forces (and separately, the Afghan government led by [Ashraf Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani "Ashraf Ghani")) turned to diplomacy to end the conflict.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-81) These efforts culminated in the [United States–Taliban deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") in 2020, which stipulated the [withdrawal of all US troops from Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan") by 2021.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:9-82) In exchange, the Taliban pledged to prevent any militant group from staging attacks from Afghan territory against the US and its allies.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-proposedwithdrawal-83) However, the Afghan government was not a party to the deal and rejected its terms.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nprreject-84) Coinciding with the withdrawal of troops, the Taliban launched a broad offensive throughout the summer of 2021, successfully reestablishing their control over Afghanistan, [including the capital city of Kabul on 15 August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2021\) "Fall of Kabul (2021)"). On the same day, Ghani fled the country; the Taliban declared victory and the war was formally brought to a close.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-85) By 30 August, [the last American military aircraft departed from Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift "2021 Kabul airlift"), ending the protracted American-led military presence in the country.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:4-86)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT300821-87) Overall, the war killed an estimated 176,000–212,000+ people, including 46,319 civilians. In addition, 66,650 people were killed in the related [War in North-West Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:2-88) While more than 5.7 million former refugees returned to Afghanistan after the 2001 invasion,[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-89) by the fall of Kabul, [2\.6 million Afghans remained refugees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugees "Afghan refugees"),[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bbc2021-90) while another 4 million were [internally displaced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person "Internally displaced person").[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-91)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Auer_&_Said2-92) This conflict from 2001 to 2021 is referred to as the war in Afghanistan,[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-93) in order to distinguish it from Afghanistan's various other wars,[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-94) notably the ongoing [Afghan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_conflict "Afghan conflict") of which it was a part,[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-95) and the [Soviet–Afghan War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War "Soviet–Afghan War").[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-96) From the perspective of [the West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world "Western world"), the war is divided between 2001 and 2014 (the [ISAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISAF "ISAF") mission), when most combat operations were performed by coalition forces, and 2015 to 2021 (the [Resolute Support Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission "Resolute Support Mission")), when the Afghan armed forces did most of the fighting against the Taliban. The war was named [Operation Enduring Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom") from 2001 to 2014[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-97) and as [Operation Freedom's Sentinel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freedom%27s_Sentinel "Operation Freedom's Sentinel") from 2015 to 2021 by the US.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-98) Alternatively, it has been called the US war in Afghanistan.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-99)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-100)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-101) In Afghanistan itself, the war is known as simply the "war in Afghanistan".[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-102)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-103)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-104) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Afghanistan_Civil_War%2C_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png/250px-Afghanistan_Civil_War%2C_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanistan_Civil_War,_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png) The military situation of the Afghan Civil War in 1996 between the Taliban (red) and the Northern Alliance (blue) ### Rise of the Taliban \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Rise of the Taliban")\] The [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") emerged from religious students known as the *Talib* who sought to end [warlordism in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord#Afghanistan "Warlord") through stricter adherence to *[Sharia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia "Sharia")*.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-105)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-George_Washington_University-106) In 1996, the Taliban, with military support by Pakistan and financial support from [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"), seized [Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul "Kabul") and founded the [Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_\(1996%E2%80%932001\) "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)").[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl200414-107) The Taliban imposed their [fundamentalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism "Islamic fundamentalism") [Deobandi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi "Deobandi") interpretation of Islam in areas under their control, issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside the home, attend school or to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male relative.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Physicians_for_Human_Rights-108) According to the [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") (UN), the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001, many of them targeting [Shias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Muslims "Shia Muslims") and [Hazaras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaras "Hazaras").[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Newsday_2001-109)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-papillonsartpalace.com-110) By 2001, the Taliban controlled as much as 90% of Afghanistan, with the [Northern Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance "Northern Alliance") confined to the country's northeast corner. Fighting alongside Taliban forces were some 28,000–30,000 Pakistanis (usually also [Pashtun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns "Pashtuns")) and 2,000–3,000 [al-Qaeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") militants.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Webster_University_Press_Book-111)[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Ahmed_Rashid/The_Telegraph-112)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirardet2011416-113) The [9/11 Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission "9/11 Commission") in the US found that under the Taliban, al-Qaeda was able to use Afghanistan as a place to train and teach fighters, import weapons, coordinate with other [jihadists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist "Jihadist"), and plot terrorist actions.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-114) While al-Qaeda maintained its own [camps in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_training_camp "Afghan training camp"), it also supported training camps of other organizations. An estimated 10,000 to 20,000 men passed through these facilities before 9/11, most of whom were sent to fight for the Taliban against the Northern Alliance. A smaller number were inducted into al-Qaeda.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-115) After the [1998 US embassy bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings "1998 United States embassy bombings") were linked to bin Laden, US president [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") ordered [missile strikes on an al-Qaeda camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach "Operation Infinite Reach") in Afghanistan. US officials pressed the Taliban to surrender bin Laden. In 1999, the international community imposed sanctions on the Taliban to motivate their extradition of him. The Taliban rebuffed these demands. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency") (CIA) [Special Activities Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Activities_Division "Special Activities Division") paramilitary teams were active in Afghanistan in the 1990s in clandestine operations to locate and kill or capture bin Laden. These teams planned several operations but did not receive the order to proceed from Clinton. Their efforts built relationships with Afghan leaders that proved essential in the 2001 invasion.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl2004-116) ### 11 September attacks \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: 11 September attacks")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/WTCgroundzero.jpg/250px-WTCgroundzero.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WTCgroundzero.jpg) Ground Zero in New York following the [September 11th attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks"), September 2001 On the morning of 11 September 2001 (9/11), 19 members of al-Qaeda carried out [coordinated attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") in the United States by hijacking four commercial airliners.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Holmes-117)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Keppel2008-118) The hijackers intentionally crashed two of them into the [World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_\(1973%E2%80%932001\) "World Trade Center (1973–2001)") in New York City. The [center collapsed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center "Collapse of the World Trade Center") as a result. The hijackers crashed a [third airliner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77 "American Airlines Flight 77") into the [Pentagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon "The Pentagon") in [Arlington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia "Arlington County, Virginia"), [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia")[.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") [The fourth plane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93 "United Airlines Flight 93"), which had been targeted at [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), crashed into a field [in Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania "Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania"). No one aboard the four flights survived.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOX_Responders-119) Total deaths were 2,996, including the 19 hijackers.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOX_Responders-119) Osama bin Laden planned and coordinated the attacks, and the US desire to hold him accountable became the *[casus belli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casus_belli "Casus belli")* for invasion. After the invasion was declared, bin Laden sought, successfully, to draw the US into an extended war similar to that fought against the Soviets.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 62–64 The Taliban publicly condemned 9/11.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ultimatum-121) They also greatly underestimated the US' willingness to go to war. The US was mistaken in its belief that the Taliban and al-Qaeda were almost inseparable when, in fact, they had very different goals and leaders.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 65–70 ### US ultimatum to the Taliban \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: US ultimatum to the Taliban")\] Immediately after 9/11, the [US National Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council "United States National Security Council") agreed that military action would probably have to be taken against al-Qaeda and the Taliban. However, Bush decided to issue an ultimatum to the Taliban first,[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 54 demanding that the Taliban hand over bin Laden, "close immediately every terrorist training camp, hand over every terrorist and their supporters, and give the US full access to terrorist training camps for inspection."[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ultimatum-121) The same day, religious scholars met in Kabul, deciding that bin Laden should be surrendered; however, Taliban founder [Mullah Omar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar "Mullah Omar") decided that "turning over Osama would only be a disgrace for us and Islamic thought and belief would be a weakness", and that the US would continue making demands after surrendering bin Laden, who he claimed was innocent.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 56 The Taliban refused the ultimatum, saying that Osama bin Laden was protected by the traditional [Pashtun laws of hospitality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunwali "Pashtunwali").[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-122)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-123) In the weeks ahead and at the beginning of the US and NATO invasion of Afghanistan, the Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden's guilt but subsequently offered to hand him over to a third country if the US stopped its bombing and provided evidence of his guilt.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-124)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-125) A [Bush administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush "Presidency of George W. Bush") official later stated that their demands were "not subject to negotiation" and that it was "time for the Taliban to act now."[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-126) Covert US military action began soon after, and the war started officially on 7 October 2001.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 58 The war contained two main factions: the Coalition, which included the US and its allies (eventually supporting the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan), fighting against the Taliban, its allies, and its militias. Complicating the fight were Taliban splinter groups and other, more radical religious groups such as al-Qaeda, and later, the [Islamic State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State"). These radical groups sometimes fought for the Taliban, sometimes fought for their own goals, and sometimes fought against both the Taliban and the government. Afghanistan is a rural country; in 2020, some 80% of its 33 million people lived in the countryside.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 12 This predisposes warfare to rural areas, and provides ample hiding spots for guerrilla fighters. The country also has harsh winters, which favors spring or summertime military offensives after winter lulls in fighting.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-127)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-128) Afghanistan is 99.7% [Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims "Muslims"),[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Factbook-129) which affected the ideology of both the Taliban and the Afghan government. Centuries of foreign invasion by non-Muslims cemented the religious nature of resisting outsiders and the Afghan identity.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 17–19 Local religious leaders ([mullahs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah "Mullah")) could influence the population as much as the government. Mullahs have traditionally been important in prescribing resistance to outsiders through calls for holy war or jihad.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 23–24 Afghanistan is a largely tribal society, and this significantly influences Afghan society and politics. Tribalism is largely a source of division, unlike Islam. Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising between 38% and 50% of the population.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-AsiaFoundation-130) [Pashtunwali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunwali "Pashtunwali"), the traditional way of life for the Pashtuns, guided most tribal decision making. Tribal unity was often weak as well due to Pashtunwali's method of dealing with feuds. Traditionally, Afghan leaders have depended on tribes to keep order in rural areas because without their cooperation the state was often ineffective and weak. Afghans were more loyal to their own community and tribe, not the state, which meant that tribes would align with either the Taliban or the Government as was most beneficial.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 19–22 The significant difference in power between high-tech Coalition militaries and the guerrilla Taliban led to [asymmetric warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare "Asymmetric warfare"). Owing to their roots in the [anti-Soviet *mujahideen*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen "Afghan mujahideen"), the Taliban carried on the guerrilla tactics developed in the 1980s. The mujahideen operated in small cadres of 10 to 50 men, armed with a combination of outdated and (usually looted) modern weapons.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 31 The Taliban increasingly used guerrilla tactics such as suicide, car and roadside bombs ([IEDs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device "Improvised explosive device")), and targeted assassinations.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-UNAMAJul09-131) By 2009, IEDs had become the Taliban's weapon of choice.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Arnoldy-132) The Taliban also used insider attacks as the war drew on, by planting personnel in the Afghan military and police forces.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ShootingAfghanistan-133) ### 2001: Invasion and early operations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: 2001: Invasion and early operations")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg/250px-US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_soldiers_on_horseback_2001_Afghanistan.jpg) [US Army Special Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Special_Forces "US Army Special Forces") and [US Air Force Combat Controllers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Controller "Combat Controller") with Northern Alliance troops on horseback in [Samangan Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samangan_Province "Samangan Province"), 2001 Though the US officially invaded on 7 October 2001 by launching Operation Enduring Freedom, covert operations had begun several weeks earlier. Fifteen days after 9/11, the US covertly inserted members of the CIA's Special Activities Division into Afghanistan, forming the Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-134) They linked up with the Northern Alliance in the [Panjshir Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjshir_Valley "Panjshir Valley") north of Kabul.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Malkasian2021p61-135) In October, twelve-man Special Forces teams began arriving in Afghanistan to work with the CIA and Northern Alliance.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Malkasian2021p61-135) Within a few weeks the Northern Alliance, with assistance from the US ground and air forces, captured several key cities from the Taliban.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-army.mil-136)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-gresham-137) The Taliban retreated throughout the country, holding steady only in [Kunduz Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_Province "Kunduz Province"), outmatched by US air support. By November, the Taliban had lost control of most of the country.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 70–75 The US did not invade alone: it began with assistance from the UK, and eventually over a dozen more countries.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-The_Guardian-138)[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Canada_in_Afghanistan_2001-139)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:1-140) The US and its allies [drove the Taliban from power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kandahar "Fall of Kandahar") and built military bases near major cities across the country. Most al-Qaeda and Taliban were not captured, escaping to neighboring Pakistan or retreating to rural or remote mountainous regions.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-141) On 20 December 2001, the UN authorized an [International Security Assistance Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") (ISAF), with a mandate to help the Afghans maintain security in Kabul and surrounding areas.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cdi1-142) Its mandate did not extend beyond the Kabul area for the first few years.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ISAF_Chronology-143) 18 countries contributed to the force in February 2002. The CIA created Counter-terrorism Pursuit Teams staffed by Afghans at the war's beginning.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-144)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Whitlock2010-145) This force grew to over 3,000 by 2010 and was considered one of the "best Afghan fighting forces."[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Whitlock2010-145) These units were not only effective in operations against the Taliban and al-Qaeda forces in Afghanistan,[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward20108-146) but also expanded their operations into Pakistan.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2010367-147) Who would lead the country became an acute political question. At the [Bonn Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Afghanistan,_Bonn_\(2001\) "International Conference on Afghanistan, Bonn (2001)") in December 2001, [Hamid Karzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai "Hamid Karzai") was selected to head the [Afghan Interim Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration "Afghan Interim Administration"), which after a [2002 *loya jirga*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_loya_jirga "2002 loya jirga") (grand assembly) in Kabul became the [Afghan Transitional Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Transitional_Administration "Afghan Transitional Administration"). The agreement provided steps that would lead to democracy for the country.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-dx-148) Shortly after the elevation of Karzai to the president on 5 December, the Taliban may have tried to seek a conditional surrender to Karzai. There are two conflicting accounts. The first is that an agreement, possibly signed by Mullah Omar, was reached wherein the Taliban would surrender in exchange for immunity. The second is that the agreement was more narrowly focused on surrendering [Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar "Kandahar"). Taliban sources, on the other hand, said Omar was not part of the deal, and would not surrender Kandahar. Whatever the case, the US vetoed any sort of negotiation. Omar disappeared, leaving for Pakistan or elsewhere in Afghanistan. The Taliban went into hiding, or fled to Pakistan, though many gave up arms as well. Most leaders and thousands of fighters went to Pakistan. Whether the Taliban had decided on an insurgency at this time is unknown.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 74–84 Taliban fighters remained in hiding in the rural regions of four southern provinces: [Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Province "Kandahar Province"), [Zabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabul "Zabul"), [Helmand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmand_Province "Helmand Province") and [Uruzgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruzgan_Province "Uruzgan Province").[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-149) By late November, bin Laden was at a fortified training camp in Tora Bora. The [Battle of Tora Bora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora "Battle of Tora Bora") began on 30 November. CIA teams working with tribal militias followed bin Laden there and began to call in airstrikes to clear out the mountainous camp, with special forces soon arriving in support. While the tribal militia numbered 1,000, it was not fighting eagerly during [Ramadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan"). While the CIA requested that US Army Rangers be sent and Marines were ready to deploy, they were declined. Bin Laden was eventually able to escape at some point in December to Pakistan.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 76–79 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Canadian_soldiers_afghanistan.jpg/250px-Canadian_soldiers_afghanistan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_soldiers_afghanistan.jpg) Canadian soldiers from [3PPCLI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry#3rd_Battalion "Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry"), search for al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters after an air assault, approach on an objective north of [Qalati Ghilji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalati_Ghilji "Qalati Ghilji"), 2002 The invasion was a striking military success for the Coalition. Fewer than twelve US soldiers died between October and March, compared to some 15,000 Taliban killed or taken prisoner. Special forces teams and their Afghan allies had done most of the work and relatively few soldiers had been required. Karzai was a respected, legitimate, and charismatic leader. Still, Malkasian writes, the failure to capture bin Laden or negotiate with the Taliban, or include them in any way in the new government, set the course for the long war that bin Laden had dreamed of getting the US into.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 86–88 In the war's early years, Pakistan had been seen as a firm ally, and little concern had been given to its support of the Taliban. Pakistan had also helped capture numerous top al-Qaeda leaders, including [Khalid Sheikh Mohammed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed"). But internally, Pakistan was providing significant funding, access to safe houses, and political support to the Taliban. Public opinion in Pakistan heavily favored the Taliban, and the US invasion was viewed very negatively. The government was in no position to expel the Taliban, lest it starts a conflict within its already fragile country. Thus the Taliban continued to use Pakistan as a base of operations and a safe haven to rebuild their strength.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 129–132 ### 2002–2005: Taliban resurgence \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: 2002–2005: Taliban resurgence")\] #### Coalition mistakes, Taliban start to re-organize \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Coalition mistakes, Taliban start to re-organize")\] Following initial success, the US lacked an obvious goal in Afghanistan beyond the counter-terrorism objectives of finding senior Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders. [Nation-building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-building "Nation-building") was initially opposed by the Bush administration, but as the US stayed, it slowly crept into the rationale for staying. In April 2002, Bush made a speech expressing a desire to rebuild Afghanistan. The US also sought to instill democracy and women's rights as a moral matter. The international community contributed to the development effort in Afghanistan, which focused on aid and creating institutions to run the country. US reconstruction efforts also focused on improving education, health care, and community development. The US helped create and funded a new Afghan army in early 2002. However, the army was built slowly due to competing interests and a US belief that the Taliban were no longer a strong threat. Some in the Bush administration preferred to use the Northern Alliance and warlords as the military instead of creating a new military. The army became an afterthought and was poorly trained and equipped, further enabling the Taliban.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 89–105 The first attempt at a larger organization of Taliban groups after the invasion occurred in April 2002 in the country's south. A *[shura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura "Shura")* was established by former mid-level Taliban officials in Gardi Jangal, a refugee camp near the Helmand border. It operated in the core provinces of Kandahar, Helmand, Zabul, and Uruzgan. It was composed of 23 groups of about 50 individuals each, for a total of around 1,200. In the [North Waziristan District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waziristan_District "North Waziristan District") of Pakistan, [Jalaluddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani "Jalaluddin Haqqani") had started organizing the [Haqqani network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network "Haqqani network") after exiling there in 2001. In early 2002, their membership was estimated at 1,400 and had a presence in [Paktia Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paktia_Province "Paktia Province") and [Khost Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_Province "Khost Province") in the second half of 2002 with limited activity. They were joined by members of al-Qaeda. [Operation Jacana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jacana "Operation Jacana") & [Operation Condor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Condor_\(Afghanistan\) "Operation Condor (Afghanistan)"), among others, tried to flush out the Taliban with varying results.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi-150): 25–29 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Neotaliban_insurgency_2002-2006_en.png/250px-Neotaliban_insurgency_2002-2006_en.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neotaliban_insurgency_2002-2006_en.png) Map detailing the spread of the Taliban insurgency, 2002–2006 Some members of the Taliban reached out to Karzai to open negotiations several times between 2002 and 2004, but the US was adamantly against this, and ensured that all top Taliban leaders were blacklisted, such that the Afghan Government could not negotiate with them. Malkasian argues that negotiations with the Taliban would have been low cost, but highly effective at this stage, and attributes it to US overconfidence and hubris, and notes that all the information that the Taliban could resurge was available but ignored.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 106–111 Some Taliban leaders considered joining the political process, with meetings on the issue until 2004, though these did not result in a decision to do so.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi-150): 19 From 2002 to 2005, the Taliban reorganized and planned a resurgence. Pressure on Coalition forces to hunt down terrorists led to excesses and generated some popular support for the Taliban. Coalition troops would go on missions with questionable intelligence, at one point falling prey to a false tip provided by a target's political opponents. Few high-level Taliban or al-Qaeda leaders were caught. Those captured were predominantly low-level Taliban operatives who had little information on al-Qaeda. Numerous civilians were killed in operations, including [a wedding which was misinterpreted as a Taliban gathering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruzgan_wedding_bombing "Uruzgan wedding bombing"). Repeated errors by Coalition forces drove Taliban recruitment. Many Taliban leaders who had given up arms to leave peacefully, especially after being promised amnesty by Karzai, were increasingly harassed by the US and elements of the Afghan government. By 2004, most Taliban leaders in Afghanistan had fled back to Pakistan, where the remnants of the Taliban were hiding. Malkasian argues that the US provided significant momentum to the Taliban by its own missteps, especially by focusing on aggressive counter-terrorism and vengeance for 9/11. He further argues that these actions alone did not restart the conflict because the Taliban would have re-emerged regardless because of leaders like Mullah Omar and Jalaluddin Haqqani who had never put down arms.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 119–123 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_10th_Mountain_Division_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg/250px-US_10th_Mountain_Division_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_10th_Mountain_Division_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg) US Army Soldiers board a helicopter in Zabul province, 2003 The Taliban undertook relatively few actions until 2005. Pamphlets by Taliban and other groups appeared in towns and the countryside in early 2003, urging Muslims to take up a holy war against Americans and other foreign troops.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-151) American attention was diverted from Afghanistan when US forces [invaded Iraq in March 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War "Iraq War").[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-152) In May 2003, the Taliban Supreme Court's chief justice, Abdul Salam, proclaimed that the Taliban were back, regrouped, rearmed, and ready for guerrilla war to expel US forces from Afghanistan.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CSMontorTalibanResurge-153) As the summer of 2003 continued, Taliban attacks gradually increased in frequency. Dozens of Afghan government soldiers, [NGO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization "Non-governmental organization") [humanitarian workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid "Humanitarian aid"), and several US soldiers died in the raids, ambushes, and rocket attacks. Besides guerrilla attacks, Taliban fighters began building up forces in the district of [Dey Chopan District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dey_Chopan_District "Dey Chopan District") in Zabul Province. The Taliban decided to make a stand there. Over the summer, up to 1,000 guerrillas moved there. Over 220 people, including several dozen Afghan police, were killed in August 2003.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-The_Associated_Press-154) On 11 August, NATO assumed control of ISAF.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Rubin-155) Omar reorganized the movement, and in 2003, launched [an insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency "Taliban insurgency") against the government and ISAF.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cfr.org-156)[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-rothstein-157) From the second half of 2003 and through 2004, operations intensified, with [night letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_letter "Night letter") followed by kidnappings and assassinations of government officials and collaborating village elders by 2005, with the former leaving villages in fear. Government schools and clinics were burned down.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi-150): 34 Privately, the Taliban were preparing a grand offensive against the Coalition. It was to be several years in the making so that enough strength could be gathered. [Dadullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadullah "Dadullah") was put in charge of it. His tactics were largely effective. He was responsible for introducing suicide bombing into wide use around 2004, as previously, suicide or taking civilian lives had only been an al-Qaeda tactic. A network of [madrassas in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassas_in_Pakistan "Madrassas in Pakistan") catering to Afghan refugees provided a steady stream of extremist recruits willing to die.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 125–127 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/3rd_Battalion%2C_3rd_Marines_-_Afghanistan.jpg/250px-3rd_Battalion%2C_3rd_Marines_-_Afghanistan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3rd_Battalion,_3rd_Marines_-_Afghanistan.jpg) A US Navy Corpsman searches for Taliban fighters in [Mihtarlam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihtarlam "Mihtarlam"), 2005 [Operation Asbury Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Asbury_Park "Operation Asbury Park") cleared out Taliban forces in the Dey Chopan District during summer 2004.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-158) In late 2004, the then-hidden Omar announced an insurgency against America and the [transitional Afghan government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan "Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan") forces to "regain the sovereignty of our country."[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYTNov2004-159) The [2004 Afghan presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Afghan_presidential_election "2004 Afghan presidential election") was a major target of the Taliban, though only 20 districts and 200 villages elsewhere were claimed to have been successfully prevented from voting. Karzai was elected president of the country, now named the [Islamic Republic of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi-150): 40 The US started using [drone strikes in Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan "Drone strikes in Pakistan") in 2004, starting along the [Federal Tribal Areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas "Federally Administered Tribal Areas") against Taliban and al-Qaeda militants.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-The_CIA's_Silent_War_in_Pakistan-160)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-161) In June and July 2005, US [Navy Seals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Seals "Navy Seals") carried out [Operation Red Wings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Red_Wings "Operation Red Wings") as a joint military operation in [Kunar Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunar_Province "Kunar Province"). The mission intended to disrupt local Taliban led by [Ahmad Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_\(Taliban\) "Ahmad Shah (Taliban)"), hopefully bringing stability and facilitating the [Afghan Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_\(Afghanistan\) "National Assembly (Afghanistan)") elections [scheduled for September 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Afghan_parliamentary_election "2005 Afghan parliamentary election"). The operation had one survivor, and left 19 dead.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-macmannis-162)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Ed_Darack_Victory_Point-163)[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Ed_Darack_Marine_Corps_Gazette-164) [Operation Whalers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Whalers "Operation Whalers") would finish the job several weeks later. Taliban activity dropped significantly and Shah was seriously wounded. Shah was not able to undertake any significant operations subsequent to Operation Whalers in Kunar or neighboring provinces.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Ed_Darack_Victory_Point-163)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-BBC-165) The Taliban regained control over several villages in the south by the end of 2005, as villages were frustrated with the lack of government help, and hoped life would be better under the Taliban. Years of planning were coming to fruition for the Taliban. By comparison, the Government was in a very weak position. The police were deeply underfunded, and the average district had only 50 officers. Some districts had no Government presence at all. Most of the country's militias (with a strength of ~100,000) had been demobilized due to international pressure to create an army, but it was still weak. Combined with an increase in tribal feuding, the conditions were perfect for a Taliban comeback.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 134–136 ### 2006–2007: Escalating war \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: 2006–2007: Escalating war")\] As insurgent attacks in the country reportedly grew fourfold between 2002 and 2006,[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-166) by late 2007 Afghanistan was said to be in "serious danger" of falling into Taliban control despite the presence of 40,000 ISAF troops.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-167) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Air_assaulting_Lwar_Kowndalan.jpg/250px-Air_assaulting_Lwar_Kowndalan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_assaulting_Lwar_Kowndalan.jpg) An [Apache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache "Boeing AH-64 Apache") helicopter provides protection from the air, Lwar Kowndalan in Kandahar, 2005 From January 2006, a multinational ISAF contingent started to replace US troops in southern Afghanistan. The UK formed the core of the force, along with Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and Estonia.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-news_bbc_co_uk2-168)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-news_bbc_co_uk3-169)[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-news_bbc_co_uk6-170)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-www_centcom_mil5-171)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-www_defensenews_com7-172) In January 2006, NATO's focus in southern Afghanistan was to form [Provincial Reconstruction Teams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Reconstruction_Team "Provincial Reconstruction Team"). Local Taliban figures pledged to resist.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-news_bbc_co_uk8-173) Since Canada wanted to deploy in Kandahar, the UK got Helmand province. Helmand was a center of poppy production, so it seemed a good region for the anti-narcotic focused UK. However, Pashtun Helmandis had never forgotten the 1880 [Battle of Maiwand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand "Battle of Maiwand") with the British, and it proved a source of significant resistance from them.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 138–142 Local intelligence suggested that the Taliban were going to wage a brutal campaign in the summer of 2006. Coalition generals sent this info up the chain of command, but decision-makers ignored warnings. The US was distracted in Iraq, and Secretary of State Rumsfeld was more interested in making the Afghan army affordable than effective. Of the 70,000 soldiers the Afghan army was supposed to have, only 26,000 had been trained and retained.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:5-120): 138–142 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Swedish_medic_in_Afghanistan_2006.jpg/250px-Swedish_medic_in_Afghanistan_2006.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swedish_medic_in_Afghanistan_2006.jpg) [Swedish Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Army "Swedish Army") medic in the Mazar-e Sharif region, 2006 Spring and summer action in 2006 by the Coalition included [Operation Mountain Thrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Thrust "Operation Mountain Thrust"), [Operation Medusa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Medusa "Operation Medusa"), [a Dutch/Australian offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Dutch/Australian_Offensive "2006 Dutch/Australian Offensive"), the [Battle of Panjwaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Panjwaii "Battle of Panjwaii"), [Operation Mountain Fury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Fury "Operation Mountain Fury") and [Operation Falcon Summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Falcon_Summit "Operation Falcon Summit"). The Coalition achieved tactical victories and area denial, but the Taliban were not completely defeated. On 29 May 2006, a US military truck that was part of a convoy in Kabul lost control and plowed into civilian vehicles, killing one person and injuring six. The surrounding crowd got angry and a riot arose, ending with 20 dead and 160 injured. When stone-throwing and gunfire had come from a crowd of some 400 men, the US troops had used their weapons "to defend themselves" while leaving the scene, a US military spokesman said. A *Financial Times* reporter suggested that this was the outbreak of "a ground swell of resentment" towards foreigners that had been growing since 2004.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-174)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-175) UK actions in early 2007 included [Operation Volcano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Volcano "Operation Volcano"), [Operation Achilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Achilles "Operation Achilles"), and [Operation Lastay Kulang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lastay_Kulang "Operation Lastay Kulang"). The UK Ministry of Defence also announced its intention to bring British troop levels in the country up to 7,700.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-www_mod_uk10-176) In March 2007, the US deployed some 3,500 more troops, though deployment was slow due to American priorities in Iraq.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-177)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-178) In the first five months of 2008, US troops in Afghanistan increased by over 80%, with a surge of 21,643 more troops—26,607 in January to 48,250 in June.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Congressional_Research_Services_Report_for_Congress_%E2%80%93_U.S._Forces_in_Afghanistan_%E2%80%93_Updated_15_July_2008-179) On 4 March 2007, US Marines allegedly [killed at least 12 civilians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Shinwar_shooting "2007 Shinwar shooting") and injured 33 in Nangarhar,[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-180) in a response to a bomb ambush.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-181) The 120 member Marine unit responsible for the attack were ordered to leave the country because the incident damaged the unit's relations with the local population.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-182) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Afghanistan_Troop_Strength.svg/500px-Afghanistan_Troop_Strength.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanistan_Troop_Strength.svg) Development of ISAF troop strength from 2007 to 2015 During the summer, NATO forces achieved tactical victories at the [Battle of Chora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chora "Battle of Chora") in OrĆ«zgān, where Dutch and [Australian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army#Current_deployments "Australian Army") ISAF forces were deployed. The [Battle of Musa Qala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Musa_Qala "Battle of Musa Qala") took place in December. Afghan units were the principal fighting force, supported by British forces.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-183) Taliban forces were forced out of the town. In 2007, Western analysts estimated the strength of Taliban forces at about 10,000 fighters fielded at any given time. Of that number, only 2,000 to 3,000 were highly motivated, full-time insurgents.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-184) The rest were volunteer units, made up of young Afghans, angered by deaths of Afghan civilians in military airstrikes and American detention of Muslim prisoners who had been held for years without being charged.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-185) In 2007, more foreign fighters came into Afghanistan than ever before, according to officials. Approximately 100 to 300 full-time combatants were foreigners, many from Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and [Chechnya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya "Chechnya"). They were reportedly more violent, and uncontrollable, often bringing superior video-production or bomb making expertise.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nytimes-186) By 2010, the Taliban had as many as 25,000 dedicated soldiers, almost as many as before 9/11.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-187) General McChrystal, newly appointed as US commander in Afghanistan, said that the Taliban had gained the upper hand. In a continuation of the Taliban's usual strategy of summer offensives,[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-188) the militants aggressively spread their influence into north and west Afghanistan and stepped up their attack in an attempt to disrupt presidential polls.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-189) He added that the US strategy was to stop their momentum, and focus on protecting and safeguarding Afghan civilians, calling it "hard work."[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-190) ### 2008–2009: NATO build-up, Pakistan skirmishes, and Karzai re-election \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: 2008–2009: NATO build-up, Pakistan skirmishes, and Karzai re-election")\] On 13 June 2008, Taliban fighters demonstrated their ongoing strength, freeing all prisoners in Kandahar jail. The operation freed 1200 prisoners, 400 of whom were Taliban, causing a major embarrassment for NATO.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-191) By the end of 2008, the Taliban apparently had severed remaining ties with al-Qaeda.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-192) According to US officials, perhaps fewer than 100 members of al-Qaeda remained in Afghanistan.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-193) In summer 2008, Bush authorized raids against militants in Pakistan. Pakistan said it would not allow foreign forces onto its territory, and would protect its sovereignty.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bg-194) In September, it stated that it had issued orders to fire upon US soldiers who crossed the border.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-195) Also in September, Bush announced 8,000 troops would withdraw from Iraq, and an increase of up to 4,500 troops in Afghanistan.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-196) The same month, the UK lost its 100th serviceperson.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-197) On 3 September, US commandos landed by helicopter and attacked three houses close to a known enemy stronghold in Pakistan. Pakistan condemned the attack as "a gross violation of Pakistan's territory."[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-198)[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-199) On 6 September, in an apparent reaction, Pakistan announced an indefinite disconnection of supply lines to NATO forces.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-200) A further split occurred when Pakistani soldiers fired on NATO aircraft which had crossed the border on 25 September.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-big-201) However, despite tensions, the US increased its [drone attacks in Pakistan's border regions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_attacks_in_Pakistan "Drone attacks in Pakistan"), in particular the Federal Tribal Areas and [Balochistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan "Balochistan"); by 2009, drone attacks were up 183% since 2006.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-202) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Insurgent_evacuation.jpg/250px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Insurgent_evacuation.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Insurgent_evacuation.jpg) US Army [10th Mountain Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division "10th Mountain Division") Soldiers medically evacuating in Nuristan, Province, 2009 By 2009 there was broad agreement in Afghanistan that the war should end, but how it should happen was a major issue for the candidates of the [2009 Afghan presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Afghan_presidential_election "2009 Afghan presidential election") that re-elected Karzai.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-203) In a televised speech after being elected, Karzai called on "our Taliban brothers to come home and embrace their land"[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-204) and laid plans to launch a *[loya jirga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loya_jirga "Loya jirga")*. Efforts were undermined by the [Obama administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration "Obama administration")'s increase of American troops in the country.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-205) Karzai reiterated in January 2010 that he wanted to reach out to the Taliban to lay down arms.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-206) US Secretary of State [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") cautiously supported the proposal.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-207) January 2009 brought a change in American leadership, with the inauguration of President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"). That month, US soldiers, alongside Afghan Federal Guards, moved into the provinces of [Logar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logar_Province "Logar Province"), [Wardak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardak_Province "Wardak Province"), and Kunar. The troops were the first wave of an expected surge of reinforcements originally ordered by Bush and increased by Obama.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-208) In mid-February 2009, it was announced that 17,000 additional troops would be deployed in two [brigades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade "Brigade") and support troops; the [2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Brigade "2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade") of about 3,500 and the [5th Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_\(United_States\)#Current_structure "2nd Infantry Division (United States)"), a [Stryker brigade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker_Brigade#Operators "Stryker Brigade") with about 4,000.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-209) ISAF commander General [David McKiernan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McKiernan "David McKiernan") had called for as many as 30,000 additional troops, effectively doubling the number of troops.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-210) On 23 September, a classified assessment by McChrystal included his conclusion that a successful [counterinsurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-insurgency "Counter-insurgency") strategy would require 500,000 troops and five years.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-211) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_soldiers_in_Zabul_province.jpg/250px-US_soldiers_in_Zabul_province.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_soldiers_in_Zabul_province.jpg) A US Army Soldier and an Afghan interpreter in Zabul, 2009 Pakistani drone strikes against Taliban and al-Qaeda militants increased substantially under Obama.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-GregMiller-212) Some in the media referred to the attacks as a "drone war."[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-afp20July2009-213)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-naf3June2009-214) In August 2009, [Baitullah Mehsud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitullah_Mehsud "Baitullah Mehsud"), the leader of the [Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan "Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan") was killed in a drone strike.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-215) June 2009 brought [Operation Strike of the Sword](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Strike_of_the_Sword "Operation Strike of the Sword") in Helmand.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-216) It followed a British-led operation named [Operation Panther's Claw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Panther%27s_Claw "Operation Panther's Claw") in the same region, which was aimed to secure various canal and river crossings to establish a long-term ISAF presence.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-MoD,_23_June-217) On 4 September 2009, during the [Kunduz Province Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz_Province_Campaign "Kunduz Province Campaign") a [devastating NATO air raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kunduz_airstrike "2009 Kunduz airstrike") was conducted southwest of Kunduz, where Taliban fighters had hijacked civilian supply trucks, killing up to 179 people, including over 100 civilians.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-spiegel-20100806-218) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Snow_Storm_DVIDS227347.jpg/250px-Snow_Storm_DVIDS227347.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snow_Storm_DVIDS227347.jpg) Russian made [Mil Mi-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-8 "Mil Mi-8") chopper landing at Forward Operating Base Airborne to deliver mail and supplies, 2009 After Karzai's alleged [win of 54%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Afghan_presidential_election "2009 Afghan presidential election") in 2009, which would prevent a runoff, over 400,000 Karzai votes had to be disallowed after accusations of fraud. Some nations criticized the elections as "free but not fair."[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-219)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:0-220) The Taliban's claim that the over 135 violent incidents disrupted elections was largely disputed. However, the media was asked to not report any violent incidents.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-221) In southern Afghanistan, where the Taliban held the most power, voter turnout was low and sporadic violence was directed at voters and security personnel.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-222) The Taliban released a video days after the elections, filming on the road between Kabul and Kandahar, stopping vehicles and asking to see their fingers (voters were marked by dipping their fingers in ink so they could not double vote). The video went showed ten men who had voted, listening to a Taliban militant. The Taliban pardoned the voters because of [Ramadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan").[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-223) The Taliban attacked towns with rockets and other indirect fire. Amid claims of widespread fraud, both top contenders, Karzai and [Abdullah Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah "Abdullah Abdullah"), claimed victory. Reports suggested that turnout was lower than in the prior election.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:0-220) On 26 November, Karzai made a public plea for direct negotiations with the Taliban leadership, saying there was an "urgent need" for negotiations and made it clear that the Obama administration had opposed such talks. There was no formal US response.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-224)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-225) In December 2009, an [attack on Forward Operating Base Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base_Chapman_attack "Forward Operating Base Chapman attack"), used by the CIA to gather information and to coordinate [drone attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_attack "Drone attack") against Taliban leaders, killed eight working for the CIA.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CBS_Setback-226) On 1 December 2009, Obama announced that the US would send 30,000 more troops.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-227) Antiwar organizations in the US responded quickly, and American cities saw protests on 2 December.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Fight_Back!_News-228) Many protesters compared the decision to the expansion of the Vietnam War under [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Vietnam_War "Lyndon B. Johnson").[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-229) ### 2010–2011: Strategic agreements and death of Bin Laden \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: 2010–2011: Strategic agreements and death of Bin Laden")\] Deployment of additional US troops continued in early 2010, with 9,000 of the planned 30,000 in place before the end of March and another 18,000 expected by June.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-230) The surge in troops supported a sixfold increase in Special Forces operations.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Eric_Schmitt-231) The surge of American personnel that began in late 2009 ended by September 2012.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-232) 700 airstrikes occurred in September 2010 alone versus 257 in all of 2009.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-233) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Royal_Air_Force_Regiment_in_Afghanistan.JPG/250px-Royal_Air_Force_Regiment_in_Afghanistan.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Regiment_in_Afghanistan.JPG) UK service members of the [Royal Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") Regiment stop on a road while conducting a combat mission near Kandahar Airfield, 2010 Due to increased use of IEDs by insurgents, the number of injured Coalition soldiers, mainly Americans, significantly increased.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-234) Beginning in May 2010, NATO special forces began to concentrate on operations to capture or kill specific Taliban leaders. As of March 2011, the US military claimed that the effort had resulted in the capture or killing of more than 900 low- to mid-level Taliban commanders.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-USAToday20110703-235)[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-236) Overall, 2010 saw the most insurgent attacks of any year since the war began, peaking in September at more than 1,500.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-237) In February 2010, Coalition and Afghan forces began highly visible plans for an offensive, codenamed [Operation Moshtarak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moshtarak "Operation Moshtarak"), on a Taliban stronghold near the village of [Marjah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjah "Marjah").[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-238) The ["Peace Jirga"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Peace_Jirga_2010 "Afghan Peace Jirga 2010") was held in Kabul, attended by 1,600 delegates, in June 2010. However, the Taliban and the [Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezb-i_Islami_Gulbuddin "Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin"), who were both invited by Karzai as a gesture of goodwill did not attend the conference.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-239) The Taliban's co-founder and then-second-in-command, [Abdul Ghani Baradar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar "Abdul Ghani Baradar"), was one of the leading Taliban members who favored talks with the US and Afghan governments. Karzai's administration reportedly held talks with Baradar in February; however, later that month, Baradar was captured in a joint US-Pakistani raid in [Karachi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi "Karachi"), Pakistan. The arrest infuriated Karzai and invoked suspicions that he was seized because the [Pakistani intelligence community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_intelligence_community "Pakistani intelligence community") was opposed to Afghan peace talks.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-240)[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-241) Karzai started peace talks with Haqqani Network groups in March.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-242) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ASLAV_in_Afghanistan_during_early_2011.jpg/250px-ASLAV_in_Afghanistan_during_early_2011.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASLAV_in_Afghanistan_during_early_2011.jpg) An Australian service light armored vehicle drives through [Tangi Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangi_Valley "Tangi Valley"), 2011 In 2010, the Obama administration decided to allow possible political negotiations to solve the war.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-243) The Taliban themselves had refused to speak to the Afghan government, portraying them as an American "puppet." Sporadic efforts for peace talks between the US and the Taliban occurred afterward, and it was reported in October that Taliban leadership commanders (the "[Quetta Shura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta_Shura "Quetta Shura")") had left their haven in Pakistan and been safely escorted to Kabul by NATO aircraft for talks, with the assurance that NATO staff would not apprehend them.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-244) After the talks concluded, it emerged that the leader of this delegation, who claimed to be [Akhtar Mansour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour "Akhtar Mansour"), the second-in-command of the Taliban, was actually an imposter who had duped NATO officials.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-245) On 25 July 2010, the [release of 91,731 classified documents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_War_documents_leak "Afghan War documents leak") from the [WikiLeaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks "WikiLeaks") organization was made public. The documents cover US military incident and intelligence reports from January 2004 to December 2009.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-246) Some of these documents included sanitized, and "covered up", accounts of civilian casualties caused by [Coalition Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Forces "Coalition Forces"). The reports included many references to other incidents involving civilian casualties like the Kunduz airstrike and [Nangar Khel incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangar_Khel_incident "Nangar Khel incident").[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-247) The leaked documents also contain reports of Pakistan collusion with the Taliban. According to *Der Spiegel*, "the documents clearly show that the Pakistani intelligence agency [Inter-Services Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence "Inter-Services Intelligence") (ISI) is the most important accomplice the Taliban has outside of Afghanistan."[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Spiegel2-248) On 2 May 2011, US officials announced that bin Laden had been killed in [Operation Neptune Spear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neptune_Spear "Operation Neptune Spear"), conducted by the US Navy SEALs in [Abbottabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad "Abbottabad"), Pakistan.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-249) Pakistan came under intense international scrutiny after the raid. The Pakistani government denied that it had sheltered bin Laden, and said it had shared information with the CIA and other intelligence agencies about the compound since 2009.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-250) The 2011 [Battle of Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_\(2011\) "Battle of Kandahar (2011)") was part of an offensive that followed a 30 April announcement that the Taliban would launch their spring offensive.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-251) On 7 May, the Taliban launched a major offensive on government buildings in Kandahar.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-252) The [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") called it "the worst attack in Kandahar Province since \[2001\], and an embarrassment for the \[Afghan\] government."[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-253) Karzai confirmed in June 2011 that secret talks were taking place between the US and the Taliban,[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-254) but these collapsed by August.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-255) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundeswehr_in_Afghanistan%2C_August_2011.jpg/250px-Bundeswehr_in_Afghanistan%2C_August_2011.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundeswehr_in_Afghanistan,_August_2011.jpg) A German [Bundeswehr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr "Bundeswehr") soldier, part of ISAF's Regional Command North at [Camp Marmal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Marmal "Camp Marmal"), 2011 On 22 June 2011, Obama announced that 10,000 troops [would be withdrawn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_\(2011%E2%80%932016\) "Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)") by the end of the year, and an additional 23,000 troops would return by the summer of 2012. After the withdrawal of 10,000 US troops, 80,000 remained.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-256) In 2011, Canada withdrew its combat troops, transitioning to a training role. Following suit, other NATO countries announced troop reductions. Taliban attacks continued at the same rate as they did in 2011, around 28,000 in 2013.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-257) Tensions between Pakistan and the US increased in late September 2011, after several Pakistan Frontier Corps soldiers were killed and wounded. The troops were attacked by a US piloted aircraft that was pursuing Taliban forces near the Afghan-Pakistan border, but for unknown reasons, opened fire on two Pakistan border posts. In retaliation, Pakistan closed the Torkham ground border crossing to NATO supply convoys for an unspecified period. This incident followed the release of a video allegedly showing uniformed Pakistan soldiers executing unarmed civilians.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-258) After the border closing, Pakistani Taliban attacked NATO convoys, killing several drivers, and destroying around 100 tankers.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-259) ISAF forces [skirmished Pakistan's armed forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NATO_attack_in_Pakistan "2011 NATO attack in Pakistan") on 26 November, killing 24 Pakistani soldiers. Each side claimed the other shot first. Pakistan blocked NATO supply lines and ordered Americans to leave [Shamsi Airfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsi_Airfield "Shamsi Airfield").[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-The_News-260)[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Newsweek-012-261) ### 2012–2013: US troop incidents, Obama-Karzai meetings \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: 2012–2013: US troop incidents, Obama-Karzai meetings")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/U.S._Soldiers_walk_by_two_Afghan_boys_while_performing_a_presence_patrol_through_the_snow-covered_streets_of_Gardez%2C_Paktia_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Feb_120216-A-ZU930-005.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Soldiers_walk_by_two_Afghan_boys_while_performing_a_presence_patrol_through_the_snow-covered_streets_of_Gardez,_Paktia_province,_Afghanistan,_Feb_120216-A-ZU930-005.jpg) US Army Soldiers walk by local Afghan boys during a patrol in [Gardez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardez "Gardez"), 2012 [Beginning in January 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_of_US_troops_urinating_on_Taliban_fighters "Video of US troops urinating on Taliban fighters"), incidents involving US troops[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-SMH20120419-262)[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT_20120418_2-263)[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-RHP20120418-264)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-265)[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN20120418-266)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-267) occurred that were described by *[The Sydney Morning Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald "The Sydney Morning Herald")* as "a series of damaging incidents and disclosures involving US troops in Afghanistan."[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-SMH20120419-262) These incidents fractured the partnership between Afghanistan and ISAF,[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-268) raised the question whether discipline within US troops was breaking down,[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-269) undermined "the image of foreign forces in a country where there is already deep resentment owing to civilian deaths and a perception among many Afghans that US troops lack respect for Afghan culture and people"[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Guardian20120706-270) and strained [relations between Afghanistan and the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations "Afghanistan–United States relations").[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT_20120418_2-263)[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-RHP20120418-264) Besides an [incident involving US troops who posed with body parts of dead insurgents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgents%27_bodies_incident "Insurgents' bodies incident") and a video apparently showing a US helicopter crew blasting a group of Afghan men with a Hellfire missile,[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Guardian20120706-270)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-271) these "high-profile US military incidents in Afghanistan"[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN20120418-266) also included the [2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Afghanistan_Quran_burning_protests "2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests") and the [Panjwai shooting spree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_massacre "Kandahar massacre"). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Black_Hawk_boarding_%281%29.jpg/250px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Black_Hawk_boarding_%281%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Black_Hawk_boarding_\(1\).jpg) US Army soldiers boarding a [Black Hawk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk "Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk") in [Nari District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari_District "Nari District"), near the Pakistani border, 2012 Karzai visited the US in January 2012. At the time, the US stated its openness to withdrawing all of its troops by the end of 2014.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-272) Karzai and Obama agreed to transfer combat operations from NATO to Afghan forces by spring 2013 rather than summer 2013.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYTO20130111-273)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN20130112-274) "What's going to happen this spring is that Afghans will be in the lead throughout the country", Obama said. "They \[ISAF forces\] will still be fighting alongside Afghan troops...we will be in a training, assisting, advising role."[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN20130112-274) He also stated the reason of the withdrawals that "We achieved our central goal, or have come very close...which is to de-capacitate al-Qaeda" and making sure that "they can't attack us again."[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WP20130111-275) He added that any US mission beyond 2014 would focus solely on [counterterrorism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism "Counterterrorism") operations and training.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WP20130111-275)[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-LATimes20130111-276) In 2012, the leaders of NATO-member countries endorsed an exit strategy during the NATO Summit.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-dx-148) ISAF Forces would transfer command of all combat missions to Afghan forces by the middle of 2013,[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Reuters_20120521-277) while shifting from combat to advising, training and assisting [Afghan security forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces "Afghan National Security Forces").[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Chicago_Declaration-278)[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-279) Most of the 130,000 ISAF troops would depart by the end of December 2014,[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Reuters_20120521-277) and a new NATO mission would then assume the support role.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Chicago_Declaration-278)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-280) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/120125-A-0000F-006.jpg/250px-120125-A-0000F-006.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:120125-A-0000F-006.jpg) Troops from the 31st and 33rd Kandak, Afghan National Army, execute a departure for Operation Valley Flood, 2012 Further attempts to resume talks were canceled in March 2012[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-281) and June 2013, following a dispute between Afghanistan and the Taliban regarding the latter's opening of a [political office in Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_in_Qatar "Taliban in Qatar"). Karzai accused the Taliban of portraying themselves as a [government-in-exile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_in_exile "Government in exile").[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-282) On [2 May 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Chicago_summit "2012 Chicago summit"), Karzai and Obama signed [a strategic partnership agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%E2%80%93Afghanistan_Strategic_Partnership_Agreement "US–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement") between the two countries, after the latter had arrived unannounced in Kabul.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT20120501-283) On 7 July, as part of the agreement, the US designated Afghanistan a [major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally "Major non-NATO ally") after Karzai and Clinton met in Kabul.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-284) Both leaders agreed that the US would transfer Afghan prisoners and prisons to the Afghan government[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN20130112-274)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-BBC20130111-285) and withdraw troops from Afghan villages in spring 2013.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-BBC20130111-285)[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT20130111-286) On 18 June 2013, the transfer of security responsibilities from NATO to Afghan forces was completed.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-287) ISAF remained slated to end its mission by the end of 2014.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WSJ29130618-288) Some 100,000 ISAF forces remained in the country.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-AJE20130618-289) ### 2014–2015: Withdrawal and increase of insurgency \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: 2014–2015: Withdrawal and increase of insurgency")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Presentation_of_the_Resolute_Support_Colors.jpg/250px-Presentation_of_the_Resolute_Support_Colors.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presentation_of_the_Resolute_Support_Colors.jpg) Resolute Support Colors presented at Kabul on 28 December 2014, after the ISAF colors are encased The UK and the US officially ended their combat operation in Afghanistan on 26 October 2014. The UK handed over its last base in Afghanistan, [Camp Bastion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Shorabak "Camp Shorabak"), and the US handed over its last base, [Camp Leatherneck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Leatherneck "Camp Leatherneck"), to Afghan forces.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-290) Around 500 UK troops remained in "non-combat" roles.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-291)[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-292) On 28 December, NATO officially ended combat operations in a ceremony held in Kabul.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-2014APcessation-293) Continued operations by US forces within Afghanistan were under [Operation Freedom's Sentinel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freedom%27s_Sentinel "Operation Freedom's Sentinel");[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-294) and the new NATO mission was [Operation Resolute Support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Resolute_Support "Operation Resolute Support").[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-295) The withdrawal of troops did not mean the withdrawal of military presence. As US troops withdrew from Afghanistan, they were replaced by [military contractors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company "Private military company") hired by the US and UN. Many of these contractors consisted of ex-Coalition military personnel. This allowed the US and British to continue to be involved in ground actions without the requirement to station their own forces.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-296) The Taliban began a resurgence due to several factors. The withdrawal of most foreign forces from Afghanistan reduced the risk the Taliban faced of being bombed and raided. In June 2014, Pakistan launched [Operation Zarb-e-Azb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zarb-e-Azb "Operation Zarb-e-Azb") in the [North Waziristan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waziristan "North Waziristan") tribal area, and dislodged thousands of mainly Uzbek, Arab, and Pakistani militants, who flooded into Afghanistan and swelled the Taliban's ranks. The group was further emboldened by the relative lack of interest from the international community, as attention was given to crises in [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War "Syrian Civil War"), [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_War_\(2014%E2%80%932017\) "Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)"), and [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_\(2014%E2%80%932022\) "War in Donbas (2014–2022)"). Afghan security forces lacked, among other things, air power and reconnaissance. The political infighting in Kabul, and the apparent weakness in governance at different levels, were exploited by the Taliban.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-297) The Taliban expanded governance in the areas under their control, attempting to build local-level legitimacy.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-298) Their governance strategy rested in particular on the provision of justice, which was often viewed as less corrupt than the courts of the government.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-299)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-300) Heavy fighting occurred in Kunduz Province,[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-301)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-302) which was the site of [clashes from 2009 onwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency_in_Northern_Afghanistan "Counterinsurgency in Northern Afghanistan"). In May 2015, flights into the Kunduz city were suspended due to weeks of clashes between the Afghan security forces and the Taliban outside the city.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-303) The intensifying conflict in the Northern [Char Dara District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_Dara_District "Char Dara District") within Kunduz Province led the Afghan government to enlist local militia fighters to bolster opposition to the Taliban insurgency.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-304) In June, the Taliban intensified attacks around [Kunduz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz "Kunduz") city as part of a major offensive to try and capture it;[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-305)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-306)[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-307) tens of thousands of inhabitants were displaced internally. The government recaptured the Char Dara district after roughly a month of fighting.[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-308) In late September, Taliban forces launched an attack on Kunduz city, seizing outlying villages and entering the city. The Taliban stormed the regional hospital and clashed with security forces at the nearby university. The fighting saw the Taliban attack from four different districts: Char Dara to the west, Aliabad to the southwest, Khanabad to the east, and Imam Saheb to the north.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Guardian_Kunduz-309)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-310) The Taliban took the Zakhel and Ali Khel villages on the highway leading south, which connects the city to Kabul and Mazar-e Sharif through Aliabad district. They reportedly made their largest gains in the southwest of Kunduz, where some armed local communities had started supporting the Taliban.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Guardian_Kunduz-309) Taliban fighters had allegedly blocked the route to the airport, to prevent civilians fleeing the city.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-311) One witness reported that the headquarters of the [National Directorate of Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security "National Directorate of Security") was set on fire.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-312) In January 2015, the [Islamic State caliphate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State") (IS) established a branch in Afghanistan called [Khorasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State "Islamic State") (ISIS-K), and began recruiting fighters[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ISIL_confirmed_to_have_presence_in_Afghanistan-313) and clashing with the Taliban.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cbsnews.com1-314)[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-315) It was created after pledging allegiance to the self-assumed worldwide caliph [Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi").[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-316) On 18 March, Hafiz Wahidi, IS' replacement deputy Emir in Afghanistan, was killed by the Afghan Armed Forces, along with 9 other IS militants accompanying him.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ISIL_Afghan_replacement_deputy_killed-317) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/TAAC-E_advisers_emphasize_Afghan_police_logistics_in_Nangarhar_150106-A-VO006-013.jpg/250px-TAAC-E_advisers_emphasize_Afghan_police_logistics_in_Nangarhar_150106-A-VO006-013.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAAC-E_advisers_emphasize_Afghan_police_logistics_in_Nangarhar_150106-A-VO006-013.jpg) US Army soldier in Nangarhar Province, 2015 In 2015, the Taliban began an offensive that took over parts of Helmand Province. By June, they had seized control of [Dishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishu_District "Dishu District") and [Baghran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghran_District "Baghran District") killing 5,588 Afghan government security forces (3,720 of them were police officers).[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-318) By the end of July, the Taliban had overrun [Nawzad District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawzad_District "Nawzad District")[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-319) and on 26 August, the Taliban took control of [Musa Qala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Qala_District "Musa Qala District").[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-320) In October, Taliban forces had attempted to take [Lashkar Gah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar_Gah "Lashkar Gah"), the capital of Helmand province. The Afghan 215th Corps and special operations forces launched a counteroffensive against the Taliban in November,[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-321) Whilst the assault was repelled, Taliban forces remained dug into the city's suburbs as of December 2015.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Prepare_200_Graves_Times-322) On 22 June 2015, the Taliban detonated a car bomb outside the National Assembly in Kabul, and attacked the building with assault rifles and [RPGs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade "Rocket-propelled grenade").[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-CNN_June2015-323)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Reuters_June2015-324) The bombing highlighted differences within the Taliban in their approach to peace talks.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-economistjune-325)[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-326) In July 2015, Pakistan hosted the first official peace talks between Taliban representatives and the Afghan government. The US and China attended the talks brokered by Pakistan in Murree as two observers.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-327) In January 2016, Pakistan hosted a round of four-way talks with Afghan, Chinese and American officials, but the Taliban did not attend.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-328) The Taliban did hold informal talks with the Afghan government in 2016.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-329) China's reason for the negotiation was that Afghan security situation affected its own separatist groups, and economic activity with Pakistan. The Taliban declined.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-330)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Aljazeera-331) On 11 November 2015, it was reported that in Zabul Province, Taliban fighters loyal to the new Taliban leader Mullah Akhtar Mansoor fought a pro-IS splinter faction of the Taliban led by Mullah Mansoor Dadullah. Even though Dadullah's faction enjoyed the support of foreign IS fighters, including Uzbeks and Chechens, Mansoor's loyalists reportedly had the upper hand. According to a Zabul Province official, more than 100 militants from both sides were killed in the conflict.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-332) The infighting stifled peace talks.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-the_guardian-333)[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-US_department_of_defence-334) The infighting caused Mansour to be consumed with a campaign to quell dissent against his leadership; this led [Sirajuddin Haqqani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani "Sirajuddin Haqqani"), then-chief of the Haqqani Network, to be selected as the deputy leader of the Taliban in summer 2015. Sirajuddin and other Haqqani leaders increasingly ran the Taliban's day-to-day military operations, notably organizing urban terrorist attacks, and building a complex international fundraising network. They also appointed Taliban governors, and began uniting the Taliban. As a result, the Haqqani Network, mostly autonomous until then, became deeply integrated with the Taliban, and grew in influence within the insurgency. Tensions with the Pakistani military grew because American and Afghan officials accused them of sheltering the Haqqanis as a proxy group.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nytimes.com_2-335)[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ABC_news-336) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/TAAC-E_advisers_observe_progress_in_Afghan_police_logistics_150217-A-VO006-028.jpg/250px-TAAC-E_advisers_observe_progress_in_Afghan_police_logistics_150217-A-VO006-028.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TAAC-E_advisers_observe_progress_in_Afghan_police_logistics_150217-A-VO006-028.jpg) [TAAC-E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_Advise_Assist_Command_%E2%80%93_East "Train Advise Assist Command – East") advisers in 2015 December 2015 saw a renewed Taliban offensive in Helmand focused on the town of [Sangin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangin "Sangin"). The Sangin district fell to the Taliban on 21 December after fierce clashes that killed more than 90 soldiers in two days.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-337) It was reported that 30 members of the [SAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service "Special Air Service"), alongside 60 US special forces operators, joined the Afghan Army in the battle to retake parts of Sangin from Taliban insurgents.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-338) In addition, about 300 US troops and a small number of British remained in Helmand to advise Afghan commanders at the [corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps "Corps") level.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-auto2017-339)[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-340) Senior American commanders said that the Afghan troops in the province had lacked effective leaders, as well as the necessary weapons and ammunition to hold off persistent Taliban attacks. Some Afghan soldiers in Helmand had fought in tough conditions for years without getting to see their families, causing poor morale and high desertion.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-auto2017-339) Peace movements started arising in Afghanistan, including the [Tabassum movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabassum_movement "Tabassum movement") in 2015, the [Enlightenment Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_Movement_\(Afghanistan\) "Enlightenment Movement (Afghanistan)") during 2016–17, [Uprising for Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_for_Change_\(Afghanistan\) "Uprising for Change (Afghanistan)") in 2017, and the People's Peace Movement in 2018. ### 2016–2017: Collapse of peace talks, emergence of Islamic State \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: 2016–2017: Collapse of peace talks, emergence of Islamic State")\] In January 2016, the US government granted the Pentagon new legal authority for a US offensive against ISIS-K-affiliated militants, following the State Department designating IS in Afghanistan and Pakistan as a foreign terrorist organization. The number of militants started with around 60 or 70, with most of them coming over the Pakistani border, but eventually\[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\] ranged between 1,000 and 3,000 militants.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-341) They were mainly defectors from the Afghan and the Pakistani Taliban, and were generally confined to [Nangarhar Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangarhar_Province "Nangarhar Province"), and partially, Kunar Province.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-341)[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-342) In early February 2016, Taliban insurgents renewed their assault on Sangin, after previously being repulsed in December 2015, launching many strong attacks on Afghan government forces earlier in the month. As a result, the US sent troops from the 2nd Battalion, [87th Infantry Regiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_Infantry_Regiment_\(United_States\) "87th Infantry Regiment (United States)"), and [10th Mountain Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division "10th Mountain Division") to prop up the Afghan [215th Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/215th_Corps_\(Afghanistan\) "215th Corps (Afghanistan)") in Helmand Province, particularly around Sangin, joining US special ops forces already in the area.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-343)[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-344)[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-345)[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-346)[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-the_New_York_Times-347) On 14 March 2016, [Khanneshin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanneshin "Khanneshin") District in Helmand Province fell to the Taliban; and district by district, Afghan troops were retreating back to urban centers in Helmand.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Aljazeera-331)[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-the_New_York_Times-347) In early April 2016, 600 Afghan troops launched a major offensive to retake Taliban-occupied areas in and around Sangin.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-348) An Afghan army offensive to retake the town of Khanisheen was repelled by the Taliban, and desertions in the army were rife.[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-349) Despite US airstrikes, militants besieged Lashkar Gah, reportedly controlling all roads leading to the city and areas a few kilometres away. The US stepped up airstrikes in support of Afghan ground forces. Afghan forces in the city were reported as "exhausted", whilst police checkpoints around the capital were falling one by one. Meanwhile, the Taliban sent a new elite commando force into Helmand called "[Sara Khitta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Group "Red Group")" in Pashto.[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-350)[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-351)[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-352) Afghan security forces repelled attacks by Taliban fighters encroaching on Chah-e-Anji nearby Lashkar Gah; Afghan special forces backed by US airstrikes battled increasingly well-armed and disciplined Taliban militants. An Afghan special forces commander said: "The Taliban have heavily armed, uniformed units that are equipped with night vision and modern weapons."[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-353) On 10 March 2016, officials said that the Taliban clashed with a Taliban splinter group (led by Muhammad Rasul) in the Shindand district of [Herat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat "Herat"), and up to 100 militants were killed.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-the_guardian-333)[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-US_department_of_defence-334) In April 2016, Afghan president [Ashraf Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani "Ashraf Ghani") ended his' governments failing effort to start peace talks with the Taliban.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-354) Additionally, due to the integration of Haqqani Networks into the Taliban leadership, it would become harder for peace talks to take place.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nytimes.com_2-335)[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-ABC_news-336) Although leader of the Taliban, [Haibatullah Akhundzada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada "Hibatullah Akhundzada"), said a peace agreement was possible if the Kabul government renounced its foreign allies.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-355) On 23 July 2016, Afghan and US forces began an offensive to clear Nangarhar Province of IS militants hours after the [Kabul bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2016_Kabul_bombing "July 2016 Kabul bombing"). The operation was dubbed "Wrath of the Storm", involving both Afghan regular army and special forces, and was the Afghan army's first major offensive that summer. The estimated size of ISIS-K in January 2016 was around 3,000, but by July, it had dropped to around 1,000 to 1,500, with 70% of its fighters coming from the TTP.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-militarytimes-356)[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-357)[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-358) As of July 2016, at least an estimated 20% of Afghanistan was under Taliban control, with southernmost [Helmand Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmand_Province "Helmand Province") as a major stronghold,[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-359) while [General John Nicholson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Nicholson_Jr. "John W. Nicholson Jr.") stated that Afghan Armed Forces' casualties had risen 20% compared to 2015.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-militarytimes-356) On 22 August, the US announced that 100 US troops were sent to Lashkar Gah to help prevent the Taliban from overrunning it, in what Brigadier General Charles Cleveland called a "temporary effort" to advise Afghan police.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-360) On 22 September 2016, the Afghan government signed a draft peace deal with Hezb-i-Islami.[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-361)[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-362) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Soldiers_of_Special_Forces_of_10th_Special_Forces_Group_%28Airborne%29_memorialize_two_of_their_fallen_brothers_during_a_memorial_held_at_Kunduz_Airfield_in_Afghanistan_on_Nov._7%2C_2016.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldiers_of_Special_Forces_of_10th_Special_Forces_Group_\(Airborne\)_memorialize_two_of_their_fallen_brothers_during_a_memorial_held_at_Kunduz_Airfield_in_Afghanistan_on_Nov._7,_2016.jpg) Green Berets of the [10th SFG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Special_Forces_Group_\(United_States\) "10th Special Forces Group (United States)") memorialize two comrades who were killed in action during the [Battle of Boz Qandahari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boz_Qandahari "Battle of Boz Qandahari") in 2016 On 31 December 2016, the Taliban continued their assault on the province with attacks on Sangin and Marjah districts.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-363) Some estimated suggest the Taliban had retaken more than 80% of Helmand province.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-marinecorpstimes-364) In early January 2017, the *Marine Corps Times* reported that Afghan forces sought to rebuild, following an exhausting 2016 fighting season; 33 districts, spread across 16 Afghan provinces, were under insurgent control whilst 258 were under government control and nearly 120 districts remained "contested."[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-marinecorpstimes-364) The Afghan army reportedly had about 169,000 soldiers, but in 2016, suffered a 33% attrition rate—a 7% increase from 2015.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-marinecorpstimes-364) In early March 2017, American and Afghan forces launched Operation Hamza to "flush" ISIS-K from its stronghold in eastern Afghanistan, engaging in regular ground battles.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-365) In April 2017, a NATO spokesman said that Afghan and international forces had reduced ISIS-K controlled territory in Afghanistan by two-thirds, and had killed around half their fighters in two years. Since the beginning of 2017, 460 airstrikes against terrorists (with drone strikes alone killing more than 200 IS militants); he added that the affiliate had an estimated 600–800 fighters in two eastern Afghan provinces.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-366) On 23 March 2017, [Sangin district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangin_District "Sangin District") was captured by the Taliban, as they had overrun the district center of the town of Sangin. During the earlier phase of the war, almost a quarter of British casualties were caused by fighting for the town, while more recently hundreds of Afghan troops died defending it.[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-367)[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-368) On 29 April, the US deployed an additional 5,000 Marines to southern Helmand Province.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-369) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/U.S._Army_CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_pilots_fly_near_Jalalabad%2C_Afghanistan%2C_April_5%2C_2017.jpg/250px-U.S._Army_CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_pilots_fly_near_Jalalabad%2C_Afghanistan%2C_April_5%2C_2017.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Army_CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_pilots_fly_near_Jalalabad,_Afghanistan,_April_5,_2017.jpg) USAF pilots fly a CH-47 Chinook in Nangarhar, 2017 On 21 April 2017, the Taliban [attacked Camp Shaheen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Camp_Shaheen_attack "2017 Camp Shaheen attack") near Mazar-e-Sharif, killing over 140 Afghan soldiers.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-370)[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-371)[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-372) On 15 September 2017, it was reported that the CIA was seeking authority to conduct its own [drone strikes in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Afghanistan "Drone strikes in Afghanistan") and other war zones, according to current and former intelligence and military officials, and that the change in authority was being considered by the White House as part of the new strategy despite concerns by the Pentagon.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-373) On 19 September, the [Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") deployed another 3,000 US troops to Afghanistan, adding to the roughly 11,000 US troops already there.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-374) On 4 October, Defense Secretary [Jim Mattis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Mattis "Jim Mattis") approved a change in [rules of engagement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_engagement "Rules of engagement") as part of the new strategy so that there was no longer a requirement for US troops to be in contact with enemy forces in Afghanistan before opening fire.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-375) On 20 November 2017, General Nicholson announced that US and Afghan airstrikes were targeting Taliban-run drug production facilities in Afghanistan, under a new strategy aimed at cutting off Taliban funding, saying that the latter was "becoming a criminal organization" that was earning about \$200 million a year from drug-related activities. Ghani strongly endorsed the airstrikes.[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-376) ### 2018–2019: Peace overtures \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: 2018–2019: Peace overtures")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taliban_insurgency_in_Afghanistan_%282015%E2%80%932021%29.svg/500px-Taliban_insurgency_in_Afghanistan_%282015%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taliban_insurgency_in_Afghanistan_\(2015%E2%80%932021\).svg) Map showing the war as of January 2019 In January 2018, the Taliban were openly active in 70% of the country (being in full control of 14 districts and have an active and open physical presence in a further 263) and IS was more active in the country than ever before. Following recent attacks by the Taliban (including the [Kabul ambulance bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_ambulance_bombing "Kabul ambulance bombing") on 27 January) and IS that killed scores of civilians, U.S. president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") and Afghan officials decided to rule out any talks with the Taliban.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-377) However, on 27 February, following an increase in violence, Ghani proposed unconditional peace talks with the Taliban, offering them recognition as a legal political party and the release of the Taliban prisoners. The offer was the most favorable to the Taliban since the war started. It was preceded by months of national consensus building, which found that Afghans overwhelmingly supported a negotiated end to the war.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-378)[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-379) Two days earlier, the Taliban had called for talks with the US.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-380) On 27 March, a conference of 20 countries in [Tashkent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent "Tashkent"), [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan "Uzbekistan"), backed the Afghan government's peace offer.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-381) The Taliban did not publicly respond. Following Ghani's offer of unconditional peace talks with the Taliban, a growing peace movement arose in Afghanistan during 2018, particularly following a [peace march](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_march "Peace march") by the [People's Peace Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_\(Afghanistan\) "People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)"),[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-TOLO_PPM_blame_foreign-382) which the Afghan media dubbed the "Helmand Peace Convoy."[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-383)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-384) The marchers walked several hundred kilometers from Lashkar Gah in Helmand Province, through Taliban-held territory,[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-385) to Kabul. There, they met Ghani, and held sit-in protests outside the [UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_in_Afghanistan "United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan") (UNAMA) and nearby embassies.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-386) Their efforts inspired further movements in other parts of Afghanistan.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-387) Following the march, Ghani and the Taliban agreed a mutual, unprecedented, [ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceasefire "Ceasefire") during [Eid al-Fitr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr "Eid al-Fitr") celebrations in June. During the ceasefire, Taliban members flocked into Kabul, where they communicated with locals and state security forces. Creating a mood of both hope and fear, many civilians welcomed the Taliban and spoke about peace.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-388) Although civilians called for the ceasefire to be made permanent, the Taliban rejected an extension and resumed fighting after the ceasefire ended on 18 June, while the Afghan government's ceasefire ended a week later.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-389)[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-390)[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-391) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Oklahoma_National_Guard_%2825227527847%29.jpg/250px-Oklahoma_National_Guard_%2825227527847%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oklahoma_National_Guard_\(25227527847\).jpg) US, British and [Afghan security forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces "Afghan National Security Forces") train together in an aerial reaction force exercise at [Camp Qargha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Qargha "Camp Qargha") in Kabul, 2018 American officials secretly met members of the Taliban's political commission in Qatar in July 2018.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-392) In September 2018, Trump appointed [Zalmay Khalilzad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad "Zalmay Khalilzad") as special adviser on Afghanistan in the US State Department, with the stated goal of facilitating an intra-Afghan political peace process.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-393) Khalilzad led further talks between the US and the Taliban in Qatar in October.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-394) Russia hosted a separate peace talk in November between the Taliban and officials from Afghanistan's High Peace Council.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-395) The talks in Qatar resumed in December,[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-396) though the Taliban refused to allow the Afghan government to be invited,[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-397) considering them a [puppet government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_government "Puppet government") of the US.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-BBC1-398) The Taliban spoke with Afghans, including Karzai, in Moscow in February 2019, but again these talks did not include the Afghan government.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-399) In July 2018, the Taliban carried out the [Darzab offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Darzab_\(2018\) "Battle of Darzab (2018)") and captured Darzab District, following the surrender of ISIS-K to the Afghan government. In August, the Taliban launched a series of offensives. The largest was the [Ghazni offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni_offensive "Ghazni offensive"), in which the Taliban assaulted the major city of [Ghazni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni "Ghazni") for several days, but eventually retreated.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-400)[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-401) On 25 January 2019, Ghani said that more than 45,000 members of the Afghan security forces had been killed since he became president in 2014. He also said that there had been fewer than 72 international casualties during the same period.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-402) A January 2019 report by the US estimated that 53.8% of Afghan districts were government control or influence, with 33.9% contested, and 12.3% under insurgent control or influence.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-403) On 30 April 2019, Afghan government forces undertook clearing operations directed against both ISIS-K and the Taliban in eastern Nangarhar Province, after the two groups fought for more than a week over multiple villages in an area of illegal [talc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talc "Talc") mining. The National Directorate of Security claimed 22 ISIS-K fighters were killed and two weapons caches destroyed, while the Taliban claimed Afghan forces killed seven civilians.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-404) On 28 July, Ghani's running mate [Amrullah Saleh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrullah_Saleh "Amrullah Saleh")'s office was attacked by a suicide bomber and a few militants. At least 20 people were killed; Saleh and 49 others were injured.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-405) By August, the Taliban controlled more territory than at any point since 2001.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-406) Peace negotiations between the US and the Taliban failed in September.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:10-407) On 25 February 2019, peace talks began between the Taliban and the US in Qatar, with Abdul Ghani Baradar notably present.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-BBC1-398) Peace negotiations had resumed in December.[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-408) This round of talks resulted in a seven-day partial ceasefire which began on 22 February 2020.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-409) ### 2020: US–Taliban deal, beginning of US withdrawal \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: 2020: US–Taliban deal, beginning of US withdrawal")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Secretary_Pompeo_Participates_in_a_Signing_Ceremony_in_Doha_%2849601220548%29.jpg/250px-Secretary_Pompeo_Participates_in_a_Signing_Ceremony_in_Doha_%2849601220548%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Participates_in_a_Signing_Ceremony_in_Doha_\(49601220548\).jpg) US representative [Zalmay Khalilzad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad "Zalmay Khalilzad") (left) and Taliban representative [Abdul Ghani Baradar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar "Abdul Ghani Baradar") (right) sign the [Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_for_Bringing_Peace_to_Afghanistan "Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan") on 29 February 2020 On 29 February 2020, the US and the Taliban [signed a conditional peace deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") in [Doha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha "Doha"), Qatar,[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-peace-deal-Feb29-410) that called for a prisoner exchange within ten days and was supposed to lead to US troops withdrawal from Afghanistan within 14 months.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-proposedwithdrawal-83)[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-stillproposedwithdrawal-411) However, the Afghan government was not a party to the deal, and, in a press conference the next day, Ghani criticized the deal for being "signed behind closed doors." He said the Afghan government had "made no commitment to free 5,000 Taliban prisoners", and that such an action "is not the United States' authority", but rather Afghanistan's.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-412)[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-413)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-nprreject-84)[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-apreject-414) After signing the agreement with the US, the Taliban resumed offensive operations against the Afghan army and police on 3 March, conducting attacks in Kunduz and Helmand provinces.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-415) On 4 March, the US retaliated by launching an air strike against Taliban fighters in Helmand.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-416) Despite the peace agreement between the US and the Taliban, insurgent attacks against Afghan security forces reportedly surged in the country. In the 45 days after the agreement (1 March to 15 April), the Taliban conducted more than 4,500 attacks in Afghanistan, which showed an increase of more than 70% as compared to the same period in the previous year.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-re1-417) More than 900 Afghan security forces were killed in the period, up from about 520 in the same period a year earlier. Because of a significant reduction in the number of offensives and airstrikes by Afghan and US forces against the Taliban due to the agreement, Taliban casualties dropped to 610 in the period down from about 1,660 in the same period a year earlier.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-re1-417) Meanwhile, ISIS-K continued to be a threat on its own, killing 32 people in a [mass shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting "6 March 2020 Kabul shooting") in Kabul on 6 March,[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-B-418) killing 25 [Sikh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh "Sikh") worshippers in Kabul on 25 March,[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-419) and a [series of attacks in May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks "May 2020 Afghanistan attacks") most notably killing 16 mothers and newborn babies in Kabul.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-420) On 31 March 2020, a three-person Taliban delegation arrived in Kabul to discuss the release of prisoners,[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-talibantalks-421)[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-reutersmarch31-422) the first Taliban representatives to officially visit Kabul since 2001.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-talibantalks-421) On 7 April, the Taliban departed from the prisoner swap talks, which Taliban spokesman [Suhail Shaheen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhail_Shaheen "Suhail Shaheen") said was unsuccessful.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-talksfail-423)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-prisonerelease-424) Shaheen tweeted hours later that the Taliban's negotiating team was recalled from Kabul.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-prisonerelease-424) The Taliban failed to secure the release of any of the 15 commanders they sought to be released.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-talksfail-423) Arguments over which prisoners to swap resulted in a delay of the planned prisoner swap.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-talksfail-423) After a long delay due to disputes regarding prisoners' releases, the Afghan government had by August released 5,100 prisoners,[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-425) and the Taliban had released 1,000.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-426) However, the Afghan government refused to release 400 prisoners that the Taliban requested be freed, as the prisoners were accused of serious crimes.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-traditional_council-427) Ghani also said he lacked the constitutional authority to release them, so he convened a *loya jirga* from 7 to 9 August to discuss the issue.[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-torelease-428) The jirga agreed to free the 400.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-traditional_council-427) Talks between the Afghan government and the Taliban began in Doha on 12 September.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-429) On 22 June, Afghanistan reported its "bloodiest week in 19 years", during which 291 members of the [Afghan National Defense and Security Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Defense_and_Security_Forces "Afghan National Defense and Security Forces") (ANDSF) were killed and 550 others wounded in 422 attacks carried out by the Taliban. At least 42 civilians, including women and children, were also killed and 105 others wounded.[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-430) During the week, the Taliban kidnapped 60 civilians in central [Daikundi Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikundi_Province "Daikundi Province").[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-431) ### 2021: End of US withdrawal, last Taliban offensive \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: 2021: End of US withdrawal, last Taliban offensive")\] The Taliban insurgency [intensified considerably](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2021_Afghanistan_attacks "List of 2021 Afghanistan attacks") in 2021 coinciding with the [withdrawal of US and allied troops from Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan "2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan").[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-disi-432) Since the US withdrawal, the number of casualties of women in the Afghanistan conflict rose by almost 40% in the first quarter of 2021 alone.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-433) On 6 March, Ghani expressed that his government would negotiate peace with the Taliban, discussing with them about holding new elections, and forming a government in a democratic manner.[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-434) On 13 April, the [Joe Biden administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_administration "Biden administration") in the US announced that it would withdraw its remaining 2,500 troops from Afghanistan by 11 September.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Time_2021-435) The US also reiterated support for the Afghan government regarding a possible Taliban military victory.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-436) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2021_Taliban_Offensive.png/250px-2021_Taliban_Offensive.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021_Taliban_Offensive.png) A map of Afghanistan showing the 2021 Taliban offensive The Taliban began [its last major offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive "2021 Taliban offensive") on 1 May, culminating in the [fall of Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_\(2021\) "Fall of Kabul (2021)"), a Taliban victory, and the end of war.[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-437)[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-fastadv1-438)[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-jul15-439) In the first three months of the offensive, the Taliban made significant territorial gains in the countryside, increasing the number of [districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan "Districts of Afghanistan") it controlled from 73 to 223.[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-lwjmap-440) On 5 July, the Taliban announced their intention to present a written peace plan to the Afghan Government in August, but as of 13 August, this had not been done.[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-441)[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-442) Sources claimed that on 12 August, Abdullah Abdullah, the Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation, handed in a plan titled "exiting the crisis" which was shared with the Taliban; it called for the creation of a "joint government."[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-443) The Taliban gained control of various towns throughout June and July. On 6 August, they captured the first provincial capital of [Zaranj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaranj "Zaranj"). Over the next ten days, they swept across the country, capturing capital after capital. On 14 August, [Mazar-i-Sharif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif "Mazar-i-Sharif") was captured as commanders [Rashid Dostum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum "Abdul Rashid Dostum") and [Atta Nur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_Muhammad_Nur "Atta Muhammad Nur") fled across the border to Uzbekistan, cutting Kabul's vital northern supply route.[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:6-444) On 15 August, [Jalalabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad "Jalalabad") fell, cutting the only remaining international route through the [Khyber Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass "Khyber Pass").[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:6-444) By noon, Taliban forces advanced from the [Paghman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghman "Paghman") district reaching the gates of Kabul; Ghani discussed the city's protection with security ministers, while sources claimed a unity peace agreement with the Taliban was imminent. However, Ghani was unable to reach top officials in the interior and defense ministries, and several high-profile politicians had already hurried to the airport. By 2 p.m., the Taliban had entered the city facing no resistance; the president soon fled by helicopter from the [Presidential Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg,_Kabul "Arg, Kabul"), and within hours, Taliban fighters were pictured at Ghani's desk in the palace.[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-445) With the virtual collapse of the republic, the war was declared over by the Taliban on the same day.[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-446) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul,_August_2021_\(cropped\).png) Taliban fighters in Kabul, 17 August 2021 As the Taliban seized control, the need to evacuate populations vulnerable to the Taliban, including the interpreters and assistants who had worked with the coalition forces, ethnic minorities, and women, became urgent. For more than two weeks, international diplomatic, military and civilian staff, as well as Afghan civilians, were [airlifted out the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift "2021 Kabul airlift") from [Hamid Karzai International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai_International_Airport "Hamid Karzai International Airport"). On 16 August, Major General Hank Taylor confirmed that US air strikes had ended at least 24 hours earlier and that the US military's focus would be to maintain security at the airport as evacuations continued.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-447) The final flight, a US Air Force C-17, departed on 30 August,[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-448) marking the end of America's longest war.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYT300821-87)[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-449)[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-450)[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-451) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Narang_night_raid.jpg/250px-Narang_night_raid.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narang_night_raid.jpg) Victims of the [Narang night raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narang_night_raid "Narang night raid") that killed at least 10 Afghan civilians, December 2009 According to the [Costs of War Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costs_of_War_Project "Costs of War Project"), the war killed 46,319 Afghan civilians in Afghanistan. However, the death toll is possibly higher due to unaccounted deaths by "disease, loss of access to food, water, infrastructure, and/or other indirect consequences of the war."[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:2-88) The [Physicians for Social Responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility "Physicians for Social Responsibility"), [Physicians for Global Survival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians_for_Global_Survival "Physicians for Global Survival") and [International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War "International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War") (IPPNW) concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians were killed as a result of fighting in Afghanistan by all parties in the conflict.[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-IPPNW-452) More than 80,000 Taliban fighters were killed.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Giustozzi_260%E2%80%93263-70) The majority of civilian casualties were attributed to anti-government elements each year, though the figure varied from 61% to 80%, with the average hovering around 75% due to the Taliban and other anti-government elements.[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-UN_casualties-453)[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-454)[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-455)[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-UNAMA-456)[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-August2009,_UN-457) UNAMA started publishing civilian casualty figures in 2008. These figures attributed about 41% of civilian casualties to government-aligned forces in 2008, dropping to about 18% in 2015.[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-SSGTW-458) Civilian deaths caused by non-Afghan Coalition forces were low later in the war after most foreign troops were withdrawn and the coalition shifted to airstrikes. For example, in 2015, pro-government forces caused 17% of civilian deaths and injuries – including US and NATO troops, which were responsible for only 2% of the casualties.[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-459) 2016 had a similar 2% figure. Civilian deaths were higher as well in the latter part of the war, with 2015 and 2016 both consecutively breaking the record of annual civilian deaths.[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_casualties-460) A prospective study of injuries caused by anti-personnel IEDs was reported in *[BMJ Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMJ_Open "BMJ Open")*. It showed the injuries to be far worse with IEDs than with [landmines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmines "Landmines"), causing multiple limb [amputations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation "Amputation") and lower body mutilation.[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-461) In an accompanying [press release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_release "Press release"), [BMJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMJ "BMJ") considered the anti-personnel IED to cause 'superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering'. Use of weapons that cause superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering is considered a war crime.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-462) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/An_Afghan_National_Civil_Order_Police_officer_hands_out_clothing_donated_by_a_charity_in_New_Jersey_to_children_living_at_a_refugee_camp_in_Kabul%2C_Afghanistan%2C_July_28%2C_2011_110728-F-AK669-291.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_Afghan_National_Civil_Order_Police_officer_hands_out_clothing_donated_by_a_charity_in_New_Jersey_to_children_living_at_a_refugee_camp_in_Kabul,_Afghanistan,_July_28,_2011_110728-F-AK669-291.jpg) Foreign donated clothing being handed out by an Afghan civil officer to children at a refugee camp, 2011 Millions of Afghans have been internally displaced or become refugees as a result of decades of conflict in Afghanistan since 1979. From 2002 to 2012, more than 5.7 million former refugees returned to Afghanistan, increasing the country's population by 25%.[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-unhcr1-463)[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-464) 2.6 million Afghans remained refugees in 2021 when the Taliban took over,[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bbc2021-90)[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-unhcr-465) while another 4 million were [internally displaced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person "Internally displaced person").[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-bbc2021-90) Following the Taliban takeover, over 122,000 people were airlifted abroad from Kabul airport, during the [evacuation from Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_evacuation_from_Afghanistan "2021 evacuation from Afghanistan"), including Afghans, American citizens, and other foreign citizens.[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cnn-withdrawal-466) [War crimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes "War crimes") have been committed by both sides including civilian massacres, bombings of civilian targets, terrorism, use of torture and the murder of [prisoners of war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war "Prisoners of war"). Additional common crimes include theft, arson, and destruction of property not warranted by [military necessity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_necessity "Military necessity"). The Taliban committed war crimes including massacres, suicide bombing, anti-personnel IED use, terrorism, and targeting civilians (such as using [human shields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_shield "Human shield")).[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Tolonews-467)[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-468) As of 2011, the Taliban was responsible for 3⁄4 of all civilian deaths in the war in Afghanistan.[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-469)[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Kegley-470) UN reports consistently blamed the Taliban and other anti-government forces for the majority of civilian deaths in the conflict.[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_casualties-460)[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-UN_casualties-453)[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021-471) Other crimes include mass rape and executing surrendered soldiers.[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:3-472)[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-473) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gul_Mudin.jpg/250px-Gul_Mudin.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gul_Mudin.jpg) Afghan boy murdered on 15 January 2010 by a group of US Army soldiers called the *[Kill Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywand_District_murders "Maywand District murders")* War crimes committed by the Coalition, Afghan security forces, and Northern Alliance included massacres, prisoner mistreatment, carpet bombing villages[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-474),\[*[unreliable source?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources "Wikipedia:Reliable sources")*\] and killings of civilians. [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") accused the Pentagon of covering up evidence related to war crimes, torture and unlawful killings in Afghanistan.[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-475) Notable incidents include the [Dasht-i-Leili massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasht-i-Leili_massacre "Dasht-i-Leili massacre"),[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-476) [Bagram torture and prisoner abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagram_torture_and_prisoner_abuse "Bagram torture and prisoner abuse"),[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-477) Kandahar massacre,[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-478) among others. In 2020, the [International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Afghanistan "International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan") formally commenced, investigating war crimes and [crimes against humanity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity "Crimes against humanity") committed by all parties in Afghanistan since 1 May 2013.[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-AJE_ICC_Afghan_reopened-479) In 2023, the UK launched [a public inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Unlawful_Killings_inquiry "Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry") to investigate reports of alleged unlawful killings by [UKSF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Special_Forces "United Kingdom Special Forces") personnel during the war in Afghanistan.[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:22-480) In 2000, Afghanistan accounted for an estimated 75% of the world's opium supply,[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Thourni-481) which was the Taliban's largest source of revenue through taxes on opium exports.[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Chouvy1-482) However, in July 2000, Mullah Omar banned all opium cultivation, cutting the opium harvest by 94%.[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-483) Observers said this was an attempt to gain [international recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition "International recognition"), raise opium prices and increase profit from the sale of large existing stockpiles.[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Chouvy1-482) During and after the 2001 invasion, the US allied with powerful Pashtun warlords who had been involved in drug smuggling in the country’s south-east. According to historian [Alfred McCoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._McCoy "Alfred W. McCoy"), this meant that when the Taliban was overthrown, "the groundwork had already been laid for the resumption of opium cultivation and the drug trade on a major scale."[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-484) [Ahmed Wali Karzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Wali_Karzai "Ahmed Wali Karzai"), the younger brother of Hamid Karzai, was allegedly a prominent drug trafficker and on the CIA payroll, though he denied this.[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-485)[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-486) In 2008, the *[New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")* reported that despite credible reports of his involvement in the trade, these were not investigated by the US government. [\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-487) By 2005, Afghanistan was producing 90% of the world's opium.[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-www_csmonitor_com23-488) By 2018, the US had spent \$8.6 billion since 2002 to stop Afghanistan's drug trade. A 2021 report estimated that the Taliban earned 60% of their revenue from the trade, while UN officials estimated more than \$400 million was earned by the Taliban between 2018 and 2019, however other experts estimated that the Taliban earned at most \$40 million annually.[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-489) In 2010, [Peter Dale Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dale_Scott "Peter Dale Scott"), citing UN estimates, stated that the Taliban's share of the Afghan opium trade was far smaller than that belonging to supporters of Karzai's government.[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-490) Between 2004 and 2015, the CIA ran a covert program in an attempt to reduce the opium trade in Afghanistan by dropping specially developed poppy seeds that would produce plants containing almost none of the chemicals used to make heroin.[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-491) After the Fall of Kabul, the opium trade initially boomed.[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-492) The Taliban outlawed opium production again in 2022 during the poppy harvest. The ban also came in the middle of a major economic crisis.[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-493)[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-494) A 2023 UN report estimated that poppy cultivation in Afghanistan had dropped by over 95% removing the country from its place as the world's largest opium producer and being replaced by the [Chin State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_State "Chin State") and [Sagaing Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaing_Region "Sagaing Region") of Myanmar.[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-495)[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-496) ## NATO's failure to secure Afghanistan \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: NATO's failure to secure Afghanistan")\] Observers have argued that the mission in Afghanistan was hampered by a lack of agreement on objectives, a lack of resources, lack of coordination, too much focus on the central government at the expense of local and provincial governments, and too much focus on the country instead of the region.[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-497) Failures of the NATO-led coalition efforts to end the Afghanistan insurgency include systematic failures to build institutional and governance structures, as US policy prioritized counterterrorism. Government forces in Afghanistan likewise became too financially dependent on Western powers, unable to build an independent governing system in rural areas.[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-498) ### Environment and drug trade \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=27 "Edit section: Environment and drug trade")\] [Climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") significantly instability in Afghanistan and strengthened the Taliban. In 2021, more than 60% of the Afghan population depended on agriculture, and Afghanistan was the sixth most vulnerable country to climate change in the world, according to the UN Environment Program and Afghanistan's National Environmental Protection Agency. The Taliban used resentment over government inaction to climate change-induced drought and flooding to strengthen its support and Afghans were able to earn more money supporting the Taliban than from farming.[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-499) Despite efforts to eradicate poppy, Afghanistan remained the world's largest producer of illicit opiate by the end of the war. The Taliban profited at least tens of millions of dollars from opium and heroin annually as of 2018.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-auto-500) ### Early mistakes and the US' other war \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: Early mistakes and the US' other war")\] Journalist [Jason Burke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Burke "Jason Burke") notes "strategic mistakes by the US and allies in the immediate aftermath of the 2001 invasion" as being a reason why the war went on for so long. He also noted "missed early opportunities" to "construct a stable political settlement."[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-501) [Steve Coll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll "Steve Coll") believes that "No small part of NATO's ultimate failure to stabilize Afghanistan flowed from the disastrous decision by George W. Bush to invade Iraq in 2003. ... The Taliban's comeback, America's initial inattention to it, and the attraction for some Afghans and Pakistanis of the Taliban's ideology of national resistance under Islamic principles—all these sources of failure cannot be understood in isolation from the Iraq War." Coll further notes that neither the Bush nor the Obama administrations achieved consensus on key questions such as the relative importance of nation-building versus counterterrorism, whether the stability of Afghanistan took priority over that of Pakistan, or the role of the drug trade, although "the failure to solve the riddle of ISI and to stop its covert interference in Afghanistan became ... the greatest strategic failure of the American war."[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-502) ### Domestic corruption and politics \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=29 "Edit section: Domestic corruption and politics")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Barack_Obama%2C_Hamid_Karzai_%26_Asif_Ali_Zardari_after_trilateral_meeting_5-6-09_2.jpg/250px-Barack_Obama%2C_Hamid_Karzai_%26_Asif_Ali_Zardari_after_trilateral_meeting_5-6-09_2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama,_Hamid_Karzai_%26_Asif_Ali_Zardari_after_trilateral_meeting_5-6-09_2.jpg) Presidents Hamid Karzai and Barack Obama in 2009 In 2009, Afghanistan was ranked as the world's second most-corrupt country.[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-503) A lengthy report by SIGAR, and other findings, found that spiraling corruption in Afghanistan during the 2000s was not halted by the US. During this time, many elite figures in the country had effectively become kleptocrats, while ordinary Afghans were struggling.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-auto-500) It has been argued that the restoration of [monarchy in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan "Kingdom of Afghanistan") should not have been vetoed, as this may have provided stability to the country.[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-504)[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-505)[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-506)[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-507) ### Influence of non-NATO actors \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=30 "Edit section: Influence of non-NATO actors")\] Pakistan played a central role in the conflict. A 2010 report stated that the ISI had an "official policy" of supporting the Taliban.[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Discussion_Papers-508) "Pakistan appears to be playing a double-game of astonishing magnitude", the report states.[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Discussion_Papers-508) Regarding the Afghan War documents leak, *Der Spiegel* wrote that "the documents clearly show that \[Pakistan's ISI\] is the most important accomplice the Taliban has outside of Afghanistan."[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-spigel-war-logs-509) Amrullah Saleh, the former director of Afghanistan's intelligence service, stated, "We talk about all these proxies \[Taliban, Haqqanis\] but not the master of proxies, which is the Pakistan army. ... They want to gain influence in the region."[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Jamestown_Foundation_Terrorism_Conference_2010-510) Just as when they funded the Afghan mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War, Pakistan's objective was to ensure that Afghanistan is friendly to their interests, and provide "geopolitical depth in any future conflict with India."[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-511) In the war, Iran and the Taliban formed ties Russian assistance to "bleed" the American force. Iran and Russia, emboldened by their alliance in the [Syrian civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war "Syrian civil war"), initiated a 'proxy war' in Afghanistan against the US. The Taliban received economic support from Dubai, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. Pakistan gave economic support and encouraged increased Iran-Taliban ties.[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-512) China quietly expanded its influence. Since 2010, China had signed mining contracts with Kabul[\[511\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:7-513) and is building a military base in [Badakhshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakhshan "Badakhshan") to counter regional terrorism (from the [ETIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_turkestan_independence_movement "East turkestan independence movement")).[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:8-514) China donated billions of dollars in aid over the years to Afghanistan, which plays a strategic role in the [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative "Belt and Road Initiative").[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:8-514) Additionally, after 2011, Pakistan expanded its [economic and military ties to China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations "China–Pakistan relations") as a hedge against dependency on the US. Coll observes that "Overall, the war left China with considerable latitude in Central Asia, without having made any expenditure of blood, treasure, or reputation."[\[513\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-515) ### Misleading the American public \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=31 "Edit section: Misleading the American public")\] In 2019, *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* published 2,000 pages of government documents, mostly transcripts of interviews with more than 400 key figures involved in prosecuting the war. According to the *Post* and *The Guardian*, the documents (dubbed the [Afghanistan Papers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Papers "Afghanistan Papers")) showed that US officials consistently and deliberately misled the American public about the unwinnable nature of the conflict,[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-guardianafghanpapers-516) and some commentators and foreign policy experts subsequently drew comparisons to the release of the Pentagon Papers.[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-guardianafghanpapers-516)[\[515\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-517) ## Foreign support for the Taliban \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=32 "Edit section: Foreign support for the Taliban")\] The Taliban's victory was aided by Pakistan. Although Pakistan was a major US ally before and after the 2001 invasion, elements of its military and intelligence services have, for decades, maintained strong ties with Taliban militants, and this support helped the insurgency in Afghanistan.[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WaPoPak-518)[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYTPak-519) For example, the Haqqani Network had strong support from the ISI.[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WaPoPak-518) Taliban leaders found a safe haven in Pakistan; they lived there, doing business, earning funds, and receiving medical care.[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WaPoPak-518)[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYTPak-519) Some elements of the Pakistani establishment sympathized with Taliban ideology, and many Pakistan officials considered the Taliban as an asset [against India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts "Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts").[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-WaPoPak-518)[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-NYTPak-519) After 9/11, Iranian forces led by [Qassem Soleimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani "Qasem Soleimani") initially cooperated, secretly, with American officials against al-Qaeda and the Taliban, but that cooperation ended after Bush's "[axis of evil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil "Axis of evil")" speech" on January 29, 2002, which labeled Iran a state sponsor of terror and threat to regional peace. Afterwards, Iran became increasingly hostile to American forces in the region.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-:1-140) Terrorism analyst Antonio Giustozzi wrote: "Both the Russians and the Iranians helped the Taliban advance at a breakneck pace in May–August 2021. They contributed to funding and equipping them, but perhaps even more importantly they helped them by brokering deals with parties, groups, and personalities close to either country, or even both. \[...\] The Revolutionary Guards helped the Taliban's advance in western Afghanistan, including by lobbying various strongmen and militia commanders linked to Iran not to resist the Taliban."[\[518\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-520) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Defense.gov_News_Photo_111120-M-KG816-186_-_U.S._Marine_Corps_Lance_Cpl._Todd_Collins_interacts_with_Afghan_children_near_Patrol_Base_Atull_in_Helmand_province_Afghanistan_on_Nov._20_2011.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_111120-M-KG816-186_-_U.S._Marine_Corps_Lance_Cpl._Todd_Collins_interacts_with_Afghan_children_near_Patrol_Base_Atull_in_Helmand_province_Afghanistan_on_Nov._20_2011.jpg) A US marine interacting with Afghan children in Helmand Province In November 2001, the CNN reported widespread relief amongst Kabul's residents after the Taliban fled the city, with young men shaving off their beards and women taking off their burqas.[\[519\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-521) Later that month, BBC reporter Kate Clark said that "almost all women in Kabul are still choosing to veil" but that many felt hopeful that the ousting of the Taliban would improve their safety and access to food.[\[520\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-522) A 2006 WPO opinion poll found that the majority of Afghans endorsed America's military presence, with 83% of Afghans stating that they had a favorable view of the US military forces in their country. Only 17% gave an unfavorable view. 82% of Afghans, among all ethnic groups including Pashtuns, stated that the overthrowing of the Taliban was a good thing. However, the majority of Afghans held negative views on Pakistan and most Afghans also stated that they believe that the Pakistani government was allowing the Taliban to operate from its soil.[\[521\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-523) A 2015 survey by Langer Research Associates found that 80% of Afghans believed it was a good thing for the US to overthrow the Taliban in 2001. More Afghans blamed the Taliban or al-Qaeda for the country's violence (53%) than those who blame the US (12%).[\[522\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-524) A 2019 survey by [The Asia Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asia_Foundation "The Asia Foundation") found that 13.4% of Afghans had sympathy for the Taliban, while 85.1% of respondents had none. 88.6% of urban residents had no sympathy, compared to 83.9% of rural residents.[\[523\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-525) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/June_22%2C_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg/250px-June_22%2C_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:June_22,_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg) 22 June 2007 demonstration in QuĂ©bec City against the Canadian military involvement in Afghanistan ### International public opinion \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=37 "Edit section: International public opinion")\] In October 2001, polls indicated that about 88% of Americans and about 65% of Britons backed military action.[\[524\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAEI2008-526) An [Ipsos-Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos-Reid "Ipsos-Reid") poll conducted between November and December 2001 showed that majorities in Canada (66%), France (60%), Germany (60%), Italy (58%), and the UK (65%) approved of US airstrikes while majorities in Argentina (77%), China (52%), South Korea (50%), Spain (52%), and Turkey (70%) opposed them.[\[525\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAEI2008157-527) In 2008, there was a strong [opposition to the war in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") in 21 of 24 countries surveyed. Only in the US and Great Britain did half the people support the war, with a larger percentage (60%) in Australia.[\[526\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-24-Nation_Pew_Global_Attitudes_Project_Survey-528) Of the seven NATO countries in the survey, none showed a majority in favor of keeping NATO troops in Afghanistan – one, the US, came close to a majority (50%). Of the other six NATO countries, five had majorities of their population wanting NATO troops removed from Afghanistan as soon as possible.[\[526\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-24-Nation_Pew_Global_Attitudes_Project_Survey-528) A 2011 Pew Research Center poll showed little change in American views, with about 50% saying that the effort was going very well or fairly well and only 44% supporting NATO troop presence in Afghanistan.[\[527\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-529) ### Protests, demonstrations and rallies \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=38 "Edit section: Protests, demonstrations and rallies")\] The war was the subject of [large protests around the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_invasion_of_Afghanistan "Protests against the invasion of Afghanistan"), starting in the days leading up to the invasion, and every year since. Many protesters considered the bombing and invasion of Afghanistan to be unjustified aggression.[\[528\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-530) Dozens of organizations held a national march for peace in Washington, D.C., on 20 March 2010.[\[529\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-531) ### Formation of the Taliban government and international recognition \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=40 "Edit section: Formation of the Taliban government and international recognition")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Daily_Life_in_Afghanistan%27s_Capital_30.jpg/250px-Daily_Life_in_Afghanistan%27s_Capital_30.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daily_Life_in_Afghanistan%27s_Capital_30.jpg) Taliban fighters at a market in Kabul, September 2021. A vendor selling Islamic Emirate flags can be seen. On 7 September 2021, an interim government headed by [Mohammad Hassan Akhund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hassan_Akhund "Mohammad Hassan Akhund") as Prime Minister was declared by the Taliban.[\[530\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-532) ### Continuing conflict \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=41 "Edit section: Continuing conflict")\] Despite the fall of the Republican government and the complete Taliban takeover of the country, conflict continued in Afghanistan into 2025 in multiple forms including by republican groups and terrorist groups opposed to the Taliban. This poses significant challenges to their rule and the stability of the country. The presence of terrorist groups against or allied with the Taliban also invites the possibility of foreign military action against those groups or the Taliban government if it is deemed to provide these groups with safe haven.[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-crisisgroup.org-533) #### Republican insurgency \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=42 "Edit section: Republican insurgency")\] One remaining Republican holdout operating in Panjshir Valley, which had not been taken by Taliban forces up to that point, was defeated in mid-September 2021, and the resistance leaders reportedly fled to neighboring Tajikistan.[\[532\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-534) However, fighting between Taliban and pro-republican forces continued in other provinces. Several regions had become the site of a guerrilla campaign by early 2022.[\[533\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-535) As of October 2022, at least 14 armed anti-Taliban resistance groups, including the [National Resistance Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan "National Resistance Front of Afghanistan"), [Afghanistan Freedom Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Freedom_Front "Afghanistan Freedom Front"), [Supreme Resistance Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Resistance_Council&action=edit&redlink=1 "Supreme Resistance Council (page does not exist)"), [Freedom Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1 "Freedom Uprising (page does not exist)"),[\[534\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-unicri.org-536) are active in Afghanistan. #### Terrorist groups and terrorism against the Taliban government \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=43 "Edit section: Terrorist groups and terrorism against the Taliban government")\] The Taliban promised in the [2020 Doha Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal "United States–Taliban deal") to cut ties with al-Qaeda and to discontinue providing a safe haven for terrorist groups. While it has taken significant action to suppress hostile groups and make other groups fall in line, multiple armed groups (including al-Qaeda) continue to operate in Afghanistan. The relationship between these groups and the Taliban is not uniform, with some opposing Taliban rule through military action.[\[535\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Terrorist_Groups_in_Afghanistan-537)[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-crisisgroup.org-533)[\[536\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-538) #### Islamic State activity \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=44 "Edit section: Islamic State activity")\] By 2014, ISIS-K became the largest and strongest terror group active in Afghanistan,[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-crisisgroup.org-533) with the Taliban viewing them as the primary threat to their rule.[\[535\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-Terrorist_Groups_in_Afghanistan-537) Following the [2021 Kabul airport attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airport_attack "2021 Kabul airport attack") conducted by the group, the US said it could work with the Taliban to fight against IS as part of the [International military intervention against IS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_ISIL "International military intervention against ISIL").[\[537\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-539) #### Other active armed groups \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=45 "Edit section: Other active armed groups")\] Various other armed groups besides ISIS-K and Republican groups operate in Afghanistan. Since the Taliban takeover, some Taliban-allied groups are serving specific roles for the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.[\[538\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-voanews.com-540) Some of them include: - [Haqqani Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_Network "Haqqani Network") A highly organized and connected group that has over time become a Taliban element. The group has been tasked with matters of internal security in Kabul[\[538\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-voanews.com-540) or beyond[\[539\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-541) after the city was seized. - [Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_subcontinent "Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent") (AQIS) The regional al-Qaeda branch, which is allied to the Taliban. - [Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehreek-e-Taliban_Pakistan "Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan") (TTP) A group-collective with low cohesion operating along the Afghan-Pakistan border in resistance to the current Pakistani state. Its leader formally pledged allegiance to Taliban (who publicly rejected it), groups under TTP have variously pledged allegiance to the Islamic State instead. The group had fractured and recombined many times creating both short- and long-lived splinters that make statements on allegiance difficult.[\[540\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-542) - [Jundullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jundallah_\(Pakistan\) "Jundallah (Pakistan)") A former TTP affiliate that now pledges allegiance to the IS.[\[541\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-543) - [Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehreek-e-Jihad_Pakistan "Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan") (TJP) Claims to be an independent group but is accused of being a TTP front for either avoiding public condemnation or to enable to continue attacks in Pakistan while shielding the Taliban from Pakistani accusations of sheltering TTP militants.[\[542\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-544)[\[543\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-545) - [Turkistan Islamic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party "Turkistan Islamic Party") (TIP) A group looking to establish an Islamic state in East-Central Asia and Xinjiang. They have a cordial relationship with the Taliban, but the Taliban seem to have made efforts to remove them from the Chinese border region to not upset China.[\[544\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-546) - [Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan") (IMU) Some time after the original IMU was absorbed into ISIS-K in mid-2015 a faction using the group's name appeared. The new group has signaled loyalty to al-Qaeda and the Taliban while opposing the Islamic State.[\[545\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-547) - [Jamaat Ansarullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat_Ansarullah "Jamaat Ansarullah") (JA) An Islamic-nationalist group opposed to the government of Tajikistan. They are tasked with border security on the Afghan-Tajik border.[\[546\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-548) #### Taliban action to counter domestic threats \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=46 "Edit section: Taliban action to counter domestic threats")\] The Taliban have made major efforts to suppress hostile groups and to make rogue elements fall in line. The Taliban's first method of combating rogue elements was to publicly downplay any threats while crushing them with brute force, including collective punishment, ethnic and religious profiling, arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killings. The Taliban have since recognized how such methods can be counterproductive to the stability and legitimacy of their government, and have since experimented with approaches such as disarmament and reconciliation. The more soft-handed methods includes the transfer of personnel to prevent feuds, releasing prisoners in cooperation with tribal leaders, and enlisting religious scholars to dissuade people from violent resistance.[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-crisisgroup.org-533) They have also again offered amnesty to their former opponents to cooperate and not fight them in order to rebuild the state and its institutions and security apparatus.[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-crisisgroup.org-533) The Taliban killed or forcibly disappeared more than 100 former members of the Afghan security forces in the three months after the takeover in the provinces of Ghazni, Helmand, Kandahar, and Kunduz. The Taliban identified targets for arrest and execution through intelligence operations and access to employment records that were left behind. Former members of the security forces were also killed by the Taliban within days of registering with them to receive a letter guaranteeing their safety.[\[547\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-549) ### Abandonment of Afghan allies \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=47 "Edit section: Abandonment of Afghan allies")\] As many as 150,000 Afghans who assisted the US remained in Afghanistan, including individuals who worked closely with US forces.[\[548\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-550) Hundreds of former Afghan special forces who fought alongside British troops in Afghanistan have been barred from resettling in the UK.[\[549\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-551)[\[550\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-552) One former UK Special Forces officer stated that "At a time when certain actions by UK Special Forces are under investigation by a [public inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Unlawful_Killings_inquiry "Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry"), their headquarters also had the power to prevent former Afghan Special Forces colleagues and potential witnesses to these actions from getting safely to the UK."[\[551\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-553) ### Humanitarian crisis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)&action=edit&section=48 "Edit section: Humanitarian crisis")\] Following the Taliban takeover, western nations suspended humanitarian aid, and the [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank") and [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") also halted payments to Afghanistan.[\[552\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-554)[\[553\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-hrw-famine-555) The Biden administration froze about \$9 billion in assets belonging to the [Afghan central banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Afghanistan_Bank "Da Afghanistan Bank"), blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts.[\[554\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cbs-crisis-556) By October 2021, more than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute food shortage.[\[555\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-557) By November, Afghanistan was facing widespread [famine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine "Famine") due to collapsed economy and broken banking system.[\[553\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-hrw-famine-555) World leaders pledged \$1.2 billion in humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.[\[554\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-cbs-crisis-556) In December, the [UN Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council "United Nations Security Council") unanimously adopted a US-proposed resolution to help aid reach desperate Afghans, while seeking to keep funds out of Taliban hands.[\[556\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-558) In August 2022, UN humanitarian chief [Martin Griffiths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Griffiths "Martin Griffiths") warned about Afghanistan's deepening poverty, with 6 million people at risk of famine. He stated that conflict, poverty, climate shocks, and food insecurity "have long been a sad reality" in Afghanistan, but almost a year after the Taliban takeover, halt to large-scale development aid have made the situation critical.[\[557\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-559) In 2025, the [second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump") froze foreign aid and cut funding to the [US Agency for International Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development "United States Agency for International Development") (USAID), adversely affecting the humanitarian crisis. 40% of the country's humanitarian health facilities closed or suspended operations as a result. The Trump administration stated that no one had died as a result of aid cuts. CNN disputed this, with one pediatrician in Afghanistan telling them that the infant mortality rate had increased by 3 to 4%.[\[558\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-560) - [United States documents leak of the War in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_documents_leak_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan "United States documents leak of the War in Afghanistan") - [Criticism of the war on terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror "Criticism of the war on terror") - [Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan "Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan") - [List of Afghanistan War (2001–2021) documentaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Afghanistan_War_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)_documentaries "List of Afghanistan War (2001–2021) documentaries") - [List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan "List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan") - [List of conflicts in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia "List of conflicts in Asia") - [List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_operations_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") - [NATO logistics during the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_logistics_during_the_War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "NATO logistics during the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") - *[The American War in Afghanistan: A History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_War_in_Afghanistan:_A_History "The American War in Afghanistan: A History")* nonfiction book by [Carter Malkasian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Malkasian "Carter Malkasian") 2021. - [US government response to the September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_government_response_to_the_September_11_attacks "US government response to the September 11 attacks") 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-32)** Bordering areas of [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") were also affected ([War in North-West Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan "War in North-West Pakistan")), and was considered for some time to be a single theater of operations by the United States ([AfPak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfPak "AfPak")). 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-65)** Per figures released by [Canadian Department of National Defence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_\(Canada\) "Department of National Defence (Canada)") in June 2013, 635 were listed as WIA (wounded in action) while 1,436 were listed as NBI (non-battle injuries).[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_note-64) 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-1)** ["Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region"](http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/BackgrounderIMU_28Jan.pdf) (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2023. 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-2)** ["Inside rebel Pakistan cleric's domain - USATODAY.com"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090501184512/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-10-27-1647230362_x.htm). *[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. 28 October 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-10-27-1647230362_x.htm) on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2023. 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-3)** ["Top Pakistani militant released"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7359523.stm). *BBC News*. 21 April 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090522083516/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7359523.stm) from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2023. 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-4)** Whitlock, Craig (8 June 2006). ["Al-Zarqawi's Biography"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800299.html?nav=rss_world%2Fafrica). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121020144918/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800299.html?nav=rss_world%2Fafrica) from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2023. 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-5)** Bergen, Peter. " *The Osama bin Laden I Know*, 2006 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-6)** ["ISAF's mission in Afghanistan (2001–2014)"](https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_69366.htm). NATO. 30 May 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2025. 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-7)** ["Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures"](https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2021/2/pdf/2021-02-RSM-Placemat.pdf) (PDF). NATO. 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-8)** Multiple sources: - Nordland, Rod; Sukhanyar, Jawad; Shah, Taimoor (19 June 2017). ["Afghan Government Quietly Aids Breakaway Taliban Faction"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/19/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-faction-renouncers.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved 6 September 2017. - Donati, Jessica; Totakhil, Habib Khan (23 May 2016). ["Afghan Government Secretly Fosters Taliban Splinter Groups"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-afghanistan-a-secret-plan-pays-off-the-taliban-1463964545). *Wall Street Journal*. - ["Taliban splinter group declares open-ended truce with Kabul"](https://www.stripes.com/news/taliban-splinter-group-declares-open-ended-truce-with-kabul-1.532070). *Stars and Stripes*. 10 June 2018. - ["Prayer ceremony for Taliban faction's deputy held at Herat Grand Mosque"](https://ariananews.af/prayer-ceremony-for-taliban-factions-deputy-held-at-herat-grand-mosque/). *Ariana News*. 17 May 2021. "The group had recently aligned itself with the government, and fighters were sent to Niazi as part of an uprising force to secure a number of Herat districts." 9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-Nangialai_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-Nangialai_9-1) ["Local Officials Criticized for Silence on Shindand Strike"](https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/local-officials-criticized-silence-shindand-strike). *TOLOnews*. 11 January 2020. 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-10)** Raghavan, Sudarsan (3 December 2015). ["CIA runs shadow war with Afghan militia implicated in civilian killings"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-backed-afghan-militias-fight-a-shadow-war/2015/12/02/fe5a0526-913f-11e5-befa-99ceebcbb272_story.html). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved 19 March 2025. 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-longwarjournal.org_11-0)** Joscelyn, Thomas; Roggio, Bill (31 July 2015). ["The Taliban's new leadership is allied with al Qaeda"](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/07/the-talibans-new-leadership-is-allied-with-al-qaeda.php). *The Long War Journal*. Retrieved 19 March 2025. 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-12)** Hardaha, Rashi (24 July 2021). ["Al-Qaeda operates under Taliban protection: UN report"](https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/al-qaeda-operates-under-taliban-protection-un-report-721719). *India TV News*. Retrieved 14 September 2021. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-13)** Nordland, Rod (19 May 2012). ["In Afghanistan, New Group Begins Campaign of Terror"](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/world/asia/in-afghanistan-new-insurgent-group-emerges.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. Retrieved 25 June 2021. 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-14)** ["Taliban storm Kunduz city"](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/taliban-storm-kunduz-city.php). *The Long War Journal*. Retrieved 30 September 2015. 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-15)** ["Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad"](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/08/central-asian-groups-split-over-leadership-of-global-jihad.php). *The Long War Journal*. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015. 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-16)** ["Who is Lashkar-e-Jhangvi?"](http://www.voanews.com/a/lashkar-e-jhangvi/3565322.html). *Voice of America*. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2017. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-17)** ["ISIS 'Outsources' Terror Attacks to the Pakistani Taliban in Afghanistan: U.N. Report"](http://www.newsweek.com/down-its-luck-syria-and-iraq-isis-outsources-terror-attacks-pakistani-taliban-650926). *[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")*. 15 August 2017. 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-18)** Multiple sources: - ["Report: Iran pays \$1,000 for each U.S. soldier killed by the Taliban"](http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39014669/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/t/report-iran-pays-each-us-soldier-killed-taliban/). *NBC News*. 9 May 2010. - Tabatabai, Ariane M. (9 August 2019). ["Iran's cooperation with the Taliban could affect talks on U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/08/09/irans-cooperation-with-taliban-could-affect-talks-us-withdrawal-afghanistan/). *The Washington Post*. - ["Iran denies Taliban were paid bounties to target US troops"](https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-middle-east-us-news-taliban-iran-99c1d96ba53ab0ccd543bf6ec2a0d040). *AP News*. 18 August 2020. - Patrikarakos, David (25 August 2021). ["Iran is an immediate winner of the Taliban takeover"](https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/iran-is-an-immediate-winner-of-the-taliban-takeover). *The Spectator*. - Salahuddin, Syed (27 May 2018). ["Iran funding Taliban to affect US military presence in Afghanistan, say police and lawmakers"](https://www.arabnews.com/node/1310541/world). *Arab News*. - Siddique, Abubakar; Shayan, Noorullah (31 July 2017). ["Mounting Afghan Ire Over Iran's Support For Taliban"](https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-iran-taliban-support/28651070.html). *Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty*. 19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-19)** Jamal, Umair (23 May 2020). ["Understanding Pakistan's Take on India-Taliban Talks"](https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/understanding-pakistans-take-on-india-taliban-talks/). *The Diplomat*. 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-20)** Farmer, Ben (26 August 2020). ["Pakistan urges Taliban to get on with Afghan government talks"](https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/pakistan-urges-taliban-to-get-on-with-afghan-government-talks-1.1068678). *The National*. 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-21)** Multiple sources: - Martinez, Luis (10 July 2020). ["Top Pentagon officials say Russian bounty program not corroborated"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/top-pentagon-officials-russian-bounty-program-corroborated/story?id=71694167). *ABC News*. - Loyd, Anthony (16 October 2017). ["Russia funds Taliban in war against Nato forces"](https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/russia-funds-taliban-in-war-against-nato-forces-hvfl3cgrg). *The Times*. Retrieved 18 September 2021. 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-22)** Noorzai, Roshan; Sahinkaya, Ezel; Gul Sarwan, Rahim (3 July 2020). 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Retrieved 22 December 2021. 557. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-559)** ["UN warns 6 million Afghans at risk of famine as crises grow"](https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-russia-ukraine-nato-china-united-states-669dcbaf336cf6674fa21b3ac11bbcab). *Associated Press*. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022. 558. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\)#cite_ref-560)** ["The Trump administration claims no one has died due to US aid cuts. Our trip to Afghanistan suggests otherwise"](https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/22/asia/usaid-cuts-afghanistan-women-children-intl). *CNN*. 22 July 2025. Retrieved 1 September 2025. - [Coll, Steve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll "Steve Coll") (2004). [*Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001*](https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll). Penguin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59420-007-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6") . - Coll, Steve (2018). *Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan*. New York: Penguin Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-84614-660-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-660-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-660-2") . - Girardet, Edward (2011). *Killing the Cranes: A Reporter's Journey Through Three Decades of War in Afghanistan* (3 August 2011 ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 416. - ["National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States"](https://www.9-11commission.gov/). 9–11 Commission. 20 September 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100211154714/http://www.9-11commission.gov/) from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010. - Risen, James (4 September 2008). [*State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xBFbzzGg71cC). Simon & Schuster UK. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-84737-511-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84737-511-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84737-511-7") . - Auerswald, David P. & Stephen M. Saideman, eds. *NATO in Afghanistan: Fighting Together, Fighting Alone* (Princeton U.P. 2014) This book breaks down the history of the US effort in Afghanistan down by deployed commander. Also useful in this fashion are Kaplan, "The Insurgents", and "A Different Kind of War." - Mikulaschek, Christoph and Jacob Shapiro. (2018). [Lessons on Political Violence from America's Post-9/11 Wars](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022002716669808). *Journal of Conflict Resolution* 62(1): 174–202. - Miller, Paul D. 2025. *[Choosing Defeat: The Twenty-Year Saga of How America Lost Afghanistan](https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009614382 "doi:10.1017/9781009614382")*. Cambridge University Press. - MĂŒnch, Philipp. "Creating common sense: getting NATO to Afghanistan." *Journal of Transatlantic Studies* (2021): 1–29 [online](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s42738-021-00067-0). - Stewart, Richard W. (2004). [*Operation Enduring Freedom*](https://web.archive.org/web/20071214152935/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Afghanistan/Operation%20Enduring%20Freedom.htm). BG [John S. Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Brown_\(general\) "John S. Brown (general)"). United States Army. p. 46. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Afghanistan/Operation%20Enduring%20Freedom.htm) on 14 December 2007. - ["America and the War on Terror"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150404000410/http://www.aei.org/publication/america-and-the-war-on-terror/). AEI Public Opinion Study. 24 July 2008. Archived from [the original](https://www.aei.org/publication/america-and-the-war-on-terror/) on 4 April 2015. - Call, Steve (15 January 2010). [*Danger Close*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ObYsOXiEtxgC). Texas A\&M University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-60344-304-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-304-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-304-3") . - [Rashid, Ahmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid "Ahmed Rashid") (2022). *Taliban: The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond* (3rd ed.). Yale University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-300-26682-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26682-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26682-5") . - Weigand, Florian (2022). [*Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan*](https://cup.columbia.edu/book/waiting-for-dignity/9780231200493). Columbia University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-231-20049-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-20049-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-231-20049-3") . - Woodward, Bob (27 September 2010). [*Obama's Wars*](https://archive.org/details/obamasw_woo_2010_00_4700). Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4391-7251-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7251-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7251-3") . - [75,000 documents](http://wardiary.wikileaks.org/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210510090131/http://wardiary.wikileaks.org/) 10 May 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") on Wikileaks - ["America and the Taliban"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/america-and-the-taliban/). [*Frontline*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_\(American_TV_program\) "Frontline (American TV program)"). Season 41. Episode 12. 4 April 2023. [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS "PBS"). [WGBH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH-TV "WGBH-TV"). Retrieved 6 October 2023.
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