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| Boilerpipe Text | A ballot for the
2016 presidential election
and for other
elections that year
, listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates
The election of the
president
and
vice president
of the United States is an
indirect election
in which
citizens of the United States
who are
registered to vote
in one of the fifty
U.S. states
or in
Washington, D.C.
, cast ballots not directly for those offices, but instead for members of the
Electoral College
.
[
note 1
]
These electors then cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for the presidential and vice presidential candidate. The candidate who receives an
absolute majority
of electoral votes (at least 270 out of 538, since the
Twenty-third Amendment
granted voting rights to citizens of D.C.) is then elected to that office. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for president, the
House of Representatives
elects the president; likewise if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for vice president, then the
Senate
elects the vice president.
United States presidential elections differ from many other
republics
around the world (operating under either the
presidential system
or the
semi-presidential system
) which use
direct elections
from the national
popular vote
('one person, one vote') of their entire countries to elect their respective presidents. The United States instead uses indirect elections for its president through the Electoral College, and the system is highly decentralized like other
elections in the United States
.
[
1
]
The Electoral College and its procedure are established in the
U.S. Constitution
by
Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 4
; and the
Twelfth Amendment
(which replaced Clause
3 after its ratification in 1804). Under Clause
2, each state casts as many electoral votes as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in
Congress
, while (per the Twenty-third Amendment, ratified in 1961) Washington, D.C., casts the same number of electoral votes as the least-represented state, which is three. Also under Clause
2, the manner for choosing electors is determined by each
state legislature
, not directly by the federal government. Many state legislatures previously selected their electors directly, but over time all switched to using
votes cast by state voters
to choose the state's members of the electoral college (electors). Beyond the parameters set in the U.S. Constitution, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of administering the popular vote, including most of the voter eligibility and registration requirements.
[
1
]
[
2
]
Almost all states require that the winner of the
plurality
of its constituent
statewide
popular vote ('one person, one vote') shall receive all of that state's electors ("winner-takes-all'). A couple - Nebraska and Maine - determine a part of their electors by use of district votes within the respective state. Eighteen states also have specific laws that punish electors who vote in opposition to the plurality, known as "
faithless
" or "
unpledged
" electors.
[
3
]
In modern times, faithless and unpledged electors have not affected the ultimate outcome of an election, so the results can generally be determined based on the state-by-state popular vote.
In addition, most of the time, the winner as determined by the electoral college also has received the largest part of the national popular vote. There have been four exceptions:
1876
,
1888
,
2000
, and
2016
, in which
the Electoral College winner's
portion of the popular vote was surpassed by an opponent. Although taking fewer votes, the winner claimed more electoral college seats, due to winning close and narrow pluralities in numerous
swing states
. In addition, the
1824 election
was the only presidential election under the current system decided by a
contingent election
in Congress that elected a different president than the candidate with a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote. (The
1800 election
and the 1824 election were decided in the House. In 1800 the House winner was the candidate who had won a plurality of the popular vote.)
[
4
]
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
8
]
[
9
]
Presidential elections occur every four years on
Election Day
, which since 1845 has been the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
[
10
]
[
11
]
[
12
]
This date coincides with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races; since local governments are responsible for managing elections, these races typically all appear on one ballot. The Electoral College electors then formally cast their electoral votes on the first Monday after December 12 at their state's capital. Congress then certifies the results in early January, and the presidential term begins on
Inauguration Day
, which since the passage of the
Twentieth Amendment
has been set at January 20.
The nomination process, consisting of the
primary elections and caucuses
and the
nominating conventions
, was not specified in the Constitution, but was developed over time by the states and
political parties
. These primary elections are generally held between January and June before the general election in November, while the nominating conventions are held in the summer. Though not codified by law, political parties also follow an indirect election process, where voters in the fifty states, Washington, D.C., and
U.S. territories
, cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who then elect their party's presidential nominee. Each party may then choose a vice presidential
running mate
to join the ticket, which is either determined by choice of the nominee or by a second round of voting. Because of changes to national campaign finance laws since the 1970s regarding the disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns, presidential candidates from the major political parties usually declare their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year before the election (almost 21 months before Inauguration Day).
[
13
]
Article Two of the Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections, including the creation of the
Electoral College
. This was the result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who wanted Congress to choose the president and those who preferred a national popular vote.
[
14
]
As set forth in Article Two, each state is allocated a number of electors equal to the number of its delegates in both houses of Congress, combined. In 1961, the ratification of the Twenty-Third Amendment granted a number of electors to the District of Columbia, an amount equal to the number of electors allocated to the least populous state. However, U.S. territories are not allocated electors, and therefore are not represented in the Electoral College.
Constitutionally, the legislature of each state determines how its electors are chosen; Article
II, Section
1, Clause
2 states that each state shall appoint electors "in such Manner as the Legislature Thereof May Direct".
[
15
]
During
the first presidential election in 1789
, in four of the 11 states of the time, the electors were elected directly by voters. In two others, a hybrid system was used where both the voters and the state legislatures took part in electing the electors. In five, the state legislatures themselves elected the electors.
[
16
]
[
note 2
]
Gradually more states began conducting popular elections to choose their slate of electors. In 1800, five of the 16 states chose electors by a popular vote; by 1824, after the rise of
Jacksonian democracy
, 18 of the 24 states chose electors by popular vote.
[
17
]
(In most cases simple state-wide plurality is sufficient to elect a
general ticket
using popular vote. But in
the first presidential election in 1789
, for example, some states used "open" list
block voting
; Maryland used block voting but had guaranteed seats for different parts of the state; Virginia elected its 12 electors by
first-past-the-post voting
contest in 12 districts. Other states later used multi-member districts, each covering a part of the state, to elect their electors.)
[
16
]
[
18
]
This movement toward greater
democratization
coincided with a gradual decrease in
property restrictions for the franchise
.
[
17
]
By
1840
, only one of the 26 states (
South Carolina
) still selected electors by the state legislature.
[
19
]
Every other state was electing its electors by general ticket plurality voting state-wide.
[
18
]
By 1872 no states elected their electors using the state legislature - all the states had switched to the general ticket method, Colorado having been the last hold-out.
[
18
]
And today only two states - Maine and Nebraska - elect at least some of their electors through a different method than that general ticket method, in their cases it is
First-past-the-post voting
in districts covering part of the state.
Under the original system established by Article 2, electors cast votes for two candidates for president. The candidate with the highest number of votes (provided it was a majority of the electoral votes) became the president, and the second-place candidate became the vice president. This presented a problem during the
presidential election of 1800
when
Aaron Burr
received the same number of electoral votes as
Thomas Jefferson
and challenged Jefferson's election to the office. In the end, Jefferson was chosen as the president because of
Alexander Hamilton
's influence in the House.
In response to the 1800 election, the 12th Amendment was passed, requiring electors to cast two distinct votes: one for president and another for vice president. While this solved the problem at hand, it reduced the prestige of the vice presidency, as the office was no longer held by the leading challenger for the presidency. The separate ballots for president and vice president became something of a moot issue later in the 19th century when it became the norm for popular elections to determine a state's Electoral College delegation. Electors chosen this way are pledged to vote for a particular presidential and vice presidential candidate (offered by the same political party). Although the president and vice president are legally elected separately, in practice they are chosen together.
The Twelfth Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College. In the
presidential election of 1824
,
Andrew Jackson
received a
plurality
, but not a majority, of electoral votes cast. The election was thrown to the House, and
John Quincy Adams
was elected president. A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker
Henry Clay
, who had also been a candidate in the election.
Since the vice presidential candidate John Calhoun received a majority of votes, having been on the ticket for both Jackson and Adams, there was no need for the Senate to vote for a vice president.
Since 1824, aside from the occasional "faithless elector", the popular vote indirectly determines the winner of a presidential election by determining the electoral vote, as each state or district's popular vote determines its electoral college vote. Although the nationwide popular vote does not directly determine the winner of a presidential election, it does strongly correlate with who is the victor. In 54 of the 59 total elections held so far (about 91 percent), the winner of the national popular vote has also carried the Electoral College vote. The winners of the nationwide popular vote and the Electoral College vote have differed only in close elections. In highly competitive elections, candidates focus on turning out their vote in the contested swing states critical to winning an electoral college majority, so they do not try to maximize their popular vote by real or fraudulent vote increases in one-party areas.
[
20
]
However, candidates have failed to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a presidential election and still won. In the 1824 election, Jackson won the popular vote, but no one received a majority of electoral votes. According to the Twelfth Amendment, the House must choose the president out of the top three people in the election. Clay had come in fourth, so he threw his support to Adams, who then won. Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State, Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay. Charges of a "corrupt bargain" followed Adams through his term.
Comparison of the popular vote totals from 1900 to 2020.
Republican
Democratic
All other candidates together
In five presidential elections (
1824
,
1876
,
1888
,
2000
, and
2016
), the winner of the electoral vote lost the popular vote outright. Numerous
constitutional amendments
have been submitted seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote, but none has ever successfully passed both Houses of Congress.
[
21
]
Another alternate proposal is the
National Popular Vote Interstate Compact
,
[
22
]
an
interstate compact
whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote instead of their respective statewide results.
This section is empty.
You can help by
adding to it
.
(
November 2024
)
Electoral Count Act of 1887
[
edit
]
Congress passed the
Electoral Count Act
in 1887 in response to the disputed
1876 election
, in which several states submitted competing slates of electors. The law established procedures for the counting of electoral votes. It has subsequently been codified into law in
Title 3 of the United States Code
. It also includes a "
safe harbor
" deadline where states must finally resolve any controversies over the selection of their electors.
[
23
]
This section is empty.
You can help by
adding to it
.
(
November 2024
)
The
Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971
was enacted to increase disclosure of
contributions for federal campaigns
. Subsequent amendments to law require that candidates to a federal office must file a Statement of Candidacy with the
Federal Election Commission
before they can receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000. Thus, this began a trend of presidential candidates declaring their intentions to run as early as the spring of the preceding calendar year so they can start raising and spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign.
[
13
]
There is no provision for the role of political parties in the U.S. Constitution, since the
Founding Fathers
did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan. Thus, the first president,
George Washington
, was elected as an
independent
. Since the emergence of the American
two-party system
, and the election of Washington's successor,
John Adams
, in
1796
, all winners of U.S. presidential elections have represented one of two major parties.
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]
Third parties
have taken second place only twice, in
1860
and
1912
. The last time a third (independent) candidate achieved significant success (although still finishing in third place) was
Ross Perot
in
1992
, and the last time a third-party candidate received any electoral votes not from
faithless electors
was
George Wallace
in
1968
.
Primaries, caucuses, and nominating conventions
[
edit
]
In the first two presidential elections, the Electoral College handled both the nominations and elections in
1789
and
1792
that selected Washington. Starting with the
1796 election
, congressional party or a state legislature party
caucus
selected the party's presidential candidates.
[
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]
That system collapsed in 1824, and since 1832 the preferred mechanism for nomination has been a
national convention
.
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]
Delegates to the national convention were usually selected at state conventions whose own delegates were chosen by district conventions. Sometimes they were dominated by intrigue between
political bosses
who controlled delegates; the national convention was far from democratic or transparent.
Progressive Era
reformers then looked to the
primary election
as a way to measure popular opinion of candidates, as opposed to the opinion of the bosses. Florida enacted the first presidential primary in 1901. The Wisconsin direct open primary of 1905 was the first to eliminate the caucus and mandate direct selection of national convention delegates. In 1910, Oregon became the first state to establish a presidential preference primary, which requires delegates to the National Convention to support the winner of the primary at the convention. The impetus for national adoption of the binding primary election was the
1968 Democratic National Convention
. Vice President
Hubert Humphrey
secured the presidential nomination despite not winning a single primary under his own name. After this, a
Democratic National Committee
-commissioned panel led by Senator
George McGovern
– the
McGovern–Fraser Commission
– recommended that states adopt new rules to assure wider participation. A large number of states, faced with the need to conform to more detailed rules for the selection of national delegates in 1972, chose a presidential primary as an easier way to come into compliance with the new national Democratic Party rules. The result was that many more future delegates would be selected by a state presidential primary. The Republicans also adopted many more state presidential primaries.
Eligibility requirements
[
edit
]
The hand-written copy of the
natural-born-citizen clause
as it appeared in 1787
Article Two
of the Constitution stipulates that for a person to serve as president, the individual must be a
natural-born citizen of the United States
, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years. A candidate may start running their campaign early before turning 35 years old or completing 14 years of residency, but must meet the age and residency requirements by
Inauguration Day
.
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The
Twenty-second Amendment
to the Constitution also sets a
term limit
: a president cannot be elected to more than two terms.
The U.S. Constitution also has two provisions that apply to all
federal officers
appointed by the president, and debatably also to the presidency. When Senator Barack Obama was elected president a legal debate concluded that the president was not an "office under the United States"
[
29
]
for many reasons, but most significantly because
Article I, Section 3, Clause 7
would violate the legal principle of
surplusage
if the president were also a civil officer. There exists no case law to resolve the debate however public opinion seems to favor that the presidency is also bound by the following qualifications:
Upon conviction at impeachment, the Senate may vote to disqualify that person from holding any "public office... under the United States" in the future.
Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment
prohibits the election to any federal office of any person who engaged in insurrection after having held any federal or state office, rebellion or treason; this disqualification can be waived if such an individual gains the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress.
In addition, the Twelfth Amendment establishes that the vice president must meet all the qualifications of being a president.
Although not a mandatory requirement, Federal campaign finance laws including the
Federal Election Campaign Act
state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000, among others, must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the
Federal Election Commission
.
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This has led presidential candidates, especially members from the two major political parties, to officially announce their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising or spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign.
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Potential candidates usually form
exploratory committees
even earlier to determine the feasibility of them actually running.
Decentralized election system and voter eligibility
[
edit
]
The U.S. presidential election process, like all other
elections in the United States
, is a highly decentralized system.
[
1
]
While the
U.S. Constitution
does set parameters for the election of the president and other federal officials, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of elections in the U.S., including the primaries, the eligibility of voters (beyond the basic constitutional definition), and the specific details of running each state's electoral college meeting. All elections, including federal, are administered by the individual states.
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2
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Thus, the presidential election is really an amalgamation of separate state elections instead of a single national election run by the federal government. Candidates must submit separate filings in each of the 50 states if they want to qualify on each state's ballot, and the requirements for filing vary by state.
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The eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the Constitution and regulated at state level. The
15th
,
19th
and
26th
Amendments to the Constitution state that
suffrage
cannot be denied on grounds of race or color, sex, or age for citizens eighteen years or older, respectively. Beyond these basic qualifications, it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility and registration.
[
2
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And the specific requirements for voter eligibility and registration also vary by state, e.g. some states ban convicted felons from voting.
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A 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in
Iowa City, Iowa
. The
Iowa caucuses
are traditionally the first major electoral event of presidential primaries and caucuses.
Madison Square Garden
in
New York City
, the site of the 1976, 1980, and 1992 Democratic National Conventions; and the 2004 Republican National Convention
The floor of the
2008 Republican National Convention
at the
Xcel Energy Center
in
Saint Paul, Minnesota
The modern nominating process of U.S. presidential elections consists of two major parts: a series of
presidential primary elections and caucuses
held in each state, and the
presidential nominating conventions
held by each
political party
. This process was never included in the Constitution, and thus evolved over time by the political parties to clear the field of candidates.
The
primary elections
are run by state and local governments, while the
caucuses
are organized directly by the political parties. Some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both. These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between January and June before the federal election, with
Iowa
and
New Hampshire
traditionally holding the first presidential state caucus and primary, respectively.
Like the general election, presidential caucuses or primaries are indirect elections. The major political parties officially vote for their presidential candidate at their respective nominating conventions, usually all held in the summer before the federal election. Depending on each state's law and state's political party rules, when voters cast ballots for a candidate in a presidential caucus or primary, they may be voting to award delegates "bound" to vote for a candidate at the presidential nominating conventions, or they may simply be expressing an opinion that the state party is not bound to follow in selecting delegates to their respective national convention.
Unlike the general election, voters in the U.S. territories can also elect delegates to the national conventions. Furthermore, each political party can determine how many delegates to allocate to each state and territory. In 2012 for example, the
Democratic
and
Republican
party conventions each used two different formulas to allocate delegates. The Democrats-based theirs on two main factors: the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the previous three presidential elections, and the number of electoral votes each state had in the Electoral College.
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In contrast, the Republicans assigned to each state 10 delegates, plus three delegates per congressional district.
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Both parties then gave a fixed number of delegates to each territory, and finally bonus delegates to states and territories that passed certain criteria.
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Along with delegates chosen during primaries and caucuses, state and U.S. territory delegations to both the Democratic and Republican party conventions also include "unpledged" delegates who have a vote. For Republicans, they consist of the three top party officials from each state and territory. Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called "
superdelegates
", who are party leaders and elected officials.
Each party's presidential candidate also chooses a vice presidential nominee to run with him or her on the same
ticket
, and this choice is rubber-stamped by the convention.
If no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates (including both pledged and unpledged), then a "
brokered convention
" results. All pledged delegates are then "released" and can switch their allegiance to a different candidate. Thereafter, the nomination is decided through a process of alternating political
horse trading
, and additional rounds of re-votes.
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The conventions have historically been held inside
convention centers
, but since the late 20th century both the Democratic and Republican parties have favored
sports arenas
and domed stadiums to accommodate the increasing attendance.
One major component of getting elected to any office is running a successful campaign. There are, however, multiple ways to go about creating a successful campaign. Several strategies are employed by candidates from both sides of the political spectrum. Though the ideas may differ the goal of them all are the same, "...to mobilize supporters and persuade undecided voters..." (Sides et al., pg. 126 para, 2).
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The goal of any campaign strategy is to create an effective path to victory for the intended candidate. Joel Bradshaw is a political scientist who has four propositions necessary to develop such a strategy. The first one being, the separation of the eligible voters into three groups: Undecided voters, opponent voters, and your voting base. Second, is the utilization of previous election results and survey data that can be used to identify who falls into the categories given in section one. Third, it is not essential, nor possible to get the support of every voter in an election. The campaign focus should be held mostly to keeping the base and using data to determine how to swing the undecided voters. Fourth, now that the campaign has identified the ideal base strategy, it is now time to allocate resources properly to make sure your strategy is fulfilled to its extent, (Sides et al. pg. 126, para 4, and pg. 127, para 1).
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Campaign tactics are also an essential part of any strategy and rely mostly on the campaign's resources and the way they use them to advertise. Most candidates draw on a wide variety of tactics in the hopes to flood all forms of media, though they do not always have the finances. The most expensive form of advertising is running ads on broadcast television and is the best way to reach the largest number of potential voters. This tactic does have its drawback, however, as it is the most expensive form of advertisement. Even though it reaches the largest number of potential voters it is not the most effective way of swaying voters. The most effective way is believed to be through personal contact as many political scientists agree. It is confirmed that it is much more effective than contacting potential voters by email or by phone, (Sides et al., pg. 147 para, 2, 3).
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These are just some of the wide variety of tactics used in campaigns.
The popular vote on Election Day
[
edit
]
A Texas voter about to mark a selection for president on a ballot, 2008 Election Day
Under the United States Constitution, the manner of choosing electors for the Electoral College is determined by each state's legislature. Although each state designates electors by popular vote, other methods are allowed. For instance, instead of having a popular vote, a number of states used to select presidential electors by a direct vote of the state legislature itself.
However, federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day, which is "the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November,"
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10
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i.e., a Tuesday no earlier than November
2 and no later than November
8.
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Today, the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on
Election Day
to help determine their respective slate of electors.
Generally, voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice. The presidential ballot is a vote "for the electors of a candidate", meaning the voter is not voting for the candidate, but endorsing a slate of electors pledged to vote for a specific presidential and vice presidential candidate.
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Many voting ballots allow a voter to "blanket vote" for all candidates in a particular
political party
or to select individual candidates on a line by line voting system. Which candidates appear on the voting ticket is determined through a legal process known as
ballot access
. Usually, the size of the candidate's political party and the results of the major nomination conventions determine who is pre-listed on the presidential ballot. Thus, the presidential election ticket will not list every candidate running for president, but only those who have secured a major party nomination or whose size of their political party warrants having been formally listed. Laws allow other candidates pre-listed on a ticket, provided enough voters have endorsed that candidate, usually through a signature list.
The final way to be elected for president is to have one's name written in at the time of election as a
write-in candidate
. This method is used for candidates who did not fulfill the legal requirements to be pre-listed on the voting ticket. However, since a slate of electors must be associated with these candidates to vote for them (and someone for vice president) in the electoral college in the event they win the presidential election in a state, most states require a slate of electors be designated before the election in order for a write-in candidate to win, essentially meaning that most write-in votes do not count.
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In any event, a write-in candidate has never won an election in a state for president of the United States. Write-in votes are also used by voters to express a distaste for the listed candidates, by writing in an alternative candidate for president such as
Mickey Mouse
or comedian
Stephen Colbert
(whose application was voted down by the South Carolina Democratic Party).
Because U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College, U.S. citizens in those areas do not vote in the general election for president.
Guam
has held
straw polls for president
since the 1980 election to draw attention to this fact.
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Electoral College map showing results of the
2024 U.S. presidential election
.
Republican
Donald Trump
won the popular vote in 31 states (red) and in
Maine's 2nd congressional district
to capture 312 electoral votes.
Democrat
Kamala Harris
won the popular vote in 19 states (blue) plus D.C. and in
Nebraska's 2nd congressional district
to capture 226 electoral votes.
Most state laws establish a winner-take-all system, wherein the ticket that wins a
plurality
of votes wins all of that state's allocated electoral votes, and thus has their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.
Maine
and
Nebraska
do not use this method, giving two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district instead.
Each state's winning slate of electors then meets at their respective state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December to cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president. Although Electoral College members can vote for anyone under the U.S. Constitution, 32
states
plus the
District of Columbia
have laws against
faithless electors
,
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]
[
45
]
those electors who do not cast their electoral votes for the person for whom they have pledged to vote. The
Supreme Court
ruled unanimously in the case
Chiafalo v. Washington
on July 6, 2020, that the constitution does not prevent states from penalizing or replacing faithless electors.
An elector from
Washington state
casts their ballot following the
2024 presidential election
.
In early January, the total Electoral College vote count is opened by the sitting vice president, acting in his or her capacity as
president of the Senate
, and read aloud to a
joint session
of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president. Members of Congress are free to object to any or all of a state's electoral vote count, provided that the objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress. If such an objection is submitted, both houses of Congress adjourn to their respective chambers to debate and vote on the objection. The approval of both houses of Congress is required to invalidate those electoral votes in question.
[
46
]
If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote (at least 270), the president is determined by the rules outlined by the
Twelfth Amendment
. Specifically, the selection of president would then be decided by a
contingent election
in a ballot of the House of Representatives. For the purposes of electing the president, each state has only one vote. A ballot of the Senate is held to choose the vice president. In this ballot, each senator has one vote. The House has chosen the victor of the presidential race only twice, in
1800
and
1824
; the Senate has chosen the victor of the vice-presidential race only once, in
1836
.
If the president is not chosen by Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect acts as president. If neither are chosen by then, Congress by law determines who shall act as president, pursuant to the
Twentieth Amendment
.
Unless there are faithless electors, disputes, or other controversies, the events in December and January mentioned above are largely a formality since the winner can be determined based on the state-by-state popular vote results. Between the general election and Inauguration Day, this apparent winner is referred to as the "
president-elect
" (unless it is a sitting president who has won re-election).
The typical periods of the presidential election process are as follows, with the dates corresponding to the 2024 general election:
Late 2022 to early 2023 – Candidates announce their intentions to run, and (if necessary) file their Statement of Candidacy with the
Federal Election Commission
June 2023 to January 2024 – Primary and caucus debates
January to June 2024 – Primaries and caucuses
Late May to August 2024 – Nominating conventions (including those of the minor third parties)
September and October 2024 –
Presidential election debates
November 5, 2024 –
Election Day
December 17, 2024 – Electors cast their electoral votes
January 6, 2025 – Congress counts and certifies the electoral votes
January 20, 2025 -
Presidential inauguration
Previous experience
[
edit
]
John Adams
was the first of 26 presidents who have been lawyers.
Among the 45 persons who have served as president, only
Donald Trump
had never held a position in either government or the military prior to taking office.
[
47
]
The only previous experience
Zachary Taylor
,
Ulysses S. Grant
, and
Dwight D. Eisenhower
had was in the military.
Herbert Hoover
previously served as the
Secretary of Commerce
. Everyone else served in elected public office before becoming president, such as being vice president, a member of Congress, or a state or territorial governor.
Fifteen presidents also served as vice president. Six of them –
John Adams
(
1796
),
Thomas Jefferson
(
1800
),
Martin Van Buren
(
1836
),
Richard Nixon
(
1968
),
George H. W. Bush
(
1988
), and
Joe Biden
(
2020
) – began their first term after winning an election. The remaining nine began their first term as president according to the
presidential line of succession
after the intra-term death or resignation of their predecessor. Of these,
Theodore Roosevelt
,
Calvin Coolidge
,
Harry S. Truman
, and
Lyndon B. Johnson
were subsequently elected to a full term of their own, while
John Tyler
,
Millard Fillmore
,
Andrew Johnson
,
Chester A. Arthur
, and
Gerald Ford
were not. Ford's accession to the presidency is unique in American history in that he became vice president through the process prescribed by the
Twenty-fifth Amendment
rather than by winning an election, thus making him the only U.S. president to not have been elected to either office.
Sixteen presidents had previously served in the U.S. Senate, including four of the five who served between 1945 and 1974. However, only three were incumbent senators at the time they were elected president (
Warren G. Harding
in
1920
,
John F. Kennedy
in
1960
, and
Barack Obama
in
2008
). Eighteen presidents had earlier served in the House of Representatives. However, only one was a sitting representative when elected to the presidency (
James A. Garfield
in
1880
).
Four of the last seven presidents (
Jimmy Carter
,
Ronald Reagan
,
Bill Clinton
and
George W. Bush
) have been governors of a state. Geographically, these presidents were from either very large states (Reagan from
California
, Bush from
Texas
) or from a state south of the
Mason–Dixon line
and east of Texas (Carter from
Georgia
, Clinton from
Arkansas
). In all, sixteen presidents have been former governors, including seven who were incumbent governors at the time of their election to the presidency.
The most common job experience, occupation or profession of U.S. presidents has been lawyer;
[
48
]
26 presidents had served as attorneys. Twenty-two presidents were also in the military. Eight presidents had served as Cabinet Secretaries, with five of the six presidents who served between 1801 and 1841 having held the office of
U.S. Secretary of State
.
After leaving office, one president,
William Howard Taft
, served as
Chief Justice of the United States
. Two others later served in Congress – John Quincy Adams in the House and Andrew Johnson in the Senate.
Technology and media
[
edit
]
Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 "Daisy" advertisement
Advances in technology and media have also affected presidential campaigns. The invention of radio and then television gave way to reliance upon national political advertisements such as Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 "
Daisy
", Ronald Reagan's 1984 "
Morning in America
", and George H. W. Bush's 1988 "
Revolving Door
", all of which became major factors. In 1992, George H. W. Bush's promise of "
Read my lips: no new taxes
" was extensively used in the commercials of Bill Clinton and Bush's other opponents with significant effect during the campaign.
Since the development of the internet in the mid-90s,
Internet activism
has also become an invaluable component of presidential campaigns, especially since 2000. The internet was first used in the 1996 presidential elections, but primarily as a brochure for the candidate online.
[
49
]
It was only used by a few candidates and there is no evidence of any major effect on the outcomes of that election cycle.
[
49
]
In 2000, both candidates (George W. Bush and
Al Gore
) created, maintained, and updated campaign websites. But it was not until the 2004 presidential election cycle was the potential value of the internet seen. By the summer of 2003, ten people competing in the 2004 presidential election had developed campaign websites.
[
50
]
Howard Dean's
campaign website from that year was considered a model for all future campaign websites. His website played a significant role in his overall campaign strategy.
[
50
]
It allowed his supporters to read about his campaign platform and provide feedback, donate, get involved with the campaign, and connect with other supporters.
[
49
]
A
Gallup
poll from January 2004 revealed that 49 percent of Americans have used the internet to get information about candidates, and 28 percent said they use the internet to get this information frequently.
[
49
]
Use of the
Internet
for
grassroots fundraising
by US presidential candidates such as
Howard Dean
,
Barack Obama
,
Ron Paul
and
Bernie Sanders
established it as an effective political tool. In 2016, the use of
social media
was a key part of
Donald Trump
campaign. Trump and his opinions were established as constantly "trending" by posting multiple times per day, and his strong online influence was constantly reinforced.
[
51
]
Internet channels such as
YouTube
were used by candidates to share speeches and ads and to attack candidates by uploading videos of gaffes.
[
49
]
A study done by the
Pew
Internet & American Life Project in conjunction with Princeton Survey Research Associates in November 2010 shows that 54% of adults in the
United States
used the internet to get information about the
2010 midterm elections
and about specific candidates. This represents 73% of adult internet users. The study also showed that 22 percent of adult internet users used
social networking
sites or
Twitter
to get information about and discuss the elections and 26 percent of all adults used cell phones to learn about or participate in campaigns.
[
52
]
E-campaigning, as it has come to be called, is subject to very little regulation. On March 26, 2006, the
Federal Election Commission
voted unanimously to "not regulate political communication on the Internet, including emails, blogs and the creating of Web sites".
[
53
]
This decision made only paid political ads placed on websites subject to campaign finance limitations.
[
54
]
A comment was made about this decision by Roger Alan Stone of Advocacy Inc. which explains this loophole in the context of a political campaign: "A wealthy individual could purchase all of the
e-mail
addresses for registered
voters
in a
congressional district
... produce an Internet video ad, and
e-mail
it along with a link to the campaign contribution page
... Not only would this activity not count against any contribution limits or independent expenditure requirements; it would never even need to be reported."
[
53
]
A key part of the
United States
presidential campaigns is the use of media and framing. Candidates are able to frame their opponents and current issues in ways to affect the way voters will see events and the other presidential candidates.
[
55
]
This is known as "priming". For example, during the
2016 presidential election
Donald Trump
successfully influenced the way voters thought about
Hillary Clinton
, by encouraging voters to think of Clinton as "Crooked Hillary" or a "
Nasty woman
".
[
56
]
The media, and Trump, tended to focus on what was presented as her
email scandal
, and when voters thought about her that is what came to mind. Trump played into voters' anti-government interests, while Clinton appealed to the future of the country for the better of future children.
[
57
]
Trump was unexpectedly successful at connecting to what a huge portion of Americans perceived as their interests. It was not always Clinton's strong point, but that may not have been her fault. Americans vote based on whether they feel the country is in a time of gain or a time of loss.
[
55
]
Trump's campaign slogan, "
Make America Great Again
", made Americans feel like the country was in a time of loss, willing to take a risk on voting for a candidate without political experience.
[
55
]
Trump was convincing with his anti-everything rhetoric, and his message reached the electorate with the help of the media. Over half of the media coverage on Trump was focused on where he stood in the race, while only 12% focused on issues, stances, and political beliefs (including problematic comments).
[
56
]
2012 Republican primaries and caucuses calendar.
January 2012 (4)
February 2012 (7)
March 2012 (23)
April 2012 (9)
May 2012 (7)
June 2012 (6)
2012 swing states, where the margin of victory was eight percentage points or fewer.
States won by Democrat Barack Obama by 4–8 percentage points
States won by Democrat
Barack Obama
by 0–4 percentage points
States won by Republican
Mitt Romney
by 0–4 percentage points
States won by Republican Mitt Romney by 4-8 percentage points
The presidential election process is controversial, with critics arguing that it is inherently undemocratic, and discourages voter participation and turnout in many areas of the country. Because of the staggered nature of the primary season, voters in Iowa, New Hampshire and other small states which traditionally hold their primaries and caucuses first in January usually have a major impact on the races. Campaign activity, media attention, and voter participation are usually higher in these states, as the candidates attempt to build momentum and generate a
bandwagon effect
in these early primaries. Conversely, voters in California and other large states which traditionally hold their primaries last in June usually end up having no say in who the presidential candidates will be. The races are usually over by then, and thus the campaigns, the media, and voters have little incentive to participate in these late primaries. As a result, more states vie for earlier primaries to claim a greater influence in the process. However, compressing the primary calendar in this way limits the ability of lesser-known candidates to effectively corral resources and raise their visibility among voters, especially when competing with better-known candidates who have more financial resources and the institutional backing of their party's establishment. Primary and caucus reform proposals include a
National Primary
held on a single day; or the
Interregional Primary Plan
, where states would be grouped into six regions, and each region would rotate every election on who would hold their primaries first.
With the primary races usually over before June, the political conventions have mostly become scripted, ceremonial affairs. As the drama has left the conventions, and complaints grown that they were scripted and dull pep rallies, public interest and viewership has fallen off. After having offered gavel-to-gavel coverage of the major party conventions in the mid-20th century, the
Big Three television networks
now devote only approximately three hours of coverage (one hour per night).
Critics also argue that the Electoral College is archaic and inherently undemocratic. With all states, except Maine and Nebraska, using a winner-takes-all system, most of the states' seats are allocated ina blocks to either the Democratic or the Republican candidate and in all but a few states the citizens predominantly and perennially vote for the Democratic Party or the Republican Party (and even in Maine and Nebraska, most of the state seats have historically gone to the Democratic Party or the Republican Party, respectively). This encourages presidential candidates to focus much more time, money, and energy campaigning in a few so-called "
swing states
", states in which no single candidate or party has overwhelming support. Such swing states (Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin) are inundated with campaign visits, saturation television advertising, get-out-the-vote efforts by party organizers, and debates. Meanwhile, candidates and political parties have no incentive to mount nationwide campaign efforts, or work to increase voter turnout, in predominantly Democratic Party "safe states" like California, Illinois or New York or predominantly Republican Party "safe states" like Wyoming, Alabama or Utah. In practice, the winner-takes-all system also both reinforces the country's
two-party system
and decreases the importance of
third and minor political parties
.
[
58
]
Furthermore, a candidate can win the electoral vote without securing the greatest amount of the national popular vote, such as during the
1824
,
1876
,
1888
,
2000
and
2016
elections. It would even be possible in theory to secure the necessary 270 electoral votes from only the twelve most populous states
[
a
]
and ignore the rest of the country.
Proposed changes to the election process
[
edit
]
In 1844, Representative
Samuel F. Vinton
of Ohio proposed an amendment to the constitution that would replace the electoral college system with a lot system. The Joint Resolution called for each state to elect, by a simple majority, a presidential candidate of said state. Each state would notify Congress of the presidential election results. Congress would then inscribe the name of every state on uniform balls, equal to the number of said state's members of Congress, and deposit into a box. In a joint session of Congress, a ball would be drawn, and the elected candidate of the state of which is written on the drawn ball would be named president. A second ball would immediately be drawn after, and that state's candidate would be named vice president. The resolution did not pass the House. Representative Vinton proposed an identical amendment in 1846. Again, it was unsuccessful. The driving force behind the introduction of the resolution is unclear, as there is no recorded debate for either proposal.
[
59
]
The
Every Vote Counts Amendment
, another proposed constitutional amendment, would replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote, which proponents argue would increase turnout and participation.
[
60
]
One proposal that would not require Congressional authorization is the
National Popular Vote Interstate Compact
, an
interstate compact
whereby individual participating states would agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote, instead of their respective statewide results.
[
61
]
Another proposal is for every state to adopt the District system used by Maine and Nebraska: give two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district.
[
60
]
[
62
]
The Proportional Plan, often compared to the District Plan, would distribute electoral votes in each state in proportion to the popular vote, increasing the number of electors allocated to third parties.
[
63
]
The Automatic Plan would replace the Electors with an automatic tallying of votes to eliminate the possibility of a faithless elector affecting the outcome of the election.
The House Plan is another proposed constitutional amendment to allocate electors based on the House apportionment alone to lessen small state advantage.
Electoral college results
[
edit
]
This is a table of electoral college results. Included are candidates who received at least one electoral vote or at least five percent of the popular vote.
Faithless electors
and
unpledged electors
are denoted by a pink background.
Year
Party
Presidential candidate
Vice presidential candidate
Popular vote
%
Electoral votes
Notes
1788
Independent
George Washington
None
[
b
]
43,782
100.0%
69 / 138
Federalist
John Adams
[
c
]
N/A
N/A
34 / 138
John Jay
9 / 138
Robert H. Harrison
6 / 138
John Rutledge
6 / 138
John Hancock
4 / 138
Anti-Administration
George Clinton
3 / 138
Federalist
Samuel Huntington
2 / 138
John Milton
2 / 138
James Armstrong
1 / 138
Benjamin Lincoln
1 / 138
Anti-Administration
Edward Telfair
1 / 138
1792
Independent
George Washington
28,579
100.0%
132 / 264
Federalist
John Adams
[
c
]
N/A
N/A
77 / 264
Democratic-Republican
George Clinton
50 / 264
Thomas Jefferson
4 / 264
Aaron Burr
1 / 264
1796
Federalist
John Adams
35,726
53.4%
71 / 276
Democratic-Republican
Thomas Jefferson
[
d
]
31,115
46.6%
68 / 276
Federalist
Thomas Pinckney
N/A
N/A
59 / 276
Democratic-Republican
Aaron Burr
30 / 276
Samuel Adams
15 / 276
Federalist
Oliver Ellsworth
11 / 276
Democratic-Republican
George Clinton
7 / 276
Federalist
John Jay
5 / 276
James Iredell
3 / 276
Independent
George Washington
2 / 276
Democratic-Republican
John Henry
2 / 276
Federalist
Samuel Johnston
2 / 276
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
1 / 276
1800
Democratic-Republican
Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
[
e
]
41,330
61.4%
73 / 276
Federalist
John Adams
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
[
e
]
25,952
38.6%
64 / 276
John Jay
[
e
]
1 / 276
1804
Democratic-Republican
Thomas Jefferson
George Clinton
104,110
72.8%
162 / 176
Federalist
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Rufus King
38,919
27.2%
14 / 176
1808
Democratic-Republican
James Madison
George Clinton
124,732
64.7%
113 / 176
[
f
]
John Langdon
9 / 176
Federalist
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Rufus King
62,431
32.4%
47 / 176
Democratic-Republican
George Clinton
James Madison
N/A
N/A
3 / 176
[
g
]
James Monroe
3 / 176
1812
Democratic-Republican
James Madison
Elbridge Gerry
140,431
50.4%
128 / 217
Democratic-Republican
/
Federalist
[
h
]
DeWitt Clinton
Jared Ingersoll
132,781
47.6%
86 / 217
[
i
]
Elbridge Gerry
3 / 217
1816
Democratic-Republican
James Monroe
Daniel D. Tompkins
76,592
68.2%
183 / 217
Federalist
Rufus King
John Eager Howard
34,740
30.9%
22 / 217
[
j
]
James Ross
5 / 217
John Marshall
4 / 217
Robert Goodloe Harper
3 / 217
1820
Democratic-Republican
James Monroe
Daniel D. Tompkins
87,343
80.6%
218 / 232
[
k
]
Richard Stockton
(
F
)
8 / 232
Daniel Rodney
(
F
)
4 / 232
Robert Goodloe Harper
(
F
)
1 / 232
John Quincy Adams
Richard Rush
(
F
)
N/A
N/A
1 / 232
[
l
]
1824
Democratic-Republican
(
Adams faction
)
John Quincy Adams
[
m
]
John C. Calhoun
113,122
30.9%
74 / 261
[
n
]
Andrew Jackson
9 / 261
N/A
1 / 261
Democratic-Republican
(
Jackson faction
)
Andrew Jackson
John C. Calhoun
151,271
41.4%
99 / 261
Democratic-Republican
(Crawford faction)
William H. Crawford
Nathaniel Macon
40,856
11.2%
24 / 261
[
o
]
Martin Van Buren
9 / 261
John C. Calhoun
2 / 261
Henry Clay
2 / 261
Nathan Sanford
2 / 261
Andrew Jackson
1 / 261
Democratic-Republican
(Clay faction)
Henry Clay
Nathan Sanford
47,531
13.0%
28 / 261
[
p
]
John C. Calhoun
7 / 261
Andrew Jackson
3 / 261
1828
Democratic
Andrew Jackson
John C. Calhoun
642,553
56.0%
171 / 261
[
q
]
William Smith
7 / 261
National Republican
John Quincy Adams
Richard Rush
500,897
43.6%
83 / 261
1832
Democratic
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
701,780
54.2%
189 / 286
[
r
]
William Wilkins
30 / 286
National Republican
Henry Clay
John Sergeant
484,205
37.4%
49 / 286
Nullifier
John Floyd
Henry Lee
N/A
N/A
11 / 286
[
s
]
Anti-Masonic
William Wirt
Amos Ellmaker
100,715
7.8%
7 / 286
1836
Democratic
Martin Van Buren
Richard Mentor Johnson
763,291
50.8%
147 / 294
[
t
]
William Smith
23 / 294
Whig
William Henry Harrison
Francis Granger
549,907
36.6%
63 / 294
[
u
]
John Tyler
10 / 294
Hugh L. White
John Tyler
146,107
9.7%
26 / 294
Daniel Webster
Francis Granger
41,201
2.7%
14 / 294
Willie Person Mangum
John Tyler
N/A
N/A
11 / 294
[
s
]
1840
Whig
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
1,275,390
52.9%
234 / 294
Democratic
Martin Van Buren
Richard Mentor Johnson
1,128,854
46.8%
48 / 294
[
v
]
Littleton W. Tazewell
11 / 294
James K. Polk
1 / 294
1844
Democratic
James K. Polk
George M. Dallas
1,339,494
49.5%
170 / 275
Whig
Henry Clay
Theodore Frelinghuysen
1,300,004
48.1%
105 / 275
1848
Whig
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
1,361,393
47.3%
163 / 290
Democratic
Lewis Cass
William Orlando Butler
1,223,460
42.5%
127 / 290
1852
Democratic
Franklin Pierce
William R. King
1,607,510
50.8%
254 / 296
Whig
Winfield Scott
William Alexander Graham
1,386,942
43.9%
42 / 296
1856
Democratic
James Buchanan
John C. Breckinridge
1,836,072
45.3%
174 / 296
Republican
John C. Frémont
William L. Dayton
1,342,345
33.1%
114 / 296
American
Millard Fillmore
Andrew Jackson Donelson
873,053
21.6%
8 / 296
1860
Republican
Abraham Lincoln
Hannibal Hamlin
1,865,908
39.8%
180 / 303
Democratic (Southern)
John C. Breckinridge
Joseph Lane
848,019
18.1%
72 / 303
Constitutional Union
John Bell
Edward Everett
590,901
12.6%
39 / 303
Democratic (Northern)
Stephen A. Douglas
Herschel V. Johnson
1,380,202
29.5%
12 / 303
1864
National Union
Abraham Lincoln
(
R
)
Andrew Johnson
(
D
)
2,218,388
55.0%
212 / 233
[
w
]
[
x
]
Democratic
George B. McClellan
George H. Pendleton
1,812,807
45.0%
21 / 233
1868
Republican
Ulysses S. Grant
Schuyler Colfax
3,013,650
52.7%
214 / 294
Democratic
Horatio Seymour
Francis Preston Blair Jr.
2,708,744
47.3%
80 / 294
1872
Republican
Ulysses S. Grant
Henry Wilson
3,598,235
55.6%
286 / 352
Democratic
Thomas A. Hendricks
Benjamin Gratz Brown
(
LR
)
[
y
]
2,834,761
43.8%
41 or 42 / 352
[
z
]
[
aa
]
William S. Groesbeck
0 or 1 / 352
George Washington Julian
(
LR
)
0 or 1 / 352
John M. Palmer
(
LR
)
0 or 1 / 352
Liberal Republican
Benjamin Gratz Brown
Alfred H. Colquitt
(
D
)
5 / 352
[
z
]
George Washington Julian
4 or 5 / 352
Thomas E. Bramlette
(
D
)
3 / 352
John M. Palmer
2 or 3 / 352
Nathaniel P. Banks
1 / 352
Willis Benson Machen
(
D
)
1 / 352
William S. Groesbeck
(
D
)
0 or 1 / 352
Horace Greeley
Benjamin Gratz Brown
3 / 352
[
ab
]
Democratic
Charles J. Jenkins
Benjamin Gratz Brown
2 / 352
Liberal Republican
David Davis
Benjamin Gratz Brown
0 or 1 / 352
[
z
]
[
ac
]
William S. Groesbeck
(
D
)
0 or 1 / 352
George Washington Julian
0 or 1 / 352
John M. Palmer
0 or 1 / 352
1876
Republican
Rutherford B. Hayes
William A. Wheeler
4,034,142
47.9%
185 / 369
Democratic
Samuel J. Tilden
Thomas A. Hendricks
4,286,808
50.9%
184 / 369
1880
Republican
James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
4,446,158
48.3%
214 / 369
Democratic
Winfield Scott Hancock
William Hayden English
4,444,260
48.3%
155 / 369
1884
Democratic
Grover Cleveland
Thomas A. Hendricks
4,914,482
48.9%
219 / 401
Republican
James G. Blaine
John A. Logan
4,856,903
48.3%
182 / 401
1888
Republican
Benjamin Harrison
Levi P. Morton
5,443,892
47.8%
233 / 401
Democratic
Grover Cleveland
Allen G. Thurman
5,534,488
48.6%
168 / 401
1892
Democratic
Grover Cleveland
Adlai Stevenson I
5,553,898
46.0%
277 / 444
Republican
Benjamin Harrison
Whitelaw Reid
5,190,819
43.0%
145 / 444
Populist
James B. Weaver
James G. Field
1,026,595
8.5%
22 / 444
1896
Republican
William McKinley
Garret Hobart
7,111,607
51.0%
271 / 447
Democratic
/
Populist
William Jennings Bryan
Arthur Sewall
(
D
)
6,509,052
46.7%
149 / 447
[
ad
]
Thomas E. Watson
(
Pop.
)
27 / 447
1900
Republican
William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
7,228,864
51.6%
292 / 447
Democratic
William Jennings Bryan
Adlai Stevenson I
6,370,932
45.5%
155 / 447
1904
Republican
Theodore Roosevelt
Charles W. Fairbanks
7,630,457
56.4%
336 / 476
Democratic
Alton B. Parker
Henry G. Davis
5,083,880
37.6%
140 / 476
1908
Republican
William Howard Taft
James S. Sherman
7,678,335
51.6%
321 / 483
Democratic
William Jennings Bryan
John W. Kern
6,408,979
43.0%
162 / 483
1912
Democratic
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas R. Marshall
6,296,284
41.8%
435 / 531
Progressive
Theodore Roosevelt
Hiram Johnson
4,122,721
27.4%
88 / 531
Republican
William Howard Taft
Nicholas Murray Butler
[
ae
]
3,486,242
23.2%
8 / 531
1916
Democratic
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas R. Marshall
9,126,868
49.2%
277 / 531
Republican
Charles Evans Hughes
Charles W. Fairbanks
8,548,728
46.1%
254 / 531
1920
Republican
Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
16,144,093
60.3%
404 / 531
Democratic
James M. Cox
Franklin D. Roosevelt
9,139,661
34.2%
127 / 531
1924
Republican
Calvin Coolidge
Charles G. Dawes
15,723,789
54.0%
382 / 531
Democratic
John W. Davis
Charles W. Bryan
8,386,242
28.8%
136 / 531
Progressive
Robert M. La Follette
Burton K. Wheeler
4,831,706
16.6%
13 / 531
1928
Republican
Herbert Hoover
Charles Curtis
21,427,123
58.2%
444 / 531
Democratic
Al Smith
Joseph Taylor Robinson
15,015,464
40.8%
87 / 531
1932
Democratic
Franklin D. Roosevelt
John Nance Garner
22,821,277
57.4%
472 / 531
Republican
Herbert Hoover
Charles Curtis
15,761,254
39.7%
59 / 531
1936
Democratic
Franklin D. Roosevelt
John Nance Garner
27,752,648
60.8%
523 / 531
Republican
Alf Landon
Frank Knox
16,681,862
36.5%
8 / 531
1940
Democratic
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Henry A. Wallace
27,313,945
54.7%
449 / 531
Republican
Wendell Willkie
Charles L. McNary
22,347,744
44.8%
82 / 531
1944
Democratic
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
25,612,916
53.4%
432 / 531
Republican
Thomas E. Dewey
John W. Bricker
22,017,929
45.9%
99 / 531
1948
Democratic
Harry S. Truman
Alben W. Barkley
24,179,347
49.6%
303 / 531
Republican
Thomas E. Dewey
Earl Warren
21,991,292
45.1%
189 / 531
Dixiecrat
Strom Thurmond
Fielding L. Wright
1,175,930
2.4%
39 / 531
1952
Republican
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Richard Nixon
34,075,529
55.2%
442 / 531
Democratic
Adlai Stevenson II
John Sparkman
27,375,090
44.3%
89 / 531
1956
Republican
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Richard Nixon
35,579,180
57.4%
457 / 531
Democratic
Adlai Stevenson II
Estes Kefauver
26,028,028
42.0%
73 / 531
Walter Burgwyn Jones
Herman Talmadge
N/A
N/A
1 / 531
[
af
]
1960
Democratic
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
34,220,984
49.7%
303 / 537
Republican
Richard Nixon
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
34,108,157
49.6%
219 / 537
Southern Democratic
Harry F. Byrd
Strom Thurmond
610,409
0.4%
14 / 537
[
ag
]
Barry Goldwater
(
R
)
1 / 537
1964
Democratic
Lyndon B. Johnson
Hubert Humphrey
43,127,041
61.0%
486 / 538
Republican
Barry Goldwater
William E. Miller
27,175,754
38.5%
52 / 538
1968
Republican
Richard Nixon
Spiro Agnew
31,783,783
43.4%
301 / 538
Democratic
Hubert Humphrey
Edmund Muskie
31,271,839
42.7%
191 / 538
American Independent
George Wallace
Curtis LeMay
9,901,118
13.5%
46 / 538
1972
Republican
Richard Nixon
Spiro Agnew
47,168,710
60.7%
520 / 538
Democratic
George McGovern
Sargent Shriver
29,173,222
37.5%
17 / 538
Libertarian
John Hospers
Tonie Nathan
3,674
<0.01%
1 / 538
[
ah
]
1976
Democratic
Jimmy Carter
Walter Mondale
40,831,881
50.1%
297 / 538
Republican
Gerald Ford
Bob Dole
39,148,634
48.0%
240 / 538
Ronald Reagan
N/A
N/A
1 / 538
[
ai
]
1980
Republican
Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
43,903,230
50.7%
489 / 538
Democratic
Jimmy Carter
Walter Mondale
35,480,115
41.0%
49 / 538
1984
Republican
Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
54,455,472
58.8%
525 / 538
Democratic
Walter Mondale
Geraldine Ferraro
37,577,352
40.6%
13 / 538
1988
Republican
George H. W. Bush
Dan Quayle
48,886,597
53.4%
426 / 538
Democratic
Michael Dukakis
Lloyd Bentsen
41,809,476
45.6%
111 / 538
Lloyd Bentsen
Michael Dukakis
N/A
N/A
1 / 538
[
aj
]
1992
Democratic
Bill Clinton
Al Gore
44,909,806
43.0%
370 / 538
Republican
George H. W. Bush
Dan Quayle
39,104,550
37.4%
168 / 538
1996
Democratic
Bill Clinton
Al Gore
47,401,185
49.2%
379 / 538
Republican
Bob Dole
Jack Kemp
39,197,469
40.7%
159 / 538
2000
Republican
George W. Bush
Dick Cheney
50,456,002
47.9%
271 / 538
Democratic
Al Gore
Joe Lieberman
50,999,897
48.4%
266 / 538
[
ak
]
[
64
]
2004
Republican
George W. Bush
Dick Cheney
62,040,610
50.7%
286 / 538
Democratic
John Kerry
John Edwards
59,028,444
48.3%
251 / 538
John Edwards
5
<0.01%
1 / 538
[
al
]
2008
Democratic
Barack Obama
Joe Biden
69,498,516
52.9%
365 / 538
Republican
John McCain
Sarah Palin
59,948,323
45.7%
173 / 538
2012
Democratic
Barack Obama
Joe Biden
65,915,795
51.1%
332 / 538
Republican
Mitt Romney
Paul Ryan
60,933,504
47.2%
206 / 538
2016
Republican
Donald Trump
Mike Pence
62,984,828
46.1%
304 / 538
Ron Paul
(
L
)
124
<0.01%
1 / 538
[
am
]
Democratic
Hillary Clinton
Tim Kaine
65,853,514
48.2%
227 / 538
Republican
(cast by Democratic electors)
Colin Powell
Susan Collins
25
<0.01%
1 / 538
[
an
]
Maria Cantwell
(
D
)
1 / 538
Elizabeth Warren
(
D
)
1 / 538
Republican
John Kasich
Carly Fiorina
2,684
<0.01%
1 / 538
[
am
]
Democratic
Bernie Sanders
Elizabeth Warren
108,776
0.08%
1 / 538
[
ao
]
Faith Spotted Eagle
Winona LaDuke
(
G
)
N/A
N/A
1 / 538
[
ap
]
2020
Democratic
Joe Biden
Kamala Harris
81,283,501
51.3%
306 / 538
Republican
Donald Trump
Mike Pence
74,223,975
46.9%
232 / 538
2024
Republican
Donald Trump
JD Vance
77,302,169
49.8%
312 / 538
Democratic
Kamala Harris
Tim Walz
75,015,834
48.3%
226 / 538
Electoral College
1788–1789 Election
1792 Election
1796 Election
1800 Election
1804 Election
1808 Election
1812 Election
1816 Election
1820 Election
1824 Election
1828 Election
1832 Election
1836 Election
1840 Election
1844 Election
1848 Election
1852 Election
1856 Election
1860 Election
1864 Election
1868 Election
1872 Election
1876 Election
1880 Election
1884 Election
1888 Election
1892 Election
1896 Election
1900 Election
1904 Election
1908 Election
1912 Election
1916 Election
1920 Election
1924 Election
1928 Election
1932 Election
1936 Election
1940 Election
1944 Election
1948 Election
1952 Election
1956 Election
1960 Election
1964 Election
1968 Election
1972 Election
1976 Election
1980 Election
1984 Election
1988 Election
1992 Election
1996 Election
2000 Election
2004 Election
2008 Election
2012 Election
2016 Election
2020 Election
2024 Election
Popular vote results
[
edit
]
Historically, presidents seeking re-election with a job approval rating of 50 percent or higher among American voters have easily won a second term, while those with an approval rating of less than 50 percent have lost the election.
Popular vote percentage
House vote for president, 1801
CT
DE
GA
KY
MD
MA
NH
NJ
NY
NC
PA
RI
SC
TN
VT
VA
0-7
0-0-1
1-0
2-0
4-0-4
3-11
0-4
3-2
6-4
6-4
9-4
0-2
0-0-4
1-0
1-0-1
14–5
State delegations won by Jefferson are color coded in green, and those won by Burr in red. Vote results listed in that order, with abstentions at end.
This election was in many ways unique in American history: several different factions of the
Democratic-Republican Party
were named after the last names of the candidates in this race, and nominated their own candidates. As no candidate received a majority of electoral votes, the House of Representatives chose Adams to be president.
House vote for president, 1824
AL
CT
DE
GA
IL
IN
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MS
MO
NH
NJ
NY
NC
OH
PN
RI
SC
TN
VT
VA
0-3-0
6-0-0
0-0-1
0-0-7
1-0-0
0-3-0
8-4-0
2-1-0
7-0-0
5-3-1
12-1-0
0-1-0
1-0-0
6-0-0
1-5-0
18-2-14
1-1-10
10-2-2
1-25-0
2-0-0
0-9-0
0-9-0
5-0-0
1–1–19
State delegations that Adams won are colored in
green
,
blue
for Jackson, and
orange
for Crawford. Vote results listed in that order.
Voter turnout
in the 2004 and 2008 elections showed a noticeable increase over the turnout in 1996 and 2000. Prior to 2004, voter turnout in presidential elections had been decreasing while voter registration, measured in terms of voting age population (VAP) by the U.S. census, has been increasing. The VAP figure, however, includes persons ineligible to vote – mainly non-citizens and ineligible felons – and excludes overseas eligible voters. Opinion is mixed on whether this decline was due to voter apathy
[
65
]
[
66
]
[
67
]
[
68
]
or an increase in ineligible voters on the rolls.
[
69
]
The difference between these two measures are illustrated by analysis of turnout in the 2004 and 2008 elections. Voter turnout from the 2004 and 2008 election was "not statistically different", based on the voting age population used by a November 2008 U.S. census survey of 50,000 households.
[
65
]
If expressed in terms of vote eligible population (VEP), the 2008 national turnout rate was 61.7% from 131.3 million ballots cast for president, an increase of over 1.6 percentage points over the 60.1% turnout rate of 2004, and the highest since 1968.
[
70
]
Financial disclosures
[
edit
]
Prior to 1967, many presidential candidates disclosed assets, stock holdings, and other information which might affect the public trust.
[
71
]
In that year, Republican candidate
George W. Romney
went a step further and released his tax returns for the previous twelve years.
[
71
]
Since then, many presidential candidates – including all major-party nominees from 1980 to 2012 – have released some of their returns,
[
72
]
although few of the major party nominees have equaled or exceeded George Romney's twelve.
[
73
]
[
74
]
The Tax History Project – a project directed by
Joseph J. Thorndike
and established by the nonprofit Tax Analysts group
[
75
]
– has compiled the publicly released tax returns of presidents and presidential candidates (including
primary
candidates).
[
76
]
In 2016, Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump broke with tradition, becoming the only major-party candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976 to not make any of his full tax returns public.
[
77
]
Trump said that his refusal to do so was
because he was under audit
by the
IRS
.
[
77
]
However, no law or precedent prevents a person from releasing their tax returns while under audit. President
Richard M. Nixon
released his tax returns while they were under audit.
[
78
]
[
79
]
Presidential coattails
[
edit
]
Presidential elections are held on the same date as those for all the seats in the House of Representatives, the full terms for 33 or 34 of the 100 seats in the Senate, the
governorships
of several states, and many state and local elections. Presidential candidates tend to bring out supporters who then vote for their party's candidates for those other offices.
[
80
]
These other candidates are said to ride on the presidential candidates' coattails. Voter turnout is also generally higher during presidential election years than either
midterm election
years
[
81
]
or
off-year elections
years.
[
82
]
Since the end of World War II, there have been a total of five American presidential elections that had significant coattail effects:
Harry Truman
in
1948
,
Dwight Eisenhower
in
1952
,
Lyndon Johnson
in
1964
,
Ronald Reagan
in
1980
, and
Barack Obama
in
2008
. However, Truman's victory in 1948 and Eisenhower's victory in 1952 remain the last two elections in which the same party both won the White House and elected enough members of the House take control of it from its opponents.
[
83
]
The last American presidential election in which the same party both won the White House and elected enough members of the Senate to take control of it from its opponents was Barack Obama's win in 2008.
Year
Elected president
President's party
Net gain/loss of president's party
[
aq
]
House seats
Senate seats
1948
Harry S. Truman
Democratic
+75: (188 ► 263)
+9: (45 ► 54)
1952
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican
+22: (199 ► 221)
+2: (47 ► 49)
1956
-2: (203 ► 201)
0: (47 ► 47)
1960
John F. Kennedy
Democratic
-21: (283 ► 262)
-1: (65 ► 64)
1964
Lyndon B. Johnson
Democratic
+37: (258 ► 295)
+2: (66 ► 68)
1968
Richard Nixon
Republican
+5: (187 ► 192)
+5: (37 ► 42)
1972
+12: (180 ► 192)
-2: (44 ► 42)
1976
Jimmy Carter
Democratic
+1: (291 ► 292)
0: (61 ► 61)
1980
Ronald Reagan
Republican
+34: (158 ► 192)
+12: (41 ► 53)
1984
+16: (166 ► 182)
-2: (55 ► 53)
1988
George H. W. Bush
Republican
-2: (177 ► 175)
-1: (46 ► 45)
1992
Bill Clinton
Democratic
-9: (267 ► 258)
0: (57 ► 57)
1996
+2: (204 ► 206)
-2: (47 ► 45)
2000
George W. Bush
Republican
-2: (223 ► 221)
-4: (54 ► 50)
2004
+3: (229 ► 232)
+4: (51 ► 55)
2008
Barack Obama
Democratic
+21: (236 ► 257)
+8: (51 ► 59)
2012
+8: (193 ► 201)
+2: (53 ► 55)
2016
Donald Trump
Republican
-6: (247 ► 241)
-2: (54 ► 52)
2020
Joe Biden
Democratic
-13: (235 ► 222)
+3: (47 ► 50)
2024
Donald Trump
Republican
-2: (222 ► 220)
+4: (49 ► 53)
Comparison with other U.S. general elections
[
edit
]
Basic rotation of
U.S. general elections
(
fixed terms only
[1]
)
Year
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
Type
Off-year
Midterm
Off-year
Presidential
Off-year
President
No
Yes
No
Senate
No
Class II (33 seats)
No
Class III (34 seats)
No
House
No
All 435 seats
[2]
No
All 435 seats
[3]
No
Gubernatorial
2 states
NJ
,
VA
36 states, DC, & 3 territories
[4]
AL
,
AK
,
AZ
,
AR
,
CA
,
CO
,
CT
,
FL
,
GA
,
HI
,
ID
,
IL
,
IA
,
KS
,
ME
,
MD
,
MA
,
MI
,
MN
,
NE
,
NV
,
NH
,
NM
,
NY
,
OH
,
OK
,
OR
,
PA
,
RI
,
SC
,
SD
,
TN
,
TX
,
VT
,
WI
,
WY
,
DC (Mayor)
,
GU
,
MP
,
VI
3 states
KY
,
LA
,
MS
11 states, 2 territories
DE
,
IN
,
MO
,
MT
,
NH
,
NC
,
ND
,
UT
,
VT
,
WA
,
WV
,
AS
,
PR
2 states
NJ
,
VA
Lieutenant gubernatorial
[5]
1 state
VA
10 states
[6]
AL
,
AR
,
CA
,
GA
,
ID
,
NV
,
OK
,
RI
,
TX
,
VT
2 states
LA
,
MS
5 states, 1 territory
DE
,
MO
,
NC
,
VT
,
WA
,
AS
1 state
VA
Secretary of state
None
25 states
AL
,
AZ
,
AR
,
CA
,
CO
,
CT
,
GA
,
ID
,
IL
,
IN
,
IA
,
KS
,
MA
,
MI
,
MN
,
NE
,
NV
,
NM
,
ND
,
OH
,
RI
,
SC
,
VT
,
WI
,
WY
3 states
KY
,
LA
,
MS
7 states
MO
,
MT
,
NC
,
OR
,
VT
,
WA
,
WV
None
Attorney general
1 state
VA
30 states, DC, & 2 territories
AL
,
AZ
,
AR
,
CA
,
CO
,
CT
,
DE
,
FL
,
GA
,
ID
,
IL
,
IA
,
KS
,
MD
,
MA
,
MI
,
MN
,
NE
,
NV
,
NM
,
NY
,
ND
,
OH
,
OK
,
RI
,
SC
,
SD
,
TX
,
VT
,
WI
,
DC
,
GU
,
MP
3 states
KY
,
LA
,
MS
10 states
IN
,
MO
,
MT
,
NC
,
OR
,
PA
,
UT
,
VT
,
WA
,
WV
1 state
VA
State treasurer
[7]
None
23 states
AL
,
AZ
,
AR
,
CA
,
CO
,
CT
,
FL (CFO)
,
ID
,
IL
,
IN
,
IA
,
KS
,
MA
,
NE
,
NV
,
NM
,
OH
,
OK
,
RI
,
SC
,
VT
,
WI
,
WY
3 states
KY
,
LA
,
MS
9 states
MO
,
NC
,
ND
,
OR
,
PA
,
UT
,
VT
,
WA
,
WV
None
State comptroller/controller
None
8 states
CA
,
CT
,
IL
,
MD
,
NV
,
NY
,
SC
,
TX
None
None
None
State auditor
None
15 states
AL
,
AR
,
DE
,
IN
,
IA
,
MA
,
MN
,
MO
,
NE
,
NM
,
OH
,
OK
,
SD
,
VT
,
WY
2 states
KY
,
MS
9 states
MT
,
NC
,
ND
,
PA
,
UT
,
VT
,
WA
,
WV
,
GU
None
Superintendent of public instruction
1 state
WI
7 states
AZ
,
CA
,
GA
,
ID
,
OK
,
SC
,
WY
None
4 states
MT
,
NC
,
ND
,
WA
1 state
WI
Agriculture commissioner
None
6 states
AL
,
FL
,
GA
,
IA
,
ND
,
SC
,
TX
3 states
KY
,
LA
,
MS
2 states
NC
,
WV
None
Insurance commissioner
None
5 states
DE
,
CA
GA
,
KS
,
OK
2 states
LA
,
MS
3 states
NC
,
ND
,
WA
None
Other commissioners & elected officials
None
9 states
AZ (Mine Inspector)
,
AR (Land)
,
GA (Land)
,
NM (Land)
,
ND (Tax)
,
OK (Labor)
,
OR (Labor)
,
SD (Land)
,
TX (Land)
None
1 state
NC (Labor)
None
State legislatures
[8]
2 states
VA, NJ
46 states, DC, & 4 territories
AK, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, VI
4 states
LA, MS, NJ, VA
44 states, DC, & 5 territories
AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
2 states
VA. NJ
State boards of education
[9]
None
8 states, DC, & 3 territories
AL
,
CO
,
KS
,
MI
,
NE
,
OH
,
TX
,
UT
,
DC
, GU, MP, VI
None
8 states, DC, & 3 territories
AL
,
CO
,
KS
,
MI
,
NE
,
OH
,
TX
,
UT
,
DC
, GU, MP, VI
None
Other state, local, and tribal offices
Varies
1
This table does not include
special elections
, which may be held to fill political offices that have become vacant between the regularly scheduled elections.
2
As well as all six
non-voting delegates
of the U.S. House.
3
As well as five
non-voting delegates
of the U.S. House. The
resident commissioner of Puerto Rico
instead serves a four-year term that coincides with the presidential term.
4
The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont are each elected to two-year terms. The other 48 state governors and all five territorial governors serve four-year terms.
5
In 26 states and 3 territories the lieutenant governor is elected on the same ticket as the governor: AK, CO, CT, FL, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MD, MA, MI, MN, MT, NE, NJ, NM, NY, ND, OH, PA, SC, SD, UT, WI, GU, MP, VI.
6
Like the governor, Vermont's other officials are each elected to two-year terms. All other state officers for all other states listed serve four-year terms.
7
In some states, the comptroller or controller has the duties equivalent to a treasurer. There are some states with both positions, so both have been included separately.
8
This list does not differentiate chambers of each legislature. Forty-nine state legislatures are bicameral; Nebraska is unicameral. Additionally, Washington, DC, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands are unicameral; the other territories are bicameral. All legislatures have varying terms for their members. Many have two-year terms for the lower house and four-year terms for the upper house. Some have all two-year terms and some all four-year terms. Arkansas has a combination of both two- and four-year terms in the same chamber.
9
Most states not listed here have a board appointed by the governor and legislature. All boards listed here have members that serve four-year staggered terms, except Colorado, which has six-year terms, and Guam, which has two-year terms. Most are elected statewide, some are elected from districts. Louisiana, Ohio, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands have additional members who are appointed.
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Outline of American politics § Elections
American election campaigns in the 19th century
List of United States presidential campaign slogans
List of presidents of the United States
List of United States presidential candidates
List of United States presidential election results by state
List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin
List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin
First Party System
, Federalists vs Democratic-Republicans, 1790s–1820s
Second Party System
, Whigs vs Democrats, 1830s–1850s
Third Party System
, Republicans vs Democrats, 1850s–1890s, Civil War, Reconstruction, Gilded Age
Fourth Party System
, Republicans vs Democrats, 1890s–1930s; "Progressive Era"
Fifth Party System
, Republicans vs Democrats, 1930s–1980s
Sixth Party System
, Republicans vs Democrats, 1980s–present
Comparing elected candidate to popular vote or margins
[
edit
]
List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received
List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin
List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin
United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote
Statistical forecasts
[
edit
]
Decision Desk HQ
Electoral-vote.com
FiveThirtyEight
PollyVote
270towin state maps recent past & future
^
Wins in California, Texas, Florida, New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Georgia, North Carolina, Michigan, New Jersey and Virginia would secure 281 electoral votes as of the 2024 election
^
Prior to the ratification of the
Twelfth Amendment
, electors cast two ballots, both for President. The candidate who received a majority of electoral votes became President, and the runner-up became Vice President.
^
a
b
Adams was elected Vice President.
^
Jefferson was elected Vice President.
^
a
b
c
Breakdown by ticket results are available for the 1800 election.
^
In total, Madison received 122 electoral votes.
^
Six
faithless electors
from
New York
voted for Clinton instead of Madison. Three cast their vice presidential vote for Madison, and three for Monroe.
^
While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate, Clinton technically ran as a Democratic-Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself, the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate. This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties (such as in Pennsylvania), but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic-Republicans as well.
^
Three faithless electors, two from
Massachusetts
and one from
New Hampshire
, voted for Gerry for vice president instead of Ingersoll.
^
Electors from Massachusetts voted for Howard, electors from Delaware voted for Harper, and electors from Connecticut split their vote between Ross and Marshall. In total, King received 34 electoral votes.
^
Although the Federalists did not field a candidate, several Federalist electors voted for Federalist vice presidential candidates instead of Tompkins. In total, Monroe received 231 electoral votes.
^
Monroe ran unopposed, but faithless elector
William Plumer
of New Hampshire voted for Adams and Rush instead of Monroe and Tompkins.
^
Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote, the House of Representatives elected the president. In the House, 13 state delegations voted for Adams, seven for Jackson, and four for Crawford.
^
74 of Adams' electors voted for Calhoun, nine voted for Jackson, and one did not vote for vice president.
^
In total, Crawford received 40 electoral votes.
^
In total, Clay received 38 electoral votes.
^
7 faithless electors from
Georgia
voted for Smith instead of Calhoun.
^
All 30 of
Pennsylvania
's electors voted for Wilkins instead of Van Buren. In total, Jackson received 219 electoral votes.
^
a
b
All the electoral votes came from South Carolina, where the electors were chosen by the legislature and not by popular vote.
^
All 23 of
Virginia
's electors voted for Smith for vice president instead of Johnson, which resulted in Johnson failing to obtain a majority of the electoral votes. As a result, the election went to the Senate, which elected Johnson by a vote of 33–16.
^
In total, Harrison received 73 electoral votes.
^
In total, Van Buren received 60 electoral votes.
^
Johnson, a Democrat, was nominated on the National Union ticket along with Lincoln, a Republican.
^
The electoral votes of Tennessee and Louisiana were not counted. Had they been counted, Lincoln would have received 229 electoral votes.
^
All popular votes were originally for Horace Greeley and Benjamin Gratz Brown.
^
a
b
c
The used sources had insufficient data to determine the pairings of four electoral votes in
Missouri
. Therefore, the possible tickets are listed with the minimum and maximum possible number of electoral votes each.
^
In total, Hendricks received 42 electoral votes.
^
Greeley died before the Electoral College voted; as a result the electoral vote intended for Greeley and Brown went to several other candidates.
^
In total, Davis received one electoral vote.
^
While the Democrats and Populists both nominated Bryan, the two parties had different vice presidential running mates.
^
Butler replaced Sherman, who died before the election was held.
^
W. F. Turner
, a faithless elector from
Alabama
, voted for Jones and Talmadge instead of Stevenson and Kefauver.
^
Unpledged electors
voted for Byrd and Thurmond.
Henry D. Irwin
, a faithless elector from
Oklahoma
, cast his vote for Byrd and Goldwater instead of Nixon and Lodge.
^
Faithless elector
Roger MacBride
of Virginia voted for Hospers and Nathan instead of Nixon and Agnew.
^
Mike Padden
, a faithless elector from
Washington
, voted for Reagan instead of Ford. He voted for Dole, however, as pledged.
^
Faithless elector
Margarette Leach
of
West Virginia
voted for Bentsen for president and Dukakis for vice president, instead of Dukakis for president and Bentsen for vice president.
^
One of the D.C. electors pledged to Gore-Lieberman abstained from the final vote.
^
One anonymous faithless elector from
Minnesota
voted for Edwards for both president and vice president.
^
a
b
1 faithless electoral vote from
Texas
.
^
3 faithless electoral votes from
Washington
.
^
1 faithless electoral vote from
Hawaii
.
^
1 faithless electoral vote from
Washington
.
^
Party shading shows which party controls chamber after that election.
^
Individual states select electors by methods decided at the state level. Since 1876, all states have selected electors by statewide popular vote. See the
United States Electoral College
article for more information.
^
Of the 13 original states during the
1789 election
, six states chose electors by some form of popular vote, four states chose electors by a different method,
North Carolina
and
Rhode Island
were ineligible to participate since they had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution, and
New York
failed to appoint their allotment of electors in time because of a deadlock in their state legislature.
^
Until the 1804 election following the
Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution
, the runner-up in a presidential election became the vice president.
^
While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate, Clinton technically ran as a Democratic-Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself, the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate. This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties (such as in Pennsylvania), but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic-Republicans as well.
^
a
b
c
d
e
Lost the popular vote but won the presidency through the
Electoral College
.
^
a
b
c
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Archived
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2020
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The Living Room Candidate: A Compilation of Presidential Television Ads
Presidential Elections, from History.com
A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825
Archived
July 25, 2008, at the
Wayback Machine
Presidential Elections: Resource Guides
from the Library of Congress
Presidential Elections: Vacancies in Major-Party Candidacies and the Position of President-Elect
from
Congressional Research Service
U.S. Election Statistics: A Resource Guide
from the Library of Congress
"Electoral Votes"
.
New International Encyclopedia
. 1905.
This is a tabulation of the electoral votes by election year, and also includes the results for vice president.
Statistical forecasts
[
edit
]
17 poll composite
Archived
April 22, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine
Princeton Election Consortium
Gallup |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election)
- [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#History)
Toggle History subsection
- [1\.1 Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Electoral_College)
- [1\.2 State legislatures - direct election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#State_legislatures_-_direct_election)
- [1\.3 Vice presidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Vice_presidents)
- [1\.4 Tie votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Tie_votes)
- [1\.5 Popular vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Popular_vote)
- [1\.6 Election dates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Election_dates)
- [1\.7 Electoral Count Act of 1887](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Electoral_Count_Act_of_1887)
- [1\.8 Inauguration day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Inauguration_day)
- [1\.9 Campaign spending](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Campaign_spending)
- [1\.10 Political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Political_parties)
- [1\.11 Primaries, caucuses, and nominating conventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Primaries,_caucuses,_and_nominating_conventions)
- [2 Procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Procedure)
Toggle Procedure subsection
- [2\.1 Eligibility requirements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Eligibility_requirements)
- [2\.2 Decentralized election system and voter eligibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Decentralized_election_system_and_voter_eligibility)
- [2\.3 Nominating process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Nominating_process)
- [2\.4 Campaign strategy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Campaign_strategy)
- [2\.5 The popular vote on Election Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#The_popular_vote_on_Election_Day)
- [2\.6 Electoral college](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Electoral_college_2)
- [2\.7 Election calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Election_calendar)
- [3 Trends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Trends)
Toggle Trends subsection
- [3\.1 Previous experience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Previous_experience)
- [3\.2 Technology and media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Technology_and_media)
- [4 Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Criticism)
Toggle Criticism subsection
- [4\.1 Proposed changes to the election process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Proposed_changes_to_the_election_process)
- [5 Electoral college results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Electoral_college_results)
Toggle Electoral college results subsection
- [5\.1 Maps of results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Maps_of_results)
- [6 Popular vote results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Popular_vote_results)
- [7 Voter turnout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Voter_turnout)
- [8 Financial disclosures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Financial_disclosures)
- [9 Presidential coattails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Presidential_coattails)
- [10 Comparison with other U.S. general elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Comparison_with_other_U.S._general_elections)
- [11 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#See_also)
Toggle See also subsection
- [11\.1 Lists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Lists)
- [11\.2 Party systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Party_systems)
- [11\.3 Comparing elected candidate to popular vote or margins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Comparing_elected_candidate_to_popular_vote_or_margins)
- [11\.4 Statistical forecasts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Statistical_forecasts)
- [12 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Notes)
- [13 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#References)
- [14 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Further_reading)
- [15 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#External_links)
Toggle External links subsection
- [15\.1 Statistical forecasts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Statistical_forecasts_2)
Toggle the table of contents
# United States presidential election
52 languages
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9 "الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية – Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7 "انتخابات رياسة امريكا – Egyptian Arabic")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleccions_presidencials_dels_Estats_Units "Eleccions presidencials dels Estats Units – Catalan")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A8%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7 "ھەڵبژاردنی سەرۆکایەتیی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volba_prezidenta_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch "Volba prezidenta Spojených států amerických – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6sidentvalg_\(USA\) "Præsidentvalg (USA) – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftswahl_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten "Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten – German")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91 "Προεδρικές εκλογές των ΗΠΑ – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_prezidanta_elekto "Usona prezidanta elekto – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_presidenciales_en_Estados_Unidos "Elecciones presidenciales en Estados Unidos – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_presidendivalimised "Ameerika Ühendriikide presidendivalimised – Estonian")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7 "انتخابات ریاستجمهوری ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_presidentinvaali "Yhdysvaltain presidentinvaali – Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection_pr%C3%A9sidentielle_am%C3%A9ricaine "Élection présidentielle américaine – French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toghch%C3%A1n_uachtar%C3%A1nachta_na_St%C3%A1t_Aontaithe "Toghchán uachtaránachta na Stát Aontaithe – Irish")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA "הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5 "संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के राष्ट्रपति चुनाव – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjedni%C4%8Dki_izbori_u_Sjedinjenim_Ameri%C4%8Dkim_Dr%C5%BEavama "Predsjednički izbori u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama – Croatian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80 "ԱՄՆ նախագահական ընտրություններ – Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_umum_Presiden_Amerika_Serikat "Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat – Indonesian")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsetakosningar_%C3%AD_Bandar%C3%ADkjunum "Forsetakosningar í Bandaríkjunum – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_presidenziali_negli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America "Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99 "アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙 – Japanese")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B "АҚШ президент сайлауы – Kazakh")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9_%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0 "미국 대통령 선거 – Korean")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbijartina_serokatiy%C3%AA_ya_Dewlet%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE_y%C3%AAn_Amer%C3%AEkay%C3%AA "Hilbijartina serokatiyê ya Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê – Kurdish")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAV_prezidento_rinkimai "JAV prezidento rinkimai – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_prezidenta_v%C4%93l%C4%93%C5%A1anas "ASV prezidenta vēlēšanas – Latvian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D "അമേരിക്കയുടെ പ്രസിഡന്റ് തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് – Malayalam")
- [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C "АНУ-ын ерөнхийлөгчийн сонгууль – Mongolian")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilihan_raya_presiden_Amerika_Syarikat "Pilihan raya presiden Amerika Syarikat – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_presidentsverkiezingen "Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen – Dutch")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentvalg_\(USA\) "Presidentvalg (USA) – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8 "ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ – Odia")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybory_prezydenckie_w_Stanach_Zjednoczonych "Wybory prezydenckie w Stanach Zjednoczonych – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es_presidenciais_nos_Estados_Unidos "Eleições presidenciais nos Estados Unidos – Portuguese")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90 "Президентские выборы в США – Russian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjedni%C4%8Dki_izbori_u_Sjedinjenim_Ameri%C4%8Dkim_Dr%C5%BEavama "Predsjednički izbori u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election "United States presidential election – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidentsk%C3%A9_vo%C4%BEby_v_USA "Prezidentské voľby v USA – Slovak")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94 "Председнички избори у САД – Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentval_i_USA "Presidentval i USA – Swedish")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D "ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கக் குடியரசுத் தலைவர் தேர்தல் – Tamil")
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- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A7u_c%E1%BB%AD_t%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3 "Bầu cử tổng thống Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese")
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- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_ch%C3%B3ng-th%C3%B3ng_so%C3%A1n-k%C3%AD "Bí-kok chóng-thóng soán-kí – Minnan")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89 "美國總統選舉 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE "美国总统选举 – Chinese")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the most recent election, see [2024 United States presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election"). For the next election, see [2028 United States presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election "2028 United States presidential election").
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Presidential_Election_ballot.jpg)
A ballot for the [2016 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") and for other [elections that year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_elections "2016 United States elections"), listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates
| |
|---|
| **This article is part of a series on the** |
| [Politics of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States "Politics of the United States") |
|  |
| [Federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States") **[Constitution of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States "Constitution of the United States")** [Laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States "Law of the United States") [Treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_treaties "List of the United States treaties") |
| [Legislature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") **[United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress")** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:\(118th\)_US_House_of_Representatives.svg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:118th_United_States_Senate.svg) **[House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives")** [Speaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives") [Mike Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Johnson "Mike Johnson") (R) [Majority Leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives") [Steve Scalise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Scalise "Steve Scalise") (R) [Minority Leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives") [Hakeem Jeffries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries "Hakeem Jeffries") (D) [Congressional districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_district "United States congressional district") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts "List of United States congressional districts")) [Non-voting members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives") **[Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate")** [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") [JD Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance "JD Vance") (R) [President Pro Tempore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate "President pro tempore of the United States Senate") [Chuck Grassley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Grassley "Chuck Grassley") (R) [Majority Leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate "Party leaders of the United States Senate") [John Thune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thune "John Thune") (R) [Minority Leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate "Party leaders of the United States Senate") [Chuck Schumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer "Chuck Schumer") (D) |
| [Executive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States "Executive branch of the United States") **[President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States")** [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") (R) **[Vice President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States")** [JD Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance "JD Vance") (R) [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States "Cabinet of the United States") [Federal agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States "List of federal agencies in the United States") [Executive Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States "Executive Office of the President of the United States") |
| [Judiciary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States "Federal judiciary of the United States") **[Supreme Court of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States")** [Chief Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States "Chief Justice of the United States") [John Roberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts "John Roberts") [Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas "Clarence Thomas") [Alito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito "Samuel Alito") [Sotomayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor "Sonia Sotomayor") [Kagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan "Elena Kagan") [Gorsuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch "Neil Gorsuch") [Kavanaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh "Brett Kavanaugh") [Barrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett "Amy Coney Barrett") [Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson "Ketanji Brown Jackson") **[Inferior Courts of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution "Article Three of the United States Constitution")** [Courts of appeals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals "United States courts of appeals") [District courts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court "United States district court") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts "List of United States district and territorial courts")) [Court of International Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade "United States Court of International Trade") [Alien Terrorist Removal Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Alien_Terrorist_Removal_Court "United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court") [Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Judicial_Panel_on_Multidistrict_Litigation "United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation") [Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court "United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court") [Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court_of_Review "United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review") **[Other tribunals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States "Federal tribunals in the United States")** |
| [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States "Elections in the United States") **National elections** [Presidential elections]() [Midterm elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_midterm_election "United States midterm election") [Off-year elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-year_election "Off-year election") [Primary elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election#In_the_United_States "Primary election") [Presidential primary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary "United States presidential primary") **Elections by state and territory** [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama "Elections in Alabama") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska "Elections in Alaska") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona "Elections in Arizona") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Arkansas "Elections in Arkansas") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_California "Elections in California") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Colorado "Elections in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Connecticut "Elections in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Delaware "Elections in Delaware") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Florida "Elections in Florida") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Hawaii "Elections in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Idaho "Elections in Idaho") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Illinois "Elections in Illinois") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana "Elections in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Iowa "Elections in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Kansas "Elections in Kansas") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Kentucky "Elections in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana "Elections in Louisiana") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Maine "Elections in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Maryland "Elections in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Massachusetts "List of elections in Massachusetts") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Michigan "Elections in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Minnesota "Elections in Minnesota") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Mississippi "Elections in Mississippi") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Missouri "Elections in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Montana "Elections in Montana") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Nebraska "Elections in Nebraska") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Nevada "Elections in Nevada") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_New_Hampshire "Elections in New Hampshire") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_New_Jersey "Elections in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_New_Mexico "Elections in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_\(state\) "Elections in New York (state)") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_North_Carolina "Elections in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_North_Dakota "Elections in North Dakota") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio "Elections in Ohio") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Oklahoma "Elections in Oklahoma") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Oregon "Elections in Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Pennsylvania "Elections in Pennsylvania") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Rhode_Island "Elections in Rhode Island") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_South_Carolina "Elections in South Carolina") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_South_Dakota "Elections in South Dakota") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Tennessee "Elections in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Texas "Elections in Texas") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Utah "Elections in Utah") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Vermont "Elections in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Virginia "Elections in Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Washington_\(state\) "Elections in Washington (state)") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_West_Virginia "Elections in West Virginia") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Wisconsin "Elections in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Wyoming "Elections in Wyoming") [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa "Elections in American Samoa") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Guam "Elections in Guam") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Puerto_Rico "Elections in Puerto Rico") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Elections in the United States Virgin Islands") **[Elections in the District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia "Elections in the District of Columbia")** **([List of elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_United_States "List of elections in the United States"))** |
| [Political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States "Political parties in the United States") [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") [Third parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_\(U.S._politics\) "Third party (U.S. politics)") [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitution Party (United States)") [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States "Green Party of the United States") [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") [List of political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States "List of political parties in the United States") |
| [Political ideologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States "Political ideologies in the United States") [Centrism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Way#United_States "Third Way") [Conservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States "Conservatism in the United States") [Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States "Black conservatism in the United States") [Fiscal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism "Fiscal conservatism") [Liberal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_conservatism "Liberal conservatism") [Neo-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism "Neoconservatism") [Paleo-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism "Paleoconservatism") [Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States "Social conservatism in the United States") [Traditionalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States "Traditionalist conservatism in the United States") [Trumpism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism "Trumpism") [Liberalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States "Liberalism in the United States") [Classical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States "Classical liberalism") [Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_liberalism#United_States "Conservative liberalism") [Modern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States "Modern liberalism in the United States") [Neo-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism "Neoliberalism") [Libertarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States "Libertarianism in the United States") [Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism "Libertarian conservatism") [Paleo-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolibertarianism "Paleolibertarianism") [Minarchist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night-watchman_state "Night-watchman state") [Objectivism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivism "Objectivism") [Progressivism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States "Progressivism in the United States") [Socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States "Socialism in the United States") [Abolitionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States "Abolitionism in the United States") [Constitutionalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States "Constitutionalism in the United States") [Environmentalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism_in_the_United_States "Environmentalism in the United States") [Feminism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States "Feminism in the United States") [Anarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States "Anarchism in the United States") [Capitalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism "Anarcho-capitalism") [Individualist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States "Individualist anarchism in the United States") [Monarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States "Monarchism in the United States") [Nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_nationalism "American nationalism") [Nativism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism_in_United_States_politics "Nativism in United States politics") [Populism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism_in_the_United_States "Populism in the United States") [Protectionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States "Protectionism in the United States") [Republicanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States "Republicanism in the United States") [Political culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_States "Political culture of the United States") [Political polarization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States "Political polarization in the United States") |
| [Federalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States "Federalism in the United States") **[State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States "State governments of the United States") and [territorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States "Territories of the United States") government** [Governors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors "List of current United States governors") [Legislatures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_\(United_States\) "State legislature (United States)") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures "List of United States state legislatures")) [Courts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_court_\(United_States\) "State court (United States)") [Local government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States "Local government in the United States") **[District of Columbia government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia "Government of the District of Columbia")** [District Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_District_of_Columbia "Council of the District of Columbia") [Mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia "Mayor of the District of Columbia") [Superior Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia "Superior Court of the District of Columbia") |
| [Foreign relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States "Foreign relations of the United States") [Department of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State") [Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State"): [Marco Rubio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio "Marco Rubio") [Diplomatic missions of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States "List of diplomatic missions of the United States") / [in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_United_States "List of diplomatic missions in the United States") [Nationality law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States "Citizenship of the United States") [Passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_passport "United States passport") [Visa requirements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_United_States_citizens "Visa requirements for United States citizens") [Visa policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States "Visa policy of the United States") [United States and the United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations "United States and the United Nations") [United States–Gulf Cooperation Council relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Gulf_Cooperation_Council_relations "United States–Gulf Cooperation Council relations") |
|  [United States portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States "Portal:United States") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) [Politics portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics "Portal:Politics") |
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The election of the [president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") and [vice president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") of the United States is an [indirect election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election "Indirect election") in which [citizens of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_of_the_United_States "Citizens of the United States") who are [registered to vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States "Voter registration in the United States") in one of the fifty [U.S. states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state") or in [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), cast ballots not directly for those offices, but instead for members of the [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College").[\[note 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-1) These electors then cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for the presidential and vice presidential candidate. The candidate who receives an [absolute majority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_majority "Absolute majority") of electoral votes (at least 270 out of 538, since the [Twenty-third Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution") granted voting rights to citizens of D.C.) is then elected to that office. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for president, the [House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") elects the president; likewise if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for vice president, then the [Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") elects the vice president.
United States presidential elections differ from many other [republics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic "Republic") around the world (operating under either the [presidential system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system "Presidential system") or the [semi-presidential system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system "Semi-presidential system")) which use [direct elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election "Direct election") from the national [popular vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election "Direct election") ('one person, one vote') of their entire countries to elect their respective presidents. The United States instead uses indirect elections for its president through the Electoral College, and the system is highly decentralized like other [elections in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States "Elections in the United States").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-NCSL-2) The Electoral College and its procedure are established in the [U.S. Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution "U.S. Constitution") by [Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution "Article Two of the United States Constitution"); and the [Twelfth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution") (which replaced Clause 3 after its ratification in 1804). Under Clause 2, each state casts as many electoral votes as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), while (per the Twenty-third Amendment, ratified in 1961) Washington, D.C., casts the same number of electoral votes as the least-represented state, which is three. Also under Clause 2, the manner for choosing electors is determined by each [state legislature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_\(United_States\) "State legislature (United States)"), not directly by the federal government. Many state legislatures previously selected their electors directly, but over time all switched to using [votes cast by state voters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election "Direct election") to choose the state's members of the electoral college (electors). Beyond the parameters set in the U.S. Constitution, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of administering the popular vote, including most of the voter eligibility and registration requirements.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-NCSL-2)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-whitehouse-3)
Almost all states require that the winner of the [plurality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting "Plurality voting") of its constituent [statewide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state") popular vote ('one person, one vote') shall receive all of that state's electors ("winner-takes-all'). A couple - Nebraska and Maine - determine a part of their electors by use of district votes within the respective state. Eighteen states also have specific laws that punish electors who vote in opposition to the plurality, known as "[faithless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector "Faithless elector")" or "[unpledged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_elector "Unpledged elector")" electors.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-4) In modern times, faithless and unpledged electors have not affected the ultimate outcome of an election, so the results can generally be determined based on the state-by-state popular vote.
In addition, most of the time, the winner as determined by the electoral college also has received the largest part of the national popular vote. There have been four exceptions: [1876](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election"), [1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election "1888 United States presidential election"), [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election"), and [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election"), in which [the Electoral College winner's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections "List of United States presidential elections") portion of the popular vote was surpassed by an opponent. Although taking fewer votes, the winner claimed more electoral college seats, due to winning close and narrow pluralities in numerous [swing states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_state "Swing state"). In addition, the [1824 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election") was the only presidential election under the current system decided by a [contingent election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_election "Contingent election") in Congress that elected a different president than the candidate with a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote. (The [1800 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election") and the 1824 election were decided in the House. In 1800 the House winner was the candidate who had won a plurality of the popular vote.)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-5)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-6)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-8)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-9)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-10)
Presidential elections occur every four years on [Election Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_\(United_States\) "Election Day (United States)"), which since 1845 has been the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-UnitedStatesCode|3|1-11)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-13) This date coincides with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races; since local governments are responsible for managing elections, these races typically all appear on one ballot. The Electoral College electors then formally cast their electoral votes on the first Monday after December 12 at their state's capital. Congress then certifies the results in early January, and the presidential term begins on [Inauguration Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration "United States presidential inauguration"), which since the passage of the [Twentieth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution") has been set at January 20.
The nomination process, consisting of the [primary elections and caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary "United States presidential primary") and the [nominating conventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention "United States presidential nominating convention"), was not specified in the Constitution, but was developed over time by the states and [political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States "Political parties in the United States"). These primary elections are generally held between January and June before the general election in November, while the nominating conventions are held in the summer. Though not codified by law, political parties also follow an indirect election process, where voters in the fifty states, Washington, D.C., and [U.S. territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States "Territories of the United States"), cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who then elect their party's presidential nominee. Each party may then choose a vice presidential [running mate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_mate "Running mate") to join the ticket, which is either determined by choice of the nominee or by a second round of voting. Because of changes to national campaign finance laws since the 1970s regarding the disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns, presidential candidates from the major political parties usually declare their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year before the election (almost 21 months before Inauguration Day).[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-WAPOST20150403-14)
## History
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: History")\]
### Electoral College
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Electoral College")\]
Article Two of the Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections, including the creation of the [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College"). This was the result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who wanted Congress to choose the president and those who preferred a national popular vote.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-15)
As set forth in Article Two, each state is allocated a number of electors equal to the number of its delegates in both houses of Congress, combined. In 1961, the ratification of the Twenty-Third Amendment granted a number of electors to the District of Columbia, an amount equal to the number of electors allocated to the least populous state. However, U.S. territories are not allocated electors, and therefore are not represented in the Electoral College.
### State legislatures - [direct election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election "Direct election")
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: State legislatures - direct election")\]
Constitutionally, the legislature of each state determines how its electors are chosen; Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 states that each state shall appoint electors "in such Manner as the Legislature Thereof May Direct".[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-16) During [the first presidential election in 1789](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election"), in four of the 11 states of the time, the electors were elected directly by voters. In two others, a hybrid system was used where both the voters and the state legislatures took part in electing the electors. In five, the state legislatures themselves elected the electors.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-auto1-17)[\[note 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-18)
Gradually more states began conducting popular elections to choose their slate of electors. In 1800, five of the 16 states chose electors by a popular vote; by 1824, after the rise of [Jacksonian democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy "Jacksonian democracy"), 18 of the 24 states chose electors by popular vote.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Norton-19) (In most cases simple state-wide plurality is sufficient to elect a [general ticket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_ticket "General ticket") using popular vote. But in [the first presidential election in 1789](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election"), for example, some states used "open" list [block voting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_voting "Block voting"); Maryland used block voting but had guaranteed seats for different parts of the state; Virginia elected its 12 electors by [first-past-the-post voting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting "First-past-the-post voting") contest in 12 districts. Other states later used multi-member districts, each covering a part of the state, to elect their electors.)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-auto1-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-auto-20)
This movement toward greater [democratization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization "Democratization") coincided with a gradual decrease in [property restrictions for the franchise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States "Voting rights in the United States").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Norton-19) By [1840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election "1840 United States presidential election"), only one of the 26 states ([South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina")) still selected electors by the state legislature.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-21) Every other state was electing its electors by general ticket plurality voting state-wide.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-auto-20) By 1872 no states elected their electors using the state legislature - all the states had switched to the general ticket method, Colorado having been the last hold-out.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-auto-20) And today only two states - Maine and Nebraska - elect at least some of their electors through a different method than that general ticket method, in their cases it is [First-past-the-post voting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting "First-past-the-post voting") in districts covering part of the state.
### Vice presidents
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Vice presidents")\]
Under the original system established by Article 2, electors cast votes for two candidates for president. The candidate with the highest number of votes (provided it was a majority of the electoral votes) became the president, and the second-place candidate became the vice president. This presented a problem during the [presidential election of 1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election") when [Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr") received the same number of electoral votes as [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") and challenged Jefferson's election to the office. In the end, Jefferson was chosen as the president because of [Alexander Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton "Alexander Hamilton")'s influence in the House.
In response to the 1800 election, the 12th Amendment was passed, requiring electors to cast two distinct votes: one for president and another for vice president. While this solved the problem at hand, it reduced the prestige of the vice presidency, as the office was no longer held by the leading challenger for the presidency. The separate ballots for president and vice president became something of a moot issue later in the 19th century when it became the norm for popular elections to determine a state's Electoral College delegation. Electors chosen this way are pledged to vote for a particular presidential and vice presidential candidate (offered by the same political party). Although the president and vice president are legally elected separately, in practice they are chosen together.
### Tie votes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Tie votes")\]
The Twelfth Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College. In the [presidential election of 1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election"), [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") received a [plurality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_\(voting\) "Plurality (voting)"), but not a majority, of electoral votes cast. The election was thrown to the House, and [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") was elected president. A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay"), who had also been a candidate in the election.
Since the vice presidential candidate John Calhoun received a majority of votes, having been on the ticket for both Jackson and Adams, there was no need for the Senate to vote for a vice president.
### Popular vote
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Popular vote")\]
Since 1824, aside from the occasional "faithless elector", the popular vote indirectly determines the winner of a presidential election by determining the electoral vote, as each state or district's popular vote determines its electoral college vote. Although the nationwide popular vote does not directly determine the winner of a presidential election, it does strongly correlate with who is the victor. In 54 of the 59 total elections held so far (about 91 percent), the winner of the national popular vote has also carried the Electoral College vote. The winners of the nationwide popular vote and the Electoral College vote have differed only in close elections. In highly competitive elections, candidates focus on turning out their vote in the contested swing states critical to winning an electoral college majority, so they do not try to maximize their popular vote by real or fraudulent vote increases in one-party areas.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-22)
However, candidates have failed to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a presidential election and still won. In the 1824 election, Jackson won the popular vote, but no one received a majority of electoral votes. According to the Twelfth Amendment, the House must choose the president out of the top three people in the election. Clay had come in fourth, so he threw his support to Adams, who then won. Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State, Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay. Charges of a "corrupt bargain" followed Adams through his term.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Presidential_elections_popular_votes_since_1900.png)
Comparison of the popular vote totals from 1900 to 2020.
Republican
Democratic
All other candidates together
In five presidential elections ([1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_Presidential_Election "1824 United States Presidential Election"), [1876](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election"), [1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election "1888 United States presidential election"), [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election"), and [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election")), the winner of the electoral vote lost the popular vote outright. Numerous [constitutional amendments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution "Article Five of the United States Constitution") have been submitted seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote, but none has ever successfully passed both Houses of Congress.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-23) Another alternate proposal is the [National Popular Vote Interstate Compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Popular_Vote_Interstate_Compact "National Popular Vote Interstate Compact"),[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-24) an [interstate compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_compact "Interstate compact") whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote instead of their respective statewide results.
### Election dates
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Election dates")\]
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| [![\[icon\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | **This section is empty.** You can help by [adding to it](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=). *(November 2024)* |
### Electoral Count Act of 1887
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Electoral Count Act of 1887")\]
Main article: [Electoral Count Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act "Electoral Count Act")
Congress passed the [Electoral Count Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act "Electoral Count Act") in 1887 in response to the disputed [1876 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election"), in which several states submitted competing slates of electors. The law established procedures for the counting of electoral votes. It has subsequently been codified into law in [Title 3 of the United States Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 3 of the United States Code"). It also includes a "[safe harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act#Safe_harbor "Electoral Count Act")" deadline where states must finally resolve any controversies over the selection of their electors.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-CRSReport2020-25)
### Inauguration day
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Inauguration day")\]
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| [![\[icon\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | **This section is empty.** You can help by [adding to it](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=). *(November 2024)* |
### Campaign spending
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Campaign spending")\]
The [Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Campaign_Act "Federal Election Campaign Act") was enacted to increase disclosure of [contributions for federal campaigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States "Campaign finance in the United States"). Subsequent amendments to law require that candidates to a federal office must file a Statement of Candidacy with the [Federal Election Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission "Federal Election Commission") before they can receive contributions aggregating in excess of \$5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of \$5,000. Thus, this began a trend of presidential candidates declaring their intentions to run as early as the spring of the preceding calendar year so they can start raising and spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-WAPOST20150403-14)
### Political parties
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Political parties")\]
There is no provision for the role of political parties in the U.S. Constitution, since the [Founding Fathers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States "Founding Fathers of the United States") did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan. Thus, the first president, [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington"), was elected as an [independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician"). Since the emergence of the American [two-party system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_system "Two-party system"), and the election of Washington's successor, [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams"), in [1796](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election "1796 United States presidential election"), all winners of U.S. presidential elections have represented one of two major parties.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-26)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-27) [Third parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_\(United_States\) "Third party (United States)") have taken second place only twice, in [1860](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election "1860 United States presidential election") and [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election "1912 United States presidential election"). The last time a third (independent) candidate achieved significant success (although still finishing in third place) was [Ross Perot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot "Ross Perot") in [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election "1992 United States presidential election"), and the last time a third-party candidate received any electoral votes not from [faithless electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector "Faithless elector") was [George Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace "George Wallace") in [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election "1968 United States presidential election").
### Primaries, caucuses, and nominating conventions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Primaries, caucuses, and nominating conventions")\]
Main article: [United States presidential primary § History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary#History "United States presidential primary")
In the first two presidential elections, the Electoral College handled both the nominations and elections in [1789](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election") and [1792](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election "1792 United States presidential election") that selected Washington. Starting with the [1796 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election "1796 United States presidential election"), congressional party or a state legislature party [caucus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus "Caucus") selected the party's presidential candidates.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-28) That system collapsed in 1824, and since 1832 the preferred mechanism for nomination has been a [national convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention "United States presidential nominating convention").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-29) Delegates to the national convention were usually selected at state conventions whose own delegates were chosen by district conventions. Sometimes they were dominated by intrigue between [political bosses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_boss "Political boss") who controlled delegates; the national convention was far from democratic or transparent.
[Progressive Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era "Progressive Era") reformers then looked to the [primary election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_primary "Partisan primary") as a way to measure popular opinion of candidates, as opposed to the opinion of the bosses. Florida enacted the first presidential primary in 1901. The Wisconsin direct open primary of 1905 was the first to eliminate the caucus and mandate direct selection of national convention delegates. In 1910, Oregon became the first state to establish a presidential preference primary, which requires delegates to the National Convention to support the winner of the primary at the convention. The impetus for national adoption of the binding primary election was the [1968 Democratic National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention "1968 Democratic National Convention"). Vice President [Hubert Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey") secured the presidential nomination despite not winning a single primary under his own name. After this, a [Democratic National Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee "Democratic National Committee")\-commissioned panel led by Senator [George McGovern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern "George McGovern") – the [McGovern–Fraser Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGovern%E2%80%93Fraser_Commission "McGovern–Fraser Commission") – recommended that states adopt new rules to assure wider participation. A large number of states, faced with the need to conform to more detailed rules for the selection of national delegates in 1972, chose a presidential primary as an easier way to come into compliance with the new national Democratic Party rules. The result was that many more future delegates would be selected by a state presidential primary. The Republicans also adopted many more state presidential primaries.
## Procedure
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Procedure")\]
### Eligibility requirements
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Eligibility requirements")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg)
The hand-written copy of the [natural-born-citizen clause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause "Natural-born-citizen clause") as it appeared in 1787
[Article Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office "Article Two of the United States Constitution") of the Constitution stipulates that for a person to serve as president, the individual must be a [natural-born citizen of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause "Natural-born-citizen clause"), at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years. A candidate may start running their campaign early before turning 35 years old or completing 14 years of residency, but must meet the age and residency requirements by [Inauguration Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration "United States presidential inauguration").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-30) The [Twenty-second Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution") to the Constitution also sets a [term limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limit "Term limit"): a president cannot be elected to more than two terms.
The U.S. Constitution also has two provisions that apply to all [federal officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_United_States "Officer of the United States") appointed by the president, and debatably also to the presidency. When Senator Barack Obama was elected president a legal debate concluded that the president was not an "office under the United States"[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-31) for many reasons, but most significantly because [Article I, Section 3, Clause 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_7:_Judgment_in_cases_of_impeachment;_Punishment_on_conviction "Article One of the United States Constitution") would violate the legal principle of [surplusage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplusage "Surplusage") if the president were also a civil officer. There exists no case law to resolve the debate however public opinion seems to favor that the presidency is also bound by the following qualifications:
Upon conviction at impeachment, the Senate may vote to disqualify that person from holding any "public office... under the United States" in the future. [Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Participants_in_rebellion "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") prohibits the election to any federal office of any person who engaged in insurrection after having held any federal or state office, rebellion or treason; this disqualification can be waived if such an individual gains the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress.
In addition, the Twelfth Amendment establishes that the vice president must meet all the qualifications of being a president.
Although not a mandatory requirement, Federal campaign finance laws including the [Federal Election Campaign Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Campaign_Act "Federal Election Campaign Act") state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of \$5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of \$5,000, among others, must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the [Federal Election Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission "Federal Election Commission").[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-32) This has led presidential candidates, especially members from the two major political parties, to officially announce their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising or spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-WAPOST20150403-14) Potential candidates usually form [exploratory committees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_committee "Exploratory committee") even earlier to determine the feasibility of them actually running.
### Decentralized election system and voter eligibility
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Decentralized election system and voter eligibility")\]
Further information: [Elections in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States "Elections in the United States"), [Voting rights in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States "Voting rights in the United States"), and [Voter registration in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States "Voter registration in the United States")
The U.S. presidential election process, like all other [elections in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States "Elections in the United States"), is a highly decentralized system.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-NCSL-2) While the [U.S. Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States "Constitution of the United States") does set parameters for the election of the president and other federal officials, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of elections in the U.S., including the primaries, the eligibility of voters (beyond the basic constitutional definition), and the specific details of running each state's electoral college meeting. All elections, including federal, are administered by the individual states.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-whitehouse-3)
Thus, the presidential election is really an amalgamation of separate state elections instead of a single national election run by the federal government. Candidates must submit separate filings in each of the 50 states if they want to qualify on each state's ballot, and the requirements for filing vary by state.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-33)
The eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the Constitution and regulated at state level. The [15th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"), [19th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") and [26th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution") Amendments to the Constitution state that [suffrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage "Suffrage") cannot be denied on grounds of race or color, sex, or age for citizens eighteen years or older, respectively. Beyond these basic qualifications, it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility and registration.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-whitehouse-3) And the specific requirements for voter eligibility and registration also vary by state, e.g. some states ban convicted felons from voting.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-34)
### Nominating process
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Nominating process")\]
Main articles: [United States presidential primary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary "United States presidential primary") and [United States presidential nominating convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention "United States presidential nominating convention")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iowa_City_Caucus.jpg)
A 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in [Iowa City, Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa "Iowa City, Iowa"). The [Iowa caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_caucuses "Iowa caucuses") are traditionally the first major electoral event of presidential primaries and caucuses.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madison_Square_Garden,_February_2013.jpg)
[Madison Square Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden "Madison Square Garden") in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), the site of the 1976, 1980, and 1992 Democratic National Conventions; and the 2004 Republican National Convention
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RNC-interior-Palin-20080903.jpg)
The floor of the [2008 Republican National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention "2008 Republican National Convention") at the [Xcel Energy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy_Center "Xcel Energy Center") in [Saint Paul, Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota "Saint Paul, Minnesota")
The modern nominating process of U.S. presidential elections consists of two major parts: a series of [presidential primary elections and caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary "United States presidential primary") held in each state, and the [presidential nominating conventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention "United States presidential nominating convention") held by each [political party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party "Political party"). This process was never included in the Constitution, and thus evolved over time by the political parties to clear the field of candidates.
The [primary elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_primary "Partisan primary") are run by state and local governments, while the [caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus "Caucus") are organized directly by the political parties. Some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both. These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between January and June before the federal election, with [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa "Iowa") and [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire") traditionally holding the first presidential state caucus and primary, respectively.
Like the general election, presidential caucuses or primaries are indirect elections. The major political parties officially vote for their presidential candidate at their respective nominating conventions, usually all held in the summer before the federal election. Depending on each state's law and state's political party rules, when voters cast ballots for a candidate in a presidential caucus or primary, they may be voting to award delegates "bound" to vote for a candidate at the presidential nominating conventions, or they may simply be expressing an opinion that the state party is not bound to follow in selecting delegates to their respective national convention.
Unlike the general election, voters in the U.S. territories can also elect delegates to the national conventions. Furthermore, each political party can determine how many delegates to allocate to each state and territory. In 2012 for example, the [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") and [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") party conventions each used two different formulas to allocate delegates. The Democrats-based theirs on two main factors: the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the previous three presidential elections, and the number of electoral votes each state had in the Electoral College.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates-35) In contrast, the Republicans assigned to each state 10 delegates, plus three delegates per congressional district.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-greenpapersGOPDelegates-36) Both parties then gave a fixed number of delegates to each territory, and finally bonus delegates to states and territories that passed certain criteria.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates-35)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-greenpapersGOPDelegates-36)
Along with delegates chosen during primaries and caucuses, state and U.S. territory delegations to both the Democratic and Republican party conventions also include "unpledged" delegates who have a vote. For Republicans, they consist of the three top party officials from each state and territory. Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called "[superdelegates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdelegate "Superdelegate")", who are party leaders and elected officials.
Each party's presidential candidate also chooses a vice presidential nominee to run with him or her on the same [ticket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_\(election\) "Ticket (election)"), and this choice is rubber-stamped by the convention.
If no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates (including both pledged and unpledged), then a "[brokered convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_convention "Brokered convention")" results. All pledged delegates are then "released" and can switch their allegiance to a different candidate. Thereafter, the nomination is decided through a process of alternating political [horse trading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trading "Horse trading"), and additional rounds of re-votes.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-37)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-38)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-39)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-40)
The conventions have historically been held inside [convention centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_center "Convention center"), but since the late 20th century both the Democratic and Republican parties have favored [sports arenas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena "Arena") and domed stadiums to accommodate the increasing attendance.
### Campaign strategy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Campaign strategy")\]
One major component of getting elected to any office is running a successful campaign. There are, however, multiple ways to go about creating a successful campaign. Several strategies are employed by candidates from both sides of the political spectrum. Though the ideas may differ the goal of them all are the same, "...to mobilize supporters and persuade undecided voters..." (Sides et al., pg. 126 para, 2).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Sides,_John-41)
The goal of any campaign strategy is to create an effective path to victory for the intended candidate. Joel Bradshaw is a political scientist who has four propositions necessary to develop such a strategy. The first one being, the separation of the eligible voters into three groups: Undecided voters, opponent voters, and your voting base. Second, is the utilization of previous election results and survey data that can be used to identify who falls into the categories given in section one. Third, it is not essential, nor possible to get the support of every voter in an election. The campaign focus should be held mostly to keeping the base and using data to determine how to swing the undecided voters. Fourth, now that the campaign has identified the ideal base strategy, it is now time to allocate resources properly to make sure your strategy is fulfilled to its extent, (Sides et al. pg. 126, para 4, and pg. 127, para 1).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Sides,_John-41)
Campaign tactics are also an essential part of any strategy and rely mostly on the campaign's resources and the way they use them to advertise. Most candidates draw on a wide variety of tactics in the hopes to flood all forms of media, though they do not always have the finances. The most expensive form of advertising is running ads on broadcast television and is the best way to reach the largest number of potential voters. This tactic does have its drawback, however, as it is the most expensive form of advertisement. Even though it reaches the largest number of potential voters it is not the most effective way of swaying voters. The most effective way is believed to be through personal contact as many political scientists agree. It is confirmed that it is much more effective than contacting potential voters by email or by phone, (Sides et al., pg. 147 para, 2, 3).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Sides,_John-41) These are just some of the wide variety of tactics used in campaigns.
### The popular vote on Election Day
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: The popular vote on Election Day")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larsz_-_US_election_08_\(by-sa\).jpg)
A Texas voter about to mark a selection for president on a ballot, 2008 Election Day
Under the United States Constitution, the manner of choosing electors for the Electoral College is determined by each state's legislature. Although each state designates electors by popular vote, other methods are allowed. For instance, instead of having a popular vote, a number of states used to select presidential electors by a direct vote of the state legislature itself.
However, federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day, which is "the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November,"[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-UnitedStatesCode|3|1-11) i.e., a Tuesday no earlier than November 2 and no later than November 8\.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-42) Today, the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on [Election Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_\(United_States\) "Election Day (United States)") to help determine their respective slate of electors.
Generally, voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice. The presidential ballot is a vote "for the electors of a candidate", meaning the voter is not voting for the candidate, but endorsing a slate of electors pledged to vote for a specific presidential and vice presidential candidate.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-43)
Many voting ballots allow a voter to "blanket vote" for all candidates in a particular [political party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States "List of political parties in the United States") or to select individual candidates on a line by line voting system. Which candidates appear on the voting ticket is determined through a legal process known as [ballot access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_access_in_the_United_States "Ballot access in the United States"). Usually, the size of the candidate's political party and the results of the major nomination conventions determine who is pre-listed on the presidential ballot. Thus, the presidential election ticket will not list every candidate running for president, but only those who have secured a major party nomination or whose size of their political party warrants having been formally listed. Laws allow other candidates pre-listed on a ticket, provided enough voters have endorsed that candidate, usually through a signature list.
The final way to be elected for president is to have one's name written in at the time of election as a [write-in candidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-in_candidate "Write-in candidate"). This method is used for candidates who did not fulfill the legal requirements to be pre-listed on the voting ticket. However, since a slate of electors must be associated with these candidates to vote for them (and someone for vice president) in the electoral college in the event they win the presidential election in a state, most states require a slate of electors be designated before the election in order for a write-in candidate to win, essentially meaning that most write-in votes do not count.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-44) In any event, a write-in candidate has never won an election in a state for president of the United States. Write-in votes are also used by voters to express a distaste for the listed candidates, by writing in an alternative candidate for president such as [Mickey Mouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse "Mickey Mouse") or comedian [Stephen Colbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Colbert "Stephen Colbert") (whose application was voted down by the South Carolina Democratic Party).
Because U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College, U.S. citizens in those areas do not vote in the general election for president. [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam "Guam") has held [straw polls for president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Guam "United States presidential straw polls in Guam") since the 1980 election to draw attention to this fact.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-guammove-45)
### Electoral college
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Electoral college")\]
Main article: [United States Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2024.svg)
Electoral College map showing results of the [2024 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election"). [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") won the popular vote in 31 states (red) and in [Maine's 2nd congressional district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine%27s_2nd_congressional_district "Maine's 2nd congressional district") to capture 312 electoral votes. [Democrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") won the popular vote in 19 states (blue) plus D.C. and in [Nebraska's 2nd congressional district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska%27s_2nd_congressional_district "Nebraska's 2nd congressional district") to capture 226 electoral votes.
Most state laws establish a winner-take-all system, wherein the ticket that wins a [plurality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting "Plurality voting") of votes wins all of that state's allocated electoral votes, and thus has their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College. [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine "Maine") and [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska") do not use this method, giving two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district instead.
Each state's winning slate of electors then meets at their respective state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December to cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president. Although Electoral College members can vote for anyone under the U.S. Constitution, 32 [states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state") plus the [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia "District of Columbia") have laws against [faithless electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector "Faithless elector"),[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-46)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-47) those electors who do not cast their electoral votes for the person for whom they have pledged to vote. The [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") ruled unanimously in the case *[Chiafalo v. Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiafalo_v._Washington "Chiafalo v. Washington")* on July 6, 2020, that the constitution does not prevent states from penalizing or replacing faithless electors.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electoral-College_DEC2024_8241_\(54211916726\).jpg)
An elector from [Washington state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_state "Washington state") casts their ballot following the [2024 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election").
In early January, the total Electoral College vote count is opened by the sitting vice president, acting in his or her capacity as [president of the Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate#United_States "President of the Senate"), and read aloud to a [joint session](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress "Joint session of the United States Congress") of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president. Members of Congress are free to object to any or all of a state's electoral vote count, provided that the objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress. If such an objection is submitted, both houses of Congress adjourn to their respective chambers to debate and vote on the objection. The approval of both houses of Congress is required to invalidate those electoral votes in question.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-CRS_Electoral_Votes-48)
If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote (at least 270), the president is determined by the rules outlined by the [Twelfth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution"). Specifically, the selection of president would then be decided by a [contingent election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_election "Contingent election") in a ballot of the House of Representatives. For the purposes of electing the president, each state has only one vote. A ballot of the Senate is held to choose the vice president. In this ballot, each senator has one vote. The House has chosen the victor of the presidential race only twice, in [1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election") and [1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election"); the Senate has chosen the victor of the vice-presidential race only once, in [1836](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election "1836 United States presidential election").
If the president is not chosen by Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect acts as president. If neither are chosen by then, Congress by law determines who shall act as president, pursuant to the [Twentieth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution").
Unless there are faithless electors, disputes, or other controversies, the events in December and January mentioned above are largely a formality since the winner can be determined based on the state-by-state popular vote results. Between the general election and Inauguration Day, this apparent winner is referred to as the "[president-elect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States "President-elect of the United States")" (unless it is a sitting president who has won re-election).
### Election calendar
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Election calendar")\]
The typical periods of the presidential election process are as follows, with the dates corresponding to the 2024 general election:
- Late 2022 to early 2023 – Candidates announce their intentions to run, and (if necessary) file their Statement of Candidacy with the [Federal Election Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission "Federal Election Commission")
- June 2023 to January 2024 – Primary and caucus debates
- January to June 2024 – Primaries and caucuses
- Late May to August 2024 – Nominating conventions (including those of the minor third parties)
- September and October 2024 – [Presidential election debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates "United States presidential debates")
- November 5, 2024 – [Election Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_\(United_States\) "Election Day (United States)")
- December 17, 2024 – Electors cast their electoral votes
- January 6, 2025 – Congress counts and certifies the electoral votes
- January 20, 2025 - [Presidential inauguration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration "United States presidential inauguration")
## Trends
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Trends")\]
### Previous experience
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Previous experience")\]
See also: [List of presidents of the United States by previous experience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience "List of presidents of the United States by previous experience") and [List of presidents of the United States by other offices held](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held "List of presidents of the United States by other offices held")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart,_John_Adams,_c._1800-1815,_NGA_42933.jpg)
[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") was the first of 26 presidents who have been lawyers.
Among the 45 persons who have served as president, only [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") had never held a position in either government or the military prior to taking office.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-49) The only previous experience [Zachary Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor "Zachary Taylor"), [Ulysses S. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant"), and [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") had was in the military. [Herbert Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover") previously served as the [Secretary of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce "United States Secretary of Commerce"). Everyone else served in elected public office before becoming president, such as being vice president, a member of Congress, or a state or territorial governor.
Fifteen presidents also served as vice president. Six of them – [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") ([1796](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election "1796 United States presidential election")), [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") ([1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election")), [Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren") ([1836](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election "1836 United States presidential election")), [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") ([1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election "1968 United States presidential election")), [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") ([1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election "1988 United States presidential election")), and [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") ([2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election")) – began their first term after winning an election. The remaining nine began their first term as president according to the [presidential line of succession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession "United States presidential line of succession") after the intra-term death or resignation of their predecessor. Of these, [Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt"), [Calvin Coolidge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge"), [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman"), and [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") were subsequently elected to a full term of their own, while [John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler"), [Millard Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore "Millard Fillmore"), [Andrew Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson "Andrew Johnson"), [Chester A. Arthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur "Chester A. Arthur"), and [Gerald Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") were not. Ford's accession to the presidency is unique in American history in that he became vice president through the process prescribed by the [Twenty-fifth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution") rather than by winning an election, thus making him the only U.S. president to not have been elected to either office.
Sixteen presidents had previously served in the U.S. Senate, including four of the five who served between 1945 and 1974. However, only three were incumbent senators at the time they were elected president ([Warren G. Harding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding "Warren G. Harding") in [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election "1920 United States presidential election"), [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") in [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election "1960 United States presidential election"), and [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") in [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election")). Eighteen presidents had earlier served in the House of Representatives. However, only one was a sitting representative when elected to the presidency ([James A. Garfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield "James A. Garfield") in [1880](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election "1880 United States presidential election")).
Four of the last seven presidents ([Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter"), [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan"), [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") and [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")) have been governors of a state. Geographically, these presidents were from either very large states (Reagan from [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California"), Bush from [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas "Texas")) or from a state south of the [Mason–Dixon line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line "Mason–Dixon line") and east of Texas (Carter from [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)"), Clinton from [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas "Arkansas")). In all, sixteen presidents have been former governors, including seven who were incumbent governors at the time of their election to the presidency.
The most common job experience, occupation or profession of U.S. presidents has been lawyer;[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-50) 26 presidents had served as attorneys. Twenty-two presidents were also in the military. Eight presidents had served as Cabinet Secretaries, with five of the six presidents who served between 1801 and 1841 having held the office of [U.S. Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State").
After leaving office, one president, [William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft"), served as [Chief Justice of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States "Chief Justice of the United States"). Two others later served in Congress – John Quincy Adams in the House and Andrew Johnson in the Senate.
### Technology and media
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Technology and media")\]
See also: [Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election "Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election")
Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 "Daisy" advertisement
Advances in technology and media have also affected presidential campaigns. The invention of radio and then television gave way to reliance upon national political advertisements such as Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 "[Daisy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_\(advertisement\) "Daisy (advertisement)")", Ronald Reagan's 1984 "[Morning in America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_in_America "Morning in America")", and George H. W. Bush's 1988 "[Revolving Door](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolving_Door_\(advertisement\) "Revolving Door (advertisement)")", all of which became major factors. In 1992, George H. W. Bush's promise of "[Read my lips: no new taxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes "Read my lips: no new taxes")" was extensively used in the commercials of Bill Clinton and Bush's other opponents with significant effect during the campaign.
Since the development of the internet in the mid-90s, [Internet activism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_activism "Internet activism") has also become an invaluable component of presidential campaigns, especially since 2000. The internet was first used in the 1996 presidential elections, but primarily as a brochure for the candidate online.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Pollard,_Chesebro_&_Studinski_2009-51) It was only used by a few candidates and there is no evidence of any major effect on the outcomes of that election cycle.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Pollard,_Chesebro_&_Studinski_2009-51)
In 2000, both candidates (George W. Bush and [Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore")) created, maintained, and updated campaign websites. But it was not until the 2004 presidential election cycle was the potential value of the internet seen. By the summer of 2003, ten people competing in the 2004 presidential election had developed campaign websites.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Endres-52) [Howard Dean's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean_2004_presidential_campaign "Howard Dean 2004 presidential campaign") campaign website from that year was considered a model for all future campaign websites. His website played a significant role in his overall campaign strategy.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Endres-52) It allowed his supporters to read about his campaign platform and provide feedback, donate, get involved with the campaign, and connect with other supporters.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Pollard,_Chesebro_&_Studinski_2009-51) A [Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_\(company\) "Gallup (company)") poll from January 2004 revealed that 49 percent of Americans have used the internet to get information about candidates, and 28 percent said they use the internet to get this information frequently.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Pollard,_Chesebro_&_Studinski_2009-51)
Use of the [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet "Internet") for [grassroots fundraising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_fundraising "Grassroots fundraising") by US presidential candidates such as [Howard Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean "Howard Dean"), [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), [Ron Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul "Ron Paul") and [Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") established it as an effective political tool. In 2016, the use of [social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media "Social media") was a key part of [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") campaign. Trump and his opinions were established as constantly "trending" by posting multiple times per day, and his strong online influence was constantly reinforced.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-diggit-53) Internet channels such as [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") were used by candidates to share speeches and ads and to attack candidates by uploading videos of gaffes.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Pollard,_Chesebro_&_Studinski_2009-51)
A study done by the [Pew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew "Pew") Internet & American Life Project in conjunction with Princeton Survey Research Associates in November 2010 shows that 54% of adults in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") used the internet to get information about the [2010 midterm elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_elections "2010 United States elections") and about specific candidates. This represents 73% of adult internet users. The study also showed that 22 percent of adult internet users used [social networking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites "List of social networking websites") sites or [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") to get information about and discuss the elections and 26 percent of all adults used cell phones to learn about or participate in campaigns.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-54)
E-campaigning, as it has come to be called, is subject to very little regulation. On March 26, 2006, the [Federal Election Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission "Federal Election Commission") voted unanimously to "not regulate political communication on the Internet, including emails, blogs and the creating of Web sites".[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Bimbaum-55) This decision made only paid political ads placed on websites subject to campaign finance limitations.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-56) A comment was made about this decision by Roger Alan Stone of Advocacy Inc. which explains this loophole in the context of a political campaign: "A wealthy individual could purchase all of the [e-mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email "Email") addresses for registered [voters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting "Voting") in a [congressional district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_district "Congressional district") ... produce an Internet video ad, and [e-mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail "E-mail") it along with a link to the campaign contribution page ... Not only would this activity not count against any contribution limits or independent expenditure requirements; it would never even need to be reported."[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Bimbaum-55)
A key part of the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") presidential campaigns is the use of media and framing. Candidates are able to frame their opponents and current issues in ways to affect the way voters will see events and the other presidential candidates.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-:0-57) This is known as "priming". For example, during the [2016 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") successfully influenced the way voters thought about [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton"), by encouraging voters to think of Clinton as "Crooked Hillary" or a "[Nasty woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasty_woman "Nasty woman")".[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-:1-58) The media, and Trump, tended to focus on what was presented as her [email scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_email_controversy "Hillary Clinton email controversy"), and when voters thought about her that is what came to mind. Trump played into voters' anti-government interests, while Clinton appealed to the future of the country for the better of future children.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-59) Trump was unexpectedly successful at connecting to what a huge portion of Americans perceived as their interests. It was not always Clinton's strong point, but that may not have been her fault. Americans vote based on whether they feel the country is in a time of gain or a time of loss.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-:0-57) Trump's campaign slogan, "[Make America Great Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again "Make America Great Again")", made Americans feel like the country was in a time of loss, willing to take a risk on voting for a candidate without political experience.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-:0-57) Trump was convincing with his anti-everything rhetoric, and his message reached the electorate with the help of the media. Over half of the media coverage on Trump was focused on where he stood in the race, while only 12% focused on issues, stances, and political beliefs (including problematic comments).[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-:1-58)
## Criticism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Criticism")\]
Main articles: [Criticism of the United States Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_Electoral_College "Criticism of the United States Electoral College"), [Criticism of United States presidential primary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_United_States_presidential_primary "Criticism of United States presidential primary"), and [History of United States presidential nominating convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_presidential_nominating_convention "History of United States presidential nominating convention")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GOP_Primaries_2012_Calendar.svg)
2012 Republican primaries and caucuses calendar.
| | |
|---|---|
| January 2012 (4) February 2012 (7) March 2012 (23) | April 2012 (9) May 2012 (7) June 2012 (6) |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swing_states_2012.svg)
2012 swing states, where the margin of victory was eight percentage points or fewer.
States won by Democrat Barack Obama by 4–8 percentage points
States won by Democrat [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") by 0–4 percentage points
States won by Republican [Mitt Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") by 0–4 percentage points
States won by Republican Mitt Romney by 4-8 percentage points
The presidential election process is controversial, with critics arguing that it is inherently undemocratic, and discourages voter participation and turnout in many areas of the country. Because of the staggered nature of the primary season, voters in Iowa, New Hampshire and other small states which traditionally hold their primaries and caucuses first in January usually have a major impact on the races. Campaign activity, media attention, and voter participation are usually higher in these states, as the candidates attempt to build momentum and generate a [bandwagon effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwagon_effect "Bandwagon effect") in these early primaries. Conversely, voters in California and other large states which traditionally hold their primaries last in June usually end up having no say in who the presidential candidates will be. The races are usually over by then, and thus the campaigns, the media, and voters have little incentive to participate in these late primaries. As a result, more states vie for earlier primaries to claim a greater influence in the process. However, compressing the primary calendar in this way limits the ability of lesser-known candidates to effectively corral resources and raise their visibility among voters, especially when competing with better-known candidates who have more financial resources and the institutional backing of their party's establishment. Primary and caucus reform proposals include a [National Primary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_primary "National primary") held on a single day; or the [Interregional Primary Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregional_Primary_Plan "Interregional Primary Plan"), where states would be grouped into six regions, and each region would rotate every election on who would hold their primaries first.
With the primary races usually over before June, the political conventions have mostly become scripted, ceremonial affairs. As the drama has left the conventions, and complaints grown that they were scripted and dull pep rallies, public interest and viewership has fallen off. After having offered gavel-to-gavel coverage of the major party conventions in the mid-20th century, the [Big Three television networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_television_networks "Big Three television networks") now devote only approximately three hours of coverage (one hour per night).
Critics also argue that the Electoral College is archaic and inherently undemocratic. With all states, except Maine and Nebraska, using a winner-takes-all system, most of the states' seats are allocated ina blocks to either the Democratic or the Republican candidate and in all but a few states the citizens predominantly and perennially vote for the Democratic Party or the Republican Party (and even in Maine and Nebraska, most of the state seats have historically gone to the Democratic Party or the Republican Party, respectively). This encourages presidential candidates to focus much more time, money, and energy campaigning in a few so-called "[swing states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_state "Swing state")", states in which no single candidate or party has overwhelming support. Such swing states (Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin) are inundated with campaign visits, saturation television advertising, get-out-the-vote efforts by party organizers, and debates. Meanwhile, candidates and political parties have no incentive to mount nationwide campaign efforts, or work to increase voter turnout, in predominantly Democratic Party "safe states" like California, Illinois or New York or predominantly Republican Party "safe states" like Wyoming, Alabama or Utah. In practice, the winner-takes-all system also both reinforces the country's [two-party system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_system "Two-party system") and decreases the importance of [third and minor political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_\(United_States\) "Third party (United States)").[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-60) Furthermore, a candidate can win the electoral vote without securing the greatest amount of the national popular vote, such as during the [1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election"), [1876](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election"), [1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election "1888 United States presidential election"), [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election") and [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") elections. It would even be possible in theory to secure the necessary 270 electoral votes from only the twelve most populous states[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-61) and ignore the rest of the country.
### Proposed changes to the election process
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Proposed changes to the election process")\]
In 1844, Representative [Samuel F. Vinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Finley_Vinton "Samuel Finley Vinton") of Ohio proposed an amendment to the constitution that would replace the electoral college system with a lot system. The Joint Resolution called for each state to elect, by a simple majority, a presidential candidate of said state. Each state would notify Congress of the presidential election results. Congress would then inscribe the name of every state on uniform balls, equal to the number of said state's members of Congress, and deposit into a box. In a joint session of Congress, a ball would be drawn, and the elected candidate of the state of which is written on the drawn ball would be named president. A second ball would immediately be drawn after, and that state's candidate would be named vice president. The resolution did not pass the House. Representative Vinton proposed an identical amendment in 1846. Again, it was unsuccessful. The driving force behind the introduction of the resolution is unclear, as there is no recorded debate for either proposal.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-62)
The [Every Vote Counts Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment "Electoral College abolition amendment"), another proposed constitutional amendment, would replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote, which proponents argue would increase turnout and participation.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-everyvotecounts-63) One proposal that would not require Congressional authorization is the [National Popular Vote Interstate Compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Popular_Vote_Interstate_Compact "National Popular Vote Interstate Compact"), an [interstate compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_compact "Interstate compact") whereby individual participating states would agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote, instead of their respective statewide results.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-64)
Another proposal is for every state to adopt the District system used by Maine and Nebraska: give two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-everyvotecounts-63)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-65) The Proportional Plan, often compared to the District Plan, would distribute electoral votes in each state in proportion to the popular vote, increasing the number of electors allocated to third parties.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-66)
The Automatic Plan would replace the Electors with an automatic tallying of votes to eliminate the possibility of a faithless elector affecting the outcome of the election.
The House Plan is another proposed constitutional amendment to allocate electors based on the House apportionment alone to lessen small state advantage.
## Electoral college results
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Electoral college results")\]
For a more comprehensive list, see [List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin "List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin") and [List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin "List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin").
This is a table of electoral college results. Included are candidates who received at least one electoral vote or at least five percent of the popular vote.
[Faithless electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_electors "Faithless electors") and [unpledged electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_electors "Unpledged electors") are denoted by a pink background.
| Year | Party | Presidential candidate | Vice presidential candidate | Popular vote | % | Electoral votes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [1788](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election") | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(politician\) "Independent (politician)") | **[George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington")** | *None*[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-67) | 43,782 | 100\.0% | 69 / 138 | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | **[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams")**[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-adams-68) | N/A | N/A | 34 / 138 | | | |
| [John Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay "John Jay") | 9 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [Robert H. Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Harrison "Robert H. Harrison") | 6 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [John Rutledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rutledge "John Rutledge") | 6 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [John Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock "John Hancock") | 4 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [Anti-Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Administration_Party "Anti-Administration Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | 3 / 138 | | | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Samuel Huntington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_\(statesman\) "Samuel Huntington (statesman)") | 2 / 138 | | | | | |
| [John Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_\(Georgia_politician\) "John Milton (Georgia politician)") | 2 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [James Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Armstrong_\(Georgia\) "James Armstrong (Georgia)") | 1 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [Benjamin Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln "Benjamin Lincoln") | 1 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [Anti-Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Administration_Party "Anti-Administration Party") | [Edward Telfair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Telfair "Edward Telfair") | 1 / 138 | | | | | |
| [1792](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election "1792 United States presidential election") | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(politician\) "Independent (politician)") | **[George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington")** | 28,579 | 100\.0% | 132 / 264 | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | **[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams")**[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-adams-68) | N/A | N/A | 77 / 264 | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | 50 / 264 | | | | | |
| [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") | 4 / 264 | | | | | | |
| [Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr") | 1 / 264 | | | | | | |
| [1796](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election "1796 United States presidential election") | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | **[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams")** | 35,726 | 53\.4% | 71 / 276 | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson")**[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-69) | 31,115 | 46\.6% | 68 / 276 | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Thomas Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney "Thomas Pinckney") | N/A | N/A | 59 / 276 | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr") | 30 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Samuel Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams "Samuel Adams") | 15 / 276 | | | | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Oliver Ellsworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth "Oliver Ellsworth") | 11 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | 7 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay "John Jay") | 5 / 276 | | | | | |
| [James Iredell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Iredell "James Iredell") | 3 / 276 | | | | | | |
| [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(politician\) "Independent (politician)") | [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington") | 2 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [John Henry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_\(Maryland_politician\) "John Henry (Maryland politician)") | 2 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Samuel Johnston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnston "Samuel Johnston") | 2 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney") | 1 / 276 | | | | | | |
| [1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson")** | **[Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr")**[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-breakdown-70) | 41,330 | 61\.4% | 73 / 276 | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") | [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney")[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-breakdown-70) | 25,952 | 38\.6% | 64 / 276 | | |
| [John Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay "John Jay")[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-breakdown-70) | 1 / 276 | | | | | | |
| [1804](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election "1804 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson")** | **[George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)")** | 104,110 | 72\.8% | 162 / 176 | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney") | [Rufus King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King "Rufus King") | 38,919 | 27\.2% | 14 / 176 | | |
| [1808](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election "1808 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison")** | **[George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)")** | 124,732 | 64\.7% | 113 / 176 | [\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-71) |
| [John Langdon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langdon_\(politician\) "John Langdon (politician)") | 9 / 176 | | | | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney") | [Rufus King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King "Rufus King") | 62,431 | 32\.4% | 47 / 176 | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | [James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison") | N/A | N/A | 3 / 176 | [\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-72) | |
| [James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe") | 3 / 176 | | | | | | |
| [1812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election "1812 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison")** | **[Elbridge Gerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry "Elbridge Gerry")** | 140,431 | 50\.4% | 128 / 217 | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party")/ [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party")[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-73) | [DeWitt Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton "DeWitt Clinton") | [Jared Ingersoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll "Jared Ingersoll") | 132,781 | 47\.6% | 86 / 217 | [\[i\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-74) | |
| **[Elbridge Gerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry "Elbridge Gerry")** | 3 / 217 | | | | | | |
| [1816](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election "1816 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe")** | **[Daniel D. Tompkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins "Daniel D. Tompkins")** | 76,592 | 68\.2% | 183 / 217 | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Rufus King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King "Rufus King") | [John Eager Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eager_Howard "John Eager Howard") | 34,740 | 30\.9% | 22 / 217 | [\[j\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-75) | |
| [James Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ross_\(Pennsylvania_politician\) "James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)") | 5 / 217 | | | | | | |
| [John Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall "John Marshall") | 4 / 217 | | | | | | |
| [Robert Goodloe Harper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goodloe_Harper "Robert Goodloe Harper") | 3 / 217 | | | | | | |
| [1820](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election "1820 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe")** | **[Daniel D. Tompkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins "Daniel D. Tompkins")** | 87,343 | 80\.6% | 218 / 232 | [\[k\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-76) |
| [Richard Stockton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stockton_\(U.S._senator\) "Richard Stockton (U.S. senator)") (F) | 8 / 232 | | | | | | |
| [Daniel Rodney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rodney "Daniel Rodney") (F) | 4 / 232 | | | | | | |
| [Robert Goodloe Harper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goodloe_Harper "Robert Goodloe Harper") (F) | 1 / 232 | | | | | | |
| [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") | [Richard Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rush "Richard Rush") (F) | N/A | N/A | 1 / 232 | [\[l\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-77) | | |
| [1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") ([Adams faction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Party "National Republican Party")) | **[John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams")**[\[m\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-78) | **[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 113,122 | 30\.9% | 74 / 261 | [\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-79) |
| [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") | 9 / 261 | | | | | | |
| N/A | 1 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") ([Jackson faction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy "Jacksonian democracy")) | [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") | **[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 151,271 | 41\.4% | 99 / 261 | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") (Crawford faction) | [William H. Crawford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Crawford "William H. Crawford") | [Nathaniel Macon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon "Nathaniel Macon") | 40,856 | 11\.2% | 24 / 261 | [\[o\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-80) | |
| [Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren") | 9 / 261 | | | | | | |
| **[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 2 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") | 2 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Nathan Sanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Sanford "Nathan Sanford") | 2 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") | 1 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") (Clay faction) | [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") | [Nathan Sanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Sanford "Nathan Sanford") | 47,531 | 13\.0% | 28 / 261 | [\[p\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-81) | |
| **[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 7 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") | 3 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [1828](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election "1828 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson")** | **[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 642,553 | 56\.0% | 171 / 261 | [\[q\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-82) |
| [William Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_\(South_Carolina_senator\) "William Smith (South Carolina senator)") | 7 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [National Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Party "National Republican Party") | [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") | [Richard Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rush "Richard Rush") | 500,897 | 43\.6% | 83 / 261 | | |
| [1832](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election "1832 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson")** | **[Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren")** | 701,780 | 54\.2% | 189 / 286 | [\[r\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-83) |
| [William Wilkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilkins_\(U.S._politician\) "William Wilkins (U.S. politician)") | 30 / 286 | | | | | | |
| [National Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Party "National Republican Party") | [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") | [John Sergeant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sergeant_\(politician\) "John Sergeant (politician)") | 484,205 | 37\.4% | 49 / 286 | | |
| [Nullifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullifier_Party "Nullifier Party") | [John Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Floyd_\(Virginia_politician\) "John Floyd (Virginia politician)") | [Henry Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lee_\(economist\) "Henry Lee (economist)") | N/A | N/A | 11 / 286 | [\[s\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-sc-84) | |
| [Anti-Masonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party "Anti-Masonic Party") | [William Wirt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wirt_\(Attorney_General\) "William Wirt (Attorney General)") | [Amos Ellmaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Ellmaker "Amos Ellmaker") | 100,715 | 7\.8% | 7 / 286 | | |
| [1836](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election "1836 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren")** | **[Richard Mentor Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson "Richard Mentor Johnson")** | 763,291 | 50\.8% | 147 / 294 | [\[t\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-85) |
| [William Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_\(South_Carolina_senator\) "William Smith (South Carolina senator)") | 23 / 294 | | | | | | |
| [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [William Henry Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison") | [Francis Granger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Granger "Francis Granger") | 549,907 | 36\.6% | 63 / 294 | [\[u\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-86) | |
| [John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler") | 10 / 294 | | | | | | |
| [Hugh L. White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White "Hugh Lawson White") | [John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler") | 146,107 | 9\.7% | 26 / 294 | | | |
| [Daniel Webster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster "Daniel Webster") | [Francis Granger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Granger "Francis Granger") | 41,201 | 2\.7% | 14 / 294 | | | |
| [Willie Person Mangum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Person_Mangum "Willie Person Mangum") | [John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler") | N/A | N/A | 11 / 294 | [\[s\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-sc-84) | | |
| [1840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election "1840 United States presidential election") | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | **[William Henry Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison")** | **[John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler")** | 1,275,390 | 52\.9% | 234 / 294 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren") | [Richard Mentor Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson "Richard Mentor Johnson") | 1,128,854 | 46\.8% | 48 / 294 | [\[v\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-87) | |
| [Littleton W. Tazewell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton_W._Tazewell "Littleton W. Tazewell") | 11 / 294 | | | | | | |
| [James K. Polk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk "James K. Polk") | 1 / 294 | | | | | | |
| [1844](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election "1844 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[James K. Polk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk "James K. Polk")** | **[George M. Dallas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Dallas "George M. Dallas")** | 1,339,494 | 49\.5% | 170 / 275 | |
| [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") | [Theodore Frelinghuysen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen "Theodore Frelinghuysen") | 1,300,004 | 48\.1% | 105 / 275 | | |
| [1848](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election "1848 United States presidential election") | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | **[Zachary Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor "Zachary Taylor")** | **[Millard Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore "Millard Fillmore")** | 1,361,393 | 47\.3% | 163 / 290 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Lewis Cass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass "Lewis Cass") | [William Orlando Butler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler "William Orlando Butler") | 1,223,460 | 42\.5% | 127 / 290 | | |
| [1852](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election "1852 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin Pierce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce "Franklin Pierce")** | **[William R. King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._King "William R. King")** | 1,607,510 | 50\.8% | 254 / 296 | |
| [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [Winfield Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott "Winfield Scott") | [William Alexander Graham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham "William Alexander Graham") | 1,386,942 | 43\.9% | 42 / 296 | | |
| [1856](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election "1856 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[James Buchanan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan "James Buchanan")** | **[John C. Breckinridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge "John C. Breckinridge")** | 1,836,072 | 45\.3% | 174 / 296 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [John C. Frémont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont "John C. Frémont") | [William L. Dayton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Dayton "William L. Dayton") | 1,342,345 | 33\.1% | 114 / 296 | | |
| [American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Nothing "Know Nothing") | [Millard Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore "Millard Fillmore") | [Andrew Jackson Donelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson "Andrew Jackson Donelson") | 873,053 | 21\.6% | 8 / 296 | | |
| [1860](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election "1860 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Abraham Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln")** | **[Hannibal Hamlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin "Hannibal Hamlin")** | 1,865,908 | 39\.8% | 180 / 303 | |
| [Democratic (Southern)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Democrats "Southern Democrats") | [John C. Breckinridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge "John C. Breckinridge") | [Joseph Lane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lane "Joseph Lane") | 848,019 | 18\.1% | 72 / 303 | | |
| [Constitutional Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitutional Union Party (United States)") | [John Bell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_\(Tennessee_politician\) "John Bell (Tennessee politician)") | [Edward Everett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Everett "Edward Everett") | 590,901 | 12\.6% | 39 / 303 | | |
| [Democratic (Northern)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Democrats "Northern Democrats") | [Stephen A. Douglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas "Stephen A. Douglas") | [Herschel V. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson "Herschel Vespasian Johnson") | 1,380,202 | 29\.5% | 12 / 303 | | |
| [1864](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election "1864 United States presidential election") | [National Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_Party_\(United_States\) "National Union Party (United States)") | **[Abraham Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln")** (R) | **[Andrew Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson "Andrew Johnson")** (D) | 2,218,388 | 55\.0% | 212 / 233 | [\[w\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-88)[\[x\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-89) |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [George B. McClellan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan "George B. McClellan") | [George H. Pendleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Pendleton "George H. Pendleton") | 1,812,807 | 45\.0% | 21 / 233 | | |
| [1868](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election "1868 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ulysses S. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant")** | **[Schuyler Colfax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax "Schuyler Colfax")** | 3,013,650 | 52\.7% | 214 / 294 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Horatio Seymour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Seymour "Horatio Seymour") | [Francis Preston Blair Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr. "Francis Preston Blair Jr.") | 2,708,744 | 47\.3% | 80 / 294 | | |
| [1872](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election "1872 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ulysses S. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant")** | **[Henry Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilson "Henry Wilson")** | 3,598,235 | 55\.6% | 286 / 352 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Thomas A. Hendricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks "Thomas A. Hendricks") | [Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") (LR) | [\[y\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-90)2,834,761 | 43\.8% | 41 or 42 / 352 | [\[z\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-missouri-91)[\[aa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-92) | |
| [William S. Groesbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck "William S. Groesbeck") | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [George Washington Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Julian "George Washington Julian") (LR) | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [John M. Palmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Palmer_\(politician\) "John M. Palmer (politician)") (LR) | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [Liberal Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Liberal Republican Party (United States)") | [Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") | [Alfred H. Colquitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_H._Colquitt "Alfred H. Colquitt") (D) | 5 / 352 | [\[z\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-missouri-91) | | | |
| [George Washington Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Julian "George Washington Julian") | 4 or 5 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [Thomas E. Bramlette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Bramlette "Thomas E. Bramlette") (D) | 3 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [John M. Palmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Palmer_\(politician\) "John M. Palmer (politician)") | 2 or 3 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [Nathaniel P. Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks "Nathaniel P. Banks") | 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [Willis Benson Machen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Benson_Machen "Willis Benson Machen") (D) | 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [William S. Groesbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck "William S. Groesbeck") (D) | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [Horace Greeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley "Horace Greeley") | [Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") | 3 / 352 | [\[ab\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-93) | | | | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Charles J. Jenkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Jenkins "Charles J. Jenkins") | [Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") | 2 / 352 | | | | |
| [Liberal Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Liberal Republican Party (United States)") | [David Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davis_\(Supreme_Court_justice\) "David Davis (Supreme Court justice)") | [Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") | 0 or 1 / 352 | [\[z\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-missouri-91)[\[ac\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-94) | | | |
| [William S. Groesbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck "William S. Groesbeck") (D) | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [George Washington Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Julian "George Washington Julian") | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [John M. Palmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Palmer_\(politician\) "John M. Palmer (politician)") | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [1876](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Rutherford B. Hayes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes "Rutherford B. Hayes")** | **[William A. Wheeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Wheeler "William A. Wheeler")** | 4,034,142 | 47\.9% | 185 / 369 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Samuel J. Tilden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden "Samuel J. Tilden") | [Thomas A. Hendricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks "Thomas A. Hendricks") | 4,286,808 | 50\.9% | 184 / 369 | | |
| [1880](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election "1880 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[James A. Garfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield "James A. Garfield")** | **[Chester A. Arthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur "Chester A. Arthur")** | 4,446,158 | 48\.3% | 214 / 369 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Winfield Scott Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock "Winfield Scott Hancock") | [William Hayden English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hayden_English "William Hayden English") | 4,444,260 | 48\.3% | 155 / 369 | | |
| [1884](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election "1884 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland")** | **[Thomas A. Hendricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks "Thomas A. Hendricks")** | 4,914,482 | 48\.9% | 219 / 401 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [James G. Blaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Blaine "James G. Blaine") | [John A. Logan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan "John A. Logan") | 4,856,903 | 48\.3% | 182 / 401 | | |
| [1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election "1888 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Benjamin Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison "Benjamin Harrison")** | **[Levi P. Morton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_P._Morton "Levi P. Morton")** | 5,443,892 | 47\.8% | 233 / 401 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland") | [Allen G. Thurman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman "Allen G. Thurman") | 5,534,488 | 48\.6% | 168 / 401 | | |
| [1892](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election "1892 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland")** | **[Adlai Stevenson I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I "Adlai Stevenson I")** | 5,553,898 | 46\.0% | 277 / 444 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Benjamin Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison "Benjamin Harrison") | [Whitelaw Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid "Whitelaw Reid") | 5,190,819 | 43\.0% | 145 / 444 | | |
| [Populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_\(United_States\) "People's Party (United States)") | [James B. Weaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Weaver "James B. Weaver") | [James G. Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Field "James G. Field") | 1,026,595 | 8\.5% | 22 / 444 | | |
| [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election "1896 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[William McKinley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley "William McKinley")** | **[Garret Hobart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garret_Hobart "Garret Hobart")** | 7,111,607 | 51\.0% | 271 / 447 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)")/[Populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_\(United_States\) "People's Party (United States)") | [William Jennings Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan "William Jennings Bryan") | [Arthur Sewall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sewall "Arthur Sewall") (D) | 6,509,052 | 46\.7% | 149 / 447 | [\[ad\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-95) | |
| [Thomas E. Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson "Thomas E. Watson") (Pop.) | 27 / 447 | | | | | | |
| [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election "1900 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[William McKinley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley "William McKinley")** | **[Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt")** | 7,228,864 | 51\.6% | 292 / 447 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [William Jennings Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan "William Jennings Bryan") | [Adlai Stevenson I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I "Adlai Stevenson I") | 6,370,932 | 45\.5% | 155 / 447 | | |
| [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election "1904 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt")** | **[Charles W. Fairbanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks "Charles W. Fairbanks")** | 7,630,457 | 56\.4% | 336 / 476 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Alton B. Parker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_B._Parker "Alton B. Parker") | [Henry G. Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_G._Davis "Henry G. Davis") | 5,083,880 | 37\.6% | 140 / 476 | | |
| [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election "1908 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft")** | **[James S. Sherman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Sherman "James S. Sherman")** | 7,678,335 | 51\.6% | 321 / 483 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [William Jennings Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan "William Jennings Bryan") | [John W. Kern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Kern "John W. Kern") | 6,408,979 | 43\.0% | 162 / 483 | | |
| [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election "1912 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Woodrow Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson")** | **[Thomas R. Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall "Thomas R. Marshall")** | 6,296,284 | 41\.8% | 435 / 531 | |
| [Progressive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(United_States,_1912\) "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)") | [Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") | [Hiram Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Johnson "Hiram Johnson") | 4,122,721 | 27\.4% | 88 / 531 | | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft") | [Nicholas Murray Butler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler "Nicholas Murray Butler")[\[ae\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-96) | 3,486,242 | 23\.2% | 8 / 531 | | |
| [1916](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election "1916 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Woodrow Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson")** | **[Thomas R. Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall "Thomas R. Marshall")** | 9,126,868 | 49\.2% | 277 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Charles Evans Hughes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes "Charles Evans Hughes") | [Charles W. Fairbanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks "Charles W. Fairbanks") | 8,548,728 | 46\.1% | 254 / 531 | | |
| [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election "1920 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Warren G. Harding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding "Warren G. Harding")** | **[Calvin Coolidge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge")** | 16,144,093 | 60\.3% | 404 / 531 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [James M. Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Cox "James M. Cox") | [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") | 9,139,661 | 34\.2% | 127 / 531 | | |
| [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election "1924 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Calvin Coolidge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge")** | **[Charles G. Dawes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes "Charles G. Dawes")** | 15,723,789 | 54\.0% | 382 / 531 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [John W. Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Davis "John W. Davis") | [Charles W. Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan "Charles W. Bryan") | 8,386,242 | 28\.8% | 136 / 531 | | |
| [Progressive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(United_States,_1924\) "Progressive Party (United States, 1924)") | [Robert M. La Follette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette "Robert M. La Follette") | [Burton K. Wheeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler "Burton K. Wheeler") | 4,831,706 | 16\.6% | 13 / 531 | | |
| [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election "1928 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Herbert Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover")** | **[Charles Curtis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis "Charles Curtis")** | 21,427,123 | 58\.2% | 444 / 531 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Al Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith "Al Smith") | [Joseph Taylor Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson "Joseph Taylor Robinson") | 15,015,464 | 40\.8% | 87 / 531 | | |
| [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election "1932 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")** | **[John Nance Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nance_Garner "John Nance Garner")** | 22,821,277 | 57\.4% | 472 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Herbert Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover") | [Charles Curtis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis "Charles Curtis") | 15,761,254 | 39\.7% | 59 / 531 | | |
| [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election "1936 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")** | **[John Nance Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nance_Garner "John Nance Garner")** | 27,752,648 | 60\.8% | 523 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Alf Landon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Landon "Alf Landon") | [Frank Knox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knox "Frank Knox") | 16,681,862 | 36\.5% | 8 / 531 | | |
| [1940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election "1940 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")** | **[Henry A. Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace "Henry A. Wallace")** | 27,313,945 | 54\.7% | 449 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Wendell Willkie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie "Wendell Willkie") | [Charles L. McNary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._McNary "Charles L. McNary") | 22,347,744 | 44\.8% | 82 / 531 | | |
| [1944](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election "1944 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")** | **[Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman")** | 25,612,916 | 53\.4% | 432 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Thomas E. Dewey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey") | [John W. Bricker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Bricker "John W. Bricker") | 22,017,929 | 45\.9% | 99 / 531 | | |
| [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election "1948 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman")** | **[Alben W. Barkley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley "Alben W. Barkley")** | 24,179,347 | 49\.6% | 303 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Thomas E. Dewey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey") | [Earl Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren") | 21,991,292 | 45\.1% | 189 / 531 | | |
| [Dixiecrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat "Dixiecrat") | [Strom Thurmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond") | [Fielding L. Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright "Fielding L. Wright") | 1,175,930 | 2\.4% | 39 / 531 | | |
| [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election "1952 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower")** | **[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")** | 34,075,529 | 55\.2% | 442 / 531 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Adlai Stevenson II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II "Adlai Stevenson II") | [John Sparkman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sparkman "John Sparkman") | 27,375,090 | 44\.3% | 89 / 531 | | |
| [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election "1956 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower")** | **[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")** | 35,579,180 | 57\.4% | 457 / 531 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Adlai Stevenson II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II "Adlai Stevenson II") | [Estes Kefauver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Kefauver "Estes Kefauver") | 26,028,028 | 42\.0% | 73 / 531 | | |
| [Walter Burgwyn Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Burgwyn_Jones "Walter Burgwyn Jones") | [Herman Talmadge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Talmadge "Herman Talmadge") | N/A | N/A | 1 / 531 | [\[af\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-97) | | |
| [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election "1960 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy")** | **[Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson")** | 34,220,984 | 49\.7% | 303 / 537 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") | [Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr. "Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.") | 34,108,157 | 49\.6% | 219 / 537 | | |
| [Southern Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Democrats "Southern Democrats") | [Harry F. Byrd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd "Harry F. Byrd") | [Strom Thurmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond") | 610,409 | 0\.4% | 14 / 537 | [\[ag\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-98) | |
| [Barry Goldwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater "Barry Goldwater") (R) | 1 / 537 | | | | | | |
| [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election "1964 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson")** | **[Hubert Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey")** | 43,127,041 | 61\.0% | 486 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Barry Goldwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater "Barry Goldwater") | [William E. Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Miller "William E. Miller") | 27,175,754 | 38\.5% | 52 / 538 | | |
| [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election "1968 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")** | **[Spiro Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew")** | 31,783,783 | 43\.4% | 301 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Hubert Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey") | [Edmund Muskie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie "Edmund Muskie") | 31,271,839 | 42\.7% | 191 / 538 | | |
| [American Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party "American Independent Party") | [George Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace "George Wallace") | [Curtis LeMay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_LeMay "Curtis LeMay") | 9,901,118 | 13\.5% | 46 / 538 | | |
| [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election "1972 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")** | **[Spiro Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew")** | 47,168,710 | 60\.7% | 520 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [George McGovern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern "George McGovern") | [Sargent Shriver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargent_Shriver "Sargent Shriver") | 29,173,222 | 37\.5% | 17 / 538 | | |
| [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [John Hospers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hospers "John Hospers") | [Tonie Nathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonie_Nathan "Tonie Nathan") | 3,674 | \<0.01% | 1 / 538 | [\[ah\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-99) | |
| [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election "1976 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter")** | **[Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale")** | 40,831,881 | 50\.1% | 297 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Gerald Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") | [Bob Dole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole "Bob Dole") | 39,148,634 | 48\.0% | 240 / 538 | | |
| [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") | N/A | N/A | 1 / 538 | [\[ai\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-100) | | | |
| [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election "1980 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")** | **[George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush")** | 43,903,230 | 50\.7% | 489 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") | [Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale") | 35,480,115 | 41\.0% | 49 / 538 | | |
| [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election "1984 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")** | **[George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush")** | 54,455,472 | 58\.8% | 525 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale") | [Geraldine Ferraro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro "Geraldine Ferraro") | 37,577,352 | 40\.6% | 13 / 538 | | |
| [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election "1988 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush")** | **[Dan Quayle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Quayle "Dan Quayle")** | 48,886,597 | 53\.4% | 426 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Michael Dukakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis") | [Lloyd Bentsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen "Lloyd Bentsen") | 41,809,476 | 45\.6% | 111 / 538 | | |
| [Lloyd Bentsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen "Lloyd Bentsen") | [Michael Dukakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis") | N/A | N/A | 1 / 538 | [\[aj\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-101) | | |
| [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election "1992 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton")** | **[Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore")** | 44,909,806 | 43\.0% | 370 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") | [Dan Quayle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Quayle "Dan Quayle") | 39,104,550 | 37\.4% | 168 / 538 | | |
| [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election "1996 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton")** | **[Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore")** | 47,401,185 | 49\.2% | 379 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Bob Dole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole "Bob Dole") | [Jack Kemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kemp "Jack Kemp") | 39,197,469 | 40\.7% | 159 / 538 | | |
| [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")** | **[Dick Cheney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney")** | 50,456,002 | 47\.9% | 271 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore") | [Joe Lieberman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lieberman "Joe Lieberman") | 50,999,897 | 48\.4% | 266 / 538 | [\[ak\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-102)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-103) | |
| [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election "2004 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")** | **[Dick Cheney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney")** | 62,040,610 | 50\.7% | 286 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [John Kerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry "John Kerry") | [John Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edwards "John Edwards") | 59,028,444 | 48\.3% | 251 / 538 | | |
| [John Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edwards "John Edwards") | 5 | \<0.01% | 1 / 538 | [\[al\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-104) | | | |
| [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")** | **[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")** | 69,498,516 | 52\.9% | 365 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [John McCain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") | [Sarah Palin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin "Sarah Palin") | 59,948,323 | 45\.7% | 173 / 538 | | |
| [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election "2012 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")** | **[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")** | 65,915,795 | 51\.1% | 332 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Mitt Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") | [Paul Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ryan "Paul Ryan") | 60,933,504 | 47\.2% | 206 / 538 | | |
| [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")** | **[Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence")** | 62,984,828 | 46\.1% | 304 / 538 | |
| [Ron Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul "Ron Paul") (L) | 124 | \<0.01% | 1 / 538 | [\[am\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-texas2-105) | | | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") | [Tim Kaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine "Tim Kaine") | 65,853,514 | 48\.2% | 227 / 538 | | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") (cast by Democratic electors) | [Colin Powell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell "Colin Powell") | [Susan Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Collins "Susan Collins") | 25 | \<0.01% | 1 / 538 | [\[an\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-106) | |
| [Maria Cantwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cantwell "Maria Cantwell") (D) | 1 / 538 | | | | | | |
| [Elizabeth Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren "Elizabeth Warren") (D) | 1 / 538 | | | | | | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [John Kasich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kasich "John Kasich") | [Carly Fiorina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Fiorina "Carly Fiorina") | 2,684 | \<0.01% | 1 / 538 | [\[am\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-texas2-105) | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") | [Elizabeth Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren "Elizabeth Warren") | 108,776 | 0\.08% | 1 / 538 | [\[ao\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-107) | |
| [Faith Spotted Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Spotted_Eagle "Faith Spotted Eagle") | [Winona LaDuke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona_LaDuke "Winona LaDuke") (G) | N/A | N/A | 1 / 538 | [\[ap\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-108) | | |
| [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election#Electoral_results "2020 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")** | **[Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris")** | 81,283,501 | 51\.3% | 306 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") | [Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence") | 74,223,975 | 46\.9% | 232 / 538 | | |
| [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election#Results "2024 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")** | **[JD Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance "JD Vance")** | 77,302,169 | 49\.8% | 312 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") | [Tim Walz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Walz "Tim Walz") | 75,015,834 | 48\.3% | 226 / 538 | | |
### Maps of results
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Maps of results")\]
| |
|---|
| **Electoral College** [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1789.svg "1788–1789 Election") 1788–1789 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1792.svg "1792 Election") 1792 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1796.svg "1796 Election") 1796 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1800.svg "1800 Election") 1800 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1804.svg "1804 Election") 1804 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1808.svg "1808 Election") 1808 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1812.svg "1812 Election") 1812 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1816.svg "1816 Election") 1816 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1820.svg "1820 Election") 1820 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1824.svg "1824 Election") 1824 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1828.svg "1828 Election") 1828 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1832.svg "1832 Election") 1832 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1836.svg "1836 Election") 1836 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg "1840 Election") 1840 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1844.svg "1844 Election") 1844 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1848.svg "1848 Election") 1848 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1852.svg "1852 Election") 1852 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1856.svg "1856 Election") 1856 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1860.svg "1860 Election") 1860 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1864.svg "1864 Election") 1864 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1868.svg "1868 Election") 1868 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1872.svg "1872 Election") 1872 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1876.svg "1876 Election") 1876 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1880.svg "1880 Election") 1880 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1884.svg "1884 Election") 1884 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1888.svg "1888 Election") 1888 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1892.svg "1892 Election") 1892 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1896.svg "1896 Election") 1896 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1900.svg "1900 Election") 1900 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1904.svg "1904 Election") 1904 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1908.svg "1908 Election") 1908 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1912.svg "1912 Election") 1912 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1916.svg "1916 Election") 1916 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1920.svg "1920 Election") 1920 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1924.svg "1924 Election") 1924 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1928.svg "1928 Election") 1928 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1932.svg "1932 Election") 1932 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1936.svg "1936 Election") 1936 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1940.svg "1940 Election") 1940 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1944.svg "1944 Election") 1944 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1948.svg "1948 Election") 1948 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1952.svg "1952 Election") 1952 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1956.svg "1956 Election") 1956 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1960.svg "1960 Election") 1960 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1964.svg "1964 Election") 1964 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1968.svg "1968 Election") 1968 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1972.svg "1972 Election") 1972 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1976.svg "1976 Election") 1976 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1980.svg "1980 Election") 1980 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1984.svg "1984 Election") 1984 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1988.svg "1988 Election") 1988 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1992.svg "1992 Election") 1992 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1996.svg "1996 Election") 1996 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2000.svg "2000 Election") 2000 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2004.svg "2004 Election") 2004 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg "2008 Election") 2008 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg "2012 Election") 2012 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2016.svg "2016 Election") 2016 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2020.svg "2020 Election") 2020 Election [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2024.svg "2024 Election") 2024 Election |
## Popular vote results
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Popular vote results")\]
Historically, presidents seeking re-election with a job approval rating of 50 percent or higher among American voters have easily won a second term, while those with an approval rating of less than 50 percent have lost the election.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Popularvote_uspresidentialelections.png)
Popular vote percentage
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(United_States\) "Independent (United States)") | **[George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington")** | 43,782 | 100% |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") (vice president)[\[note 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-109) | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay "John Jay") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Robert H. Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Harrison "Robert H. Harrison") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Rutledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rutledge "John Rutledge") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock "John Hancock") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Anti-Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Administration_Party_\(United_States\) "Anti-Administration Party (United States)") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Samuel Huntington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_\(Connecticut_politician\) "Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_\(Georgia_politician\) "John Milton (Georgia politician)") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [James Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Armstrong_\(Georgia\) "James Armstrong (Georgia)") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Benjamin Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln "Benjamin Lincoln") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Anti-Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Administration_Party_\(United_States\) "Anti-Administration Party (United States)") | [Edward Telfair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Telfair "Edward Telfair") | n/a | n/a |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(United_States\) "Independent (United States)") | **[George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington")** | 28,579 | 100% |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") (vice president) | n/a | n/a |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr") | n/a | n/a |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | **[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams")** | 35,726 | 53\.4% |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") (vice president) | 31,115 | 46\.5% |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [Samuel Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams "Samuel Adams") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Oliver Ellsworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth "Oliver Ellsworth") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay "John Jay") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [James Iredell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Iredell "James Iredell") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(United_States\) "Independent (United States)") | [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [John Henry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_\(Maryland_politician\) "John Henry (Maryland politician)") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Samuel Johnston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnston "Samuel Johnston") | n/a | n/a |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney") | n/a | n/a |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson")/[Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr")** | 41,330 | 61\.4% |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams")/[Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney") | 25,952 | 38\.6% |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams")/[John Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay "John Jay") | 0 | 0% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut") | [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware "Delaware") | [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)") | [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky") | [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland "Maryland") | [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") | [NH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire") | [NJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") | [NY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") | [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") | [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") | [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island") | [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") | [TN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") | [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont "Vermont") | [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") |
| 0-7 | 0-0-1 | 1-0 | 2-0 | 4-0-4 | 3-11 | 0-4 | 3-2 | 6-4 | 6-4 | 9-4 | 0-2 | 0-0-4 | 1-0 | 1-0-1 | 14–5 |
| **State delegations won by Jefferson are color coded in green, and those won by Burr in red. Vote results listed in that order, with abstentions at end.** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson")/[George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)")** | 104,110 | 72\.8% |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney")/[Rufus King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King "Rufus King") | 38,919 | 27\.2% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison")/[George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)")** | 124,732 | 64\.7% |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney")/[Rufus King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King "Rufus King") | 62,431 | 32\.4% |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic-Republican Party (United States)") | [James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe") | 4,848 | 2\.5% |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)")/[James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison") and [James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe") | 0 | 0% |
| | None | [Unpledged electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_electors "Unpledged electors") | 680 | 0\.4% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison")/[Elbridge Gerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry "Elbridge Gerry")** | 140,431 | 50\.4% |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [DeWitt Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton "DeWitt Clinton")[\[note 4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-110)/[Jared Ingersoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll "Jared Ingersoll") and **[Elbridge Gerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry "Elbridge Gerry")** | 132,781 | 47\.6% |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party_\(United_States\) "Federalist Party (United States)") | [Rufus King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King "Rufus King") | 5,574 | 2\.0% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe")/[Daniel D. Tompkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins "Daniel D. Tompkins")** | 76,592 | 68\.2% |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Rufus King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King "Rufus King")/Multiple | 34,740 | 30\.9% |
| | None | [Unpledged electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_electors "Unpledged electors") | 1,038 | 0\.9% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe")/[Daniel D. Tompkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins "Daniel D. Tompkins")** | 87,343 | 80\.6% |
| | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party_\(United_States\) "Federalist Party (United States)") | No candidate | 17,465 | 16\.12% |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams")/[Richard Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rush "Richard Rush") (Federalist) | 2,215 | 2\.04% |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic-Republican Party (United States)") | [DeWitt Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton "DeWitt Clinton") | 1,893 | 1\.75% |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(United_States\) "Independent (United States)") | [Unpledged electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_electors "Unpledged electors") | 1,658 | 1\.53% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams")/[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** and [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson")[\[note 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-LostPopular-111) | 113,122 | 30\.9% |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson")/**[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 151,271 | 41\.4% |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [William H. Crawford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Crawford "William H. Crawford")/Multiple | 40,856 | 11\.2% |
| | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay")/Multiple | 47,531 | 13% |
| | None | [Unpledged electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_electors "Unpledged electors") | 6,616 | 1\.81% |
This election was in many ways unique in American history: several different factions of the [Democratic-Republican Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") were named after the last names of the candidates in this race, and nominated their own candidates. As no candidate received a majority of electoral votes, the House of Representatives chose Adams to be president.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **House vote for president, 1824** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") | [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut") | [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware "Delaware") | [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._State\) "Georgia (U.S. State)") | [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois "Illinois") | [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana "Indiana") | [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky") | [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana") | [ME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine "Maine") | [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland "Maryland") | [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") | [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi") | [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri "Missouri") | [NH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire") | [NJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") | [NY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") | [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") | [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio "Ohio") | [PN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") | [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island") | [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") | [TN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") | [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont "Vermont") | [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") |
| 0-3-0 | 6-0-0 | 0-0-1 | 0-0-7 | 1-0-0 | 0-3-0 | 8-4-0 | 2-1-0 | 7-0-0 | 5-3-1 | 12-1-0 | 0-1-0 | 1-0-0 | 6-0-0 | 1-5-0 | 18-2-14 | 1-1-10 | 10-2-2 | 1-25-0 | 2-0-0 | 0-9-0 | 0-9-0 | 5-0-0 | 1–1–19 |
| **State delegations that Adams won are colored in green, blue for Jackson, and orange for Crawford. Vote results listed in that order.** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson")/[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 642,553 | 56\.0% |
| | [National Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Party "National Republican Party") | [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams")/[Richard Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rush "Richard Rush") | 500,897 | 43\.6% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson")/[Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren")** | 701,780 | 54\.2% |
| | [National Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Party "National Republican Party") | [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay")/[John Sergeant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sergeant_\(politician\) "John Sergeant (politician)") | 484,205 | 37\.4% |
| | [Nullifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullifier_Party "Nullifier Party") | [John Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Floyd_\(Virginia_politician\) "John Floyd (Virginia politician)")/[Henry Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lee_\(economist\) "Henry Lee (economist)") | 0 | 0% |
| | [Anti-Masonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party "Anti-Masonic Party") | [William Wirt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wirt_\(Attorney_General\) "William Wirt (Attorney General)")/[Amos Ellmaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Ellmaker "Amos Ellmaker") | 100,715 | 7\.8% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren")/[Richard Mentor Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson "Richard Mentor Johnson")** | 764,176 | 56\.0% |
| | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [William Henry Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison")/[Francis Granger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Granger "Francis Granger") | 549,907 | 36\.6% |
| | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [Hugh Lawson White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White "Hugh Lawson White")/[John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler") | 146,107 | 9\.7% |
| | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [Daniel Webster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster "Daniel Webster")/[Francis Granger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Granger "Francis Granger") | 41,201 | 2\.7% |
| | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [Willie Person Mangum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Person_Mangum "Willie Person Mangum")/[John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler") | 0 | 0% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | **[William Henry Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison")/[John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler")** | 1,275,390 | 52\.9% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren")/[Richard Mentor Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson "Richard Mentor Johnson") | 1,128,854 | 46\.8% |
| | [Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Party_\(United_States,_1840\) "Liberty Party (United States, 1840)") | [James G. Birney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Birney "James G. Birney")/[Thomas Earle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Earle_\(American_politician\) "Thomas Earle (American politician)") | 7,453 | 0\.31% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[James K. Polk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk "James K. Polk")/[George M. Dallas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Dallas "George M. Dallas")** | 1,339,494 | 49\.5% |
| | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay")/[Theodore Frelinghuysen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen "Theodore Frelinghuysen") | 1,300,004 | 48\.1% |
| | [Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Party_\(United_States,_1840\) "Liberty Party (United States, 1840)") | [James G. Birney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Birney "James G. Birney")/[Thomas Morris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morris_\(Ohio_politician\) "Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)") | 62,103 | 2\.30% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | **[Zachary Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor "Zachary Taylor")/[Millard Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore "Millard Fillmore")** | 1,361,393 | 47\.3% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Lewis Cass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass "Lewis Cass")/[William Orlando Butler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler "William Orlando Butler") | 1,223,460 | 42\.5% |
| | [Free Soil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Soil_Party "Free Soil Party") | [Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren")/[Charles Francis Adams Sr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr. "Charles Francis Adams Sr.") | 291,501 | 10\.1% |
| | [Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Party_\(United_States,_1840\) "Liberty Party (United States, 1840)") | [Gerrit Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Smith "Gerrit Smith")/[Charles C. Foote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Foote "Charles C. Foote") | 2,545 | 0\.09% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin Pierce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce "Franklin Pierce")/[William R. King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._King "William R. King")** | 1,607,510 | 50\.8% |
| | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [Winfield Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott "Winfield Scott")/[William Alexander Graham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham "William Alexander Graham") | 1,386,942 | 43\.9% |
| | [Free Soil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Soil_Party "Free Soil Party") | [John P. Hale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Hale "John P. Hale")/[George Washington Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Julian "George Washington Julian") | 155,210 | 4\.9% |
| | [Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Party_\(United_States\) "Union Party (United States)") | [Daniel Webster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster "Daniel Webster")/[Charles J. Jenkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Jenkins "Charles J. Jenkins") | 6,994 | 0\.22% |
| | [Know Nothing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Nothing "Know Nothing") | [Jacob Broom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Broom "Jacob Broom")/[Reynell Coates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynell_Coates "Reynell Coates") | 2,566 | 0\.08% |
| | [Southern Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rights_Party "Southern Rights Party") | [George Troup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Troup "George Troup")/[John A. Quitman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Quitman "John A. Quitman") | 2,331 | 0\.07% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[James Buchanan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan "James Buchanan")/[John C. Breckinridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge "John C. Breckinridge")** | 1,836,072 | 45\.3% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [John C. Frémont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont "John C. Frémont")/[William L. Dayton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Dayton "William L. Dayton") | 1,342,345 | 33\.1% |
| | [Know Nothing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Nothing "Know Nothing") | [Millard Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore "Millard Fillmore")/[Andrew Jackson Donelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson "Andrew Jackson Donelson") | 873,053 | 21\.6% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Abraham Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln")/[Hannibal Hamlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin "Hannibal Hamlin")** | 1,865,908 | 39\.8% |
| | [Southern Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Democratic_\(United_States\) "Southern Democratic (United States)") | [John C. Breckinridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge "John C. Breckinridge")/[Joseph Lane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lane "Joseph Lane") | 848,019 | 18\.1% |
| | [Constitutional Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitutional Union Party (United States)") | [John Bell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_\(Tennessee_politician\) "John Bell (Tennessee politician)")/[Edward Everett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Everett "Edward Everett") | 590,901 | 12\.6% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Stephen A. Douglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas "Stephen A. Douglas")/[Herschel V. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson "Herschel V. Johnson") | 1,380,202 | 29\.5% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [National Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_Party_\(United_States\) "National Union Party (United States)") | **[Abraham Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln")/[Andrew Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson "Andrew Johnson")** | 2,218,388 | 55\.0% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [George B. McClellan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan "George B. McClellan")/[George H. Pendleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Pendleton "George H. Pendleton") | 1,812,807 | 45\.0% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ulysses S. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant")/[Schuyler Colfax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax "Schuyler Colfax")** | 3,013,650 | 52\.7% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Horatio Seymour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Seymour "Horatio Seymour")/[Francis Preston Blair Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr. "Francis Preston Blair Jr.") | 2,708,744 | 47\.3% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ulysses S. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant")/[Henry Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilson "Henry Wilson")** | 3,598,235 | 55\.6% |
| | [Liberal Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Liberal Republican Party (United States)") | [Horace Greeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley "Horace Greeley")/[Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") | 2,834,761 | 43\.8% |
| | [Straight-Out Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-Out_Democrats "Straight-Out Democrats") | [Charles O'Conor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O%27Conor_\(American_politician\) "Charles O'Conor (American politician)")/[John Quincy Adams II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II "John Quincy Adams II") | 18,602 | 0\.3% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [James Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Black_\(prohibitionist\) "James Black (prohibitionist)")/[John Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_\(prohibitionist\) "John Russell (prohibitionist)") | 5,607 | 0\.1% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Rutherford B. Hayes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes "Rutherford B. Hayes")/[William A. Wheeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Wheeler "William A. Wheeler")**[\[note 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-LostPopular-111) | 4,034,142 | 47\.9% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Samuel J. Tilden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden "Samuel J. Tilden")/[Thomas A. Hendricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks "Thomas A. Hendricks") | 4,286,808 | 50\.9% |
| | [Greenback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_Party_\(United_States\) "Greenback Party (United States)") | [Peter Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cooper "Peter Cooper")/[Samuel Fenton Cary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary "Samuel Fenton Cary") | 83,726 | 0\.99% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Green Clay Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Clay_Smith "Green Clay Smith")/[Gideon T. Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_T._Stewart "Gideon T. Stewart") | 6,945 | 0\.08% |
| | [National](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_\(United_States\) "National Party (United States)") | James Walker/[Donald Kirkpatrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kirkpatrick "Donald Kirkpatrick") | 463 | 0\.01% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[James A. Garfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield "James A. Garfield")/[Chester A. Arthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur "Chester A. Arthur")** | 4,446,158 | 48\.3% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Winfield Scott Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock "Winfield Scott Hancock")/[William Hayden English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hayden_English "William Hayden English") | 4,444,260 | 48\.3% |
| | [Greenback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_Party_\(United_States\) "Greenback Party (United States)") | [James B. Weaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Weaver "James B. Weaver")/[Barzillai J. Chambers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers "Barzillai J. Chambers") | 308,649 | 3\.35% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Neal Dow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Dow "Neal Dow")/[Henry Adams Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Adams_Thompson "Henry Adams Thompson") | 10,364 | 0\.11% |
| | [Anti-Masonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party_\(United_States\) "Anti-Masonic Party (United States)") | [John W. Phelps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Phelps "John W. Phelps")/[Samuel C. Pomeroy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy "Samuel C. Pomeroy") | 1,045 | 0\.01% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland")/[Thomas A. Hendricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks "Thomas A. Hendricks")** | 4,914,482 | 48\.9% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [James G. Blaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Blaine "James G. Blaine")/[John A. Logan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan "John A. Logan") | 4,856,903 | 48\.3% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [John St. John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_St._John_\(American_politician\) "John St. John (American politician)")/[William Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Daniel_\(Maryland_politician\) "William Daniel (Maryland politician)") | 147,482 | 1\.50% |
| | [Anti-Monopoly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Monopoly_Party_\(United_States\) "Anti-Monopoly Party (United States)") | [Benjamin Butler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Butler "Benjamin Butler")/[Absolom M. West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolom_M._West "Absolom M. West") | 134,294 | 1\.33% |
| | [National Equal Rights Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_Party "National Equal Rights Party") | [Belva Ann Lockwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood "Belva Ann Lockwood")/[Marietta Stow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_Stow "Marietta Stow") | 4,194 | 0\.04% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Benjamin Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison "Benjamin Harrison")/[Levi P. Morton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_P._Morton "Levi P. Morton")**[\[note 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-LostPopular-111) | 5,443,892 | 47\.8% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland")/[Allen G. Thurman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman "Allen G. Thurman") | 5,534,488 | 48\.6% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Clinton B. Fisk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_B._Fisk "Clinton B. Fisk")/[John A. Brooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Brooks "John A. Brooks") | 249,819 | 2\.20% |
| | [Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Party_\(United_States,_19th_century\) "Labor Party (United States, 19th century)") | [Alson Streeter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alson_Streeter "Alson Streeter")/[Charles E. Cunningham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham "Charles E. Cunningham") | 146,602 | 1\.31% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland")/[Adlai Stevenson I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I "Adlai Stevenson I")** | 5,553,898 | 46% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Benjamin Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison "Benjamin Harrison")/[Whitelaw Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid "Whitelaw Reid") | 5,190,819 | 43% |
| | [Populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populist_Party_\(United_States\) "Populist Party (United States)") | [James B. Weaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Weaver "James B. Weaver")/[James G. Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Field "James G. Field") | 1,026,595 | 8\.5% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [John Bidwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bidwell "John Bidwell")/[James Cranfill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cranfill "James Cranfill") | 270,879 | 2\.24% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Simon Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wing "Simon Wing")/[Charles Matchett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Matchett "Charles Matchett") | 21,173 | 0\.18% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[William McKinley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley "William McKinley")/[Garret Hobart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garret_Hobart "Garret Hobart")** | 7,111,607 | 51% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [William Jennings Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan "William Jennings Bryan")/[Arthur Sewall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sewall "Arthur Sewall") | 6,509,052 | 46\.7% |
| | [National Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "National Democratic Party (United States)") | [John M. Palmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Palmer "John M. Palmer")/[Simon Bolivar Buckner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner "Simon Bolivar Buckner") | 134,645 | 0\.97% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Joshua Levering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Levering "Joshua Levering")/[Hale Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Johnson "Hale Johnson") | 131,312 | 0\.94% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Charles H. Matchett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Matchett "Charles H. Matchett")/[Matthew Maguire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Maguire_\(labor_activist\) "Matthew Maguire (labor activist)") | 36,373 | 0\.26% |
| | [National Prohibition Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Prohibition_Party "National Prohibition Party") | [Charles Eugene Bentley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eugene_Bentley "Charles Eugene Bentley")/[James H. Southgate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Southgate "James H. Southgate") | 13,968 | 0\.10% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[William McKinley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley "William McKinley")/[Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt")** | 7,228,864 | 51\.6% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [William Jennings Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan "William Jennings Bryan")/[Adlai Stevenson I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I "Adlai Stevenson I") | 6,370,932 | 45\.5% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [John G. Woolley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Woolley "John G. Woolley")/[Henry B. Metcalf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Metcalf "Henry B. Metcalf") | 210,864 | 1\.51% |
| | [Social Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Social Democratic Party (United States)") | [Eugene V. Debs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs "Eugene V. Debs")/[Job Harriman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Harriman "Job Harriman") | 87,945 | 0\.63% |
| | [Populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populist_Party_\(United_States\) "Populist Party (United States)") | [Wharton Barker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_Barker "Wharton Barker")/[Ignatius L. Donnelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly "Ignatius L. Donnelly") | 50,989 | 0\.36% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Joseph F. Malloney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Malloney "Joseph F. Malloney")/[Valentine Remmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Remmel "Valentine Remmel") | 40,943 | 0\.29% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt")/[Charles W. Fairbanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks "Charles W. Fairbanks")** | 7,630,457 | 56\.4% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Alton B. Parker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_B._Parker "Alton B. Parker")/[Henry G. Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_G._Davis "Henry G. Davis") | 5,083,880 | 37\.6% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Eugene V. Debs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs "Eugene V. Debs")/[Benjamin Hanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hanford "Benjamin Hanford") | 402,810 | 2\.98% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Silas C. Swallow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_C._Swallow "Silas C. Swallow")/[George Washington Carroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Carroll "George Washington Carroll") | 259,102 | 1\.92% |
| | [Populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populist_Party_\(United_States\) "Populist Party (United States)") | [Thomas E. Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson "Thomas E. Watson")/[Thomas Tibbles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tibbles "Thomas Tibbles") | 114,070 | 0\.84% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Charles Hunter Corregan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hunter_Corregan "Charles Hunter Corregan")/[William Wesley Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox "William Wesley Cox") | 33,454 | 0\.25% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft")/[James S. Sherman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Sherman "James S. Sherman")** | 7,678,335 | 51\.6% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [William Jennings Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan "William Jennings Bryan")/[John W. Kern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Kern "John W. Kern") | 6,408,979 | 43% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Eugene V. Debs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs "Eugene V. Debs")/[Benjamin Hanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hanford "Benjamin Hanford") | 420,852 | 2\.83% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Eugene W. Chafin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_W._Chafin "Eugene W. Chafin")/[Aaron S. Watkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins "Aaron S. Watkins") | 254,087 | 1\.71% |
| | [Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Party_\(United_States\) "Independence Party (United States)") | [Thomas L. Hisgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_L._Hisgen "Thomas L. Hisgen")/[John Temple Graves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Temple_Graves "John Temple Graves") | 82,574 | 0\.55% |
| | [Populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populist_Party_\(United_States\) "Populist Party (United States)") | [Thomas E. Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson "Thomas E. Watson")/[Samuel Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Williams_\(American_politician\) "Samuel Williams (American politician)") | 28,862 | 0\.19% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [August Gillhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Gillhaus "August Gillhaus")/[Donald L. Munro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_L._Munro "Donald L. Munro") | 14,031 | 0\.09% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Woodrow Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson")/[Thomas R. Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall "Thomas R. Marshall")** | 6,296,284 | 41\.8% |
| | [Progressive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(United_States,_1912\) "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)") | [Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt")/[Hiram Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Johnson "Hiram Johnson") | 4,122,721 | 27% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft")/[Nicholas Murray Butler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler "Nicholas Murray Butler") | 3,486,242 | 23\.2% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Eugene V. Debs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs "Eugene V. Debs")/[Emil Seidel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Seidel "Emil Seidel") | 901,551 | 6% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Eugene W. Chafin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_W._Chafin "Eugene W. Chafin")/[Aaron S. Watkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins "Aaron S. Watkins") | 208,156 | 1\.38% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Arthur E. Reimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer "Arthur E. Reimer")/[August Gillhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Gillhaus "August Gillhaus") | 29,324 | 0\.19% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Woodrow Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson")/[Thomas R. Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall "Thomas R. Marshall")** | 9,126,868 | 49\.2% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Charles Evans Hughes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes "Charles Evans Hughes")/[Charles W. Fairbanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks "Charles W. Fairbanks") | 8,548,728 | 46\.1% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Allan L. Benson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_L._Benson "Allan L. Benson")/[George Ross Kirkpatrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick "George Ross Kirkpatrick") | 590,524 | 3\.19% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Frank Hanly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Hanly "Frank Hanly")/[Ira Landrith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Landrith "Ira Landrith") | 221,302 | 1\.19% |
| | [Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(United_States,_1912%E2%80%931920\) "Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)") | None/[John M. Parker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Parker "John M. Parker") | 33,406 | 0\.18% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Arthur E. Reimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer "Arthur E. Reimer")/[Caleb Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Harrison "Caleb Harrison") | 15,295 | 0\.08% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Warren G. Harding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding "Warren G. Harding")/[Calvin Coolidge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge")** | 16,114,093 | 60\.3% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [James M. Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Cox "James M. Cox")/[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") | 9,139,661 | 34\.2% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Eugene V. Debs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs "Eugene V. Debs")/[Seymour Stedman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Stedman "Seymour Stedman") | 914,191 | 3\.41% |
| | [Farmer–Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer-Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Farmer-Labor Party (United States)") | [Parley P. Christensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parley_P._Christensen "Parley P. Christensen")/[Max S. Hayes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_S._Hayes "Max S. Hayes") | 265,395 | 0\.99% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Aaron S. Watkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins "Aaron S. Watkins")/[D. Leigh Colvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Leigh_Colvin "D. Leigh Colvin") | 188,709 | 0\.70% |
| | [American Party (Texas)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Party_\(Texas\) "American Party (Texas)") | [James E. Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Ferguson "James E. Ferguson")/[William J. Hough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hough "William J. Hough") | 47,968 | 0\.18% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [William Wesley Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox "William Wesley Cox")/[August Gillhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Gillhaus "August Gillhaus") | 31,084 | 0\.12% |
| | [Single Tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Tax_Party "Single Tax Party") | [Robert Colvin Macauley](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Colvin_Macauley&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Colvin Macauley (page does not exist)")/[Richard C. Barnum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_C._Barnum&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard C. Barnum (page does not exist)") | 5,750 | 0\.02% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Calvin Coolidge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge")/[Charles G. Dawes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes "Charles G. Dawes")** | 15,723,789 | 54% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [John W. Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Davis "John W. Davis")/[Charles W. Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan "Charles W. Bryan") | 8,386,242 | 28\.8% |
| | [Progressive Party (United States, 1924)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(United_States,_1924\) "Progressive Party (United States, 1924)") | [Robert M. La Follette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette "Robert M. La Follette")/[Burton K. Wheeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler "Burton K. Wheeler") | 4,831,706 | 16\.6% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Herman P. Faris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_P._Faris "Herman P. Faris")/[Marie C. Brehm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_C._Brehm "Marie C. Brehm") | 55,951 | 0\.19% |
| | [Communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_\(United_States\) "Communist Party (United States)") | [William Z. Foster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Z._Foster "William Z. Foster")/[Benjamin Gitlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow "Benjamin Gitlow") | 38,669 | 0\.13% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Frank T. Johns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_T._Johns "Frank T. Johns")/[Verne L. Reynolds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds "Verne L. Reynolds") | 28,633 | 0\.10% |
| | [American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Party_\(1924\) "American Party (1924)") | [Gilbert Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Nations "Gilbert Nations")/[Charles Hiram Randall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hiram_Randall "Charles Hiram Randall") | 24,325 | 0\.08% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Herbert Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover")/[Charles Curtis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis "Charles Curtis")** | 21,427,123 | 58\.2% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Al Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith "Al Smith")/[Joseph Taylor Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson "Joseph Taylor Robinson") | 15,015,464 | 40\.8% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Norman Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas "Norman Thomas")/[James H. Maurer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Maurer "James H. Maurer") | 267,478 | 0\.73% |
| | [Communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_\(United_States\) "Communist Party (United States)") | [William Z. Foster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Z._Foster "William Z. Foster")/[Benjamin Gitlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow "Benjamin Gitlow") | 48,551 | 0\.13% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Verne L. Reynolds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds "Verne L. Reynolds")/[Jeremiah D. Crowley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_D._Crowley "Jeremiah D. Crowley") | 21,590 | 0\.06% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [William F. Varney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Varney "William F. Varney")/[James A. Edgerton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Edgerton "James A. Edgerton") | 20,095 | 0\.05% |
| | [Farmer–Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer-Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Farmer-Labor Party (United States)") | [Frank Webb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Webb_\(politician\) "Frank Webb (politician)")/[LeRoy R. Tillman](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeRoy_R._Tillman&action=edit&redlink=1 "LeRoy R. Tillman (page does not exist)") | 6,390 | 0\.02% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")/[John Nance Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nance_Garner "John Nance Garner")** | 22,821,277 | 57\.4% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Herbert Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover")/[Charles Curtis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis "Charles Curtis") | 15,761,254 | 39\.7% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Norman Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas "Norman Thomas")/[James H. Maurer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Maurer "James H. Maurer") | 884,885 | 2\.23% |
| | [Communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_\(United_States\) "Communist Party (United States)") | [William Z. Foster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Z._Foster "William Z. Foster")/[James W. Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Ford "James W. Ford") | 103,307 | 0\.26% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [William David Upshaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_David_Upshaw "William David Upshaw")/[Frank S. Regan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_S._Regan "Frank S. Regan") | 81,905 | 0\.21% |
| | [Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Party_\(United_States,_1932\) "Liberty Party (United States, 1932)") | [William Hope Harvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hope_Harvey "William Hope Harvey")/[Frank Hemenway](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Hemenway&action=edit&redlink=1 "Frank Hemenway (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251353#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251353")\] | 53,425 | 0\.13% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Verne L. Reynolds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds "Verne L. Reynolds")/[John W. Aiken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Aiken "John W. Aiken") | 34,038 | 0\.09% |
| | [Farmer–Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer-Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Farmer-Labor Party (United States)") | [Jacob S. Coxey Sr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr. "Jacob S. Coxey Sr.")/[Julius Reiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Reiter&action=edit&redlink=1 "Julius Reiter (page does not exist)") | 7,431 | 0\.02% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")/[John Nance Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nance_Garner "John Nance Garner")** | 27,752,648 | 60\.8% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Alf Landon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Landon "Alf Landon")/[Frank Knox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knox "Frank Knox") | 16,681,862 | 36\.5% |
| | [Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Party_\(United_States\) "Union Party (United States)") | [William Lemke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lemke "William Lemke")/[Thomas C. O'Brien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._O%27Brien "Thomas C. O'Brien") | 892,378 | 1\.95% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Norman Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas "Norman Thomas")/[George A. Nelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Nelson "George A. Nelson") | 187,910 | 0\.41% |
| | [Communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_\(United_States\) "Communist Party (United States)") | [Earl Browder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Browder "Earl Browder")/[James W. Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Ford "James W. Ford") | 79,315 | 0\.17% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [D. Leigh Colvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Leigh_Colvin "D. Leigh Colvin")/[Claude A. Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_A._Watson "Claude A. Watson") | 37,646 | 0\.08% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [John W. Aiken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Aiken "John W. Aiken")/[Emil F. Teichert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_F._Teichert&action=edit&redlink=1 "Emil F. Teichert (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251367#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251367")\] | 12,799 | 0\.03% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")/[Henry A. Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace "Henry A. Wallace")** | 27,313,945 | 54\.7% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Wendell Willkie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie "Wendell Willkie")/[Charles L. McNary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._McNary "Charles L. McNary") | 22,347,744 | 44\.8% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Norman Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas "Norman Thomas")/[Maynard C. Krueger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_C._Krueger "Maynard C. Krueger") | 116,599 | 0\.23% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Roger Babson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Babson "Roger Babson")/[Edgar Moorman](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Moorman&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edgar Moorman (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251368#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251368")\] | 57,903 | 0\.12% |
| | [Communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_\(United_States\) "Communist Party (United States)") | [Earl Browder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Browder "Earl Browder")/[James W. Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Ford "James W. Ford") | 48,557 | 0\.10% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [John W. Aiken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Aiken "John W. Aiken")/[Aaron M. Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaron_M._Orange&action=edit&redlink=1 "Aaron M. Orange (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251369#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251369")\] | 14,883 | 0\.03% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")/[Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman")** | 25,612,916 | 53\.4% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Thomas E. Dewey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey")/[John W. Bricker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Bricker "John W. Bricker") | 22,017,929 | 45\.9% |
| | [Texas Regulars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Regulars "Texas Regulars") | None | 143,238 | 0\.30% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Norman Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas "Norman Thomas")/[Darlington Hoopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes "Darlington Hoopes") | 79,017 | 0\.16% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Claude A. Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_A._Watson "Claude A. Watson")/[Andrew N. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_N._Johnson "Andrew N. Johnson") | 74,758 | 0\.16% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Edward A. Teichert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Teichert "Edward A. Teichert")/[Arla Arbaugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arla_Arbaugh&action=edit&redlink=1 "Arla Arbaugh (page does not exist)") | 45,188 | 0\.09% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman")/[Alben W. Barkley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley "Alben W. Barkley")** | 24,179,347 | 49\.6% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Thomas E. Dewey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey")/[Earl Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren") | 21,991,292 | 45\.1% |
| | [Dixiecrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat "Dixiecrat") | [Strom Thurmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond")/[Fielding L. Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright "Fielding L. Wright") | 1,175,930 | 2\.4% |
| | [Progressive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(United_States,_1948\) "Progressive Party (United States, 1948)") | [Henry A. Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace "Henry A. Wallace")/[Glen H. Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor "Glen H. Taylor") | 1,157,328 | 2\.4% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Norman Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas "Norman Thomas")/[Tucker P. Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith "Tucker P. Smith") | 139,569 | 0\.29% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Claude A. Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_A._Watson "Claude A. Watson")/[Dale Learn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Learn "Dale Learn") | 103,708 | 0\.21% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Edward A. Teichert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Teichert "Edward A. Teichert")/[Stephen Emery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Emery "Stephen Emery") | 29,244 | 0\.06% |
| | [Socialist Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Workers Party (United States)") | [Farrell Dobbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs "Farrell Dobbs")/[Grace Carlson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Carlson "Grace Carlson") | 13,613 | 0\.03% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower")/[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")** | 34,075,529 | 55\.2% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Adlai Stevenson II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II "Adlai Stevenson II")/[John Sparkman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sparkman "John Sparkman") | 27,375,090 | 44\.3% |
| | [Progressive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(United_States,_1948\) "Progressive Party (United States, 1948)") | [Vincent Hallinan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Hallinan "Vincent Hallinan")/[Charlotta Bass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotta_Bass "Charlotta Bass") | 140,746 | 0\.23% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Stuart Hamblen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hamblen "Stuart Hamblen")/[Enoch A. Holtwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_A._Holtwick "Enoch A. Holtwick") | 73,412 | 0\.12% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Eric Hass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hass "Eric Hass")/[Stephen Emery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Emery "Stephen Emery") | 30,406 | 0\.05% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Darlington Hoopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes "Darlington Hoopes")/[Samuel H. Friedman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman "Samuel H. Friedman") | 20,203 | 0\.03% |
| | [Constitution Party (United States, 1952)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States,_1952\) "Constitution Party (United States, 1952)") | [Douglas MacArthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur")/[Harry F. Byrd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd "Harry F. Byrd") | 17,205 | 0\.03% |
| | [Socialist Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Workers Party (United States)") | [Farrell Dobbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs "Farrell Dobbs")/[Myra Tanner Weiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss "Myra Tanner Weiss") | 10,312 | 0\.02% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower")/[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")** | 35,579,180 | 57\.4% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Adlai Stevenson II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II "Adlai Stevenson II")/[Estes Kefauver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Kefauver "Estes Kefauver") | 26,028,028 | 42% |
| | [Dixiecrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat "Dixiecrat") | [T. Coleman Andrews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Coleman_Andrews "T. Coleman Andrews")/[Thomas H. Werdel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Werdel "Thomas H. Werdel") | 305,274 | 0\.5% |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | (Unpledged Electors) | 196,318 | 0\.32% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Eric Hass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hass "Eric Hass")/[Georgia Cozzini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini "Georgia Cozzini") | 44,450 | 0\.07% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Enoch A. Holtwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_A._Holtwick "Enoch A. Holtwick")/[Edwin M. Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_M._Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1 "Edwin M. Cooper (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251371#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251371")\] | 41,937 | 0\.07% |
| | [Socialist Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Workers Party (United States)") | [Farrell Dobbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs "Farrell Dobbs")/[Myra Tanner Weiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss "Myra Tanner Weiss") | 7,797 | 0\.01% |
| | [Dixiecrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat "Dixiecrat") | [Harry F. Byrd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd "Harry F. Byrd")/[William E. Jenner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Jenner "William E. Jenner") | 2,657 | \<0.01% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America "Socialist Party of America") | [Darlington Hoopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes "Darlington Hoopes")/[Samuel H. Friedman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman "Samuel H. Friedman") | 2,128 | \<0.01% |
| | [American Third Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Third_Party "American Third Party") | [Henry B. Krajewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Krajewski "Henry B. Krajewski")/[Anna Yezo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Yezo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anna Yezo (page does not exist)") | 1,829 | \<0.01% |
| | [Christian Nationalist Crusade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nationalist_Crusade "Christian Nationalist Crusade") | [Gerald L. K. Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith "Gerald L. K. Smith")/Charles Robertson | 8 | \<0.01% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Walter Burgwyn Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Burgwyn_Jones "Walter Burgwyn Jones")/[Herman Talmadge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Talmadge "Herman Talmadge") | 0 | 0% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy")/[Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson")** | 34,220,984 | 49\.7% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")/[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr. "Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.") | 34,108,157 | 49\.6% |
| | [Dixiecrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat "Dixiecrat") | [Harry F. Byrd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd "Harry F. Byrd")/[Strom Thurmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond") | 610,409 | 0\.4% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | (unpledged electors) | 286,359 | 0\.42% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Eric Hass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hass "Eric Hass")/[Georgia Cozzini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini "Georgia Cozzini") | 47,522 | 0\.07% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [Rutherford Decker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Decker "Rutherford Decker")/[E. Harold Munn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Harold_Munn "E. Harold Munn") | 46,203 | 0\.07% |
| | [Dixiecrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat "Dixiecrat") | [Orval Faubus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_Faubus "Orval Faubus")/[John G. Crommelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Crommelin "John G. Crommelin") | 44,984 | 0\.07% |
| | [Socialist Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Workers Party (United States)") | [Farrell Dobbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs "Farrell Dobbs")/[Myra Tanner Weiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss "Myra Tanner Weiss") | 40,175 | 0\.06% |
| | [Constitution Party (United States, 1952)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States,_1952\) "Constitution Party (United States, 1952)") | [Charles L. Sullivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Sullivan "Charles L. Sullivan")/[Merritt B. Curtis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_B._Curtis "Merritt B. Curtis") | 18,162 | 0\.03% |
| | [Conservative (United States)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_\(United_States\) "Conservative (United States)") | [J. Bracken Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Bracken_Lee "J. Bracken Lee")/[Kent Courtney](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kent_Courtney&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kent Courtney (page does not exist)") | 8,708 | 0\.01% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson")/[Hubert Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey")** | 43,127,041 | 61% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Barry Goldwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater "Barry Goldwater")/[William E. Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Miller "William E. Miller") | 27,175,754 | 38\.5% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | (unpledged Electors) | 210,732 | 0\.30% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Eric Hass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hass "Eric Hass")/[Henning A. Blomen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen "Henning A. Blomen") | 45,189 | 0\.06% |
| | [Socialist Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Workers Party (United States)") | [Clifton DeBerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry "Clifton DeBerry")/[Ed Shaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Shaw_\(activist\) "Ed Shaw (activist)") | 32,706 | 0\.05% |
| | [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party_\(United_States\) "Prohibition Party (United States)") | [E. Harold Munn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Harold_Munn "E. Harold Munn")/[Mark R. Shaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_R._Shaw "Mark R. Shaw") | 23,267 | 0\.03% |
| | [Dixiecrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat "Dixiecrat") | [John Kasper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kasper "John Kasper")/[J. B. Stoner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Stoner "J. B. Stoner") | 6,953 | 0\.01% |
| | [Constitution Party (United States, 1952)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States,_1952\) "Constitution Party (United States, 1952)") | [Joseph B. Lightburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_B._Lightburn&action=edit&redlink=1 "Joseph B. Lightburn (page does not exist)")/[Theodore Billings](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Billings&action=edit&redlink=1 "Theodore Billings (page does not exist)") | 5,061 | 0\.01% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")/[Spiro Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew")** | 31,783,783 | 43\.4% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Hubert Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey")/[Edmund Muskie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie "Edmund Muskie") | 31,271,839 | 42\.7% |
| | [American Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party "American Independent Party") | [George Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace "George Wallace")/[Curtis LeMay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_LeMay "Curtis LeMay") | 9,901,118 | 13\.5% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")/[Spiro Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew")** | 47,168,710 | 60\.7% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [George McGovern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern "George McGovern")/[Sargent Shriver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargent_Shriver "Sargent Shriver") | 29,173,222 | 37\.5% |
| | [American Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent "American Independent") | [John G. Schmitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Schmitz "John G. Schmitz")/[Thomas J. Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_\(author\) "Thomas J. Anderson (author)") | 1,100,896 | 1\.42% |
| | [Socialist Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Workers Party (United States)") | [Linda Jenness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Jenness "Linda Jenness")/[Andrew Pulley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pulley "Andrew Pulley") | 83,380 | 0\.11% |
| | [People's Party (United States, 1971)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_\(United_States,_1971\) "People's Party (United States, 1971)") | [Benjamin Spock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Spock "Benjamin Spock")/[Julius Hobson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Hobson "Julius Hobson") | 78,759 | 0\.10% |
| | [Socialist Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Labor Party (United States)") | [Louis Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Fisher "Louis Fisher")/[Genevieve Gunderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genevieve_Gunderson&action=edit&redlink=1 "Genevieve Gunderson (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251372#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251372")\] | 53,814 | 0\.07% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [John Hospers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hospers "John Hospers")/[Tonie Nathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonie_Nathan "Tonie Nathan") | 3,674 | \<0.01% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter")/[Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale")** | 40,831,881 | 50\.1% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Gerald Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford")/[Bob Dole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole "Bob Dole") | 39,148,634 | 48% |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | [Eugene McCarthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy "Eugene McCarthy") | 744,763 | 0\.91% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Roger MacBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_MacBride "Roger MacBride")/[David Bergland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bergland "David Bergland") | 172,557 | 0\.21% |
| | [American Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party "American Independent Party") | [Lester Maddox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Maddox "Lester Maddox")/[William Dyke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dyke "William Dyke") | 170,373 | 0\.21% |
| | [American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Party_\(1969\) "American Party (1969)") | [Thomas J. Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_\(author\) "Thomas J. Anderson (author)")/[Rufus Shackelford](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus_Shackelford&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rufus Shackelford (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251374#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251374")\] | 158,724 | 0\.19% |
| | [Socialist Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Workers Party (United States)") | [Peter Camejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Camejo "Peter Camejo")/[Willie Mae Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Mae_Reid "Willie Mae Reid") | 90,986 | 0\.11% |
| | [Communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_\(United_States\) "Communist Party (United States)") | [Gus Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Hall "Gus Hall")/[Jarvis Tyner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner "Jarvis Tyner") | 58,709 | 0\.07% |
| | [People's Party (United States, 1971)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_\(United_States,_1971\) "People's Party (United States, 1971)") | [Margaret Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Wright_\(American_politician\) "Margaret Wright (American politician)")/[Benjamin Spock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Spock "Benjamin Spock") | 49,016 | 0\.06% |
| | [U.S. Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party "U.S. Labor Party") | [Lyndon LaRouche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche "Lyndon LaRouche")/[R. Wayne Evans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Wayne_Evans&action=edit&redlink=1 "R. Wayne Evans (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251375#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251375")\] | 40,018 | 0\.05% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")/[Bob Dole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole "Bob Dole") | 0 | 0% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")/[George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush")** | 43,903,230 | 50\.7% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter")/[Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale") | 35,480,115 | 41% |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(United_States\) "Independent (United States)") | [John B. Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson "John B. Anderson")/[Patrick Lucey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Lucey "Patrick Lucey") | 5,719,850 | 6\.6% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Ed Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Clark "Ed Clark")/[David Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Koch "David Koch") | 921,128 | 1\.06% |
| | [Citizens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Party_\(United_States\) "Citizens Party (United States)") | [Barry Commoner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Commoner "Barry Commoner")/[LaDonna Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaDonna_Harris "LaDonna Harris") | 233,052 | 0\.27% |
| | [Communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_\(United_States\) "Communist Party (United States)") | [Gus Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Hall "Gus Hall")/[Angela Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis "Angela Davis") | 44,933 | 0\.05% |
| | [American Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party "American Independent Party") | [John Rarick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rarick "John Rarick")/[Eileen Shearer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eileen_Shearer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eileen Shearer (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251376#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251376")\] | 40,906 | 0\.05% |
| | [Socialist Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Workers Party (United States)") | [Clifton DeBerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry "Clifton DeBerry")/[Matilde Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann "Matilde Zimmermann") | 38,738 | 0\.04% |
| | [Right to Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Right_to_Life_Party "New York State Right to Life Party") | [Ellen McCormack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_McCormack "Ellen McCormack")/[Carroll Driscoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Driscoll&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carroll Driscoll (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251377#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251377")\] | 32,320 | 0\.04% |
| | [Peace and Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party_\(United_States\) "Peace and Freedom Party (United States)") | [Maureen Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Smith "Maureen Smith")/[Elizabeth Cervantes Barron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cervantes_Barron "Elizabeth Cervantes Barron") | 18,116 | 0\.02% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")/[George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush")** | 54,455,472 | 58\.8% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale")/[Geraldine Ferraro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro "Geraldine Ferraro") | 37,577,352 | 40\.6% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [David Bergland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bergland "David Bergland")/[Jim Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Lewis_\(politician\) "James A. Lewis (politician)") | 228,111 | 0\.25% |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | [Lyndon LaRouche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche "Lyndon LaRouche")/[Billy Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Davis_\(Mississippi_politician\) "Billy Davis (Mississippi politician)") | 78,809 | 0\.09% |
| | [Citizens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Party_\(United_States\) "Citizens Party (United States)") | [Sonia Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Johnson "Sonia Johnson")/[Richard Walton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Walton "Richard J. Walton") | 72,161 | 0\.08% |
| | [Populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populist_Party_\(United_States,_1984\) "Populist Party (United States, 1984)") | [Bob Richards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Richards "Bob Richards")/[Maureen Salaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Salaman "Maureen Salaman") | 66,324 | 0\.07% |
| | [New Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alliance_Party "New Alliance Party") | [Dennis L. Serrette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_L._Serrette "Dennis L. Serrette")/[Nancy Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Ross_\(politician\) "Nancy Ross (politician)") | 46,853 | 0\.05% |
| | [Communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_\(United_States\) "Communist Party (United States)") | [Gus Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Hall "Gus Hall")/[Angela Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis "Angela Davis") | 36,386 | 0\.04% |
| | [Socialist Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Workers Party (United States)") | [Melvin T. Mason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_T._Mason "Melvin T. Mason")/[Matilde Zimmermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann "Matilde Zimmermann") | 24,699 | 0\.03% |
| | [Workers World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_World_Party "Workers World Party") | [Larry Holmes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Holmes "Larry Holmes")/[Gloria La Riva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva "Gloria La Riva") | 17,985 | 0\.02% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush")/[Dan Quayle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Quayle "Dan Quayle")** | 48,886,597 | 53\.4% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Michael Dukakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis")/[Lloyd Bentsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen "Lloyd Bentsen") | 41,809,476 | 45\.6% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Ron Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul "Ron Paul")/[Andre Marrou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Marrou "Andre Marrou") | 431,750 | 0\.47% |
| | [New Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alliance_Party "New Alliance Party") | [Lenora Fulani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenora_Fulani "Lenora Fulani") | 217,221 | 0\.24% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Lloyd Bentsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen "Lloyd Bentsen")/[Michael Dukakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis") | 0 | 0% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton")/[Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore")** | 44,909,806 | 43% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush")/[Dan Quayle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Quayle "Dan Quayle") | 39,104,550 | 37\.4% |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(United_States\) "Independent (United States)") | [Ross Perot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot "Ross Perot")/[James Stockdale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stockdale "James Stockdale") | 19,743,821 | 18\.9% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Andre Marrou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Marrou "Andre Marrou")/[Nancy Lord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Lord "Nancy Lord") | 290,087 | 0\.28% |
| | [Populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populist_Party_\(United_States,_1984\) "Populist Party (United States, 1984)") | [Bo Gritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Gritz "Bo Gritz")/[Cyril Minett](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Minett&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cyril Minett (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101251379#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q101251379")\] | 106,152 | 0\.10% |
| | [New Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alliance_Party "New Alliance Party") | [Lenora Fulani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenora_Fulani "Lenora Fulani")/[Maria Elizabeth Muñoz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Elizabeth_Mu%C3%B1oz&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maria Elizabeth Muñoz (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6761176#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q6761176")\] | 73,622 | 0\.07% |
| | [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Taxpayers%27_Party "U.S. Taxpayers' Party") | [Howard Phillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_\(activist\) "Howard Phillips (activist)")/[Albion W. Knight Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_W._Knight_Jr. "Albion W. Knight Jr.") | 43,369 | 0\.04% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton")/[Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore")** | 47,401,185 | 49\.2% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Bob Dole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole "Bob Dole")/[Jack Kemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kemp "Jack Kemp") | 39,197,469 | 40\.7% |
| | [Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_\(United_States\) "Reform Party (United States)") | [Ross Perot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot "Ross Perot")/[Pat Choate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Choate "Pat Choate") | 8,085,294 | 8\.4% |
| | [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_\(United_States\) "Green Party (United States)") | [Ralph Nader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader "Ralph Nader")/[Winona LaDuke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona_LaDuke "Winona LaDuke") | 684,871 | 0\.71% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Harry Browne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Browne "Harry Browne")/[Jo Jorgensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen "Jo Jorgensen") | 485,759 | 0\.50% |
| | [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitution Party (United States)") | [Howard Phillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_\(activist\) "Howard Phillips (activist)")/[Herbert Titus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Titus "Herbert Titus") | 184,656 | 0\.19% |
| | [Natural Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_\(United_States\) "Natural Law Party (United States)") | [John Hagelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hagelin "John Hagelin")/[Mike Tompkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tompkins_\(politician\) "Mike Tompkins (politician)") | 113,667 | 0\.12% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")/[Dick Cheney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney")**[\[note 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-LostPopular-111) | 50,456,002 | 47\.9% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore")/[Joe Lieberman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lieberman "Joe Lieberman") | 50,999,897 | 48\.4% |
| | [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_\(United_States\) "Green Party (United States)") | [Ralph Nader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader "Ralph Nader")/[Winona LaDuke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona_LaDuke "Winona LaDuke") | 2,882,955 | 2\.74% |
| | [Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_\(United_States\) "Reform Party (United States)") | [Pat Buchanan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Buchanan "Pat Buchanan")/[Ezola Foster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezola_Foster "Ezola Foster") | 448,895 | 0\.43% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Harry Browne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Browne "Harry Browne")/[Art Olivier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Olivier "Art Olivier") | 384,431 | 0\.36% |
| | [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitution Party (United States)") | [Howard Phillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_\(activist\) "Howard Phillips (activist)")/[Curtis Frazier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curtis_Frazier&action=edit&redlink=1 "Curtis Frazier (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3007801#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q3007801")\] | 98,020 | 0\.09% |
| | [Natural Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_\(United_States\) "Natural Law Party (United States)") | [John Hagelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hagelin "John Hagelin")/[Nat Goldhaber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Goldhaber "Nat Goldhaber") | 83,714 | 0\.08% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")/[Dick Cheney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney")** | 62,040,610 | 50\.7% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [John Kerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry "John Kerry")/[John Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edwards "John Edwards") | 59,028,444 | 48\.3% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [John Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edwards "John Edwards")/[John Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edwards "John Edwards") | 5 | \<0.01% |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | [Ralph Nader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader "Ralph Nader")/[Peter Camejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Camejo "Peter Camejo") | 465,650 | 0\.38% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Michael Badnarik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Badnarik "Michael Badnarik")/[Richard Campagna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Campagna "Richard Campagna") | 397,265 | 0\.32% |
| | [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitution Party (United States)") | [Michael Peroutka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Peroutka "Michael Peroutka")/[Chuck Baldwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin "Chuck Baldwin") | 143,630 | 0\.12% |
| | [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_\(United_States\) "Green Party (United States)") | [David Cobb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cobb_\(activist\) "David Cobb (activist)")/[Pat LaMarche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_LaMarche "Pat LaMarche") | 119,859 | 0\.10% |
| | [Peace and Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party_\(United_States\) "Peace and Freedom Party (United States)") | [Leonard Peltier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Peltier "Leonard Peltier")/[Janice Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Jordan "Janice Jordan") | 27,607 | 0\.02% |
| | [Socialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Party (United States)") | [Walt Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Brown_\(politician\) "Walt Brown (politician)")/[Mary Alice Herbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Alice_Herbert "Mary Alice Herbert") | 10,837 | 0\.01% |
| | [Socialist Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_\(United_States\) "Socialist Workers Party (United States)") | [Róger Calero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero "Róger Calero")/[Arrin Hawkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrin_Hawkins "Arrin Hawkins") | 3,689 | 0\.01% |
| | [Christian Freedom Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Freedom_Party "Christian Freedom Party") | [Thomas Harens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harens "Thomas Harens")/[Jennifer A. Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_A._Ryan "Jennifer A. Ryan") | 2,387 | 0\.002% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")/[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")** | 69,498,516 | 52\.9% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [John McCain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain")/[Sarah Palin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin "Sarah Palin") | 59,948,323 | 45\.7% |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | [Ralph Nader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader "Ralph Nader")/[Matt Gonzalez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Gonzalez "Matt Gonzalez") | 739,034 | 0\.56% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Bob Barr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Barr "Bob Barr")/[Wayne Allyn Root](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root "Wayne Allyn Root") | 523,715 | 0\.40% |
| | [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitution Party (United States)") | [Chuck Baldwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin "Chuck Baldwin")/[Darrell Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Castle "Darrell Castle") | 199,750 | 0\.15% |
| | [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_\(United_States\) "Green Party (United States)") | [Cynthia McKinney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney "Cynthia McKinney")/[Rosa Clemente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Clemente "Rosa Clemente") | 161,797 | 0\.12% |
| | [American Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party "American Independent Party") | [Alan Keyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes "Alan Keyes")/[Wiley Drake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_Drake "Wiley Drake") | 47,746 | 0\.04% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")/[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")** | 65,915,795 | 51\.1% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Mitt Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney")/[Paul Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ryan "Paul Ryan") | 60,933,504 | 47\.2% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Gary Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Johnson "Gary Johnson")/[Jim Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gray_\(jurist\) "Jim Gray (jurist)") | 1,275,971 | 0\.99% |
| | [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_\(United_States\) "Green Party (United States)") | [Jill Stein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Stein "Jill Stein")/[Cheri Honkala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheri_Honkala "Cheri Honkala") | 469,627 | 0\.36% |
| | [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitution Party (United States)") | [Virgil Goode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Goode "Virgil Goode")/[James N. Clymer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_N._Clymer&action=edit&redlink=1 "James N. Clymer (page does not exist)") \[[wd](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6194243#sitelinks-wikipedia "d:Special:EntityPage/Q6194243")\] | 122,389 | 0\.11% |
| | [Peace and Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party_\(United_States\) "Peace and Freedom Party (United States)") | [Roseanne Barr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseanne_Barr "Roseanne Barr")/[Cindy Sheehan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan "Cindy Sheehan") | 67,326 | 0\.05% |
| | [Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Party_\(United_States\) "Justice Party (United States)") | [Rocky Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Anderson "Rocky Anderson")/[Luis J. Rodriguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_J._Rodriguez "Luis J. Rodriguez") | 43,018 | 0\.03% |
| | [American Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party "American Independent Party") | [Tom Hoefling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hoefling "Tom Hoefling")/[J.D. Ellis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.D._Ellis&action=edit&redlink=1 "J.D. Ellis (page does not exist)") | 40,628 | 0\.03% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")/[Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence")**[\[note 5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-LostPopular-111) | 62,984,828 | 46\.09% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton")/[Tim Kaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine "Tim Kaine") | 65,844,610 | 48\.18% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Gary Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Earl_Johnson "Gary Earl Johnson")/[William Weld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Floyd_Weld "William Floyd Weld") | 4,489,341 | 3\.28% |
| | [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_\(United_States\) "Green Party (United States)") | [Jill Stein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Ellen_Stein "Jill Ellen Stein")/[Ajamu Baraka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka "Ajamu Baraka") | 1,457,218 | 1\.07% |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician") | [Evan McMullin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_McMullin "Evan McMullin")/[Mindy Finn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindy_Finn "Mindy Finn") | 731,991 | 0\.54% |
| | [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitution Party (United States)") | [Darrell Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Castle "Darrell Castle")/[Scott Bradley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Bradley_\(politician\) "Scott Bradley (politician)") | 203,090 | 0\.15% |
| | [Socialism and Liberation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation "Party for Socialism and Liberation") | [Gloria La Riva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva "Gloria La Riva")/[Eugene Puryear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Puryear "Eugene Puryear") | 74,401 | 0\.05% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")/[Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris")** | 81,283,501 | 51\.31% |
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")/[Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence") | 74,223,975 | 46\.85% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Jo Jorgensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen "Jo Jorgensen")/[Spike Cohen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Cohen "Spike Cohen") | 1,865,535 | 1\.18% |
| | [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_\(United_States\) "Green Party (United States)") | [Howie Hawkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gresham_Hawkins "Howard Gresham Hawkins")/[Angela Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Nicole_Walker "Angela Nicole Walker") | 407,068 | 0\.26% |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")/[JD Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance "JD Vance")** | 77,302,169 | 49\.74% |
| | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris")/[Tim Walz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Walz "Tim Walz") | 75,015,834 | 48\.27% |
| | [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_\(United_States\) "Green Party (United States)") | [Jill Stein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Stein "Jill Stein")/[Butch Ware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Ware "Butch Ware") | 861,141 | 0\.55% |
| | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(United_States\) "Independent (United States)") | [Robert F. Kennedy Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr. "Robert F. Kennedy Jr.")/[Nicole Shanahan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan "Nicole Shanahan") | 756,377 | 0\.49% |
| | [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [Chase Oliver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Oliver "Chase Oliver")/[Mike ter Maat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_ter_Maat "Mike ter Maat") | 650,142 | 0\.42% |
## Voter turnout
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Voter turnout")\]
See also: [Voter turnout in United States presidential elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections "Voter turnout in United States presidential elections")
[Voter turnout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout "Voter turnout") in the 2004 and 2008 elections showed a noticeable increase over the turnout in 1996 and 2000. Prior to 2004, voter turnout in presidential elections had been decreasing while voter registration, measured in terms of voting age population (VAP) by the U.S. census, has been increasing. The VAP figure, however, includes persons ineligible to vote – mainly non-citizens and ineligible felons – and excludes overseas eligible voters. Opinion is mixed on whether this decline was due to voter apathy[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-census.gov-112)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-113)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-114)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-115) or an increase in ineligible voters on the rolls.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-116) The difference between these two measures are illustrated by analysis of turnout in the 2004 and 2008 elections. Voter turnout from the 2004 and 2008 election was "not statistically different", based on the voting age population used by a November 2008 U.S. census survey of 50,000 households.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-census.gov-112) If expressed in terms of vote eligible population (VEP), the 2008 national turnout rate was 61.7% from 131.3 million ballots cast for president, an increase of over 1.6 percentage points over the 60.1% turnout rate of 2004, and the highest since 1968.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-117)
## Financial disclosures
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Financial disclosures")\]
Prior to 1967, many presidential candidates disclosed assets, stock holdings, and other information which might affect the public trust.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Joseph-118) In that year, Republican candidate [George W. Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Romney "George W. Romney") went a step further and released his tax returns for the previous twelve years.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Joseph-118) Since then, many presidential candidates – including all major-party nominees from 1980 to 2012 – have released some of their returns,[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Vanity-119) although few of the major party nominees have equaled or exceeded George Romney's twelve.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-polifact-120)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-121) The Tax History Project – a project directed by [Joseph J. Thorndike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_J._Thorndike "Joseph J. Thorndike") and established by the nonprofit Tax Analysts group[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-122) – has compiled the publicly released tax returns of presidents and presidential candidates (including [primary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary "United States presidential primary") candidates).[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-123)
In 2016, Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump broke with tradition, becoming the only major-party candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976 to not make any of his full tax returns public.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-release-124) Trump said that his refusal to do so was [because he was under audit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016#Refusal_to_release_tax_returns "Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016") by the [IRS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service "Internal Revenue Service").[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-release-124) However, no law or precedent prevents a person from releasing their tax returns while under audit. President [Richard M. Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon "Richard M. Nixon") released his tax returns while they were under audit.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-125)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-126)
## Presidential coattails
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Presidential coattails")\]
Main article: [Coattail effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coattail_effect "Coattail effect")
Presidential elections are held on the same date as those for all the seats in the House of Representatives, the full terms for 33 or 34 of the 100 seats in the Senate, the [governorships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_\(United_States\) "Governor (United States)") of several states, and many state and local elections. Presidential candidates tend to bring out supporters who then vote for their party's candidates for those other offices.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-127) These other candidates are said to ride on the presidential candidates' coattails. Voter turnout is also generally higher during presidential election years than either [midterm election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_midterm_election "United States midterm election") years[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-128) or [off-year elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-year_election "Off-year election") years.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-129)
Since the end of World War II, there have been a total of five American presidential elections that had significant coattail effects: [Harry Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") in [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_elections "1948 United States elections"), [Dwight Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") in [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_elections "1952 United States elections"), [Lyndon Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") in [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_elections "1964 United States elections"), [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") in [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_elections "1980 United States elections"), and [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") in [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_elections "2008 United States elections"). However, Truman's victory in 1948 and Eisenhower's victory in 1952 remain the last two elections in which the same party both won the White House and elected enough members of the House take control of it from its opponents.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-130) The last American presidential election in which the same party both won the White House and elected enough members of the Senate to take control of it from its opponents was Barack Obama's win in 2008.
| | |
|---|---|
|  | This list is [incomplete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists "Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists"); you can help by [adding missing items](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit). *(November 2020)* |
| Year | Elected president | President's party | Net gain/loss of president's party[\[aq\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-131) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| House seats | Senate seats | | | |
| [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_elections "1948 United States elections") | [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") | Democratic | [\+75: (188 ► 263)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1948 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+9: (45 ► 54)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections "1948 United States Senate elections") |
| [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_elections "1952 United States elections") | [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") | Republican | [\+22: (199 ► 221)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1952 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+2: (47 ► 49)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_elections "1952 United States Senate elections") |
| [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_elections "1956 United States elections") | [\-2: (203 ► 201)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1956 United States House of Representatives elections") | [0: (47 ► 47)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_elections "1956 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_elections "1960 United States elections") | [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") | Democratic | [\-21: (283 ► 262)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1960 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-1: (65 ► 64)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections "1960 United States Senate elections") |
| [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_elections "1964 United States elections") | [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") | Democratic | [\+37: (258 ► 295)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1964 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+2: (66 ► 68)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_elections "1964 United States Senate elections") |
| [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_elections "1968 United States elections") | [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") | Republican | [\+5: (187 ► 192)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1968 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+5: (37 ► 42)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections "1968 United States Senate elections") |
| [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_elections "1972 United States elections") | [\+12: (180 ► 192)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1972 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-2: (44 ► 42)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections "1972 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_elections "1976 United States elections") | [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") | Democratic | [\+1: (291 ► 292)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1976 United States House of Representatives elections") | [0: (61 ► 61)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_elections "1976 United States Senate elections") |
| [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_elections "1980 United States elections") | [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") | Republican | [\+34: (158 ► 192)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1980 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+12: (41 ► 53)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections "1980 United States Senate elections") |
| [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_elections "1984 United States elections") | [\+16: (166 ► 182)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1984 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-2: (55 ► 53)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections "1984 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_elections "1988 United States elections") | [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") | Republican | [\-2: (177 ► 175)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1988 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-1: (46 ► 45)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_elections "1988 United States Senate elections") |
| [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_elections "1992 United States elections") | [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") | Democratic | [\-9: (267 ► 258)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1992 United States House of Representatives elections") | [0: (57 ► 57)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_elections "1992 United States Senate elections") |
| [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_elections "1996 United States elections") | [\+2: (204 ► 206)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1996 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-2: (47 ► 45)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_elections "1996 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_elections "2000 United States elections") | [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") | Republican | [\-2: (223 ► 221)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2000 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-4: (54 ► 50)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_elections "2000 United States Senate elections") |
| [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_elections "2004 United States elections") | [\+3: (229 ► 232)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2004 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+4: (51 ► 55)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_elections "2004 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_elections "2008 United States elections") | [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") | Democratic | [\+21: (236 ► 257)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2008 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+8: (51 ► 59)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections "2008 United States Senate elections") |
| [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_elections "2012 United States elections") | [\+8: (193 ► 201)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2012 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+2: (53 ► 55)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections "2012 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_elections "2016 United States elections") | [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") | Republican | [\-6: (247 ► 241)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2016 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-2: (54 ► 52)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections "2016 United States Senate elections") |
| [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_elections "2020 United States elections") | [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") | Democratic | [\-13: (235 ► 222)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2020 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+3: (47 ► 50)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections "2020 United States Senate elections") |
| [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_elections "2024 United States elections") | [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") | Republican | [\-2: (222 ► 220)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2024 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+4: (49 ► 53)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections "2024 United States Senate elections") |
## Comparison with other U.S. general elections
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Comparison with other U.S. general elections")\]
See also: [List of elections in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_United_States "List of elections in the United States")
| Year | [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_elections "2025 United States elections") | [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_elections "2026 United States elections") | [2027](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_United_States_elections "2027 United States elections") | [2028](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_elections "2028 United States elections") | [2029](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2029_United_States_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2029 United States elections (page does not exist)") |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | [Off-year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-year_election "Off-year election") | [Midterm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_midterm_election "United States midterm election") | Off-year | [Presidential]() | Off-year |
| [President]() | No | [Yes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election "2028 United States presidential election") | No | | |
| [Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators "Classes of United States senators") | No | [Class II (33 seats)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_Senate_elections "2026 United States Senate elections") | No | [Class III (34 seats)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_Senate_elections "2028 United States Senate elections") | No |
| House | No | [All 435 seats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2026 United States House of Representatives elections")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_HouseDelegates2) | No | [All 435 seats](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2028_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2028 United States House of Representatives elections (page does not exist)")[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_HousePR3) | No |
| [Gubernatorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_\(United_States\) "Governor (United States)") | [2 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_gubernatorial_elections "2025 United States gubernatorial elections") [NJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey "Governor of New Jersey"), [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia "Governor of Virginia") | [36 states, DC, & 3 territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_gubernatorial_elections "2026 United States gubernatorial elections")[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_NEandVTGovs4) [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama "Governor of Alabama"), [AK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska "Governor of Alaska"), [AZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arizona "Governor of Arizona"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas "Governor of Arkansas"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California "Governor of California"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Colorado "Governor of Colorado"), [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Connecticut "Governor of Connecticut"), [FL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Florida "Governor of Florida"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia "Governor of Georgia"), [HI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii "Governor of Hawaii"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Idaho "Governor of Idaho"), [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois "Governor of Illinois"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Iowa "Governor of Iowa"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kansas "Governor of Kansas"), [ME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maine "Governor of Maine"), [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland "Governor of Maryland"), [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts "Governor of Massachusetts"), [MI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan "Governor of Michigan"), [MN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota "Governor of Minnesota"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Nebraska "Governor of Nebraska"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Nevada "Governor of Nevada"), [NH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire "Governor of New Hampshire"), [NM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico "Governor of New Mexico"), [NY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York "Governor of New York"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio "Governor of Ohio"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oklahoma "Governor of Oklahoma"), [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon "Governor of Oregon"), [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania "Governor of Pennsylvania"), [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Rhode_Island "Governor of Rhode Island"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina "Governor of South Carolina"), [SD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Dakota "Governor of South Dakota"), [TN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee "Governor of Tennessee"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Texas "Governor of Texas"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont "Governor of Vermont"), [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin "Governor of Wisconsin"), [WY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Wyoming "Governor of Wyoming"), [DC (Mayor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia "Mayor of the District of Columbia"), [GU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Guam "Governor of Guam"), [MP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Mariana_Islands "Governor of Northern Mariana Islands"), [VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Governor of United States Virgin Islands") | [3 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_United_States_gubernatorial_elections "2027 United States gubernatorial elections") [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky "Governor of Kentucky"), [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana "Governor of Louisiana"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi "Governor of Mississippi") | [11 states, 2 territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_gubernatorial_elections "2028 United States gubernatorial elections") [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Delaware "Governor of Delaware"), [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana "Governor of Indiana"), [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri "Governor of Missouri"), [MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Montana "Governor of Montana"), [NH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire "Governor of New Hampshire"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina "Governor of North Carolina"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota "Governor of North Dakota"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Utah "Governor of Utah"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont "Governor of Vermont"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Washington "Governor of Washington"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_West_Virginia "Governor of West Virginia"), [AS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa "Governor of American Samoa"), [PR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico "Governor of Puerto Rico") | [2 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2029_United_States_gubernatorial_elections "2029 United States gubernatorial elections") [NJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey "Governor of New Jersey"), [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia "Governor of Virginia") |
| [Lieutenant gubernatorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_\(United_States\) "Lieutenant Governor (United States)")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_LtGov5) | [1 state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_elections "2025 United States elections") [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia "Lieutenant Governor of Virginia") | [10 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_lieutenant_gubernatorial_elections "2026 United States lieutenant gubernatorial elections")[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_VTofficials6) [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alabama "Lieutenant Governor of Alabama"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Arkansas "Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_California "Lieutenant Governor of California"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Georgia "Lieutenant Governor of Georgia"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Idaho "Lieutenant Governor of Idaho"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nevada "Lieutenant Governor of Nevada"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Oklahoma "Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma"), [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Rhode_Island "Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas "Lieutenant Governor of Texas"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Vermont "Lieutenant Governor of Vermont") | 2 states [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Louisiana "Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Mississippi "Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi") | [5 states, 1 territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_elections "2028 United States elections") [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Delaware "Lieutenant Governor of Delaware"), [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Missouri "Lieutenant Governor of Missouri"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_North_Carolina "Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Vermont "Lieutenant Governor of Vermont"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Washington "Lieutenant Governor of Washington"), [AS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_American_Samoa "Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa") | [1 state](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2029_United_States_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2029 United States elections (page does not exist)") [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia "Lieutenant Governor of Virginia") |
| [Secretary of state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_state_\(U.S._state_government\) "Secretary of state (U.S. state government)") | None | [25 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_secretary_of_state_elections "2026 United States secretary of state elections") [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Alabama "Secretary of State of Alabama"), [AZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Arizona "Secretary of State of Arizona"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Arkansas "Secretary of State of Arkansas"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_California "Secretary of State of California"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Colorado "Secretary of State of Colorado"), [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Connecticut "Secretary of State of Connecticut"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Georgia "Secretary of State of Georgia"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Idaho "Secretary of State of Idaho"), [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Illinois "Secretary of State of Illinois"), [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Indiana "Secretary of State of Indiana"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Iowa "Secretary of State of Iowa"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Kansas "Secretary of State of Kansas"), [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Massachusetts "Secretary of State of Massachusetts"), [MI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Michigan "Secretary of State of Michigan"), [MN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Minnesota "Secretary of State of Minnesota"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Nebraska "Secretary of State of Nebraska"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Nevada "Secretary of State of Nevada"), [NM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_New_Mexico "Secretary of State of New Mexico"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_North_Dakota "Secretary of State of North Dakota"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Ohio "Secretary of State of Ohio"), [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Rhode_Island "Secretary of State of Rhode Island"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_South_Carolina "Secretary of State of South Carolina"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Vermont "Secretary of State of Vermont"), [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Wisconsin "Secretary of State of Wisconsin"), [WY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Wyoming "Secretary of State of Wyoming") | 3 states [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Kentucky "Secretary of State of Kentucky"), [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Louisiana "Secretary of State of Louisiana"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Mississippi "Secretary of State of Mississippi") | 7 states [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Missouri "Secretary of State of Missouri"), [MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Montana "Secretary of State of Montana"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_North_Carolina "Secretary of State of North Carolina"), [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Oregon "Secretary of State of Oregon"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Vermont "Secretary of State of Vermont"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Washington "Secretary of State of Washington"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_West_Virginia "Secretary of State of West Virginia") | None |
| [Attorney general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Attorney_General "State Attorney General") | 1 state [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia "Attorney General of Virginia") | [30 states, DC, & 2 territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_attorney_general_elections "2026 United States attorney general elections") [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Alabama "Attorney General of Alabama"), [AZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Arizona "Attorney General of Arizona"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Arkansas "Attorney General of Arkansas"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California "Attorney General of California"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Colorado "Attorney General of Colorado"), [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Connecticut "Attorney General of Connecticut"), [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Delaware "Attorney General of Delaware"), [FL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Florida "Attorney General of Florida"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Georgia "Attorney General of Georgia"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Idaho "Attorney General of Idaho"), [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Illinois "Attorney General of Illinois"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Iowa "Attorney General of Iowa"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Kansas "Attorney General of Kansas"), [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Maryland "Attorney General of Maryland"), [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Massachusetts "Attorney General of Massachusetts"), [MI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Michigan "Attorney General of Michigan"), [MN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Minnesota "Attorney General of Minnesota"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Nebraska "Attorney General of Nebraska"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Nevada "Attorney General of Nevada"), [NM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_Mexico "Attorney General of New Mexico"), [NY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York "Attorney General of New York"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_North_Dakota "Attorney General of North Dakota"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ohio "Attorney General of Ohio"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Oklahoma "Attorney General of Oklahoma"), [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Rhode_Island "Attorney General of Rhode Island"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_South_Carolina "Attorney General of South Carolina"), [SD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_South_Dakota "Attorney General of South Dakota"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Texas "Attorney General of Texas"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Vermont "Attorney General of Vermont"), [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Wisconsin "Attorney General of Wisconsin"), [DC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_for_the_District_of_Columbia "Attorney General for the District of Columbia"), [GU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Guam "Attorney General of Guam"), [MP](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attorney_General_of_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1 "Attorney General of Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)") | 3 states [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Kentucky "Attorney General of Kentucky"), [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Louisiana "Attorney General of Louisiana"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Mississippi "Attorney General of Mississippi") | 10 states [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Indiana "Attorney General of Indiana"), [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Missouri "Attorney General of Missouri"), [MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Montana "Attorney General of Montana"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_North_Carolina "Attorney General of North Carolina"), [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Oregon "Attorney General of Oregon"), [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Pennsylvania "Attorney General of Pennsylvania"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Utah "Attorney General of Utah"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Vermont "Attorney General of Vermont"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Washington "Attorney General of Washington"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_West_Virginia "Attorney General of West Virginia") | 1 state [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia "Attorney General of Virginia") |
| [State treasurer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_treasurer "State treasurer")[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_Comptroller7) | None | 23 states [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Alabama (page does not exist)"), [AZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Arizona "Treasurer of Arizona"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Arkansas "Treasurer of Arkansas"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_California "Treasurer of California"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Colorado "Treasurer of Colorado"), [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Connecticut "Treasurer of Connecticut"), [FL (CFO)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Florida (page does not exist)"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Idaho "Treasurer of Idaho"), [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Illinois "Treasurer of Illinois"), [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Indiana "Treasurer of Indiana"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Iowa "Treasurer of Iowa"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Kansas "Treasurer of Kansas"), [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Massachusetts "Treasurer of Massachusetts"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Nebraska (page does not exist)"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Nevada "Treasurer of Nevada"), [NM](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of New Mexico (page does not exist)"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Ohio "Treasurer of Ohio"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Oklahoma "Treasurer of Oklahoma"), [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Rhode Island (page does not exist)"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_South_Carolina "Treasurer of South Carolina"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Vermont "Treasurer of Vermont"), [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Wisconsin (page does not exist)"), [WY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Wyoming "Treasurer of Wyoming") | 3 states [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Kentucky "Treasurer of Kentucky"), [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Louisiana "Treasurer of Louisiana"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Mississippi "Treasurer of Mississippi") | 9 states [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Missouri "Treasurer of Missouri"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of North Carolina (page does not exist)"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_North_Dakota "Treasurer of North Dakota"), [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Oregon "Treasurer of Oregon"), [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Pennsylvania "Treasurer of Pennsylvania"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Utah (page does not exist)"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Vermont "Treasurer of Vermont"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Washington "Treasurer of Washington"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_West_Virginia "Treasurer of West Virginia") | None |
| State comptroller/controller | None | 8 states [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_California "Comptroller of California"), [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_Connecticut "Comptroller of Connecticut"), [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_Illinois "Comptroller of Illinois"), [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_Maryland "Comptroller of Maryland"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comptroller_of_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1 "Comptroller of Nevada (page does not exist)"), [NY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Comptroller "New York State Comptroller"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comptroller_of_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Comptroller of South Carolina (page does not exist)"),[TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Comptroller_of_Public_Accounts "Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts") | None | None | None |
| [State auditor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_auditor "State auditor") | None | 15 states [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Alabama "State Auditor of Alabama"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Arkansas "State Auditor of Arkansas"), [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Delaware&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Delaware (page does not exist)"), [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Indiana&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Indiana (page does not exist)"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Iowa "State Auditor of Iowa"), [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Massachusetts "State Auditor of Massachusetts"), [MN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Minnesota "State Auditor of Minnesota"), [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Missouri "State Auditor of Missouri"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Nebraska (page does not exist)"), [NM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_New_Mexico "State Auditor of New Mexico"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Ohio "State Auditor of Ohio"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Oklahoma (page does not exist)"), [SD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_South_Dakota "State Auditor of South Dakota"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Vermont (page does not exist)"), [WY](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Wyoming (page does not exist)") | 2 states [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Kentucky "State Auditor of Kentucky"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Mississippi "State Auditor of Mississippi") | 9 states [MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Montana (page does not exist)"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_North_Carolina "State Auditor of North Carolina"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of North Dakota (page does not exist)"), [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Pennsylvania (page does not exist)"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Utah (page does not exist)"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Vermont (page does not exist)"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Washington (page does not exist)"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_West_Virginia "State Auditor of West Virginia"), [GU](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Guam (page does not exist)") | None |
| [Superintendent of public instruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_of_public_instruction "Superintendent of public instruction") | 1 state [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Wisconsin "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin") | 7 states [AZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Arizona (page does not exist)"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_California&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of California (page does not exist)"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Georgia (page does not exist)"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Idaho (page does not exist)"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Oklahoma (page does not exist)"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of South Carolina (page does not exist)"), [WY](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wyoming (page does not exist)") | None | 4 states [MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Montana (page does not exist)"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of North Carolina (page does not exist)"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of North Dakota (page does not exist)"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Washington (page does not exist)") | 1 state [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Wisconsin "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin") |
| [Agriculture commissioner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner "Agriculture commissioner") | None | 6 states [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Alabama (page does not exist)"), [FL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Florida (page does not exist)"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Georgia (page does not exist)"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Iowa&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Iowa (page does not exist)"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of North Dakota (page does not exist)"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of South Carolina (page does not exist)"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Agriculture#Commissioners_of_the_Texas_Department_of_Agriculture "Texas Department of Agriculture") | 3 states [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Kentucky (page does not exist)"), [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Commissioner_of_Agriculture_and_Forestry "Louisiana Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Mississippi (page does not exist)") | 2 states [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of North Carolina (page does not exist)"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of West Virginia (page does not exist)") | None |
| [Insurance commissioner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_commissioner "Insurance commissioner") | None | 5 states [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner_of_Delaware "Insurance Commissioner of Delaware"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner_of_California "Insurance Commissioner of California") [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner_of_Georgia "Insurance Commissioner of Georgia"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Commissioner_of_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insurance Commissioner of Kansas (page does not exist)"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Commissioner_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insurance Commissioner of Oklahoma (page does not exist)") | 2 states [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Commissioner_of_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insurance Commissioner of Louisiana (page does not exist)"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Commissioner_of_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insurance Commissioner of Mississippi (page does not exist)") | 3 states [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Commissioner_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insurance Commissioner of North Carolina (page does not exist)"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner_of_North_Dakota "Insurance Commissioner of North Dakota"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner_of_Washington "Insurance Commissioner of Washington") | None |
| Other commissioners & elected officials | None | 9 states [AZ (Mine Inspector)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Mine_Inspector_of_Arizona "State Mine Inspector of Arizona"), [AR (Land)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Commissioner_of_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Land Commissioner of Arkansas (page does not exist)"), [GA (Land)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Commissioner_of_Georgia_\(U.S._State\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Land Commissioner of Georgia (U.S. State) (page does not exist)"), [NM (Land)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Commissioner_of_New_Mexico "Land Commissioner of New Mexico"), [ND (Tax)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Commissioner_of_North_Dakota "Tax Commissioner of North Dakota"), [OK (Labor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Commissioner_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1 "Labor Commissioner of Oklahoma (page does not exist)"), [OR (Labor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Commissioner_of_Oregon "Labor Commissioner of Oregon"), [SD (Land)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Commissioner_of_School_and_Public_Lands "South Dakota Commissioner of School and Public Lands"), [TX (Land)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Commissioner_of_Texas "Land Commissioner of Texas") | None | 1 state [NC (Labor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Commissioner_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Labor Commissioner of North Carolina (page does not exist)") | None |
| State legislatures[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_StateLeg8) | [2 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_state_legislative_elections "2025 United States state legislative elections") VA, NJ | [46 states, DC, & 4 territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_state_legislative_elections "2026 United States state legislative elections") AK, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, VI | [4 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2027_United_States_state_legislative_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2027 United States state legislative elections (page does not exist)") LA, MS, NJ, VA | [44 states, DC, & 5 territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2028_United_States_state_legislative_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2028 United States state legislative elections (page does not exist)") AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI | [2 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2029_United_States_state_legislative_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2029 United States state legislative elections (page does not exist)") VA. NJ |
| State boards of education[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_SBE9) | None | 8 states, DC, & 3 territories [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_State_Board_of_Education "Alabama State Board of Education"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Board_of_Education "Colorado State Board of Education"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Department_of_Education "Kansas State Department of Education"), [MI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Education "Michigan Department of Education"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Department_of_Education "Nebraska Department of Education"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Education "Ohio Department of Education"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency "Texas Education Agency"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Board_of_Education "Utah State Board of Education"), [DC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_State_Board_of_Education "District of Columbia State Board of Education"), GU, MP, VI | None | 8 states, DC, & 3 territories [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_State_Board_of_Education "Alabama State Board of Education"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Board_of_Education "Colorado State Board of Education"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Department_of_Education "Kansas State Department of Education"), [MI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Education "Michigan Department of Education"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Department_of_Education "Nebraska Department of Education"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Education "Ohio Department of Education"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency "Texas Education Agency"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Board_of_Education "Utah State Board of Education"), [DC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_State_Board_of_Education "District of Columbia State Board of Education"), GU, MP, VI | None |
| Other state, local, and tribal offices | Varies | | | | |
[**1**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_SpecialElection1) This table does not include [special elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election "By-election"), which may be held to fill political offices that have become vacant between the regularly scheduled elections.
[**2**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_HouseDelegates2) As well as all six [non-voting delegates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives") of the U.S. House.
[**3**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_HousePR3) As well as five [non-voting delegates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives") of the U.S. House. The [resident commissioner of Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico "Resident commissioner of Puerto Rico") instead serves a four-year term that coincides with the presidential term.
[**4**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_NEandVTGovs4) The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont are each elected to two-year terms. The other 48 state governors and all five territorial governors serve four-year terms.
[**5**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_LtGov5) In 26 states and 3 territories the lieutenant governor is elected on the same ticket as the governor: AK, CO, CT, FL, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MD, MA, MI, MN, MT, NE, NJ, NM, NY, ND, OH, PA, SC, SD, UT, WI, GU, MP, VI.
[**6**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_VTofficials6) Like the governor, Vermont's other officials are each elected to two-year terms. All other state officers for all other states listed serve four-year terms.
[**7**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_Comptroller7) In some states, the comptroller or controller has the duties equivalent to a treasurer. There are some states with both positions, so both have been included separately.
[**8**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_StateLeg8) This list does not differentiate chambers of each legislature. Forty-nine state legislatures are bicameral; Nebraska is unicameral. Additionally, Washington, DC, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands are unicameral; the other territories are bicameral. All legislatures have varying terms for their members. Many have two-year terms for the lower house and four-year terms for the upper house. Some have all two-year terms and some all four-year terms. Arkansas has a combination of both two- and four-year terms in the same chamber.
[**9**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_SBE9) Most states not listed here have a board appointed by the governor and legislature. All boards listed here have members that serve four-year staggered terms, except Colorado, which has six-year terms, and Guam, which has two-year terms. Most are elected statewide, some are elected from districts. Louisiana, Ohio, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands have additional members who are appointed.
- [view](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US_elections "Template:US elections")
- [talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US_elections "Template talk:US elections")
- [edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_elections "Special:EditPage/Template:US elections")
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [Outline of American politics § Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_American_politics#Elections "Outline of American politics")
- [American election campaigns in the 19th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_election_campaigns_in_the_19th_century "American election campaigns in the 19th century")
- [List of United States presidential campaign slogans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_campaign_slogans "List of United States presidential campaign slogans")
### Lists
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Lists")\]
- [List of presidents of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of presidents of the United States")
- [List of United States presidential candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates "List of United States presidential candidates")
- [List of United States presidential election results by state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state "List of United States presidential election results by state")
- [List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin "List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin")
- [List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin "List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin")
### Party systems
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Party systems")\]
- [First Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Party_System "First Party System"), Federalists vs Democratic-Republicans, 1790s–1820s
- [Second Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Party_System "Second Party System"), Whigs vs Democrats, 1830s–1850s
- [Third Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Party_System "Third Party System"), Republicans vs Democrats, 1850s–1890s, Civil War, Reconstruction, Gilded Age
- [Fourth Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Party_System "Fourth Party System"), Republicans vs Democrats, 1890s–1930s; "Progressive Era"
- [Fifth Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Party_System "Fifth Party System"), Republicans vs Democrats, 1930s–1980s
- [Sixth Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Party_System "Sixth Party System"), Republicans vs Democrats, 1980s–present
### Comparing elected candidate to popular vote or margins
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Comparing elected candidate to popular vote or margins")\]
- [List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received "List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received")
- [List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin "List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin")
- [List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin "List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin")
- [United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote "United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote")
### Statistical forecasts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Statistical forecasts")\]
- [Decision Desk HQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Desk_HQ "Decision Desk HQ")
- [Electoral-vote.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral-vote.com "Electoral-vote.com")
- [FiveThirtyEight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight "FiveThirtyEight")
- [PollyVote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PollyVote "PollyVote")
- [270towin state maps recent past & future](https://www.270towin.com/)
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-61)** Wins in California, Texas, Florida, New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Georgia, North Carolina, Michigan, New Jersey and Virginia would secure 281 electoral votes as of the 2024 election
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-67)** Prior to the ratification of the [Twelfth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution"), electors cast two ballots, both for President. The candidate who received a majority of electoral votes became President, and the runner-up became Vice President.
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-adams_68-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-adams_68-1) Adams was elected Vice President.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-69)** Jefferson was elected Vice President.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-breakdown_70-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-breakdown_70-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-breakdown_70-2) Breakdown by ticket results are available for the 1800 election.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-71)** In total, Madison received 122 electoral votes.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-72)** Six [faithless electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector "Faithless elector") from [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") voted for Clinton instead of Madison. Three cast their vice presidential vote for Madison, and three for Monroe.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-73)** While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate, Clinton technically ran as a Democratic-Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself, the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate. This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties (such as in Pennsylvania), but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic-Republicans as well.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-74)** Three faithless electors, two from [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") and one from [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire"), voted for Gerry for vice president instead of Ingersoll.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-75)** Electors from Massachusetts voted for Howard, electors from Delaware voted for Harper, and electors from Connecticut split their vote between Ross and Marshall. In total, King received 34 electoral votes.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-76)** Although the Federalists did not field a candidate, several Federalist electors voted for Federalist vice presidential candidates instead of Tompkins. In total, Monroe received 231 electoral votes.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-77)** Monroe ran unopposed, but faithless elector [William Plumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Plumer "William Plumer") of New Hampshire voted for Adams and Rush instead of Monroe and Tompkins.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-78)** Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote, the House of Representatives elected the president. In the House, 13 state delegations voted for Adams, seven for Jackson, and four for Crawford.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-79)** 74 of Adams' electors voted for Calhoun, nine voted for Jackson, and one did not vote for vice president.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-80)** In total, Crawford received 40 electoral votes.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-81)** In total, Clay received 38 electoral votes.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-82)** 7 faithless electors from [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)") voted for Smith instead of Calhoun.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-83)** All 30 of [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania")'s electors voted for Wilkins instead of Van Buren. In total, Jackson received 219 electoral votes.
19. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-sc_84-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-sc_84-1) All the electoral votes came from South Carolina, where the electors were chosen by the legislature and not by popular vote.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-85)** All 23 of [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia")'s electors voted for Smith for vice president instead of Johnson, which resulted in Johnson failing to obtain a majority of the electoral votes. As a result, the election went to the Senate, which elected Johnson by a vote of 33–16.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-86)** In total, Harrison received 73 electoral votes.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-87)** In total, Van Buren received 60 electoral votes.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-88)** Johnson, a Democrat, was nominated on the National Union ticket along with Lincoln, a Republican.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-89)** The electoral votes of Tennessee and Louisiana were not counted. Had they been counted, Lincoln would have received 229 electoral votes.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-90)** All popular votes were originally for Horace Greeley and Benjamin Gratz Brown.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-missouri_91-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-missouri_91-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-missouri_91-2) The used sources had insufficient data to determine the pairings of four electoral votes in [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri "Missouri"). Therefore, the possible tickets are listed with the minimum and maximum possible number of electoral votes each.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-92)** In total, Hendricks received 42 electoral votes.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-93)** Greeley died before the Electoral College voted; as a result the electoral vote intended for Greeley and Brown went to several other candidates.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-94)** In total, Davis received one electoral vote.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-95)** While the Democrats and Populists both nominated Bryan, the two parties had different vice presidential running mates.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-96)** Butler replaced Sherman, who died before the election was held.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-97)** [W. F. Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._F._Turner "W. F. Turner"), a faithless elector from [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama"), voted for Jones and Talmadge instead of Stevenson and Kefauver.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-98)** [Unpledged electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_elector "Unpledged elector") voted for Byrd and Thurmond. [Henry D. Irwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_D._Irwin "Henry D. Irwin"), a faithless elector from [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma"), cast his vote for Byrd and Goldwater instead of Nixon and Lodge.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-99)** Faithless elector [Roger MacBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_MacBride "Roger MacBride") of Virginia voted for Hospers and Nathan instead of Nixon and Agnew.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-100)** [Mike Padden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Padden "Mike Padden"), a faithless elector from [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_\(state\) "Washington (state)"), voted for Reagan instead of Ford. He voted for Dole, however, as pledged.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-101)** Faithless elector [Margarette Leach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarette_Leach "Margarette Leach") of [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia") voted for Bentsen for president and Dukakis for vice president, instead of Dukakis for president and Bentsen for vice president.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-102)** One of the D.C. electors pledged to Gore-Lieberman abstained from the final vote.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-104)** One anonymous faithless elector from [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota") voted for Edwards for both president and vice president.
39. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-texas2_105-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-texas2_105-1) 1 faithless electoral vote from [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas "Texas").
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-106)** 3 faithless electoral votes from [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_\(state\) "Washington (state)").
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-107)** 1 faithless electoral vote from [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii").
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-108)** 1 faithless electoral vote from [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_\(state\) "Washington (state)").
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-131)** Party shading shows which party controls chamber after that election.
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-1)** Individual states select electors by methods decided at the state level. Since 1876, all states have selected electors by statewide popular vote. See the [United States Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College") article for more information.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-18)** Of the 13 original states during the [1789 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election"), six states chose electors by some form of popular vote, four states chose electors by a different method, [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") and [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island") were ineligible to participate since they had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution, and [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") failed to appoint their allotment of electors in time because of a deadlock in their state legislature.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-109)** Until the 1804 election following the [Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution"), the runner-up in a presidential election became the vice president.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-110)** While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate, Clinton technically ran as a Democratic-Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself, the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate. This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties (such as in Pennsylvania), but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic-Republicans as well.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-LostPopular_111-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-LostPopular_111-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-LostPopular_111-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-LostPopular_111-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-LostPopular_111-4) Lost the popular vote but won the presidency through the [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College").
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: References")\]
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-NCSL_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-NCSL_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-NCSL_2-2)
["Election Administration at State and Local Levels"](http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/election-administration-at-state-and-local-levels.aspx). National Conference of State Legislatures. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201025232717/https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/election-administration-at-state-and-local-levels.aspx) from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-whitehouse_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-whitehouse_3-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-whitehouse_3-2)
["Elections & Voting"](https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/elections-and-voting). *[whitehouse.gov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov "Whitehouse.gov")*. Retrieved March 21, 2020 – via [National Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA "NARA").
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-4)**
Dixon, Robert G. Jr. (1950). "Electoral College Procedure". *The Western Political Quarterly*. **3** (2): 214–224\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/443484](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F443484). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [443484](https://www.jstor.org/stable/443484).
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-5)**
Edwards III, George C. (2011). *Why the Electoral College is Bad for America* (Second ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-300-16649-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16649-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16649-1")
.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-6)**
Chang, Alvin (November 9, 2016). ["Trump will be the 4th president to win the Electoral College after getting fewer votes than his opponent"](https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/9/13572112/trump-popular-vote-loss). [Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\(website\) "Vox (website)"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161110235320/http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/9/13572112/trump-popular-vote-loss) from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-7)**
["2016 Presidential Election"](https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/key-dates.html). *National Archives and Records Administration*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160920101721/https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/key-dates.html) from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-8)**
Cronin, Thomas E. (1979). ["The Direct Vote and the Electoral College the Case for Meshing Things Up!"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547458). *Presidential Studies Quarterly*. **9** (2): 144–163\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0360-4918](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-4918). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [27547458](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547458). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220614235003/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547458) from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-9)**
["What Is The Winner-Takes-All Rule In The Presidential Election? It's Steeped In Controversy"](https://www.bustle.com/articles/191151-what-is-the-winner-takes-all-rule-in-the-presidential-election-its-steeped-in-controversy). *Bustle*. November 3, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211221142349/https://www.bustle.com/articles/191151-what-is-the-winner-takes-all-rule-in-the-presidential-election-its-steeped-in-controversy) from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-10)**
Tures, John A. (December 9, 2020). ["The Electoral College system isn't 'one person, one vote'"](https://theconversation.com/the-electoral-college-system-isnt-one-person-one-vote-150342). *The Conversation*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210731054107/https://theconversation.com/the-electoral-college-system-isnt-one-person-one-vote-150342) from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-UnitedStatesCode|3|1_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-UnitedStatesCode|3|1_11-1) [3 U.S.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 3 of the United States Code") [§ 1](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/1) and [3 U.S.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 3 of the United States Code") [§ 21](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/21)
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-12)**
Caldwell, Leigh Ann (November 4, 2015). ["A Viewer's Guide to the Next Year in Presidential Politics"](http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/viewers-guide-next-year-presidential-politics-n455971). NBC News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190425011713/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/viewers-guide-next-year-presidential-politics-n455971) from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-13)**
Cohen, Andrew (October 29, 2012). ["Could a Hurricane Like Sandy Postpone the Presidential Election?"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/10/could-a-hurricane-like-sandy-postpone-the-presidential-election/264254/). *The Atlantic*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201031082102/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/10/could-a-hurricane-like-sandy-postpone-the-presidential-election/264254/) from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-WAPOST20150403_14-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-WAPOST20150403_14-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-WAPOST20150403_14-2)
Jose A. DelReal (April 3, 2015). ["Why Hillary Clinton might have just two more weeks or so to announce she's running for president"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/04/03/why-hillary-clinton-might-have-just-two-more-weeks-or-so-to-announce-shes-running-for-president/). *Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150510060617/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/04/03/why-hillary-clinton-might-have-just-two-more-weeks-or-so-to-announce-shes-running-for-president/) from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-15)**
Bugh, Gary (2010). [*Electoral College Reform: Challenges and Possibilities*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSmtbZg9_YC). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. [40](https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSmtbZg9_YC&pg=PA40). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7546-7751-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7751-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7751-2")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211003104922/https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSmtbZg9_YC) from the original on October 3, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-16)** [Richard A. Epstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Epstein "Richard A. Epstein"), [\[1\]](https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5103&context=uclrev)[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083229/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5103&context=uclrev) March 8, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") "'In Such Manner as the Legislature Thereof May Direct": The Outcome in *Bush v Gore* Defended, 68 *University of Chicago Law Review* 613, 614 (2001).
16. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-auto1_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-auto1_17-1)
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17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-Norton_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-Norton_19-1) Mary Beth Norton et al., *A People and a Nation: A History of the United States*, Vol. I (11th ed. 2019), p. 340.
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67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-114)**
["Election Information: Election Statistics"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070725184700/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html). [Office of the Clerk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Clerk "Office of the Clerk"). Archived from [the original](http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html) on July 25, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-115)**
["Voting and Registration Date"](https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/voting.html). [U.S. Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau "U.S. Census Bureau"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191023233331/https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/voting.html) from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-116)**
["Voter Turnout Frequently Asked Questions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090122155234/http://elections.gmu.edu/FAQ.html). Elections.gmu.edu. March 12, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://elections.gmu.edu/FAQ.html) on January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-117)**
["2008 Preliminary Voter Turnout"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081113104435/http://elections.gmu.edu/preliminary_vote_2008.html). Elections.gmu.edu. March 12, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://elections.gmu.edu/preliminary_vote_2008.html) on November 13, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
71. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-Joseph_118-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-Joseph_118-1) [Income Tax Returns Released for Last 12 Years by Romney](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6hNdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MVoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1118,3648005&dq=george-romney+and+tax-returns&hl=en) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211109010226/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6hNdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MVoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1118%2C3648005&dq=george-romney+and+tax-returns&hl=en) November 9, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), *St. Joseph Gazette*, United Press International, November 27, 1967.
72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-Vanity_119-0)**
Shaxson, Nicholas (August 2012). ["Where the Money Lives"](http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2012/08/investigating-mitt-romney-offshore-accounts). *[Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_\(magazine\) "Vanity Fair (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120709213846/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2012/08/investigating-mitt-romney-offshore-accounts) from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-polifact_120-0)** Sherman, Amy (August 19, 2012), [Debbie Wasserman Schultz' claim about release of tax returns of major candidates is false, says PolitiFact Florida](http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/08/18/2958158/debbie-wasserman-schultz-claim.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130223044337/http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/08/18/2958158/debbie-wasserman-schultz-claim.html) 2013-02-23 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), *Miami Herald*.
74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-121)** Robert Farley, [Romney and the Tax Return Precedent](http://factcheck.org/2012/07/romney-and-the-tax-return-precedent/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210801014613/https://www.factcheck.org/2012/07/romney-and-the-tax-return-precedent/) August 1, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), [FactCheck.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org "FactCheck.org"), [Annenberg Public Policy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annenberg_Public_Policy_Center "Annenberg Public Policy Center"), July 19, 2012.
75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-122)** [About the Project](http://www.taxhistory.org/www/website.nsf/Web/AboutTheProject?OpenDocument) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211107195144/http://www.taxhistory.org/www/website.nsf/Web/AboutTheProject?OpenDocument) November 7, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), Tax History Project.
76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-123)** [Presidential Tax Returns](http://www.taxhistory.org/www/website.nsf/web/presidentialtaxreturns) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110728083109/http://www.taxhistory.org/www/website.nsf/Web/PresidentialTaxReturns) July 28, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), Tax History Project.
77. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-release_124-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-release_124-1) Alan Rappeport, [Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns](https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/05/11/donald-trump-breaks-with-recent-history-by-not-releasing-tax-returns/?_r=0) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161011024431/http://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/05/11/donald-trump-breaks-with-recent-history-by-not-releasing-tax-returns/?_r=0) October 11, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), *New York Times* (May 11, 2016).
78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-125)** Jeanne Sahadi, [Nixon released his tax returns under audit. Why can't Trump?](https://money.cnn.com/2016/05/11/pf/taxes/nixon-trump-tax-returns/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211005153155/https://money.cnn.com/2016/05/11/pf/taxes/nixon-trump-tax-returns/) October 5, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), CNN Money (May 11, 2016).
79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-126)** Sean Gorman, [Tim Kaine correctly notes Richard Nixon released tax returns despite audit](http://www.politifact.com/virginia/statements/2016/oct/05/tim-kaine/tim-kaine-correctly-notes-richard-nixon-released-t/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191215150019/https://www.politifact.com/virginia/statements/2016/oct/05/tim-kaine/tim-kaine-correctly-notes-richard-nixon-released-t/) December 15, 2019, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), *PolitiFact* (October 5, 2016).
80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-127)** "Government By the People; national, state, and local version" Prentice Hall publishers, by Cronin Magleby O'Brien Light
81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-128)** Desilver, D. (2014) [Voter turnout always drops off for midterm elections, but why?](https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/07/24/voter-turnout-always-drops-off-for-midterm-elections-but-why/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211124062544/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/07/24/voter-turnout-always-drops-off-for-midterm-elections-but-why/) November 24, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Pew Research Center, July 24, 2014.
82. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-129)**
["Voter Turnout"](http://www.fairvote.org/voter-turnout). [FairVote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FairVote "FairVote"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131026170219/http://www.fairvote.org/voter-turnout) from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2001. "Low turnout is most pronounced in off-year elections for state legislators and local officials as well as primaries"
83. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-130)**
Crespi, Irving (August 23, 1988). [*Pre-Election Polling: Sources of Accuracy and Error*](https://books.google.com/books?id=cu0WAwAAQBAJ). Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 124, 178–180\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9781610441445](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610441445 "Special:BookSources/9781610441445")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211208211053/https://books.google.com/books?id=cu0WAwAAQBAJ) from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
## Further reading
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Further reading")\]
- Congressional Quarterly. *Presidential elections, 1789-1996* (1997) [online](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781568020655)
- Roseboom, Eugene H. *A history of presidential elections* (1957) [online](https://archive.org/details/historyofpreside0000rose/page/n5/mode/2up)
- Schlesinger, Arthur. Jr., ed. *History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008* (2011) 3 vol and 11 vol editions; detailed analysis of each election, with primary documents; [online v. 1. 1789-1824 -- v. 2. 1824-1844 -- v. 3. 1848-1868 -- v. 4. 1872-1888 -- v. 5. 1892-1908 -- v. 6. 1912-1924 -- v. 7. 1928-1940 -- v. 8. 1944-1956 -- v. 9. 1960-1968 -- v. 10. 1972-1984 -- v. 11. 1988-2001](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%27%27History%20of%20American%20Presidential%20Elections%22%20schlesinger)
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: External links")\]
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[Scholia](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia "d:Wikidata:Scholia") has a *topic* profile for ***[United States presidential election](https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q47566 "toolforge:scholia/topic/Q47566")***.
- [The American Presidency Project (UC Santa Barbara: 52,000+ Presidential Documents)](http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php)
- [Electoral College Box Scores](https://www.archives.gov/federal_register/electoral_college/votes/index.html)
- [Teaching about Presidential Elections](https://ericdigests.org/2001-2/elections.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210823141847/https://www.ericdigests.org/2001-2/elections.html) August 23, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [All the maps since 1840 by counties](https://web.archive.org/web/20051118120032/http://geoelections.free.fr/) (in French)
- [Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections](https://uselectionatlas.org/)
- [History of U.S. Presidential Elections: 1789–2004](https://web.archive.org/web/20080517043651/http://uspresidentialelections.webs.com/)
- [Graphic election results from 1952 to 2008 broken down by state](http://home.comcast.net/~tmoy/super-graph/pres-elec.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081205175837/http://home.comcast.net/~tmoy/super-graph/pres-elec.html) December 5, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (Java Applet)
- [A history of the presidency from the point of view of Vermont](http://www.davegentile.com/philosophy/Vermont.html) Discusses history of American presidential elections with two states as opposite "poles", Vermont, and Alabama
- [The Living Room Candidate: A Compilation of Presidential Television Ads](http://www.livingroomcandidate.com/)
- [Presidential Elections, from History.com](http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/presidential-elections)
- [A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825](http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080725105911/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas) July 25, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [Presidential Elections: Resource Guides](https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/index.html) from the Library of Congress
- [Presidential Elections: Vacancies in Major-Party Candidacies and the Position of President-Elect](http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44648.pdf) from [Congressional Research Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service "Congressional Research Service")
- [U.S. Election Statistics: A Resource Guide](https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/statistics.html) from the Library of Congress
- ["Electoral Votes"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Electoral_Votes) . *[New International Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia "New International Encyclopedia")*. 1905.
This is a tabulation of the electoral votes by election year, and also includes the results for vice president.
### Statistical forecasts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: Statistical forecasts")\]
- [17 poll composite](http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/polls?mod=wsj_elections_2012_nav#cand=Romney&race=2®ion=US&src=rcpo) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120422124830/http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/polls?mod=wsj_elections_2012_nav#cand=Romney&race=2®ion=US&src=rcpo) April 22, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [Princeton Election Consortium](http://election.princeton.edu/)
- [Gallup](http://www.gallup.com/)
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections "Template:United States presidential elections") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_elections "Template talk:United States presidential elections") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_presidential_elections "Special:EditPage/Template:United States presidential elections")[United States presidential elections]() | |
|---|---|
| Elections by year | |
| | |
| 18th century | [1788–89](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election") [1792](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election "1792 United States presidential election") [1796](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election "1796 United States presidential election") [1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election") |
| 19th century | [1804](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election "1804 United States presidential election") [1808](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election "1808 United States presidential election") [1812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election "1812 United States presidential election") [1816](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election "1816 United States presidential election") [1820](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election "1820 United States presidential election") [1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election") [1828](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election "1828 United States presidential election") [1832](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election "1832 United States presidential election") [1836](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election "1836 United States presidential election") [1840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election "1840 United States presidential election") [1844](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election "1844 United States presidential election") [1848](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election "1848 United States presidential election") [1852](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election "1852 United States presidential election") [1856](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election "1856 United States presidential election") [1860](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election "1860 United States presidential election") [1864](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election "1864 United States presidential election") [1868](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election "1868 United States presidential election") [1872](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election "1872 United States presidential election") [1876](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election") [1880](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election "1880 United States presidential election") [1884](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election "1884 United States presidential election") [1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election "1888 United States presidential election") [1892](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election "1892 United States presidential election") [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election "1896 United States presidential election") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election "1900 United States presidential election") |
| 20th century | [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election "1904 United States presidential election") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election "1908 United States presidential election") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election "1912 United States presidential election") [1916](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election "1916 United States presidential election") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election "1920 United States presidential election") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election "1924 United States presidential election") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election "1928 United States presidential election") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election "1932 United States presidential election") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election "1936 United States presidential election") [1940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election "1940 United States presidential election") [1944](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election "1944 United States presidential election") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election "1948 United States presidential election") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election "1952 United States presidential election") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election "1956 United States presidential election") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election "1960 United States presidential election") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election "1964 United States presidential election") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election "1968 United States presidential election") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election "1972 United States presidential election") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election "1976 United States presidential election") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election "1980 United States presidential election") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election "1984 United States presidential election") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election "1988 United States presidential election") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election "1992 United States presidential election") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election "1996 United States presidential election") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election") |
| 21st century | [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election "2004 United States presidential election") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election "2012 United States presidential election") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election") [*2028*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election "2028 United States presidential election") |
| [Elections by state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_by_participation_in_United_States_presidential_elections "List of states by participation in United States presidential elections") | [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama "United States presidential elections in Alabama") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska "United States presidential elections in Alaska") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona "United States presidential elections in Arizona") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas "United States presidential elections in Arkansas") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California "United States presidential elections in California") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado "United States presidential elections in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut "United States presidential elections in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware "United States presidential elections in Delaware") [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia "United States presidential elections in the District of Columbia") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida "United States presidential elections in Florida") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia "United States presidential elections in Georgia") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii "United States presidential elections in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho "United States presidential elections in Idaho") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois "United States presidential elections in Illinois") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana "United States presidential elections in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa "United States presidential elections in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas "United States presidential elections in Kansas") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky "United States presidential elections in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana "United States presidential elections in Louisiana") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine "United States presidential elections in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland "United States presidential elections in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts "United States presidential elections in Massachusetts") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan "United States presidential elections in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota "United States presidential elections in Minnesota") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi "United States presidential elections in Mississippi") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri "United States presidential elections in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana "United States presidential elections in Montana") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska "United States presidential elections in Nebraska") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada "United States presidential elections in Nevada") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire "United States presidential elections in New Hampshire") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey "United States presidential elections in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico "United States presidential elections in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York "United States presidential elections in New York") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina "United States presidential elections in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota "United States presidential elections in North Dakota") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio "United States presidential elections in Ohio") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma "United States presidential elections in Oklahoma") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon "United States presidential elections in Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania "United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island "United States presidential elections in Rhode Island") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina "United States presidential elections in South Carolina") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota "United States presidential elections in South Dakota") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee "United States presidential elections in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas "United States presidential elections in Texas") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah "United States presidential elections in Utah") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont "United States presidential elections in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia "United States presidential elections in Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington_\(state\) "United States presidential elections in Washington (state)") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia "United States presidential elections in West Virginia") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin "United States presidential elections in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming "United States presidential elections in Wyoming") |
| [Primaries and caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary "United States presidential primary") | [Iowa caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_caucuses "Iowa caucuses") [New Hampshire presidential primary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_presidential_primary "New Hampshire presidential primary") [Nevada presidential caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_presidential_caucuses "Nevada presidential caucuses") [South Carolina presidential primary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_presidential_primary "South Carolina presidential primary") [Super Tuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Tuesday "Super Tuesday") |
| [Nominating conventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention "United States presidential nominating convention") | [List of nominating conventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States "List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States") [Brokered convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_convention "Brokered convention") [Convention bounce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_bounce "Convention bounce") [Superdelegate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdelegate "Superdelegate") |
| [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College") and popular vote | Results [summary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary_since_1828 "United States presidential election summary since 1828") [elections in which the winner lost the popular vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote "List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote") [Electoral College margins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin "List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin") [Electoral College results by state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state "List of United States presidential election results by state") [electoral vote changes between elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections "Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections") [electoral vote recipients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College "List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College") [popular votes received](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received "List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received") [popular-vote margins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin "List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin") [Electoral Count Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act "Electoral Count Act") [Certificate of ascertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_ascertainment "Certificate of ascertainment") [Certificate of vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_vote "Certificate of vote") [Contingent election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_election "Contingent election") [Faithless elector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector "Faithless elector") [Unpledged elector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_elector "Unpledged elector") [Voter turnout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections "Voter turnout in United States presidential elections") |
| Related | [Campaign slogans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_campaign_slogans "List of United States presidential campaign slogans") [Election Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_\(United_States\) "Election Day (United States)") [Election recount](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_recount "Election recount") ([2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida "2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida")) [Historical election polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections "Polling for United States presidential elections") [Major party tickets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets "List of United States major party presidential tickets") [Major party losers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States "List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States") [Presidential debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates "United States presidential debates") Presidential straw polls [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Guam "United States presidential straw polls in Guam") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Puerto_Rico "United States presidential straw polls in Puerto Rico") [October surprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_surprise "October surprise") [Red states and blue states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states "Red states and blue states") [Swing state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_state "Swing state") [Tipping-point state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping-point_state "Tipping-point state") Vice presidential confirmations [1973](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation "1973 United States vice presidential confirmation") [1974](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation "1974 United States vice presidential confirmation") |
| [House elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "Template:United States House of Representatives elections") [Senate elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections "Template:United States Senate elections") [Gubernatorial elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections "Template:United States gubernatorial elections") | |
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United States presidential election
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| Readable Markdown | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Presidential_Election_ballot.jpg)
A ballot for the [2016 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") and for other [elections that year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_elections "2016 United States elections"), listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates
The election of the [president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") and [vice president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") of the United States is an [indirect election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election "Indirect election") in which [citizens of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_of_the_United_States "Citizens of the United States") who are [registered to vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States "Voter registration in the United States") in one of the fifty [U.S. states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state") or in [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), cast ballots not directly for those offices, but instead for members of the [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College").[\[note 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-1) These electors then cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for the presidential and vice presidential candidate. The candidate who receives an [absolute majority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_majority "Absolute majority") of electoral votes (at least 270 out of 538, since the [Twenty-third Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution") granted voting rights to citizens of D.C.) is then elected to that office. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for president, the [House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") elects the president; likewise if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for vice president, then the [Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") elects the vice president.
United States presidential elections differ from many other [republics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic "Republic") around the world (operating under either the [presidential system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system "Presidential system") or the [semi-presidential system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system "Semi-presidential system")) which use [direct elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election "Direct election") from the national [popular vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election "Direct election") ('one person, one vote') of their entire countries to elect their respective presidents. The United States instead uses indirect elections for its president through the Electoral College, and the system is highly decentralized like other [elections in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States "Elections in the United States").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-NCSL-2) The Electoral College and its procedure are established in the [U.S. Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution "U.S. Constitution") by [Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution "Article Two of the United States Constitution"); and the [Twelfth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution") (which replaced Clause 3 after its ratification in 1804). Under Clause 2, each state casts as many electoral votes as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), while (per the Twenty-third Amendment, ratified in 1961) Washington, D.C., casts the same number of electoral votes as the least-represented state, which is three. Also under Clause 2, the manner for choosing electors is determined by each [state legislature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_\(United_States\) "State legislature (United States)"), not directly by the federal government. Many state legislatures previously selected their electors directly, but over time all switched to using [votes cast by state voters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election "Direct election") to choose the state's members of the electoral college (electors). Beyond the parameters set in the U.S. Constitution, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of administering the popular vote, including most of the voter eligibility and registration requirements.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-NCSL-2)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-whitehouse-3)
Almost all states require that the winner of the [plurality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting "Plurality voting") of its constituent [statewide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state") popular vote ('one person, one vote') shall receive all of that state's electors ("winner-takes-all'). A couple - Nebraska and Maine - determine a part of their electors by use of district votes within the respective state. Eighteen states also have specific laws that punish electors who vote in opposition to the plurality, known as "[faithless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector "Faithless elector")" or "[unpledged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_elector "Unpledged elector")" electors.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-4) In modern times, faithless and unpledged electors have not affected the ultimate outcome of an election, so the results can generally be determined based on the state-by-state popular vote.
In addition, most of the time, the winner as determined by the electoral college also has received the largest part of the national popular vote. There have been four exceptions: [1876](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election"), [1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election "1888 United States presidential election"), [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election"), and [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election"), in which [the Electoral College winner's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections "List of United States presidential elections") portion of the popular vote was surpassed by an opponent. Although taking fewer votes, the winner claimed more electoral college seats, due to winning close and narrow pluralities in numerous [swing states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_state "Swing state"). In addition, the [1824 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election") was the only presidential election under the current system decided by a [contingent election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_election "Contingent election") in Congress that elected a different president than the candidate with a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote. (The [1800 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election") and the 1824 election were decided in the House. In 1800 the House winner was the candidate who had won a plurality of the popular vote.)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-5)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-6)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-8)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-9)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-10)
Presidential elections occur every four years on [Election Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_\(United_States\) "Election Day (United States)"), which since 1845 has been the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-UnitedStatesCode|3|1-11)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-13) This date coincides with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races; since local governments are responsible for managing elections, these races typically all appear on one ballot. The Electoral College electors then formally cast their electoral votes on the first Monday after December 12 at their state's capital. Congress then certifies the results in early January, and the presidential term begins on [Inauguration Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration "United States presidential inauguration"), which since the passage of the [Twentieth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution") has been set at January 20.
The nomination process, consisting of the [primary elections and caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary "United States presidential primary") and the [nominating conventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention "United States presidential nominating convention"), was not specified in the Constitution, but was developed over time by the states and [political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States "Political parties in the United States"). These primary elections are generally held between January and June before the general election in November, while the nominating conventions are held in the summer. Though not codified by law, political parties also follow an indirect election process, where voters in the fifty states, Washington, D.C., and [U.S. territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States "Territories of the United States"), cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who then elect their party's presidential nominee. Each party may then choose a vice presidential [running mate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_mate "Running mate") to join the ticket, which is either determined by choice of the nominee or by a second round of voting. Because of changes to national campaign finance laws since the 1970s regarding the disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns, presidential candidates from the major political parties usually declare their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year before the election (almost 21 months before Inauguration Day).[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-WAPOST20150403-14)
Article Two of the Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections, including the creation of the [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College"). This was the result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who wanted Congress to choose the president and those who preferred a national popular vote.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-15)
As set forth in Article Two, each state is allocated a number of electors equal to the number of its delegates in both houses of Congress, combined. In 1961, the ratification of the Twenty-Third Amendment granted a number of electors to the District of Columbia, an amount equal to the number of electors allocated to the least populous state. However, U.S. territories are not allocated electors, and therefore are not represented in the Electoral College.
Constitutionally, the legislature of each state determines how its electors are chosen; Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 states that each state shall appoint electors "in such Manner as the Legislature Thereof May Direct".[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-16) During [the first presidential election in 1789](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election"), in four of the 11 states of the time, the electors were elected directly by voters. In two others, a hybrid system was used where both the voters and the state legislatures took part in electing the electors. In five, the state legislatures themselves elected the electors.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-auto1-17)[\[note 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-18)
Gradually more states began conducting popular elections to choose their slate of electors. In 1800, five of the 16 states chose electors by a popular vote; by 1824, after the rise of [Jacksonian democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy "Jacksonian democracy"), 18 of the 24 states chose electors by popular vote.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Norton-19) (In most cases simple state-wide plurality is sufficient to elect a [general ticket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_ticket "General ticket") using popular vote. But in [the first presidential election in 1789](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election"), for example, some states used "open" list [block voting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_voting "Block voting"); Maryland used block voting but had guaranteed seats for different parts of the state; Virginia elected its 12 electors by [first-past-the-post voting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting "First-past-the-post voting") contest in 12 districts. Other states later used multi-member districts, each covering a part of the state, to elect their electors.)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-auto1-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-auto-20)
This movement toward greater [democratization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization "Democratization") coincided with a gradual decrease in [property restrictions for the franchise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States "Voting rights in the United States").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Norton-19) By [1840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election "1840 United States presidential election"), only one of the 26 states ([South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina")) still selected electors by the state legislature.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-21) Every other state was electing its electors by general ticket plurality voting state-wide.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-auto-20) By 1872 no states elected their electors using the state legislature - all the states had switched to the general ticket method, Colorado having been the last hold-out.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-auto-20) And today only two states - Maine and Nebraska - elect at least some of their electors through a different method than that general ticket method, in their cases it is [First-past-the-post voting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting "First-past-the-post voting") in districts covering part of the state.
Under the original system established by Article 2, electors cast votes for two candidates for president. The candidate with the highest number of votes (provided it was a majority of the electoral votes) became the president, and the second-place candidate became the vice president. This presented a problem during the [presidential election of 1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election") when [Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr") received the same number of electoral votes as [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") and challenged Jefferson's election to the office. In the end, Jefferson was chosen as the president because of [Alexander Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton "Alexander Hamilton")'s influence in the House.
In response to the 1800 election, the 12th Amendment was passed, requiring electors to cast two distinct votes: one for president and another for vice president. While this solved the problem at hand, it reduced the prestige of the vice presidency, as the office was no longer held by the leading challenger for the presidency. The separate ballots for president and vice president became something of a moot issue later in the 19th century when it became the norm for popular elections to determine a state's Electoral College delegation. Electors chosen this way are pledged to vote for a particular presidential and vice presidential candidate (offered by the same political party). Although the president and vice president are legally elected separately, in practice they are chosen together.
The Twelfth Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College. In the [presidential election of 1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election"), [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") received a [plurality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_\(voting\) "Plurality (voting)"), but not a majority, of electoral votes cast. The election was thrown to the House, and [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") was elected president. A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay"), who had also been a candidate in the election.
Since the vice presidential candidate John Calhoun received a majority of votes, having been on the ticket for both Jackson and Adams, there was no need for the Senate to vote for a vice president.
Since 1824, aside from the occasional "faithless elector", the popular vote indirectly determines the winner of a presidential election by determining the electoral vote, as each state or district's popular vote determines its electoral college vote. Although the nationwide popular vote does not directly determine the winner of a presidential election, it does strongly correlate with who is the victor. In 54 of the 59 total elections held so far (about 91 percent), the winner of the national popular vote has also carried the Electoral College vote. The winners of the nationwide popular vote and the Electoral College vote have differed only in close elections. In highly competitive elections, candidates focus on turning out their vote in the contested swing states critical to winning an electoral college majority, so they do not try to maximize their popular vote by real or fraudulent vote increases in one-party areas.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-22)
However, candidates have failed to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a presidential election and still won. In the 1824 election, Jackson won the popular vote, but no one received a majority of electoral votes. According to the Twelfth Amendment, the House must choose the president out of the top three people in the election. Clay had come in fourth, so he threw his support to Adams, who then won. Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State, Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay. Charges of a "corrupt bargain" followed Adams through his term.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Presidential_elections_popular_votes_since_1900.png)
Comparison of the popular vote totals from 1900 to 2020.
Republican
Democratic
All other candidates together
In five presidential elections ([1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_Presidential_Election "1824 United States Presidential Election"), [1876](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election"), [1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election "1888 United States presidential election"), [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election"), and [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election")), the winner of the electoral vote lost the popular vote outright. Numerous [constitutional amendments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution "Article Five of the United States Constitution") have been submitted seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote, but none has ever successfully passed both Houses of Congress.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-23) Another alternate proposal is the [National Popular Vote Interstate Compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Popular_Vote_Interstate_Compact "National Popular Vote Interstate Compact"),[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-24) an [interstate compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_compact "Interstate compact") whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote instead of their respective statewide results.
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### Electoral Count Act of 1887
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Electoral Count Act of 1887")\]
Congress passed the [Electoral Count Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act "Electoral Count Act") in 1887 in response to the disputed [1876 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election"), in which several states submitted competing slates of electors. The law established procedures for the counting of electoral votes. It has subsequently been codified into law in [Title 3 of the United States Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 3 of the United States Code"). It also includes a "[safe harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act#Safe_harbor "Electoral Count Act")" deadline where states must finally resolve any controversies over the selection of their electors.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-CRSReport2020-25)
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| [![\[icon\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | **This section is empty.** You can help by [adding to it](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=). *(November 2024)* |
The [Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Campaign_Act "Federal Election Campaign Act") was enacted to increase disclosure of [contributions for federal campaigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States "Campaign finance in the United States"). Subsequent amendments to law require that candidates to a federal office must file a Statement of Candidacy with the [Federal Election Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission "Federal Election Commission") before they can receive contributions aggregating in excess of \$5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of \$5,000. Thus, this began a trend of presidential candidates declaring their intentions to run as early as the spring of the preceding calendar year so they can start raising and spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-WAPOST20150403-14)
There is no provision for the role of political parties in the U.S. Constitution, since the [Founding Fathers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States "Founding Fathers of the United States") did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan. Thus, the first president, [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington"), was elected as an [independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician "Independent politician"). Since the emergence of the American [two-party system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_system "Two-party system"), and the election of Washington's successor, [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams"), in [1796](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election "1796 United States presidential election"), all winners of U.S. presidential elections have represented one of two major parties.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-26)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-27) [Third parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_\(United_States\) "Third party (United States)") have taken second place only twice, in [1860](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election "1860 United States presidential election") and [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election "1912 United States presidential election"). The last time a third (independent) candidate achieved significant success (although still finishing in third place) was [Ross Perot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot "Ross Perot") in [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election "1992 United States presidential election"), and the last time a third-party candidate received any electoral votes not from [faithless electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector "Faithless elector") was [George Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace "George Wallace") in [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election "1968 United States presidential election").
### Primaries, caucuses, and nominating conventions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Primaries, caucuses, and nominating conventions")\]
In the first two presidential elections, the Electoral College handled both the nominations and elections in [1789](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election") and [1792](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election "1792 United States presidential election") that selected Washington. Starting with the [1796 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election "1796 United States presidential election"), congressional party or a state legislature party [caucus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus "Caucus") selected the party's presidential candidates.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-28) That system collapsed in 1824, and since 1832 the preferred mechanism for nomination has been a [national convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention "United States presidential nominating convention").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-29) Delegates to the national convention were usually selected at state conventions whose own delegates were chosen by district conventions. Sometimes they were dominated by intrigue between [political bosses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_boss "Political boss") who controlled delegates; the national convention was far from democratic or transparent.
[Progressive Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era "Progressive Era") reformers then looked to the [primary election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_primary "Partisan primary") as a way to measure popular opinion of candidates, as opposed to the opinion of the bosses. Florida enacted the first presidential primary in 1901. The Wisconsin direct open primary of 1905 was the first to eliminate the caucus and mandate direct selection of national convention delegates. In 1910, Oregon became the first state to establish a presidential preference primary, which requires delegates to the National Convention to support the winner of the primary at the convention. The impetus for national adoption of the binding primary election was the [1968 Democratic National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention "1968 Democratic National Convention"). Vice President [Hubert Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey") secured the presidential nomination despite not winning a single primary under his own name. After this, a [Democratic National Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee "Democratic National Committee")\-commissioned panel led by Senator [George McGovern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern "George McGovern") – the [McGovern–Fraser Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGovern%E2%80%93Fraser_Commission "McGovern–Fraser Commission") – recommended that states adopt new rules to assure wider participation. A large number of states, faced with the need to conform to more detailed rules for the selection of national delegates in 1972, chose a presidential primary as an easier way to come into compliance with the new national Democratic Party rules. The result was that many more future delegates would be selected by a state presidential primary. The Republicans also adopted many more state presidential primaries.
### Eligibility requirements
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Eligibility requirements")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg)
The hand-written copy of the [natural-born-citizen clause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause "Natural-born-citizen clause") as it appeared in 1787
[Article Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office "Article Two of the United States Constitution") of the Constitution stipulates that for a person to serve as president, the individual must be a [natural-born citizen of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause "Natural-born-citizen clause"), at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years. A candidate may start running their campaign early before turning 35 years old or completing 14 years of residency, but must meet the age and residency requirements by [Inauguration Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration "United States presidential inauguration").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-30) The [Twenty-second Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution") to the Constitution also sets a [term limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limit "Term limit"): a president cannot be elected to more than two terms.
The U.S. Constitution also has two provisions that apply to all [federal officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_United_States "Officer of the United States") appointed by the president, and debatably also to the presidency. When Senator Barack Obama was elected president a legal debate concluded that the president was not an "office under the United States"[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-31) for many reasons, but most significantly because [Article I, Section 3, Clause 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_7:_Judgment_in_cases_of_impeachment;_Punishment_on_conviction "Article One of the United States Constitution") would violate the legal principle of [surplusage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplusage "Surplusage") if the president were also a civil officer. There exists no case law to resolve the debate however public opinion seems to favor that the presidency is also bound by the following qualifications:
Upon conviction at impeachment, the Senate may vote to disqualify that person from holding any "public office... under the United States" in the future. [Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Participants_in_rebellion "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") prohibits the election to any federal office of any person who engaged in insurrection after having held any federal or state office, rebellion or treason; this disqualification can be waived if such an individual gains the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress.
In addition, the Twelfth Amendment establishes that the vice president must meet all the qualifications of being a president.
Although not a mandatory requirement, Federal campaign finance laws including the [Federal Election Campaign Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Campaign_Act "Federal Election Campaign Act") state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of \$5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of \$5,000, among others, must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the [Federal Election Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission "Federal Election Commission").[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-32) This has led presidential candidates, especially members from the two major political parties, to officially announce their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising or spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-WAPOST20150403-14) Potential candidates usually form [exploratory committees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_committee "Exploratory committee") even earlier to determine the feasibility of them actually running.
### Decentralized election system and voter eligibility
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Decentralized election system and voter eligibility")\]
The U.S. presidential election process, like all other [elections in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States "Elections in the United States"), is a highly decentralized system.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-NCSL-2) While the [U.S. Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States "Constitution of the United States") does set parameters for the election of the president and other federal officials, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of elections in the U.S., including the primaries, the eligibility of voters (beyond the basic constitutional definition), and the specific details of running each state's electoral college meeting. All elections, including federal, are administered by the individual states.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-whitehouse-3)
Thus, the presidential election is really an amalgamation of separate state elections instead of a single national election run by the federal government. Candidates must submit separate filings in each of the 50 states if they want to qualify on each state's ballot, and the requirements for filing vary by state.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-33)
The eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the Constitution and regulated at state level. The [15th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"), [19th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution") and [26th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution") Amendments to the Constitution state that [suffrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage "Suffrage") cannot be denied on grounds of race or color, sex, or age for citizens eighteen years or older, respectively. Beyond these basic qualifications, it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility and registration.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-whitehouse-3) And the specific requirements for voter eligibility and registration also vary by state, e.g. some states ban convicted felons from voting.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-34)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iowa_City_Caucus.jpg)
A 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in [Iowa City, Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa "Iowa City, Iowa"). The [Iowa caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_caucuses "Iowa caucuses") are traditionally the first major electoral event of presidential primaries and caucuses.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madison_Square_Garden,_February_2013.jpg)
[Madison Square Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden "Madison Square Garden") in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), the site of the 1976, 1980, and 1992 Democratic National Conventions; and the 2004 Republican National Convention
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RNC-interior-Palin-20080903.jpg)
The floor of the [2008 Republican National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention "2008 Republican National Convention") at the [Xcel Energy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy_Center "Xcel Energy Center") in [Saint Paul, Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota "Saint Paul, Minnesota")
The modern nominating process of U.S. presidential elections consists of two major parts: a series of [presidential primary elections and caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary "United States presidential primary") held in each state, and the [presidential nominating conventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention "United States presidential nominating convention") held by each [political party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party "Political party"). This process was never included in the Constitution, and thus evolved over time by the political parties to clear the field of candidates.
The [primary elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_primary "Partisan primary") are run by state and local governments, while the [caucuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus "Caucus") are organized directly by the political parties. Some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both. These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between January and June before the federal election, with [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa "Iowa") and [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire") traditionally holding the first presidential state caucus and primary, respectively.
Like the general election, presidential caucuses or primaries are indirect elections. The major political parties officially vote for their presidential candidate at their respective nominating conventions, usually all held in the summer before the federal election. Depending on each state's law and state's political party rules, when voters cast ballots for a candidate in a presidential caucus or primary, they may be voting to award delegates "bound" to vote for a candidate at the presidential nominating conventions, or they may simply be expressing an opinion that the state party is not bound to follow in selecting delegates to their respective national convention.
Unlike the general election, voters in the U.S. territories can also elect delegates to the national conventions. Furthermore, each political party can determine how many delegates to allocate to each state and territory. In 2012 for example, the [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") and [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") party conventions each used two different formulas to allocate delegates. The Democrats-based theirs on two main factors: the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the previous three presidential elections, and the number of electoral votes each state had in the Electoral College.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates-35) In contrast, the Republicans assigned to each state 10 delegates, plus three delegates per congressional district.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-greenpapersGOPDelegates-36) Both parties then gave a fixed number of delegates to each territory, and finally bonus delegates to states and territories that passed certain criteria.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-greenpapersDEMDelegates-35)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-greenpapersGOPDelegates-36)
Along with delegates chosen during primaries and caucuses, state and U.S. territory delegations to both the Democratic and Republican party conventions also include "unpledged" delegates who have a vote. For Republicans, they consist of the three top party officials from each state and territory. Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called "[superdelegates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdelegate "Superdelegate")", who are party leaders and elected officials.
Each party's presidential candidate also chooses a vice presidential nominee to run with him or her on the same [ticket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_\(election\) "Ticket (election)"), and this choice is rubber-stamped by the convention.
If no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates (including both pledged and unpledged), then a "[brokered convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_convention "Brokered convention")" results. All pledged delegates are then "released" and can switch their allegiance to a different candidate. Thereafter, the nomination is decided through a process of alternating political [horse trading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trading "Horse trading"), and additional rounds of re-votes.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-37)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-38)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-39)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-40)
The conventions have historically been held inside [convention centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_center "Convention center"), but since the late 20th century both the Democratic and Republican parties have favored [sports arenas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena "Arena") and domed stadiums to accommodate the increasing attendance.
One major component of getting elected to any office is running a successful campaign. There are, however, multiple ways to go about creating a successful campaign. Several strategies are employed by candidates from both sides of the political spectrum. Though the ideas may differ the goal of them all are the same, "...to mobilize supporters and persuade undecided voters..." (Sides et al., pg. 126 para, 2).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Sides,_John-41)
The goal of any campaign strategy is to create an effective path to victory for the intended candidate. Joel Bradshaw is a political scientist who has four propositions necessary to develop such a strategy. The first one being, the separation of the eligible voters into three groups: Undecided voters, opponent voters, and your voting base. Second, is the utilization of previous election results and survey data that can be used to identify who falls into the categories given in section one. Third, it is not essential, nor possible to get the support of every voter in an election. The campaign focus should be held mostly to keeping the base and using data to determine how to swing the undecided voters. Fourth, now that the campaign has identified the ideal base strategy, it is now time to allocate resources properly to make sure your strategy is fulfilled to its extent, (Sides et al. pg. 126, para 4, and pg. 127, para 1).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Sides,_John-41)
Campaign tactics are also an essential part of any strategy and rely mostly on the campaign's resources and the way they use them to advertise. Most candidates draw on a wide variety of tactics in the hopes to flood all forms of media, though they do not always have the finances. The most expensive form of advertising is running ads on broadcast television and is the best way to reach the largest number of potential voters. This tactic does have its drawback, however, as it is the most expensive form of advertisement. Even though it reaches the largest number of potential voters it is not the most effective way of swaying voters. The most effective way is believed to be through personal contact as many political scientists agree. It is confirmed that it is much more effective than contacting potential voters by email or by phone, (Sides et al., pg. 147 para, 2, 3).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Sides,_John-41) These are just some of the wide variety of tactics used in campaigns.
### The popular vote on Election Day
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: The popular vote on Election Day")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larsz_-_US_election_08_\(by-sa\).jpg)
A Texas voter about to mark a selection for president on a ballot, 2008 Election Day
Under the United States Constitution, the manner of choosing electors for the Electoral College is determined by each state's legislature. Although each state designates electors by popular vote, other methods are allowed. For instance, instead of having a popular vote, a number of states used to select presidential electors by a direct vote of the state legislature itself.
However, federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day, which is "the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November,"[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-UnitedStatesCode|3|1-11) i.e., a Tuesday no earlier than November 2 and no later than November 8\.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-42) Today, the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on [Election Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_\(United_States\) "Election Day (United States)") to help determine their respective slate of electors.
Generally, voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice. The presidential ballot is a vote "for the electors of a candidate", meaning the voter is not voting for the candidate, but endorsing a slate of electors pledged to vote for a specific presidential and vice presidential candidate.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-43)
Many voting ballots allow a voter to "blanket vote" for all candidates in a particular [political party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States "List of political parties in the United States") or to select individual candidates on a line by line voting system. Which candidates appear on the voting ticket is determined through a legal process known as [ballot access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_access_in_the_United_States "Ballot access in the United States"). Usually, the size of the candidate's political party and the results of the major nomination conventions determine who is pre-listed on the presidential ballot. Thus, the presidential election ticket will not list every candidate running for president, but only those who have secured a major party nomination or whose size of their political party warrants having been formally listed. Laws allow other candidates pre-listed on a ticket, provided enough voters have endorsed that candidate, usually through a signature list.
The final way to be elected for president is to have one's name written in at the time of election as a [write-in candidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-in_candidate "Write-in candidate"). This method is used for candidates who did not fulfill the legal requirements to be pre-listed on the voting ticket. However, since a slate of electors must be associated with these candidates to vote for them (and someone for vice president) in the electoral college in the event they win the presidential election in a state, most states require a slate of electors be designated before the election in order for a write-in candidate to win, essentially meaning that most write-in votes do not count.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-44) In any event, a write-in candidate has never won an election in a state for president of the United States. Write-in votes are also used by voters to express a distaste for the listed candidates, by writing in an alternative candidate for president such as [Mickey Mouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse "Mickey Mouse") or comedian [Stephen Colbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Colbert "Stephen Colbert") (whose application was voted down by the South Carolina Democratic Party).
Because U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College, U.S. citizens in those areas do not vote in the general election for president. [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam "Guam") has held [straw polls for president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Guam "United States presidential straw polls in Guam") since the 1980 election to draw attention to this fact.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-guammove-45)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2024.svg)
Electoral College map showing results of the [2024 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election"). [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") won the popular vote in 31 states (red) and in [Maine's 2nd congressional district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine%27s_2nd_congressional_district "Maine's 2nd congressional district") to capture 312 electoral votes. [Democrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") won the popular vote in 19 states (blue) plus D.C. and in [Nebraska's 2nd congressional district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska%27s_2nd_congressional_district "Nebraska's 2nd congressional district") to capture 226 electoral votes.
Most state laws establish a winner-take-all system, wherein the ticket that wins a [plurality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting "Plurality voting") of votes wins all of that state's allocated electoral votes, and thus has their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College. [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine "Maine") and [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska") do not use this method, giving two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district instead.
Each state's winning slate of electors then meets at their respective state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December to cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president. Although Electoral College members can vote for anyone under the U.S. Constitution, 32 [states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state") plus the [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia "District of Columbia") have laws against [faithless electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector "Faithless elector"),[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-46)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-47) those electors who do not cast their electoral votes for the person for whom they have pledged to vote. The [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "Supreme Court of the United States") ruled unanimously in the case *[Chiafalo v. Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiafalo_v._Washington "Chiafalo v. Washington")* on July 6, 2020, that the constitution does not prevent states from penalizing or replacing faithless electors.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electoral-College_DEC2024_8241_\(54211916726\).jpg)
An elector from [Washington state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_state "Washington state") casts their ballot following the [2024 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election").
In early January, the total Electoral College vote count is opened by the sitting vice president, acting in his or her capacity as [president of the Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate#United_States "President of the Senate"), and read aloud to a [joint session](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress "Joint session of the United States Congress") of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president. Members of Congress are free to object to any or all of a state's electoral vote count, provided that the objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress. If such an objection is submitted, both houses of Congress adjourn to their respective chambers to debate and vote on the objection. The approval of both houses of Congress is required to invalidate those electoral votes in question.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-CRS_Electoral_Votes-48)
If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote (at least 270), the president is determined by the rules outlined by the [Twelfth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution"). Specifically, the selection of president would then be decided by a [contingent election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_election "Contingent election") in a ballot of the House of Representatives. For the purposes of electing the president, each state has only one vote. A ballot of the Senate is held to choose the vice president. In this ballot, each senator has one vote. The House has chosen the victor of the presidential race only twice, in [1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election") and [1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election"); the Senate has chosen the victor of the vice-presidential race only once, in [1836](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election "1836 United States presidential election").
If the president is not chosen by Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect acts as president. If neither are chosen by then, Congress by law determines who shall act as president, pursuant to the [Twentieth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution").
Unless there are faithless electors, disputes, or other controversies, the events in December and January mentioned above are largely a formality since the winner can be determined based on the state-by-state popular vote results. Between the general election and Inauguration Day, this apparent winner is referred to as the "[president-elect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States "President-elect of the United States")" (unless it is a sitting president who has won re-election).
The typical periods of the presidential election process are as follows, with the dates corresponding to the 2024 general election:
- Late 2022 to early 2023 – Candidates announce their intentions to run, and (if necessary) file their Statement of Candidacy with the [Federal Election Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission "Federal Election Commission")
- June 2023 to January 2024 – Primary and caucus debates
- January to June 2024 – Primaries and caucuses
- Late May to August 2024 – Nominating conventions (including those of the minor third parties)
- September and October 2024 – [Presidential election debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates "United States presidential debates")
- November 5, 2024 – [Election Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_\(United_States\) "Election Day (United States)")
- December 17, 2024 – Electors cast their electoral votes
- January 6, 2025 – Congress counts and certifies the electoral votes
- January 20, 2025 - [Presidential inauguration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration "United States presidential inauguration")
### Previous experience
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Previous experience")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart,_John_Adams,_c._1800-1815,_NGA_42933.jpg)
[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") was the first of 26 presidents who have been lawyers.
Among the 45 persons who have served as president, only [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") had never held a position in either government or the military prior to taking office.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-49) The only previous experience [Zachary Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor "Zachary Taylor"), [Ulysses S. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant"), and [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") had was in the military. [Herbert Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover") previously served as the [Secretary of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce "United States Secretary of Commerce"). Everyone else served in elected public office before becoming president, such as being vice president, a member of Congress, or a state or territorial governor.
Fifteen presidents also served as vice president. Six of them – [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") ([1796](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election "1796 United States presidential election")), [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") ([1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election")), [Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren") ([1836](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election "1836 United States presidential election")), [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") ([1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election "1968 United States presidential election")), [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") ([1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election "1988 United States presidential election")), and [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") ([2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election")) – began their first term after winning an election. The remaining nine began their first term as president according to the [presidential line of succession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession "United States presidential line of succession") after the intra-term death or resignation of their predecessor. Of these, [Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt"), [Calvin Coolidge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge"), [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman"), and [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") were subsequently elected to a full term of their own, while [John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler"), [Millard Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore "Millard Fillmore"), [Andrew Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson "Andrew Johnson"), [Chester A. Arthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur "Chester A. Arthur"), and [Gerald Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") were not. Ford's accession to the presidency is unique in American history in that he became vice president through the process prescribed by the [Twenty-fifth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution") rather than by winning an election, thus making him the only U.S. president to not have been elected to either office.
Sixteen presidents had previously served in the U.S. Senate, including four of the five who served between 1945 and 1974. However, only three were incumbent senators at the time they were elected president ([Warren G. Harding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding "Warren G. Harding") in [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election "1920 United States presidential election"), [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") in [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election "1960 United States presidential election"), and [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") in [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election")). Eighteen presidents had earlier served in the House of Representatives. However, only one was a sitting representative when elected to the presidency ([James A. Garfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield "James A. Garfield") in [1880](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election "1880 United States presidential election")).
Four of the last seven presidents ([Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter"), [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan"), [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") and [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")) have been governors of a state. Geographically, these presidents were from either very large states (Reagan from [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California"), Bush from [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas "Texas")) or from a state south of the [Mason–Dixon line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line "Mason–Dixon line") and east of Texas (Carter from [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)"), Clinton from [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas "Arkansas")). In all, sixteen presidents have been former governors, including seven who were incumbent governors at the time of their election to the presidency.
The most common job experience, occupation or profession of U.S. presidents has been lawyer;[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-50) 26 presidents had served as attorneys. Twenty-two presidents were also in the military. Eight presidents had served as Cabinet Secretaries, with five of the six presidents who served between 1801 and 1841 having held the office of [U.S. Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State").
After leaving office, one president, [William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft"), served as [Chief Justice of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States "Chief Justice of the United States"). Two others later served in Congress – John Quincy Adams in the House and Andrew Johnson in the Senate.
### Technology and media
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Technology and media")\]
Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 "Daisy" advertisement
Advances in technology and media have also affected presidential campaigns. The invention of radio and then television gave way to reliance upon national political advertisements such as Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 "[Daisy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_\(advertisement\) "Daisy (advertisement)")", Ronald Reagan's 1984 "[Morning in America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_in_America "Morning in America")", and George H. W. Bush's 1988 "[Revolving Door](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolving_Door_\(advertisement\) "Revolving Door (advertisement)")", all of which became major factors. In 1992, George H. W. Bush's promise of "[Read my lips: no new taxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes "Read my lips: no new taxes")" was extensively used in the commercials of Bill Clinton and Bush's other opponents with significant effect during the campaign.
Since the development of the internet in the mid-90s, [Internet activism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_activism "Internet activism") has also become an invaluable component of presidential campaigns, especially since 2000. The internet was first used in the 1996 presidential elections, but primarily as a brochure for the candidate online.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Pollard,_Chesebro_&_Studinski_2009-51) It was only used by a few candidates and there is no evidence of any major effect on the outcomes of that election cycle.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Pollard,_Chesebro_&_Studinski_2009-51)
In 2000, both candidates (George W. Bush and [Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore")) created, maintained, and updated campaign websites. But it was not until the 2004 presidential election cycle was the potential value of the internet seen. By the summer of 2003, ten people competing in the 2004 presidential election had developed campaign websites.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Endres-52) [Howard Dean's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean_2004_presidential_campaign "Howard Dean 2004 presidential campaign") campaign website from that year was considered a model for all future campaign websites. His website played a significant role in his overall campaign strategy.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Endres-52) It allowed his supporters to read about his campaign platform and provide feedback, donate, get involved with the campaign, and connect with other supporters.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Pollard,_Chesebro_&_Studinski_2009-51) A [Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_\(company\) "Gallup (company)") poll from January 2004 revealed that 49 percent of Americans have used the internet to get information about candidates, and 28 percent said they use the internet to get this information frequently.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Pollard,_Chesebro_&_Studinski_2009-51)
Use of the [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet "Internet") for [grassroots fundraising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_fundraising "Grassroots fundraising") by US presidential candidates such as [Howard Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean "Howard Dean"), [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama"), [Ron Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul "Ron Paul") and [Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") established it as an effective political tool. In 2016, the use of [social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media "Social media") was a key part of [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") campaign. Trump and his opinions were established as constantly "trending" by posting multiple times per day, and his strong online influence was constantly reinforced.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-diggit-53) Internet channels such as [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") were used by candidates to share speeches and ads and to attack candidates by uploading videos of gaffes.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Pollard,_Chesebro_&_Studinski_2009-51)
A study done by the [Pew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew "Pew") Internet & American Life Project in conjunction with Princeton Survey Research Associates in November 2010 shows that 54% of adults in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") used the internet to get information about the [2010 midterm elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_elections "2010 United States elections") and about specific candidates. This represents 73% of adult internet users. The study also showed that 22 percent of adult internet users used [social networking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites "List of social networking websites") sites or [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") to get information about and discuss the elections and 26 percent of all adults used cell phones to learn about or participate in campaigns.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-54)
E-campaigning, as it has come to be called, is subject to very little regulation. On March 26, 2006, the [Federal Election Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission "Federal Election Commission") voted unanimously to "not regulate political communication on the Internet, including emails, blogs and the creating of Web sites".[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Bimbaum-55) This decision made only paid political ads placed on websites subject to campaign finance limitations.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-56) A comment was made about this decision by Roger Alan Stone of Advocacy Inc. which explains this loophole in the context of a political campaign: "A wealthy individual could purchase all of the [e-mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email "Email") addresses for registered [voters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting "Voting") in a [congressional district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_district "Congressional district") ... produce an Internet video ad, and [e-mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail "E-mail") it along with a link to the campaign contribution page ... Not only would this activity not count against any contribution limits or independent expenditure requirements; it would never even need to be reported."[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Bimbaum-55)
A key part of the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") presidential campaigns is the use of media and framing. Candidates are able to frame their opponents and current issues in ways to affect the way voters will see events and the other presidential candidates.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-:0-57) This is known as "priming". For example, during the [2016 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") successfully influenced the way voters thought about [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton"), by encouraging voters to think of Clinton as "Crooked Hillary" or a "[Nasty woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasty_woman "Nasty woman")".[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-:1-58) The media, and Trump, tended to focus on what was presented as her [email scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_email_controversy "Hillary Clinton email controversy"), and when voters thought about her that is what came to mind. Trump played into voters' anti-government interests, while Clinton appealed to the future of the country for the better of future children.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-59) Trump was unexpectedly successful at connecting to what a huge portion of Americans perceived as their interests. It was not always Clinton's strong point, but that may not have been her fault. Americans vote based on whether they feel the country is in a time of gain or a time of loss.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-:0-57) Trump's campaign slogan, "[Make America Great Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again "Make America Great Again")", made Americans feel like the country was in a time of loss, willing to take a risk on voting for a candidate without political experience.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-:0-57) Trump was convincing with his anti-everything rhetoric, and his message reached the electorate with the help of the media. Over half of the media coverage on Trump was focused on where he stood in the race, while only 12% focused on issues, stances, and political beliefs (including problematic comments).[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-:1-58)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GOP_Primaries_2012_Calendar.svg)
2012 Republican primaries and caucuses calendar.
| | |
|---|---|
| January 2012 (4) February 2012 (7) March 2012 (23) | April 2012 (9) May 2012 (7) June 2012 (6) |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swing_states_2012.svg)
2012 swing states, where the margin of victory was eight percentage points or fewer.
States won by Democrat Barack Obama by 4–8 percentage points
States won by Democrat [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") by 0–4 percentage points
States won by Republican [Mitt Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") by 0–4 percentage points
States won by Republican Mitt Romney by 4-8 percentage points
The presidential election process is controversial, with critics arguing that it is inherently undemocratic, and discourages voter participation and turnout in many areas of the country. Because of the staggered nature of the primary season, voters in Iowa, New Hampshire and other small states which traditionally hold their primaries and caucuses first in January usually have a major impact on the races. Campaign activity, media attention, and voter participation are usually higher in these states, as the candidates attempt to build momentum and generate a [bandwagon effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwagon_effect "Bandwagon effect") in these early primaries. Conversely, voters in California and other large states which traditionally hold their primaries last in June usually end up having no say in who the presidential candidates will be. The races are usually over by then, and thus the campaigns, the media, and voters have little incentive to participate in these late primaries. As a result, more states vie for earlier primaries to claim a greater influence in the process. However, compressing the primary calendar in this way limits the ability of lesser-known candidates to effectively corral resources and raise their visibility among voters, especially when competing with better-known candidates who have more financial resources and the institutional backing of their party's establishment. Primary and caucus reform proposals include a [National Primary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_primary "National primary") held on a single day; or the [Interregional Primary Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregional_Primary_Plan "Interregional Primary Plan"), where states would be grouped into six regions, and each region would rotate every election on who would hold their primaries first.
With the primary races usually over before June, the political conventions have mostly become scripted, ceremonial affairs. As the drama has left the conventions, and complaints grown that they were scripted and dull pep rallies, public interest and viewership has fallen off. After having offered gavel-to-gavel coverage of the major party conventions in the mid-20th century, the [Big Three television networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_television_networks "Big Three television networks") now devote only approximately three hours of coverage (one hour per night).
Critics also argue that the Electoral College is archaic and inherently undemocratic. With all states, except Maine and Nebraska, using a winner-takes-all system, most of the states' seats are allocated ina blocks to either the Democratic or the Republican candidate and in all but a few states the citizens predominantly and perennially vote for the Democratic Party or the Republican Party (and even in Maine and Nebraska, most of the state seats have historically gone to the Democratic Party or the Republican Party, respectively). This encourages presidential candidates to focus much more time, money, and energy campaigning in a few so-called "[swing states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_state "Swing state")", states in which no single candidate or party has overwhelming support. Such swing states (Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin) are inundated with campaign visits, saturation television advertising, get-out-the-vote efforts by party organizers, and debates. Meanwhile, candidates and political parties have no incentive to mount nationwide campaign efforts, or work to increase voter turnout, in predominantly Democratic Party "safe states" like California, Illinois or New York or predominantly Republican Party "safe states" like Wyoming, Alabama or Utah. In practice, the winner-takes-all system also both reinforces the country's [two-party system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_system "Two-party system") and decreases the importance of [third and minor political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_\(United_States\) "Third party (United States)").[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-60) Furthermore, a candidate can win the electoral vote without securing the greatest amount of the national popular vote, such as during the [1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election"), [1876](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election"), [1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election "1888 United States presidential election"), [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election") and [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") elections. It would even be possible in theory to secure the necessary 270 electoral votes from only the twelve most populous states[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-61) and ignore the rest of the country.
### Proposed changes to the election process
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Proposed changes to the election process")\]
In 1844, Representative [Samuel F. Vinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Finley_Vinton "Samuel Finley Vinton") of Ohio proposed an amendment to the constitution that would replace the electoral college system with a lot system. The Joint Resolution called for each state to elect, by a simple majority, a presidential candidate of said state. Each state would notify Congress of the presidential election results. Congress would then inscribe the name of every state on uniform balls, equal to the number of said state's members of Congress, and deposit into a box. In a joint session of Congress, a ball would be drawn, and the elected candidate of the state of which is written on the drawn ball would be named president. A second ball would immediately be drawn after, and that state's candidate would be named vice president. The resolution did not pass the House. Representative Vinton proposed an identical amendment in 1846. Again, it was unsuccessful. The driving force behind the introduction of the resolution is unclear, as there is no recorded debate for either proposal.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-62)
The [Every Vote Counts Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment "Electoral College abolition amendment"), another proposed constitutional amendment, would replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote, which proponents argue would increase turnout and participation.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-everyvotecounts-63) One proposal that would not require Congressional authorization is the [National Popular Vote Interstate Compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Popular_Vote_Interstate_Compact "National Popular Vote Interstate Compact"), an [interstate compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_compact "Interstate compact") whereby individual participating states would agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote, instead of their respective statewide results.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-64)
Another proposal is for every state to adopt the District system used by Maine and Nebraska: give two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-everyvotecounts-63)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-65) The Proportional Plan, often compared to the District Plan, would distribute electoral votes in each state in proportion to the popular vote, increasing the number of electors allocated to third parties.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-66)
The Automatic Plan would replace the Electors with an automatic tallying of votes to eliminate the possibility of a faithless elector affecting the outcome of the election.
The House Plan is another proposed constitutional amendment to allocate electors based on the House apportionment alone to lessen small state advantage.
## Electoral college results
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Electoral college results")\]
This is a table of electoral college results. Included are candidates who received at least one electoral vote or at least five percent of the popular vote.
[Faithless electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_electors "Faithless electors") and [unpledged electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_electors "Unpledged electors") are denoted by a pink background.
| Year | Party | Presidential candidate | Vice presidential candidate | Popular vote | % | Electoral votes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [1788](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election") | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(politician\) "Independent (politician)") | **[George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington")** | *None*[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-67) | 43,782 | 100\.0% | 69 / 138 | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | **[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams")**[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-adams-68) | N/A | N/A | 34 / 138 | | | |
| [John Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay "John Jay") | 9 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [Robert H. Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Harrison "Robert H. Harrison") | 6 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [John Rutledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rutledge "John Rutledge") | 6 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [John Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock "John Hancock") | 4 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [Anti-Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Administration_Party "Anti-Administration Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | 3 / 138 | | | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Samuel Huntington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_\(statesman\) "Samuel Huntington (statesman)") | 2 / 138 | | | | | |
| [John Milton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_\(Georgia_politician\) "John Milton (Georgia politician)") | 2 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [James Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Armstrong_\(Georgia\) "James Armstrong (Georgia)") | 1 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [Benjamin Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln "Benjamin Lincoln") | 1 / 138 | | | | | | |
| [Anti-Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Administration_Party "Anti-Administration Party") | [Edward Telfair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Telfair "Edward Telfair") | 1 / 138 | | | | | |
| [1792](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election "1792 United States presidential election") | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(politician\) "Independent (politician)") | **[George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington")** | 28,579 | 100\.0% | 132 / 264 | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | **[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams")**[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-adams-68) | N/A | N/A | 77 / 264 | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | 50 / 264 | | | | | |
| [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") | 4 / 264 | | | | | | |
| [Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr") | 1 / 264 | | | | | | |
| [1796](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election "1796 United States presidential election") | [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | **[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams")** | 35,726 | 53\.4% | 71 / 276 | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson")**[\[d\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-69) | 31,115 | 46\.6% | 68 / 276 | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Thomas Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney "Thomas Pinckney") | N/A | N/A | 59 / 276 | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr") | 30 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Samuel Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams "Samuel Adams") | 15 / 276 | | | | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Oliver Ellsworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth "Oliver Ellsworth") | 11 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | 7 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay "John Jay") | 5 / 276 | | | | | |
| [James Iredell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Iredell "James Iredell") | 3 / 276 | | | | | | |
| [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_\(politician\) "Independent (politician)") | [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington") | 2 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [John Henry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_\(Maryland_politician\) "John Henry (Maryland politician)") | 2 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Samuel Johnston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnston "Samuel Johnston") | 2 / 276 | | | | | |
| [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney") | 1 / 276 | | | | | | |
| [1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson")** | **[Aaron Burr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr "Aaron Burr")**[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-breakdown-70) | 41,330 | 61\.4% | 73 / 276 | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") | [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney")[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-breakdown-70) | 25,952 | 38\.6% | 64 / 276 | | |
| [John Jay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay "John Jay")[\[e\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-breakdown-70) | 1 / 276 | | | | | | |
| [1804](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election "1804 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson")** | **[George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)")** | 104,110 | 72\.8% | 162 / 176 | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney") | [Rufus King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King "Rufus King") | 38,919 | 27\.2% | 14 / 176 | | |
| [1808](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election "1808 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison")** | **[George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)")** | 124,732 | 64\.7% | 113 / 176 | [\[f\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-71) |
| [John Langdon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langdon_\(politician\) "John Langdon (politician)") | 9 / 176 | | | | | | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Charles Cotesworth Pinckney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney") | [Rufus King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King "Rufus King") | 62,431 | 32\.4% | 47 / 176 | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | [George Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_\(vice_president\) "George Clinton (vice president)") | [James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison") | N/A | N/A | 3 / 176 | [\[g\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-72) | |
| [James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe") | 3 / 176 | | | | | | |
| [1812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election "1812 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison "James Madison")** | **[Elbridge Gerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry "Elbridge Gerry")** | 140,431 | 50\.4% | 128 / 217 | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party")/ [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party")[\[h\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-73) | [DeWitt Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton "DeWitt Clinton") | [Jared Ingersoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll "Jared Ingersoll") | 132,781 | 47\.6% | 86 / 217 | [\[i\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-74) | |
| **[Elbridge Gerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry "Elbridge Gerry")** | 3 / 217 | | | | | | |
| [1816](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election "1816 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe")** | **[Daniel D. Tompkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins "Daniel D. Tompkins")** | 76,592 | 68\.2% | 183 / 217 | |
| [Federalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") | [Rufus King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_King "Rufus King") | [John Eager Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eager_Howard "John Eager Howard") | 34,740 | 30\.9% | 22 / 217 | [\[j\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-75) | |
| [James Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ross_\(Pennsylvania_politician\) "James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)") | 5 / 217 | | | | | | |
| [John Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall "John Marshall") | 4 / 217 | | | | | | |
| [Robert Goodloe Harper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goodloe_Harper "Robert Goodloe Harper") | 3 / 217 | | | | | | |
| [1820](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election "1820 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") | **[James Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe "James Monroe")** | **[Daniel D. Tompkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins "Daniel D. Tompkins")** | 87,343 | 80\.6% | 218 / 232 | [\[k\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-76) |
| [Richard Stockton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stockton_\(U.S._senator\) "Richard Stockton (U.S. senator)") (F) | 8 / 232 | | | | | | |
| [Daniel Rodney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rodney "Daniel Rodney") (F) | 4 / 232 | | | | | | |
| [Robert Goodloe Harper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goodloe_Harper "Robert Goodloe Harper") (F) | 1 / 232 | | | | | | |
| [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") | [Richard Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rush "Richard Rush") (F) | N/A | N/A | 1 / 232 | [\[l\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-77) | | |
| [1824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election "1824 United States presidential election") | [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") ([Adams faction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Party "National Republican Party")) | **[John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams")**[\[m\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-78) | **[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 113,122 | 30\.9% | 74 / 261 | [\[n\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-79) |
| [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") | 9 / 261 | | | | | | |
| N/A | 1 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") ([Jackson faction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy "Jacksonian democracy")) | [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") | **[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 151,271 | 41\.4% | 99 / 261 | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") (Crawford faction) | [William H. Crawford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Crawford "William H. Crawford") | [Nathaniel Macon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon "Nathaniel Macon") | 40,856 | 11\.2% | 24 / 261 | [\[o\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-80) | |
| [Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren") | 9 / 261 | | | | | | |
| **[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 2 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") | 2 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Nathan Sanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Sanford "Nathan Sanford") | 2 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") | 1 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Democratic-Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") (Clay faction) | [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") | [Nathan Sanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Sanford "Nathan Sanford") | 47,531 | 13\.0% | 28 / 261 | [\[p\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-81) | |
| **[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 7 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson") | 3 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [1828](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election "1828 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson")** | **[John C. Calhoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun "John C. Calhoun")** | 642,553 | 56\.0% | 171 / 261 | [\[q\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-82) |
| [William Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_\(South_Carolina_senator\) "William Smith (South Carolina senator)") | 7 / 261 | | | | | | |
| [National Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Party "National Republican Party") | [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") | [Richard Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rush "Richard Rush") | 500,897 | 43\.6% | 83 / 261 | | |
| [1832](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election "1832 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Andrew Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson "Andrew Jackson")** | **[Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren")** | 701,780 | 54\.2% | 189 / 286 | [\[r\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-83) |
| [William Wilkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilkins_\(U.S._politician\) "William Wilkins (U.S. politician)") | 30 / 286 | | | | | | |
| [National Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Party "National Republican Party") | [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") | [John Sergeant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sergeant_\(politician\) "John Sergeant (politician)") | 484,205 | 37\.4% | 49 / 286 | | |
| [Nullifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullifier_Party "Nullifier Party") | [John Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Floyd_\(Virginia_politician\) "John Floyd (Virginia politician)") | [Henry Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lee_\(economist\) "Henry Lee (economist)") | N/A | N/A | 11 / 286 | [\[s\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-sc-84) | |
| [Anti-Masonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party "Anti-Masonic Party") | [William Wirt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wirt_\(Attorney_General\) "William Wirt (Attorney General)") | [Amos Ellmaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Ellmaker "Amos Ellmaker") | 100,715 | 7\.8% | 7 / 286 | | |
| [1836](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election "1836 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren")** | **[Richard Mentor Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson "Richard Mentor Johnson")** | 763,291 | 50\.8% | 147 / 294 | [\[t\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-85) |
| [William Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_\(South_Carolina_senator\) "William Smith (South Carolina senator)") | 23 / 294 | | | | | | |
| [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [William Henry Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison") | [Francis Granger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Granger "Francis Granger") | 549,907 | 36\.6% | 63 / 294 | [\[u\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-86) | |
| [John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler") | 10 / 294 | | | | | | |
| [Hugh L. White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White "Hugh Lawson White") | [John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler") | 146,107 | 9\.7% | 26 / 294 | | | |
| [Daniel Webster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster "Daniel Webster") | [Francis Granger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Granger "Francis Granger") | 41,201 | 2\.7% | 14 / 294 | | | |
| [Willie Person Mangum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Person_Mangum "Willie Person Mangum") | [John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler") | N/A | N/A | 11 / 294 | [\[s\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-sc-84) | | |
| [1840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election "1840 United States presidential election") | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | **[William Henry Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison "William Henry Harrison")** | **[John Tyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler "John Tyler")** | 1,275,390 | 52\.9% | 234 / 294 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Martin Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren "Martin Van Buren") | [Richard Mentor Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson "Richard Mentor Johnson") | 1,128,854 | 46\.8% | 48 / 294 | [\[v\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-87) | |
| [Littleton W. Tazewell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton_W._Tazewell "Littleton W. Tazewell") | 11 / 294 | | | | | | |
| [James K. Polk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk "James K. Polk") | 1 / 294 | | | | | | |
| [1844](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election "1844 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[James K. Polk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk "James K. Polk")** | **[George M. Dallas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Dallas "George M. Dallas")** | 1,339,494 | 49\.5% | 170 / 275 | |
| [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [Henry Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay "Henry Clay") | [Theodore Frelinghuysen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen "Theodore Frelinghuysen") | 1,300,004 | 48\.1% | 105 / 275 | | |
| [1848](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election "1848 United States presidential election") | [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | **[Zachary Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor "Zachary Taylor")** | **[Millard Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore "Millard Fillmore")** | 1,361,393 | 47\.3% | 163 / 290 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Lewis Cass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass "Lewis Cass") | [William Orlando Butler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler "William Orlando Butler") | 1,223,460 | 42\.5% | 127 / 290 | | |
| [1852](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election "1852 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin Pierce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce "Franklin Pierce")** | **[William R. King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._King "William R. King")** | 1,607,510 | 50\.8% | 254 / 296 | |
| [Whig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_\(United_States\) "Whig Party (United States)") | [Winfield Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott "Winfield Scott") | [William Alexander Graham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham "William Alexander Graham") | 1,386,942 | 43\.9% | 42 / 296 | | |
| [1856](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election "1856 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[James Buchanan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan "James Buchanan")** | **[John C. Breckinridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge "John C. Breckinridge")** | 1,836,072 | 45\.3% | 174 / 296 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [John C. Frémont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont "John C. Frémont") | [William L. Dayton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Dayton "William L. Dayton") | 1,342,345 | 33\.1% | 114 / 296 | | |
| [American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Nothing "Know Nothing") | [Millard Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore "Millard Fillmore") | [Andrew Jackson Donelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson "Andrew Jackson Donelson") | 873,053 | 21\.6% | 8 / 296 | | |
| [1860](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election "1860 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Abraham Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln")** | **[Hannibal Hamlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin "Hannibal Hamlin")** | 1,865,908 | 39\.8% | 180 / 303 | |
| [Democratic (Southern)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Democrats "Southern Democrats") | [John C. Breckinridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge "John C. Breckinridge") | [Joseph Lane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lane "Joseph Lane") | 848,019 | 18\.1% | 72 / 303 | | |
| [Constitutional Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_\(United_States\) "Constitutional Union Party (United States)") | [John Bell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_\(Tennessee_politician\) "John Bell (Tennessee politician)") | [Edward Everett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Everett "Edward Everett") | 590,901 | 12\.6% | 39 / 303 | | |
| [Democratic (Northern)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Democrats "Northern Democrats") | [Stephen A. Douglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas "Stephen A. Douglas") | [Herschel V. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson "Herschel Vespasian Johnson") | 1,380,202 | 29\.5% | 12 / 303 | | |
| [1864](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election "1864 United States presidential election") | [National Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_Party_\(United_States\) "National Union Party (United States)") | **[Abraham Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln")** (R) | **[Andrew Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson "Andrew Johnson")** (D) | 2,218,388 | 55\.0% | 212 / 233 | [\[w\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-88)[\[x\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-89) |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [George B. McClellan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan "George B. McClellan") | [George H. Pendleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Pendleton "George H. Pendleton") | 1,812,807 | 45\.0% | 21 / 233 | | |
| [1868](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election "1868 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ulysses S. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant")** | **[Schuyler Colfax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax "Schuyler Colfax")** | 3,013,650 | 52\.7% | 214 / 294 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Horatio Seymour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Seymour "Horatio Seymour") | [Francis Preston Blair Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr. "Francis Preston Blair Jr.") | 2,708,744 | 47\.3% | 80 / 294 | | |
| [1872](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election "1872 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ulysses S. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant")** | **[Henry Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilson "Henry Wilson")** | 3,598,235 | 55\.6% | 286 / 352 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Thomas A. Hendricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks "Thomas A. Hendricks") | [Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") (LR) | [\[y\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-90)2,834,761 | 43\.8% | 41 or 42 / 352 | [\[z\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-missouri-91)[\[aa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-92) | |
| [William S. Groesbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck "William S. Groesbeck") | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [George Washington Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Julian "George Washington Julian") (LR) | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [John M. Palmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Palmer_\(politician\) "John M. Palmer (politician)") (LR) | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [Liberal Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Liberal Republican Party (United States)") | [Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") | [Alfred H. Colquitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_H._Colquitt "Alfred H. Colquitt") (D) | 5 / 352 | [\[z\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-missouri-91) | | | |
| [George Washington Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Julian "George Washington Julian") | 4 or 5 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [Thomas E. Bramlette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Bramlette "Thomas E. Bramlette") (D) | 3 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [John M. Palmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Palmer_\(politician\) "John M. Palmer (politician)") | 2 or 3 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [Nathaniel P. Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks "Nathaniel P. Banks") | 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [Willis Benson Machen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Benson_Machen "Willis Benson Machen") (D) | 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [William S. Groesbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck "William S. Groesbeck") (D) | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [Horace Greeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley "Horace Greeley") | [Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") | 3 / 352 | [\[ab\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-93) | | | | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Charles J. Jenkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Jenkins "Charles J. Jenkins") | [Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") | 2 / 352 | | | | |
| [Liberal Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Liberal Republican Party (United States)") | [David Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davis_\(Supreme_Court_justice\) "David Davis (Supreme Court justice)") | [Benjamin Gratz Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown "Benjamin Gratz Brown") | 0 or 1 / 352 | [\[z\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-missouri-91)[\[ac\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-94) | | | |
| [William S. Groesbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck "William S. Groesbeck") (D) | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [George Washington Julian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Julian "George Washington Julian") | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [John M. Palmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Palmer_\(politician\) "John M. Palmer (politician)") | 0 or 1 / 352 | | | | | | |
| [1876](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Rutherford B. Hayes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes "Rutherford B. Hayes")** | **[William A. Wheeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Wheeler "William A. Wheeler")** | 4,034,142 | 47\.9% | 185 / 369 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Samuel J. Tilden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden "Samuel J. Tilden") | [Thomas A. Hendricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks "Thomas A. Hendricks") | 4,286,808 | 50\.9% | 184 / 369 | | |
| [1880](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election "1880 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[James A. Garfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield "James A. Garfield")** | **[Chester A. Arthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur "Chester A. Arthur")** | 4,446,158 | 48\.3% | 214 / 369 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Winfield Scott Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock "Winfield Scott Hancock") | [William Hayden English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hayden_English "William Hayden English") | 4,444,260 | 48\.3% | 155 / 369 | | |
| [1884](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election "1884 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland")** | **[Thomas A. Hendricks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks "Thomas A. Hendricks")** | 4,914,482 | 48\.9% | 219 / 401 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [James G. Blaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Blaine "James G. Blaine") | [John A. Logan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan "John A. Logan") | 4,856,903 | 48\.3% | 182 / 401 | | |
| [1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election "1888 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Benjamin Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison "Benjamin Harrison")** | **[Levi P. Morton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_P._Morton "Levi P. Morton")** | 5,443,892 | 47\.8% | 233 / 401 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland") | [Allen G. Thurman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman "Allen G. Thurman") | 5,534,488 | 48\.6% | 168 / 401 | | |
| [1892](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election "1892 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Grover Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland "Grover Cleveland")** | **[Adlai Stevenson I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I "Adlai Stevenson I")** | 5,553,898 | 46\.0% | 277 / 444 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Benjamin Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison "Benjamin Harrison") | [Whitelaw Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid "Whitelaw Reid") | 5,190,819 | 43\.0% | 145 / 444 | | |
| [Populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_\(United_States\) "People's Party (United States)") | [James B. Weaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Weaver "James B. Weaver") | [James G. Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Field "James G. Field") | 1,026,595 | 8\.5% | 22 / 444 | | |
| [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election "1896 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[William McKinley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley "William McKinley")** | **[Garret Hobart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garret_Hobart "Garret Hobart")** | 7,111,607 | 51\.0% | 271 / 447 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)")/[Populist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_\(United_States\) "People's Party (United States)") | [William Jennings Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan "William Jennings Bryan") | [Arthur Sewall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sewall "Arthur Sewall") (D) | 6,509,052 | 46\.7% | 149 / 447 | [\[ad\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-95) | |
| [Thomas E. Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson "Thomas E. Watson") (Pop.) | 27 / 447 | | | | | | |
| [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election "1900 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[William McKinley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley "William McKinley")** | **[Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt")** | 7,228,864 | 51\.6% | 292 / 447 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [William Jennings Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan "William Jennings Bryan") | [Adlai Stevenson I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I "Adlai Stevenson I") | 6,370,932 | 45\.5% | 155 / 447 | | |
| [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election "1904 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt")** | **[Charles W. Fairbanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks "Charles W. Fairbanks")** | 7,630,457 | 56\.4% | 336 / 476 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Alton B. Parker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_B._Parker "Alton B. Parker") | [Henry G. Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_G._Davis "Henry G. Davis") | 5,083,880 | 37\.6% | 140 / 476 | | |
| [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election "1908 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft")** | **[James S. Sherman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Sherman "James S. Sherman")** | 7,678,335 | 51\.6% | 321 / 483 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [William Jennings Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan "William Jennings Bryan") | [John W. Kern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Kern "John W. Kern") | 6,408,979 | 43\.0% | 162 / 483 | | |
| [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election "1912 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Woodrow Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson")** | **[Thomas R. Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall "Thomas R. Marshall")** | 6,296,284 | 41\.8% | 435 / 531 | |
| [Progressive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(United_States,_1912\) "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)") | [Theodore Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt") | [Hiram Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Johnson "Hiram Johnson") | 4,122,721 | 27\.4% | 88 / 531 | | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft "William Howard Taft") | [Nicholas Murray Butler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler "Nicholas Murray Butler")[\[ae\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-96) | 3,486,242 | 23\.2% | 8 / 531 | | |
| [1916](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election "1916 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Woodrow Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson")** | **[Thomas R. Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall "Thomas R. Marshall")** | 9,126,868 | 49\.2% | 277 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Charles Evans Hughes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes "Charles Evans Hughes") | [Charles W. Fairbanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks "Charles W. Fairbanks") | 8,548,728 | 46\.1% | 254 / 531 | | |
| [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election "1920 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Warren G. Harding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding "Warren G. Harding")** | **[Calvin Coolidge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge")** | 16,144,093 | 60\.3% | 404 / 531 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [James M. Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Cox "James M. Cox") | [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") | 9,139,661 | 34\.2% | 127 / 531 | | |
| [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election "1924 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Calvin Coolidge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge")** | **[Charles G. Dawes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes "Charles G. Dawes")** | 15,723,789 | 54\.0% | 382 / 531 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [John W. Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Davis "John W. Davis") | [Charles W. Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan "Charles W. Bryan") | 8,386,242 | 28\.8% | 136 / 531 | | |
| [Progressive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_\(United_States,_1924\) "Progressive Party (United States, 1924)") | [Robert M. La Follette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette "Robert M. La Follette") | [Burton K. Wheeler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler "Burton K. Wheeler") | 4,831,706 | 16\.6% | 13 / 531 | | |
| [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election "1928 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Herbert Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover")** | **[Charles Curtis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis "Charles Curtis")** | 21,427,123 | 58\.2% | 444 / 531 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Al Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith "Al Smith") | [Joseph Taylor Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson "Joseph Taylor Robinson") | 15,015,464 | 40\.8% | 87 / 531 | | |
| [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election "1932 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")** | **[John Nance Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nance_Garner "John Nance Garner")** | 22,821,277 | 57\.4% | 472 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Herbert Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover "Herbert Hoover") | [Charles Curtis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis "Charles Curtis") | 15,761,254 | 39\.7% | 59 / 531 | | |
| [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election "1936 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")** | **[John Nance Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nance_Garner "John Nance Garner")** | 27,752,648 | 60\.8% | 523 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Alf Landon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Landon "Alf Landon") | [Frank Knox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knox "Frank Knox") | 16,681,862 | 36\.5% | 8 / 531 | | |
| [1940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election "1940 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")** | **[Henry A. Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace "Henry A. Wallace")** | 27,313,945 | 54\.7% | 449 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Wendell Willkie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie "Wendell Willkie") | [Charles L. McNary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._McNary "Charles L. McNary") | 22,347,744 | 44\.8% | 82 / 531 | | |
| [1944](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election "1944 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt")** | **[Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman")** | 25,612,916 | 53\.4% | 432 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Thomas E. Dewey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey") | [John W. Bricker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Bricker "John W. Bricker") | 22,017,929 | 45\.9% | 99 / 531 | | |
| [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election "1948 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman")** | **[Alben W. Barkley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley "Alben W. Barkley")** | 24,179,347 | 49\.6% | 303 / 531 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Thomas E. Dewey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey") | [Earl Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren") | 21,991,292 | 45\.1% | 189 / 531 | | |
| [Dixiecrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat "Dixiecrat") | [Strom Thurmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond") | [Fielding L. Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright "Fielding L. Wright") | 1,175,930 | 2\.4% | 39 / 531 | | |
| [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election "1952 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower")** | **[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")** | 34,075,529 | 55\.2% | 442 / 531 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Adlai Stevenson II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II "Adlai Stevenson II") | [John Sparkman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sparkman "John Sparkman") | 27,375,090 | 44\.3% | 89 / 531 | | |
| [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election "1956 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower")** | **[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")** | 35,579,180 | 57\.4% | 457 / 531 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Adlai Stevenson II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II "Adlai Stevenson II") | [Estes Kefauver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Kefauver "Estes Kefauver") | 26,028,028 | 42\.0% | 73 / 531 | | |
| [Walter Burgwyn Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Burgwyn_Jones "Walter Burgwyn Jones") | [Herman Talmadge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Talmadge "Herman Talmadge") | N/A | N/A | 1 / 531 | [\[af\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-97) | | |
| [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election "1960 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy")** | **[Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson")** | 34,220,984 | 49\.7% | 303 / 537 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") | [Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr. "Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.") | 34,108,157 | 49\.6% | 219 / 537 | | |
| [Southern Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Democrats "Southern Democrats") | [Harry F. Byrd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd "Harry F. Byrd") | [Strom Thurmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond "Strom Thurmond") | 610,409 | 0\.4% | 14 / 537 | [\[ag\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-98) | |
| [Barry Goldwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater "Barry Goldwater") (R) | 1 / 537 | | | | | | |
| [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election "1964 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson")** | **[Hubert Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey")** | 43,127,041 | 61\.0% | 486 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Barry Goldwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater "Barry Goldwater") | [William E. Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Miller "William E. Miller") | 27,175,754 | 38\.5% | 52 / 538 | | |
| [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election "1968 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")** | **[Spiro Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew")** | 31,783,783 | 43\.4% | 301 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Hubert Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey "Hubert Humphrey") | [Edmund Muskie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie "Edmund Muskie") | 31,271,839 | 42\.7% | 191 / 538 | | |
| [American Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party "American Independent Party") | [George Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace "George Wallace") | [Curtis LeMay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_LeMay "Curtis LeMay") | 9,901,118 | 13\.5% | 46 / 538 | | |
| [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election "1972 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon")** | **[Spiro Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew")** | 47,168,710 | 60\.7% | 520 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [George McGovern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern "George McGovern") | [Sargent Shriver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargent_Shriver "Sargent Shriver") | 29,173,222 | 37\.5% | 17 / 538 | | |
| [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_\(United_States\) "Libertarian Party (United States)") | [John Hospers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hospers "John Hospers") | [Tonie Nathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonie_Nathan "Tonie Nathan") | 3,674 | \<0.01% | 1 / 538 | [\[ah\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-99) | |
| [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election "1976 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter")** | **[Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale")** | 40,831,881 | 50\.1% | 297 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Gerald Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") | [Bob Dole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole "Bob Dole") | 39,148,634 | 48\.0% | 240 / 538 | | |
| [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") | N/A | N/A | 1 / 538 | [\[ai\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-100) | | | |
| [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election "1980 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")** | **[George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush")** | 43,903,230 | 50\.7% | 489 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") | [Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale") | 35,480,115 | 41\.0% | 49 / 538 | | |
| [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election "1984 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")** | **[George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush")** | 54,455,472 | 58\.8% | 525 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Walter Mondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale "Walter Mondale") | [Geraldine Ferraro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro "Geraldine Ferraro") | 37,577,352 | 40\.6% | 13 / 538 | | |
| [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election "1988 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush")** | **[Dan Quayle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Quayle "Dan Quayle")** | 48,886,597 | 53\.4% | 426 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Michael Dukakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis") | [Lloyd Bentsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen "Lloyd Bentsen") | 41,809,476 | 45\.6% | 111 / 538 | | |
| [Lloyd Bentsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen "Lloyd Bentsen") | [Michael Dukakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis "Michael Dukakis") | N/A | N/A | 1 / 538 | [\[aj\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-101) | | |
| [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election "1992 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton")** | **[Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore")** | 44,909,806 | 43\.0% | 370 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") | [Dan Quayle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Quayle "Dan Quayle") | 39,104,550 | 37\.4% | 168 / 538 | | |
| [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election "1996 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton")** | **[Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore")** | 47,401,185 | 49\.2% | 379 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Bob Dole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole "Bob Dole") | [Jack Kemp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kemp "Jack Kemp") | 39,197,469 | 40\.7% | 159 / 538 | | |
| [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election "2000 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")** | **[Dick Cheney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney")** | 50,456,002 | 47\.9% | 271 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Al Gore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore") | [Joe Lieberman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lieberman "Joe Lieberman") | 50,999,897 | 48\.4% | 266 / 538 | [\[ak\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-102)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-103) | |
| [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election "2004 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")** | **[Dick Cheney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney "Dick Cheney")** | 62,040,610 | 50\.7% | 286 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [John Kerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry "John Kerry") | [John Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edwards "John Edwards") | 59,028,444 | 48\.3% | 251 / 538 | | |
| [John Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edwards "John Edwards") | 5 | \<0.01% | 1 / 538 | [\[al\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-104) | | | |
| [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election "2008 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")** | **[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")** | 69,498,516 | 52\.9% | 365 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [John McCain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") | [Sarah Palin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin "Sarah Palin") | 59,948,323 | 45\.7% | 173 / 538 | | |
| [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election "2012 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama")** | **[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")** | 65,915,795 | 51\.1% | 332 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Mitt Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") | [Paul Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ryan "Paul Ryan") | 60,933,504 | 47\.2% | 206 / 538 | | |
| [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")** | **[Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence")** | 62,984,828 | 46\.1% | 304 / 538 | |
| [Ron Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul "Ron Paul") (L) | 124 | \<0.01% | 1 / 538 | [\[am\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-texas2-105) | | | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") | [Tim Kaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine "Tim Kaine") | 65,853,514 | 48\.2% | 227 / 538 | | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") (cast by Democratic electors) | [Colin Powell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell "Colin Powell") | [Susan Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Collins "Susan Collins") | 25 | \<0.01% | 1 / 538 | [\[an\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-106) | |
| [Maria Cantwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cantwell "Maria Cantwell") (D) | 1 / 538 | | | | | | |
| [Elizabeth Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren "Elizabeth Warren") (D) | 1 / 538 | | | | | | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [John Kasich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kasich "John Kasich") | [Carly Fiorina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Fiorina "Carly Fiorina") | 2,684 | \<0.01% | 1 / 538 | [\[am\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-texas2-105) | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") | [Elizabeth Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren "Elizabeth Warren") | 108,776 | 0\.08% | 1 / 538 | [\[ao\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-107) | |
| [Faith Spotted Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Spotted_Eagle "Faith Spotted Eagle") | [Winona LaDuke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona_LaDuke "Winona LaDuke") (G) | N/A | N/A | 1 / 538 | [\[ap\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-108) | | |
| [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election#Electoral_results "2020 United States presidential election") | [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | **[Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden")** | **[Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris")** | 81,283,501 | 51\.3% | 306 / 538 | |
| [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") | [Mike Pence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence "Mike Pence") | 74,223,975 | 46\.9% | 232 / 538 | | |
| [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election#Results "2024 United States presidential election") | [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") | **[Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")** | **[JD Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance "JD Vance")** | 77,302,169 | 49\.8% | 312 / 538 | |
| [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") | [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris "Kamala Harris") | [Tim Walz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Walz "Tim Walz") | 75,015,834 | 48\.3% | 226 / 538 | | |
- **Electoral College**
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1789.svg "1788–1789 Election")
1788–1789 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1792.svg "1792 Election")
1792 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1796.svg "1796 Election")
1796 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1800.svg "1800 Election")
1800 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1804.svg "1804 Election")
1804 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1808.svg "1808 Election")
1808 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1812.svg "1812 Election")
1812 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1816.svg "1816 Election")
1816 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1820.svg "1820 Election")
1820 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1824.svg "1824 Election")
1824 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1828.svg "1828 Election")
1828 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1832.svg "1832 Election")
1832 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1836.svg "1836 Election")
1836 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg "1840 Election")
1840 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1844.svg "1844 Election")
1844 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1848.svg "1848 Election")
1848 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1852.svg "1852 Election")
1852 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1856.svg "1856 Election")
1856 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1860.svg "1860 Election")
1860 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1864.svg "1864 Election")
1864 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1868.svg "1868 Election")
1868 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1872.svg "1872 Election")
1872 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1876.svg "1876 Election")
1876 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1880.svg "1880 Election")
1880 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1884.svg "1884 Election")
1884 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1888.svg "1888 Election")
1888 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1892.svg "1892 Election")
1892 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1896.svg "1896 Election")
1896 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1900.svg "1900 Election")
1900 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1904.svg "1904 Election")
1904 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1908.svg "1908 Election")
1908 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1912.svg "1912 Election")
1912 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1916.svg "1916 Election")
1916 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1920.svg "1920 Election")
1920 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1924.svg "1924 Election")
1924 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1928.svg "1928 Election")
1928 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1932.svg "1932 Election")
1932 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1936.svg "1936 Election")
1936 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1940.svg "1940 Election")
1940 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1944.svg "1944 Election")
1944 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1948.svg "1948 Election")
1948 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1952.svg "1952 Election")
1952 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1956.svg "1956 Election")
1956 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1960.svg "1960 Election")
1960 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1964.svg "1964 Election")
1964 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1968.svg "1968 Election")
1968 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1972.svg "1972 Election")
1972 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1976.svg "1976 Election")
1976 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1980.svg "1980 Election")
1980 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1984.svg "1984 Election")
1984 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1988.svg "1988 Election")
1988 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1992.svg "1992 Election")
1992 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1996.svg "1996 Election")
1996 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2000.svg "2000 Election")
2000 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2004.svg "2004 Election")
2004 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg "2008 Election")
2008 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg "2012 Election")
2012 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2016.svg "2016 Election")
2016 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2020.svg "2020 Election")
2020 Election
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2024.svg "2024 Election")
2024 Election
## Popular vote results
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Popular vote results")\]
Historically, presidents seeking re-election with a job approval rating of 50 percent or higher among American voters have easily won a second term, while those with an approval rating of less than 50 percent have lost the election.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Popularvote_uspresidentialelections.png)
Popular vote percentage
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut") | [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware "Delaware") | [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)") | [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky") | [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland "Maryland") | [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") | [NH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire") | [NJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") | [NY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") | [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") | [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") | [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island") | [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") | [TN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") | [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont "Vermont") | [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") |
| 0-7 | 0-0-1 | 1-0 | 2-0 | 4-0-4 | 3-11 | 0-4 | 3-2 | 6-4 | 6-4 | 9-4 | 0-2 | 0-0-4 | 1-0 | 1-0-1 | 14–5 |
| **State delegations won by Jefferson are color coded in green, and those won by Burr in red. Vote results listed in that order, with abstentions at end.** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
This election was in many ways unique in American history: several different factions of the [Democratic-Republican Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party "Democratic-Republican Party") were named after the last names of the candidates in this race, and nominated their own candidates. As no candidate received a majority of electoral votes, the House of Representatives chose Adams to be president.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **House vote for president, 1824** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama") | [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut") | [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware "Delaware") | [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._State\) "Georgia (U.S. State)") | [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois "Illinois") | [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana "Indiana") | [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky "Kentucky") | [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana") | [ME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine "Maine") | [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland "Maryland") | [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") | [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi") | [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri "Missouri") | [NH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire") | [NJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey") | [NY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") | [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") | [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio "Ohio") | [PN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania") | [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island") | [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") | [TN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee") | [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont "Vermont") | [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") |
| 0-3-0 | 6-0-0 | 0-0-1 | 0-0-7 | 1-0-0 | 0-3-0 | 8-4-0 | 2-1-0 | 7-0-0 | 5-3-1 | 12-1-0 | 0-1-0 | 1-0-0 | 6-0-0 | 1-5-0 | 18-2-14 | 1-1-10 | 10-2-2 | 1-25-0 | 2-0-0 | 0-9-0 | 0-9-0 | 5-0-0 | 1–1–19 |
| **State delegations that Adams won are colored in green, blue for Jackson, and orange for Crawford. Vote results listed in that order.** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
[Voter turnout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout "Voter turnout") in the 2004 and 2008 elections showed a noticeable increase over the turnout in 1996 and 2000. Prior to 2004, voter turnout in presidential elections had been decreasing while voter registration, measured in terms of voting age population (VAP) by the U.S. census, has been increasing. The VAP figure, however, includes persons ineligible to vote – mainly non-citizens and ineligible felons – and excludes overseas eligible voters. Opinion is mixed on whether this decline was due to voter apathy[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-census.gov-112)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-113)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-114)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-115) or an increase in ineligible voters on the rolls.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-116) The difference between these two measures are illustrated by analysis of turnout in the 2004 and 2008 elections. Voter turnout from the 2004 and 2008 election was "not statistically different", based on the voting age population used by a November 2008 U.S. census survey of 50,000 households.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-census.gov-112) If expressed in terms of vote eligible population (VEP), the 2008 national turnout rate was 61.7% from 131.3 million ballots cast for president, an increase of over 1.6 percentage points over the 60.1% turnout rate of 2004, and the highest since 1968.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-117)
## Financial disclosures
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Financial disclosures")\]
Prior to 1967, many presidential candidates disclosed assets, stock holdings, and other information which might affect the public trust.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Joseph-118) In that year, Republican candidate [George W. Romney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Romney "George W. Romney") went a step further and released his tax returns for the previous twelve years.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Joseph-118) Since then, many presidential candidates – including all major-party nominees from 1980 to 2012 – have released some of their returns,[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-Vanity-119) although few of the major party nominees have equaled or exceeded George Romney's twelve.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-polifact-120)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-121) The Tax History Project – a project directed by [Joseph J. Thorndike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_J._Thorndike "Joseph J. Thorndike") and established by the nonprofit Tax Analysts group[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-122) – has compiled the publicly released tax returns of presidents and presidential candidates (including [primary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary "United States presidential primary") candidates).[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-123)
In 2016, Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump broke with tradition, becoming the only major-party candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976 to not make any of his full tax returns public.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-release-124) Trump said that his refusal to do so was [because he was under audit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016#Refusal_to_release_tax_returns "Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016") by the [IRS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service "Internal Revenue Service").[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-release-124) However, no law or precedent prevents a person from releasing their tax returns while under audit. President [Richard M. Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon "Richard M. Nixon") released his tax returns while they were under audit.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-125)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-126)
## Presidential coattails
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Presidential coattails")\]
Presidential elections are held on the same date as those for all the seats in the House of Representatives, the full terms for 33 or 34 of the 100 seats in the Senate, the [governorships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_\(United_States\) "Governor (United States)") of several states, and many state and local elections. Presidential candidates tend to bring out supporters who then vote for their party's candidates for those other offices.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-127) These other candidates are said to ride on the presidential candidates' coattails. Voter turnout is also generally higher during presidential election years than either [midterm election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_midterm_election "United States midterm election") years[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-128) or [off-year elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-year_election "Off-year election") years.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-129)
Since the end of World War II, there have been a total of five American presidential elections that had significant coattail effects: [Harry Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") in [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_elections "1948 United States elections"), [Dwight Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") in [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_elections "1952 United States elections"), [Lyndon Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") in [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_elections "1964 United States elections"), [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") in [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_elections "1980 United States elections"), and [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") in [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_elections "2008 United States elections"). However, Truman's victory in 1948 and Eisenhower's victory in 1952 remain the last two elections in which the same party both won the White House and elected enough members of the House take control of it from its opponents.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-130) The last American presidential election in which the same party both won the White House and elected enough members of the Senate to take control of it from its opponents was Barack Obama's win in 2008.
| Year | Elected president | President's party | Net gain/loss of president's party[\[aq\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-131) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| House seats | Senate seats | | | |
| [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_elections "1948 United States elections") | [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") | Democratic | [\+75: (188 ► 263)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1948 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+9: (45 ► 54)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections "1948 United States Senate elections") |
| [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_elections "1952 United States elections") | [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") | Republican | [\+22: (199 ► 221)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1952 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+2: (47 ► 49)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_elections "1952 United States Senate elections") |
| [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_elections "1956 United States elections") | [\-2: (203 ► 201)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1956 United States House of Representatives elections") | [0: (47 ► 47)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_elections "1956 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_elections "1960 United States elections") | [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") | Democratic | [\-21: (283 ► 262)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1960 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-1: (65 ► 64)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections "1960 United States Senate elections") |
| [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_elections "1964 United States elections") | [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") | Democratic | [\+37: (258 ► 295)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1964 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+2: (66 ► 68)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_elections "1964 United States Senate elections") |
| [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_elections "1968 United States elections") | [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") | Republican | [\+5: (187 ► 192)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1968 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+5: (37 ► 42)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections "1968 United States Senate elections") |
| [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_elections "1972 United States elections") | [\+12: (180 ► 192)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1972 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-2: (44 ► 42)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections "1972 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_elections "1976 United States elections") | [Jimmy Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter "Jimmy Carter") | Democratic | [\+1: (291 ► 292)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1976 United States House of Representatives elections") | [0: (61 ► 61)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_elections "1976 United States Senate elections") |
| [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_elections "1980 United States elections") | [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") | Republican | [\+34: (158 ► 192)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1980 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+12: (41 ► 53)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections "1980 United States Senate elections") |
| [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_elections "1984 United States elections") | [\+16: (166 ► 182)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1984 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-2: (55 ► 53)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections "1984 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_elections "1988 United States elections") | [George H. W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") | Republican | [\-2: (177 ► 175)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1988 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-1: (46 ► 45)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_elections "1988 United States Senate elections") |
| [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_elections "1992 United States elections") | [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton") | Democratic | [\-9: (267 ► 258)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1992 United States House of Representatives elections") | [0: (57 ► 57)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_elections "1992 United States Senate elections") |
| [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_elections "1996 United States elections") | [\+2: (204 ► 206)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "1996 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-2: (47 ► 45)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_elections "1996 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_elections "2000 United States elections") | [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") | Republican | [\-2: (223 ► 221)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2000 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-4: (54 ► 50)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_elections "2000 United States Senate elections") |
| [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_elections "2004 United States elections") | [\+3: (229 ► 232)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2004 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+4: (51 ► 55)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_elections "2004 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_elections "2008 United States elections") | [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") | Democratic | [\+21: (236 ► 257)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2008 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+8: (51 ► 59)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections "2008 United States Senate elections") |
| [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_elections "2012 United States elections") | [\+8: (193 ► 201)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2012 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+2: (53 ► 55)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections "2012 United States Senate elections") | | |
| [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_elections "2016 United States elections") | [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") | Republican | [\-6: (247 ► 241)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2016 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\-2: (54 ► 52)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections "2016 United States Senate elections") |
| [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_elections "2020 United States elections") | [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") | Democratic | [\-13: (235 ► 222)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2020 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+3: (47 ► 50)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections "2020 United States Senate elections") |
| [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_elections "2024 United States elections") | [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") | Republican | [\-2: (222 ► 220)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2024 United States House of Representatives elections") | [\+4: (49 ► 53)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections "2024 United States Senate elections") |
## Comparison with other U.S. general elections
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Comparison with other U.S. general elections")\]
| Year | [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_elections "2025 United States elections") | [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_elections "2026 United States elections") | [2027](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_United_States_elections "2027 United States elections") | [2028](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_elections "2028 United States elections") | [2029](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2029_United_States_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2029 United States elections (page does not exist)") |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | [Off-year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-year_election "Off-year election") | [Midterm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_midterm_election "United States midterm election") | Off-year | [Presidential]() | Off-year |
| [President]() | No | [Yes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election "2028 United States presidential election") | No | | |
| [Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators "Classes of United States senators") | No | [Class II (33 seats)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_Senate_elections "2026 United States Senate elections") | No | [Class III (34 seats)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_Senate_elections "2028 United States Senate elections") | No |
| House | No | [All 435 seats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections "2026 United States House of Representatives elections")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_HouseDelegates2) | No | [All 435 seats](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2028_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2028 United States House of Representatives elections (page does not exist)")[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_HousePR3) | No |
| [Gubernatorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_\(United_States\) "Governor (United States)") | [2 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_gubernatorial_elections "2025 United States gubernatorial elections") [NJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey "Governor of New Jersey"), [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia "Governor of Virginia") | [36 states, DC, & 3 territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_gubernatorial_elections "2026 United States gubernatorial elections")[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_NEandVTGovs4) [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama "Governor of Alabama"), [AK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska "Governor of Alaska"), [AZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arizona "Governor of Arizona"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas "Governor of Arkansas"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California "Governor of California"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Colorado "Governor of Colorado"), [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Connecticut "Governor of Connecticut"), [FL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Florida "Governor of Florida"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia "Governor of Georgia"), [HI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii "Governor of Hawaii"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Idaho "Governor of Idaho"), [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois "Governor of Illinois"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Iowa "Governor of Iowa"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kansas "Governor of Kansas"), [ME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maine "Governor of Maine"), [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland "Governor of Maryland"), [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts "Governor of Massachusetts"), [MI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan "Governor of Michigan"), [MN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota "Governor of Minnesota"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Nebraska "Governor of Nebraska"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Nevada "Governor of Nevada"), [NH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire "Governor of New Hampshire"), [NM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico "Governor of New Mexico"), [NY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York "Governor of New York"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio "Governor of Ohio"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oklahoma "Governor of Oklahoma"), [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon "Governor of Oregon"), [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania "Governor of Pennsylvania"), [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Rhode_Island "Governor of Rhode Island"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina "Governor of South Carolina"), [SD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Dakota "Governor of South Dakota"), [TN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee "Governor of Tennessee"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Texas "Governor of Texas"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont "Governor of Vermont"), [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin "Governor of Wisconsin"), [WY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Wyoming "Governor of Wyoming"), [DC (Mayor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia "Mayor of the District of Columbia"), [GU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Guam "Governor of Guam"), [MP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Mariana_Islands "Governor of Northern Mariana Islands"), [VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_United_States_Virgin_Islands "Governor of United States Virgin Islands") | [3 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_United_States_gubernatorial_elections "2027 United States gubernatorial elections") [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky "Governor of Kentucky"), [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana "Governor of Louisiana"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi "Governor of Mississippi") | [11 states, 2 territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_gubernatorial_elections "2028 United States gubernatorial elections") [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Delaware "Governor of Delaware"), [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana "Governor of Indiana"), [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri "Governor of Missouri"), [MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Montana "Governor of Montana"), [NH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire "Governor of New Hampshire"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina "Governor of North Carolina"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota "Governor of North Dakota"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Utah "Governor of Utah"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont "Governor of Vermont"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Washington "Governor of Washington"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_West_Virginia "Governor of West Virginia"), [AS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa "Governor of American Samoa"), [PR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico "Governor of Puerto Rico") | [2 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2029_United_States_gubernatorial_elections "2029 United States gubernatorial elections") [NJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey "Governor of New Jersey"), [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia "Governor of Virginia") |
| [Lieutenant gubernatorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_\(United_States\) "Lieutenant Governor (United States)")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_LtGov5) | [1 state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_elections "2025 United States elections") [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia "Lieutenant Governor of Virginia") | [10 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_lieutenant_gubernatorial_elections "2026 United States lieutenant gubernatorial elections")[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_VTofficials6) [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alabama "Lieutenant Governor of Alabama"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Arkansas "Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_California "Lieutenant Governor of California"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Georgia "Lieutenant Governor of Georgia"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Idaho "Lieutenant Governor of Idaho"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nevada "Lieutenant Governor of Nevada"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Oklahoma "Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma"), [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Rhode_Island "Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas "Lieutenant Governor of Texas"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Vermont "Lieutenant Governor of Vermont") | 2 states [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Louisiana "Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Mississippi "Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi") | [5 states, 1 territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_elections "2028 United States elections") [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Delaware "Lieutenant Governor of Delaware"), [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Missouri "Lieutenant Governor of Missouri"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_North_Carolina "Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Vermont "Lieutenant Governor of Vermont"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Washington "Lieutenant Governor of Washington"), [AS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_American_Samoa "Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa") | [1 state](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2029_United_States_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2029 United States elections (page does not exist)") [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia "Lieutenant Governor of Virginia") |
| [Secretary of state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_state_\(U.S._state_government\) "Secretary of state (U.S. state government)") | None | [25 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_secretary_of_state_elections "2026 United States secretary of state elections") [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Alabama "Secretary of State of Alabama"), [AZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Arizona "Secretary of State of Arizona"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Arkansas "Secretary of State of Arkansas"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_California "Secretary of State of California"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Colorado "Secretary of State of Colorado"), [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Connecticut "Secretary of State of Connecticut"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Georgia "Secretary of State of Georgia"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Idaho "Secretary of State of Idaho"), [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Illinois "Secretary of State of Illinois"), [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Indiana "Secretary of State of Indiana"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Iowa "Secretary of State of Iowa"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Kansas "Secretary of State of Kansas"), [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Massachusetts "Secretary of State of Massachusetts"), [MI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Michigan "Secretary of State of Michigan"), [MN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Minnesota "Secretary of State of Minnesota"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Nebraska "Secretary of State of Nebraska"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Nevada "Secretary of State of Nevada"), [NM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_New_Mexico "Secretary of State of New Mexico"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_North_Dakota "Secretary of State of North Dakota"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Ohio "Secretary of State of Ohio"), [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Rhode_Island "Secretary of State of Rhode Island"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_South_Carolina "Secretary of State of South Carolina"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Vermont "Secretary of State of Vermont"), [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Wisconsin "Secretary of State of Wisconsin"), [WY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Wyoming "Secretary of State of Wyoming") | 3 states [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Kentucky "Secretary of State of Kentucky"), [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Louisiana "Secretary of State of Louisiana"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Mississippi "Secretary of State of Mississippi") | 7 states [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Missouri "Secretary of State of Missouri"), [MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Montana "Secretary of State of Montana"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_North_Carolina "Secretary of State of North Carolina"), [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Oregon "Secretary of State of Oregon"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Vermont "Secretary of State of Vermont"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Washington "Secretary of State of Washington"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_West_Virginia "Secretary of State of West Virginia") | None |
| [Attorney general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Attorney_General "State Attorney General") | 1 state [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia "Attorney General of Virginia") | [30 states, DC, & 2 territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_attorney_general_elections "2026 United States attorney general elections") [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Alabama "Attorney General of Alabama"), [AZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Arizona "Attorney General of Arizona"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Arkansas "Attorney General of Arkansas"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California "Attorney General of California"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Colorado "Attorney General of Colorado"), [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Connecticut "Attorney General of Connecticut"), [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Delaware "Attorney General of Delaware"), [FL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Florida "Attorney General of Florida"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Georgia "Attorney General of Georgia"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Idaho "Attorney General of Idaho"), [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Illinois "Attorney General of Illinois"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Iowa "Attorney General of Iowa"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Kansas "Attorney General of Kansas"), [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Maryland "Attorney General of Maryland"), [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Massachusetts "Attorney General of Massachusetts"), [MI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Michigan "Attorney General of Michigan"), [MN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Minnesota "Attorney General of Minnesota"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Nebraska "Attorney General of Nebraska"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Nevada "Attorney General of Nevada"), [NM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_Mexico "Attorney General of New Mexico"), [NY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York "Attorney General of New York"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_North_Dakota "Attorney General of North Dakota"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ohio "Attorney General of Ohio"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Oklahoma "Attorney General of Oklahoma"), [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Rhode_Island "Attorney General of Rhode Island"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_South_Carolina "Attorney General of South Carolina"), [SD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_South_Dakota "Attorney General of South Dakota"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Texas "Attorney General of Texas"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Vermont "Attorney General of Vermont"), [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Wisconsin "Attorney General of Wisconsin"), [DC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_for_the_District_of_Columbia "Attorney General for the District of Columbia"), [GU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Guam "Attorney General of Guam"), [MP](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attorney_General_of_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1 "Attorney General of Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)") | 3 states [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Kentucky "Attorney General of Kentucky"), [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Louisiana "Attorney General of Louisiana"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Mississippi "Attorney General of Mississippi") | 10 states [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Indiana "Attorney General of Indiana"), [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Missouri "Attorney General of Missouri"), [MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Montana "Attorney General of Montana"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_North_Carolina "Attorney General of North Carolina"), [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Oregon "Attorney General of Oregon"), [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Pennsylvania "Attorney General of Pennsylvania"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Utah "Attorney General of Utah"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Vermont "Attorney General of Vermont"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Washington "Attorney General of Washington"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_West_Virginia "Attorney General of West Virginia") | 1 state [VA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia "Attorney General of Virginia") |
| [State treasurer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_treasurer "State treasurer")[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_Comptroller7) | None | 23 states [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Alabama (page does not exist)"), [AZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Arizona "Treasurer of Arizona"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Arkansas "Treasurer of Arkansas"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_California "Treasurer of California"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Colorado "Treasurer of Colorado"), [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Connecticut "Treasurer of Connecticut"), [FL (CFO)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Florida (page does not exist)"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Idaho "Treasurer of Idaho"), [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Illinois "Treasurer of Illinois"), [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Indiana "Treasurer of Indiana"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Iowa "Treasurer of Iowa"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Kansas "Treasurer of Kansas"), [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Massachusetts "Treasurer of Massachusetts"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Nebraska (page does not exist)"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Nevada "Treasurer of Nevada"), [NM](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of New Mexico (page does not exist)"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Ohio "Treasurer of Ohio"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Oklahoma "Treasurer of Oklahoma"), [RI](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Rhode Island (page does not exist)"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_South_Carolina "Treasurer of South Carolina"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Vermont "Treasurer of Vermont"), [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Wisconsin (page does not exist)"), [WY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Wyoming "Treasurer of Wyoming") | 3 states [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Kentucky "Treasurer of Kentucky"), [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Louisiana "Treasurer of Louisiana"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Mississippi "Treasurer of Mississippi") | 9 states [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Missouri "Treasurer of Missouri"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of North Carolina (page does not exist)"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_North_Dakota "Treasurer of North Dakota"), [OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Oregon "Treasurer of Oregon"), [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Pennsylvania "Treasurer of Pennsylvania"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasurer_of_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1 "Treasurer of Utah (page does not exist)"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Vermont "Treasurer of Vermont"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Washington "Treasurer of Washington"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_West_Virginia "Treasurer of West Virginia") | None |
| State comptroller/controller | None | 8 states [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_California "Comptroller of California"), [CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_Connecticut "Comptroller of Connecticut"), [IL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_Illinois "Comptroller of Illinois"), [MD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_Maryland "Comptroller of Maryland"), [NV](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comptroller_of_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1 "Comptroller of Nevada (page does not exist)"), [NY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Comptroller "New York State Comptroller"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comptroller_of_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Comptroller of South Carolina (page does not exist)"),[TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Comptroller_of_Public_Accounts "Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts") | None | None | None |
| [State auditor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_auditor "State auditor") | None | 15 states [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Alabama "State Auditor of Alabama"), [AR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Arkansas "State Auditor of Arkansas"), [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Delaware&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Delaware (page does not exist)"), [IN](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Indiana&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Indiana (page does not exist)"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Iowa "State Auditor of Iowa"), [MA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Massachusetts "State Auditor of Massachusetts"), [MN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Minnesota "State Auditor of Minnesota"), [MO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Missouri "State Auditor of Missouri"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Nebraska (page does not exist)"), [NM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_New_Mexico "State Auditor of New Mexico"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Ohio "State Auditor of Ohio"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Oklahoma (page does not exist)"), [SD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_South_Dakota "State Auditor of South Dakota"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Vermont (page does not exist)"), [WY](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Wyoming (page does not exist)") | 2 states [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Kentucky "State Auditor of Kentucky"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Mississippi "State Auditor of Mississippi") | 9 states [MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Montana (page does not exist)"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_North_Carolina "State Auditor of North Carolina"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of North Dakota (page does not exist)"), [PA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Pennsylvania (page does not exist)"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Utah (page does not exist)"), [VT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Vermont (page does not exist)"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Washington (page does not exist)"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Auditor_of_West_Virginia "State Auditor of West Virginia"), [GU](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Auditor_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1 "State Auditor of Guam (page does not exist)") | None |
| [Superintendent of public instruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_of_public_instruction "Superintendent of public instruction") | 1 state [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Wisconsin "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin") | 7 states [AZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Arizona (page does not exist)"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_California&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of California (page does not exist)"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Georgia (page does not exist)"), [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Idaho (page does not exist)"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Oklahoma (page does not exist)"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of South Carolina (page does not exist)"), [WY](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wyoming (page does not exist)") | None | 4 states [MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Montana (page does not exist)"), [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of North Carolina (page does not exist)"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of North Dakota (page does not exist)"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1 "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Washington (page does not exist)") | 1 state [WI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_of_Wisconsin "Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin") |
| [Agriculture commissioner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner "Agriculture commissioner") | None | 6 states [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Alabama (page does not exist)"), [FL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Florida (page does not exist)"), [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Georgia (page does not exist)"), [IA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Iowa&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Iowa (page does not exist)"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of North Dakota (page does not exist)"), [SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of South Carolina (page does not exist)"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Agriculture#Commissioners_of_the_Texas_Department_of_Agriculture "Texas Department of Agriculture") | 3 states [KY](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Kentucky (page does not exist)"), [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Commissioner_of_Agriculture_and_Forestry "Louisiana Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of Mississippi (page does not exist)") | 2 states [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of North Carolina (page does not exist)"), [WV](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Commissioner_of_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agricultural Commissioner of West Virginia (page does not exist)") | None |
| [Insurance commissioner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_commissioner "Insurance commissioner") | None | 5 states [DE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner_of_Delaware "Insurance Commissioner of Delaware"), [CA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner_of_California "Insurance Commissioner of California") [GA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner_of_Georgia "Insurance Commissioner of Georgia"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Commissioner_of_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insurance Commissioner of Kansas (page does not exist)"), [OK](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Commissioner_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insurance Commissioner of Oklahoma (page does not exist)") | 2 states [LA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Commissioner_of_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insurance Commissioner of Louisiana (page does not exist)"), [MS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Commissioner_of_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insurance Commissioner of Mississippi (page does not exist)") | 3 states [NC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_Commissioner_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insurance Commissioner of North Carolina (page does not exist)"), [ND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner_of_North_Dakota "Insurance Commissioner of North Dakota"), [WA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner_of_Washington "Insurance Commissioner of Washington") | None |
| Other commissioners & elected officials | None | 9 states [AZ (Mine Inspector)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Mine_Inspector_of_Arizona "State Mine Inspector of Arizona"), [AR (Land)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Commissioner_of_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Land Commissioner of Arkansas (page does not exist)"), [GA (Land)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Commissioner_of_Georgia_\(U.S._State\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Land Commissioner of Georgia (U.S. State) (page does not exist)"), [NM (Land)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Commissioner_of_New_Mexico "Land Commissioner of New Mexico"), [ND (Tax)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Commissioner_of_North_Dakota "Tax Commissioner of North Dakota"), [OK (Labor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Commissioner_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1 "Labor Commissioner of Oklahoma (page does not exist)"), [OR (Labor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Commissioner_of_Oregon "Labor Commissioner of Oregon"), [SD (Land)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Commissioner_of_School_and_Public_Lands "South Dakota Commissioner of School and Public Lands"), [TX (Land)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Commissioner_of_Texas "Land Commissioner of Texas") | None | 1 state [NC (Labor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Commissioner_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1 "Labor Commissioner of North Carolina (page does not exist)") | None |
| State legislatures[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_StateLeg8) | [2 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_state_legislative_elections "2025 United States state legislative elections") VA, NJ | [46 states, DC, & 4 territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_state_legislative_elections "2026 United States state legislative elections") AK, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, VI | [4 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2027_United_States_state_legislative_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2027 United States state legislative elections (page does not exist)") LA, MS, NJ, VA | [44 states, DC, & 5 territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2028_United_States_state_legislative_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2028 United States state legislative elections (page does not exist)") AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI | [2 states](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2029_United_States_state_legislative_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "2029 United States state legislative elections (page does not exist)") VA. NJ |
| State boards of education[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#endnote_SBE9) | None | 8 states, DC, & 3 territories [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_State_Board_of_Education "Alabama State Board of Education"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Board_of_Education "Colorado State Board of Education"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Department_of_Education "Kansas State Department of Education"), [MI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Education "Michigan Department of Education"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Department_of_Education "Nebraska Department of Education"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Education "Ohio Department of Education"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency "Texas Education Agency"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Board_of_Education "Utah State Board of Education"), [DC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_State_Board_of_Education "District of Columbia State Board of Education"), GU, MP, VI | None | 8 states, DC, & 3 territories [AL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_State_Board_of_Education "Alabama State Board of Education"), [CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Board_of_Education "Colorado State Board of Education"), [KS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Department_of_Education "Kansas State Department of Education"), [MI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Education "Michigan Department of Education"), [NE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Department_of_Education "Nebraska Department of Education"), [OH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Education "Ohio Department of Education"), [TX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency "Texas Education Agency"), [UT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Board_of_Education "Utah State Board of Education"), [DC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_State_Board_of_Education "District of Columbia State Board of Education"), GU, MP, VI | None |
| Other state, local, and tribal offices | Varies | | | | |
[**1**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_SpecialElection1) This table does not include [special elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election "By-election"), which may be held to fill political offices that have become vacant between the regularly scheduled elections.
[**2**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_HouseDelegates2) As well as all six [non-voting delegates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives") of the U.S. House.
[**3**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_HousePR3) As well as five [non-voting delegates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives "Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives") of the U.S. House. The [resident commissioner of Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico "Resident commissioner of Puerto Rico") instead serves a four-year term that coincides with the presidential term.
[**4**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_NEandVTGovs4) The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont are each elected to two-year terms. The other 48 state governors and all five territorial governors serve four-year terms.
[**5**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_LtGov5) In 26 states and 3 territories the lieutenant governor is elected on the same ticket as the governor: AK, CO, CT, FL, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MD, MA, MI, MN, MT, NE, NJ, NM, NY, ND, OH, PA, SC, SD, UT, WI, GU, MP, VI.
[**6**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_VTofficials6) Like the governor, Vermont's other officials are each elected to two-year terms. All other state officers for all other states listed serve four-year terms.
[**7**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_Comptroller7) In some states, the comptroller or controller has the duties equivalent to a treasurer. There are some states with both positions, so both have been included separately.
[**8**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_StateLeg8) This list does not differentiate chambers of each legislature. Forty-nine state legislatures are bicameral; Nebraska is unicameral. Additionally, Washington, DC, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands are unicameral; the other territories are bicameral. All legislatures have varying terms for their members. Many have two-year terms for the lower house and four-year terms for the upper house. Some have all two-year terms and some all four-year terms. Arkansas has a combination of both two- and four-year terms in the same chamber.
[**9**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#ref_SBE9) Most states not listed here have a board appointed by the governor and legislature. All boards listed here have members that serve four-year staggered terms, except Colorado, which has six-year terms, and Guam, which has two-year terms. Most are elected statewide, some are elected from districts. Louisiana, Ohio, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands have additional members who are appointed.
- [view](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US_elections "Template:US elections")
- [talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US_elections "Template talk:US elections")
- [edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_elections "Special:EditPage/Template:US elections")
- [Outline of American politics § Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_American_politics#Elections "Outline of American politics")
- [American election campaigns in the 19th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_election_campaigns_in_the_19th_century "American election campaigns in the 19th century")
- [List of United States presidential campaign slogans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_campaign_slogans "List of United States presidential campaign slogans")
- [List of presidents of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of presidents of the United States")
- [List of United States presidential candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates "List of United States presidential candidates")
- [List of United States presidential election results by state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state "List of United States presidential election results by state")
- [List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin "List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin")
- [List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin "List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin")
- [First Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Party_System "First Party System"), Federalists vs Democratic-Republicans, 1790s–1820s
- [Second Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Party_System "Second Party System"), Whigs vs Democrats, 1830s–1850s
- [Third Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Party_System "Third Party System"), Republicans vs Democrats, 1850s–1890s, Civil War, Reconstruction, Gilded Age
- [Fourth Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Party_System "Fourth Party System"), Republicans vs Democrats, 1890s–1930s; "Progressive Era"
- [Fifth Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Party_System "Fifth Party System"), Republicans vs Democrats, 1930s–1980s
- [Sixth Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Party_System "Sixth Party System"), Republicans vs Democrats, 1980s–present
### Comparing elected candidate to popular vote or margins
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Comparing elected candidate to popular vote or margins")\]
- [List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received "List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received")
- [List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin "List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin")
- [List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin "List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin")
- [United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote "United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote")
### Statistical forecasts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Statistical forecasts")\]
- [Decision Desk HQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Desk_HQ "Decision Desk HQ")
- [Electoral-vote.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral-vote.com "Electoral-vote.com")
- [FiveThirtyEight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight "FiveThirtyEight")
- [PollyVote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PollyVote "PollyVote")
- [270towin state maps recent past & future](https://www.270towin.com/)
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-61)** Wins in California, Texas, Florida, New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Georgia, North Carolina, Michigan, New Jersey and Virginia would secure 281 electoral votes as of the 2024 election
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-67)** Prior to the ratification of the [Twelfth Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution"), electors cast two ballots, both for President. The candidate who received a majority of electoral votes became President, and the runner-up became Vice President.
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-adams_68-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-adams_68-1) Adams was elected Vice President.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-69)** Jefferson was elected Vice President.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-breakdown_70-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-breakdown_70-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-breakdown_70-2) Breakdown by ticket results are available for the 1800 election.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-71)** In total, Madison received 122 electoral votes.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-72)** Six [faithless electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_elector "Faithless elector") from [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") voted for Clinton instead of Madison. Three cast their vice presidential vote for Madison, and three for Monroe.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-73)** While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate, Clinton technically ran as a Democratic-Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself, the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate. This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties (such as in Pennsylvania), but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic-Republicans as well.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-74)** Three faithless electors, two from [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") and one from [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire "New Hampshire"), voted for Gerry for vice president instead of Ingersoll.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-75)** Electors from Massachusetts voted for Howard, electors from Delaware voted for Harper, and electors from Connecticut split their vote between Ross and Marshall. In total, King received 34 electoral votes.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-76)** Although the Federalists did not field a candidate, several Federalist electors voted for Federalist vice presidential candidates instead of Tompkins. In total, Monroe received 231 electoral votes.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-77)** Monroe ran unopposed, but faithless elector [William Plumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Plumer "William Plumer") of New Hampshire voted for Adams and Rush instead of Monroe and Tompkins.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-78)** Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote, the House of Representatives elected the president. In the House, 13 state delegations voted for Adams, seven for Jackson, and four for Crawford.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-79)** 74 of Adams' electors voted for Calhoun, nine voted for Jackson, and one did not vote for vice president.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-80)** In total, Crawford received 40 electoral votes.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-81)** In total, Clay received 38 electoral votes.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-82)** 7 faithless electors from [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "Georgia (U.S. state)") voted for Smith instead of Calhoun.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-83)** All 30 of [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania")'s electors voted for Wilkins instead of Van Buren. In total, Jackson received 219 electoral votes.
19. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-sc_84-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-sc_84-1) All the electoral votes came from South Carolina, where the electors were chosen by the legislature and not by popular vote.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-85)** All 23 of [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia")'s electors voted for Smith for vice president instead of Johnson, which resulted in Johnson failing to obtain a majority of the electoral votes. As a result, the election went to the Senate, which elected Johnson by a vote of 33–16.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-86)** In total, Harrison received 73 electoral votes.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-87)** In total, Van Buren received 60 electoral votes.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-88)** Johnson, a Democrat, was nominated on the National Union ticket along with Lincoln, a Republican.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-89)** The electoral votes of Tennessee and Louisiana were not counted. Had they been counted, Lincoln would have received 229 electoral votes.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-90)** All popular votes were originally for Horace Greeley and Benjamin Gratz Brown.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-missouri_91-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-missouri_91-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-missouri_91-2) The used sources had insufficient data to determine the pairings of four electoral votes in [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri "Missouri"). Therefore, the possible tickets are listed with the minimum and maximum possible number of electoral votes each.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-92)** In total, Hendricks received 42 electoral votes.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-93)** Greeley died before the Electoral College voted; as a result the electoral vote intended for Greeley and Brown went to several other candidates.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-94)** In total, Davis received one electoral vote.
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-95)** While the Democrats and Populists both nominated Bryan, the two parties had different vice presidential running mates.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-96)** Butler replaced Sherman, who died before the election was held.
32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-97)** [W. F. Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._F._Turner "W. F. Turner"), a faithless elector from [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama "Alabama"), voted for Jones and Talmadge instead of Stevenson and Kefauver.
33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-98)** [Unpledged electors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpledged_elector "Unpledged elector") voted for Byrd and Thurmond. [Henry D. Irwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_D._Irwin "Henry D. Irwin"), a faithless elector from [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma"), cast his vote for Byrd and Goldwater instead of Nixon and Lodge.
34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-99)** Faithless elector [Roger MacBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_MacBride "Roger MacBride") of Virginia voted for Hospers and Nathan instead of Nixon and Agnew.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-100)** [Mike Padden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Padden "Mike Padden"), a faithless elector from [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_\(state\) "Washington (state)"), voted for Reagan instead of Ford. He voted for Dole, however, as pledged.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-101)** Faithless elector [Margarette Leach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarette_Leach "Margarette Leach") of [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia") voted for Bentsen for president and Dukakis for vice president, instead of Dukakis for president and Bentsen for vice president.
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-102)** One of the D.C. electors pledged to Gore-Lieberman abstained from the final vote.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-104)** One anonymous faithless elector from [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota") voted for Edwards for both president and vice president.
39. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-texas2_105-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-texas2_105-1) 1 faithless electoral vote from [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas "Texas").
40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-106)** 3 faithless electoral votes from [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_\(state\) "Washington (state)").
41. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-107)** 1 faithless electoral vote from [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii").
42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-108)** 1 faithless electoral vote from [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_\(state\) "Washington (state)").
43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-131)** Party shading shows which party controls chamber after that election.
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-1)** Individual states select electors by methods decided at the state level. Since 1876, all states have selected electors by statewide popular vote. See the [United States Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College") article for more information.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-18)** Of the 13 original states during the [1789 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election"), six states chose electors by some form of popular vote, four states chose electors by a different method, [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina") and [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island") were ineligible to participate since they had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution, and [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(state\) "New York (state)") failed to appoint their allotment of electors in time because of a deadlock in their state legislature.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-109)** Until the 1804 election following the [Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution"), the runner-up in a presidential election became the vice president.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-110)** While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate, Clinton technically ran as a Democratic-Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself, the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate. This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties (such as in Pennsylvania), but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic-Republicans as well.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-LostPopular_111-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-LostPopular_111-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-LostPopular_111-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-LostPopular_111-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-LostPopular_111-4) Lost the popular vote but won the presidency through the [Electoral College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College "United States Electoral College").
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-NCSL_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-NCSL_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-NCSL_2-2)
["Election Administration at State and Local Levels"](http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/election-administration-at-state-and-local-levels.aspx). National Conference of State Legislatures. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201025232717/https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/election-administration-at-state-and-local-levels.aspx) from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-whitehouse_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-whitehouse_3-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-whitehouse_3-2)
["Elections & Voting"](https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/elections-and-voting). *[whitehouse.gov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov "Whitehouse.gov")*. Retrieved March 21, 2020 – via [National Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA "NARA").
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-4)**
Dixon, Robert G. Jr. (1950). "Electoral College Procedure". *The Western Political Quarterly*. **3** (2): 214–224\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/443484](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F443484). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [443484](https://www.jstor.org/stable/443484).
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-5)**
Edwards III, George C. (2011). *Why the Electoral College is Bad for America* (Second ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-300-16649-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16649-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16649-1")
.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-6)**
Chang, Alvin (November 9, 2016). ["Trump will be the 4th president to win the Electoral College after getting fewer votes than his opponent"](https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/9/13572112/trump-popular-vote-loss). [Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\(website\) "Vox (website)"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161110235320/http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/9/13572112/trump-popular-vote-loss) from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-7)**
["2016 Presidential Election"](https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/key-dates.html). *National Archives and Records Administration*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160920101721/https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/key-dates.html) from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-8)**
Cronin, Thomas E. (1979). ["The Direct Vote and the Electoral College the Case for Meshing Things Up!"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547458). *Presidential Studies Quarterly*. **9** (2): 144–163\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0360-4918](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-4918). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [27547458](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547458). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220614235003/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547458) from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-9)**
["What Is The Winner-Takes-All Rule In The Presidential Election? It's Steeped In Controversy"](https://www.bustle.com/articles/191151-what-is-the-winner-takes-all-rule-in-the-presidential-election-its-steeped-in-controversy). *Bustle*. November 3, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211221142349/https://www.bustle.com/articles/191151-what-is-the-winner-takes-all-rule-in-the-presidential-election-its-steeped-in-controversy) from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-10)**
Tures, John A. (December 9, 2020). ["The Electoral College system isn't 'one person, one vote'"](https://theconversation.com/the-electoral-college-system-isnt-one-person-one-vote-150342). *The Conversation*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210731054107/https://theconversation.com/the-electoral-college-system-isnt-one-person-one-vote-150342) from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-UnitedStatesCode|3|1_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-UnitedStatesCode|3|1_11-1) [3 U.S.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 3 of the United States Code") [§ 1](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/1) and [3 U.S.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 3 of the United States Code") [§ 21](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/21)
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-12)**
Caldwell, Leigh Ann (November 4, 2015). ["A Viewer's Guide to the Next Year in Presidential Politics"](http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/viewers-guide-next-year-presidential-politics-n455971). NBC News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190425011713/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/viewers-guide-next-year-presidential-politics-n455971) from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-13)**
Cohen, Andrew (October 29, 2012). ["Could a Hurricane Like Sandy Postpone the Presidential Election?"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/10/could-a-hurricane-like-sandy-postpone-the-presidential-election/264254/). *The Atlantic*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201031082102/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/10/could-a-hurricane-like-sandy-postpone-the-presidential-election/264254/) from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-WAPOST20150403_14-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-WAPOST20150403_14-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-WAPOST20150403_14-2)
Jose A. DelReal (April 3, 2015). ["Why Hillary Clinton might have just two more weeks or so to announce she's running for president"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/04/03/why-hillary-clinton-might-have-just-two-more-weeks-or-so-to-announce-shes-running-for-president/). *Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150510060617/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/04/03/why-hillary-clinton-might-have-just-two-more-weeks-or-so-to-announce-shes-running-for-president/) from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-15)**
Bugh, Gary (2010). [*Electoral College Reform: Challenges and Possibilities*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSmtbZg9_YC). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. [40](https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSmtbZg9_YC&pg=PA40). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7546-7751-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7751-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7751-2")
. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211003104922/https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSmtbZg9_YC) from the original on October 3, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-16)** [Richard A. Epstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Epstein "Richard A. Epstein"), [\[1\]](https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5103&context=uclrev)[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083229/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5103&context=uclrev) March 8, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") "'In Such Manner as the Legislature Thereof May Direct": The Outcome in *Bush v Gore* Defended, 68 *University of Chicago Law Review* 613, 614 (2001).
16. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-auto1_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-auto1_17-1)
["The election of George Washington was weirder than you think"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZO1O3CeW2w). January 7, 2023 – via YouTube.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-Norton_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-Norton_19-1) Mary Beth Norton et al., *A People and a Nation: A History of the United States*, Vol. I (11th ed. 2019), p. 340.
18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-auto_20-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-auto_20-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-auto_20-2)
["How the Electoral College Became Winner-Take-All"](https://fairvote.org/how-the-electoral-college-became-winner-take-all/). *FairVote*. August 21, 2012.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-21)** Donald Richard Deskins, Hanes Walton & Sherman C. Puckett, *Presidential Elections, 1789–2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data* (University of Michigan Press, 2010), p. 117.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-22)**
Rose, Douglas Dana. ["The Ten Most Competitive American Presidential Elections"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282575990). *ResearchGate*.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-23)**
["Past Attempts at Reform"](https://www.fairvote.org/past_attempts_at_reform). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211128092744/https://www.fairvote.org/past_attempts_at_reform) from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-24)**
["Efforts to Replace Electoral College"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240930181953/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/electoral-college-map-national-popular-vote/). *CBS News*. CBS. Archived from [the original](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/electoral-college-map-national-popular-vote/) on September 30, 2024. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-CRSReport2020_25-0)**
["The Electoral College: A2020 Presidential Election Timeline"](https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11641). [Congressional Research Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service "Congressional Research Service"). October 27, 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201109050550/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11641) from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-26)** Richard Hofstadter, *The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840* (1970)
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-27)** Gordon S. Wood, *Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (Oxford History of the United States)*
26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-28)**
Shafer, Byron E (1988). ["Emergence of the Presidential The Nomination and the Convention"](https://books.google.com/books?id=HAQ_cWsAW-cC&q=Emergence+of+the+Presidential+Nominating+Convention%2C+1789%E2%80%931832&pg=PA11). [*Bifurcated Politics: Evolution and Reform in the National Party Convention*](https://archive.org/details/bifurcatedpoliti00shaf/page/11). Harvard University Press. p. [11](https://archive.org/details/bifurcatedpoliti00shaf/page/11). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0674072565](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674072565 "Special:BookSources/978-0674072565")
. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-29)** James S. Chase; *Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention, 1789–1832* (1973)
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-30)**
["U.S. Constitutional Requirements for Presidential Candidates"](https://www.usa.gov/election#item-212587). *USA.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210307151645/https://www.usa.gov/election#item-212587) from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021. "The president must: Be a natural-born citizen of the United States, Be at least 35 years old, Have been a resident of the United States for 14 years, Anyone who meets these requirements can declare their candidacy for president."
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-31)**
Seth B. Tillman; Steven G. Calabresi (January 2008). ["The Great Divorce: The Current Understanding of Separation of Powers and the Original Meaning of the Incompatibility Clause"](http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review_online/vol157/iss1/3) (PDF). *University of Pennsylvania Law Review Online*. **157** (1): 1. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1942-8537](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1942-8537). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210227220307/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review_online/vol157/iss1/3/) from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021. "the Presidency is not "an Office under the United States."
30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-32)**
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31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-33)**
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33. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates_35-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-greenpapersDEMDelegates_35-1)
["Democratic Detailed Delegate Allocation – 2012"](https://thegreenpapers.com/P12/D-Alloc.phtml). *The Green Papers*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211109070449/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P12/D-Alloc.phtml) from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
34. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-greenpapersGOPDelegates_36-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-greenpapersGOPDelegates_36-1)
["Republican Detailed Delegate Allocation – 2012"](https://thegreenpapers.com/P12/R-Alloc.phtml). *The Green Papers*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211109004556/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P12/R-Alloc.phtml) from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-37)**
Paul, Katie (February 7, 2008). ["Convention Wisdom"](http://www.newsweek.com/id/109264). *Newsweek*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080228113642/http://www.newsweek.com/id/109264) from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-38)**
Eun Kyung Kim (February 10, 2008). ["Convention Q & A"](http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080210/NEWS15/802100609/1009/NEWS07). *Gannett News Service*. Detroit Free Press.
\[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]
37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-39)**
Clift, Eleanor (February 6, 2008). ["A Ticking Clock"](http://www.newsweek.com/id/108729). *Newsweek*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080304115713/http://www.newsweek.com/id/108729) from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#cite_ref-40)**
Gold, Jeffrey (February 9, 2008). ["Post-primary questions answered"](http://www.courierpostonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080209/NEWS01/80209008/0/towns63). Courier-Post. Associated Press.
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- Congressional Quarterly. *Presidential elections, 1789-1996* (1997) [online](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781568020655)
- Roseboom, Eugene H. *A history of presidential elections* (1957) [online](https://archive.org/details/historyofpreside0000rose/page/n5/mode/2up)
- Schlesinger, Arthur. Jr., ed. *History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008* (2011) 3 vol and 11 vol editions; detailed analysis of each election, with primary documents; [online v. 1. 1789-1824 -- v. 2. 1824-1844 -- v. 3. 1848-1868 -- v. 4. 1872-1888 -- v. 5. 1892-1908 -- v. 6. 1912-1924 -- v. 7. 1928-1940 -- v. 8. 1944-1956 -- v. 9. 1960-1968 -- v. 10. 1972-1984 -- v. 11. 1988-2001](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%27%27History%20of%20American%20Presidential%20Elections%22%20schlesinger)
- [The American Presidency Project (UC Santa Barbara: 52,000+ Presidential Documents)](http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sou.php)
- [Electoral College Box Scores](https://www.archives.gov/federal_register/electoral_college/votes/index.html)
- [Teaching about Presidential Elections](https://ericdigests.org/2001-2/elections.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210823141847/https://www.ericdigests.org/2001-2/elections.html) August 23, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [All the maps since 1840 by counties](https://web.archive.org/web/20051118120032/http://geoelections.free.fr/) (in French)
- [Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections](https://uselectionatlas.org/)
- [History of U.S. Presidential Elections: 1789–2004](https://web.archive.org/web/20080517043651/http://uspresidentialelections.webs.com/)
- [Graphic election results from 1952 to 2008 broken down by state](http://home.comcast.net/~tmoy/super-graph/pres-elec.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081205175837/http://home.comcast.net/~tmoy/super-graph/pres-elec.html) December 5, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") (Java Applet)
- [A history of the presidency from the point of view of Vermont](http://www.davegentile.com/philosophy/Vermont.html) Discusses history of American presidential elections with two states as opposite "poles", Vermont, and Alabama
- [The Living Room Candidate: A Compilation of Presidential Television Ads](http://www.livingroomcandidate.com/)
- [Presidential Elections, from History.com](http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/presidential-elections)
- [A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825](http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080725105911/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas) July 25, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [Presidential Elections: Resource Guides](https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/index.html) from the Library of Congress
- [Presidential Elections: Vacancies in Major-Party Candidacies and the Position of President-Elect](http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44648.pdf) from [Congressional Research Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service "Congressional Research Service")
- [U.S. Election Statistics: A Resource Guide](https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/statistics.html) from the Library of Congress
- ["Electoral Votes"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Electoral_Votes) . *[New International Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia "New International Encyclopedia")*. 1905.
This is a tabulation of the electoral votes by election year, and also includes the results for vice president.
### Statistical forecasts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: Statistical forecasts")\]
- [17 poll composite](http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/polls?mod=wsj_elections_2012_nav#cand=Romney&race=2®ion=US&src=rcpo) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120422124830/http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/polls?mod=wsj_elections_2012_nav#cand=Romney&race=2®ion=US&src=rcpo) April 22, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
- [Princeton Election Consortium](http://election.princeton.edu/)
- [Gallup](http://www.gallup.com/) |
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| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/United_States_presidential_election s443 |