🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa167)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)","crawl_time":1773607191,"first_indexed_time":1412164583,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_(BB-61) s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"USS Iowa (BB-61) - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"For other ships with the same name, see\nUSS Iowa\n.\nUSS\nIowa\nunleashes a\nbroadside\nof nine 16-inch guns on 15 August 1984 during a firepower demonstration after her modernization.\nHistory\nUnited States\nNamesake\nState of Iowa\nOrdered\n1 July 1939\nBuilder\nNew York Naval Yard\nLaid down\n27 June 1940\nLaunched\n27 August 1942\nSponsored by\nIlo Wallace\nCommissioned\n22 February 1943\nDecommissioned\n24 March 1949\nRecommissioned\n25 August 1951\nDecommissioned\n24 February 1958\nRecommissioned\n28 April 1984\nDecommissioned\n26 October 1990\nStricken\n17 March 2006\nIdentification\nCallsign\n: NEPM\nHull number\n: BB-61\nMotto\n\"Our Liberties We Prize, Our Rights We Will Maintain\"\nNickname(s)\n\"The Big Stick\" (1952),\n\"The Grey Ghost\" (Korean War),\n\"The Battleship of Presidents\"\n[\n1\n]\nHonors and\nawards\n11\nbattle stars\nFate\nMuseum ship\nStatus\nOn display at the Pacific Battleship Center at the\nPort of Los Angeles\n(\n33°44′32″N\n118°16′38″W\n \/ \n33.7423°N 118.2772°W\n)\nBadge\nGeneral characteristics\nClass & type\nIowa\n-class\nbattleship\nDisplacement\n48,110 long tons (48,880 t) Standard\n57,540 long tons (58,460 t) full load\n[\n2\n]\nLength\n887 ft 3 in (270.43 m)\nBeam\n108 ft 2 in (32.97 m)\nDraft\n37 ft 2 in (11.33 m) (full load)\nInstalled power\n8\nBabcock & Wilcox\nwater-tube boilers\n212,000 \nshp\n(158,088 kW)\nPropulsion\n4 ×\nsteam turbines\n4 × screw\npropellers\nSpeed\n33\nknots\n(38 mph; 61 km\/h)\nComplement\n151 officers, 2,637 enlisted (WWII)\nArmament\n1943:\n9 ×\n16 in (406 mm)\/50-caliber Mark 7 guns\n20 ×\n5 in (127 mm)\/38 cal Mark 12 guns\n76 ×\n40 mm\/56 cal anti-aircraft guns\n52 ×\n20 mm\/70 cal anti-aircraft guns\n1984:\n9 ×\n16 in (406 mm)\/50-caliber Mark 7 guns\n12 ×\n5 in (127 mm)\/38 cal Mark 12 guns\n32 ×\nBGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles\n16 ×\nRGM-84 Harpoon Anti-Ship missiles\n4 ×\n20 mm\/76 cal Phalanx CIWS\nArmor\nBelt\n: 12.1 in (307 mm)\nBulkheads\n: 11.3 in (287 mm)\nBarbettes\n: 11.6 to 17.3 in (295 to 439 mm)\nTurrets\n: 19.5 in (495 mm)\nDecks\n:\nmain 1.5 in (38 mm)\nsecond 6.0 in (152 mm)\nAircraft carried\nfloatplanes\n,\nhelicopters\n,\nUAVs\nUSS\nIowa\n(BB-61)\nis a retired\nbattleship\n, the\nlead ship\nof\nher class\n, and the fourth in the\nUnited States Navy\nto be named after the state of\nIowa\n. Owing to the cancellation of the\nMontana\n-class\nbattleships,\nIowa\nis the last lead ship of any class of United States battleships and was the only ship of her class to serve in the\nAtlantic Ocean\nduring\nWorld War II\n.\nDuring World War II, she carried President\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\nacross the Atlantic to\nMers El Kébir\n, Algeria, en route to a\nconference\nof vital importance in 1943 in\nTehran\nwith Prime Minister\nWinston Churchill\nof the United Kingdom and\nJoseph Stalin\n, leader of the Soviet Union. When transferred to the\nPacific Fleet\nin 1944,\nIowa\nshelled beachheads at\nKwajalein\nand\nEniwetok\nin advance of\nAllied\namphibious landings and screened\naircraft carriers\noperating in the\nMarshall Islands\n.\nDuring the\nKorean War\n,\nIowa\nwas involved in raids on the North Korean coast, after which she was\ndecommissioned\ninto the\nUnited States Navy reserve fleets\n, better known as the \"mothball fleet\". She was reactivated in 1984 as part of the\n600-ship Navy\nplan and operated in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets to counter the recently expanded\nSoviet Navy\n. In April 1989,\nan explosion of undetermined origin\nwrecked her No. 2 gun turret, killing 47 sailors.\nIowa\nwas decommissioned for the last time in October 1990 after 19 total years of active service, and was initially stricken from the\nNaval Vessel Register\nin 1995, before being reinstated from 1999 to 2006 to comply with federal laws that required retention and maintenance of two\nIowa\n-class battleships. In 2011,\nIowa\nwas donated to the\nLos Angeles\n–based nonprofit Pacific Battleship Center and was permanently moved to Berth 87 at the\nPort of Los Angeles\nin 2012, where she was opened to the public as the\nUSS\nIowa\nMuseum\n.\nOrdered in July 1939,\n[\n3\n]\nUSS\nIowa\nwas laid down at\nNew York Naval Shipyard\nin June 1940. She was\nlaunched\non 27 August 1942,\nsponsored\nby\nIlo Wallace\n(wife of\nVice President\nHenry Wallace\n), and\ncommissioned\non 22 February 1943 with Captain\nJohn L. McCrea\nin command.\n[\n4\n]\nUSS\nIowa\n'\ns main battery consisted of nine\n16-inch\/50-caliber Mark 7 guns\n, which could fire 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) armor-piercing shells 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km). Her secondary battery consisted of twenty\n5\"\/38 caliber guns\nin twin mounts, which could fire at targets up to 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km) away. With the advent of air power and the need to gain and maintain\nair superiority\ncame a need to protect the growing fleet of Allied\naircraft carriers\n; to this end,\nIowa\nwas fitted with an array of\nOerlikon 20 mm\nand\nBofors 40 mm\nantiaircraft guns\nto defend Allied carriers from enemy airstrikes.\n[\n5\n]\nWorld War II (1943–1945)\n[\nedit\n]\nShakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet\n[\nedit\n]\nWhen\nIowa\nwas selected to ferry President\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\nto the\nCairo\nand\nTehran Conferences\n, she was outfitted with a bathtub for Roosevelt's convenience. Roosevelt, who had been\nparalyzed in 1921\n, would have been unable to make effective use of a shower facility.\n[\n6\n]\nOn 24 February 1943,\nIowa\nput to sea for a\nshakedown cruise\nin the\nChesapeake Bay\nand along the Atlantic Coast. She got underway on 27 August for\nArgentia, Newfoundland\n, to counter the threat of the German battleship\nTirpitz\n, which was reportedly operating in Norwegian waters, before returning to the United States on 25 October for two weeks of maintenance at the Norfolk Navy Yard.\n[\n6\n]\nIn November 1943,\nIowa\ncarried President Roosevelt,\nSecretary of State\nCordell Hull\n, Roosevelt's Chief of Staff Admiral\nWilliam D. Leahy\n,\nChief of Staff of the Army\nGeneral\nGeorge C. Marshall\n,\nChief of Naval Operations\nErnest King\n, Commanding General of the US Army Air Forces\nHenry \"Hap\" Arnold\n,\nHarry Hopkins\n, and other military leaders to\nMers El Kébir\n, Algeria, on the first leg of the journey to the Cairo and Tehran Conferences.\n[\n7\n]\nOn 14 November, in waters east of\nBermuda\n,\nUSS \nWilliam D. Porter\n (DD-579)\n, a\ndestroyer\nthat was part of\nIowa\n'\ns antisubmarine screen, accidentally discharged a torpedo toward\nIowa\nduring a drill. Following warnings from the destroyer and her own lookouts,\nIowa\nturned hard to avoid the torpedo, which detonated about 1200 yards astern in the ship's wake.\n[\n8\n]\nIowa\ntrained her guns on\nWilliam D. Porter\n, concerned that the smaller ship might have been involved in an assassination plot.\n[\n9\n]\nIowa\ncompleted her presidential escort mission on 16 December by returning the President to the United States.\n[\n9\n]\nRoosevelt addressed the crew of\nIowa\nprior to leaving by stating, \"... from all I have seen and all I have heard, the\nIowa\nis a 'happy ship,' and having served with the Navy for many years, I know—and you know—what that means.\" He also touched on the progress made at the conference before concluding his address with \"... good luck, and remember that I am with you in spirit, each and every one of you.\"\n[\n10\n]\nService with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee\n[\nedit\n]\nIowa\nin the Pacific;\nIndiana\ncan be seen in the distance.\nAs\nflagship\nof Battleship Division 7 (BatDiv 7),\nIowa\ndeparted the United States on 2 January 1944 for the Pacific Ocean, transiting the\nPanama Canal\non 7 January in advance of her combat debut in the campaign for the\nMarshall Islands\n. From 29 January to 3 February, she supported carrier air strikes made by Rear Admiral\nFrederick C. Sherman\n's Task Group 58.3 (TG 58.3)\n[\n11\n]\nagainst\nKwajalein\nand\nEniwetok\natolls. Her next assignment was to support air strikes against the major Japanese naval and logistics base at\nTruk\n,\nCaroline Islands\n.\nIowa\n, in company with other ships, was detached from the support group on 16 February 1944 to conduct an antishipping sweep around Truk, with the objective of destroying enemy naval vessels escaping to the north. During this action,\nIowa\n, along with her sister\nNew Jersey\n, sank the Japanese\nlight cruiser\nKatori\n, the cruiser having escaped Truk the day before following\nOperation Hailstone\n, the US air attack on Truk.\n[\n6\n]\nOn 21 February, she was underway with the\nFast Carrier Task Force\n(alternatively designated TF 38 while with\n3rd Fleet\nand TF 58 while with\n5th Fleet\n) while it conducted the first strikes against\nSaipan\n,\nTinian\n,\nRota\n, and\nGuam\nin the\nMariana Islands\n.\nOn 18 March 1944,\nIowa\n, flying the flag of Vice Admiral\nWillis A. Lee\n(\nCommander, Battleships, Pacific\n), joined in the bombardment of\nMili Atoll\nin the Marshall Islands. Although struck by two Japanese 4.7 in (120 mm) projectiles,\nIowa\nsuffered negligible damage. She then rejoined TF 58 on 30 March, and supported air strikes against the\nPalau Islands\nand\nWoleai\nof the Carolines for several days.\n[\n4\n]\nFrom 22 to 28 April,\nIowa\nsupported air raids on\nHollandia\n(now known as Jayapura),\nAitape\n, and\nWake Islands\nto support Army forces on Aitape and at\nTanahmerah\nand\nHumboldt Bays\nin\nNew Guinea\n. She then joined the Task Force's second strike on Truk, on 29 and 30 April, and bombarded Japanese facilities on\nPonape\nin the Carolines on 1 May.\n[\n4\n]\nUSS\nABSD-2\nrepairing USS\nIowa\nin early 1945 at Manus, Admiralty Islands.\nIn the opening phases of the\nMariana and Palau Islands campaign\n,\nIowa\nprotected the American carriers during air strikes on the islands of Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Rota, and\nPagan Island\non 12 June.\nIowa\nwas then detached to bombard enemy installations on Saipan and Tinian on 13–14 June, which resulted in the destruction of a Japanese ammunition dump. On 19 June, in an engagement known as the\nBattle of the Philippine Sea\n,\nIowa\n, as part of the battle line of TF 58, helped repel four massive air raids launched by the Japanese Middle Fleet. This resulted in the almost complete destruction of Japanese carrier-based air forces, with\nIowa\nclaiming the destruction of three enemy aircraft.\nIowa\nthen joined in the pursuit of the fleeing enemy fleet, shooting down one\ntorpedo plane\nand assisting in splashing another.\n[\n4\n]\n[\n6\n]\nThroughout July,\nIowa\nremained off the Marianas supporting air strikes on the Palaus and landings on Guam. After a month's rest,\nIowa\nsailed from Eniwetok as part of the Third Fleet, and helped support the\nlandings on Peleliu\non 17 September. She then protected the carriers during air strikes against the Central Philippines to neutralize enemy air power for the long-awaited invasion of the Philippines. On 10 October,\nIowa\narrived off\nOkinawa\nfor a series of air strikes on the\nRyukyu Islands\nand\nFormosa\n. She then supported air strikes against\nLuzon\non 18 October and continued this duty during General\nDouglas MacArthur\n's\nlanding on Leyte\non 20 October.\n[\n4\n]\nUSS\nIowa\nin World War II configuration and wearing\nMeasure 32 Design 1B\ncamouflage pattern, c. 1944.\nIn a last-ditch attempt to halt the United States campaign to recapture the Philippines, the\nImperial Japanese Navy\nstruck back with\nShō-Gō\n 1, a three-pronged attack aimed at the destruction of American amphibious forces in\nLeyte Gulf\n. The plan called for Vice Admiral\nJisaburō Ozawa\nto use the surviving Japanese carriers as bait to draw US carriers of TF 38 away from the Philippine beachheads, allowing Imperial Japanese Admirals\nTakeo Kurita\n,\nKiyohide Shima\n, and\nShōji Nishimura\nto take surface task forces through the\nSan Bernardino Strait\nand\nSurigao Strait\n, where they would rendezvous and attack the US beachheads.\n[\n12\n]\n[\n13\n]\nIowa\naccompanied TF 38 during attacks against the Japanese Central Force under the command of Admiral Kurita as it steamed through the\nSibuyan Sea\ntoward San Bernardino Strait. The reported results of these attacks and the apparent retreat of the Japanese Central Force led Admiral\nWilliam \"Bull\" Halsey\nto believe that this force had been ruined as an effective fighting group; as a result,\nIowa\n, with TF 38, steamed after the Japanese Northern Force off\nCape Engaño\n, Luzon. On 25 October 1944, when the ships of the Northern Force were almost within range of\nIowa\n'\ns guns, word arrived that the Japanese Central Force was attacking a group of American\nescort carriers\noff\nSamar\n. This threat to the American beachheads forced TF 38 to reverse course and steam to support the vulnerable escort carrier fleet, but fierce resistance by the\n7th Fleet\nin the\nBattle off Samar\nhad already caused the Japanese to retire and\nIowa\nwas denied a surface action. Following the\nBattle of Leyte Gulf\n,\nIowa\nremained in the waters off the Philippines screening carriers during strikes against Luzon and Formosa. She sailed for the West Coast late in December 1944.\n[\n4\n]\nOn 18 December, the ships of TF 38 unexpectedly found themselves in a fight for their lives when\nTyphoon Cobra\novertook the force—7 fleet carriers, six light carriers, eight battleships, 15 cruisers, and about 50 destroyers—during their attempt to refuel at sea. At the time, the ships were operating about 300 mi (480 km) east of Luzon in the\nPhilippine Sea\n.\n[\n14\n]\nThe carriers had just completed three days of heavy raids against Japanese airfields, suppressing enemy aircraft during the American\namphibious operations\nagainst\nMindoro\nin the Philippines. The task force met with\nCaptain\nJasper T. Acuff and his fueling group on 17 December with the intention of refueling all ships in the task force and replacing lost aircraft.\n[\n15\n]\nIowa\nin drydock in San Francisco, undergoing repairs and modernization after being damaged during Typhoon Cobra.\nAlthough the sea had been growing rougher all day, the nearby cyclonic disturbance gave relatively little warning of its approach. On 18 December, the small but violent typhoon overtook the task force while many of the ships were attempting to refuel. Many of the vessels were caught near the center of the storm and buffeted by extreme seas and hurricane-force winds. Three destroyers—\nHull\n,\nMonaghan\n, and\nSpence\n—capsized and sank with nearly all hands, while a cruiser, five aircraft carriers, and three destroyers suffered serious damage.\n[\n14\n]\nAround 790 officers and men were lost or killed, with another 80 injured. Fires occurred in three carriers when planes broke loose in their hangars, and some 146 planes on various ships were swept overboard or damaged beyond economical repair by fires or impacts.\n[\n15\n]\nIowa\nreported zero injured sailors as a result of the typhoon,\n[\n16\n]\nbut suffered a loss of one of her float planes, and damage to one of her shafts.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n15\n]\nThe damaged shaft required\nIowa\nto return to the US, and she arrived at San Francisco on 15 January 1945, for repairs. During the course of the overhaul,\nIowa\nhad her bridge area enclosed, and was outfitted with new search radars and fire-control systems.\n[\n6\n]\nBombardment of Japan\n[\nedit\n]\nMissouri\n(left) transfers personnel to\nIowa\nin advance of the surrender ceremony planned for September 2.\nIowa\nsailed on 19 March 1945 for Okinawa, arriving on 15 April to relieve her sister ship\nNew Jersey\n. From 24 April,\nIowa\nsupported carrier operations, which aimed to establish and maintain air superiority for ground forces during their struggle for the island. She then supported air strikes off southern\nKyūshū\nfrom 25 May to 13 June. Afterward, she sailed toward northern\nHonshū\nand\nHokkaido\n, and participated in strikes on the Japanese home islands on 14–15 July by bombarding\nMuroran\n, Hokkaido, destroying steel mills and other targets. The city of\nHitachi\non Honshū was shelled beginning the night of 17 July and lasting to 18 July. On 29 and 30 July,\nIowa\ntrained her guns on\nKahoolawe\nfor a bombardment and continued to support fast carrier strikes until the cessation of hostilities on 15 August.\nOn 27 August,\nIowa\nand her sister ship\nMissouri\nentered\nSagami Bay\nto oversee the surrender of the\nYokosuka Naval Arsenal\n.\n[\n4\n]\n[\n6\n]\nTwo days later, she entered\nTokyo Bay\nwith the occupation forces. Here, a number of sailors from\nMissouri\nwere temporarily stationed on\nIowa\nfor the duration of the surrender ceremony, which took place aboard\nMissouri\n.\n[\n17\n]\nIowa\nremained in the bay as part of the occupying force. As part of the ongoing\nOperation Magic Carpet\n, she received homeward-bound GIs and liberated US\nprisoners of war\nbefore departing Tokyo Bay on 20 September, bound for the United States.\n[\n4\n]\n[\n6\n]\nPost–World War II (1945–1949)\n[\nedit\n]\nIowa\narrived in\nSeattle, Washington\n, on 15 October 1945, then sailed for\nLong Beach, California\n, where she engaged in training operations until returning to Japan in 1946 to serve as flagship for the 5th Fleet. She returned to the United States on 25 March 1946 and resumed her role as a training ship. During her usual routine of drills and maneuvers she also embarked Naval Reserve elements and\nmidshipmen\nfor training. In October,\nIowa\nunderwent a period of overhaul and modernization, which resulted in the addition of the SK-2 Radar and the loss of a number of 20 mm and 40 mm gun mounts. In July, following the\nBikini atomic experiments\n, the old battleship\nNevada\nwas selected as a target for a\nlive-fire exercise\nto be carried out by\nIowa\nand other sea and air assets of the navy. The exercise began with separate shellings from a destroyer,\nheavy cruiser\n, and\nIowa\n, but this did not sink the ship, so\nNevada\nwas finished off with one\naerial torpedo\nhit amidships, sinking her 65 mi (105 km) from\nPearl Harbor\non 31 July 1948.\n[\n18\n]\n[\n19\n]\nIn September 1948, as part of the post World War II drawdown of the armed forces,\nIowa\nwas deactivated at San Francisco, and then formally decommissioned into the\nUnited States Navy reserve fleets\non 24 March 1949.\n[\n6\n]\nKorean War (1951–1952)\n[\nedit\n]\nIn 1950,\nNorth Korea\ninvaded\nSouth Korea, prompting the United Nations to authorize military intervention. President\nHarry S. Truman\nordered US forces stationed in Japan to transfer to South Korea. Truman also sent US-based troops, tanks, fighter and bomber aircraft, and a strong naval force to the area to support South Korea. As part of the naval mobilization,\nIowa\nwas reactivated on 14 July 1951, and formally recommissioned on 25 August, with Captain William R. Smedberg III, in command.\nIowa\nsailed for Korean waters in March 1952. On 1 April, she relieved her sister ship\nUSS \nWisconsin\nand became the flagship of\nVice Admiral\nRobert P. Briscoe\n, commander of the Seventh Fleet.\n[\n6\n]\nIn her first combat operation of the Korean War,\nIowa\nfired her main guns near\nWonsan\n–\nSŏngjin\non 8 April 1952, with the goal of striking North Korean supply lines. In the company of other naval vessels,\nIowa\nagain engaged North Korean forces the following day, this time against enemy troop concentrations, supply areas, and suspected gun positions in and around Suwon Dan and Kojo. In support of South Korea's\nI Corps\n,\nIowa\nshelled enemy positions on 13 April, killing 100 enemy soldiers, destroying six gun emplacements, and wrecking a division headquarters. The next day, she entered Wonsan Harbor and shelled warehouses, observation posts, and railroad marshaling yards before moving out to rejoin the UN flotilla aiding ground forces around\nKosong\n. On 20 April, in her first combat action above the\n38th parallel\n,\nIowa\nshelled railroad lines at\nTanchon\n, where four railroad tunnels were destroyed, before sailing to Chindong and Kosong for a two-day bombardment of North Korean positions.\n[\n6\n]\nUSS\nIowa\nfires a 16 in (406 mm) shell towards a North Korean target in 1952.\nOn 25 May\nIowa\n, following her sister ship\nMissouri\n'\ns example, arrived in the waters off\nChongjin\n, a North Korean industrial center about 48 nmi (55 mi; 89 km) from the Russian border. Upon arrival,\nIowa\nproceeded to shell the industrial and rail transportation centers in Chongjin, after which she moved south to aid the\nUS X Corps\n.\nEn route\nto US positions,\nIowa\nagain bombarded Sŏngjin, destroying several railroad tunnels and bridges in the area. On 28 May,\nIowa\nrejoined the main body of the US fleet supporting the X Corps, heavily shelling several islands in Wonsan Harbor.\n[\n6\n]\nThroughout June,\nIowa\ntrained her guns on targets at Mayang-do, Tanchon, Chongjin, Chodo–\nSokcho\n, and the ports of\nHŭngnam\nand Wonsan in support of the UN and South Korean forces. On 9 June, a helicopter from\nIowa\nrescued a downed pilot from the carrier\nUSS \nPrinceton\n.\n[\n6\n]\nAt the time,\nPrinceton\nwas operating with TF 77, and with other carriers in the task force that were involved in a bombing campaign against North Korean supply lines, troop concentrations, and infrastructure; additionally, the carriers were flying\nclose air support\nmissions for ground forces fighting against the North Korean forces.\n[\n20\n]\nIn July,\nIowa\nreceived a new skipper, Captain Joshua W. Cooper, who assumed command of the battleship for the remainder of her Korean War tour.\n[\n6\n]\nOn 20 August,\nIowa\ntook aboard nine wounded men from the destroyer\nUSS \nThompson\nafter\nThompson\nwas hit by a Chinese artillery battery while shelling enemy positions at Sŏngjin. At the time,\nIowa\nwas operating 16 mi (26 km) south of Sŏngjin, and after receiving the wounded destroyer crewmen,\nIowa\ncovered\nThompson\nas she retreated into safer waters.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n21\n]\nOn 23 September,\nGeneral\nMark W. Clark\n, the commander-in-chief of\nUnited Nations Forces\nin Korea, came aboard\nIowa\n. Clark observed\nIowa\nin action as her guns shelled the Wonsan area for a third time, accounting for the destruction of a major enemy\nammunition dump\n. On 25 September,\nIowa\nfired her guns at an enemy railroad and 30-car train.\n[\n6\n]\nThe following month,\nIowa\nwas part of the force involved in Operation Decoy, a\nfeint\nto draw enemy troops into Kojo and bring them within striking distance of the battleships' big guns. During the operation,\nIowa\nprovided antiaircraft support to\nUSS \nMount McKinley\n, an amphibious force command ship.\n[\n6\n]\nIn October 1952,\nIowa\nwas serving as flagship for the Commander, Seventh Fleet, and she engaged in 43 gun strikes on targets in the areas of Wonsan, Songjin, Kojo, Chaho, Toejo, Simpo, Hungnam, and northern Inchon, North Korea, and in 27 bombline operations. During these operations, 16,689 rounds were fired from her main and secondary batteries on enemy installations. This action established eligibility for the\nUnited Nations Service Medal\nand the\nKorean Service Medal\nwith one bronze star.\n[\n22\n]\nPost–Korean War (1953–1958)\n[\nedit\n]\nUSS\nIowa\nlaid up alongside\nUSS\nWisconsin\nand\nUSS\nShangri-La\nin Philadelphia, July 8, 1978.\nIowa\nembarked midshipmen for at-sea training to Northern Europe in July 1953, and shortly afterwards took part in Operation Mariner, a major NATO exercise, serving as flagship of Vice Admiral Edmund T. Wooldridge, commander of the\n2nd Fleet\n. Upon completion of this exercise,\nIowa\noperated in the\nVirginia Capes\narea. Later, in September 1954, she became the flagship of Rear Admiral R. E. Libby, Commander, Battleship Cruiser Force, United States Atlantic Fleet.\n[\n4\n]\nFrom January–April 1955,\nIowa\nmade an extended cruise to the\nMediterranean Sea\nas the flagship of the commander,\n6th Fleet\n. She departed on a midshipman-training cruise on 1 June, and upon her return entered Norfolk for a four-month overhaul. Afterward,\nIowa\ncontinued intermittent training cruises and operational exercises, until 4 January 1957, when she departed Norfolk for duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. Upon completion,\nIowa\nembarked midshipmen for a South American training cruise and joined in the International\nNaval Review\noff\nHampton Roads\n,\nVirginia\n, on 13 June.\n[\n4\n]\nOn 3 September,\nIowa\nsailed for Scotland for NATO's\nExercise Strikeback\n. She returned to Norfolk on 28 September, and departed Hampton Roads for the\nPhiladelphia Naval Shipyard\non 22 October. She was decommissioned on 24 February 1958 and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia.\n[\n4\n]\nReactivation (1982–1990)\n[\nedit\n]\nUSS\nIowa\nin drydock undergoing modernization.\nAs part of President\nRonald Reagan\nand\nSecretary of the Navy\nJohn F. Lehman\n's efforts to create an expanded\n600-ship Navy\n,\nIowa\nwas reactivated in 1982 and towed by\nUSNS\nApache\n[\n23\n]\nto\nAvondale Shipyard\nnear\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n, for refitting and equipment modernization in advance of her planned recommissioning.\n[\n4\n]\nDuring the refit,\nIowa\nhad all of her remaining\nOerlikon 20 mm\nand\nBofors 40 mm\nantiaircraft guns removed, due to their ineffectiveness against modern\nfighter jets\nand\nantiship missiles\n. Additionally, the two 5 in (127 mm) gun mounts located at midship and in the\naft\non the\nport\nand\nstarboard\nsides of the battleship were removed.\n[\n24\n]\nIowa\nwas then towed to\nIngalls Shipbuilding\n,\nPascagoula, Mississippi\n,\n[\n6\n]\nwhere over the next several months, the battleship was upgraded with the most advanced weaponry available. Among the new weapons systems installed were four MK 141 quad-cell launchers for 16\nAGM-84 Harpoon\nantiship missiles, eight\narmored box launcher\nmounts for 32\nBGM-109 Tomahawk\nmissiles, and a quartet of\nPhalanx\nclose-in weapon system\nGatling guns\nfor defense against enemy antiship missiles and enemy aircraft.\n[\n24\n]\nSometime after June 1986,\nIowa\nwas the first battleship to receive the\nRQ-2 Pioneer\nunmanned aerial vehicle\n. She could carry up to eight of the remotely controlled drones, which replaced the helicopters (although helicopters were not carried by battleships) previously used to spot for her nine 16 inch (406 mm)\/50 cal Mark 7 guns.\n[\n25\n]\n[\n26\n]\nAlso included in her modernization were upgrades to\nradar\nand\nfire-control systems\nfor her guns and missiles, and improved\nelectronic warfare\ncapabilities.\n[\n24\n]\nArmed as such,\nIowa\nwas formally recommissioned on 28 April 1984, ahead of schedule, within her budget at a cost of $500 million, and under the command of Captain Gerald E. Gneckow.\n[\n6\n]\nTo expedite the schedule, many necessary repairs to\nIowa\n's\nengines and guns were not completed and the mandatory Navy\nBoard of Inspection and Survey\n(InSurv) inspection was skipped.\n[\n27\n]\nShakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989)\n[\nedit\n]\nIowa\nfires a full broadside of nine 16-inch (406 mm)\/50-caliber and six 5-inch (127 mm)\/38 cal guns.\nFrom April to August 1984,\nIowa\nunderwent refresher training and naval gunfire support qualifications at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and the Puerto Rican operating area. After a short period in her new home port of Norfolk, Virginia, she spent the two  times during the rest of 1984 and early 1985 conducting \"presence\" operations shakedown in the area around Central America. During this time she transited the Panama Canal to operate off the west coast of Central America while also conducting people-to-people humanitarian operations, including in El Salvador,\nCosta Rica\nand\nHonduras\n,\n[\n6\n]\n[\n28\n]\nbefore returning to the United States in April 1985 for a period of routine maintenance.\n[\n6\n]\nIn August 1985,\nIowa\njoined 160 other ships for Exercise Ocean Safari, a NATO naval exercise aimed at testing NATO's ability to control sea lanes and maintain free passage of shipping. Owing to bad weather,\nIowa\nand the other ships were forced to ride out rough seas, but she made use of the time to practice hiding herself from enemy forces. While serving with the exercise force,\nIowa\ncrossed the\nArctic Circle\n.\n[\n29\n]\nIn October, she took part in Baltic operations, and fired her phalanx guns, 5 in (127 mm) guns, and 16 in (406 mm) guns in the\nBaltic Sea\non 17 October while operating with US and other allied ships.\n[\n30\n]\nAfter these operations during which she visited Le Havre in France, Kiel in Germany, Copenhagen (where the current King of Denmark visited the ship as a schoolboy) and Aarhus in Denmark, and Oslo in Norway, where the King of Norway was entertained at lunch, she returned to the United States.\n[\n6\n]\nBeginning on 17 March 1986,\nIowa\nunderwent her overdue InSurv inspection, conducted under the supervision of Rear Admiral\nJohn D. Bulkeley\n, which she ultimately failed. Bulkeley found that the ship was unable to achieve her top speed of 33 kn (38 mph; 61 km\/h) during a full-power engine run. Other problems included hydraulic fluid leaks in all three main gun turrets, electrical wiring shorts, pump failures, deteriorated bilge piping, unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines, and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. He recommended to the\nchief of Naval Operations\nand Lehman that\nIowa\nbe taken out of service immediately. Rejecting this advice, Lehman instead instructed the leaders of the Atlantic Fleet to ensure that\nIowa\n'\ns deficiencies were corrected.\n[\n31\n]\nAfterward,\nIowa\nreturned to the waters around Central America and conducted drills and exercises, while providing a military presence to friendly nations. On 4 July, President Ronald Reagan and\nFirst Lady\nNancy Reagan\nboarded\nIowa\nfor the International Naval Review, which was held in the\nHudson River\n.\n[\n32\n]\nOn 25 April, Captain\nLarry Ray Seaquist\nassumed command of the battleship and her crew during Naval Gunfire Support requalification off Vieques Island near Puerto Rico.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n33\n]\nCrewmen recover an\nRQ-2 Pioneer\nUAV aboard\nIowa.\nOn 17 August,\nIowa\nset sail for the North Atlantic and in September she participated in Exercise Northern Wedding by ferrying\nMarines\nashore and assisting helicopter gunships. During the exercise,\nIowa\nfired her main guns at\nCape Wrath\nrange in Scotland in support of a simulated amphibious assault on 5–6 September, firing a total of 19 16-inch (406 mm) shells and 32 5-inch (127 mm) shells during a 10-hour period and operating in rough seas. During the live-fire exercise, a small number of\nIowa\nMarines were put ashore to monitor the fall of shot and advise the battleship of gunnery corrections.\n[\n34\n]\nAfterward,\nIowa\nvisited ports, including Portsmouth in England, and Germany, before returning to the United States in October.\nIn December, the ship became the testbed for the Navy's RQ-2 Pioneer (UAV). The drone was designed to serve as an aerial spotter for the battleship's guns, thereby allowing the guns to be used against an enemy without the need for an airplane or helicopter spotter. Pioneer passed its tests and made its first deployment that same month aboard\nIowa\n.\n[\n26\n]\nIowa\nconducting an\nunderway replenishment\nwith\nUSS \nMidway\nin the\nPersian Gulf\nin December, 1987.\nFrom January–September 1987,\nIowa\noperated in the waters in and around Central America and participated in several exercises until sailing for the Mediterranean Sea on 10 September to join the 6th Fleet based there. She remained in the Mediterranean until 22 October, when she was detached from the 6th Fleet and departed for operations in the North Sea. On 25 November, as part of\nOperation Earnest Will\n,\nIowa\ntransited the\nSuez Canal\nand set sail for the\nPersian Gulf\n, which at the time was one of the battlefields of the first Gulf War (also referred to as the\nIran–Iraq War\n).\n[\n6\n]\nThe presence of US naval vessels in the gulf was in response to a formal petition from\nKuwait\n,\n[\n35\n]\nwhose ships were being raided by Iranian forces who were attempting to cut off weapons shipments from the United States and Europe to\nSaddam Hussein\n's regime in Iraq, via Kuwaiti territory. This phase of the war was later called the \"\nTanker War\n\" phase of the Iran–Iraq War.\n[\n36\n]\nIowa\nand other vessels operating in the gulf were assigned to escort Kuwaiti tankers from Kuwaiti ports to the open sea, but because US law forbade military escorts for civilian ships flying a foreign flag, the tankers escorted by the United States were reflagged as US merchant vessels and assigned American names.\n[\n36\n]\nFor the remainder of the year,\nIowa\nescorted Kuwaiti gas and oil tankers reflagged as US merchant ships from the Persian Gulf through the\nStrait of Hormuz\n.\n[\n6\n]\nOn 20 February 1988,\nIowa\ndeparted from the Persian Gulf, transited the Suez Canal, and set sail for the United States, arriving at Norfolk on 10 March for routine maintenance. In April, she participated in the annual Fleet Week celebrations before returning to Norfolk for an overhaul. On 26 May,\nFred Moosally\nreplaced Larry Seaquist as captain of\nIowa\n.\n[\n37\n]\nAfter the overhaul, Moosally took\nIowa\non a shakedown cruise around Chesapeake Bay on 25 August. Encountering difficulty in conning the ship through shallow water, Moosally narrowly missed colliding with the\nfrigate\nMoinester\n, destroyer\nFarragut\n, and cruiser\nSouth Carolina\nbefore running aground in soft mud outside the bay's main ship channel near the Thimble Shoals. After one hour,\nIowa\nwas able to extricate herself without damage and return to port.\n[\n38\n]\nIowa\ncontinued with sea trials throughout August and September, then began refresher training in the waters around Florida and Puerto Rico in October, during which the ship passed an Operation Propulsion Program evaluation.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n39\n]\nOn 20 January 1989, during an improperly authorized gunnery experiment off\nVieques Island\n,\nIowa\nfired a 16-inch (406 mm) shell 23.4 nmi (26.9 mi; 43.3 km), setting a record for the longest-ranged 16 in (406 mm) shell ever fired. In February, the battleship sailed for New Orleans for a port visit before departing for Norfolk. On 10 April, the battleship was visited by the commander of the\n2nd Fleet\n, and on 13 April, she sailed to participate in a fleet exercise.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n40\n]\n1989 turret explosion\n[\nedit\n]\nHeavy smoke pours from Turret Two following an internal explosion on April 19, 1989.\nDuring a gunnery exercise, at 0955\n[\n41\n]\non 19 April 1989, an explosion ripped through the Number Two 16-inch (406 mm) gun turret, killing 47 crewmen. A gunner's mate in the powder magazine room quickly flooded the No. 2 powder magazine, likely preventing catastrophic damage to the ship.\n[\n42\n]\nAt first,\nNaval Investigative Service\n(NIS, later renamed Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS) investigators theorized that one of the dead crewmen, Clayton Hartwig, had detonated an explosive device in a suicide attempt after the end of an alleged affair with another sailor.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n43\n]\nTo support this claim, naval officials pointed to several different factors, including Hartwig's life insurance policy, which named Kendall Truitt as the sole beneficiary in the event of his death,\n[\n44\n]\nthe presence of unexplained materials inside turret 2,\n[\n45\n]\nand his mental state, which was alleged to be unstable.\n[\n46\n]\n[\n47\n]\nAlthough the Navy was satisfied with the investigation and its results,\n[\n43\n]\nothers were unconvinced,\n[\n46\n]\nand in October 1991, amid increasing criticism,\nCongress\nforced the Navy to reopen the investigation.\n[\n42\n]\nThis second investigation, handled by independent investigators, was hampered as most of the original debris from\nIowa\nhad been cleaned up or otherwise disposed of by the Navy before and after the first investigation,\n[\n43\n]\n[\n44\n]\n[\n48\n]\nbut it did uncover evidence pointing to an accidental powder explosion due to over-ramming rather than an intentional act of sabotage.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n47\n]\n[\n49\n]\nWhile\nIowa\nwas undergoing modernization in the early 1980s, her sister ship\nNew Jersey\nhad been dispatched to Lebanon to provide offshore fire support.\n[\n50\n]\nAt the time,\nNew Jersey\nwas the only commissioned battleship anywhere in the world, and in an effort to get another battleship commissioned to relieve\nNew Jersey\n, the modernization of\nIowa\nwas stepped up, leaving her in poor condition when she recommissioned in 1984.\n[\n44\n]\nCaptain Fred Moosally was found to be more concerned with the maintenance of the missiles than the training and manning of guns.\n[\n51\n]\nPowder from the same lot as the one under investigation was tested at the\nNaval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division\n.\nSpontaneous combustion\nwas achieved with the powder, which had been originally milled in the 1930s and improperly stored in a barge at the Navy's\nYorktown, Virginia\n, Naval Weapons Station during a 1988 dry-docking of\nIowa\n.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n43\n]\n[\n44\n]\n[\n47\n]\nAs it degrades, gunpowder gives off\nether\ngas, which is highly flammable and could be ignited by a spark, which could be caused by static electricity.\n[\n52\n]\nThis revelation resulted in a shift in the Navy's position on the incident, and Admiral\nFrank Kelso\n, the chief of Naval Operations at the time, publicly apologized to the Hartwig family, concluding that no real evidence supported the claim that he had intentionally killed the other sailors.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n44\n]\n[\n47\n]\n[\n53\n]\nIowa\ncaptain Fred Moosally was severely criticized for his handling of the matter, and as a result of the incident, the Navy changed the powder-handling procedures for its battleships.\n[\n49\n]\nThe incident remains one of the surface Navy's worst losses of life during peacetime operations.\n[\n54\n]\nReserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present)\n[\nedit\n]\nThe\nNaval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility\nat\nPhiladelphia Navy Yard\nin 1995;\nIowa\nis the battleship moored on the seaside of the wharf in the far left of the picture, next to\nWisconsin\n.\nWith the\ncollapse of the Soviet Union\nin the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States came drastic\ncuts to the defense budget\n, and the battleships were deemed uneconomical. As a result,\nIowa\nwas decommissioned for the last time on 26 October 1990, after a total of 19 years of commissioned service. She was the first of the reactivated battleships to be decommissioned, and this was done earlier than originally planned as a result of the damaged turret.\nIowa\nwas originally berthed at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and later at\nNaval Station Newport\nin\nNewport, Rhode Island\n, from 24 September 1998 to 8 March 2001, when the tug\nSea Victory\nbegan her tow to California. The ship arrived in\nSuisun Bay\nnear San Francisco on 21 April 2001 and joined the\nReserve Fleet\n, where she remained in reserve until\nstruck\nagain from the Naval Vessel Register in March 2006. (Her sister ships and she had been struck previously in 1995.\n[\n24\n]\n) She remained at the Suisun Bay anchorage until November 2011.\nSection 1011 of the\nNational Defense Authorization Act\nof 1996 required the US Navy to reinstate to the Naval Vessel Register two of the\nIowa\n-class battleships that had been struck by the Navy in 1995; these ships were to be maintained in the United States Navy reserve fleets (or \"mothball fleet\"). The Navy was to ensure that both of the reinstated battleships were in good condition and could be reactivated for use in the Marine Corps' amphibious operations.\n[\n55\n]\nDue to\nIowa\n'\ns damaged turret, the Navy selected\nNew Jersey\nfor placement into the mothball fleet. The cost to fix\nNew Jersey\nwas considered less than the cost to fix\nIowa\n;\n[\n24\n]\nas a result,\nNew Jersey\nand\nWisconsin\nwere reinstated to the Naval Vessel Register and placed back in the reserve fleet.\n[\n55\n]\nIowa\nlaid up in Suisun Bay in March, 2006.\nNew Jersey\nremained there until the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 required the secretary of the Navy to list and maintain\nIowa\nand\nWisconsin\non the Naval Vessel Register (NVR). The act also required the secretary of the Navy to strike\nNew Jersey\nfrom the NVR and transfer the battleship to a not-for-profit entity in accordance with section 7306 of\nTitle 10 of the United States Code\n. It also required the transferee to locate the battleship in the state of\nNew Jersey\n.\n[\n56\n]\nThe Navy made the switch in January 1999, allowing\nNew Jersey\nto open as a museum ship in her namesake state.\n[\n57\n]\nOn 17 March 2006, the Secretary of the Navy struck\nIowa\nand\nWisconsin\nfrom the NVR, which cleared the way for both ships to be donated for use as\nmuseum ships\n, but the United States Congress remained \"deeply concerned\" over the loss of the naval surface gunfire support that the battleships provided, and noted that \"navy efforts to improve upon, much less replace, this capability have been highly problematic.\"\n[\n58\n]\nAs a partial consequence, Congress passed\nPub. L.\n \n109–163 (text)\n(PDF)\n, the National Defense Authorization Act 2006, requiring that the battleships be kept and maintained in a state of readiness should they ever be needed again.\n[\n59\n]\nCongress ordered that measures be implemented to ensure that, if need be,\nIowa\ncould be returned to active duty.\n[\n59\n]\nThese measures closely mirrored the original three conditions that the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996, which laid out for the maintenance of\nIowa\nwhile she was in the \"mothball fleet\".\n[\n24\n]\n[\n60\n]\n[\n61\n]\nIowa\nbeing towed to Los Angeles in May, 2012.\nIowa\ndocked at Los Angeles harbor (May, 2024).\nIowa\n'\ns superstructure is decked out in red, white, and blue banners following her official opening as a museum ship in Los Angeles. A display of her\nribbons and awards earned during her career\ncan be seen below and to the right of the\nPhalanx CIWS\nmount.\nIn March 2007, the Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square (HSMPS) of\nVallejo\n, site of the former\nMare Island Naval Shipyard\n, and a\nStockton\ngroup submitted proposals to use the ship as a museum.\n[\n62\n]\nThe HSMPS, which had attempted to place the ship in San Francisco, supported the Mare Island–Vallejo site. In October 2007, the Navy informed HSMPS that they were the only viable candidate to acquire\nIowa\n, and their application would be further reviewed after evidence was presented that financing was in place, and when the Stockton and San Francisco groups withdrew or failed to submit a final application, respectively.\n[\n63\n]\n[\n64\n]\nOn 25 April 2009, Iowa Senate Resolution No. 19 was approved, endorsing HSMPS as USS\nIowa\n'\ns custodian and supporting the battleship's placement at Mare Island.\n[\n65\n]\nIn February 2010, the Pacific Battleship Center (PBC)\n[\n66\n]\nsupported the efforts to have the ship berthed in\nSan Pedro, Los Angeles, California\n.\n[\n67\n]\nIn late February the\nPort of Los Angeles\n(which includes the San Pedro area) rejected a proposal by the PBC to berth USS\nIowa\nat its facilities because the battleship was not yet available.\n[\n68\n]\nOn 12 April 2010, the Governor of Iowa signed into law Bill SJR2007, which officially formed a 10-member committee to raise about $5 million for the group awarded USS\nIowa\n.\n[\n69\n]\nThe statement supporting the Vallejo group in the original Iowa State Senate's version SR19 was struck in favor of supporting any group actually awarded the battleship.\n[\n65\n]\nOn 13 May 2010, the Navy announced it would reopen the bidding process, citing HSMPS's lack of progress as the reason.\n[\n70\n]\nOn 24 May 2010 the Federal Register officially reopened the bidding process for USS\nIowa\nto a California-based city or non-profit organization.\n[\n71\n]\n[\n72\n]\nOn 18 November 2010, the Port of Los Angeles Harbor Commissioners voted unanimously on a resolution to support Berth 87 as the future home of USS\nIowa\n, clearing the way for the PBC to send its completed application to the Navy.\n[\n73\n]\nOn 6 September 2011, USS\nIowa\nwas awarded to Pacific Battleship Center for placement at the Port of Los Angeles. After rehabilitation at the\nPort of Richmond\n, California (beginning in October 2011), she was towed to and eventually berthed in the Port of Los Angeles.\n[\n74\n]\n[\n75\n]\nStarting in December 2011, USS\nIowa\nwas open for weekend tours. The Battleship Expo at the Port of Richmond included shipboard access and other exhibits such as 16-inch shells, a short film about the battleship, and other exhibits.\n[\n76\n]\nOn 30 April 2012, USS\nIowa\nwas officially donated to the Pacific Battleship Center in Los Angeles by the United States Navy.\n[\n77\n]\nIowa\nbegan her journey to the Port of Los Angeles on 26 May 2012 under tow by four\nCrowley Maritime\ntugboats. After being anchored off the Southern California coast to have her hull scrubbed to remove any invasive species or contaminants, on 9 June 2012, she was permanently docked in San Pedro at Berth 87, along the Main Channel, directly south of the\nWorld Cruise Center\n. The\nmuseum\nopened to the public on 7 July, under the direction and control of PBC.\n[\n78\n]\n[\n79\n]\nIowa\nearned nine\nbattle stars\nfor World War II service and two for Korean War service.\n[\n4\n]\nShe has also earned these awards:\n[\n72\n]\n[\n80\n]\nNavy Meritorious Unit Commendation\nwith star\nNavy E Ribbon\nwith three\nBattle E devices\nAmerican Campaign Medal\nAsiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal\nwith nine\nbattle stars\nWorld War II Victory Medal\nNavy Occupation Service Medal\nNational Defense Service Medal\nwith star\nKorean Service Medal\nwith two\nbattle stars\nArmed Forces Expeditionary Medal\nNavy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon\nPhilippine Presidential Unit Citation\nSouth Korean Presidential Unit Citation\nPhilippine Liberation Medal\nUnited Nations Korea Medal\nList of museum ships\n^\n\"The Battleship of Presidents' final sail\"\n.\nmilmag.com\n. 1 July 2012.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 9 December 2018\n. Retrieved\n9 December\n2018\n.\n^\nHyperwar: BB-61 USS Iowa\nRetrieved 1\/7\/23\n^\nIowa\n.\nNaval Vessel Register\n. The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 6 September 2008.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nl\nm\n\"Iowa\"\n.\nDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\n.\nNavy Department\n,\nNaval History and Heritage Command\n. Retrieved\n14 January\n2009\n.\n^\nJohnston, Ian; McAuley, Rob (2002).\nThe Battleships\n. London: Channel 4. p. 120.\nISBN\n \n0-7522-6188-6\n.\nOCLC\n \n59495980\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nl\nm\nn\no\np\nq\nr\ns\nt\nu\nv\nw\nx\ny\nz\naa\n\"USS\nIowa\n(BB-61) Detailed History\"\n.\nThe Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61)\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 9 May 2008\n. Retrieved\n9 August\n2008\n.\n^\n\"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Day by Day\"\n.\nFDR Presidential Library\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 3 December 2013\n. Retrieved\n15 April\n2013\n.\n^\nU.S. Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs Historical Office (1961).\nForeign relations of the United States diplomatic papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943\n. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.\n^\na\nb\nBonner, Kit (March 1994).\n\"The Ill-Fated USS\nWilliam D. Porter\n\"\n.\nThe Retired Officer Magazine\n. The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). Archived from\nthe original\non 12 June 2008\n. Retrieved\n9 August\n2008\n.\n^\nRoosevelt, Franklin D.\n(16 December 1943).\n\"Remarks on Leaving the USS\nIowa\n\"\n.\nThe American Presidency Project\n. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 October 2008\n. Retrieved\n8 August\n2008\n.\n^\n\"Task Force 58: Eniwetok Landing\"\n.\nNaval War in the Pacific 1941–1945\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 16 July 2011\n. Retrieved\n23 October\n2019\n.\n^\nFuller, 1956\n^\nMorison, 1956\n^\na\nb\n\"Typhoons and Hurricanes: Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944\"\n. United States Navy. Archived from\nthe original\non 3 January 2009\n. Retrieved\n8 January\n2006\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nMorison, Samuel Eliot.\n\"Third Fleet in Typhoon Cobra, December 1944\"\n.\nHistory of US Naval Operations in World War II\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 18 October 2005\n. Retrieved\n8 January\n2006\n.\n^\n\"Pacific Typhoon, 18 December: Personnel Casualties Suffered by Third Fleet, 17–18 December 1944, Compiled from Official Sources\"\n. United States Navy. Archived from\nthe original\non 9 February 2009\n. Retrieved\n8 January\n2006\n.\n^\n\"Missouri\"\n.\nDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\n.\nNavy Department\n,\nNaval History and Heritage Command\n. Retrieved\n14 January\n2009\n.\n^\nBonner, Kermit (1996).\nFinal Voyages\n. Turner Publishing Company. p. 108.\nISBN\n \n1-56311-289-2\n.\n^\nNevada\n.\nNaval Vessel Register\n. The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 1 September 2008.\n^\n\"Princeton\"\n.\nDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\n.\nNavy Department\n,\nNaval History and Heritage Command\n. Retrieved\n14 January\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Thompson\"\n.\nDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\n.\nNavy Department\n,\nNaval History and Heritage Command\n. Retrieved\n14 January\n2009\n.\n^\nAuthority: Commander Naval Forces Far East Dispatch 180123Z of June 1952. Report PERS-82-85 Administrative Remarks See art. B-2305 BuPers Manual Ship USS\nIowa\n(BB-61) J.J. Clark Vice Admiral U.S. Navy.\n^\n\"Battleship Bound For Avondale\"\n.\nThe Times-Picayune\n. 15 September 1982. p. 1.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\n\"BB-61 Iowa-class specifications\"\n.\nFederation of American Scientists\n. 21 October 2000.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 25 November 2006\n. Retrieved\n26 November\n2006\n.\n^\nUnited States Navy\n(28 August 2008).\n\"RQ-2A\nPioneer\nUnmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)\"\n.\nUnited States Navy\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 10 February 2009\n. Retrieved\n8 January\n2009\n.\n^\na\nb\nPike, John (5 March 2000).\n\"Pioneer Short Range (SR) UAV\"\n.\nFederation of American Scientists\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 6 February 2007\n. Retrieved\n2 March\n2007\n.\n^\nThompson, p. 26. Although\nIowa\nwas refurbished within budget, the final price tag was $50 million above the originally projected cost, mainly because of overtime pay for the ship's contractors.\n^\nFarrar, George (October 1985).\n\"Civic action in Costa Rica\"\n(PDF)\n.\nAll Hands\n(823). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center:\n40–\n41.\nISSN\n \n0002-5577\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 16 April 2006\n. Retrieved\n12 January\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Ocean Safari '85\"\n(PDF)\n.\nAll Hands\n(826). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 29. January 1986.\nISSN\n \n0002-5577\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 17 April 2006\n. Retrieved\n12 January\n2009\n.\n^\nDooley, Alan (May 1986).\n\"Into the bear's backyard\"\n(PDF)\n.\nAll Hands\n(830). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center:\n26–\n31.\nISSN\n \n0002-5577\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 16 April 2006\n. Retrieved\n12 January\n2009\n.\n^\nThompson, pp. 26–27. The problems discovered during Bulkeley's inspection included\nhydraulic fluid\nleaks in all three main gun turrets, totaling 55 gallons per turret per week; Cosmoline (anticorrosion lubricant) which had not been removed from all the guns; deteriorated bilge piping; frequent shorts in the electrical wiring; pump failures; unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines; and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. Main Turret Three leaked so much oil, hydraulic fluid, and water that the crew referred to it as the \"rain forest\".\n^\nFoster-Simeon, E. (September 1986).\n\"Liberty Weekend\"\n(PDF)\n.\nAll Hands\n(834). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 21.\nISSN\n \n0002-5577\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 16 April 2006\n. Retrieved\n12 January\n2009\n.\n^\nThompson, p. 28, gives 25 April as the date of the change of command.\n^\nConnors, Tracy (January 1987).\n\"Northern Wedding '86\"\n(PDF)\n.\nAll Hands\n(838). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26.\nISSN\n \n0002-5577\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 16 April 2006\n. Retrieved\n12 January\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Kuwaiti Call for Help Led to U.S. Role in Gulf\".\nLos Angeles Times\n. 4 July 1988.\n^\na\nb\nKelley, Stephen Andrew (June 2007).\nBetter Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy\n(PDF)\n(Thesis).\nNaval Postgraduate School\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 23 August 2007\n. Retrieved\n9 November\n2007\n.\n^\nThompson, pp. 33–35.\n^\nThompson, pp. 58–60. According to Thompson, the near-misses with the other navy ships were recorded in\nIowa\n'\ns log as attempts to \"render honors\" to them. Although other US Navy vessels observed\nIowa\ngrounded in the mud, the incident apparently was not acted upon by Moosally's superiors. Mike Fahey, the ship's executive officer, warned the other officers on\nIowa\nto never mention the grounding to anyone, including superior Navy officers.\n^\nThompson, pp. 65–67.\n^\nThompson, pp. 70–77. The 20 January long-range, experimental shot was not authorized by the Department of the Navy. The shot was planned and directed by\nIowa\n'\ns Master Chief Fire Controlman Stephen Skelley and Gunnery Officer Lieutenant Commander Kenneth Michael Costigan using increased powder charges and specially designed shells. The Turret One gun crew leaders considered defying the order because of the unauthorized nature and perceived danger of the experiment, but in the end fired the experimental loads. John McEachren, a midlevel civilian employee at the Navy's Sea Systems Command, improperly authorized the experiment without informing his superiors.\n^\nReid, W. W. (June 1989).\n\"Remembering turret two\"\n(PDF)\n.\nAll Hands\n(867). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 4.\nISSN\n \n0002-5577\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 16 April 2006\n. Retrieved\n12 January\n2009\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\nDorsey, Jack; Germanotta, Tony (17 April 1999).\n\"Ten years after\nIowa\ntragedy, only evidence left is memories\"\n.\nThe Virginian-Pilot\n. Norfolk, Virginia: HamptonRoads.com.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 25 June 2008\n. Retrieved\n24 August\n2008\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\n\"Mark 7 16-inch\/50-caliber gun\"\n.\nFAS\n. 23 August 2008.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 11 March 2007\n. Retrieved\n24 August\n2008\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\n\"Cover-up aboard the USS\nIowa\n\"\n.\nInvestigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal\n. B-net. July 1999.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 27 August 2021\n. Retrieved\n20 September\n2012\n.\n(subscription required)\n^\n\"Introduction: The Navy's Investigations\"\n(PDF)\n.\nUnited States General Accounting Office\n. United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 11 October 2008\n. Retrieved\n24 August\n2008\n.\n^\na\nb\nHalloran, Richard (12 December 1989).\n\"\nIowa\nCaptain Doubts Sailor Named by Inquiry Set Blast\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 27 August 2021\n. Retrieved\n24 August\n2008\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nSchmitt, Eric (17 October 1991).\n\"Suicide Ruled Out in Blast on Ship\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 27 August 2021\n. Retrieved\n24 August\n2008\n.\n^\n\"Testimony – Battleships: Issues Arising from the Explosion Aboard the U.S.S.\nIowa\n\"\n(PDF)\n.\nUnited States General Accounting Office\n. United States Congress. p. 5.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 31 October 2008\n. Retrieved\n26 August\n2008\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"U.S.S.\nIowa\nExplosion: Sandia National Laboratories' Final Technical Report\"\n(PDF)\n.\nUnited States General Accounting Office\n. United States Congress. 28 August 1991. pp. \n9–\n21.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 5 September 2008\n. Retrieved\n26 August\n2008\n.\n^\n\"New Jersey\"\n.\nDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\n.\nNavy Department\n,\nNaval History and Heritage Command\n. Retrieved\n8 January\n2009\n.\n^\nGarzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1995).\nBattleships\n. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. Archived from\nthe original\non 11 March 2007\n. Retrieved\n24 August\n2008\n.\n^\n\"SSN 797: About The Boat\"\n.\nssn797.com\n. 2025\n. Retrieved\n14 January\n2024\n.\n^\nAt the same time, he also pointed out that evidence was insufficient to exonerate Hartwig of the alleged charges, either. In time, this would lead the Hartwig family to file a $12 million lawsuit against the Navy.\n\"Cover-up aboard the USS\nIowa\n\"\n.\nInvestigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal\n. B-net. July 1999.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 27 August 2021\n. Retrieved\n20 September\n2012\n.\n(subscription required)\n^\nAlthough the worst loss of life in peace time, the turret explosion aboard\nIowa\nin 1989 is tied with the 1924 explosion in the No. 2 turret aboard the battleship\nMississippi\n, which also claimed 47 lives.\n\"Cover-up aboard the USS\nIowa\n\"\n(PDF)\n.\nUnited States General Accounting Office\n. United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 11 October 2008\n. Retrieved\n24 August\n2008\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 1996 (Subtitle B – Naval Vessels and Shipyards)\"\n.\nFederation of American Scientists\n. 13 December 1995. p. 844. Archived from\nthe original\non 6 February 2012\n. Retrieved\n20 September\n2012\n.\n^\n\"Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 (Subtitle B – Naval Vessels and Shipyards)\"\n(PDF)\n.\n105th Congress, United States Senate and House of Representatives\n. pp. \n200–\n01. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 20 June 2007\n. Retrieved\n12 March\n2007\n.\n^\n\"Battleship New Jersey\"\n.\nBattleship New Jersey Museum and Memorial\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 19 March 2016\n. Retrieved\n26 May\n2005\n.\n^\n\"National Defense Authorization Act of 2007\"\n(PDF)\n. pp. \n193–\n94. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 3 December 2009\n. Retrieved\n12 March\n2007\n.\n^\na\nb\nCommittee on Armed Services (House of Representatives) (6 May 2006).\n\"House Report 109-452 – National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007: Report of the Committee on Armed Services (House of Representatives) on H.R. 5122 together with Additional and Dissenting Views\"\n.\nNational Defense Authorization Act of 2007\n. p. 68. Archived from\nthe original\non 5 March 2012\n. Retrieved\n15 January\n2009\n.\n^\n\"National Defense Authorization Act of 1996\"\n(PDF)\n.\n104th Congress, House of Representatives\n. 10 February 1996. p. 237. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 20 June 2007\n. Retrieved\n17 December\n2006\n.\n^\nRussel, Ron (11 September 2007).\n\"USS Iowa, Any Takers?\"\n.\nSan Francisco Weekly\n. San Francisco, California. Village Voice Media.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 29 August 2008\n. Retrieved\n17 January\n2009\n.\n^\nWinkelman, Cheryl (4 April 2006).\n\"Stockton, S.F. engage in battle for USS\nIowa\n\"\n.\nOakland Tribune\n. Oakland, California: MediaNews Group. Archived from\nthe original\non 11 June 2014\n. Retrieved\n16 August\n2012\n.\n^\nStaff (Winter 2007–2008).\n\"Destination – Mare Island, Vallejo, California!\"\n(PDF)\n.\nThe Big Stick\n. Vallejo, California: Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on 25 February 2009\n. Retrieved\n17 January\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square\"\n. San Francisco, California: Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square. December 2000.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 22 January 2009\n. Retrieved\n16 January\n2009\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Iowa State Senate Bill SR19 April 25 2009\"\n.\nCoolice.legis.state.ia.us\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 3 August 2012\n. Retrieved\n25 September\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Battleship IOWA-Museum Ship of the Year\"\n.\nBattleship Iowa Museum Los Angeles\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 15 August 2012\n. Retrieved\n13 August\n2012\n.\n^\nLittlejohn, Donna (2 February 2010).\n\"Port of LA pressured on USS Iowa\"\n.\nThe Daily Breeze\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 29 November 2014\n. Retrieved\n7 March\n2015\n.\n^\nLittlejohn, Donna (26 February 2010).\n\"Port of LA sinks USS Iowa\"\n.\nPress-Telegram\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 3 April 2010\n. Retrieved\n25 September\n2010\n.\n^\nState of Iowa Bill SJR2007 April 12 2010\n.\n^\nLittlejohn, Donna (13 May 2010).\n\"Navy to Reopen Bids for the USS\nIowa\n\"\n.\nThe Daily Breeze\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2 April 2015\n. Retrieved\n7 March\n2015\n.\n^\n\"Ship on Donation Hold: Ex-\nIowa\n(BB 61)\"\n(PDF)\n.\nNaval Sea Systems Command\n. 9 September 2011. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 27 September 2011\n. Retrieved\n14 December\n2011\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Photograph of USS Iowa's Bridge\"\n. Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). 1997. Archived from\nthe original\non 24 July 2011\n. Retrieved\n22 October\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Full speed ahead for USS\nIowa\n\"\n.\nThe Daily Breeze\n. 18 November 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 18 March 2017.\n^\nMohajer, Shaya Tayefe (7 September 2011).\n\"USS\nIowa\nto be moved to LA to be battleship museum\"\n.\nYahoo! News\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 29 April 2016\n. Retrieved\n7 September\n2011\n– via\nAssociated Press\n.\n^\nDoyle, David (2017). \"Ch. 9: Preservation\".\nUSS Iowa (BB-61)\n. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p. 118.\nISBN\n \n978-0-7643-5417-5\n.\n^\n\"Pacific Battleship Center to open USS\nIowa\nfor weekend tours while in Richmond\"\n.\nPacific Battleship Center\n. 7 December 2011.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 September 2013\n. Retrieved\n14 December\n2011\n.\n^\nJacobs, Jennifer (30 April 2012).\n\"USS\nIowa\nofficially transferred to nonprofit group today\"\n.\nThe Des Moines Register\n. Retrieved\n30 April\n2012\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"USS\nIowa\nbattleship headed for new home along Port of Los Angeles waterfront\"\n(Press release). Port of Los Angeles. 17 May 2012. Archived from\nthe original\non 17 May 2012\n. Retrieved\n18 May\n2012\n.\n^\nVargas, Vikki (10 June 2012).\n\"USS\nIowa\nBerths at the Port of LA\"\n.\nNBC Channel 4 Los Angeles\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 3 February 2016\n. Retrieved\n16 August\n2012\n.\n^\nSansberg, Joseph C. (11 October 1988).\n\"Official U.S. Navy Photograph # DN-SC-90-02980\"\n.\nNavSource\n. Retrieved\n22 October\n2010\n.\nFuller, J. F. C.\n(1956).\nThe Decisive Battles of the Western World\n. Vol. III. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.\nGibbs, Jay (2017). \"Question 36\/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells\".\nWarship International\n.\nLIV\n(4):\n289–\n90.\nISSN\n \n0043-0374\n.\nMorison, Samuel Eliot\n(2004) [1956].\nLeyte, June 1944 – January 1945\n.\nHistory of United States Naval Operations in World War II\n, Volume 12 (reprint ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.\nISBN\n \n0-252-07063-1\n.\nThompson, Charles C. II (1999).\nA Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up\n. W. W. Norton.\nISBN\n \n0-393-04714-8\n.\nUSS\nIowa\n– Pacific Battleship Center, official museum site\nMap and satellite image from Google Maps\nMaritimequest USS\nIowa\nBB-61 Photo Gallery\nPhoto gallery\nof USS\nIowa\n(BB-61) at NavSource Naval History","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=USS+Iowa+%28BB-61%29 \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=USS+Iowa+%28BB-61%29 \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$)\n- [1 Construction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Construction)\n- [2 World War II (1943–1945)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#World_War_II_\$1943%E2%80%931945\$)\n  Toggle World War II (1943–1945) subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Shakedown_and_service_with_the_Atlantic_Fleet)\n  - [2\\.2 Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Service_with_Battleship_Division_7,_Admiral_Lee)\n  - [2\\.3 Bombardment of Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Bombardment_of_Japan)\n- [3 Post–World War II (1945–1949)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_\$1945%E2%80%931949\$)\n- [4 Korean War (1951–1952)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Korean_War_\$1951%E2%80%931952\$)\n  Toggle Korean War (1951–1952) subsection\n  - [4\\.1 Post–Korean War (1953–1958)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Post%E2%80%93Korean_War_\$1953%E2%80%931958\$)\n- [5 Reactivation (1982–1990)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Reactivation_\$1982%E2%80%931990\$)\n  Toggle Reactivation (1982–1990) subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Shakedown_and_NATO_exercises_\$1984%E2%80%931989\$)\n  - [5\\.2 1989 turret explosion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#1989_turret_explosion)\n- [6 Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Reserve_Fleet_and_museum_ship_\$1990%E2%80%93present\$)\n- [7 Awards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Awards)\n- [8 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#See_also)\n- [9 Notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Notes)\n- [10 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#References)\n- [11 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# USS *Iowa* (BB-61)\n32 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A5%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7_\$%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A-61\$ \"يو إس إس آيوا (بي بي-61) – Arabic\")\n- [Basa Bali](https:\/\/ban.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Balinese\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_\$%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1,_1942\$ \"Айова (линеен кораб, 1942) – Bulgarian\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Catalan\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Czech\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa_\$Schiff,_1943\$ \"Iowa (Schiff, 1943) – German\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Spanish\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7 \"یواس‌اس آیووا – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – French\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94_\$BB-61\$ \"איווה (BB-61) – Hebrew\")\n- [Hrvatski](https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Croatian\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Indonesian\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AF_\$%E6%88%A6%E8%89%A6\$ \"アイオワ (戦艦) – Japanese\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%99%80_\$BB-61\$ \"USS 아이오와 (BB-61) – Korean\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Malay\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$1943\$ \"USS Iowa (1943) – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_%C2%ABIowa%C2%BB \"USS «Iowa» – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Polish\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Portuguese\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Russian\")\n- [Srpskohrvatski \/ српскохрватски](https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Serbo-Croatian\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Slovak\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Swedish\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2_\$BB-61\$ \"ยูเอสเอส ไอโอวา (BB-61) – Thai\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Turkish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Ukrainian\")\n- [اردو](https:\/\/ur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7_\$%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C-61\$ \"یو ایس ایس آئیووا (بی بی-61) – Urdu\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"USS Iowa (BB-61) – Vietnamese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%89%BE%E5%A5%A7%E7%93%A6%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6_\$BB-61\$ \"艾奧瓦號戰艦 (BB-61) – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q562161#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View 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[Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q562161 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\"): [33°44′32″N 118°16′38″W \/ 33\\.7423°N 118.2772°W \/ 33\\.7423; -118.2772](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&params=33.7423_N_118.2772_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark)\n\n[![Featured article](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/e\/e7\/Cscr-featured.svg\/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Featured_articles* \"This is a featured article. Click here for more information.\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nIowa-class battleship\n\nFor other ships with the same name, see [USS Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa \"USS Iowa\").\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![USS Iowa in her post-1980s rebuild: The battleship is pointed toward the viewer, with her 9 gun barrels pointed starboard for a gunnery exercise. Fire can be seen erupting from the gun barrels, and a concussive effect is visible on the water.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ea\/BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg\/330px-BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg)USS *Iowa* unleashes a [broadside](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadside_\$naval\$ \"Broadside (naval)\") of nine 16-inch guns on 15 August 1984 during a firepower demonstration after her modernization. |   |\n| History |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/a4\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)United States |   |\n| Namesake | [State of Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa \"Iowa\") |\n| Ordered | 1 July 1939 |\n| Builder | [New York Naval Yard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard \"Brooklyn Navy Yard\") |\n| Laid down | 27 June 1940 |\n| Launched | 27 August 1942 |\n| Sponsored by | [Ilo Wallace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ilo_Wallace \"Ilo Wallace\") |\n| Commissioned | 22 February 1943 |\n| Decommissioned | 24 March 1949 |\n| Recommissioned | 25 August 1951 |\n| Decommissioned | 24 February 1958 |\n| Recommissioned | 28 April 1984 |\n| Decommissioned | 26 October 1990 |\n| Stricken | 17 March 2006 |\n| Identification | [Callsign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maritime_call_sign \"Maritime call sign\"): NEPM [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/21\/ICS_November.svg\/20px-ICS_November.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:ICS_November.svg)[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/ICS_Echo.svg\/20px-ICS_Echo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:ICS_Echo.svg)[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d0\/ICS_Papa.svg\/20px-ICS_Papa.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:ICS_Papa.svg)[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/73\/ICS_Mike.svg\/20px-ICS_Mike.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:ICS_Mike.svg) [Hull number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hull_number \"Hull number\"): BB-61 |\n| Motto | \"Our Liberties We Prize, Our Rights We Will Maintain\" |\n| Nickname(s) | \"The Big Stick\" (1952), \"The Grey Ghost\" (Korean War), \"The Battleship of Presidents\"[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-1) |\n| Honors and awards | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ad\/Silver-service-star-3d.png\/20px-Silver-service-star-3d.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Silver-service-star-3d.png) 11 [battle stars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_stars \"Battle stars\") |\n| Fate | [Museum ship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_ship \"Museum ship\") |\n| Status | On display at the Pacific Battleship Center at the [Port of Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Los_Angeles \"Port of Los Angeles\") ([33°44′32″N 118°16′38″W \/ 33\\.7423°N 118.2772°W \/ 33\\.7423; -118.2772](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&params=33.7423_N_118.2772_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark)) |\n| Badge | [![Seal of the Battleship USS Iowa (BB-61), featuring a blue and gold trim around a small image of the battleship and an eagle in the air. The words \"USS Iowa\" and \"BB 61\" can be seen at the top and bottom of the circle, while the left and right of the circle contain the words \"our liberties we prize\" and \"our right we will defend\", respectively.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/USS_Iowa_COA_2.png\/120px-USS_Iowa_COA_2.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_COA_2.png) |\n| General characteristics |   |\n| Class & type | [*Iowa*\\-class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa-class_battleship \"Iowa-class battleship\") [battleship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battleship \"Battleship\") |\n| Displacement | 48,110 long tons (48,880 t) Standard 57,540 long tons (58,460 t) full load[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-2) |\n| Length | 887 ft 3 in (270.43 m) |\n| Beam | 108 ft 2 in (32.97 m) |\n| Draft | 37 ft 2 in (11.33 m) (full load) |\n| Installed power | 8 [Babcock & Wilcox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Babcock_%26_Wilcox \"Babcock & Wilcox\") [water-tube boilers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water-tube_boiler \"Water-tube boiler\") 212,000 [shp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower \"Horsepower\") (158,088 kW) |\n| Propulsion | 4 × [steam turbines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steam_turbine \"Steam turbine\") 4 × screw [propellers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propeller \"Propeller\") |\n| Speed | 33 [knots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knot_\$unit\$ \"Knot (unit)\") (38 mph; 61 km\/h) |\n| Complement | 151 officers, 2,637 enlisted (WWII) |\n| Armament | **1943:** 9 × [16 in (406 mm)\/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/16-inch\/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun \"16-inch\/50-caliber Mark 7 gun\") 20 × [5 in (127 mm)\/38 cal Mark 12 guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-inch\/38-caliber_gun \"5-inch\/38-caliber gun\") 76 × [40 mm\/56 cal anti-aircraft guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bofors_40_mm_L\/60_gun \"Bofors 40 mm L\/60 gun\") 52 × [20 mm\/70 cal anti-aircraft guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon \"Oerlikon 20 mm cannon\") **1984:** 9 × [16 in (406 mm)\/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/16-inch\/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun \"16-inch\/50-caliber Mark 7 gun\") 12 × [5 in (127 mm)\/38 cal Mark 12 guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-inch\/38-caliber_gun \"5-inch\/38-caliber gun\") 32 × [BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tomahawk_\$missile_family\$ \"Tomahawk (missile family)\") 16 × [RGM-84 Harpoon Anti-Ship missiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RGM-84_Harpoon \"RGM-84 Harpoon\") 4 × [20 mm\/76 cal Phalanx CIWS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phalanx_CIWS \"Phalanx CIWS\") |\n| Armor | [Belt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belt_armor \"Belt armor\"): 12.1 in (307 mm) [Bulkheads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulkhead_\$partition\$ \"Bulkhead (partition)\"): 11.3 in (287 mm) [Barbettes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barbette \"Barbette\"): 11.6 to 17.3 in (295 to 439 mm) [Turrets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gun_turret \"Gun turret\"): 19.5 in (495 mm) [Decks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deck_\$ship\$ \"Deck (ship)\"): main 1.5 in (38 mm) second 6.0 in (152 mm) |\n| Aircraft carried | [floatplanes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floatplane \"Floatplane\"), [helicopters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helicopter \"Helicopter\"), [UAVs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAV \"UAV\") |\n\n**USS *Iowa* (BB-61)** is a retired [battleship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battleship \"Battleship\"), the [lead ship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lead_ship \"Lead ship\") of [her class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa-class_battleship \"Iowa-class battleship\"), and the fourth in the [United States Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") to be named after the state of [Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa \"Iowa\"). Owing to the cancellation of the [*Montana*\\-class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montana-class_battleship \"Montana-class battleship\") battleships, *Iowa* is the last lead ship of any class of United States battleships and was the only ship of her class to serve in the [Atlantic Ocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\") during [World War II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II \"World War II\").\n\nDuring World War II, she carried President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") across the Atlantic to [Mers El Kébir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir \"Mers El Kébir\"), Algeria, en route to a [conference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tehran_Conference \"Tehran Conference\") of vital importance in 1943 in [Tehran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tehran \"Tehran\") with Prime Minister [Winston Churchill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winston_Churchill \"Winston Churchill\") of the United Kingdom and [Joseph Stalin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\"), leader of the Soviet Union. When transferred to the [Pacific Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Pacific_Fleet \"United States Pacific Fleet\") in 1944, *Iowa* shelled beachheads at [Kwajalein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kwajalein \"Kwajalein\") and [Eniwetok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eniwetok \"Eniwetok\") in advance of [Allied](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") amphibious landings and screened [aircraft carriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aircraft_carrier \"Aircraft carrier\") operating in the [Marshall Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\").\n\nDuring the [Korean War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War \"Korean War\"), *Iowa* was involved in raids on the North Korean coast, after which she was [decommissioned](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ship_decommissioning \"Ship decommissioning\") into the [United States Navy reserve fleets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets \"United States Navy reserve fleets\"), better known as the \"mothball fleet\". She was reactivated in 1984 as part of the [600-ship Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/600-ship_Navy \"600-ship Navy\") plan and operated in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets to counter the recently expanded [Soviet Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Navy \"Soviet Navy\"). In April 1989, [an explosion of undetermined origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion \"USS Iowa turret explosion\") wrecked her No. 2 gun turret, killing 47 sailors.\n\n*Iowa* was decommissioned for the last time in October 1990 after 19 total years of active service, and was initially stricken from the *[Naval Vessel Register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\")* in 1995, before being reinstated from 1999 to 2006 to comply with federal laws that required retention and maintenance of two *Iowa*\\-class battleships. In 2011, *Iowa* was donated to the [Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\")–based nonprofit Pacific Battleship Center and was permanently moved to Berth 87 at the [Port of Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Los_Angeles \"Port of Los Angeles\") in 2012, where she was opened to the public as the [USS *Iowa* Museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_Museum \"USS Iowa Museum\").\n\n## Construction\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Construction\")\\]\n\nMain articles: [Iowa-class battleship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa-class_battleship \"Iowa-class battleship\") and [Armament of the Iowa-class battleship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armament_of_the_Iowa-class_battleship \"Armament of the Iowa-class battleship\")\n\nOrdered in July 1939,[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Order-3) USS *Iowa* was laid down at [New York Naval Shipyard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_Naval_Shipyard \"New York Naval Shipyard\") in June 1940. She was [launched](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ship_naming_and_launching \"Ship naming and launching\") on 27 August 1942, [sponsored](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sponsor_\$military\$ \"Sponsor (military)\") by [Ilo Wallace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ilo_Wallace \"Ilo Wallace\") (wife of [Vice President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\") [Henry Wallace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_A._Wallace \"Henry A. Wallace\")), and [commissioned](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ship_commissioning \"Ship commissioning\") on 22 February 1943 with Captain [John L. McCrea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_L._McCrea \"John L. McCrea\") in command.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\nUSS *Iowa*'s main battery consisted of nine [16-inch\/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/16-inch\/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun \"16-inch\/50-caliber Mark 7 gun\"), which could fire 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) armor-piercing shells 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km). Her secondary battery consisted of twenty [5\"\/38 caliber guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-inch\/38-caliber_gun \"5-inch\/38-caliber gun\") in twin mounts, which could fire at targets up to 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km) away. With the advent of air power and the need to gain and maintain [air superiority](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_superiority \"Air superiority\") came a need to protect the growing fleet of Allied [aircraft carriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aircraft_carrier \"Aircraft carrier\"); to this end, *Iowa* was fitted with an array of [Oerlikon 20 mm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon \"Oerlikon 20 mm cannon\") and [Bofors 40 mm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L\/60 \"Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L\/60\") [antiaircraft guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-aircraft_warfare \"Anti-aircraft warfare\") to defend Allied carriers from enemy airstrikes.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-The_Battleships_I-5)\n\n## World War II (1943–1945)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: World War II (1943–1945)\")\\]\n\n### Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet\")\\]\n\n[![A small bathtub is visible in the center of the image. Bubbles, a rubber ducky, and a small floating boat can be seen in the tub, while two books, a soap bar, and a toothpaste tube can be seen around the rim of the bathtub.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/db\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG)\n\nWhen *Iowa* was selected to ferry President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") to the [Cairo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cairo_Conference \"Cairo Conference\") and [Tehran Conferences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tehran_Conference \"Tehran Conference\"), she was outfitted with a bathtub for Roosevelt's convenience. Roosevelt, who had been [paralyzed in 1921](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt\"), would have been unable to make effective use of a shower facility.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nOn 24 February 1943, *Iowa* put to sea for a [shakedown cruise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shakedown_cruise \"Shakedown cruise\") in the [Chesapeake Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chesapeake_Bay \"Chesapeake Bay\") and along the Atlantic Coast. She got underway on 27 August for [Argentia, Newfoundland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argentia,_Newfoundland \"Argentia, Newfoundland\"), to counter the threat of the German battleship [*Tirpitz*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_battleship_Tirpitz \"German battleship Tirpitz\"), which was reportedly operating in Norwegian waters, before returning to the United States on 25 October for two weeks of maintenance at the Norfolk Navy Yard.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nIn November 1943, *Iowa* carried President Roosevelt, [Secretary of State](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\") [Cordell Hull](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cordell_Hull \"Cordell Hull\"), Roosevelt's Chief of Staff Admiral [William D. Leahy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_D._Leahy \"William D. Leahy\"), [Chief of Staff of the Army](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army \"Chief of Staff of the United States Army\") General [George C. Marshall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_C._Marshall \"George C. Marshall\"), [Chief of Naval Operations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_of_naval_operations \"Chief of naval operations\") [Ernest King](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_King \"Ernest King\"), Commanding General of the US Army Air Forces [Henry \"Hap\" Arnold](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold \"Henry \\\"Hap\\\" Arnold\"), [Harry Hopkins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_Hopkins \"Harry Hopkins\"), and other military leaders to [Mers El Kébir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir \"Mers El Kébir\"), Algeria, on the first leg of the journey to the Cairo and Tehran Conferences.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-7) On 14 November, in waters east of [Bermuda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bermuda \"Bermuda\"), [USS *William D. Porter* (DD-579)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_William_D._Porter_\$DD-579\$ \"USS William D. Porter (DD-579)\"), a [destroyer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Destroyer \"Destroyer\") that was part of *Iowa'*s antisubmarine screen, accidentally discharged a torpedo toward *Iowa* during a drill. Following warnings from the destroyer and her own lookouts, *Iowa* turned hard to avoid the torpedo, which detonated about 1200 yards astern in the ship's wake.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-8) *Iowa* trained her guns on *William D. Porter*, concerned that the smaller ship might have been involved in an assassination plot.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_II-9)\n\n*Iowa* completed her presidential escort mission on 16 December by returning the President to the United States.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_II-9) Roosevelt addressed the crew of *Iowa* prior to leaving by stating, \"... from all I have seen and all I have heard, the *Iowa* is a 'happy ship,' and having served with the Navy for many years, I know—and you know—what that means.\" He also touched on the progress made at the conference before concluding his address with \"... good luck, and remember that I am with you in spirit, each and every one of you.\"[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-10)\n\n### Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee\")\\]\n\n[![A large ship tilted to the right, with gun barrels pointed to the left: Crewmen can be seen on the battleship's deck. To the left of the image another large warship can be seen.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_Preps.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_Preps.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_Preps.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* in the Pacific; [*Indiana*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Indiana_\$BB-58\$ \"USS Indiana (BB-58)\") can be seen in the distance.\n\nAs [flagship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flagship \"Flagship\") of Battleship Division 7 (BatDiv 7), *Iowa* departed the United States on 2 January 1944 for the Pacific Ocean, transiting the [Panama Canal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama_Canal \"Panama Canal\") on 7 January in advance of her combat debut in the campaign for the [Marshall Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\"). From 29 January to 3 February, she supported carrier air strikes made by Rear Admiral [Frederick C. Sherman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederick_C._Sherman \"Frederick C. Sherman\")'s Task Group 58.3 (TG 58.3)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-11) against [Kwajalein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kwajalein \"Kwajalein\") and [Eniwetok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eniwetok \"Eniwetok\") atolls. Her next assignment was to support air strikes against the major Japanese naval and logistics base at [Truk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chuuk_Lagoon \"Chuuk Lagoon\"), [Caroline Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caroline_Islands \"Caroline Islands\"). *Iowa*, in company with other ships, was detached from the support group on 16 February 1944 to conduct an antishipping sweep around Truk, with the objective of destroying enemy naval vessels escaping to the north. During this action, *Iowa*, along with her sister *New Jersey*, sank the Japanese [light cruiser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Light_cruiser \"Light cruiser\") [*Katori*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_cruiser_Katori \"Japanese cruiser Katori\"), the cruiser having escaped Truk the day before following [Operation Hailstone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Hailstone \"Operation Hailstone\"), the US air attack on Truk.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nOn 21 February, she was underway with the [Fast Carrier Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force \"Fast Carrier Task Force\") (alternatively designated TF 38 while with [3rd Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Third_Fleet \"United States Third Fleet\") and TF 58 while with [5th Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Fifth_Fleet \"United States Fifth Fleet\")) while it conducted the first strikes against [Saipan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saipan \"Saipan\"), [Tinian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tinian \"Tinian\"), [Rota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rota_\$island\$ \"Rota (island)\"), and [Guam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guam \"Guam\") in the [Mariana Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mariana_Islands \"Mariana Islands\"). On 18 March 1944, *Iowa*, flying the flag of Vice Admiral [Willis A. Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_A._Lee \"Willis A. Lee\") ([Commander, Battleships, Pacific](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commander,_Battleships,_Pacific \"Commander, Battleships, Pacific\")), joined in the bombardment of [Mili Atoll](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mili_Atoll \"Mili Atoll\") in the Marshall Islands. Although struck by two Japanese 4.7 in (120 mm) projectiles, *Iowa* suffered negligible damage. She then rejoined TF 58 on 30 March, and supported air strikes against the [Palau Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palau_Islands \"Palau Islands\") and [Woleai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woleai \"Woleai\") of the Carolines for several days.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\nFrom 22 to 28 April, *Iowa* supported air raids on [Hollandia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jayapura \"Jayapura\") (now known as Jayapura), [Aitape](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aitape \"Aitape\"), and [Wake Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wake_Island \"Wake Island\") to support Army forces on Aitape and at [Tanahmerah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanahmerah_Bay \"Tanahmerah Bay\") and [Humboldt Bays](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teluk_Yos_Sudarso \"Teluk Yos Sudarso\") in [New Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Guinea \"New Guinea\"). She then joined the Task Force's second strike on Truk, on 29 and 30 April, and bombarded Japanese facilities on [Ponape](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pohnpei \"Pohnpei\") in the Carolines on 1 May.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3b\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus%2C_Admirality_Islands%2C_on_28_December_1944_%2880-G-421124%29.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus%2C_Admirality_Islands%2C_on_28_December_1944_%2880-G-421124%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus,_Admirality_Islands,_on_28_December_1944_\$80-G-421124\$.jpg)\n\n[USS *ABSD-2*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_AFDB-2 \"USS AFDB-2\") repairing USS *Iowa* in early 1945 at Manus, Admiralty Islands.\n\nIn the opening phases of the [Mariana and Palau Islands campaign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign \"Mariana and Palau Islands campaign\"), *Iowa* protected the American carriers during air strikes on the islands of Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Rota, and [Pagan Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pagan_Island \"Pagan Island\") on 12 June. *Iowa* was then detached to bombard enemy installations on Saipan and Tinian on 13–14 June, which resulted in the destruction of a Japanese ammunition dump. On 19 June, in an engagement known as the [Battle of the Philippine Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea \"Battle of the Philippine Sea\"), *Iowa*, as part of the battle line of TF 58, helped repel four massive air raids launched by the Japanese Middle Fleet. This resulted in the almost complete destruction of Japanese carrier-based air forces, with *Iowa* claiming the destruction of three enemy aircraft. *Iowa* then joined in the pursuit of the fleeing enemy fleet, shooting down one [torpedo plane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torpedo_plane \"Torpedo plane\") and assisting in splashing another.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nThroughout July, *Iowa* remained off the Marianas supporting air strikes on the Palaus and landings on Guam. After a month's rest, *Iowa* sailed from Eniwetok as part of the Third Fleet, and helped support the [landings on Peleliu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Peleliu \"Battle of Peleliu\") on 17 September. She then protected the carriers during air strikes against the Central Philippines to neutralize enemy air power for the long-awaited invasion of the Philippines. On 10 October, *Iowa* arrived off [Okinawa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa_Prefecture \"Okinawa Prefecture\") for a series of air strikes on the [Ryukyu Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ryukyu_Islands \"Ryukyu Islands\") and [Formosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Formosa \"Formosa\"). She then supported air strikes against [Luzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luzon \"Luzon\") on 18 October and continued this duty during General [Douglas MacArthur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Douglas_MacArthur \"Douglas MacArthur\")'s [landing on Leyte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Leyte \"Battle of Leyte\") on 20 October.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/BB61_MS32-1B.jpg\/250px-BB61_MS32-1B.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:BB61_MS32-1B.jpg)\n\nUSS *Iowa* in World War II configuration and wearing [Measure 32 Design 1B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy \"World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy\") camouflage pattern, c. 1944.\n\nIn a last-ditch attempt to halt the United States campaign to recapture the Philippines, the [Imperial Japanese Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_Japanese_Navy \"Imperial Japanese Navy\") struck back with *Shō-Gō* 1, a three-pronged attack aimed at the destruction of American amphibious forces in [Leyte Gulf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leyte_Gulf \"Leyte Gulf\"). The plan called for Vice Admiral [Jisaburō Ozawa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa \"Jisaburō Ozawa\") to use the surviving Japanese carriers as bait to draw US carriers of TF 38 away from the Philippine beachheads, allowing Imperial Japanese Admirals [Takeo Kurita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Takeo_Kurita \"Takeo Kurita\"), [Kiyohide Shima](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kiyohide_Shima \"Kiyohide Shima\"), and [Shōji Nishimura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sh%C5%8Dji_Nishimura \"Shōji Nishimura\") to take surface task forces through the [San Bernardino Strait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Bernardino_Strait \"San Bernardino Strait\") and [Surigao Strait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surigao_Strait \"Surigao Strait\"), where they would rendezvous and attack the US beachheads.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-12)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-13) *Iowa* accompanied TF 38 during attacks against the Japanese Central Force under the command of Admiral Kurita as it steamed through the [Sibuyan Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibuyan_Sea \"Sibuyan Sea\") toward San Bernardino Strait. The reported results of these attacks and the apparent retreat of the Japanese Central Force led Admiral [William \"Bull\" Halsey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_%22Bull%22_Halsey \"William \\\"Bull\\\" Halsey\") to believe that this force had been ruined as an effective fighting group; as a result, *Iowa*, with TF 38, steamed after the Japanese Northern Force off [Cape Engaño](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Enga%C3%B1o_\$Luzon\$ \"Cape Engaño (Luzon)\"), Luzon. On 25 October 1944, when the ships of the Northern Force were almost within range of *Iowa*'s guns, word arrived that the Japanese Central Force was attacking a group of American [escort carriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escort_aircraft_carrier \"Escort aircraft carrier\") off [Samar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samar_\$island\$ \"Samar (island)\"). This threat to the American beachheads forced TF 38 to reverse course and steam to support the vulnerable escort carrier fleet, but fierce resistance by the [7th Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Seventh_Fleet \"United States Seventh Fleet\") in the [Battle off Samar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_off_Samar \"Battle off Samar\") had already caused the Japanese to retire and *Iowa* was denied a surface action. Following the [Battle of Leyte Gulf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf \"Battle of Leyte Gulf\"), *Iowa* remained in the waters off the Philippines screening carriers during strikes against Luzon and Formosa. She sailed for the West Coast late in December 1944.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\nOn 18 December, the ships of TF 38 unexpectedly found themselves in a fight for their lives when [Typhoon Cobra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typhoon_Cobra_\$1944\$ \"Typhoon Cobra (1944)\") overtook the force—7 fleet carriers, six light carriers, eight battleships, 15 cruisers, and about 50 destroyers—during their attempt to refuel at sea. At the time, the ships were operating about 300 mi (480 km) east of Luzon in the [Philippine Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Sea \"Philippine Sea\").[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-PT-14) The carriers had just completed three days of heavy raids against Japanese airfields, suppressing enemy aircraft during the American [amphibious operations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphibious_assault \"Amphibious assault\") against [Mindoro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mindoro \"Mindoro\") in the Philippines. The task force met with [Captain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Captain_\$U.S._Navy\$#U.S._Navy \"Captain (U.S. Navy)\") Jasper T. Acuff and his fueling group on 17 December with the intention of refueling all ships in the task force and replacing lost aircraft.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Cobra-15)\n\n[![A shipyard with a large dry dock occupied by a massive gunship. Crewmen can be seen on the battleship's deck, while dock equipment such as cranes and trucks can be seen lining the sides of the drydock. In the distance a pier can be seen, while two smaller ships are visible in the background of the image.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fb\/USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* in drydock in San Francisco, undergoing repairs and modernization after being damaged during Typhoon Cobra.\n\nAlthough the sea had been growing rougher all day, the nearby cyclonic disturbance gave relatively little warning of its approach. On 18 December, the small but violent typhoon overtook the task force while many of the ships were attempting to refuel. Many of the vessels were caught near the center of the storm and buffeted by extreme seas and hurricane-force winds. Three destroyers—[*Hull*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Hull_\$DD-350\$ \"USS Hull (DD-350)\"), [*Monaghan*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Monaghan_\$DD-354\$ \"USS Monaghan (DD-354)\"), and [*Spence*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Spence \"USS Spence\")—capsized and sank with nearly all hands, while a cruiser, five aircraft carriers, and three destroyers suffered serious damage.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-PT-14) Around 790 officers and men were lost or killed, with another 80 injured. Fires occurred in three carriers when planes broke loose in their hangars, and some 146 planes on various ships were swept overboard or damaged beyond economical repair by fires or impacts.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Cobra-15) *Iowa* reported zero injured sailors as a result of the typhoon,[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-16) but suffered a loss of one of her float planes, and damage to one of her shafts.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Cobra-15) The damaged shaft required *Iowa* to return to the US, and she arrived at San Francisco on 15 January 1945, for repairs. During the course of the overhaul, *Iowa* had her bridge area enclosed, and was outfitted with new search radars and fire-control systems.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\n### Bombardment of Japan\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Bombardment of Japan\")\\]\n\nSee also: [Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II \"Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II\")\n\n[![Two large battleships sailing toward the viewer. Personnel can be seen on the decks of both ships.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/70\/USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG\/250px-USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG)\n\n[*Missouri*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Missouri_\$BB-63\$ \"USS Missouri (BB-63)\") (left) transfers personnel to *Iowa* in advance of the surrender ceremony planned for September 2.\n\n*Iowa* sailed on 19 March 1945 for Okinawa, arriving on 15 April to relieve her sister ship [*New Jersey*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_New_Jersey_\$BB-62\$ \"USS New Jersey (BB-62)\"). From 24 April, *Iowa* supported carrier operations, which aimed to establish and maintain air superiority for ground forces during their struggle for the island. She then supported air strikes off southern [Kyūshū](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB \"Kyūshū\") from 25 May to 13 June. Afterward, she sailed toward northern [Honshū](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honsh%C5%AB \"Honshū\") and [Hokkaido](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hokkaido \"Hokkaido\"), and participated in strikes on the Japanese home islands on 14–15 July by bombarding [Muroran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muroran,_Hokkaido \"Muroran, Hokkaido\"), Hokkaido, destroying steel mills and other targets. The city of [Hitachi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hitachi,_Ibaraki \"Hitachi, Ibaraki\") on Honshū was shelled beginning the night of 17 July and lasting to 18 July. On 29 and 30 July, *Iowa* trained her guns on [Kahoolawe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kahoolawe \"Kahoolawe\") for a bombardment and continued to support fast carrier strikes until the cessation of hostilities on 15 August.\n\nOn 27 August, *Iowa* and her sister ship [*Missouri*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Missouri_\$BB-63\$ \"USS Missouri (BB-63)\") entered [Sagami Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sagami_Bay \"Sagami Bay\") to oversee the surrender of the [Yokosuka Naval Arsenal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal \"Yokosuka Naval Arsenal\").[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) Two days later, she entered [Tokyo Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tokyo_Bay \"Tokyo Bay\") with the occupation forces. Here, a number of sailors from *Missouri* were temporarily stationed on *Iowa* for the duration of the surrender ceremony, which took place aboard *Missouri*.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Missouri-DANFS-17) *Iowa* remained in the bay as part of the occupying force. As part of the ongoing [Operation Magic Carpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Magic_Carpet \"Operation Magic Carpet\"), she received homeward-bound GIs and liberated US [prisoners of war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prisoner_of_war \"Prisoner of war\") before departing Tokyo Bay on 20 September, bound for the United States.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\n## Post–World War II (1945–1949)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Post–World War II (1945–1949)\")\\]\n\n*Iowa* arrived in [Seattle, Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle,_Washington \"Seattle, Washington\"), on 15 October 1945, then sailed for [Long Beach, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_Beach,_California \"Long Beach, California\"), where she engaged in training operations until returning to Japan in 1946 to serve as flagship for the 5th Fleet. She returned to the United States on 25 March 1946 and resumed her role as a training ship. During her usual routine of drills and maneuvers she also embarked Naval Reserve elements and [midshipmen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midshipman \"Midshipman\") for training. In October, *Iowa* underwent a period of overhaul and modernization, which resulted in the addition of the SK-2 Radar and the loss of a number of 20 mm and 40 mm gun mounts. In July, following the [Bikini atomic experiments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bikini_atomic_experiments \"Bikini atomic experiments\"), the old battleship [*Nevada*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Nevada_\$BB-36\$ \"USS Nevada (BB-36)\") was selected as a target for a [live-fire exercise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live-fire_exercise \"Live-fire exercise\") to be carried out by *Iowa* and other sea and air assets of the navy. The exercise began with separate shellings from a destroyer, [heavy cruiser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heavy_Cruiser \"Heavy Cruiser\"), and *Iowa*, but this did not sink the ship, so *Nevada* was finished off with one [aerial torpedo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerial_torpedo \"Aerial torpedo\") hit amidships, sinking her 65 mi (105 km) from [Pearl Harbor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\") on 31 July 1948.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-18)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-19) In September 1948, as part of the post World War II drawdown of the armed forces, *Iowa* was deactivated at San Francisco, and then formally decommissioned into the [United States Navy reserve fleets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets \"United States Navy reserve fleets\") on 24 March 1949.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\n## Korean War (1951–1952)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Korean War (1951–1952)\")\\]\n\nIn 1950, [North Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea \"North Korea\") [invaded](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War \"Korean War\") South Korea, prompting the United Nations to authorize military intervention. President [Harry S. Truman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_S._Truman \"Harry S. Truman\") ordered US forces stationed in Japan to transfer to South Korea. Truman also sent US-based troops, tanks, fighter and bomber aircraft, and a strong naval force to the area to support South Korea. As part of the naval mobilization, *Iowa* was reactivated on 14 July 1951, and formally recommissioned on 25 August, with Captain William R. Smedberg III, in command. *Iowa* sailed for Korean waters in March 1952. On 1 April, she relieved her sister ship [USS *Wisconsin*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Wisconsin_\$BB-64\$ \"USS Wisconsin (BB-64)\") and became the flagship of [Vice Admiral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_admiral_\$United_States\$ \"Vice admiral (United States)\") [Robert P. Briscoe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_P._Briscoe \"Robert P. Briscoe\"), commander of the Seventh Fleet.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) In her first combat operation of the Korean War, *Iowa* fired her main guns near [Wonsan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wonsan \"Wonsan\")–[Sŏngjin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C5%8Fngjin \"Sŏngjin\") on 8 April 1952, with the goal of striking North Korean supply lines. In the company of other naval vessels, *Iowa* again engaged North Korean forces the following day, this time against enemy troop concentrations, supply areas, and suspected gun positions in and around Suwon Dan and Kojo. In support of South Korea's [I Corps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/I_Corps_\$South_Korea\$ \"I Corps (South Korea)\"), *Iowa* shelled enemy positions on 13 April, killing 100 enemy soldiers, destroying six gun emplacements, and wrecking a division headquarters. The next day, she entered Wonsan Harbor and shelled warehouses, observation posts, and railroad marshaling yards before moving out to rejoin the UN flotilla aiding ground forces around [Kosong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosong \"Kosong\"). On 20 April, in her first combat action above the [38th parallel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/38th_parallel_north#Korea \"38th parallel north\"), *Iowa* shelled railroad lines at [Tanchon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanchon \"Tanchon\"), where four railroad tunnels were destroyed, before sailing to Chindong and Kosong for a two-day bombardment of North Korean positions.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\n[![A large gunship facing the viewer with one gun turret pointed toward the right. Flames can be seen from the gun barrels, and a concussive effect is visible on the water.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4f\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg)\n\nUSS *Iowa* fires a 16 in (406 mm) shell towards a North Korean target in 1952.\n\nOn 25 May *Iowa*, following her sister ship *Missouri*'s example, arrived in the waters off [Chongjin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chongjin \"Chongjin\"), a North Korean industrial center about 48 nmi (55 mi; 89 km) from the Russian border. Upon arrival, *Iowa* proceeded to shell the industrial and rail transportation centers in Chongjin, after which she moved south to aid the [US X Corps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X_Corps_\$United_States\$ \"X Corps (United States)\"). *En route* to US positions, *Iowa* again bombarded Sŏngjin, destroying several railroad tunnels and bridges in the area. On 28 May, *Iowa* rejoined the main body of the US fleet supporting the X Corps, heavily shelling several islands in Wonsan Harbor.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nThroughout June, *Iowa* trained her guns on targets at Mayang-do, Tanchon, Chongjin, Chodo–[Sokcho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sokcho \"Sokcho\"), and the ports of [Hŭngnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C5%ADngnam \"Hŭngnam\") and Wonsan in support of the UN and South Korean forces. On 9 June, a helicopter from *Iowa* rescued a downed pilot from the carrier [USS *Princeton*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Princeton_\$CV-37\$ \"USS Princeton (CV-37)\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) At the time, *Princeton* was operating with TF 77, and with other carriers in the task force that were involved in a bombing campaign against North Korean supply lines, troop concentrations, and infrastructure; additionally, the carriers were flying [close air support](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Close_air_support \"Close air support\") missions for ground forces fighting against the North Korean forces.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-20) In July, *Iowa* received a new skipper, Captain Joshua W. Cooper, who assumed command of the battleship for the remainder of her Korean War tour.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nOn 20 August, *Iowa* took aboard nine wounded men from the destroyer [USS *Thompson*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Thompson_\$DD-627\$ \"USS Thompson (DD-627)\") after *Thompson* was hit by a Chinese artillery battery while shelling enemy positions at Sŏngjin. At the time, *Iowa* was operating 16 mi (26 km) south of Sŏngjin, and after receiving the wounded destroyer crewmen, *Iowa* covered *Thompson* as she retreated into safer waters.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-21)\n\nOn 23 September, [General](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_\$United_States\$ \"General (United States)\") [Mark W. Clark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_W._Clark \"Mark W. Clark\"), the commander-in-chief of [United Nations Forces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Command \"United Nations Command\") in Korea, came aboard *Iowa*. Clark observed *Iowa* in action as her guns shelled the Wonsan area for a third time, accounting for the destruction of a major enemy [ammunition dump](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ammunition_dump \"Ammunition dump\"). On 25 September, *Iowa* fired her guns at an enemy railroad and 30-car train.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) The following month, *Iowa* was part of the force involved in Operation Decoy, a [feint](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feint \"Feint\") to draw enemy troops into Kojo and bring them within striking distance of the battleships' big guns. During the operation, *Iowa* provided antiaircraft support to [USS *Mount McKinley*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Mount_McKinley \"USS Mount McKinley\"), an amphibious force command ship.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nIn October 1952, *Iowa* was serving as flagship for the Commander, Seventh Fleet, and she engaged in 43 gun strikes on targets in the areas of Wonsan, Songjin, Kojo, Chaho, Toejo, Simpo, Hungnam, and northern Inchon, North Korea, and in 27 bombline operations. During these operations, 16,689 rounds were fired from her main and secondary batteries on enemy installations. This action established eligibility for the [United Nations Service Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Service_Medal \"United Nations Service Medal\") and the [Korean Service Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_Service_Medal \"Korean Service Medal\") with one bronze star.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-22)\n\n### Post–Korean War (1953–1958)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Post–Korean War (1953–1958)\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f7\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29%2C_USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29_and_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29_laid_up_in_1978.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29%2C_USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29_and_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29_laid_up_in_1978.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$,_USS_Wisconsin_\$BB-64\$_and_USS_Shangri-La_\$CVS-38\$_laid_up_in_1978.jpg)\n\nUSS *Iowa* laid up alongside [USS *Wisconsin*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Wisconsin_\$BB-64\$ \"USS Wisconsin (BB-64)\") and [USS *Shangri-La*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Shangri-La_\$CV-38\$ \"USS Shangri-La (CV-38)\") in Philadelphia, July 8, 1978.\n\n*Iowa* embarked midshipmen for at-sea training to Northern Europe in July 1953, and shortly afterwards took part in Operation Mariner, a major NATO exercise, serving as flagship of Vice Admiral Edmund T. Wooldridge, commander of the [2nd Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Second_Fleet \"United States Second Fleet\"). Upon completion of this exercise, *Iowa* operated in the [Virginia Capes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginia_Capes \"Virginia Capes\") area. Later, in September 1954, she became the flagship of Rear Admiral R. E. Libby, Commander, Battleship Cruiser Force, United States Atlantic Fleet.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\nFrom January–April 1955, *Iowa* made an extended cruise to the [Mediterranean Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\") as the flagship of the commander, [6th Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Sixth_Fleet \"United States Sixth Fleet\"). She departed on a midshipman-training cruise on 1 June, and upon her return entered Norfolk for a four-month overhaul. Afterward, *Iowa* continued intermittent training cruises and operational exercises, until 4 January 1957, when she departed Norfolk for duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. Upon completion, *Iowa* embarked midshipmen for a South American training cruise and joined in the International [Naval Review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Review \"Naval Review\") off [Hampton Roads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hampton_Roads \"Hampton Roads\"), [Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginia \"Virginia\"), on 13 June.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\nOn 3 September, *Iowa* sailed for Scotland for NATO's [Exercise Strikeback](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exercise_Strikeback \"Exercise Strikeback\"). She returned to Norfolk on 28 September, and departed Hampton Roads for the [Philadelphia Naval Shipyard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard \"Philadelphia Naval Shipyard\") on 22 October. She was decommissioned on 24 February 1958 and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\n## Reactivation (1982–1990)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Reactivation (1982–1990)\")\\]\n\n[![In the background a large shipyard can be seen, with cranes and dockyard warehouses. In the foreground a massive steel superstructure can be seen, decked out in scaffolding with tarps covering sensitive equipment and wires across the superstructure in all directions.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/Iowa_Modernization.jpg\/250px-Iowa_Modernization.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iowa_Modernization.jpg)\n\nUSS *Iowa* in drydock undergoing modernization.\n\nAs part of President [Ronald Reagan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") and [Secretary of the Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy \"United States Secretary of the Navy\") [John F. Lehman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_F._Lehman \"John F. Lehman\")'s efforts to create an expanded [600-ship Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/600-ship_Navy \"600-ship Navy\"), *Iowa* was reactivated in 1982 and towed by [USNS *Apache*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USNS_Apache \"USNS Apache\")[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-23) to [Avondale Shipyard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avondale_Shipyard \"Avondale Shipyard\") near [New Orleans, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Orleans,_Louisiana \"New Orleans, Louisiana\"), for refitting and equipment modernization in advance of her planned recommissioning.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) During the refit, *Iowa* had all of her remaining [Oerlikon 20 mm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oerlikon_20_mm \"Oerlikon 20 mm\") and [Bofors 40 mm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bofors_40_mm \"Bofors 40 mm\") antiaircraft guns removed, due to their ineffectiveness against modern [fighter jets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fighter_aircraft \"Fighter aircraft\") and [antiship missiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiship_missile \"Antiship missile\"). Additionally, the two 5 in (127 mm) gun mounts located at midship and in the [aft](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/aft \"wikt:aft\") on the [port](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_\$nautical\$ \"Port (nautical)\") and [starboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Starboard \"Starboard\") sides of the battleship were removed.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24)\n\n*Iowa* was then towed to [Ingalls Shipbuilding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ingalls_Shipbuilding \"Ingalls Shipbuilding\"), [Pascagoula, Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pascagoula,_Mississippi \"Pascagoula, Mississippi\"),[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) where over the next several months, the battleship was upgraded with the most advanced weaponry available. Among the new weapons systems installed were four MK 141 quad-cell launchers for 16 [AGM-84 Harpoon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing_Harpoon \"Boeing Harpoon\") antiship missiles, eight [armored box launcher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armored_box_launcher \"Armored box launcher\") mounts for 32 [BGM-109 Tomahawk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tomahawk_\$missile_family\$ \"Tomahawk (missile family)\") missiles, and a quartet of [Phalanx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phalanx_CIWS \"Phalanx CIWS\") [close-in weapon system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Close-in_weapon_system \"Close-in weapon system\") [Gatling guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gatling_gun \"Gatling gun\") for defense against enemy antiship missiles and enemy aircraft.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) Sometime after June 1986, *Iowa* was the first battleship to receive the [RQ-2 Pioneer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RQ-2_Pioneer \"RQ-2 Pioneer\") [unmanned aerial vehicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle \"Unmanned aerial vehicle\"). She could carry up to eight of the remotely controlled drones, which replaced the helicopters (although helicopters were not carried by battleships) previously used to spot for her nine 16 inch (406 mm)\/50 cal Mark 7 guns.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Drone-25)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_drone-26) Also included in her modernization were upgrades to [radar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radar \"Radar\") and [fire-control systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire-control_system \"Fire-control system\") for her guns and missiles, and improved [electronic warfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_warfare \"Electronic warfare\") capabilities.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) Armed as such, *Iowa* was formally recommissioned on 28 April 1984, ahead of schedule, within her budget at a cost of \\$500 million, and under the command of Captain Gerald E. Gneckow.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) To expedite the schedule, many necessary repairs to *Iowa*'s engines and guns were not completed and the mandatory Navy [Board of Inspection and Survey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Board_of_Inspection_and_Survey \"Board of Inspection and Survey\") (InSurv) inspection was skipped.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-27)\n\n### Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989)\")\\]\n\n[![An overhead view of a battleship, showing the ship's teardrop shaped hull. Nine gun barrels on three turrets are pointed to the top of the image, with smoke and fire visible form all nine gun barrels and a concussive effect on the water below the guns. Visible from the overhead image are the 8 armored box launchers for the battleship's 32 Tomahawk Missiles.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2e\/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg\/250px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* fires a full broadside of nine 16-inch (406 mm)\/50-caliber and six 5-inch (127 mm)\/38 cal guns.\n\nFrom April to August 1984, *Iowa* underwent refresher training and naval gunfire support qualifications at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and the Puerto Rican operating area. After a short period in her new home port of Norfolk, Virginia, she spent the two times during the rest of 1984 and early 1985 conducting \"presence\" operations shakedown in the area around Central America. During this time she transited the Panama Canal to operate off the west coast of Central America while also conducting people-to-people humanitarian operations, including in El Salvador, [Costa Rica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\") and [Honduras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honduras \"Honduras\"),[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-28) before returning to the United States in April 1985 for a period of routine maintenance.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nIn August 1985, *Iowa* joined 160 other ships for Exercise Ocean Safari, a NATO naval exercise aimed at testing NATO's ability to control sea lanes and maintain free passage of shipping. Owing to bad weather, *Iowa* and the other ships were forced to ride out rough seas, but she made use of the time to practice hiding herself from enemy forces. While serving with the exercise force, *Iowa* crossed the [Arctic Circle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arctic_Circle \"Arctic Circle\").[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-29) In October, she took part in Baltic operations, and fired her phalanx guns, 5 in (127 mm) guns, and 16 in (406 mm) guns in the [Baltic Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baltic_Sea \"Baltic Sea\") on 17 October while operating with US and other allied ships.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-30) After these operations during which she visited Le Havre in France, Kiel in Germany, Copenhagen (where the current King of Denmark visited the ship as a schoolboy) and Aarhus in Denmark, and Oslo in Norway, where the King of Norway was entertained at lunch, she returned to the United States.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nBeginning on 17 March 1986, *Iowa* underwent her overdue InSurv inspection, conducted under the supervision of Rear Admiral [John D. Bulkeley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_D._Bulkeley \"John D. Bulkeley\"), which she ultimately failed. Bulkeley found that the ship was unable to achieve her top speed of 33 kn (38 mph; 61 km\/h) during a full-power engine run. Other problems included hydraulic fluid leaks in all three main gun turrets, electrical wiring shorts, pump failures, deteriorated bilge piping, unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines, and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. He recommended to the [chief of Naval Operations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_of_Naval_Operations \"Chief of Naval Operations\") and Lehman that *Iowa* be taken out of service immediately. Rejecting this advice, Lehman instead instructed the leaders of the Atlantic Fleet to ensure that *Iowa*'s deficiencies were corrected.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-31)\n\nAfterward, *Iowa* returned to the waters around Central America and conducted drills and exercises, while providing a military presence to friendly nations. On 4 July, President Ronald Reagan and [First Lady](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Lady_of_the_United_States \"First Lady of the United States\") [Nancy Reagan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nancy_Reagan \"Nancy Reagan\") boarded *Iowa* for the International Naval Review, which was held in the [Hudson River](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hudson_River \"Hudson River\").[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-32) On 25 April, Captain [Larry Ray Seaquist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Seaquist \"Larry Seaquist\") assumed command of the battleship and her crew during Naval Gunfire Support requalification off Vieques Island near Puerto Rico.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-33)\n\n[![A large net on the back end of a ship. Several orange clad crewmen are working to free a white singed object from the net.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/ba\/Iowa_drone.jpg\/250px-Iowa_drone.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iowa_drone.jpg)\n\nCrewmen recover an [RQ-2 Pioneer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RQ-2_Pioneer \"RQ-2 Pioneer\") UAV aboard *Iowa.*\n\nOn 17 August, *Iowa* set sail for the North Atlantic and in September she participated in Exercise Northern Wedding by ferrying [Marines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") ashore and assisting helicopter gunships. During the exercise, *Iowa* fired her main guns at [Cape Wrath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Wrath \"Cape Wrath\") range in Scotland in support of a simulated amphibious assault on 5–6 September, firing a total of 19 16-inch (406 mm) shells and 32 5-inch (127 mm) shells during a 10-hour period and operating in rough seas. During the live-fire exercise, a small number of *Iowa* Marines were put ashore to monitor the fall of shot and advise the battleship of gunnery corrections.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-34) Afterward, *Iowa* visited ports, including Portsmouth in England, and Germany, before returning to the United States in October.\n\nIn December, the ship became the testbed for the Navy's RQ-2 Pioneer (UAV). The drone was designed to serve as an aerial spotter for the battleship's guns, thereby allowing the guns to be used against an enemy without the need for an airplane or helicopter spotter. Pioneer passed its tests and made its first deployment that same month aboard *Iowa*.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_drone-26)\n\n[![Two large warships sailing toward the viewer. On the left is a gunship, while the right ship is an aircraft carrier. A hose can be seen connecting both ships near the water line, while in the distance a helicopter can be seen in the background.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/95\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_alongside_USS_Midway_%28CV-41%29_in_1987.JPEG\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_alongside_USS_Midway_%28CV-41%29_in_1987.JPEG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_alongside_USS_Midway_\$CV-41\$_in_1987.JPEG)\n\n*Iowa* conducting an [underway replenishment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Underway_replenishment \"Underway replenishment\") with [USS *Midway*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Midway_\$CV-41\$ \"USS Midway (CV-41)\") in the [Persian Gulf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\") in December, 1987.\n\nFrom January–September 1987, *Iowa* operated in the waters in and around Central America and participated in several exercises until sailing for the Mediterranean Sea on 10 September to join the 6th Fleet based there. She remained in the Mediterranean until 22 October, when she was detached from the 6th Fleet and departed for operations in the North Sea. On 25 November, as part of [Operation Earnest Will](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Earnest_Will \"Operation Earnest Will\"), *Iowa* transited the [Suez Canal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suez_Canal \"Suez Canal\") and set sail for the [Persian Gulf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\"), which at the time was one of the battlefields of the first Gulf War (also referred to as the [Iran–Iraq War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War \"Iran–Iraq War\")).[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) The presence of US naval vessels in the gulf was in response to a formal petition from [Kuwait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuwait \"Kuwait\"),[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-35) whose ships were being raided by Iranian forces who were attempting to cut off weapons shipments from the United States and Europe to [Saddam Hussein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\")'s regime in Iraq, via Kuwaiti territory. This phase of the war was later called the \"[Tanker War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#Attacks_on_shipping \"Iran–Iraq War\")\" phase of the Iran–Iraq War.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-kelley-0706-36) *Iowa* and other vessels operating in the gulf were assigned to escort Kuwaiti tankers from Kuwaiti ports to the open sea, but because US law forbade military escorts for civilian ships flying a foreign flag, the tankers escorted by the United States were reflagged as US merchant vessels and assigned American names.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-kelley-0706-36) For the remainder of the year, *Iowa* escorted Kuwaiti gas and oil tankers reflagged as US merchant ships from the Persian Gulf through the [Strait of Hormuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strait_of_Hormuz \"Strait of Hormuz\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nOn 20 February 1988, *Iowa* departed from the Persian Gulf, transited the Suez Canal, and set sail for the United States, arriving at Norfolk on 10 March for routine maintenance. In April, she participated in the annual Fleet Week celebrations before returning to Norfolk for an overhaul. On 26 May, [Fred Moosally](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fred_Moosally \"Fred Moosally\") replaced Larry Seaquist as captain of *Iowa*.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-37) After the overhaul, Moosally took *Iowa* on a shakedown cruise around Chesapeake Bay on 25 August. Encountering difficulty in conning the ship through shallow water, Moosally narrowly missed colliding with the [frigate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frigate \"Frigate\") [*Moinester*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Moinester \"USS Moinester\"), destroyer [*Farragut*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Farragut_\$DDG-37\$ \"USS Farragut (DDG-37)\"), and cruiser [*South Carolina*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_South_Carolina_\$CGN-37\$ \"USS South Carolina (CGN-37)\") before running aground in soft mud outside the bay's main ship channel near the Thimble Shoals. After one hour, *Iowa* was able to extricate herself without damage and return to port.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-38) *Iowa* continued with sea trials throughout August and September, then began refresher training in the waters around Florida and Puerto Rico in October, during which the ship passed an Operation Propulsion Program evaluation.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-39)\n\nOn 20 January 1989, during an improperly authorized gunnery experiment off [Vieques Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico \"Vieques, Puerto Rico\"), *Iowa* fired a 16-inch (406 mm) shell 23.4 nmi (26.9 mi; 43.3 km), setting a record for the longest-ranged 16 in (406 mm) shell ever fired. In February, the battleship sailed for New Orleans for a port visit before departing for Norfolk. On 10 April, the battleship was visited by the commander of the [2nd Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Second_Fleet \"United States Second Fleet\"), and on 13 April, she sailed to participate in a fleet exercise.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-40)\n\n### 1989 turret explosion\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: 1989 turret explosion\")\\]\n\nMain article: [USS Iowa turret explosion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion \"USS Iowa turret explosion\")\n\n[![Two large gun turrets are visible, both with guns pointed to the right of the image. The foreground turret is spewing brown colored smoke from the base of all three gun barrels, while water from an unseen hose is being sprayed on the foremost gun barrel.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f5\/USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg)\n\nHeavy smoke pours from Turret Two following an internal explosion on April 19, 1989.\n\nDuring a gunnery exercise, at 0955[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-41) on 19 April 1989, an explosion ripped through the Number Two 16-inch (406 mm) gun turret, killing 47 crewmen. A gunner's mate in the powder magazine room quickly flooded the No. 2 powder magazine, likely preventing catastrophic damage to the ship.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42) At first, [Naval Investigative Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Investigative_Service \"Naval Investigative Service\") (NIS, later renamed Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS) investigators theorized that one of the dead crewmen, Clayton Hartwig, had detonated an explosive device in a suicide attempt after the end of an alleged affair with another sailor.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_16-43) To support this claim, naval officials pointed to several different factors, including Hartwig's life insurance policy, which named Kendall Truitt as the sole beneficiary in the event of his death,[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-cu-44) the presence of unexplained materials inside turret 2,[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-45) and his mental state, which was alleged to be unstable.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-nyt-46)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-suicide-47)\n\nAlthough the Navy was satisfied with the investigation and its results,[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_16-43) others were unconvinced,[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-nyt-46) and in October 1991, amid increasing criticism, [Congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") forced the Navy to reopen the investigation.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42) This second investigation, handled by independent investigators, was hampered as most of the original debris from *Iowa* had been cleaned up or otherwise disposed of by the Navy before and after the first investigation,[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_16-43)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-cu-44)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-48) but it did uncover evidence pointing to an accidental powder explosion due to over-ramming rather than an intentional act of sabotage.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-suicide-47)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-sandia-49)\n\nWhile *Iowa* was undergoing modernization in the early 1980s, her sister ship *New Jersey* had been dispatched to Lebanon to provide offshore fire support.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-NJ_DANFS-50) At the time, *New Jersey* was the only commissioned battleship anywhere in the world, and in an effort to get another battleship commissioned to relieve *New Jersey*, the modernization of *Iowa* was stepped up, leaving her in poor condition when she recommissioned in 1984.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-cu-44) Captain Fred Moosally was found to be more concerned with the maintenance of the missiles than the training and manning of guns.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Garzke-51)\n\nPowder from the same lot as the one under investigation was tested at the [Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center_Dahlgren_Division \"Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division\"). [Spontaneous combustion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spontaneous_combustion \"Spontaneous combustion\") was achieved with the powder, which had been originally milled in the 1930s and improperly stored in a barge at the Navy's [Yorktown, Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yorktown,_Virginia \"Yorktown, Virginia\"), Naval Weapons Station during a 1988 dry-docking of *Iowa*.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_16-43)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-cu-44)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-suicide-47) As it degrades, gunpowder gives off [ether](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ether \"Ether\") gas, which is highly flammable and could be ignited by a spark, which could be caused by static electricity.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-52) This revelation resulted in a shift in the Navy's position on the incident, and Admiral [Frank Kelso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Kelso \"Frank Kelso\"), the chief of Naval Operations at the time, publicly apologized to the Hartwig family, concluding that no real evidence supported the claim that he had intentionally killed the other sailors.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-cu-44)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-suicide-47)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-53) *Iowa* captain Fred Moosally was severely criticized for his handling of the matter, and as a result of the incident, the Navy changed the powder-handling procedures for its battleships.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-sandia-49) The incident remains one of the surface Navy's worst losses of life during peacetime operations.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-54)\n\n## Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present)\")\\]\n\n[![An overhead view of a large shipyard. Various ships can be seen tied up, with several structures visible within the yard.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d5\/NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG\/250px-NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG)\n\nThe [Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Inactive_Ship_Maintenance_Facility \"Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility\") at [Philadelphia Navy Yard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philadelphia_Navy_Yard \"Philadelphia Navy Yard\") in 1995; *Iowa* is the battleship moored on the seaside of the wharf in the far left of the picture, next to [*Wisconsin*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Wisconsin_\$BB-64\$ \"USS Wisconsin (BB-64)\").\n\nSee also: [United States battleship retirement debate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_battleship_retirement_debate \"United States battleship retirement debate\")\n\nWith the [collapse of the Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_\$1985%E2%80%931991\$ \"History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)\") in the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States came drastic [cuts to the defense budget](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peace_dividend \"Peace dividend\"), and the battleships were deemed uneconomical. As a result, *Iowa* was decommissioned for the last time on 26 October 1990, after a total of 19 years of commissioned service. She was the first of the reactivated battleships to be decommissioned, and this was done earlier than originally planned as a result of the damaged turret. *Iowa* was originally berthed at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and later at [Naval Station Newport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Station_Newport \"Naval Station Newport\") in [Newport, Rhode Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newport,_Rhode_Island \"Newport, Rhode Island\"), from 24 September 1998 to 8 March 2001, when the tug *[Sea Victory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_Victory \"Sea Victory\")* began her tow to California. The ship arrived in [Suisun Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suisun_Bay \"Suisun Bay\") near San Francisco on 21 April 2001 and joined the [Reserve Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reserve_Fleet \"Reserve Fleet\"), where she remained in reserve until [struck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ship_registration \"Ship registration\") again from the Naval Vessel Register in March 2006. (Her sister ships and she had been struck previously in 1995.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24)) She remained at the Suisun Bay anchorage until November 2011.\n\nSection 1011 of the [National Defense Authorization Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Defense_Authorization_Act \"National Defense Authorization Act\") of 1996 required the US Navy to reinstate to the Naval Vessel Register two of the *Iowa*\\-class battleships that had been struck by the Navy in 1995; these ships were to be maintained in the United States Navy reserve fleets (or \"mothball fleet\"). The Navy was to ensure that both of the reinstated battleships were in good condition and could be reactivated for use in the Marine Corps' amphibious operations.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-NDAA1996-55) Due to *Iowa*'s damaged turret, the Navy selected *New Jersey* for placement into the mothball fleet. The cost to fix *New Jersey* was considered less than the cost to fix *Iowa*;[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) as a result, *New Jersey* and *Wisconsin* were reinstated to the Naval Vessel Register and placed back in the reserve fleet.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-NDAA1996-55)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/88\/Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg\/250px-Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* laid up in Suisun Bay in March, 2006.\n\n*New Jersey* remained there until the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 required the secretary of the Navy to list and maintain *Iowa* and *Wisconsin* on the Naval Vessel Register (NVR). The act also required the secretary of the Navy to strike *New Jersey* from the NVR and transfer the battleship to a not-for-profit entity in accordance with section 7306 of [Title 10 of the United States Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code \"Title 10 of the United States Code\"). It also required the transferee to locate the battleship in the state of [New Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\").[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-56) The Navy made the switch in January 1999, allowing *New Jersey* to open as a museum ship in her namesake state.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-showboat-57)\n\nOn 17 March 2006, the Secretary of the Navy struck *Iowa* and *Wisconsin* from the NVR, which cleared the way for both ships to be donated for use as [museum ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_ship \"Museum ship\"), but the United States Congress remained \"deeply concerned\" over the loss of the naval surface gunfire support that the battleships provided, and noted that \"navy efforts to improve upon, much less replace, this capability have been highly problematic.\"[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-NDAA_2007-58) As a partial consequence, Congress passed [Pub. L.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation \"Act of Congress\") [109–163 (text)](https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/link\/plaw\/109\/public\/163?link-type=html) [(PDF)](https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/link\/plaw\/109\/public\/163?link-type=pdf&.pdf), the National Defense Authorization Act 2006, requiring that the battleships be kept and maintained in a state of readiness should they ever be needed again.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Congress_68-59) Congress ordered that measures be implemented to ensure that, if need be, *Iowa* could be returned to active duty.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Congress_68-59) These measures closely mirrored the original three conditions that the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996, which laid out for the maintenance of *Iowa* while she was in the \"mothball fleet\".[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24)[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Congress_104-60)[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-sfw-61)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/28\/Course_Correction%2C_USS_Iowa%2C_BB-61.jpg\/250px-Course_Correction%2C_USS_Iowa%2C_BB-61.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Course_Correction,_USS_Iowa,_BB-61.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* being towed to Los Angeles in May, 2012.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* docked at Los Angeles harbor (May, 2024).\n\n[![A photograph of the ship's superstructure as seen from deck level. The bridge, radar mast, and a phalanx gun are visible.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cc\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_superstructure.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_superstructure.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_superstructure.jpg)\n\n*Iowa*'s superstructure is decked out in red, white, and blue banners following her official opening as a museum ship in Los Angeles. A display of her [ribbons and awards earned during her career](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Awards) can be seen below and to the right of the [Phalanx CIWS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phalanx_CIWS \"Phalanx CIWS\") mount.\n\nIn March 2007, the Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square (HSMPS) of [Vallejo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vallejo,_California \"Vallejo, California\"), site of the former [Mare Island Naval Shipyard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard \"Mare Island Naval Shipyard\"), and a [Stockton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stockton,_California \"Stockton, California\") group submitted proposals to use the ship as a museum.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-62) The HSMPS, which had attempted to place the ship in San Francisco, supported the Mare Island–Vallejo site. In October 2007, the Navy informed HSMPS that they were the only viable candidate to acquire *Iowa*, and their application would be further reviewed after evidence was presented that financing was in place, and when the Stockton and San Francisco groups withdrew or failed to submit a final application, respectively.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-newsletter-63)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-64) On 25 April 2009, Iowa Senate Resolution No. 19 was approved, endorsing HSMPS as USS *Iowa*'s custodian and supporting the battleship's placement at Mare Island.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-state1-65)\n\nIn February 2010, the Pacific Battleship Center (PBC)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-66) supported the efforts to have the ship berthed in [San Pedro, Los Angeles, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles,_California \"San Pedro, Los Angeles, California\").[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-67) In late February the [Port of Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Los_Angeles \"Port of Los Angeles\") (which includes the San Pedro area) rejected a proposal by the PBC to berth USS *Iowa* at its facilities because the battleship was not yet available.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-presstelegram.com-68) On 12 April 2010, the Governor of Iowa signed into law Bill SJR2007, which officially formed a 10-member committee to raise about \\$5 million for the group awarded USS *Iowa*.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-69) The statement supporting the Vallejo group in the original Iowa State Senate's version SR19 was struck in favor of supporting any group actually awarded the battleship.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-state1-65)\n\nOn 13 May 2010, the Navy announced it would reopen the bidding process, citing HSMPS's lack of progress as the reason.[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-70) On 24 May 2010 the Federal Register officially reopened the bidding process for USS *Iowa* to a California-based city or non-profit organization.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Federal_Register-71)[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge-72)\n\nOn 18 November 2010, the Port of Los Angeles Harbor Commissioners voted unanimously on a resolution to support Berth 87 as the future home of USS *Iowa*, clearing the way for the PBC to send its completed application to the Navy.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-73) On 6 September 2011, USS *Iowa* was awarded to Pacific Battleship Center for placement at the Port of Los Angeles. After rehabilitation at the [Port of Richmond](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Richmond_\$California\$ \"Port of Richmond (California)\"), California (beginning in October 2011), she was towed to and eventually berthed in the Port of Los Angeles.[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-74)[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-75)\n\nStarting in December 2011, USS *Iowa* was open for weekend tours. The Battleship Expo at the Port of Richmond included shipboard access and other exhibits such as 16-inch shells, a short film about the battleship, and other exhibits.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-76) On 30 April 2012, USS *Iowa* was officially donated to the Pacific Battleship Center in Los Angeles by the United States Navy.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-77)\n\n*Iowa* began her journey to the Port of Los Angeles on 26 May 2012 under tow by four [Crowley Maritime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crowley_Maritime \"Crowley Maritime\") tugboats. After being anchored off the Southern California coast to have her hull scrubbed to remove any invasive species or contaminants, on 9 June 2012, she was permanently docked in San Pedro at Berth 87, along the Main Channel, directly south of the [World Cruise Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Los_Angeles#Cruise_ship_terminal \"Port of Los Angeles\"). The [museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_Museum \"USS Iowa Museum\") opened to the public on 7 July, under the direction and control of PBC.[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-78)[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-79)\n\n## Awards\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Awards\")\\]\n\n*Iowa* earned nine [battle stars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_star \"Battle star\") for World War II service and two for Korean War service.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) She has also earned these awards:[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge-72)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-80)\n\n|   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg\/120px-Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg)[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e7\/Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon%2C_3rd_award.svg\/120px-Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon%2C_3rd_award.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon,_3rd_award.svg) |   |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg\/120px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg) | [![Silver star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bb\/Silver-service-star-3d.svg\/20px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Silver-service-star-3d.svg \"Silver service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9b\/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg\/120px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg\/120px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg) |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7b\/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg\/120px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon%2C_2nd_award.svg\/120px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon%2C_2nd_award.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon,_2nd_award.svg) | [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg\/120px-Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg) |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/51\/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg\/120px-Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg) | [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b2\/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg\/120px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dc\/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Philippines%29.svg\/120px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Philippines%29.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Presidential_Unit_Citation_\$Philippines\$.svg) |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/29\/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28South_Korea%29.svg\/120px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28South_Korea%29.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Presidential_Unit_Citation_\$South_Korea\$.svg) | [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Phliber_rib.svg\/120px-Phliber_rib.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Phliber_rib.svg) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d5\/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg\/120px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg) |\n\n|   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| [Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation \"Meritorious Unit Commendation\") with star | [Navy E Ribbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Navy_E_Ribbon \"Navy E Ribbon\") with three [Battle E devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_E_device \"Battle E device\") |   |\n| [American Campaign Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Campaign_Medal \"American Campaign Medal\") | [Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asiatic%E2%80%93Pacific_Campaign_Medal \"Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal\") with nine [battle stars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_star \"Battle star\") | [World War II Victory Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_\$United_States\$ \"World War II Victory Medal (United States)\") |\n| [Navy Occupation Service Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Navy_Occupation_Service_Medal \"Navy Occupation Service Medal\") | [National Defense Service Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Defense_Service_Medal \"National Defense Service Medal\") with star | [Korean Service Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_Service_Medal \"Korean Service Medal\") with two [battle stars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_star \"Battle star\") |\n| [Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal \"Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal\") | [Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_Service_Ribbon \"Sea Service Ribbon\") | [Philippine Presidential Unit Citation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Republic_Presidential_Unit_Citation \"Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation\") |\n| [South Korean Presidential Unit Citation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Korea_Presidential_Unit_Citation \"Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation\") | [Philippine Liberation Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Liberation_Medal \"Philippine Liberation Medal\") | [United Nations Korea Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Korea_Medal \"United Nations Korea Medal\") |\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [List of museum ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_museum_ships \"List of museum ships\")\n\n## Notes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Notes\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-1)**\n   [\"The Battleship of Presidents' final sail\"](http:\/\/milmag.com\/2012\/07\/the-battleship-of-presidents-final-sail\/). *milmag.com*. 1 July 2012. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181209125251\/http:\/\/milmag.com\/2012\/07\/the-battleship-of-presidents-final-sail\/) from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-2)** [Hyperwar: BB-61 USS Iowa](https:\/\/www.ibiblio.org\/hyperwar\/USN\/ships\/BB\/BB-61_Iowa.html) Retrieved 1\/7\/23\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Order_3-0)** [*Iowa*](https:\/\/www.nvr.navy.mil\/nvr\/getHull.htm?shipId=5081). [Naval Vessel Register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\"). The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 6 September 2008.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-12)\n   [\"Iowa\"](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/histories\/ship-histories\/danfs\/i\/iowa-iii.html). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\")*. [Navy Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command \"Naval History and Heritage Command\"). Retrieved 14 January 2009.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-The_Battleships_I_5-0)**\n   Johnston, Ian; McAuley, Rob (2002). *The Battleships*. London: Channel 4. p. 120. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [0-7522-6188-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-7522-6188-6 \"Special:BookSources\/0-7522-6188-6\")\n   \n   . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [59495980](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/59495980).\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-12) [***n***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-13) [***o***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-14) [***p***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-15) [***q***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-16) [***r***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-17) [***s***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-18) [***t***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-19) [***u***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-20) [***v***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-21) [***w***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-22) [***x***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-23) [***y***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-24) [***z***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-25) [***aa***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-26)\n   [\"USS *Iowa* (BB-61) Detailed History\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080509125520\/http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/general\/html\/detail.htm). *The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61)*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/general\/html\/detail.htm) on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Day by Day\"](http:\/\/www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu\/daybyday\/daylog\/november-20th-1943\/). *FDR Presidential Library*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131203062727\/http:\/\/www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu\/daybyday\/daylog\/november-20th-1943\/) from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-8)**\n   U.S. Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs Historical Office (1961). [*Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943*](https:\/\/digital.library.wisc.edu\/1711.dl\/DFRXSHIYSKS2S8Z). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_II_9-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_II_9-1)\n   Bonner, Kit (March 1994). [\"The Ill-Fated USS *William D. Porter*\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080612075327\/http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/general\/html\/willie_d.htm). *The Retired Officer Magazine*. The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/general\/html\/willie_d.htm) on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-10)**\n    [Roosevelt, Franklin D.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") (16 December 1943). [\"Remarks on Leaving the USS *Iowa*\"](http:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/ws\/index.php?pid=16352). *The American Presidency Project*. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081010005332\/http:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/ws\/index.php?pid=16352) from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"Task Force 58: Eniwetok Landing\"](http:\/\/pacific.valka.cz\/forces\/tf58.htm). *Naval War in the Pacific 1941–1945*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110716111350\/http:\/\/pacific.valka.cz\/forces\/tf58.htm) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2019.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-12)** Fuller, 1956\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-13)** Morison, 1956\n14. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-PT_14-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-PT_14-1)\n    [\"Typhoons and Hurricanes: Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090103214049\/http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/faqs\/faq102-4.htm). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/faqs\/faq102-4.htm) on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2006.\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-2)\n    Morison, Samuel Eliot. [\"Third Fleet in Typhoon Cobra, December 1944\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051018002436\/http:\/\/www.compass.dircon.co.uk\/cobra2.htm). *History of US Naval Operations in World War II*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.compass.dircon.co.uk\/cobra2.htm) on 18 October 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2006.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Pacific Typhoon, 18 December: Personnel Casualties Suffered by Third Fleet, 17–18 December 1944, Compiled from Official Sources\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090209092930\/http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/faqs\/faq102-4c.htm). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/faqs\/faq102-4c.htm) on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2006.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Missouri-DANFS_17-0)**\n    [\"Missouri\"](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/histories\/ship-histories\/danfs\/m\/missouri-iii.html). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\")*. [Navy Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command \"Naval History and Heritage Command\"). Retrieved 14 January 2009.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-18)**\n    Bonner, Kermit (1996). *Final Voyages*. Turner Publishing Company. p. 108. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [1-56311-289-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-56311-289-2 \"Special:BookSources\/1-56311-289-2\")\n    \n    .\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-19)** [*Nevada*](https:\/\/www.nvr.navy.mil\/nvr\/getHull.htm?shipId=2408). [Naval Vessel Register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\"). The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 1 September 2008.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"Princeton\"](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/histories\/ship-histories\/danfs\/p\/princeton-v.html). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\")*. [Navy Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command \"Naval History and Heritage Command\"). Retrieved 14 January 2009.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"Thompson\"](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/histories\/ship-histories\/danfs\/t\/thompson-ii.html). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\")*. [Navy Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command \"Naval History and Heritage Command\"). Retrieved 14 January 2009.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-22)** Authority: Commander Naval Forces Far East Dispatch 180123Z of June 1952. Report PERS-82-85 Administrative Remarks See art. B-2305 BuPers Manual Ship USS *Iowa* (BB-61) J.J. Clark Vice Admiral U.S. Navy.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"Battleship Bound For Avondale\"](https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/doc\/newspapers\/image\/v2%3A1223BCE5B718A166%40GB3NEWS-13229B2D33D97396%402445228-131D06D7DC18AAA0%400-131D06D7DC18AAA0%40?h=20&fname=&mname=&lname=&rgfromDate=1979&rgtoDate=2000&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&kwinc=%22USNS%20Apache%22&kwexc=&page=1&sid=qrhiwavzyjwekfddpiakqktvbtgxyitj_wma-gateway020_1684513861126). *The Times-Picayune*. 15 September 1982. p. 1.\n24. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-5)\n    [\"BB-61 Iowa-class specifications\"](https:\/\/fas.org\/man\/dod-101\/sys\/ship\/bb-61.htm). *[Federation of American Scientists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federation_of_American_Scientists \"Federation of American Scientists\")*. 21 October 2000. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20061125043334\/https:\/\/fas.org\/man\/dod-101\/sys\/ship\/bb-61.htm) from the original on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006.\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Drone_25-0)**\n    [United States Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") (28 August 2008). [\"RQ-2A *Pioneer* Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090210103039\/http:\/\/www.navy.mil\/navydata\/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=2100&ct=1). *United States Navy*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.navy.mil\/navydata\/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=2100&ct=1) on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.\n26. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_drone_26-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_drone_26-1)\n    Pike, John (5 March 2000). [\"Pioneer Short Range (SR) UAV\"](https:\/\/fas.org\/irp\/program\/collect\/pioneer.htm). *Federation of American Scientists*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070206134413\/http:\/\/www.fas.org\/irp\/program\/collect\/pioneer.htm) from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2007.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-27)** Thompson, p. 26. Although *Iowa* was refurbished within budget, the final price tag was \\$50 million above the originally projected cost, mainly because of overtime pay for the ship's contractors.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-28)**\n    Farrar, George (October 1985). [\"Civic action in Costa Rica\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060416043129\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198510.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (823). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 40–41\\. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198510.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-29)**\n    [\"Ocean Safari '85\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060417002039\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198601.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (826). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 29. January 1986. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198601.pdf) (PDF) on 17 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-30)**\n    Dooley, Alan (May 1986). [\"Into the bear's backyard\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060416111922\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198605.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (830). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26–31\\. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198605.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-31)** Thompson, pp. 26–27. The problems discovered during Bulkeley's inspection included [hydraulic fluid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydraulic_fluid \"Hydraulic fluid\") leaks in all three main gun turrets, totaling 55 gallons per turret per week; Cosmoline (anticorrosion lubricant) which had not been removed from all the guns; deteriorated bilge piping; frequent shorts in the electrical wiring; pump failures; unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines; and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. Main Turret Three leaked so much oil, hydraulic fluid, and water that the crew referred to it as the \"rain forest\".\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-32)**\n    Foster-Simeon, E. (September 1986). [\"Liberty Weekend\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060416132341\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198609.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (834). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 21. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/ah198609.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-33)** Thompson, p. 28, gives 25 April as the date of the change of command.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-34)**\n    Connors, Tracy (January 1987). [\"Northern Wedding '86\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060416140220\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198701.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (838). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198701.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-35)**\n    \"Kuwaiti Call for Help Led to U.S. Role in Gulf\". *Los Angeles Times*. 4 July 1988.\n36. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-kelley-0706_36-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-kelley-0706_36-1)\n    Kelley, Stephen Andrew (June 2007). [*Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070823062402\/http:\/\/www.ccc.nps.navy.mil\/research\/theses\/kelley07.pdf) (PDF) (Thesis). [Naval Postgraduate School](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Postgraduate_School \"Naval Postgraduate School\"). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ccc.nps.navy.mil\/research\/theses\/kelley07.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2007.\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-37)** Thompson, pp. 33–35.\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-38)** Thompson, pp. 58–60. According to Thompson, the near-misses with the other navy ships were recorded in *Iowa*'s log as attempts to \"render honors\" to them. Although other US Navy vessels observed *Iowa* grounded in the mud, the incident apparently was not acted upon by Moosally's superiors. Mike Fahey, the ship's executive officer, warned the other officers on *Iowa* to never mention the grounding to anyone, including superior Navy officers.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-39)** Thompson, pp. 65–67.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-40)** Thompson, pp. 70–77. The 20 January long-range, experimental shot was not authorized by the Department of the Navy. The shot was planned and directed by *Iowa*'s Master Chief Fire Controlman Stephen Skelley and Gunnery Officer Lieutenant Commander Kenneth Michael Costigan using increased powder charges and specially designed shells. The Turret One gun crew leaders considered defying the order because of the unauthorized nature and perceived danger of the experiment, but in the end fired the experimental loads. John McEachren, a midlevel civilian employee at the Navy's Sea Systems Command, improperly authorized the experiment without informing his superiors.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-41)**\n    Reid, W. W. (June 1989). [\"Remembering turret two\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060416201022\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198906.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (867). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 4. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198906.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n42. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-5)\n    Dorsey, Jack; Germanotta, Tony (17 April 1999). [\"Ten years after *Iowa* tragedy, only evidence left is memories\"](http:\/\/www.pilotonline.com\/). *The Virginian-Pilot*. Norfolk, Virginia: HamptonRoads.com. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080625033107\/http:\/\/www.pilotonline.com.\/) from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n43. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-3)\n    [\"Mark 7 16-inch\/50-caliber gun\"](https:\/\/fas.org\/man\/dod-101\/sys\/ship\/weaps\/mk-7.htm). *FAS*. 23 August 2008. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070311085437\/https:\/\/fas.org\/man\/dod-101\/sys\/ship\/weaps\/mk-7.htm) from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n44. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-cu_44-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-cu_44-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-cu_44-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-cu_44-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-cu_44-4)\n    [\"Cover-up aboard the USS *Iowa*\"](https:\/\/www.questia.com\/read\/1P3-43321266). *Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal*. B-net. July 1999. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210827065957\/https:\/\/www.gale.com\/databases\/questia) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2012.\n    \n    (subscription required)\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-45)**\n    [\"Introduction: The Navy's Investigations\"](http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d21t9\/143037.pdf) (PDF). *United States General Accounting Office*. United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081011093505\/http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d21t9\/143037.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n46. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-nyt_46-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-nyt_46-1)\n    Halloran, Richard (12 December 1989). [\"*Iowa* Captain Doubts Sailor Named by Inquiry Set Blast\"](https:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=950DE3DF1738F931A25751C1A96F948260). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210827070140\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1989\/12\/12\/us\/iowa-captain-doubts-sailor-named-by-inquiry-set-blast.html) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n47. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-suicide_47-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-suicide_47-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-suicide_47-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-suicide_47-3)\n    Schmitt, Eric (17 October 1991). [\"Suicide Ruled Out in Blast on Ship\"](https:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CE0DA1239F934A25753C1A967958260). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210827070141\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1991\/10\/17\/us\/suicide-ruled-out-in-blast-on-ship.html) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-48)**\n    [\"Testimony – Battleships: Issues Arising from the Explosion Aboard the U.S.S. *Iowa*\"](http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d42t14\/141438.pdf) (PDF). *United States General Accounting Office*. United States Congress. p. 5. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081031170123\/http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d42t14\/141438.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008.\n49. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-sandia_49-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-sandia_49-1)\n    [\"U.S.S. *Iowa* Explosion: Sandia National Laboratories' Final Technical Report\"](http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d19t9\/144706.pdf) (PDF). *United States General Accounting Office*. United States Congress. 28 August 1991. pp. 9–21\\. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080905094600\/http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d19t9\/144706.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008.\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-NJ_DANFS_50-0)**\n    [\"New Jersey\"](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/histories\/ship-histories\/danfs\/n\/new-jersey-ii.html). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\")*. [Navy Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command \"Naval History and Heritage Command\"). Retrieved 8 January 2009.\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Garzke_51-0)**\n    Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1995). [*Battleships*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070311000204\/http:\/\/www.combie.net\/webharbor\/museum\/bb61-2.html). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.combie.net\/webharbor\/museum\/bb61-2.html) on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-52)**\n    [\"SSN 797: About The Boat\"](https:\/\/ssn797.com\/about-the-boat). *ssn797.com*. 2025. Retrieved 14 January 2024.\n53. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-53)**\n    At the same time, he also pointed out that evidence was insufficient to exonerate Hartwig of the alleged charges, either. In time, this would lead the Hartwig family to file a \\$12 million lawsuit against the Navy.\n    \n    [\"Cover-up aboard the USS *Iowa*\"](https:\/\/www.questia.com\/read\/1P3-43321266). *Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal*. B-net. July 1999. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210827070142\/https:\/\/www.gale.com\/databases\/questia) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2012.\n    \n    (subscription required)\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-54)**\n    Although the worst loss of life in peace time, the turret explosion aboard *Iowa* in 1989 is tied with the 1924 explosion in the No. 2 turret aboard the battleship [*Mississippi*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Mississippi_\$BB-41\$ \"USS Mississippi (BB-41)\"), which also claimed 47 lives.\n    \n    [\"Cover-up aboard the USS *Iowa*\"](http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d21t9\/143037.pdf) (PDF). *United States General Accounting Office*. United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081011093505\/http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d21t9\/143037.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n55. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-NDAA1996_55-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-NDAA1996_55-1)\n    [\"National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 1996 (Subtitle B – Naval Vessels and Shipyards)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120206011657\/http:\/\/www.fas.org\/spp\/starwars\/congress\/1995_r\/h104406.htm). *Federation of American Scientists*. 13 December 1995. p. 844. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.fas.org\/spp\/starwars\/congress\/1995_r\/h104406.htm) on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-56)**\n    [\"Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 (Subtitle B – Naval Vessels and Shipyards)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070620005640\/http:\/\/www.dod.mil\/dodgc\/olc\/docs\/1999NDAA.pdf) (PDF). *105th Congress, United States Senate and House of Representatives*. pp. 200–01\\. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dod.mil\/dodgc\/olc\/docs\/1999NDAA.pdf) (PDF) on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-showboat_57-0)**\n    [\"Battleship New Jersey\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160319085149\/http:\/\/www.battleshipnewjersey.org\/history\/milestone_dates.php). *Battleship New Jersey Museum and Memorial*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.battleshipnewjersey.org\/history\/milestone_dates.php) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2005.\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-NDAA_2007_58-0)**\n    [\"National Defense Authorization Act of 2007\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091203002030\/http:\/\/www.gpoaccess.gov\/serialset\/creports\/pdf\/hr109-452\/title2.pdf) (PDF). pp. 193–94\\. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.gpoaccess.gov\/serialset\/creports\/pdf\/hr109-452\/title2.pdf) (PDF) on 3 December 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2007.\n59. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Congress_68_59-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Congress_68_59-1)\n    Committee on Armed Services (House of Representatives) (6 May 2006). [\"House Report 109-452 – National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007: Report of the Committee on Armed Services (House of Representatives) on H.R. 5122 together with Additional and Dissenting Views\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120305214409\/http:\/\/www.congress.gov\/cgi-bin\/cpquery\/?sel=DOC&&item=&r_n=hr452.109&&&sid=cp109WUZzm&&refer=&&&db_id=cp109&&hd_count=&). *National Defense Authorization Act of 2007*. p. 68. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.congress.gov\/cgi-bin\/cpquery\/?sel=DOC&&item=&r_n=hr452.109&&&sid=cp109WUZzm&&refer=&&&db_id=cp109&&hd_count=&) on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2009.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Congress_104_60-0)**\n    [\"National Defense Authorization Act of 1996\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070620005632\/http:\/\/www.dod.mil\/dodgc\/olc\/docs\/1996NDAA.pdf) (PDF). *104th Congress, House of Representatives*. 10 February 1996. p. 237. 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Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1P2-7043215.html) on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2012.\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-newsletter_63-0)**\n    Staff (Winter 2007–2008). [\"Destination – Mare Island, Vallejo, California!\"](http:\/\/www.ussnitro.org\/other\/TheBigStickwinter07-08.pdf) (PDF). *The Big Stick*. Vallejo, California: Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090225130806\/http:\/\/www.ussnitro.org\/other\/TheBigStickwinter07-08.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009.\n64. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-64)**\n    [\"Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square\"](http:\/\/www.battleshipiowa.org\/). San Francisco, California: Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square. December 2000. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120815083758\/http:\/\/www.pacificbattleship.com\/) from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-67)**\n    Littlejohn, Donna (2 February 2010). [\"Port of LA pressured on USS Iowa\"](http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20100202\/port-of-la-pressured-on-uss-iowa). *[The Daily Breeze](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Daily_Breeze \"The Daily Breeze\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129150952\/http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20100202\/port-of-la-pressured-on-uss-iowa) from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2015.\n68. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-presstelegram.com_68-0)**\n    Littlejohn, Donna (26 February 2010). [\"Port of LA sinks USS Iowa\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100403102702\/http:\/\/www.presstelegram.com\/breakingnews\/ci_14478075). *[Press-Telegram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Press-Telegram \"Press-Telegram\")*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.presstelegram.com\/breakingnews\/ci_14478075) on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.\n69. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-69)** [State of Iowa Bill SJR2007 April 12 2010](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120803115943\/http:\/\/coolice.legis.iowa.gov\/Cool-ICE\/default.asp?Category=BillInfo&Service=Billbook&ga=83&hbill=SJR2007).\n70. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-70)**\n    Littlejohn, Donna (13 May 2010). [\"Navy to Reopen Bids for the USS *Iowa*\"](http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20100513\/navy-to-reopen-bids-for-the-uss-iowa). *The Daily Breeze*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150402104109\/http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20100513\/navy-to-reopen-bids-for-the-uss-iowa) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.\n71. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Federal_Register_71-0)**\n    [\"Ship on Donation Hold: Ex-*Iowa* (BB 61)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110927071620\/http:\/\/www.navsea.navy.mil\/teamships\/Inactiveships\/Donation\/pdf\/ships_on_hold\/soh_ex_iowa.pdf) (PDF). [Naval Sea Systems Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Sea_Systems_Command \"Naval Sea Systems Command\"). 9 September 2011. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.navsea.navy.mil\/teamships\/Inactiveships\/Donation\/pdf\/ships_on_hold\/soh_ex_iowa.pdf) (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.\n72. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge_72-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge_72-1)\n    [\"Photograph of USS Iowa's Bridge\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110724083048\/http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/pics\/shipaway\/btlrbns.jpg). Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). 1997. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/pics\/shipaway\/btlrbns.jpg) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2010.\n73. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-73)**\n    [\"Full speed ahead for USS *Iowa*\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170318173939\/http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20101119\/full-speed-ahead-for-uss-iowa). *The Daily Breeze*. 18 November 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20101119\/full-speed-ahead-for-uss-iowa) on 18 March 2017.\n74. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-74)**\n    Mohajer, Shaya Tayefe (7 September 2011). [\"USS *Iowa* to be moved to LA to be battleship museum\"](https:\/\/www.yahoo.com\/news\/uss-iowa-moved-la-battleship-museum-224715731.html). *[Yahoo! News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo!_News \"Yahoo! News\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160429070429\/https:\/\/www.yahoo.com\/news\/uss-iowa-moved-la-battleship-museum-224715731.html) from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2011 – via [Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\").\n75. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-75)**\n    Doyle, David (2017). \"Ch. 9: Preservation\". *USS Iowa (BB-61)*. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p. 118. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-7643-5417-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-7643-5417-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-7643-5417-5\")\n    \n    .\n76. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-76)**\n    [\"Pacific Battleship Center to open USS *Iowa* for weekend tours while in Richmond\"](http:\/\/www.pacificbattleship.com\/). *Pacific Battleship Center*. 7 December 2011. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130928164217\/http:\/\/pacificbattleship.com\/) from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2011.\n77. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-77)**\n    Jacobs, Jennifer (30 April 2012). [\"USS *Iowa* officially transferred to nonprofit group today\"](http:\/\/blogs.desmoinesregister.com\/dmr\/index.php\/2012\/04\/30\/uss-iowa-officially-transferred-to-nonprofit-group-today\/%23). *[The Des Moines Register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Des_Moines_Register \"The Des Moines Register\")*. Retrieved 30 April 2012.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n78. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-78)**\n    [\"USS *Iowa* battleship headed for new home along Port of Los Angeles waterfront\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120517185152\/http:\/\/www.portoflosangeles.org\/newsroom\/2012_releases\/news_051712_USS_IOWA_Approval.asp) (Press release). Port of Los Angeles. 17 May 2012. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.portoflosangeles.org\/newsroom\/2012_releases\/news_051712_USS_IOWA_Approval.asp) on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.\n79. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-79)**\n    Vargas, Vikki (10 June 2012). [\"USS *Iowa* Berths at the Port of LA\"](http:\/\/www.nbclosangeles.com\/news\/local\/USS-Iowa-Berths-at-the-Port-of-Los-Angeles-158336005.html). *NBC Channel 4 Los Angeles*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160203100526\/http:\/\/www.nbclosangeles.com\/news\/local\/USS-Iowa-Berths-at-the-Port-of-Los-Angeles-158336005.html) from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2012.\n80. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-80)**\n    Sansberg, Joseph C. (11 October 1988). [\"Official U.S. Navy Photograph \\# DN-SC-90-02980\"](http:\/\/www.navsource.net\/archives\/01\/0161029.jpg). *NavSource*. Retrieved 22 October 2010.\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n- [Fuller, J. F. C.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._F._C._Fuller \"J. F. C. Fuller\") (1956). *The Decisive Battles of the Western World*. Vol. III. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.\n- Gibbs, Jay (2017). \"Question 36\/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells\". *Warship International*. **LIV** (4): 289–90\\. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0043-0374](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0043-0374).\n- [Morison, Samuel Eliot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samuel_Eliot_Morison \"Samuel Eliot Morison\") (2004) \\[1956\\]. *Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945*. *[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II \"History of United States Naval Operations in World War II\")*, Volume 12 (reprint ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-252-07063-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-252-07063-1 \"Special:BookSources\/0-252-07063-1\")\n  \n  .\n- Thompson, Charles C. II (1999). [*A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A_Glimpse_of_Hell_\$book\$ \"A Glimpse of Hell (book)\"). W. W. Norton. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-393-04714-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-393-04714-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-393-04714-8\")\n  \n  .\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [USS Iowa (BB-61)](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$ \"commons:Category:USS Iowa (BB-61)\").\n\n- [USS *Iowa*](https:\/\/www.pacificbattleship.com\/) – Pacific Battleship Center, official museum site\n- [Map and satellite image from Google Maps](https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/@33.741896,-118.279727,16z)\n- [Maritimequest USS *Iowa* BB-61 Photo Gallery](http:\/\/www.maritimequest.com\/warship_directory\/us_navy_pages\/uss_iowa_bb61.htm)\n- [Photo gallery](http:\/\/www.navsource.net\/archives\/01\/61a.htm) of USS *Iowa* (BB-61) at NavSource Naval History\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Iowa_class_battleship \"Template:Iowa class battleship\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Iowa_class_battleship \"Template talk:Iowa class battleship\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Iowa_class_battleship \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Iowa class battleship\")[*Iowa*\\-class battleships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa-class_battleship \"Iowa-class battleship\") |\n|---|\n| [*Iowa*]() [*New Jersey*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_New_Jersey_\$BB-62\$ \"USS New Jersey (BB-62)\") [*Missouri*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Missouri_\$BB-63\$ \"USS Missouri (BB-63)\") [*Wisconsin*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Wisconsin_\$BB-64\$ \"USS Wisconsin (BB-64)\") [*Illinois*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Illinois_\$BB-65\$ \"USS Illinois (BB-65)\") [*Kentucky*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Kentucky_\$BB-66\$ \"USS Kentucky (BB-66)\") |\n| [Armament of the *Iowa*\\-class battleship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armament_of_the_Iowa-class_battleship \"Armament of the Iowa-class battleship\") [USS *Iowa* turret explosion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion \"USS Iowa turret explosion\") [1950 USS *Missouri* grounding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1950_USS_Missouri_grounding \"1950 USS Missouri grounding\") |\n| Preceded by: [*South Dakota* class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Dakota-class_battleship_\$1939\$ \"South Dakota-class battleship (1939)\") Followed by: [*Montana* class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montana-class_battleship \"Montana-class battleship\") \/ [*Trump* class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trump-class_battleship \"Trump-class battleship\") |\n| [List of battleships of the United States Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_battleships_of_the_United_States_Navy \"List of battleships of the United States Navy\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles \"Template:San Pedro, Los Angeles\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles \"Template talk:San Pedro, Los Angeles\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles \"Special:EditPage\/Template:San Pedro, Los Angeles\")[San Pedro, Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles \"San Pedro, Los Angeles\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| **Education** |   |\n| Primary and secondary schools | [Los Angeles USD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District \"Los Angeles Unified School District\") [San Pedro HS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Pedro_High_School \"San Pedro High School\") [Port of Los Angeles HS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Los_Angeles_High_School \"Port of Los Angeles High School\") [Mary Star of the Sea HS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mary_Star_of_the_Sea_High_School \"Mary Star of the Sea High School\") |\n| Other education | [Los Angeles Community College District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Community_College_District \"Los Angeles Community College District\") [Los Angeles Public Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Public_Library \"Los Angeles Public Library\") |\n| **Other** |   |\n| Landmarks | [James H. Dodson Residence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_H._Dodson_Residence \"James H. Dodson Residence\") [Fort MacArthur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fort_MacArthur \"Fort MacArthur\") [Korean Bell of Friendship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_Bell_of_Friendship \"Korean Bell of Friendship\") [Harbor View House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harbor_View_House \"Harbor View House\") [Los Angeles Maritime Museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Maritime_Museum \"Los Angeles Maritime Museum\") *[Ralph J. Scott](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ralph_J._Scott_\$fireboat\$ \"Ralph J. Scott (fireboat)\")* [San Pedro Municipal Ferry Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Pedro_Municipal_Ferry_Building \"San Pedro Municipal Ferry Building\") [USS *Los Angeles* (CA-135)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Los_Angeles_\$CA-135\$ \"USS Los Angeles (CA-135)\") [Municipal Warehouse No. 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Municipal_Warehouse_No._1 \"Municipal Warehouse No. 1\") [Old St. Peter's Episcopal Church](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_St._Peter%27s_Episcopal_Church \"Old St. Peter's Episcopal Church\") [Point Fermin Light](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Point_Fermin_Light \"Point Fermin Light\") [Port of Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Los_Angeles \"Port of Los Angeles\") [American Trona Corporation Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Trona_Corporation_Building \"American Trona Corporation Building\") [Los Angeles Harbor Light](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Harbor_Light \"Los Angeles Harbor Light\") [USS *Iowa* Museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_Museum \"USS Iowa Museum\")\/[USS *Iowa* (BB-61)]() [Red Men Hall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Men_Hall_\$Los_Angeles\$ \"Red Men Hall (Los Angeles)\") [SS *Lane Victory*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SS_Lane_Victory \"SS Lane Victory\") [The Sunken City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Sunken_City \"The Sunken City\") [Timm's Point and Landing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timm%27s_Point_and_Landing \"Timm's Point and Landing\") [Vincent Thomas Bridge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vincent_Thomas_Bridge \"Vincent Thomas Bridge\") [United States Post Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Post_Office_\$San_Pedro,_California\$ \"United States Post Office (San Pedro, California)\") [Warner Grand Theatre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warner_Grand_Theatre \"Warner Grand Theatre\") |\n| This list is incomplete. |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:1989_shipwrecks \"Template:1989 shipwrecks\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:1989_shipwrecks \"Template talk:1989 shipwrecks\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:1989_shipwrecks \"Special:EditPage\/Template:1989 shipwrecks\")Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1989 |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Shipwrecks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1989 \"List of shipwrecks in 1989\") | 7 Jan: [*Lavia*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SS_Lavia \"SS Lavia\") 21 Jan: [USS *Muliphen*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Muliphen \"USS Muliphen\") 28 Jan: [*Bahía Paraíso*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARA_Bah%C3%ADa_Para%C3%ADso \"ARA Bahía Paraíso\") 15 Feb: [*Maassluis*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maassluis_\$ship\$ \"Maassluis (ship)\") 8 Apr: [*K-278 Komsomolets*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_submarine_K-278_Komsomolets \"Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets\") 25 Apr: [USS *Parsons*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Parsons \"USS Parsons\") 24 May: *[Moby Dick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Olympic \"USS Olympic\")* June (unknown date): [USS *Blenny*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Blenny \"USS Blenny\") 20 Aug: [*Marchioness*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marchioness_disaster \"Marchioness disaster\") 10 Sep: [*Mogoșoaia*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinking_of_the_Mogo%C8%99oaia \"Sinking of the Mogoșoaia\") 29 Oct: [*Murree*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MV_Murree \"MV Murree\") 4 Dec: [USCGC *Mesquite*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USCGC_Mesquite \"USCGC Mesquite\") Unknown date: [HMS *Leander*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMS_Leander_\$F109\$ \"HMS Leander (F109)\"), *[YO-257](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YO-257 \"YO-257\")*, [ROCS *Tze Yang*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Hawkins \"USS Hawkins\") |\n| Other incidents | 17 Jan: [USS *Norfolk*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Norfolk_\$SSN-714\$ \"USS Norfolk (SSN-714)\"), [USS *San Diego*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_San_Diego_\$AFS-6\$ \"USS San Diego (AFS-6)\") 16 Mar: [NOAAS *Oregon II*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NOAAS_Oregon_II_\$R_332\$ \"NOAAS Oregon II (R 332)\") 24 Mar: *[Exxon Valdez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exxon_Valdez \"Exxon Valdez\")* ([oil spill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill \"Exxon Valdez oil spill\")) 19 Apr: [USS *Iowa*]() ([turret explosion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion \"USS Iowa turret explosion\")) 19 Jun: [*Maxim Gorkiy*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TS_Maxim_Gorkiy \"TS Maxim Gorkiy\") 25 Jun: [*K-131*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_submarine_K-131 \"Soviet submarine K-131\") 19 Aug: [*Ross Revenge*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MV_Ross_Revenge \"MV Ross Revenge\") 20 Aug: [*Bowbelle*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MV_Bowbelle \"MV Bowbelle\") 29 Sep: [USS *Pennsylvania*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Pennsylvania_\$SSBN-735\$ \"USS Pennsylvania (SSBN-735)\") October (unknown date): [HMS *Spartan*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMS_Spartan_\$S105\$ \"HMS Spartan (S105)\") 19 Dec: [*Khark 5*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SS_Khark_5_oil_spill \"SS Khark 5 oil spill\") (oil spill) |\n| [1988](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1988 \"List of shipwrecks in 1988\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg\/20px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1988 \"List of shipwrecks in 1988\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/45\/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg\/20px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1990 \"List of shipwrecks in 1990\") [1990](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1990 \"List of shipwrecks in 1990\") |   |\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q562161#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| International | [VIAF](https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/131629888) |\n| National | [United States](https:\/\/id.loc.gov\/authorities\/no90006439) [Israel](https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/authorities\/987009978450905171) |\n| Other | [Yale LUX](https:\/\/lux.collections.yale.edu\/view\/group\/b86ab1d5-7bdf-4afc-a94e-7522ae723d15) |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_(BB-61)&oldid=1342808092>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [1942 ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:1942_ships \"Category:1942 ships\")\n- [Cold War battleships of the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Cold_War_battleships_of_the_United_States \"Category:Cold War battleships of the United States\")\n- [Existing battleships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Existing_battleships \"Category:Existing battleships\")\n- [Iowa-class battleships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Iowa-class_battleships \"Category:Iowa-class battleships\")\n- [Korean War battleships of the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Korean_War_battleships_of_the_United_States \"Category:Korean War battleships of the United States\")\n- [Military and war museums in California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Military_and_war_museums_in_California \"Category:Military and war museums in California\")\n- [Museum ships in California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Museum_ships_in_California \"Category:Museum ships in California\")\n- [Museums in Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Museums_in_Los_Angeles \"Category:Museums in Los Angeles\")\n- [San Pedro, Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles \"Category:San Pedro, Los Angeles\")\n- [Ships built in Brooklyn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Ships_built_in_Brooklyn \"Category:Ships built in Brooklyn\")\n- [World War II battleships of the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:World_War_II_battleships_of_the_United_States \"Category:World War II battleships of the United States\")\n- [Los Angeles Historic-Cultural 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By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms_of_Use \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms of Use\") and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy policy\"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nUSS *Iowa* (BB-61)\n\n32 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$)","attrs_readable_markdown":"For other ships with the same name, see [USS Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa \"USS Iowa\").\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![USS Iowa in her post-1980s rebuild: The battleship is pointed toward the viewer, with her 9 gun barrels pointed starboard for a gunnery exercise. Fire can be seen erupting from the gun barrels, and a concussive effect is visible on the water.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ea\/BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg\/330px-BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg)USS *Iowa* unleashes a [broadside](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadside_\$naval\$ \"Broadside (naval)\") of nine 16-inch guns on 15 August 1984 during a firepower demonstration after her modernization. |   |\n| History |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/a4\/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg\/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)United States |   |\n| Namesake | [State of Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa \"Iowa\") |\n| Ordered | 1 July 1939 |\n| Builder | [New York Naval Yard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard \"Brooklyn Navy Yard\") |\n| Laid down | 27 June 1940 |\n| Launched | 27 August 1942 |\n| Sponsored by | [Ilo Wallace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ilo_Wallace \"Ilo Wallace\") |\n| Commissioned | 22 February 1943 |\n| Decommissioned | 24 March 1949 |\n| Recommissioned | 25 August 1951 |\n| Decommissioned | 24 February 1958 |\n| Recommissioned | 28 April 1984 |\n| Decommissioned | 26 October 1990 |\n| Stricken | 17 March 2006 |\n| Identification | [Callsign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maritime_call_sign \"Maritime call sign\"): NEPM [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/21\/ICS_November.svg\/20px-ICS_November.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:ICS_November.svg)[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/ICS_Echo.svg\/20px-ICS_Echo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:ICS_Echo.svg)[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d0\/ICS_Papa.svg\/20px-ICS_Papa.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:ICS_Papa.svg)[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/73\/ICS_Mike.svg\/20px-ICS_Mike.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:ICS_Mike.svg) [Hull number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hull_number \"Hull number\"): BB-61 |\n| Motto | \"Our Liberties We Prize, Our Rights We Will Maintain\" |\n| Nickname(s) | \"The Big Stick\" (1952), \"The Grey Ghost\" (Korean War), \"The Battleship of Presidents\"[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-1) |\n| Honors and awards | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ad\/Silver-service-star-3d.png\/20px-Silver-service-star-3d.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Silver-service-star-3d.png) 11 [battle stars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_stars \"Battle stars\") |\n| Fate | [Museum ship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_ship \"Museum ship\") |\n| Status | On display at the Pacific Battleship Center at the [Port of Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Los_Angeles \"Port of Los Angeles\") ([33°44′32″N 118°16′38″W \/ 33\\.7423°N 118.2772°W](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&params=33.7423_N_118.2772_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark)) |\n| Badge | [![Seal of the Battleship USS Iowa (BB-61), featuring a blue and gold trim around a small image of the battleship and an eagle in the air. The words \"USS Iowa\" and \"BB 61\" can be seen at the top and bottom of the circle, while the left and right of the circle contain the words \"our liberties we prize\" and \"our right we will defend\", respectively.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/USS_Iowa_COA_2.png\/120px-USS_Iowa_COA_2.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_COA_2.png) |\n| General characteristics |   |\n| Class & type | [*Iowa*\\-class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa-class_battleship \"Iowa-class battleship\") [battleship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battleship \"Battleship\") |\n| Displacement | 48,110 long tons (48,880 t) Standard 57,540 long tons (58,460 t) full load[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-2) |\n| Length | 887 ft 3 in (270.43 m) |\n| Beam | 108 ft 2 in (32.97 m) |\n| Draft | 37 ft 2 in (11.33 m) (full load) |\n| Installed power | 8 [Babcock & Wilcox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Babcock_%26_Wilcox \"Babcock & Wilcox\") [water-tube boilers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water-tube_boiler \"Water-tube boiler\") 212,000 [shp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower \"Horsepower\") (158,088 kW) |\n| Propulsion | 4 × [steam turbines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steam_turbine \"Steam turbine\") 4 × screw [propellers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propeller \"Propeller\") |\n| Speed | 33 [knots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knot_\$unit\$ \"Knot (unit)\") (38 mph; 61 km\/h) |\n| Complement | 151 officers, 2,637 enlisted (WWII) |\n| Armament | **1943:** 9 × [16 in (406 mm)\/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/16-inch\/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun \"16-inch\/50-caliber Mark 7 gun\") 20 × [5 in (127 mm)\/38 cal Mark 12 guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-inch\/38-caliber_gun \"5-inch\/38-caliber gun\") 76 × [40 mm\/56 cal anti-aircraft guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bofors_40_mm_L\/60_gun \"Bofors 40 mm L\/60 gun\") 52 × [20 mm\/70 cal anti-aircraft guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon \"Oerlikon 20 mm cannon\") **1984:** 9 × [16 in (406 mm)\/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/16-inch\/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun \"16-inch\/50-caliber Mark 7 gun\") 12 × [5 in (127 mm)\/38 cal Mark 12 guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-inch\/38-caliber_gun \"5-inch\/38-caliber gun\") 32 × [BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tomahawk_\$missile_family\$ \"Tomahawk (missile family)\") 16 × [RGM-84 Harpoon Anti-Ship missiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RGM-84_Harpoon \"RGM-84 Harpoon\") 4 × [20 mm\/76 cal Phalanx CIWS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phalanx_CIWS \"Phalanx CIWS\") |\n| Armor | [Belt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belt_armor \"Belt armor\"): 12.1 in (307 mm) [Bulkheads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulkhead_\$partition\$ \"Bulkhead (partition)\"): 11.3 in (287 mm) [Barbettes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barbette \"Barbette\"): 11.6 to 17.3 in (295 to 439 mm) [Turrets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gun_turret \"Gun turret\"): 19.5 in (495 mm) [Decks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deck_\$ship\$ \"Deck (ship)\"): main 1.5 in (38 mm) second 6.0 in (152 mm) |\n| Aircraft carried | [floatplanes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floatplane \"Floatplane\"), [helicopters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helicopter \"Helicopter\"), [UAVs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAV \"UAV\") |\n\n**USS *Iowa* (BB-61)** is a retired [battleship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battleship \"Battleship\"), the [lead ship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lead_ship \"Lead ship\") of [her class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa-class_battleship \"Iowa-class battleship\"), and the fourth in the [United States Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") to be named after the state of [Iowa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iowa \"Iowa\"). Owing to the cancellation of the [*Montana*\\-class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montana-class_battleship \"Montana-class battleship\") battleships, *Iowa* is the last lead ship of any class of United States battleships and was the only ship of her class to serve in the [Atlantic Ocean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\") during [World War II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II \"World War II\").\n\nDuring World War II, she carried President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") across the Atlantic to [Mers El Kébir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir \"Mers El Kébir\"), Algeria, en route to a [conference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tehran_Conference \"Tehran Conference\") of vital importance in 1943 in [Tehran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tehran \"Tehran\") with Prime Minister [Winston Churchill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winston_Churchill \"Winston Churchill\") of the United Kingdom and [Joseph Stalin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\"), leader of the Soviet Union. When transferred to the [Pacific Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Pacific_Fleet \"United States Pacific Fleet\") in 1944, *Iowa* shelled beachheads at [Kwajalein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kwajalein \"Kwajalein\") and [Eniwetok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eniwetok \"Eniwetok\") in advance of [Allied](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") amphibious landings and screened [aircraft carriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aircraft_carrier \"Aircraft carrier\") operating in the [Marshall Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\").\n\nDuring the [Korean War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War \"Korean War\"), *Iowa* was involved in raids on the North Korean coast, after which she was [decommissioned](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ship_decommissioning \"Ship decommissioning\") into the [United States Navy reserve fleets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets \"United States Navy reserve fleets\"), better known as the \"mothball fleet\". She was reactivated in 1984 as part of the [600-ship Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/600-ship_Navy \"600-ship Navy\") plan and operated in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets to counter the recently expanded [Soviet Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Navy \"Soviet Navy\"). In April 1989, [an explosion of undetermined origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion \"USS Iowa turret explosion\") wrecked her No. 2 gun turret, killing 47 sailors.\n\n*Iowa* was decommissioned for the last time in October 1990 after 19 total years of active service, and was initially stricken from the *[Naval Vessel Register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\")* in 1995, before being reinstated from 1999 to 2006 to comply with federal laws that required retention and maintenance of two *Iowa*\\-class battleships. In 2011, *Iowa* was donated to the [Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\")–based nonprofit Pacific Battleship Center and was permanently moved to Berth 87 at the [Port of Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Los_Angeles \"Port of Los Angeles\") in 2012, where she was opened to the public as the [USS *Iowa* Museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_Museum \"USS Iowa Museum\").\n\nOrdered in July 1939,[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Order-3) USS *Iowa* was laid down at [New York Naval Shipyard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_Naval_Shipyard \"New York Naval Shipyard\") in June 1940. She was [launched](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ship_naming_and_launching \"Ship naming and launching\") on 27 August 1942, [sponsored](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sponsor_\$military\$ \"Sponsor (military)\") by [Ilo Wallace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ilo_Wallace \"Ilo Wallace\") (wife of [Vice President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\") [Henry Wallace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_A._Wallace \"Henry A. Wallace\")), and [commissioned](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ship_commissioning \"Ship commissioning\") on 22 February 1943 with Captain [John L. McCrea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_L._McCrea \"John L. McCrea\") in command.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\nUSS *Iowa*'s main battery consisted of nine [16-inch\/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/16-inch\/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun \"16-inch\/50-caliber Mark 7 gun\"), which could fire 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) armor-piercing shells 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km). Her secondary battery consisted of twenty [5\"\/38 caliber guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5-inch\/38-caliber_gun \"5-inch\/38-caliber gun\") in twin mounts, which could fire at targets up to 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km) away. With the advent of air power and the need to gain and maintain [air superiority](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_superiority \"Air superiority\") came a need to protect the growing fleet of Allied [aircraft carriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aircraft_carrier \"Aircraft carrier\"); to this end, *Iowa* was fitted with an array of [Oerlikon 20 mm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon \"Oerlikon 20 mm cannon\") and [Bofors 40 mm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L\/60 \"Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L\/60\") [antiaircraft guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-aircraft_warfare \"Anti-aircraft warfare\") to defend Allied carriers from enemy airstrikes.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-The_Battleships_I-5)\n\n## World War II (1943–1945)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: World War II (1943–1945)\")\\]\n\n### Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet\")\\]\n\n[![A small bathtub is visible in the center of the image. Bubbles, a rubber ducky, and a small floating boat can be seen in the tub, while two books, a soap bar, and a toothpaste tube can be seen around the rim of the bathtub.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/db\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG)\n\nWhen *Iowa* was selected to ferry President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") to the [Cairo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cairo_Conference \"Cairo Conference\") and [Tehran Conferences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tehran_Conference \"Tehran Conference\"), she was outfitted with a bathtub for Roosevelt's convenience. Roosevelt, who had been [paralyzed in 1921](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt\"), would have been unable to make effective use of a shower facility.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nOn 24 February 1943, *Iowa* put to sea for a [shakedown cruise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shakedown_cruise \"Shakedown cruise\") in the [Chesapeake Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chesapeake_Bay \"Chesapeake Bay\") and along the Atlantic Coast. She got underway on 27 August for [Argentia, Newfoundland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argentia,_Newfoundland \"Argentia, Newfoundland\"), to counter the threat of the German battleship [*Tirpitz*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_battleship_Tirpitz \"German battleship Tirpitz\"), which was reportedly operating in Norwegian waters, before returning to the United States on 25 October for two weeks of maintenance at the Norfolk Navy Yard.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nIn November 1943, *Iowa* carried President Roosevelt, [Secretary of State](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\") [Cordell Hull](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cordell_Hull \"Cordell Hull\"), Roosevelt's Chief of Staff Admiral [William D. Leahy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_D._Leahy \"William D. Leahy\"), [Chief of Staff of the Army](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army \"Chief of Staff of the United States Army\") General [George C. Marshall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_C._Marshall \"George C. Marshall\"), [Chief of Naval Operations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_of_naval_operations \"Chief of naval operations\") [Ernest King](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_King \"Ernest King\"), Commanding General of the US Army Air Forces [Henry \"Hap\" Arnold](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold \"Henry \\\"Hap\\\" Arnold\"), [Harry Hopkins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_Hopkins \"Harry Hopkins\"), and other military leaders to [Mers El Kébir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir \"Mers El Kébir\"), Algeria, on the first leg of the journey to the Cairo and Tehran Conferences.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-7) On 14 November, in waters east of [Bermuda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bermuda \"Bermuda\"), [USS *William D. Porter* (DD-579)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_William_D._Porter_\$DD-579\$ \"USS William D. Porter (DD-579)\"), a [destroyer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Destroyer \"Destroyer\") that was part of *Iowa'*s antisubmarine screen, accidentally discharged a torpedo toward *Iowa* during a drill. Following warnings from the destroyer and her own lookouts, *Iowa* turned hard to avoid the torpedo, which detonated about 1200 yards astern in the ship's wake.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-8) *Iowa* trained her guns on *William D. Porter*, concerned that the smaller ship might have been involved in an assassination plot.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_II-9)\n\n*Iowa* completed her presidential escort mission on 16 December by returning the President to the United States.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_II-9) Roosevelt addressed the crew of *Iowa* prior to leaving by stating, \"... from all I have seen and all I have heard, the *Iowa* is a 'happy ship,' and having served with the Navy for many years, I know—and you know—what that means.\" He also touched on the progress made at the conference before concluding his address with \"... good luck, and remember that I am with you in spirit, each and every one of you.\"[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-10)\n\n### Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee\")\\]\n\n[![A large ship tilted to the right, with gun barrels pointed to the left: Crewmen can be seen on the battleship's deck. To the left of the image another large warship can be seen.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_Preps.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_Preps.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_Preps.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* in the Pacific; [*Indiana*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Indiana_\$BB-58\$ \"USS Indiana (BB-58)\") can be seen in the distance.\n\nAs [flagship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flagship \"Flagship\") of Battleship Division 7 (BatDiv 7), *Iowa* departed the United States on 2 January 1944 for the Pacific Ocean, transiting the [Panama Canal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama_Canal \"Panama Canal\") on 7 January in advance of her combat debut in the campaign for the [Marshall Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\"). From 29 January to 3 February, she supported carrier air strikes made by Rear Admiral [Frederick C. Sherman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederick_C._Sherman \"Frederick C. Sherman\")'s Task Group 58.3 (TG 58.3)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-11) against [Kwajalein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kwajalein \"Kwajalein\") and [Eniwetok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eniwetok \"Eniwetok\") atolls. Her next assignment was to support air strikes against the major Japanese naval and logistics base at [Truk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chuuk_Lagoon \"Chuuk Lagoon\"), [Caroline Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caroline_Islands \"Caroline Islands\"). *Iowa*, in company with other ships, was detached from the support group on 16 February 1944 to conduct an antishipping sweep around Truk, with the objective of destroying enemy naval vessels escaping to the north. During this action, *Iowa*, along with her sister *New Jersey*, sank the Japanese [light cruiser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Light_cruiser \"Light cruiser\") [*Katori*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_cruiser_Katori \"Japanese cruiser Katori\"), the cruiser having escaped Truk the day before following [Operation Hailstone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Hailstone \"Operation Hailstone\"), the US air attack on Truk.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nOn 21 February, she was underway with the [Fast Carrier Task Force](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force \"Fast Carrier Task Force\") (alternatively designated TF 38 while with [3rd Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Third_Fleet \"United States Third Fleet\") and TF 58 while with [5th Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Fifth_Fleet \"United States Fifth Fleet\")) while it conducted the first strikes against [Saipan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saipan \"Saipan\"), [Tinian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tinian \"Tinian\"), [Rota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rota_\$island\$ \"Rota (island)\"), and [Guam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guam \"Guam\") in the [Mariana Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mariana_Islands \"Mariana Islands\"). On 18 March 1944, *Iowa*, flying the flag of Vice Admiral [Willis A. Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_A._Lee \"Willis A. Lee\") ([Commander, Battleships, Pacific](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commander,_Battleships,_Pacific \"Commander, Battleships, Pacific\")), joined in the bombardment of [Mili Atoll](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mili_Atoll \"Mili Atoll\") in the Marshall Islands. Although struck by two Japanese 4.7 in (120 mm) projectiles, *Iowa* suffered negligible damage. She then rejoined TF 58 on 30 March, and supported air strikes against the [Palau Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palau_Islands \"Palau Islands\") and [Woleai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woleai \"Woleai\") of the Carolines for several days.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\nFrom 22 to 28 April, *Iowa* supported air raids on [Hollandia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jayapura \"Jayapura\") (now known as Jayapura), [Aitape](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aitape \"Aitape\"), and [Wake Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wake_Island \"Wake Island\") to support Army forces on Aitape and at [Tanahmerah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanahmerah_Bay \"Tanahmerah Bay\") and [Humboldt Bays](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teluk_Yos_Sudarso \"Teluk Yos Sudarso\") in [New Guinea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Guinea \"New Guinea\"). She then joined the Task Force's second strike on Truk, on 29 and 30 April, and bombarded Japanese facilities on [Ponape](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pohnpei \"Pohnpei\") in the Carolines on 1 May.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3b\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus%2C_Admirality_Islands%2C_on_28_December_1944_%2880-G-421124%29.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus%2C_Admirality_Islands%2C_on_28_December_1944_%2880-G-421124%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus,_Admirality_Islands,_on_28_December_1944_\$80-G-421124\$.jpg)\n\n[USS *ABSD-2*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_AFDB-2 \"USS AFDB-2\") repairing USS *Iowa* in early 1945 at Manus, Admiralty Islands.\n\nIn the opening phases of the [Mariana and Palau Islands campaign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign \"Mariana and Palau Islands campaign\"), *Iowa* protected the American carriers during air strikes on the islands of Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Rota, and [Pagan Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pagan_Island \"Pagan Island\") on 12 June. *Iowa* was then detached to bombard enemy installations on Saipan and Tinian on 13–14 June, which resulted in the destruction of a Japanese ammunition dump. On 19 June, in an engagement known as the [Battle of the Philippine Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea \"Battle of the Philippine Sea\"), *Iowa*, as part of the battle line of TF 58, helped repel four massive air raids launched by the Japanese Middle Fleet. This resulted in the almost complete destruction of Japanese carrier-based air forces, with *Iowa* claiming the destruction of three enemy aircraft. *Iowa* then joined in the pursuit of the fleeing enemy fleet, shooting down one [torpedo plane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torpedo_plane \"Torpedo plane\") and assisting in splashing another.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nThroughout July, *Iowa* remained off the Marianas supporting air strikes on the Palaus and landings on Guam. After a month's rest, *Iowa* sailed from Eniwetok as part of the Third Fleet, and helped support the [landings on Peleliu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Peleliu \"Battle of Peleliu\") on 17 September. She then protected the carriers during air strikes against the Central Philippines to neutralize enemy air power for the long-awaited invasion of the Philippines. On 10 October, *Iowa* arrived off [Okinawa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa_Prefecture \"Okinawa Prefecture\") for a series of air strikes on the [Ryukyu Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ryukyu_Islands \"Ryukyu Islands\") and [Formosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Formosa \"Formosa\"). She then supported air strikes against [Luzon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luzon \"Luzon\") on 18 October and continued this duty during General [Douglas MacArthur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Douglas_MacArthur \"Douglas MacArthur\")'s [landing on Leyte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Leyte \"Battle of Leyte\") on 20 October.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/BB61_MS32-1B.jpg\/250px-BB61_MS32-1B.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:BB61_MS32-1B.jpg)\n\nUSS *Iowa* in World War II configuration and wearing [Measure 32 Design 1B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy \"World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy\") camouflage pattern, c. 1944.\n\nIn a last-ditch attempt to halt the United States campaign to recapture the Philippines, the [Imperial Japanese Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_Japanese_Navy \"Imperial Japanese Navy\") struck back with *Shō-Gō* 1, a three-pronged attack aimed at the destruction of American amphibious forces in [Leyte Gulf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leyte_Gulf \"Leyte Gulf\"). The plan called for Vice Admiral [Jisaburō Ozawa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa \"Jisaburō Ozawa\") to use the surviving Japanese carriers as bait to draw US carriers of TF 38 away from the Philippine beachheads, allowing Imperial Japanese Admirals [Takeo Kurita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Takeo_Kurita \"Takeo Kurita\"), [Kiyohide Shima](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kiyohide_Shima \"Kiyohide Shima\"), and [Shōji Nishimura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sh%C5%8Dji_Nishimura \"Shōji Nishimura\") to take surface task forces through the [San Bernardino Strait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Bernardino_Strait \"San Bernardino Strait\") and [Surigao Strait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surigao_Strait \"Surigao Strait\"), where they would rendezvous and attack the US beachheads.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-12)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-13) *Iowa* accompanied TF 38 during attacks against the Japanese Central Force under the command of Admiral Kurita as it steamed through the [Sibuyan Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibuyan_Sea \"Sibuyan Sea\") toward San Bernardino Strait. The reported results of these attacks and the apparent retreat of the Japanese Central Force led Admiral [William \"Bull\" Halsey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_%22Bull%22_Halsey \"William \\\"Bull\\\" Halsey\") to believe that this force had been ruined as an effective fighting group; as a result, *Iowa*, with TF 38, steamed after the Japanese Northern Force off [Cape Engaño](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Enga%C3%B1o_\$Luzon\$ \"Cape Engaño (Luzon)\"), Luzon. On 25 October 1944, when the ships of the Northern Force were almost within range of *Iowa*'s guns, word arrived that the Japanese Central Force was attacking a group of American [escort carriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escort_aircraft_carrier \"Escort aircraft carrier\") off [Samar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samar_\$island\$ \"Samar (island)\"). This threat to the American beachheads forced TF 38 to reverse course and steam to support the vulnerable escort carrier fleet, but fierce resistance by the [7th Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Seventh_Fleet \"United States Seventh Fleet\") in the [Battle off Samar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_off_Samar \"Battle off Samar\") had already caused the Japanese to retire and *Iowa* was denied a surface action. Following the [Battle of Leyte Gulf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf \"Battle of Leyte Gulf\"), *Iowa* remained in the waters off the Philippines screening carriers during strikes against Luzon and Formosa. She sailed for the West Coast late in December 1944.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\nOn 18 December, the ships of TF 38 unexpectedly found themselves in a fight for their lives when [Typhoon Cobra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typhoon_Cobra_\$1944\$ \"Typhoon Cobra (1944)\") overtook the force—7 fleet carriers, six light carriers, eight battleships, 15 cruisers, and about 50 destroyers—during their attempt to refuel at sea. At the time, the ships were operating about 300 mi (480 km) east of Luzon in the [Philippine Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Sea \"Philippine Sea\").[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-PT-14) The carriers had just completed three days of heavy raids against Japanese airfields, suppressing enemy aircraft during the American [amphibious operations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphibious_assault \"Amphibious assault\") against [Mindoro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mindoro \"Mindoro\") in the Philippines. The task force met with [Captain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Captain_\$U.S._Navy\$#U.S._Navy \"Captain (U.S. Navy)\") Jasper T. Acuff and his fueling group on 17 December with the intention of refueling all ships in the task force and replacing lost aircraft.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Cobra-15)\n\n[![A shipyard with a large dry dock occupied by a massive gunship. Crewmen can be seen on the battleship's deck, while dock equipment such as cranes and trucks can be seen lining the sides of the drydock. In the distance a pier can be seen, while two smaller ships are visible in the background of the image.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fb\/USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* in drydock in San Francisco, undergoing repairs and modernization after being damaged during Typhoon Cobra.\n\nAlthough the sea had been growing rougher all day, the nearby cyclonic disturbance gave relatively little warning of its approach. On 18 December, the small but violent typhoon overtook the task force while many of the ships were attempting to refuel. Many of the vessels were caught near the center of the storm and buffeted by extreme seas and hurricane-force winds. Three destroyers—[*Hull*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Hull_\$DD-350\$ \"USS Hull (DD-350)\"), [*Monaghan*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Monaghan_\$DD-354\$ \"USS Monaghan (DD-354)\"), and [*Spence*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Spence \"USS Spence\")—capsized and sank with nearly all hands, while a cruiser, five aircraft carriers, and three destroyers suffered serious damage.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-PT-14) Around 790 officers and men were lost or killed, with another 80 injured. Fires occurred in three carriers when planes broke loose in their hangars, and some 146 planes on various ships were swept overboard or damaged beyond economical repair by fires or impacts.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Cobra-15) *Iowa* reported zero injured sailors as a result of the typhoon,[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-16) but suffered a loss of one of her float planes, and damage to one of her shafts.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Cobra-15) The damaged shaft required *Iowa* to return to the US, and she arrived at San Francisco on 15 January 1945, for repairs. During the course of the overhaul, *Iowa* had her bridge area enclosed, and was outfitted with new search radars and fire-control systems.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\n### Bombardment of Japan\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Bombardment of Japan\")\\]\n\n[![Two large battleships sailing toward the viewer. Personnel can be seen on the decks of both ships.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/70\/USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG\/250px-USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG)\n\n[*Missouri*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Missouri_\$BB-63\$ \"USS Missouri (BB-63)\") (left) transfers personnel to *Iowa* in advance of the surrender ceremony planned for September 2.\n\n*Iowa* sailed on 19 March 1945 for Okinawa, arriving on 15 April to relieve her sister ship [*New Jersey*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_New_Jersey_\$BB-62\$ \"USS New Jersey (BB-62)\"). From 24 April, *Iowa* supported carrier operations, which aimed to establish and maintain air superiority for ground forces during their struggle for the island. She then supported air strikes off southern [Kyūshū](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB \"Kyūshū\") from 25 May to 13 June. Afterward, she sailed toward northern [Honshū](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honsh%C5%AB \"Honshū\") and [Hokkaido](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hokkaido \"Hokkaido\"), and participated in strikes on the Japanese home islands on 14–15 July by bombarding [Muroran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muroran,_Hokkaido \"Muroran, Hokkaido\"), Hokkaido, destroying steel mills and other targets. The city of [Hitachi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hitachi,_Ibaraki \"Hitachi, Ibaraki\") on Honshū was shelled beginning the night of 17 July and lasting to 18 July. On 29 and 30 July, *Iowa* trained her guns on [Kahoolawe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kahoolawe \"Kahoolawe\") for a bombardment and continued to support fast carrier strikes until the cessation of hostilities on 15 August.\n\nOn 27 August, *Iowa* and her sister ship [*Missouri*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Missouri_\$BB-63\$ \"USS Missouri (BB-63)\") entered [Sagami Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sagami_Bay \"Sagami Bay\") to oversee the surrender of the [Yokosuka Naval Arsenal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal \"Yokosuka Naval Arsenal\").[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) Two days later, she entered [Tokyo Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tokyo_Bay \"Tokyo Bay\") with the occupation forces. Here, a number of sailors from *Missouri* were temporarily stationed on *Iowa* for the duration of the surrender ceremony, which took place aboard *Missouri*.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Missouri-DANFS-17) *Iowa* remained in the bay as part of the occupying force. As part of the ongoing [Operation Magic Carpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Magic_Carpet \"Operation Magic Carpet\"), she received homeward-bound GIs and liberated US [prisoners of war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prisoner_of_war \"Prisoner of war\") before departing Tokyo Bay on 20 September, bound for the United States.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\n## Post–World War II (1945–1949)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Post–World War II (1945–1949)\")\\]\n\n*Iowa* arrived in [Seattle, Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle,_Washington \"Seattle, Washington\"), on 15 October 1945, then sailed for [Long Beach, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_Beach,_California \"Long Beach, California\"), where she engaged in training operations until returning to Japan in 1946 to serve as flagship for the 5th Fleet. She returned to the United States on 25 March 1946 and resumed her role as a training ship. During her usual routine of drills and maneuvers she also embarked Naval Reserve elements and [midshipmen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midshipman \"Midshipman\") for training. In October, *Iowa* underwent a period of overhaul and modernization, which resulted in the addition of the SK-2 Radar and the loss of a number of 20 mm and 40 mm gun mounts. In July, following the [Bikini atomic experiments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bikini_atomic_experiments \"Bikini atomic experiments\"), the old battleship [*Nevada*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Nevada_\$BB-36\$ \"USS Nevada (BB-36)\") was selected as a target for a [live-fire exercise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live-fire_exercise \"Live-fire exercise\") to be carried out by *Iowa* and other sea and air assets of the navy. The exercise began with separate shellings from a destroyer, [heavy cruiser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heavy_Cruiser \"Heavy Cruiser\"), and *Iowa*, but this did not sink the ship, so *Nevada* was finished off with one [aerial torpedo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerial_torpedo \"Aerial torpedo\") hit amidships, sinking her 65 mi (105 km) from [Pearl Harbor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\") on 31 July 1948.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-18)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-19) In September 1948, as part of the post World War II drawdown of the armed forces, *Iowa* was deactivated at San Francisco, and then formally decommissioned into the [United States Navy reserve fleets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets \"United States Navy reserve fleets\") on 24 March 1949.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\n## Korean War (1951–1952)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Korean War (1951–1952)\")\\]\n\nIn 1950, [North Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea \"North Korea\") [invaded](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War \"Korean War\") South Korea, prompting the United Nations to authorize military intervention. President [Harry S. Truman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_S._Truman \"Harry S. Truman\") ordered US forces stationed in Japan to transfer to South Korea. Truman also sent US-based troops, tanks, fighter and bomber aircraft, and a strong naval force to the area to support South Korea. As part of the naval mobilization, *Iowa* was reactivated on 14 July 1951, and formally recommissioned on 25 August, with Captain William R. Smedberg III, in command. *Iowa* sailed for Korean waters in March 1952. On 1 April, she relieved her sister ship [USS *Wisconsin*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Wisconsin_\$BB-64\$ \"USS Wisconsin (BB-64)\") and became the flagship of [Vice Admiral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_admiral_\$United_States\$ \"Vice admiral (United States)\") [Robert P. Briscoe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_P._Briscoe \"Robert P. Briscoe\"), commander of the Seventh Fleet.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) In her first combat operation of the Korean War, *Iowa* fired her main guns near [Wonsan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wonsan \"Wonsan\")–[Sŏngjin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C5%8Fngjin \"Sŏngjin\") on 8 April 1952, with the goal of striking North Korean supply lines. In the company of other naval vessels, *Iowa* again engaged North Korean forces the following day, this time against enemy troop concentrations, supply areas, and suspected gun positions in and around Suwon Dan and Kojo. In support of South Korea's [I Corps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/I_Corps_\$South_Korea\$ \"I Corps (South Korea)\"), *Iowa* shelled enemy positions on 13 April, killing 100 enemy soldiers, destroying six gun emplacements, and wrecking a division headquarters. The next day, she entered Wonsan Harbor and shelled warehouses, observation posts, and railroad marshaling yards before moving out to rejoin the UN flotilla aiding ground forces around [Kosong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosong \"Kosong\"). On 20 April, in her first combat action above the [38th parallel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/38th_parallel_north#Korea \"38th parallel north\"), *Iowa* shelled railroad lines at [Tanchon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanchon \"Tanchon\"), where four railroad tunnels were destroyed, before sailing to Chindong and Kosong for a two-day bombardment of North Korean positions.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\n[![A large gunship facing the viewer with one gun turret pointed toward the right. Flames can be seen from the gun barrels, and a concussive effect is visible on the water.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4f\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg)\n\nUSS *Iowa* fires a 16 in (406 mm) shell towards a North Korean target in 1952.\n\nOn 25 May *Iowa*, following her sister ship *Missouri*'s example, arrived in the waters off [Chongjin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chongjin \"Chongjin\"), a North Korean industrial center about 48 nmi (55 mi; 89 km) from the Russian border. Upon arrival, *Iowa* proceeded to shell the industrial and rail transportation centers in Chongjin, after which she moved south to aid the [US X Corps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X_Corps_\$United_States\$ \"X Corps (United States)\"). *En route* to US positions, *Iowa* again bombarded Sŏngjin, destroying several railroad tunnels and bridges in the area. On 28 May, *Iowa* rejoined the main body of the US fleet supporting the X Corps, heavily shelling several islands in Wonsan Harbor.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nThroughout June, *Iowa* trained her guns on targets at Mayang-do, Tanchon, Chongjin, Chodo–[Sokcho](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sokcho \"Sokcho\"), and the ports of [Hŭngnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C5%ADngnam \"Hŭngnam\") and Wonsan in support of the UN and South Korean forces. On 9 June, a helicopter from *Iowa* rescued a downed pilot from the carrier [USS *Princeton*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Princeton_\$CV-37\$ \"USS Princeton (CV-37)\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) At the time, *Princeton* was operating with TF 77, and with other carriers in the task force that were involved in a bombing campaign against North Korean supply lines, troop concentrations, and infrastructure; additionally, the carriers were flying [close air support](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Close_air_support \"Close air support\") missions for ground forces fighting against the North Korean forces.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-20) In July, *Iowa* received a new skipper, Captain Joshua W. Cooper, who assumed command of the battleship for the remainder of her Korean War tour.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nOn 20 August, *Iowa* took aboard nine wounded men from the destroyer [USS *Thompson*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Thompson_\$DD-627\$ \"USS Thompson (DD-627)\") after *Thompson* was hit by a Chinese artillery battery while shelling enemy positions at Sŏngjin. At the time, *Iowa* was operating 16 mi (26 km) south of Sŏngjin, and after receiving the wounded destroyer crewmen, *Iowa* covered *Thompson* as she retreated into safer waters.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-21)\n\nOn 23 September, [General](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_\$United_States\$ \"General (United States)\") [Mark W. Clark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_W._Clark \"Mark W. Clark\"), the commander-in-chief of [United Nations Forces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Command \"United Nations Command\") in Korea, came aboard *Iowa*. Clark observed *Iowa* in action as her guns shelled the Wonsan area for a third time, accounting for the destruction of a major enemy [ammunition dump](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ammunition_dump \"Ammunition dump\"). On 25 September, *Iowa* fired her guns at an enemy railroad and 30-car train.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) The following month, *Iowa* was part of the force involved in Operation Decoy, a [feint](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feint \"Feint\") to draw enemy troops into Kojo and bring them within striking distance of the battleships' big guns. During the operation, *Iowa* provided antiaircraft support to [USS *Mount McKinley*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Mount_McKinley \"USS Mount McKinley\"), an amphibious force command ship.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nIn October 1952, *Iowa* was serving as flagship for the Commander, Seventh Fleet, and she engaged in 43 gun strikes on targets in the areas of Wonsan, Songjin, Kojo, Chaho, Toejo, Simpo, Hungnam, and northern Inchon, North Korea, and in 27 bombline operations. During these operations, 16,689 rounds were fired from her main and secondary batteries on enemy installations. This action established eligibility for the [United Nations Service Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Service_Medal \"United Nations Service Medal\") and the [Korean Service Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_Service_Medal \"Korean Service Medal\") with one bronze star.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-22)\n\n### Post–Korean War (1953–1958)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Post–Korean War (1953–1958)\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f7\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29%2C_USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29_and_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29_laid_up_in_1978.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29%2C_USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29_and_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29_laid_up_in_1978.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$,_USS_Wisconsin_\$BB-64\$_and_USS_Shangri-La_\$CVS-38\$_laid_up_in_1978.jpg)\n\nUSS *Iowa* laid up alongside [USS *Wisconsin*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Wisconsin_\$BB-64\$ \"USS Wisconsin (BB-64)\") and [USS *Shangri-La*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Shangri-La_\$CV-38\$ \"USS Shangri-La (CV-38)\") in Philadelphia, July 8, 1978.\n\n*Iowa* embarked midshipmen for at-sea training to Northern Europe in July 1953, and shortly afterwards took part in Operation Mariner, a major NATO exercise, serving as flagship of Vice Admiral Edmund T. Wooldridge, commander of the [2nd Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Second_Fleet \"United States Second Fleet\"). Upon completion of this exercise, *Iowa* operated in the [Virginia Capes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginia_Capes \"Virginia Capes\") area. Later, in September 1954, she became the flagship of Rear Admiral R. E. Libby, Commander, Battleship Cruiser Force, United States Atlantic Fleet.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\nFrom January–April 1955, *Iowa* made an extended cruise to the [Mediterranean Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\") as the flagship of the commander, [6th Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Sixth_Fleet \"United States Sixth Fleet\"). She departed on a midshipman-training cruise on 1 June, and upon her return entered Norfolk for a four-month overhaul. Afterward, *Iowa* continued intermittent training cruises and operational exercises, until 4 January 1957, when she departed Norfolk for duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. Upon completion, *Iowa* embarked midshipmen for a South American training cruise and joined in the International [Naval Review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Review \"Naval Review\") off [Hampton Roads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hampton_Roads \"Hampton Roads\"), [Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginia \"Virginia\"), on 13 June.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\nOn 3 September, *Iowa* sailed for Scotland for NATO's [Exercise Strikeback](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exercise_Strikeback \"Exercise Strikeback\"). She returned to Norfolk on 28 September, and departed Hampton Roads for the [Philadelphia Naval Shipyard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard \"Philadelphia Naval Shipyard\") on 22 October. She was decommissioned on 24 February 1958 and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)\n\n## Reactivation (1982–1990)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Reactivation (1982–1990)\")\\]\n\n[![In the background a large shipyard can be seen, with cranes and dockyard warehouses. In the foreground a massive steel superstructure can be seen, decked out in scaffolding with tarps covering sensitive equipment and wires across the superstructure in all directions.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/Iowa_Modernization.jpg\/250px-Iowa_Modernization.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iowa_Modernization.jpg)\n\nUSS *Iowa* in drydock undergoing modernization.\n\nAs part of President [Ronald Reagan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\") and [Secretary of the Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy \"United States Secretary of the Navy\") [John F. Lehman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_F._Lehman \"John F. Lehman\")'s efforts to create an expanded [600-ship Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/600-ship_Navy \"600-ship Navy\"), *Iowa* was reactivated in 1982 and towed by [USNS *Apache*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USNS_Apache \"USNS Apache\")[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-23) to [Avondale Shipyard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avondale_Shipyard \"Avondale Shipyard\") near [New Orleans, Louisiana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Orleans,_Louisiana \"New Orleans, Louisiana\"), for refitting and equipment modernization in advance of her planned recommissioning.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) During the refit, *Iowa* had all of her remaining [Oerlikon 20 mm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oerlikon_20_mm \"Oerlikon 20 mm\") and [Bofors 40 mm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bofors_40_mm \"Bofors 40 mm\") antiaircraft guns removed, due to their ineffectiveness against modern [fighter jets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fighter_aircraft \"Fighter aircraft\") and [antiship missiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiship_missile \"Antiship missile\"). Additionally, the two 5 in (127 mm) gun mounts located at midship and in the [aft](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/aft \"wikt:aft\") on the [port](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_\$nautical\$ \"Port (nautical)\") and [starboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Starboard \"Starboard\") sides of the battleship were removed.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24)\n\n*Iowa* was then towed to [Ingalls Shipbuilding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ingalls_Shipbuilding \"Ingalls Shipbuilding\"), [Pascagoula, Mississippi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pascagoula,_Mississippi \"Pascagoula, Mississippi\"),[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) where over the next several months, the battleship was upgraded with the most advanced weaponry available. Among the new weapons systems installed were four MK 141 quad-cell launchers for 16 [AGM-84 Harpoon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing_Harpoon \"Boeing Harpoon\") antiship missiles, eight [armored box launcher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armored_box_launcher \"Armored box launcher\") mounts for 32 [BGM-109 Tomahawk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tomahawk_\$missile_family\$ \"Tomahawk (missile family)\") missiles, and a quartet of [Phalanx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phalanx_CIWS \"Phalanx CIWS\") [close-in weapon system](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Close-in_weapon_system \"Close-in weapon system\") [Gatling guns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gatling_gun \"Gatling gun\") for defense against enemy antiship missiles and enemy aircraft.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) Sometime after June 1986, *Iowa* was the first battleship to receive the [RQ-2 Pioneer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RQ-2_Pioneer \"RQ-2 Pioneer\") [unmanned aerial vehicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle \"Unmanned aerial vehicle\"). She could carry up to eight of the remotely controlled drones, which replaced the helicopters (although helicopters were not carried by battleships) previously used to spot for her nine 16 inch (406 mm)\/50 cal Mark 7 guns.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Drone-25)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_drone-26) Also included in her modernization were upgrades to [radar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radar \"Radar\") and [fire-control systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire-control_system \"Fire-control system\") for her guns and missiles, and improved [electronic warfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_warfare \"Electronic warfare\") capabilities.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) Armed as such, *Iowa* was formally recommissioned on 28 April 1984, ahead of schedule, within her budget at a cost of \\$500 million, and under the command of Captain Gerald E. Gneckow.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) To expedite the schedule, many necessary repairs to *Iowa*'s engines and guns were not completed and the mandatory Navy [Board of Inspection and Survey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Board_of_Inspection_and_Survey \"Board of Inspection and Survey\") (InSurv) inspection was skipped.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-27)\n\n### Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989)\")\\]\n\n[![An overhead view of a battleship, showing the ship's teardrop shaped hull. Nine gun barrels on three turrets are pointed to the top of the image, with smoke and fire visible form all nine gun barrels and a concussive effect on the water below the guns. Visible from the overhead image are the 8 armored box launchers for the battleship's 32 Tomahawk Missiles.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2e\/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg\/250px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* fires a full broadside of nine 16-inch (406 mm)\/50-caliber and six 5-inch (127 mm)\/38 cal guns.\n\nFrom April to August 1984, *Iowa* underwent refresher training and naval gunfire support qualifications at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and the Puerto Rican operating area. After a short period in her new home port of Norfolk, Virginia, she spent the two times during the rest of 1984 and early 1985 conducting \"presence\" operations shakedown in the area around Central America. During this time she transited the Panama Canal to operate off the west coast of Central America while also conducting people-to-people humanitarian operations, including in El Salvador, [Costa Rica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\") and [Honduras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honduras \"Honduras\"),[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-28) before returning to the United States in April 1985 for a period of routine maintenance.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nIn August 1985, *Iowa* joined 160 other ships for Exercise Ocean Safari, a NATO naval exercise aimed at testing NATO's ability to control sea lanes and maintain free passage of shipping. Owing to bad weather, *Iowa* and the other ships were forced to ride out rough seas, but she made use of the time to practice hiding herself from enemy forces. While serving with the exercise force, *Iowa* crossed the [Arctic Circle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arctic_Circle \"Arctic Circle\").[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-29) In October, she took part in Baltic operations, and fired her phalanx guns, 5 in (127 mm) guns, and 16 in (406 mm) guns in the [Baltic Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baltic_Sea \"Baltic Sea\") on 17 October while operating with US and other allied ships.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-30) After these operations during which she visited Le Havre in France, Kiel in Germany, Copenhagen (where the current King of Denmark visited the ship as a schoolboy) and Aarhus in Denmark, and Oslo in Norway, where the King of Norway was entertained at lunch, she returned to the United States.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nBeginning on 17 March 1986, *Iowa* underwent her overdue InSurv inspection, conducted under the supervision of Rear Admiral [John D. Bulkeley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_D._Bulkeley \"John D. Bulkeley\"), which she ultimately failed. Bulkeley found that the ship was unable to achieve her top speed of 33 kn (38 mph; 61 km\/h) during a full-power engine run. Other problems included hydraulic fluid leaks in all three main gun turrets, electrical wiring shorts, pump failures, deteriorated bilge piping, unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines, and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. He recommended to the [chief of Naval Operations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_of_Naval_Operations \"Chief of Naval Operations\") and Lehman that *Iowa* be taken out of service immediately. Rejecting this advice, Lehman instead instructed the leaders of the Atlantic Fleet to ensure that *Iowa*'s deficiencies were corrected.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-31)\n\nAfterward, *Iowa* returned to the waters around Central America and conducted drills and exercises, while providing a military presence to friendly nations. On 4 July, President Ronald Reagan and [First Lady](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Lady_of_the_United_States \"First Lady of the United States\") [Nancy Reagan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nancy_Reagan \"Nancy Reagan\") boarded *Iowa* for the International Naval Review, which was held in the [Hudson River](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hudson_River \"Hudson River\").[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-32) On 25 April, Captain [Larry Ray Seaquist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Seaquist \"Larry Seaquist\") assumed command of the battleship and her crew during Naval Gunfire Support requalification off Vieques Island near Puerto Rico.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-33)\n\n[![A large net on the back end of a ship. Several orange clad crewmen are working to free a white singed object from the net.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/ba\/Iowa_drone.jpg\/250px-Iowa_drone.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iowa_drone.jpg)\n\nCrewmen recover an [RQ-2 Pioneer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RQ-2_Pioneer \"RQ-2 Pioneer\") UAV aboard *Iowa.*\n\nOn 17 August, *Iowa* set sail for the North Atlantic and in September she participated in Exercise Northern Wedding by ferrying [Marines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\") ashore and assisting helicopter gunships. During the exercise, *Iowa* fired her main guns at [Cape Wrath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Wrath \"Cape Wrath\") range in Scotland in support of a simulated amphibious assault on 5–6 September, firing a total of 19 16-inch (406 mm) shells and 32 5-inch (127 mm) shells during a 10-hour period and operating in rough seas. During the live-fire exercise, a small number of *Iowa* Marines were put ashore to monitor the fall of shot and advise the battleship of gunnery corrections.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-34) Afterward, *Iowa* visited ports, including Portsmouth in England, and Germany, before returning to the United States in October.\n\nIn December, the ship became the testbed for the Navy's RQ-2 Pioneer (UAV). The drone was designed to serve as an aerial spotter for the battleship's guns, thereby allowing the guns to be used against an enemy without the need for an airplane or helicopter spotter. Pioneer passed its tests and made its first deployment that same month aboard *Iowa*.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_drone-26)\n\n[![Two large warships sailing toward the viewer. On the left is a gunship, while the right ship is an aircraft carrier. A hose can be seen connecting both ships near the water line, while in the distance a helicopter can be seen in the background.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/95\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_alongside_USS_Midway_%28CV-41%29_in_1987.JPEG\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_alongside_USS_Midway_%28CV-41%29_in_1987.JPEG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_alongside_USS_Midway_\$CV-41\$_in_1987.JPEG)\n\n*Iowa* conducting an [underway replenishment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Underway_replenishment \"Underway replenishment\") with [USS *Midway*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Midway_\$CV-41\$ \"USS Midway (CV-41)\") in the [Persian Gulf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\") in December, 1987.\n\nFrom January–September 1987, *Iowa* operated in the waters in and around Central America and participated in several exercises until sailing for the Mediterranean Sea on 10 September to join the 6th Fleet based there. She remained in the Mediterranean until 22 October, when she was detached from the 6th Fleet and departed for operations in the North Sea. On 25 November, as part of [Operation Earnest Will](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Earnest_Will \"Operation Earnest Will\"), *Iowa* transited the [Suez Canal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suez_Canal \"Suez Canal\") and set sail for the [Persian Gulf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\"), which at the time was one of the battlefields of the first Gulf War (also referred to as the [Iran–Iraq War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War \"Iran–Iraq War\")).[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) The presence of US naval vessels in the gulf was in response to a formal petition from [Kuwait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuwait \"Kuwait\"),[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-35) whose ships were being raided by Iranian forces who were attempting to cut off weapons shipments from the United States and Europe to [Saddam Hussein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saddam_Hussein \"Saddam Hussein\")'s regime in Iraq, via Kuwaiti territory. This phase of the war was later called the \"[Tanker War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#Attacks_on_shipping \"Iran–Iraq War\")\" phase of the Iran–Iraq War.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-kelley-0706-36) *Iowa* and other vessels operating in the gulf were assigned to escort Kuwaiti tankers from Kuwaiti ports to the open sea, but because US law forbade military escorts for civilian ships flying a foreign flag, the tankers escorted by the United States were reflagged as US merchant vessels and assigned American names.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-kelley-0706-36) For the remainder of the year, *Iowa* escorted Kuwaiti gas and oil tankers reflagged as US merchant ships from the Persian Gulf through the [Strait of Hormuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strait_of_Hormuz \"Strait of Hormuz\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)\n\nOn 20 February 1988, *Iowa* departed from the Persian Gulf, transited the Suez Canal, and set sail for the United States, arriving at Norfolk on 10 March for routine maintenance. In April, she participated in the annual Fleet Week celebrations before returning to Norfolk for an overhaul. On 26 May, [Fred Moosally](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fred_Moosally \"Fred Moosally\") replaced Larry Seaquist as captain of *Iowa*.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-37) After the overhaul, Moosally took *Iowa* on a shakedown cruise around Chesapeake Bay on 25 August. Encountering difficulty in conning the ship through shallow water, Moosally narrowly missed colliding with the [frigate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frigate \"Frigate\") [*Moinester*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Moinester \"USS Moinester\"), destroyer [*Farragut*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Farragut_\$DDG-37\$ \"USS Farragut (DDG-37)\"), and cruiser [*South Carolina*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_South_Carolina_\$CGN-37\$ \"USS South Carolina (CGN-37)\") before running aground in soft mud outside the bay's main ship channel near the Thimble Shoals. After one hour, *Iowa* was able to extricate herself without damage and return to port.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-38) *Iowa* continued with sea trials throughout August and September, then began refresher training in the waters around Florida and Puerto Rico in October, during which the ship passed an Operation Propulsion Program evaluation.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-39)\n\nOn 20 January 1989, during an improperly authorized gunnery experiment off [Vieques Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico \"Vieques, Puerto Rico\"), *Iowa* fired a 16-inch (406 mm) shell 23.4 nmi (26.9 mi; 43.3 km), setting a record for the longest-ranged 16 in (406 mm) shell ever fired. In February, the battleship sailed for New Orleans for a port visit before departing for Norfolk. On 10 April, the battleship was visited by the commander of the [2nd Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Second_Fleet \"United States Second Fleet\"), and on 13 April, she sailed to participate in a fleet exercise.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-40)\n\n### 1989 turret explosion\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: 1989 turret explosion\")\\]\n\n[![Two large gun turrets are visible, both with guns pointed to the right of the image. The foreground turret is spewing brown colored smoke from the base of all three gun barrels, while water from an unseen hose is being sprayed on the foremost gun barrel.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f5\/USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg)\n\nHeavy smoke pours from Turret Two following an internal explosion on April 19, 1989.\n\nDuring a gunnery exercise, at 0955[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-41) on 19 April 1989, an explosion ripped through the Number Two 16-inch (406 mm) gun turret, killing 47 crewmen. A gunner's mate in the powder magazine room quickly flooded the No. 2 powder magazine, likely preventing catastrophic damage to the ship.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42) At first, [Naval Investigative Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Investigative_Service \"Naval Investigative Service\") (NIS, later renamed Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS) investigators theorized that one of the dead crewmen, Clayton Hartwig, had detonated an explosive device in a suicide attempt after the end of an alleged affair with another sailor.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_16-43) To support this claim, naval officials pointed to several different factors, including Hartwig's life insurance policy, which named Kendall Truitt as the sole beneficiary in the event of his death,[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-cu-44) the presence of unexplained materials inside turret 2,[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-45) and his mental state, which was alleged to be unstable.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-nyt-46)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-suicide-47)\n\nAlthough the Navy was satisfied with the investigation and its results,[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_16-43) others were unconvinced,[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-nyt-46) and in October 1991, amid increasing criticism, [Congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") forced the Navy to reopen the investigation.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42) This second investigation, handled by independent investigators, was hampered as most of the original debris from *Iowa* had been cleaned up or otherwise disposed of by the Navy before and after the first investigation,[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_16-43)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-cu-44)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-48) but it did uncover evidence pointing to an accidental powder explosion due to over-ramming rather than an intentional act of sabotage.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-suicide-47)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-sandia-49)\n\nWhile *Iowa* was undergoing modernization in the early 1980s, her sister ship *New Jersey* had been dispatched to Lebanon to provide offshore fire support.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-NJ_DANFS-50) At the time, *New Jersey* was the only commissioned battleship anywhere in the world, and in an effort to get another battleship commissioned to relieve *New Jersey*, the modernization of *Iowa* was stepped up, leaving her in poor condition when she recommissioned in 1984.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-cu-44) Captain Fred Moosally was found to be more concerned with the maintenance of the missiles than the training and manning of guns.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Garzke-51)\n\nPowder from the same lot as the one under investigation was tested at the [Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center_Dahlgren_Division \"Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division\"). [Spontaneous combustion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spontaneous_combustion \"Spontaneous combustion\") was achieved with the powder, which had been originally milled in the 1930s and improperly stored in a barge at the Navy's [Yorktown, Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yorktown,_Virginia \"Yorktown, Virginia\"), Naval Weapons Station during a 1988 dry-docking of *Iowa*.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-fas_16-43)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-cu-44)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-suicide-47) As it degrades, gunpowder gives off [ether](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ether \"Ether\") gas, which is highly flammable and could be ignited by a spark, which could be caused by static electricity.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-52) This revelation resulted in a shift in the Navy's position on the incident, and Admiral [Frank Kelso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Kelso \"Frank Kelso\"), the chief of Naval Operations at the time, publicly apologized to the Hartwig family, concluding that no real evidence supported the claim that he had intentionally killed the other sailors.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-memories-42)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-cu-44)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-suicide-47)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-53) *Iowa* captain Fred Moosally was severely criticized for his handling of the matter, and as a result of the incident, the Navy changed the powder-handling procedures for its battleships.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-sandia-49) The incident remains one of the surface Navy's worst losses of life during peacetime operations.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-54)\n\n## Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present)\")\\]\n\n[![An overhead view of a large shipyard. Various ships can be seen tied up, with several structures visible within the yard.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d5\/NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG\/250px-NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG)\n\nThe [Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Inactive_Ship_Maintenance_Facility \"Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility\") at [Philadelphia Navy Yard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philadelphia_Navy_Yard \"Philadelphia Navy Yard\") in 1995; *Iowa* is the battleship moored on the seaside of the wharf in the far left of the picture, next to [*Wisconsin*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Wisconsin_\$BB-64\$ \"USS Wisconsin (BB-64)\").\n\nWith the [collapse of the Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_\$1985%E2%80%931991\$ \"History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)\") in the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States came drastic [cuts to the defense budget](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peace_dividend \"Peace dividend\"), and the battleships were deemed uneconomical. As a result, *Iowa* was decommissioned for the last time on 26 October 1990, after a total of 19 years of commissioned service. She was the first of the reactivated battleships to be decommissioned, and this was done earlier than originally planned as a result of the damaged turret. *Iowa* was originally berthed at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and later at [Naval Station Newport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Station_Newport \"Naval Station Newport\") in [Newport, Rhode Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newport,_Rhode_Island \"Newport, Rhode Island\"), from 24 September 1998 to 8 March 2001, when the tug *[Sea Victory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_Victory \"Sea Victory\")* began her tow to California. The ship arrived in [Suisun Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suisun_Bay \"Suisun Bay\") near San Francisco on 21 April 2001 and joined the [Reserve Fleet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reserve_Fleet \"Reserve Fleet\"), where she remained in reserve until [struck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ship_registration \"Ship registration\") again from the Naval Vessel Register in March 2006. (Her sister ships and she had been struck previously in 1995.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24)) She remained at the Suisun Bay anchorage until November 2011.\n\nSection 1011 of the [National Defense Authorization Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Defense_Authorization_Act \"National Defense Authorization Act\") of 1996 required the US Navy to reinstate to the Naval Vessel Register two of the *Iowa*\\-class battleships that had been struck by the Navy in 1995; these ships were to be maintained in the United States Navy reserve fleets (or \"mothball fleet\"). The Navy was to ensure that both of the reinstated battleships were in good condition and could be reactivated for use in the Marine Corps' amphibious operations.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-NDAA1996-55) Due to *Iowa*'s damaged turret, the Navy selected *New Jersey* for placement into the mothball fleet. The cost to fix *New Jersey* was considered less than the cost to fix *Iowa*;[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) as a result, *New Jersey* and *Wisconsin* were reinstated to the Naval Vessel Register and placed back in the reserve fleet.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-NDAA1996-55)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/88\/Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg\/250px-Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* laid up in Suisun Bay in March, 2006.\n\n*New Jersey* remained there until the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 required the secretary of the Navy to list and maintain *Iowa* and *Wisconsin* on the Naval Vessel Register (NVR). The act also required the secretary of the Navy to strike *New Jersey* from the NVR and transfer the battleship to a not-for-profit entity in accordance with section 7306 of [Title 10 of the United States Code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code \"Title 10 of the United States Code\"). It also required the transferee to locate the battleship in the state of [New Jersey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\").[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-56) The Navy made the switch in January 1999, allowing *New Jersey* to open as a museum ship in her namesake state.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-showboat-57)\n\nOn 17 March 2006, the Secretary of the Navy struck *Iowa* and *Wisconsin* from the NVR, which cleared the way for both ships to be donated for use as [museum ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_ship \"Museum ship\"), but the United States Congress remained \"deeply concerned\" over the loss of the naval surface gunfire support that the battleships provided, and noted that \"navy efforts to improve upon, much less replace, this capability have been highly problematic.\"[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-NDAA_2007-58) As a partial consequence, Congress passed [Pub. L.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation \"Act of Congress\") [109–163 (text)](https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/link\/plaw\/109\/public\/163?link-type=html) [(PDF)](https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/link\/plaw\/109\/public\/163?link-type=pdf&.pdf), the National Defense Authorization Act 2006, requiring that the battleships be kept and maintained in a state of readiness should they ever be needed again.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Congress_68-59) Congress ordered that measures be implemented to ensure that, if need be, *Iowa* could be returned to active duty.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Congress_68-59) These measures closely mirrored the original three conditions that the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996, which laid out for the maintenance of *Iowa* while she was in the \"mothball fleet\".[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24)[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Congress_104-60)[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-sfw-61)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/28\/Course_Correction%2C_USS_Iowa%2C_BB-61.jpg\/250px-Course_Correction%2C_USS_Iowa%2C_BB-61.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Course_Correction,_USS_Iowa,_BB-61.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* being towed to Los Angeles in May, 2012.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg)\n\n*Iowa* docked at Los Angeles harbor (May, 2024).\n\n[![A photograph of the ship's superstructure as seen from deck level. The bridge, radar mast, and a phalanx gun are visible.](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cc\/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_superstructure.jpg\/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_superstructure.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$_superstructure.jpg)\n\n*Iowa*'s superstructure is decked out in red, white, and blue banners following her official opening as a museum ship in Los Angeles. A display of her [ribbons and awards earned during her career](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#Awards) can be seen below and to the right of the [Phalanx CIWS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phalanx_CIWS \"Phalanx CIWS\") mount.\n\nIn March 2007, the Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square (HSMPS) of [Vallejo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vallejo,_California \"Vallejo, California\"), site of the former [Mare Island Naval Shipyard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard \"Mare Island Naval Shipyard\"), and a [Stockton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stockton,_California \"Stockton, California\") group submitted proposals to use the ship as a museum.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-62) The HSMPS, which had attempted to place the ship in San Francisco, supported the Mare Island–Vallejo site. In October 2007, the Navy informed HSMPS that they were the only viable candidate to acquire *Iowa*, and their application would be further reviewed after evidence was presented that financing was in place, and when the Stockton and San Francisco groups withdrew or failed to submit a final application, respectively.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-newsletter-63)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-64) On 25 April 2009, Iowa Senate Resolution No. 19 was approved, endorsing HSMPS as USS *Iowa*'s custodian and supporting the battleship's placement at Mare Island.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-state1-65)\n\nIn February 2010, the Pacific Battleship Center (PBC)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-66) supported the efforts to have the ship berthed in [San Pedro, Los Angeles, California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles,_California \"San Pedro, Los Angeles, California\").[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-67) In late February the [Port of Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Los_Angeles \"Port of Los Angeles\") (which includes the San Pedro area) rejected a proposal by the PBC to berth USS *Iowa* at its facilities because the battleship was not yet available.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-presstelegram.com-68) On 12 April 2010, the Governor of Iowa signed into law Bill SJR2007, which officially formed a 10-member committee to raise about \\$5 million for the group awarded USS *Iowa*.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-69) The statement supporting the Vallejo group in the original Iowa State Senate's version SR19 was struck in favor of supporting any group actually awarded the battleship.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-state1-65)\n\nOn 13 May 2010, the Navy announced it would reopen the bidding process, citing HSMPS's lack of progress as the reason.[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-70) On 24 May 2010 the Federal Register officially reopened the bidding process for USS *Iowa* to a California-based city or non-profit organization.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Federal_Register-71)[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge-72)\n\nOn 18 November 2010, the Port of Los Angeles Harbor Commissioners voted unanimously on a resolution to support Berth 87 as the future home of USS *Iowa*, clearing the way for the PBC to send its completed application to the Navy.[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-73) On 6 September 2011, USS *Iowa* was awarded to Pacific Battleship Center for placement at the Port of Los Angeles. After rehabilitation at the [Port of Richmond](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Richmond_\$California\$ \"Port of Richmond (California)\"), California (beginning in October 2011), she was towed to and eventually berthed in the Port of Los Angeles.[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-74)[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-75)\n\nStarting in December 2011, USS *Iowa* was open for weekend tours. The Battleship Expo at the Port of Richmond included shipboard access and other exhibits such as 16-inch shells, a short film about the battleship, and other exhibits.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-76) On 30 April 2012, USS *Iowa* was officially donated to the Pacific Battleship Center in Los Angeles by the United States Navy.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-77)\n\n*Iowa* began her journey to the Port of Los Angeles on 26 May 2012 under tow by four [Crowley Maritime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crowley_Maritime \"Crowley Maritime\") tugboats. After being anchored off the Southern California coast to have her hull scrubbed to remove any invasive species or contaminants, on 9 June 2012, she was permanently docked in San Pedro at Berth 87, along the Main Channel, directly south of the [World Cruise Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_of_Los_Angeles#Cruise_ship_terminal \"Port of Los Angeles\"). The [museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_Museum \"USS Iowa Museum\") opened to the public on 7 July, under the direction and control of PBC.[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-78)[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-79)\n\n*Iowa* earned nine [battle stars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_star \"Battle star\") for World War II service and two for Korean War service.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) She has also earned these awards:[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge-72)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_note-80)\n\n|   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg\/120px-Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg)[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e7\/Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon%2C_3rd_award.svg\/120px-Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon%2C_3rd_award.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon,_3rd_award.svg) |   |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg\/120px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg) | [![Silver star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bb\/Silver-service-star-3d.svg\/20px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Silver-service-star-3d.svg \"Silver service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9b\/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg\/120px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg\/120px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg) |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7b\/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg\/120px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon%2C_2nd_award.svg\/120px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon%2C_2nd_award.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon,_2nd_award.svg) | [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg\/120px-Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg) |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/51\/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg\/120px-Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg) | [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b2\/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg\/120px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dc\/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Philippines%29.svg\/120px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Philippines%29.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Presidential_Unit_Citation_\$Philippines\$.svg) |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/29\/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28South_Korea%29.svg\/120px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28South_Korea%29.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Presidential_Unit_Citation_\$South_Korea\$.svg) | [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![Bronze star](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg\/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg \"Bronze service star\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Phliber_rib.svg\/120px-Phliber_rib.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Phliber_rib.svg) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d5\/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg\/120px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg) |\n\n|   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| [Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation \"Meritorious Unit Commendation\") with star | [Navy E Ribbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Navy_E_Ribbon \"Navy E Ribbon\") with three [Battle E devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_E_device \"Battle E device\") |   |\n| [American Campaign Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Campaign_Medal \"American Campaign Medal\") | [Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asiatic%E2%80%93Pacific_Campaign_Medal \"Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal\") with nine [battle stars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_star \"Battle star\") | [World War II Victory Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_\$United_States\$ \"World War II Victory Medal (United States)\") |\n| [Navy Occupation Service Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Navy_Occupation_Service_Medal \"Navy Occupation Service Medal\") | [National Defense Service Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Defense_Service_Medal \"National Defense Service Medal\") with star | [Korean Service Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_Service_Medal \"Korean Service Medal\") with two [battle stars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_star \"Battle star\") |\n| [Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal \"Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal\") | [Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_Service_Ribbon \"Sea Service Ribbon\") | [Philippine Presidential Unit Citation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Republic_Presidential_Unit_Citation \"Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation\") |\n| [South Korean Presidential Unit Citation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Korea_Presidential_Unit_Citation \"Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation\") | [Philippine Liberation Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Liberation_Medal \"Philippine Liberation Medal\") | [United Nations Korea Medal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Korea_Medal \"United Nations Korea Medal\") |\n\n- [List of museum ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_museum_ships \"List of museum ships\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-1)**\n   [\"The Battleship of Presidents' final sail\"](http:\/\/milmag.com\/2012\/07\/the-battleship-of-presidents-final-sail\/). *milmag.com*. 1 July 2012. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181209125251\/http:\/\/milmag.com\/2012\/07\/the-battleship-of-presidents-final-sail\/) from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-2)** [Hyperwar: BB-61 USS Iowa](https:\/\/www.ibiblio.org\/hyperwar\/USN\/ships\/BB\/BB-61_Iowa.html) Retrieved 1\/7\/23\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Order_3-0)** [*Iowa*](https:\/\/www.nvr.navy.mil\/nvr\/getHull.htm?shipId=5081). [Naval Vessel Register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\"). The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 6 September 2008.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-12)\n   [\"Iowa\"](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/histories\/ship-histories\/danfs\/i\/iowa-iii.html). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\")*. [Navy Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command \"Naval History and Heritage Command\"). Retrieved 14 January 2009.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-The_Battleships_I_5-0)**\n   Johnston, Ian; McAuley, Rob (2002). *The Battleships*. London: Channel 4. p. 120. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [0-7522-6188-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-7522-6188-6 \"Special:BookSources\/0-7522-6188-6\")\n   \n   . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [59495980](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/59495980).\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-12) [***n***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-13) [***o***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-14) [***p***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-15) [***q***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-16) [***r***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-17) [***s***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-18) [***t***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-19) [***u***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-20) [***v***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-21) [***w***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-22) [***x***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-23) [***y***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-24) [***z***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-25) [***aa***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-26)\n   [\"USS *Iowa* (BB-61) Detailed History\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080509125520\/http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/general\/html\/detail.htm). *The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61)*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/general\/html\/detail.htm) on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Day by Day\"](http:\/\/www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu\/daybyday\/daylog\/november-20th-1943\/). *FDR Presidential Library*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131203062727\/http:\/\/www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu\/daybyday\/daylog\/november-20th-1943\/) from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-8)**\n   U.S. Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs Historical Office (1961). [*Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943*](https:\/\/digital.library.wisc.edu\/1711.dl\/DFRXSHIYSKS2S8Z). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_II_9-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Iowa_II_9-1)\n   Bonner, Kit (March 1994). [\"The Ill-Fated USS *William D. Porter*\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080612075327\/http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/general\/html\/willie_d.htm). *The Retired Officer Magazine*. The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/general\/html\/willie_d.htm) on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-10)**\n    [Roosevelt, Franklin D.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") (16 December 1943). [\"Remarks on Leaving the USS *Iowa*\"](http:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/ws\/index.php?pid=16352). *The American Presidency Project*. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081010005332\/http:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/ws\/index.php?pid=16352) from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"Task Force 58: Eniwetok Landing\"](http:\/\/pacific.valka.cz\/forces\/tf58.htm). *Naval War in the Pacific 1941–1945*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110716111350\/http:\/\/pacific.valka.cz\/forces\/tf58.htm) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2019.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-12)** Fuller, 1956\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-13)** Morison, 1956\n14. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-PT_14-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-PT_14-1)\n    [\"Typhoons and Hurricanes: Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090103214049\/http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/faqs\/faq102-4.htm). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/faqs\/faq102-4.htm) on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2006.\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-2)\n    Morison, Samuel Eliot. [\"Third Fleet in Typhoon Cobra, December 1944\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051018002436\/http:\/\/www.compass.dircon.co.uk\/cobra2.htm). *History of US Naval Operations in World War II*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.compass.dircon.co.uk\/cobra2.htm) on 18 October 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2006.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Pacific Typhoon, 18 December: Personnel Casualties Suffered by Third Fleet, 17–18 December 1944, Compiled from Official Sources\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090209092930\/http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/faqs\/faq102-4c.htm). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/faqs\/faq102-4c.htm) on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2006.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Missouri-DANFS_17-0)**\n    [\"Missouri\"](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/histories\/ship-histories\/danfs\/m\/missouri-iii.html). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\")*. [Navy Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command \"Naval History and Heritage Command\"). Retrieved 14 January 2009.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-18)**\n    Bonner, Kermit (1996). *Final Voyages*. Turner Publishing Company. p. 108. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [1-56311-289-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-56311-289-2 \"Special:BookSources\/1-56311-289-2\")\n    \n    .\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-19)** [*Nevada*](https:\/\/www.nvr.navy.mil\/nvr\/getHull.htm?shipId=2408). [Naval Vessel Register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\"). The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 1 September 2008.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"Princeton\"](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/histories\/ship-histories\/danfs\/p\/princeton-v.html). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\")*. [Navy Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command \"Naval History and Heritage Command\"). Retrieved 14 January 2009.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"Thompson\"](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/histories\/ship-histories\/danfs\/t\/thompson-ii.html). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\")*. [Navy Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command \"Naval History and Heritage Command\"). Retrieved 14 January 2009.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-22)** Authority: Commander Naval Forces Far East Dispatch 180123Z of June 1952. Report PERS-82-85 Administrative Remarks See art. B-2305 BuPers Manual Ship USS *Iowa* (BB-61) J.J. Clark Vice Admiral U.S. Navy.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"Battleship Bound For Avondale\"](https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/doc\/newspapers\/image\/v2%3A1223BCE5B718A166%40GB3NEWS-13229B2D33D97396%402445228-131D06D7DC18AAA0%400-131D06D7DC18AAA0%40?h=20&fname=&mname=&lname=&rgfromDate=1979&rgtoDate=2000&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&kwinc=%22USNS%20Apache%22&kwexc=&page=1&sid=qrhiwavzyjwekfddpiakqktvbtgxyitj_wma-gateway020_1684513861126). *The Times-Picayune*. 15 September 1982. p. 1.\n24. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-5)\n    [\"BB-61 Iowa-class specifications\"](https:\/\/fas.org\/man\/dod-101\/sys\/ship\/bb-61.htm). *[Federation of American Scientists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federation_of_American_Scientists \"Federation of American Scientists\")*. 21 October 2000. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20061125043334\/https:\/\/fas.org\/man\/dod-101\/sys\/ship\/bb-61.htm) from the original on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006.\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Drone_25-0)**\n    [United States Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") (28 August 2008). [\"RQ-2A *Pioneer* Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090210103039\/http:\/\/www.navy.mil\/navydata\/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=2100&ct=1). *United States Navy*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.navy.mil\/navydata\/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=2100&ct=1) on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.\n26. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_drone_26-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_drone_26-1)\n    Pike, John (5 March 2000). [\"Pioneer Short Range (SR) UAV\"](https:\/\/fas.org\/irp\/program\/collect\/pioneer.htm). *Federation of American Scientists*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070206134413\/http:\/\/www.fas.org\/irp\/program\/collect\/pioneer.htm) from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2007.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-27)** Thompson, p. 26. Although *Iowa* was refurbished within budget, the final price tag was \\$50 million above the originally projected cost, mainly because of overtime pay for the ship's contractors.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-28)**\n    Farrar, George (October 1985). [\"Civic action in Costa Rica\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060416043129\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198510.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (823). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 40–41\\. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198510.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-29)**\n    [\"Ocean Safari '85\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060417002039\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198601.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (826). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 29. January 1986. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198601.pdf) (PDF) on 17 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-30)**\n    Dooley, Alan (May 1986). [\"Into the bear's backyard\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060416111922\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198605.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (830). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26–31\\. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198605.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-31)** Thompson, pp. 26–27. The problems discovered during Bulkeley's inspection included [hydraulic fluid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydraulic_fluid \"Hydraulic fluid\") leaks in all three main gun turrets, totaling 55 gallons per turret per week; Cosmoline (anticorrosion lubricant) which had not been removed from all the guns; deteriorated bilge piping; frequent shorts in the electrical wiring; pump failures; unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines; and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. Main Turret Three leaked so much oil, hydraulic fluid, and water that the crew referred to it as the \"rain forest\".\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-32)**\n    Foster-Simeon, E. (September 1986). [\"Liberty Weekend\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060416132341\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198609.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (834). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 21. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/ah198609.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-33)** Thompson, p. 28, gives 25 April as the date of the change of command.\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-34)**\n    Connors, Tracy (January 1987). [\"Northern Wedding '86\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060416140220\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198701.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (838). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198701.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-35)**\n    \"Kuwaiti Call for Help Led to U.S. Role in Gulf\". *Los Angeles Times*. 4 July 1988.\n36. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-kelley-0706_36-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-kelley-0706_36-1)\n    Kelley, Stephen Andrew (June 2007). [*Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070823062402\/http:\/\/www.ccc.nps.navy.mil\/research\/theses\/kelley07.pdf) (PDF) (Thesis). [Naval Postgraduate School](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Postgraduate_School \"Naval Postgraduate School\"). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ccc.nps.navy.mil\/research\/theses\/kelley07.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2007.\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-37)** Thompson, pp. 33–35.\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-38)** Thompson, pp. 58–60. According to Thompson, the near-misses with the other navy ships were recorded in *Iowa*'s log as attempts to \"render honors\" to them. Although other US Navy vessels observed *Iowa* grounded in the mud, the incident apparently was not acted upon by Moosally's superiors. Mike Fahey, the ship's executive officer, warned the other officers on *Iowa* to never mention the grounding to anyone, including superior Navy officers.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-39)** Thompson, pp. 65–67.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-40)** Thompson, pp. 70–77. The 20 January long-range, experimental shot was not authorized by the Department of the Navy. The shot was planned and directed by *Iowa*'s Master Chief Fire Controlman Stephen Skelley and Gunnery Officer Lieutenant Commander Kenneth Michael Costigan using increased powder charges and specially designed shells. The Turret One gun crew leaders considered defying the order because of the unauthorized nature and perceived danger of the experiment, but in the end fired the experimental loads. John McEachren, a midlevel civilian employee at the Navy's Sea Systems Command, improperly authorized the experiment without informing his superiors.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-41)**\n    Reid, W. W. (June 1989). [\"Remembering turret two\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060416201022\/https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198906.pdf) (PDF). *All Hands* (867). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 4. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0002-5577](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/media\/allhands\/acrobat\/AH198906.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.\n42. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-memories_42-5)\n    Dorsey, Jack; Germanotta, Tony (17 April 1999). [\"Ten years after *Iowa* tragedy, only evidence left is memories\"](http:\/\/www.pilotonline.com\/). *The Virginian-Pilot*. Norfolk, Virginia: HamptonRoads.com. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080625033107\/http:\/\/www.pilotonline.com.\/) from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n43. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-3)\n    [\"Mark 7 16-inch\/50-caliber gun\"](https:\/\/fas.org\/man\/dod-101\/sys\/ship\/weaps\/mk-7.htm). *FAS*. 23 August 2008. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070311085437\/https:\/\/fas.org\/man\/dod-101\/sys\/ship\/weaps\/mk-7.htm) from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n44. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-cu_44-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-cu_44-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-cu_44-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-cu_44-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-cu_44-4)\n    [\"Cover-up aboard the USS *Iowa*\"](https:\/\/www.questia.com\/read\/1P3-43321266). *Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal*. B-net. July 1999. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210827065957\/https:\/\/www.gale.com\/databases\/questia) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2012.\n    \n    (subscription required)\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-45)**\n    [\"Introduction: The Navy's Investigations\"](http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d21t9\/143037.pdf) (PDF). *United States General Accounting Office*. United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081011093505\/http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d21t9\/143037.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n46. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-nyt_46-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-nyt_46-1)\n    Halloran, Richard (12 December 1989). [\"*Iowa* Captain Doubts Sailor Named by Inquiry Set Blast\"](https:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=950DE3DF1738F931A25751C1A96F948260). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210827070140\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1989\/12\/12\/us\/iowa-captain-doubts-sailor-named-by-inquiry-set-blast.html) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n47. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-suicide_47-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-suicide_47-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-suicide_47-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-suicide_47-3)\n    Schmitt, Eric (17 October 1991). [\"Suicide Ruled Out in Blast on Ship\"](https:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CE0DA1239F934A25753C1A967958260). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210827070141\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1991\/10\/17\/us\/suicide-ruled-out-in-blast-on-ship.html) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n48. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-48)**\n    [\"Testimony – Battleships: Issues Arising from the Explosion Aboard the U.S.S. *Iowa*\"](http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d42t14\/141438.pdf) (PDF). *United States General Accounting Office*. United States Congress. p. 5. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081031170123\/http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d42t14\/141438.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008.\n49. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-sandia_49-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-sandia_49-1)\n    [\"U.S.S. *Iowa* Explosion: Sandia National Laboratories' Final Technical Report\"](http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d19t9\/144706.pdf) (PDF). *United States General Accounting Office*. United States Congress. 28 August 1991. pp. 9–21\\. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080905094600\/http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d19t9\/144706.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008.\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-NJ_DANFS_50-0)**\n    [\"New Jersey\"](http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/research\/histories\/ship-histories\/danfs\/n\/new-jersey-ii.html). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\")*. [Navy Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy \"United States Department of the Navy\"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command \"Naval History and Heritage Command\"). Retrieved 8 January 2009.\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Garzke_51-0)**\n    Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1995). [*Battleships*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070311000204\/http:\/\/www.combie.net\/webharbor\/museum\/bb61-2.html). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.combie.net\/webharbor\/museum\/bb61-2.html) on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n52. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-52)**\n    [\"SSN 797: About The Boat\"](https:\/\/ssn797.com\/about-the-boat). *ssn797.com*. 2025. Retrieved 14 January 2024.\n53. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-53)**\n    At the same time, he also pointed out that evidence was insufficient to exonerate Hartwig of the alleged charges, either. In time, this would lead the Hartwig family to file a \\$12 million lawsuit against the Navy.\n    \n    [\"Cover-up aboard the USS *Iowa*\"](https:\/\/www.questia.com\/read\/1P3-43321266). *Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal*. B-net. July 1999. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210827070142\/https:\/\/www.gale.com\/databases\/questia) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2012.\n    \n    (subscription required)\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-54)**\n    Although the worst loss of life in peace time, the turret explosion aboard *Iowa* in 1989 is tied with the 1924 explosion in the No. 2 turret aboard the battleship [*Mississippi*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Mississippi_\$BB-41\$ \"USS Mississippi (BB-41)\"), which also claimed 47 lives.\n    \n    [\"Cover-up aboard the USS *Iowa*\"](http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d21t9\/143037.pdf) (PDF). *United States General Accounting Office*. United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081011093505\/http:\/\/archive.gao.gov\/d21t9\/143037.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008.\n55. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-NDAA1996_55-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-NDAA1996_55-1)\n    [\"National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 1996 (Subtitle B – Naval Vessels and Shipyards)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120206011657\/http:\/\/www.fas.org\/spp\/starwars\/congress\/1995_r\/h104406.htm). *Federation of American Scientists*. 13 December 1995. p. 844. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.fas.org\/spp\/starwars\/congress\/1995_r\/h104406.htm) on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-56)**\n    [\"Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 (Subtitle B – Naval Vessels and Shipyards)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070620005640\/http:\/\/www.dod.mil\/dodgc\/olc\/docs\/1999NDAA.pdf) (PDF). *105th Congress, United States Senate and House of Representatives*. pp. 200–01\\. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dod.mil\/dodgc\/olc\/docs\/1999NDAA.pdf) (PDF) on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-showboat_57-0)**\n    [\"Battleship New Jersey\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160319085149\/http:\/\/www.battleshipnewjersey.org\/history\/milestone_dates.php). *Battleship New Jersey Museum and Memorial*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.battleshipnewjersey.org\/history\/milestone_dates.php) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2005.\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-NDAA_2007_58-0)**\n    [\"National Defense Authorization Act of 2007\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091203002030\/http:\/\/www.gpoaccess.gov\/serialset\/creports\/pdf\/hr109-452\/title2.pdf) (PDF). pp. 193–94\\. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.gpoaccess.gov\/serialset\/creports\/pdf\/hr109-452\/title2.pdf) (PDF) on 3 December 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2007.\n59. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Congress_68_59-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Congress_68_59-1)\n    Committee on Armed Services (House of Representatives) (6 May 2006). [\"House Report 109-452 – National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007: Report of the Committee on Armed Services (House of Representatives) on H.R. 5122 together with Additional and Dissenting Views\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120305214409\/http:\/\/www.congress.gov\/cgi-bin\/cpquery\/?sel=DOC&&item=&r_n=hr452.109&&&sid=cp109WUZzm&&refer=&&&db_id=cp109&&hd_count=&). *National Defense Authorization Act of 2007*. p. 68. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.congress.gov\/cgi-bin\/cpquery\/?sel=DOC&&item=&r_n=hr452.109&&&sid=cp109WUZzm&&refer=&&&db_id=cp109&&hd_count=&) on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2009.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Congress_104_60-0)**\n    [\"National Defense Authorization Act of 1996\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070620005632\/http:\/\/www.dod.mil\/dodgc\/olc\/docs\/1996NDAA.pdf) (PDF). *104th Congress, House of Representatives*. 10 February 1996. p. 237. 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Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1P2-7043215.html) on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2012.\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-newsletter_63-0)**\n    Staff (Winter 2007–2008). [\"Destination – Mare Island, Vallejo, California!\"](http:\/\/www.ussnitro.org\/other\/TheBigStickwinter07-08.pdf) (PDF). *The Big Stick*. Vallejo, California: Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090225130806\/http:\/\/www.ussnitro.org\/other\/TheBigStickwinter07-08.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009.\n64. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-64)**\n    [\"Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square\"](http:\/\/www.battleshipiowa.org\/). San Francisco, California: Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square. December 2000. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120815083758\/http:\/\/www.pacificbattleship.com\/) from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-67)**\n    Littlejohn, Donna (2 February 2010). [\"Port of LA pressured on USS Iowa\"](http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20100202\/port-of-la-pressured-on-uss-iowa). *[The Daily Breeze](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Daily_Breeze \"The Daily Breeze\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129150952\/http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20100202\/port-of-la-pressured-on-uss-iowa) from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2015.\n68. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-presstelegram.com_68-0)**\n    Littlejohn, Donna (26 February 2010). [\"Port of LA sinks USS Iowa\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100403102702\/http:\/\/www.presstelegram.com\/breakingnews\/ci_14478075). *[Press-Telegram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Press-Telegram \"Press-Telegram\")*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.presstelegram.com\/breakingnews\/ci_14478075) on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.\n69. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-69)** [State of Iowa Bill SJR2007 April 12 2010](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120803115943\/http:\/\/coolice.legis.iowa.gov\/Cool-ICE\/default.asp?Category=BillInfo&Service=Billbook&ga=83&hbill=SJR2007).\n70. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-70)**\n    Littlejohn, Donna (13 May 2010). [\"Navy to Reopen Bids for the USS *Iowa*\"](http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20100513\/navy-to-reopen-bids-for-the-uss-iowa). *The Daily Breeze*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150402104109\/http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20100513\/navy-to-reopen-bids-for-the-uss-iowa) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.\n71. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Federal_Register_71-0)**\n    [\"Ship on Donation Hold: Ex-*Iowa* (BB 61)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110927071620\/http:\/\/www.navsea.navy.mil\/teamships\/Inactiveships\/Donation\/pdf\/ships_on_hold\/soh_ex_iowa.pdf) (PDF). [Naval Sea Systems Command](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naval_Sea_Systems_Command \"Naval Sea Systems Command\"). 9 September 2011. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.navsea.navy.mil\/teamships\/Inactiveships\/Donation\/pdf\/ships_on_hold\/soh_ex_iowa.pdf) (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.\n72. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge_72-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge_72-1)\n    [\"Photograph of USS Iowa's Bridge\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110724083048\/http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/pics\/shipaway\/btlrbns.jpg). Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). 1997. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ussiowa.org\/pics\/shipaway\/btlrbns.jpg) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2010.\n73. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-73)**\n    [\"Full speed ahead for USS *Iowa*\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170318173939\/http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20101119\/full-speed-ahead-for-uss-iowa). *The Daily Breeze*. 18 November 2010. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dailybreeze.com\/general-news\/20101119\/full-speed-ahead-for-uss-iowa) on 18 March 2017.\n74. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-74)**\n    Mohajer, Shaya Tayefe (7 September 2011). [\"USS *Iowa* to be moved to LA to be battleship museum\"](https:\/\/www.yahoo.com\/news\/uss-iowa-moved-la-battleship-museum-224715731.html). *[Yahoo! News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo!_News \"Yahoo! News\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160429070429\/https:\/\/www.yahoo.com\/news\/uss-iowa-moved-la-battleship-museum-224715731.html) from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2011 – via [Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\").\n75. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-75)**\n    Doyle, David (2017). \"Ch. 9: Preservation\". *USS Iowa (BB-61)*. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p. 118. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-7643-5417-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-7643-5417-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-7643-5417-5\")\n    \n    .\n76. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-76)**\n    [\"Pacific Battleship Center to open USS *Iowa* for weekend tours while in Richmond\"](http:\/\/www.pacificbattleship.com\/). *Pacific Battleship Center*. 7 December 2011. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130928164217\/http:\/\/pacificbattleship.com\/) from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2011.\n77. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-77)**\n    Jacobs, Jennifer (30 April 2012). [\"USS *Iowa* officially transferred to nonprofit group today\"](http:\/\/blogs.desmoinesregister.com\/dmr\/index.php\/2012\/04\/30\/uss-iowa-officially-transferred-to-nonprofit-group-today\/%23). *[The Des Moines Register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Des_Moines_Register \"The Des Moines Register\")*. Retrieved 30 April 2012.\n    \n    `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n78. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-78)**\n    [\"USS *Iowa* battleship headed for new home along Port of Los Angeles waterfront\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120517185152\/http:\/\/www.portoflosangeles.org\/newsroom\/2012_releases\/news_051712_USS_IOWA_Approval.asp) (Press release). Port of Los Angeles. 17 May 2012. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.portoflosangeles.org\/newsroom\/2012_releases\/news_051712_USS_IOWA_Approval.asp) on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.\n79. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-79)**\n    Vargas, Vikki (10 June 2012). [\"USS *Iowa* Berths at the Port of LA\"](http:\/\/www.nbclosangeles.com\/news\/local\/USS-Iowa-Berths-at-the-Port-of-Los-Angeles-158336005.html). *NBC Channel 4 Los Angeles*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160203100526\/http:\/\/www.nbclosangeles.com\/news\/local\/USS-Iowa-Berths-at-the-Port-of-Los-Angeles-158336005.html) from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2012.\n80. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Iowa_\$BB-61\$#cite_ref-80)**\n    Sansberg, Joseph C. (11 October 1988). [\"Official U.S. Navy Photograph \\# DN-SC-90-02980\"](http:\/\/www.navsource.net\/archives\/01\/0161029.jpg). *NavSource*. Retrieved 22 October 2010.\n\n- [Fuller, J. F. C.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._F._C._Fuller \"J. F. C. Fuller\") (1956). *The Decisive Battles of the Western World*. Vol. III. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.\n- Gibbs, Jay (2017). \"Question 36\/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells\". *Warship International*. **LIV** (4): 289–90\\. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0043-0374](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0043-0374).\n- [Morison, Samuel Eliot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samuel_Eliot_Morison \"Samuel Eliot Morison\") (2004) \\[1956\\]. *Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945*. *[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II \"History of United States Naval Operations in World War II\")*, Volume 12 (reprint ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-252-07063-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-252-07063-1 \"Special:BookSources\/0-252-07063-1\")\n  \n  .\n- Thompson, Charles C. II (1999). [*A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A_Glimpse_of_Hell_\$book\$ \"A Glimpse of Hell (book)\"). W. W. Norton. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-393-04714-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-393-04714-8 \"Special:BookSources\/0-393-04714-8\")\n  \n  .\n\n- [USS *Iowa*](https:\/\/www.pacificbattleship.com\/) – Pacific Battleship Center, official museum site\n- [Map and satellite image from Google Maps](https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/@33.741896,-118.279727,16z)\n- [Maritimequest USS *Iowa* BB-61 Photo Gallery](http:\/\/www.maritimequest.com\/warship_directory\/us_navy_pages\/uss_iowa_bb61.htm)\n- [Photo gallery](http:\/\/www.navsource.net\/archives\/01\/61a.htm) of USS *Iowa* (BB-61) at NavSource Naval History","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	For other ships with the same name, see USS Iowa . USS Iowa unleashes a broadside of nine 16-inch guns on 15 August 1984 during a firepower demonstration after her modernization. History United States Namesake State of Iowa Ordered 1 July 1939 Builder New York Naval Yard Laid down 27 June 1940 Launched 27 August 1942 Sponsored by Ilo Wallace Commissioned 22 February 1943 Decommissioned 24 March 1949 Recommissioned 25 August 1951 Decommissioned 24 February 1958 Recommissioned 28 April 1984 Decommissioned 26 October 1990 Stricken 17 March 2006 Identification Callsign : NEPM Hull number : BB-61 Motto "Our Liberties We Prize, Our Rights We Will Maintain" Nickname(s) "The Big Stick" (1952), "The Grey Ghost" (Korean War), "The Battleship of Presidents" [ 1 ] Honors and awards 11 battle stars Fate Museum ship Status On display at the Pacific Battleship Center at the Port of Los Angeles ( 33°44′32″N 118°16′38″W / 33.7423°N 118.2772°W ) Badge General characteristics Class & type Iowa -class battleship Displacement 48,110 long tons (48,880 t) Standard 57,540 long tons (58,460 t) full load [ 2 ] Length 887 ft 3 in (270.43 m) Beam 108 ft 2 in (32.97 m) Draft 37 ft 2 in (11.33 m) (full load) Installed power 8 Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers 212,000 shp (158,088 kW) Propulsion 4 × steam turbines 4 × screw propellers Speed 33 knots (38 mph; 61 km/h) Complement 151 officers, 2,637 enlisted (WWII) Armament 1943: 9 × 16 in (406 mm)/50-caliber Mark 7 guns 20 × 5 in (127 mm)/38 cal Mark 12 guns 76 × 40 mm/56 cal anti-aircraft guns 52 × 20 mm/70 cal anti-aircraft guns 1984: 9 × 16 in (406 mm)/50-caliber Mark 7 guns 12 × 5 in (127 mm)/38 cal Mark 12 guns 32 × BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles 16 × RGM-84 Harpoon Anti-Ship missiles 4 × 20 mm/76 cal Phalanx CIWS Armor Belt : 12.1 in (307 mm) Bulkheads : 11.3 in (287 mm) Barbettes : 11.6 to 17.3 in (295 to 439 mm) Turrets : 19.5 in (495 mm) Decks : main 1.5 in (38 mm) second 6.0 in (152 mm) Aircraft carried floatplanes , helicopters , UAVs USS Iowa (BB-61) is a retired battleship , the lead ship of her class , and the fourth in the United States Navy to be named after the state of Iowa . Owing to the cancellation of the Montana -class battleships, Iowa is the last lead ship of any class of United States battleships and was the only ship of her class to serve in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II . During World War II, she carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt across the Atlantic to Mers El Kébir , Algeria, en route to a conference of vital importance in 1943 in Tehran with Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom and Joseph Stalin , leader of the Soviet Union. When transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1944, Iowa shelled beachheads at Kwajalein and Eniwetok in advance of Allied amphibious landings and screened aircraft carriers operating in the Marshall Islands . During the Korean War , Iowa was involved in raids on the North Korean coast, after which she was decommissioned into the United States Navy reserve fleets , better known as the "mothball fleet". She was reactivated in 1984 as part of the 600-ship Navy plan and operated in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets to counter the recently expanded Soviet Navy . In April 1989, an explosion of undetermined origin wrecked her No. 2 gun turret, killing 47 sailors. Iowa was decommissioned for the last time in October 1990 after 19 total years of active service, and was initially stricken from the Naval Vessel Register in 1995, before being reinstated from 1999 to 2006 to comply with federal laws that required retention and maintenance of two Iowa -class battleships. In 2011, Iowa was donated to the Los Angeles –based nonprofit Pacific Battleship Center and was permanently moved to Berth 87 at the Port of Los Angeles in 2012, where she was opened to the public as the USS Iowa Museum . Ordered in July 1939, [ 3 ] USS Iowa was laid down at New York Naval Shipyard in June 1940. She was launched on 27 August 1942, sponsored by Ilo Wallace (wife of Vice President Henry Wallace ), and commissioned on 22 February 1943 with Captain John L. McCrea in command. [ 4 ] USS Iowa ' s main battery consisted of nine 16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 guns , which could fire 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) armor-piercing shells 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km). Her secondary battery consisted of twenty 5"/38 caliber guns in twin mounts, which could fire at targets up to 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km) away. With the advent of air power and the need to gain and maintain air superiority came a need to protect the growing fleet of Allied aircraft carriers ; to this end, Iowa was fitted with an array of Oerlikon 20 mm and Bofors 40 mm antiaircraft guns to defend Allied carriers from enemy airstrikes. [ 5 ] World War II (1943–1945) [ edit ] Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet [ edit ] When Iowa was selected to ferry President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Cairo and Tehran Conferences , she was outfitted with a bathtub for Roosevelt's convenience. Roosevelt, who had been paralyzed in 1921 , would have been unable to make effective use of a shower facility. [ 6 ] On 24 February 1943, Iowa put to sea for a shakedown cruise in the Chesapeake Bay and along the Atlantic Coast. She got underway on 27 August for Argentia, Newfoundland , to counter the threat of the German battleship Tirpitz , which was reportedly operating in Norwegian waters, before returning to the United States on 25 October for two weeks of maintenance at the Norfolk Navy Yard. [ 6 ] In November 1943, Iowa carried President Roosevelt, Secretary of State Cordell Hull , Roosevelt's Chief of Staff Admiral William D. Leahy , Chief of Staff of the Army General George C. Marshall , Chief of Naval Operations Ernest King , Commanding General of the US Army Air Forces Henry "Hap" Arnold , Harry Hopkins , and other military leaders to Mers El Kébir , Algeria, on the first leg of the journey to the Cairo and Tehran Conferences. [ 7 ] On 14 November, in waters east of Bermuda , USS William D. Porter (DD-579) , a destroyer that was part of Iowa ' s antisubmarine screen, accidentally discharged a torpedo toward Iowa during a drill. Following warnings from the destroyer and her own lookouts, Iowa turned hard to avoid the torpedo, which detonated about 1200 yards astern in the ship's wake. [ 8 ] Iowa trained her guns on William D. Porter , concerned that the smaller ship might have been involved in an assassination plot. [ 9 ] Iowa completed her presidential escort mission on 16 December by returning the President to the United States. [ 9 ] Roosevelt addressed the crew of Iowa prior to leaving by stating, "... from all I have seen and all I have heard, the Iowa is a 'happy ship,' and having served with the Navy for many years, I know—and you know—what that means." He also touched on the progress made at the conference before concluding his address with "... good luck, and remember that I am with you in spirit, each and every one of you." [ 10 ] Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee [ edit ] Iowa in the Pacific; Indiana can be seen in the distance. As flagship of Battleship Division 7 (BatDiv 7), Iowa departed the United States on 2 January 1944 for the Pacific Ocean, transiting the Panama Canal on 7 January in advance of her combat debut in the campaign for the Marshall Islands . From 29 January to 3 February, she supported carrier air strikes made by Rear Admiral Frederick C. Sherman 's Task Group 58.3 (TG 58.3) [ 11 ] against Kwajalein and Eniwetok atolls. Her next assignment was to support air strikes against the major Japanese naval and logistics base at Truk , Caroline Islands . Iowa , in company with other ships, was detached from the support group on 16 February 1944 to conduct an antishipping sweep around Truk, with the objective of destroying enemy naval vessels escaping to the north. During this action, Iowa , along with her sister New Jersey , sank the Japanese light cruiser Katori , the cruiser having escaped Truk the day before following Operation Hailstone , the US air attack on Truk. [ 6 ] On 21 February, she was underway with the Fast Carrier Task Force (alternatively designated TF 38 while with 3rd Fleet and TF 58 while with 5th Fleet ) while it conducted the first strikes against Saipan , Tinian , Rota , and Guam in the Mariana Islands . On 18 March 1944, Iowa , flying the flag of Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee ( Commander, Battleships, Pacific ), joined in the bombardment of Mili Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Although struck by two Japanese 4.7 in (120 mm) projectiles, Iowa suffered negligible damage. She then rejoined TF 58 on 30 March, and supported air strikes against the Palau Islands and Woleai of the Carolines for several days. [ 4 ] From 22 to 28 April, Iowa supported air raids on Hollandia (now known as Jayapura), Aitape , and Wake Islands to support Army forces on Aitape and at Tanahmerah and Humboldt Bays in New Guinea . She then joined the Task Force's second strike on Truk, on 29 and 30 April, and bombarded Japanese facilities on Ponape in the Carolines on 1 May. [ 4 ] USS ABSD-2 repairing USS Iowa in early 1945 at Manus, Admiralty Islands. In the opening phases of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign , Iowa protected the American carriers during air strikes on the islands of Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Rota, and Pagan Island on 12 June. Iowa was then detached to bombard enemy installations on Saipan and Tinian on 13–14 June, which resulted in the destruction of a Japanese ammunition dump. On 19 June, in an engagement known as the Battle of the Philippine Sea , Iowa , as part of the battle line of TF 58, helped repel four massive air raids launched by the Japanese Middle Fleet. This resulted in the almost complete destruction of Japanese carrier-based air forces, with Iowa claiming the destruction of three enemy aircraft. Iowa then joined in the pursuit of the fleeing enemy fleet, shooting down one torpedo plane and assisting in splashing another. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Throughout July, Iowa remained off the Marianas supporting air strikes on the Palaus and landings on Guam. After a month's rest, Iowa sailed from Eniwetok as part of the Third Fleet, and helped support the landings on Peleliu on 17 September. She then protected the carriers during air strikes against the Central Philippines to neutralize enemy air power for the long-awaited invasion of the Philippines. On 10 October, Iowa arrived off Okinawa for a series of air strikes on the Ryukyu Islands and Formosa . She then supported air strikes against Luzon on 18 October and continued this duty during General Douglas MacArthur 's landing on Leyte on 20 October. [ 4 ] USS Iowa in World War II configuration and wearing Measure 32 Design 1B camouflage pattern, c. 1944. In a last-ditch attempt to halt the United States campaign to recapture the Philippines, the Imperial Japanese Navy struck back with Shō-Gō 1, a three-pronged attack aimed at the destruction of American amphibious forces in Leyte Gulf . The plan called for Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa to use the surviving Japanese carriers as bait to draw US carriers of TF 38 away from the Philippine beachheads, allowing Imperial Japanese Admirals Takeo Kurita , Kiyohide Shima , and Shōji Nishimura to take surface task forces through the San Bernardino Strait and Surigao Strait , where they would rendezvous and attack the US beachheads. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Iowa accompanied TF 38 during attacks against the Japanese Central Force under the command of Admiral Kurita as it steamed through the Sibuyan Sea toward San Bernardino Strait. The reported results of these attacks and the apparent retreat of the Japanese Central Force led Admiral William "Bull" Halsey to believe that this force had been ruined as an effective fighting group; as a result, Iowa , with TF 38, steamed after the Japanese Northern Force off Cape Engaño , Luzon. On 25 October 1944, when the ships of the Northern Force were almost within range of Iowa ' s guns, word arrived that the Japanese Central Force was attacking a group of American escort carriers off Samar . This threat to the American beachheads forced TF 38 to reverse course and steam to support the vulnerable escort carrier fleet, but fierce resistance by the 7th Fleet in the Battle off Samar had already caused the Japanese to retire and Iowa was denied a surface action. Following the Battle of Leyte Gulf , Iowa remained in the waters off the Philippines screening carriers during strikes against Luzon and Formosa. She sailed for the West Coast late in December 1944. [ 4 ] On 18 December, the ships of TF 38 unexpectedly found themselves in a fight for their lives when Typhoon Cobra overtook the force—7 fleet carriers, six light carriers, eight battleships, 15 cruisers, and about 50 destroyers—during their attempt to refuel at sea. At the time, the ships were operating about 300 mi (480 km) east of Luzon in the Philippine Sea . [ 14 ] The carriers had just completed three days of heavy raids against Japanese airfields, suppressing enemy aircraft during the American amphibious operations against Mindoro in the Philippines. The task force met with Captain Jasper T. Acuff and his fueling group on 17 December with the intention of refueling all ships in the task force and replacing lost aircraft. [ 15 ] Iowa in drydock in San Francisco, undergoing repairs and modernization after being damaged during Typhoon Cobra. Although the sea had been growing rougher all day, the nearby cyclonic disturbance gave relatively little warning of its approach. On 18 December, the small but violent typhoon overtook the task force while many of the ships were attempting to refuel. Many of the vessels were caught near the center of the storm and buffeted by extreme seas and hurricane-force winds. Three destroyers— Hull , Monaghan , and Spence —capsized and sank with nearly all hands, while a cruiser, five aircraft carriers, and three destroyers suffered serious damage. [ 14 ] Around 790 officers and men were lost or killed, with another 80 injured. Fires occurred in three carriers when planes broke loose in their hangars, and some 146 planes on various ships were swept overboard or damaged beyond economical repair by fires or impacts. [ 15 ] Iowa reported zero injured sailors as a result of the typhoon, [ 16 ] but suffered a loss of one of her float planes, and damage to one of her shafts. [ 6 ] [ 15 ] The damaged shaft required Iowa to return to the US, and she arrived at San Francisco on 15 January 1945, for repairs. During the course of the overhaul, Iowa had her bridge area enclosed, and was outfitted with new search radars and fire-control systems. [ 6 ] Bombardment of Japan [ edit ] Missouri (left) transfers personnel to Iowa in advance of the surrender ceremony planned for September 2. Iowa sailed on 19 March 1945 for Okinawa, arriving on 15 April to relieve her sister ship New Jersey . From 24 April, Iowa supported carrier operations, which aimed to establish and maintain air superiority for ground forces during their struggle for the island. She then supported air strikes off southern Kyūshū from 25 May to 13 June. Afterward, she sailed toward northern Honshū and Hokkaido , and participated in strikes on the Japanese home islands on 14–15 July by bombarding Muroran , Hokkaido, destroying steel mills and other targets. The city of Hitachi on Honshū was shelled beginning the night of 17 July and lasting to 18 July. On 29 and 30 July, Iowa trained her guns on Kahoolawe for a bombardment and continued to support fast carrier strikes until the cessation of hostilities on 15 August. On 27 August, Iowa and her sister ship Missouri entered Sagami Bay to oversee the surrender of the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal . [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Two days later, she entered Tokyo Bay with the occupation forces. Here, a number of sailors from Missouri were temporarily stationed on Iowa for the duration of the surrender ceremony, which took place aboard Missouri . [ 17 ] Iowa remained in the bay as part of the occupying force. As part of the ongoing Operation Magic Carpet , she received homeward-bound GIs and liberated US prisoners of war before departing Tokyo Bay on 20 September, bound for the United States. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Post–World War II (1945–1949) [ edit ] Iowa arrived in Seattle, Washington , on 15 October 1945, then sailed for Long Beach, California , where she engaged in training operations until returning to Japan in 1946 to serve as flagship for the 5th Fleet. She returned to the United States on 25 March 1946 and resumed her role as a training ship. During her usual routine of drills and maneuvers she also embarked Naval Reserve elements and midshipmen for training. In October, Iowa underwent a period of overhaul and modernization, which resulted in the addition of the SK-2 Radar and the loss of a number of 20 mm and 40 mm gun mounts. In July, following the Bikini atomic experiments , the old battleship Nevada was selected as a target for a live-fire exercise to be carried out by Iowa and other sea and air assets of the navy. The exercise began with separate shellings from a destroyer, heavy cruiser , and Iowa , but this did not sink the ship, so Nevada was finished off with one aerial torpedo hit amidships, sinking her 65 mi (105 km) from Pearl Harbor on 31 July 1948. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] In September 1948, as part of the post World War II drawdown of the armed forces, Iowa was deactivated at San Francisco, and then formally decommissioned into the United States Navy reserve fleets on 24 March 1949. [ 6 ] Korean War (1951–1952) [ edit ] In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, prompting the United Nations to authorize military intervention. President Harry S. Truman ordered US forces stationed in Japan to transfer to South Korea. Truman also sent US-based troops, tanks, fighter and bomber aircraft, and a strong naval force to the area to support South Korea. As part of the naval mobilization, Iowa was reactivated on 14 July 1951, and formally recommissioned on 25 August, with Captain William R. Smedberg III, in command. Iowa sailed for Korean waters in March 1952. On 1 April, she relieved her sister ship USS Wisconsin and became the flagship of Vice Admiral Robert P. Briscoe , commander of the Seventh Fleet. [ 6 ] In her first combat operation of the Korean War, Iowa fired her main guns near Wonsan – Sŏngjin on 8 April 1952, with the goal of striking North Korean supply lines. In the company of other naval vessels, Iowa again engaged North Korean forces the following day, this time against enemy troop concentrations, supply areas, and suspected gun positions in and around Suwon Dan and Kojo. In support of South Korea's I Corps , Iowa shelled enemy positions on 13 April, killing 100 enemy soldiers, destroying six gun emplacements, and wrecking a division headquarters. The next day, she entered Wonsan Harbor and shelled warehouses, observation posts, and railroad marshaling yards before moving out to rejoin the UN flotilla aiding ground forces around Kosong . On 20 April, in her first combat action above the 38th parallel , Iowa shelled railroad lines at Tanchon , where four railroad tunnels were destroyed, before sailing to Chindong and Kosong for a two-day bombardment of North Korean positions. [ 6 ] USS Iowa fires a 16 in (406 mm) shell towards a North Korean target in 1952. On 25 May Iowa , following her sister ship Missouri ' s example, arrived in the waters off Chongjin , a North Korean industrial center about 48 nmi (55 mi; 89 km) from the Russian border. Upon arrival, Iowa proceeded to shell the industrial and rail transportation centers in Chongjin, after which she moved south to aid the US X Corps . En route to US positions, Iowa again bombarded Sŏngjin, destroying several railroad tunnels and bridges in the area. On 28 May, Iowa rejoined the main body of the US fleet supporting the X Corps, heavily shelling several islands in Wonsan Harbor. [ 6 ] Throughout June, Iowa trained her guns on targets at Mayang-do, Tanchon, Chongjin, Chodo– Sokcho , and the ports of Hŭngnam and Wonsan in support of the UN and South Korean forces. On 9 June, a helicopter from Iowa rescued a downed pilot from the carrier USS Princeton . [ 6 ] At the time, Princeton was operating with TF 77, and with other carriers in the task force that were involved in a bombing campaign against North Korean supply lines, troop concentrations, and infrastructure; additionally, the carriers were flying close air support missions for ground forces fighting against the North Korean forces. [ 20 ] In July, Iowa received a new skipper, Captain Joshua W. Cooper, who assumed command of the battleship for the remainder of her Korean War tour. [ 6 ] On 20 August, Iowa took aboard nine wounded men from the destroyer USS Thompson after Thompson was hit by a Chinese artillery battery while shelling enemy positions at Sŏngjin. At the time, Iowa was operating 16 mi (26 km) south of Sŏngjin, and after receiving the wounded destroyer crewmen, Iowa covered Thompson as she retreated into safer waters. [ 6 ] [ 21 ] On 23 September, General Mark W. Clark , the commander-in-chief of United Nations Forces in Korea, came aboard Iowa . Clark observed Iowa in action as her guns shelled the Wonsan area for a third time, accounting for the destruction of a major enemy ammunition dump . On 25 September, Iowa fired her guns at an enemy railroad and 30-car train. [ 6 ] The following month, Iowa was part of the force involved in Operation Decoy, a feint to draw enemy troops into Kojo and bring them within striking distance of the battleships' big guns. During the operation, Iowa provided antiaircraft support to USS Mount McKinley , an amphibious force command ship. [ 6 ] In October 1952, Iowa was serving as flagship for the Commander, Seventh Fleet, and she engaged in 43 gun strikes on targets in the areas of Wonsan, Songjin, Kojo, Chaho, Toejo, Simpo, Hungnam, and northern Inchon, North Korea, and in 27 bombline operations. During these operations, 16,689 rounds were fired from her main and secondary batteries on enemy installations. This action established eligibility for the United Nations Service Medal and the Korean Service Medal with one bronze star. [ 22 ] Post–Korean War (1953–1958) [ edit ] USS Iowa laid up alongside USS Wisconsin and USS Shangri-La in Philadelphia, July 8, 1978. Iowa embarked midshipmen for at-sea training to Northern Europe in July 1953, and shortly afterwards took part in Operation Mariner, a major NATO exercise, serving as flagship of Vice Admiral Edmund T. Wooldridge, commander of the 2nd Fleet . Upon completion of this exercise, Iowa operated in the Virginia Capes area. Later, in September 1954, she became the flagship of Rear Admiral R. E. Libby, Commander, Battleship Cruiser Force, United States Atlantic Fleet. [ 4 ] From January–April 1955, Iowa made an extended cruise to the Mediterranean Sea as the flagship of the commander, 6th Fleet . She departed on a midshipman-training cruise on 1 June, and upon her return entered Norfolk for a four-month overhaul. Afterward, Iowa continued intermittent training cruises and operational exercises, until 4 January 1957, when she departed Norfolk for duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. Upon completion, Iowa embarked midshipmen for a South American training cruise and joined in the International Naval Review off Hampton Roads , Virginia , on 13 June. [ 4 ] On 3 September, Iowa sailed for Scotland for NATO's Exercise Strikeback . She returned to Norfolk on 28 September, and departed Hampton Roads for the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 22 October. She was decommissioned on 24 February 1958 and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia. [ 4 ] Reactivation (1982–1990) [ edit ] USS Iowa in drydock undergoing modernization. As part of President Ronald Reagan and Secretary of the Navy John F. Lehman 's efforts to create an expanded 600-ship Navy , Iowa was reactivated in 1982 and towed by USNS Apache [ 23 ] to Avondale Shipyard near New Orleans, Louisiana , for refitting and equipment modernization in advance of her planned recommissioning. [ 4 ] During the refit, Iowa had all of her remaining Oerlikon 20 mm and Bofors 40 mm antiaircraft guns removed, due to their ineffectiveness against modern fighter jets and antiship missiles . Additionally, the two 5 in (127 mm) gun mounts located at midship and in the aft on the port and starboard sides of the battleship were removed. [ 24 ] Iowa was then towed to Ingalls Shipbuilding , Pascagoula, Mississippi , [ 6 ] where over the next several months, the battleship was upgraded with the most advanced weaponry available. Among the new weapons systems installed were four MK 141 quad-cell launchers for 16 AGM-84 Harpoon antiship missiles, eight armored box launcher mounts for 32 BGM-109 Tomahawk missiles, and a quartet of Phalanx close-in weapon system Gatling guns for defense against enemy antiship missiles and enemy aircraft. [ 24 ] Sometime after June 1986, Iowa was the first battleship to receive the RQ-2 Pioneer unmanned aerial vehicle . She could carry up to eight of the remotely controlled drones, which replaced the helicopters (although helicopters were not carried by battleships) previously used to spot for her nine 16 inch (406 mm)/50 cal Mark 7 guns. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Also included in her modernization were upgrades to radar and fire-control systems for her guns and missiles, and improved electronic warfare capabilities. [ 24 ] Armed as such, Iowa was formally recommissioned on 28 April 1984, ahead of schedule, within her budget at a cost of $500 million, and under the command of Captain Gerald E. Gneckow. [ 6 ] To expedite the schedule, many necessary repairs to Iowa 's engines and guns were not completed and the mandatory Navy Board of Inspection and Survey (InSurv) inspection was skipped. [ 27 ] Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989) [ edit ] Iowa fires a full broadside of nine 16-inch (406 mm)/50-caliber and six 5-inch (127 mm)/38 cal guns. From April to August 1984, Iowa underwent refresher training and naval gunfire support qualifications at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and the Puerto Rican operating area. After a short period in her new home port of Norfolk, Virginia, she spent the two times during the rest of 1984 and early 1985 conducting "presence" operations shakedown in the area around Central America. During this time she transited the Panama Canal to operate off the west coast of Central America while also conducting people-to-people humanitarian operations, including in El Salvador, Costa Rica and Honduras , [ 6 ] [ 28 ] before returning to the United States in April 1985 for a period of routine maintenance. [ 6 ] In August 1985, Iowa joined 160 other ships for Exercise Ocean Safari, a NATO naval exercise aimed at testing NATO's ability to control sea lanes and maintain free passage of shipping. Owing to bad weather, Iowa and the other ships were forced to ride out rough seas, but she made use of the time to practice hiding herself from enemy forces. While serving with the exercise force, Iowa crossed the Arctic Circle . [ 29 ] In October, she took part in Baltic operations, and fired her phalanx guns, 5 in (127 mm) guns, and 16 in (406 mm) guns in the Baltic Sea on 17 October while operating with US and other allied ships. [ 30 ] After these operations during which she visited Le Havre in France, Kiel in Germany, Copenhagen (where the current King of Denmark visited the ship as a schoolboy) and Aarhus in Denmark, and Oslo in Norway, where the King of Norway was entertained at lunch, she returned to the United States. [ 6 ] Beginning on 17 March 1986, Iowa underwent her overdue InSurv inspection, conducted under the supervision of Rear Admiral John D. Bulkeley , which she ultimately failed. Bulkeley found that the ship was unable to achieve her top speed of 33 kn (38 mph; 61 km/h) during a full-power engine run. Other problems included hydraulic fluid leaks in all three main gun turrets, electrical wiring shorts, pump failures, deteriorated bilge piping, unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines, and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. He recommended to the chief of Naval Operations and Lehman that Iowa be taken out of service immediately. Rejecting this advice, Lehman instead instructed the leaders of the Atlantic Fleet to ensure that Iowa ' s deficiencies were corrected. [ 31 ] Afterward, Iowa returned to the waters around Central America and conducted drills and exercises, while providing a military presence to friendly nations. On 4 July, President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan boarded Iowa for the International Naval Review, which was held in the Hudson River . [ 32 ] On 25 April, Captain Larry Ray Seaquist assumed command of the battleship and her crew during Naval Gunfire Support requalification off Vieques Island near Puerto Rico. [ 6 ] [ 33 ] Crewmen recover an RQ-2 Pioneer UAV aboard Iowa. On 17 August, Iowa set sail for the North Atlantic and in September she participated in Exercise Northern Wedding by ferrying Marines ashore and assisting helicopter gunships. During the exercise, Iowa fired her main guns at Cape Wrath range in Scotland in support of a simulated amphibious assault on 5–6 September, firing a total of 19 16-inch (406 mm) shells and 32 5-inch (127 mm) shells during a 10-hour period and operating in rough seas. During the live-fire exercise, a small number of Iowa Marines were put ashore to monitor the fall of shot and advise the battleship of gunnery corrections. [ 34 ] Afterward, Iowa visited ports, including Portsmouth in England, and Germany, before returning to the United States in October. In December, the ship became the testbed for the Navy's RQ-2 Pioneer (UAV). The drone was designed to serve as an aerial spotter for the battleship's guns, thereby allowing the guns to be used against an enemy without the need for an airplane or helicopter spotter. Pioneer passed its tests and made its first deployment that same month aboard Iowa . [ 26 ] Iowa conducting an underway replenishment with USS Midway in the Persian Gulf in December, 1987. From January–September 1987, Iowa operated in the waters in and around Central America and participated in several exercises until sailing for the Mediterranean Sea on 10 September to join the 6th Fleet based there. She remained in the Mediterranean until 22 October, when she was detached from the 6th Fleet and departed for operations in the North Sea. On 25 November, as part of Operation Earnest Will , Iowa transited the Suez Canal and set sail for the Persian Gulf , which at the time was one of the battlefields of the first Gulf War (also referred to as the Iran–Iraq War ). [ 6 ] The presence of US naval vessels in the gulf was in response to a formal petition from Kuwait , [ 35 ] whose ships were being raided by Iranian forces who were attempting to cut off weapons shipments from the United States and Europe to Saddam Hussein 's regime in Iraq, via Kuwaiti territory. This phase of the war was later called the " Tanker War " phase of the Iran–Iraq War. [ 36 ] Iowa and other vessels operating in the gulf were assigned to escort Kuwaiti tankers from Kuwaiti ports to the open sea, but because US law forbade military escorts for civilian ships flying a foreign flag, the tankers escorted by the United States were reflagged as US merchant vessels and assigned American names. [ 36 ] For the remainder of the year, Iowa escorted Kuwaiti gas and oil tankers reflagged as US merchant ships from the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz . [ 6 ] On 20 February 1988, Iowa departed from the Persian Gulf, transited the Suez Canal, and set sail for the United States, arriving at Norfolk on 10 March for routine maintenance. In April, she participated in the annual Fleet Week celebrations before returning to Norfolk for an overhaul. On 26 May, Fred Moosally replaced Larry Seaquist as captain of Iowa . [ 37 ] After the overhaul, Moosally took Iowa on a shakedown cruise around Chesapeake Bay on 25 August. Encountering difficulty in conning the ship through shallow water, Moosally narrowly missed colliding with the frigate Moinester , destroyer Farragut , and cruiser South Carolina before running aground in soft mud outside the bay's main ship channel near the Thimble Shoals. After one hour, Iowa was able to extricate herself without damage and return to port. [ 38 ] Iowa continued with sea trials throughout August and September, then began refresher training in the waters around Florida and Puerto Rico in October, during which the ship passed an Operation Propulsion Program evaluation. [ 6 ] [ 39 ] On 20 January 1989, during an improperly authorized gunnery experiment off Vieques Island , Iowa fired a 16-inch (406 mm) shell 23.4 nmi (26.9 mi; 43.3 km), setting a record for the longest-ranged 16 in (406 mm) shell ever fired. In February, the battleship sailed for New Orleans for a port visit before departing for Norfolk. On 10 April, the battleship was visited by the commander of the 2nd Fleet , and on 13 April, she sailed to participate in a fleet exercise. [ 6 ] [ 40 ] 1989 turret explosion [ edit ] Heavy smoke pours from Turret Two following an internal explosion on April 19, 1989. During a gunnery exercise, at 0955 [ 41 ] on 19 April 1989, an explosion ripped through the Number Two 16-inch (406 mm) gun turret, killing 47 crewmen. A gunner's mate in the powder magazine room quickly flooded the No. 2 powder magazine, likely preventing catastrophic damage to the ship. [ 42 ] At first, Naval Investigative Service (NIS, later renamed Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS) investigators theorized that one of the dead crewmen, Clayton Hartwig, had detonated an explosive device in a suicide attempt after the end of an alleged affair with another sailor. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] To support this claim, naval officials pointed to several different factors, including Hartwig's life insurance policy, which named Kendall Truitt as the sole beneficiary in the event of his death, [ 44 ] the presence of unexplained materials inside turret 2, [ 45 ] and his mental state, which was alleged to be unstable. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Although the Navy was satisfied with the investigation and its results, [ 43 ] others were unconvinced, [ 46 ] and in October 1991, amid increasing criticism, Congress forced the Navy to reopen the investigation. [ 42 ] This second investigation, handled by independent investigators, was hampered as most of the original debris from Iowa had been cleaned up or otherwise disposed of by the Navy before and after the first investigation, [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] but it did uncover evidence pointing to an accidental powder explosion due to over-ramming rather than an intentional act of sabotage. [ 42 ] [ 47 ] [ 49 ] While Iowa was undergoing modernization in the early 1980s, her sister ship New Jersey had been dispatched to Lebanon to provide offshore fire support. [ 50 ] At the time, New Jersey was the only commissioned battleship anywhere in the world, and in an effort to get another battleship commissioned to relieve New Jersey , the modernization of Iowa was stepped up, leaving her in poor condition when she recommissioned in 1984. [ 44 ] Captain Fred Moosally was found to be more concerned with the maintenance of the missiles than the training and manning of guns. [ 51 ] Powder from the same lot as the one under investigation was tested at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division . Spontaneous combustion was achieved with the powder, which had been originally milled in the 1930s and improperly stored in a barge at the Navy's Yorktown, Virginia , Naval Weapons Station during a 1988 dry-docking of Iowa . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 47 ] As it degrades, gunpowder gives off ether gas, which is highly flammable and could be ignited by a spark, which could be caused by static electricity. [ 52 ] This revelation resulted in a shift in the Navy's position on the incident, and Admiral Frank Kelso , the chief of Naval Operations at the time, publicly apologized to the Hartwig family, concluding that no real evidence supported the claim that he had intentionally killed the other sailors. [ 42 ] [ 44 ] [ 47 ] [ 53 ] Iowa captain Fred Moosally was severely criticized for his handling of the matter, and as a result of the incident, the Navy changed the powder-handling procedures for its battleships. [ 49 ] The incident remains one of the surface Navy's worst losses of life during peacetime operations. [ 54 ] Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present) [ edit ] The Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility at Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1995; Iowa is the battleship moored on the seaside of the wharf in the far left of the picture, next to Wisconsin . With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States came drastic cuts to the defense budget , and the battleships were deemed uneconomical. As a result, Iowa was decommissioned for the last time on 26 October 1990, after a total of 19 years of commissioned service. She was the first of the reactivated battleships to be decommissioned, and this was done earlier than originally planned as a result of the damaged turret. Iowa was originally berthed at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and later at Naval Station Newport in Newport, Rhode Island , from 24 September 1998 to 8 March 2001, when the tug Sea Victory began her tow to California. The ship arrived in Suisun Bay near San Francisco on 21 April 2001 and joined the Reserve Fleet , where she remained in reserve until struck again from the Naval Vessel Register in March 2006. (Her sister ships and she had been struck previously in 1995. [ 24 ] ) She remained at the Suisun Bay anchorage until November 2011. Section 1011 of the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996 required the US Navy to reinstate to the Naval Vessel Register two of the Iowa -class battleships that had been struck by the Navy in 1995; these ships were to be maintained in the United States Navy reserve fleets (or "mothball fleet"). The Navy was to ensure that both of the reinstated battleships were in good condition and could be reactivated for use in the Marine Corps' amphibious operations. [ 55 ] Due to Iowa ' s damaged turret, the Navy selected New Jersey for placement into the mothball fleet. The cost to fix New Jersey was considered less than the cost to fix Iowa ; [ 24 ] as a result, New Jersey and Wisconsin were reinstated to the Naval Vessel Register and placed back in the reserve fleet. [ 55 ] Iowa laid up in Suisun Bay in March, 2006. New Jersey remained there until the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 required the secretary of the Navy to list and maintain Iowa and Wisconsin on the Naval Vessel Register (NVR). The act also required the secretary of the Navy to strike New Jersey from the NVR and transfer the battleship to a not-for-profit entity in accordance with section 7306 of Title 10 of the United States Code . It also required the transferee to locate the battleship in the state of New Jersey . [ 56 ] The Navy made the switch in January 1999, allowing New Jersey to open as a museum ship in her namesake state. [ 57 ] On 17 March 2006, the Secretary of the Navy struck Iowa and Wisconsin from the NVR, which cleared the way for both ships to be donated for use as museum ships , but the United States Congress remained "deeply concerned" over the loss of the naval surface gunfire support that the battleships provided, and noted that "navy efforts to improve upon, much less replace, this capability have been highly problematic." [ 58 ] As a partial consequence, Congress passed Pub. L. 109–163 (text) (PDF) , the National Defense Authorization Act 2006, requiring that the battleships be kept and maintained in a state of readiness should they ever be needed again. [ 59 ] Congress ordered that measures be implemented to ensure that, if need be, Iowa could be returned to active duty. [ 59 ] These measures closely mirrored the original three conditions that the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996, which laid out for the maintenance of Iowa while she was in the "mothball fleet". [ 24 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Iowa being towed to Los Angeles in May, 2012. Iowa docked at Los Angeles harbor (May, 2024). Iowa ' s superstructure is decked out in red, white, and blue banners following her official opening as a museum ship in Los Angeles. A display of her ribbons and awards earned during her career can be seen below and to the right of the Phalanx CIWS mount. In March 2007, the Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square (HSMPS) of Vallejo , site of the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard , and a Stockton group submitted proposals to use the ship as a museum. [ 62 ] The HSMPS, which had attempted to place the ship in San Francisco, supported the Mare Island–Vallejo site. In October 2007, the Navy informed HSMPS that they were the only viable candidate to acquire Iowa , and their application would be further reviewed after evidence was presented that financing was in place, and when the Stockton and San Francisco groups withdrew or failed to submit a final application, respectively. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] On 25 April 2009, Iowa Senate Resolution No. 19 was approved, endorsing HSMPS as USS Iowa ' s custodian and supporting the battleship's placement at Mare Island. [ 65 ] In February 2010, the Pacific Battleship Center (PBC) [ 66 ] supported the efforts to have the ship berthed in San Pedro, Los Angeles, California . [ 67 ] In late February the Port of Los Angeles (which includes the San Pedro area) rejected a proposal by the PBC to berth USS Iowa at its facilities because the battleship was not yet available. [ 68 ] On 12 April 2010, the Governor of Iowa signed into law Bill SJR2007, which officially formed a 10-member committee to raise about $5 million for the group awarded USS Iowa . [ 69 ] The statement supporting the Vallejo group in the original Iowa State Senate's version SR19 was struck in favor of supporting any group actually awarded the battleship. [ 65 ] On 13 May 2010, the Navy announced it would reopen the bidding process, citing HSMPS's lack of progress as the reason. [ 70 ] On 24 May 2010 the Federal Register officially reopened the bidding process for USS Iowa to a California-based city or non-profit organization. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] On 18 November 2010, the Port of Los Angeles Harbor Commissioners voted unanimously on a resolution to support Berth 87 as the future home of USS Iowa , clearing the way for the PBC to send its completed application to the Navy. [ 73 ] On 6 September 2011, USS Iowa was awarded to Pacific Battleship Center for placement at the Port of Los Angeles. After rehabilitation at the Port of Richmond , California (beginning in October 2011), she was towed to and eventually berthed in the Port of Los Angeles. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Starting in December 2011, USS Iowa was open for weekend tours. The Battleship Expo at the Port of Richmond included shipboard access and other exhibits such as 16-inch shells, a short film about the battleship, and other exhibits. [ 76 ] On 30 April 2012, USS Iowa was officially donated to the Pacific Battleship Center in Los Angeles by the United States Navy. [ 77 ] Iowa began her journey to the Port of Los Angeles on 26 May 2012 under tow by four Crowley Maritime tugboats. After being anchored off the Southern California coast to have her hull scrubbed to remove any invasive species or contaminants, on 9 June 2012, she was permanently docked in San Pedro at Berth 87, along the Main Channel, directly south of the World Cruise Center . The museum opened to the public on 7 July, under the direction and control of PBC. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Iowa earned nine battle stars for World War II service and two for Korean War service. [ 4 ] She has also earned these awards: [ 72 ] [ 80 ] Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation with star Navy E Ribbon with three Battle E devices American Campaign Medal Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with nine battle stars World War II Victory Medal Navy Occupation Service Medal National Defense Service Medal with star Korean Service Medal with two battle stars Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon Philippine Presidential Unit Citation South Korean Presidential Unit Citation Philippine Liberation Medal United Nations Korea Medal List of museum ships ^ "The Battleship of Presidents' final sail" . milmag.com . 1 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018 . Retrieved 9 December 2018 . ^ Hyperwar: BB-61 USS Iowa Retrieved 1/7/23 ^ Iowa . Naval Vessel Register . The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 6 September 2008. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Iowa" . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 14 January 2009 . ^ Johnston, Ian; McAuley, Rob (2002). The Battleships . London: Channel 4. p. 120. ISBN 0-7522-6188-6 . OCLC 59495980 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "USS Iowa (BB-61) Detailed History" . The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61) . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 9 August 2008 . ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt: Day by Day" . FDR Presidential Library . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . ^ U.S. Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs Historical Office (1961). Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943 . Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. ^ a b Bonner, Kit (March 1994). "The Ill-Fated USS William D. Porter " . The Retired Officer Magazine . The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 August 2008 . ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (16 December 1943). "Remarks on Leaving the USS Iowa " . The American Presidency Project . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ^ "Task Force 58: Eniwetok Landing" . Naval War in the Pacific 1941–1945 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2019 . ^ Fuller, 1956 ^ Morison, 1956 ^ a b "Typhoons and Hurricanes: Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944" . United States Navy. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 January 2006 . ^ a b c Morison, Samuel Eliot. "Third Fleet in Typhoon Cobra, December 1944" . History of US Naval Operations in World War II . Archived from the original on 18 October 2005 . Retrieved 8 January 2006 . ^ "Pacific Typhoon, 18 December: Personnel Casualties Suffered by Third Fleet, 17–18 December 1944, Compiled from Official Sources" . United States Navy. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 January 2006 . ^ "Missouri" . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 14 January 2009 . ^ Bonner, Kermit (1996). Final Voyages . Turner Publishing Company. p. 108. ISBN 1-56311-289-2 . ^ Nevada . Naval Vessel Register . The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 1 September 2008. ^ "Princeton" . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 14 January 2009 . ^ "Thompson" . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 14 January 2009 . ^ Authority: Commander Naval Forces Far East Dispatch 180123Z of June 1952. Report PERS-82-85 Administrative Remarks See art. B-2305 BuPers Manual Ship USS Iowa (BB-61) J.J. Clark Vice Admiral U.S. Navy. ^ "Battleship Bound For Avondale" . The Times-Picayune . 15 September 1982. p. 1. ^ a b c d e f "BB-61 Iowa-class specifications" . Federation of American Scientists . 21 October 2000. Archived from the original on 25 November 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . ^ United States Navy (28 August 2008). "RQ-2A Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)" . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 January 2009 . ^ a b Pike, John (5 March 2000). "Pioneer Short Range (SR) UAV" . Federation of American Scientists . Archived from the original on 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 March 2007 . ^ Thompson, p. 26. Although Iowa was refurbished within budget, the final price tag was $50 million above the originally projected cost, mainly because of overtime pay for the ship's contractors. ^ Farrar, George (October 1985). "Civic action in Costa Rica" (PDF) . All Hands (823). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 40– 41. ISSN 0002-5577 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ "Ocean Safari '85" (PDF) . All Hands (826). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 29. January 1986. ISSN 0002-5577 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Dooley, Alan (May 1986). "Into the bear's backyard" (PDF) . All Hands (830). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26– 31. ISSN 0002-5577 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Thompson, pp. 26–27. The problems discovered during Bulkeley's inspection included hydraulic fluid leaks in all three main gun turrets, totaling 55 gallons per turret per week; Cosmoline (anticorrosion lubricant) which had not been removed from all the guns; deteriorated bilge piping; frequent shorts in the electrical wiring; pump failures; unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines; and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. Main Turret Three leaked so much oil, hydraulic fluid, and water that the crew referred to it as the "rain forest". ^ Foster-Simeon, E. (September 1986). "Liberty Weekend" (PDF) . All Hands (834). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 21. ISSN 0002-5577 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Thompson, p. 28, gives 25 April as the date of the change of command. ^ Connors, Tracy (January 1987). "Northern Wedding '86" (PDF) . All Hands (838). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26. ISSN 0002-5577 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ "Kuwaiti Call for Help Led to U.S. Role in Gulf". Los Angeles Times . 4 July 1988. ^ a b Kelley, Stephen Andrew (June 2007). Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy (PDF) (Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School . Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . ^ Thompson, pp. 33–35. ^ Thompson, pp. 58–60. According to Thompson, the near-misses with the other navy ships were recorded in Iowa ' s log as attempts to "render honors" to them. Although other US Navy vessels observed Iowa grounded in the mud, the incident apparently was not acted upon by Moosally's superiors. Mike Fahey, the ship's executive officer, warned the other officers on Iowa to never mention the grounding to anyone, including superior Navy officers. ^ Thompson, pp. 65–67. ^ Thompson, pp. 70–77. The 20 January long-range, experimental shot was not authorized by the Department of the Navy. The shot was planned and directed by Iowa ' s Master Chief Fire Controlman Stephen Skelley and Gunnery Officer Lieutenant Commander Kenneth Michael Costigan using increased powder charges and specially designed shells. The Turret One gun crew leaders considered defying the order because of the unauthorized nature and perceived danger of the experiment, but in the end fired the experimental loads. John McEachren, a midlevel civilian employee at the Navy's Sea Systems Command, improperly authorized the experiment without informing his superiors. ^ Reid, W. W. (June 1989). "Remembering turret two" (PDF) . All Hands (867). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 4. ISSN 0002-5577 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ a b c d e f Dorsey, Jack; Germanotta, Tony (17 April 1999). "Ten years after Iowa tragedy, only evidence left is memories" . The Virginian-Pilot . Norfolk, Virginia: HamptonRoads.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . ^ a b c d "Mark 7 16-inch/50-caliber gun" . FAS . 23 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . ^ a b c d e "Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa " . Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal . B-net. July 1999. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . (subscription required) ^ "Introduction: The Navy's Investigations" (PDF) . United States General Accounting Office . United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . ^ a b Halloran, Richard (12 December 1989). " Iowa Captain Doubts Sailor Named by Inquiry Set Blast" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 27 August 2021 . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . ^ a b c d Schmitt, Eric (17 October 1991). "Suicide Ruled Out in Blast on Ship" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 27 August 2021 . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . ^ "Testimony – Battleships: Issues Arising from the Explosion Aboard the U.S.S. Iowa " (PDF) . United States General Accounting Office . United States Congress. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . ^ a b "U.S.S. Iowa Explosion: Sandia National Laboratories' Final Technical Report" (PDF) . United States General Accounting Office . United States Congress. 28 August 1991. pp. 9– 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . ^ "New Jersey" . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 8 January 2009 . ^ Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1995). Battleships . Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . ^ "SSN 797: About The Boat" . ssn797.com . 2025 . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ At the same time, he also pointed out that evidence was insufficient to exonerate Hartwig of the alleged charges, either. In time, this would lead the Hartwig family to file a $12 million lawsuit against the Navy. "Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa " . Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal . B-net. July 1999. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . (subscription required) ^ Although the worst loss of life in peace time, the turret explosion aboard Iowa in 1989 is tied with the 1924 explosion in the No. 2 turret aboard the battleship Mississippi , which also claimed 47 lives. "Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa " (PDF) . United States General Accounting Office . United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . ^ a b "National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 1996 (Subtitle B – Naval Vessels and Shipyards)" . Federation of American Scientists . 13 December 1995. p. 844. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . ^ "Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 (Subtitle B – Naval Vessels and Shipyards)" (PDF) . 105th Congress, United States Senate and House of Representatives . pp. 200– 01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 March 2007 . ^ "Battleship New Jersey" . Battleship New Jersey Museum and Memorial . Archived from the original on 19 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2005 . ^ "National Defense Authorization Act of 2007" (PDF) . pp. 193– 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 March 2007 . ^ a b Committee on Armed Services (House of Representatives) (6 May 2006). "House Report 109-452 – National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007: Report of the Committee on Armed Services (House of Representatives) on H.R. 5122 together with Additional and Dissenting Views" . National Defense Authorization Act of 2007 . p. 68. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . ^ "National Defense Authorization Act of 1996" (PDF) . 104th Congress, House of Representatives . 10 February 1996. p. 237. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 December 2006 . ^ Russel, Ron (11 September 2007). "USS Iowa, Any Takers?" . San Francisco Weekly . San Francisco, California. Village Voice Media. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . ^ Winkelman, Cheryl (4 April 2006). "Stockton, S.F. engage in battle for USS Iowa " . Oakland Tribune . Oakland, California: MediaNews Group. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . ^ Staff (Winter 2007–2008). "Destination – Mare Island, Vallejo, California!" (PDF) . The Big Stick . Vallejo, California: Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . ^ "Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square" . San Francisco, California: Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square. December 2000. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . ^ a b "Iowa State Senate Bill SR19 April 25 2009" . Coolice.legis.state.ia.us . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . ^ "Battleship IOWA-Museum Ship of the Year" . Battleship Iowa Museum Los Angeles . Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ Littlejohn, Donna (2 February 2010). "Port of LA pressured on USS Iowa" . The Daily Breeze . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . ^ Littlejohn, Donna (26 February 2010). "Port of LA sinks USS Iowa" . Press-Telegram . Archived from the original on 3 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . ^ State of Iowa Bill SJR2007 April 12 2010 . ^ Littlejohn, Donna (13 May 2010). "Navy to Reopen Bids for the USS Iowa " . The Daily Breeze . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . ^ "Ship on Donation Hold: Ex- Iowa (BB 61)" (PDF) . Naval Sea Systems Command . 9 September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . ^ a b "Photograph of USS Iowa's Bridge" . Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). 1997. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2010 . ^ "Full speed ahead for USS Iowa " . The Daily Breeze . 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. ^ Mohajer, Shaya Tayefe (7 September 2011). "USS Iowa to be moved to LA to be battleship museum" . Yahoo! News . Archived from the original on 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 – via Associated Press . ^ Doyle, David (2017). "Ch. 9: Preservation". USS Iowa (BB-61) . Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7643-5417-5 . ^ "Pacific Battleship Center to open USS Iowa for weekend tours while in Richmond" . Pacific Battleship Center . 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . ^ Jacobs, Jennifer (30 April 2012). "USS Iowa officially transferred to nonprofit group today" . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ( link ) ^ "USS Iowa battleship headed for new home along Port of Los Angeles waterfront" (Press release). Port of Los Angeles. 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . ^ Vargas, Vikki (10 June 2012). "USS Iowa Berths at the Port of LA" . NBC Channel 4 Los Angeles . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . ^ Sansberg, Joseph C. (11 October 1988). "Official U.S. Navy Photograph # DN-SC-90-02980" . NavSource . Retrieved 22 October 2010 . Fuller, J. F. C. (1956). The Decisive Battles of the Western World . Vol. III. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. Gibbs, Jay (2017). "Question 36/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells". Warship International . LIV (4): 289– 90. ISSN 0043-0374 . Morison, Samuel Eliot (2004) [1956]. Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945 . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II , Volume 12 (reprint ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07063-1 . Thompson, Charles C. II (1999). A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up . W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04714-8 . USS Iowa – Pacific Battleship Center, official museum site Map and satellite image from Google Maps Maritimequest USS Iowa BB-61 Photo Gallery Photo gallery of USS Iowa (BB-61) at NavSource Naval History
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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$) - [1 Construction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Construction) - [2 World War II (1943–1945)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#World_War_II_$1943%E2%80%931945$) Toggle World War II (1943–1945) subsection - [2\.1 Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Shakedown_and_service_with_the_Atlantic_Fleet) - [2\.2 Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Service_with_Battleship_Division_7,_Admiral_Lee) - [2\.3 Bombardment of Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Bombardment_of_Japan) - [3 Post–World War II (1945–1949)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_$1945%E2%80%931949$) - [4 Korean War (1951–1952)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Korean_War_$1951%E2%80%931952$) Toggle Korean War (1951–1952) subsection - [4\.1 Post–Korean War (1953–1958)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Post%E2%80%93Korean_War_$1953%E2%80%931958$) - [5 Reactivation (1982–1990)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Reactivation_$1982%E2%80%931990$) Toggle Reactivation (1982–1990) subsection - [5\.1 Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Shakedown_and_NATO_exercises_$1984%E2%80%931989$) - [5\.2 1989 turret explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#1989_turret_explosion) - [6 Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Reserve_Fleet_and_museum_ship_$1990%E2%80%93present$) - [7 Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Awards) - [8 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#See_also) - [9 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Notes) - [10 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#References) - [11 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # USS Iowa (BB-61) 32 languages - 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[Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q562161 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [33°44′32″N 118°16′38″W / 33\.7423°N 118.2772°W / 33\.7423; -118.2772](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&params=33.7423_N_118.2772_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark) [![Featured article](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles* "This is a featured article. Click here for more information.") From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Iowa-class battleship For other ships with the same name, see [USS Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa "USS Iowa"). \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![USS Iowa in her post-1980s rebuild: The battleship is pointed toward the viewer, with her 9 gun barrels pointed starboard for a gunnery exercise. Fire can be seen erupting from the gun barrels, and a concussive effect is visible on the water.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg/330px-BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg)USS Iowa unleashes a [broadside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_$naval$ "Broadside (naval)") of nine 16-inch guns on 15 August 1984 during a firepower demonstration after her modernization. \| \| \| History \| \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)United States \| \| \| Namesake \| [State of Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa "Iowa") \| \| Ordered \| 1 July 1939 \| \| Builder \| [New York Naval Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard "Brooklyn Navy Yard") \| \| Laid down \| 27 June 1940 \| \| Launched \| 27 August 1942 \| \| Sponsored by \| [Ilo Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilo_Wallace "Ilo Wallace") \| \| Commissioned \| 22 February 1943 \| \| Decommissioned \| 24 March 1949 \| \| Recommissioned \| 25 August 1951 \| \| Decommissioned \| 24 February 1958 \| \| Recommissioned \| 28 April 1984 \| \| Decommissioned \| 26 October 1990 \| \| Stricken \| 17 March 2006 \| \| Identification \| [Callsign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_call_sign "Maritime call sign"): NEPM [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ICS_November.svg/20px-ICS_November.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_November.svg)[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ICS_Echo.svg/20px-ICS_Echo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_Echo.svg)[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ICS_Papa.svg/20px-ICS_Papa.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_Papa.svg)[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ICS_Mike.svg/20px-ICS_Mike.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_Mike.svg) [Hull number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_number "Hull number"): BB-61 \| \| Motto \| "Our Liberties We Prize, Our Rights We Will Maintain" \| \| Nickname(s) \| "The Big Stick" (1952), "The Grey Ghost" (Korean War), "The Battleship of Presidents"[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-1) \| \| Honors and awards \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Silver-service-star-3d.png/20px-Silver-service-star-3d.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver-service-star-3d.png) 11 [battle stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_stars "Battle stars") \| \| Fate \| [Museum ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_ship "Museum ship") \| \| Status \| On display at the Pacific Battleship Center at the [Port of Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles "Port of Los Angeles") ([33°44′32″N 118°16′38″W / 33\.7423°N 118.2772°W / 33\.7423; -118.2772](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&params=33.7423_N_118.2772_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark)) \| \| Badge \| [![Seal of the Battleship USS Iowa (BB-61), featuring a blue and gold trim around a small image of the battleship and an eagle in the air. The words "USS Iowa" and "BB 61" can be seen at the top and bottom of the circle, while the left and right of the circle contain the words "our liberties we prize" and "our right we will defend", respectively.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/USS_Iowa_COA_2.png/120px-USS_Iowa_COA_2.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_COA_2.png) \| \| General characteristics \| \| \| Class & type \| [Iowa\-class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship "Iowa-class battleship") [battleship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship "Battleship") \| \| Displacement \| 48,110 long tons (48,880 t) Standard 57,540 long tons (58,460 t) full load[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-2) \| \| Length \| 887 ft 3 in (270.43 m) \| \| Beam \| 108 ft 2 in (32.97 m) \| \| Draft \| 37 ft 2 in (11.33 m) (full load) \| \| Installed power \| 8 [Babcock & Wilcox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox "Babcock & Wilcox") [water-tube boilers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler "Water-tube boiler") 212,000 [shp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower "Horsepower") (158,088 kW) \| \| Propulsion \| 4 × [steam turbines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine "Steam turbine") 4 × screw [propellers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller "Propeller") \| \| Speed \| 33 [knots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_$unit$ "Knot (unit)") (38 mph; 61 km/h) \| \| Complement \| 151 officers, 2,637 enlisted (WWII) \| \| Armament \| 1943: 9 × [16 in (406 mm)/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-inch/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun") 20 × [5 in (127 mm)/38 cal Mark 12 guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-inch/38-caliber_gun "5-inch/38-caliber gun") 76 × [40 mm/56 cal anti-aircraft guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_L/60_gun "Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun") 52 × [20 mm/70 cal anti-aircraft guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon "Oerlikon 20 mm cannon") 1984: 9 × [16 in (406 mm)/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-inch/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun") 12 × [5 in (127 mm)/38 cal Mark 12 guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-inch/38-caliber_gun "5-inch/38-caliber gun") 32 × [BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_$missile_family$ "Tomahawk (missile family)") 16 × [RGM-84 Harpoon Anti-Ship missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGM-84_Harpoon "RGM-84 Harpoon") 4 × [20 mm/76 cal Phalanx CIWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS "Phalanx CIWS") \| \| Armor \| [Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor "Belt armor"): 12.1 in (307 mm) [Bulkheads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_$partition$ "Bulkhead (partition)"): 11.3 in (287 mm) [Barbettes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbette "Barbette"): 11.6 to 17.3 in (295 to 439 mm) [Turrets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret "Gun turret"): 19.5 in (495 mm) [Decks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_$ship$ "Deck (ship)"): main 1.5 in (38 mm) second 6.0 in (152 mm) \| \| Aircraft carried \| [floatplanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane "Floatplane"), [helicopters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter "Helicopter"), [UAVs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV "UAV") \| *USS Iowa* (BB-61)** is a retired [battleship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship "Battleship"), the [lead ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_ship "Lead ship") of [her class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship "Iowa-class battleship"), and the fourth in the [United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") to be named after the state of [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa "Iowa"). Owing to the cancellation of the [Montana\-class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana-class_battleship "Montana-class battleship") battleships, Iowa is the last lead ship of any class of United States battleships and was the only ship of her class to serve in the [Atlantic Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean") during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). During World War II, she carried President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") across the Atlantic to [Mers El Kébir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir "Mers El Kébir"), Algeria, en route to a [conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference "Tehran Conference") of vital importance in 1943 in [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran") with Prime Minister [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") of the United Kingdom and [Joseph Stalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin"), leader of the Soviet Union. When transferred to the [Pacific Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet "United States Pacific Fleet") in 1944, Iowa shelled beachheads at [Kwajalein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein "Kwajalein") and [Eniwetok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok "Eniwetok") in advance of [Allied](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") amphibious landings and screened [aircraft carriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") operating in the [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands"). During the [Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"), Iowa was involved in raids on the North Korean coast, after which she was [decommissioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning "Ship decommissioning") into the [United States Navy reserve fleets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets "United States Navy reserve fleets"), better known as the "mothball fleet". She was reactivated in 1984 as part of the [600-ship Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600-ship_Navy "600-ship Navy") plan and operated in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets to counter the recently expanded [Soviet Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy "Soviet Navy"). In April 1989, [an explosion of undetermined origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion "USS Iowa turret explosion") wrecked her No. 2 gun turret, killing 47 sailors. Iowa was decommissioned for the last time in October 1990 after 19 total years of active service, and was initially stricken from the [Naval Vessel Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register "Naval Vessel Register") in 1995, before being reinstated from 1999 to 2006 to comply with federal laws that required retention and maintenance of two Iowa\-class battleships. In 2011, Iowa was donated to the [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles")–based nonprofit Pacific Battleship Center and was permanently moved to Berth 87 at the [Port of Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles "Port of Los Angeles") in 2012, where she was opened to the public as the [USS Iowa Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_Museum "USS Iowa Museum"). ## Construction \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Construction")\] Main articles: [Iowa-class battleship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship "Iowa-class battleship") and [Armament of the Iowa-class battleship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armament_of_the_Iowa-class_battleship "Armament of the Iowa-class battleship") Ordered in July 1939,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Order-3) USS Iowa was laid down at [New York Naval Shipyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Naval_Shipyard "New York Naval Shipyard") in June 1940. She was [launched](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching "Ship naming and launching") on 27 August 1942, [sponsored](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_$military$ "Sponsor (military)") by [Ilo Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilo_Wallace "Ilo Wallace") (wife of [Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") [Henry Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace "Henry A. Wallace")), and [commissioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning "Ship commissioning") on 22 February 1943 with Captain [John L. McCrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._McCrea "John L. McCrea") in command.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) USS Iowa's main battery consisted of nine [16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-inch/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun"), which could fire 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) armor-piercing shells 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km). Her secondary battery consisted of twenty [5"/38 caliber guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-inch/38-caliber_gun "5-inch/38-caliber gun") in twin mounts, which could fire at targets up to 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km) away. With the advent of air power and the need to gain and maintain [air superiority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_superiority "Air superiority") came a need to protect the growing fleet of Allied [aircraft carriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier"); to this end, Iowa was fitted with an array of [Oerlikon 20 mm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon "Oerlikon 20 mm cannon") and [Bofors 40 mm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60 "Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60") [antiaircraft guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare "Anti-aircraft warfare") to defend Allied carriers from enemy airstrikes.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-The_Battleships_I-5) ## World War II (1943–1945) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: World War II (1943–1945)")\] ### Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet")\] [![A small bathtub is visible in the center of the image. Bubbles, a rubber ducky, and a small floating boat can be seen in the tub, while two books, a soap bar, and a toothpaste tube can be seen around the rim of the bathtub.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG) When Iowa was selected to ferry President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") to the [Cairo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference "Cairo Conference") and [Tehran Conferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference "Tehran Conference"), she was outfitted with a bathtub for Roosevelt's convenience. Roosevelt, who had been [paralyzed in 1921](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt"), would have been unable to make effective use of a shower facility.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) On 24 February 1943, Iowa put to sea for a [shakedown cruise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise "Shakedown cruise") in the [Chesapeake Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay "Chesapeake Bay") and along the Atlantic Coast. She got underway on 27 August for [Argentia, Newfoundland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentia,_Newfoundland "Argentia, Newfoundland"), to counter the threat of the German battleship [Tirpitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz "German battleship Tirpitz"), which was reportedly operating in Norwegian waters, before returning to the United States on 25 October for two weeks of maintenance at the Norfolk Navy Yard.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) In November 1943, Iowa carried President Roosevelt, [Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State") [Cordell Hull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull "Cordell Hull"), Roosevelt's Chief of Staff Admiral [William D. Leahy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Leahy "William D. Leahy"), [Chief of Staff of the Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army "Chief of Staff of the United States Army") General [George C. Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall "George C. Marshall"), [Chief of Naval Operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_naval_operations "Chief of naval operations") [Ernest King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_King "Ernest King"), Commanding General of the US Army Air Forces [Henry "Hap" Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold "Henry \"Hap\" Arnold"), [Harry Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hopkins "Harry Hopkins"), and other military leaders to [Mers El Kébir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir "Mers El Kébir"), Algeria, on the first leg of the journey to the Cairo and Tehran Conferences.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-7) On 14 November, in waters east of [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda"), [USS William D. Porter (DD-579)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_William_D._Porter_$DD-579$ "USS William D. Porter (DD-579)"), a [destroyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer "Destroyer") that was part of Iowa's antisubmarine screen, accidentally discharged a torpedo toward Iowa during a drill. Following warnings from the destroyer and her own lookouts, Iowa turned hard to avoid the torpedo, which detonated about 1200 yards astern in the ship's wake.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-8) Iowa trained her guns on William D. Porter, concerned that the smaller ship might have been involved in an assassination plot.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_II-9) Iowa completed her presidential escort mission on 16 December by returning the President to the United States.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_II-9) Roosevelt addressed the crew of Iowa prior to leaving by stating, "... from all I have seen and all I have heard, the Iowa is a 'happy ship,' and having served with the Navy for many years, I know—and you know—what that means." He also touched on the progress made at the conference before concluding his address with "... good luck, and remember that I am with you in spirit, each and every one of you."[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-10) ### Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee")\] [![A large ship tilted to the right, with gun barrels pointed to the left: Crewmen can be seen on the battleship's deck. To the left of the image another large warship can be seen.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_Preps.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_Preps.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_Preps.jpg) Iowa in the Pacific; [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indiana_$BB-58$ "USS Indiana (BB-58)") can be seen in the distance. As [flagship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship "Flagship") of Battleship Division 7 (BatDiv 7), Iowa departed the United States on 2 January 1944 for the Pacific Ocean, transiting the [Panama Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal "Panama Canal") on 7 January in advance of her combat debut in the campaign for the [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands"). From 29 January to 3 February, she supported carrier air strikes made by Rear Admiral [Frederick C. Sherman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Sherman "Frederick C. Sherman")'s Task Group 58.3 (TG 58.3)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-11) against [Kwajalein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein "Kwajalein") and [Eniwetok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok "Eniwetok") atolls. Her next assignment was to support air strikes against the major Japanese naval and logistics base at [Truk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon "Chuuk Lagoon"), [Caroline Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands "Caroline Islands"). Iowa, in company with other ships, was detached from the support group on 16 February 1944 to conduct an antishipping sweep around Truk, with the objective of destroying enemy naval vessels escaping to the north. During this action, Iowa, along with her sister New Jersey, sank the Japanese [light cruiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser "Light cruiser") [Katori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Katori "Japanese cruiser Katori"), the cruiser having escaped Truk the day before following [Operation Hailstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hailstone "Operation Hailstone"), the US air attack on Truk.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) On 21 February, she was underway with the [Fast Carrier Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force "Fast Carrier Task Force") (alternatively designated TF 38 while with [3rd Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet "United States Third Fleet") and TF 58 while with [5th Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet "United States Fifth Fleet")) while it conducted the first strikes against [Saipan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan "Saipan"), [Tinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian "Tinian"), [Rota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_$island$ "Rota (island)"), and [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam "Guam") in the [Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands "Mariana Islands"). On 18 March 1944, Iowa, flying the flag of Vice Admiral [Willis A. Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_A._Lee "Willis A. Lee") ([Commander, Battleships, Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander,_Battleships,_Pacific "Commander, Battleships, Pacific")), joined in the bombardment of [Mili Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mili_Atoll "Mili Atoll") in the Marshall Islands. Although struck by two Japanese 4.7 in (120 mm) projectiles, Iowa suffered negligible damage. She then rejoined TF 58 on 30 March, and supported air strikes against the [Palau Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Islands "Palau Islands") and [Woleai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woleai "Woleai") of the Carolines for several days.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) From 22 to 28 April, Iowa supported air raids on [Hollandia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapura "Jayapura") (now known as Jayapura), [Aitape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitape "Aitape"), and [Wake Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island "Wake Island") to support Army forces on Aitape and at [Tanahmerah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanahmerah_Bay "Tanahmerah Bay") and [Humboldt Bays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Yos_Sudarso "Teluk Yos Sudarso") in [New Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea "New Guinea"). She then joined the Task Force's second strike on Truk, on 29 and 30 April, and bombarded Japanese facilities on [Ponape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpei "Pohnpei") in the Carolines on 1 May.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus%2C_Admirality_Islands%2C_on_28_December_1944_%2880-G-421124%29.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus%2C_Admirality_Islands%2C_on_28_December_1944_%2880-G-421124%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus,_Admirality_Islands,_on_28_December_1944_$80-G-421124$.jpg) [USS ABSD-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_AFDB-2 "USS AFDB-2") repairing USS Iowa in early 1945 at Manus, Admiralty Islands. In the opening phases of the [Mariana and Palau Islands campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign "Mariana and Palau Islands campaign"), Iowa protected the American carriers during air strikes on the islands of Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Rota, and [Pagan Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Island "Pagan Island") on 12 June. Iowa was then detached to bombard enemy installations on Saipan and Tinian on 13–14 June, which resulted in the destruction of a Japanese ammunition dump. On 19 June, in an engagement known as the [Battle of the Philippine Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea "Battle of the Philippine Sea"), Iowa, as part of the battle line of TF 58, helped repel four massive air raids launched by the Japanese Middle Fleet. This resulted in the almost complete destruction of Japanese carrier-based air forces, with Iowa claiming the destruction of three enemy aircraft. Iowa then joined in the pursuit of the fleeing enemy fleet, shooting down one [torpedo plane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_plane "Torpedo plane") and assisting in splashing another.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) Throughout July, Iowa remained off the Marianas supporting air strikes on the Palaus and landings on Guam. After a month's rest, Iowa sailed from Eniwetok as part of the Third Fleet, and helped support the [landings on Peleliu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu "Battle of Peleliu") on 17 September. She then protected the carriers during air strikes against the Central Philippines to neutralize enemy air power for the long-awaited invasion of the Philippines. On 10 October, Iowa arrived off [Okinawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture "Okinawa Prefecture") for a series of air strikes on the [Ryukyu Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands "Ryukyu Islands") and [Formosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa "Formosa"). She then supported air strikes against [Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon "Luzon") on 18 October and continued this duty during General [Douglas MacArthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur")'s [landing on Leyte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte "Battle of Leyte") on 20 October.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BB61_MS32-1B.jpg/250px-BB61_MS32-1B.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BB61_MS32-1B.jpg) USS Iowa in World War II configuration and wearing [Measure 32 Design 1B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy "World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy") camouflage pattern, c. 1944. In a last-ditch attempt to halt the United States campaign to recapture the Philippines, the [Imperial Japanese Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy "Imperial Japanese Navy") struck back with Shō-Gō 1, a three-pronged attack aimed at the destruction of American amphibious forces in [Leyte Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Gulf "Leyte Gulf"). The plan called for Vice Admiral [Jisaburō Ozawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa "Jisaburō Ozawa") to use the surviving Japanese carriers as bait to draw US carriers of TF 38 away from the Philippine beachheads, allowing Imperial Japanese Admirals [Takeo Kurita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Kurita "Takeo Kurita"), [Kiyohide Shima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyohide_Shima "Kiyohide Shima"), and [Shōji Nishimura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji_Nishimura "Shōji Nishimura") to take surface task forces through the [San Bernardino Strait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Strait "San Bernardino Strait") and [Surigao Strait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surigao_Strait "Surigao Strait"), where they would rendezvous and attack the US beachheads.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-13) Iowa accompanied TF 38 during attacks against the Japanese Central Force under the command of Admiral Kurita as it steamed through the [Sibuyan Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea "Sibuyan Sea") toward San Bernardino Strait. The reported results of these attacks and the apparent retreat of the Japanese Central Force led Admiral [William "Bull" Halsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%22Bull%22_Halsey "William \"Bull\" Halsey") to believe that this force had been ruined as an effective fighting group; as a result, Iowa, with TF 38, steamed after the Japanese Northern Force off [Cape Engaño](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Enga%C3%B1o_$Luzon$ "Cape Engaño (Luzon)"), Luzon. On 25 October 1944, when the ships of the Northern Force were almost within range of Iowa's guns, word arrived that the Japanese Central Force was attacking a group of American [escort carriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_aircraft_carrier "Escort aircraft carrier") off [Samar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar_$island$ "Samar (island)"). This threat to the American beachheads forced TF 38 to reverse course and steam to support the vulnerable escort carrier fleet, but fierce resistance by the [7th Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet "United States Seventh Fleet") in the [Battle off Samar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Samar "Battle off Samar") had already caused the Japanese to retire and Iowa was denied a surface action. Following the [Battle of Leyte Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf "Battle of Leyte Gulf"), Iowa remained in the waters off the Philippines screening carriers during strikes against Luzon and Formosa. She sailed for the West Coast late in December 1944.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) On 18 December, the ships of TF 38 unexpectedly found themselves in a fight for their lives when [Typhoon Cobra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Cobra_$1944$ "Typhoon Cobra (1944)") overtook the force—7 fleet carriers, six light carriers, eight battleships, 15 cruisers, and about 50 destroyers—during their attempt to refuel at sea. At the time, the ships were operating about 300 mi (480 km) east of Luzon in the [Philippine Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea "Philippine Sea").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-PT-14) The carriers had just completed three days of heavy raids against Japanese airfields, suppressing enemy aircraft during the American [amphibious operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault "Amphibious assault") against [Mindoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindoro "Mindoro") in the Philippines. The task force met with [Captain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_$U.S._Navy$#U.S._Navy "Captain (U.S. Navy)") Jasper T. Acuff and his fueling group on 17 December with the intention of refueling all ships in the task force and replacing lost aircraft.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Cobra-15) [![A shipyard with a large dry dock occupied by a massive gunship. Crewmen can be seen on the battleship's deck, while dock equipment such as cranes and trucks can be seen lining the sides of the drydock. In the distance a pier can be seen, while two smaller ships are visible in the background of the image.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg) Iowa in drydock in San Francisco, undergoing repairs and modernization after being damaged during Typhoon Cobra. Although the sea had been growing rougher all day, the nearby cyclonic disturbance gave relatively little warning of its approach. On 18 December, the small but violent typhoon overtook the task force while many of the ships were attempting to refuel. Many of the vessels were caught near the center of the storm and buffeted by extreme seas and hurricane-force winds. Three destroyers—[Hull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hull_$DD-350$ "USS Hull (DD-350)"), [Monaghan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monaghan_$DD-354$ "USS Monaghan (DD-354)"), and [Spence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Spence "USS Spence")—capsized and sank with nearly all hands, while a cruiser, five aircraft carriers, and three destroyers suffered serious damage.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-PT-14) Around 790 officers and men were lost or killed, with another 80 injured. Fires occurred in three carriers when planes broke loose in their hangars, and some 146 planes on various ships were swept overboard or damaged beyond economical repair by fires or impacts.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Cobra-15) Iowa reported zero injured sailors as a result of the typhoon,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-16) but suffered a loss of one of her float planes, and damage to one of her shafts.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Cobra-15) The damaged shaft required Iowa to return to the US, and she arrived at San Francisco on 15 January 1945, for repairs. During the course of the overhaul, Iowa had her bridge area enclosed, and was outfitted with new search radars and fire-control systems.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) ### Bombardment of Japan \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Bombardment of Japan")\] See also: [Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II "Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II") [![Two large battleships sailing toward the viewer. Personnel can be seen on the decks of both ships.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG/250px-USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG) [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_$BB-63$ "USS Missouri (BB-63)") (left) transfers personnel to Iowa in advance of the surrender ceremony planned for September 2. Iowa sailed on 19 March 1945 for Okinawa, arriving on 15 April to relieve her sister ship [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_$BB-62$ "USS New Jersey (BB-62)"). From 24 April, Iowa supported carrier operations, which aimed to establish and maintain air superiority for ground forces during their struggle for the island. She then supported air strikes off southern [Kyūshū](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB "Kyūshū") from 25 May to 13 June. Afterward, she sailed toward northern [Honshū](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB "Honshū") and [Hokkaido](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido "Hokkaido"), and participated in strikes on the Japanese home islands on 14–15 July by bombarding [Muroran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroran,_Hokkaido "Muroran, Hokkaido"), Hokkaido, destroying steel mills and other targets. The city of [Hitachi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi,_Ibaraki "Hitachi, Ibaraki") on Honshū was shelled beginning the night of 17 July and lasting to 18 July. On 29 and 30 July, Iowa trained her guns on [Kahoolawe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoolawe "Kahoolawe") for a bombardment and continued to support fast carrier strikes until the cessation of hostilities on 15 August. On 27 August, Iowa and her sister ship [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_$BB-63$ "USS Missouri (BB-63)") entered [Sagami Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagami_Bay "Sagami Bay") to oversee the surrender of the [Yokosuka Naval Arsenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal "Yokosuka Naval Arsenal").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) Two days later, she entered [Tokyo Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Bay "Tokyo Bay") with the occupation forces. Here, a number of sailors from Missouri were temporarily stationed on Iowa for the duration of the surrender ceremony, which took place aboard Missouri.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Missouri-DANFS-17) Iowa remained in the bay as part of the occupying force. As part of the ongoing [Operation Magic Carpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet "Operation Magic Carpet"), she received homeward-bound GIs and liberated US [prisoners of war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") before departing Tokyo Bay on 20 September, bound for the United States.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) ## Post–World War II (1945–1949) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Post–World War II (1945–1949)")\] Iowa arrived in [Seattle, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington "Seattle, Washington"), on 15 October 1945, then sailed for [Long Beach, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California "Long Beach, California"), where she engaged in training operations until returning to Japan in 1946 to serve as flagship for the 5th Fleet. She returned to the United States on 25 March 1946 and resumed her role as a training ship. During her usual routine of drills and maneuvers she also embarked Naval Reserve elements and [midshipmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman "Midshipman") for training. In October, Iowa underwent a period of overhaul and modernization, which resulted in the addition of the SK-2 Radar and the loss of a number of 20 mm and 40 mm gun mounts. In July, following the [Bikini atomic experiments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_atomic_experiments "Bikini atomic experiments"), the old battleship [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nevada_$BB-36$ "USS Nevada (BB-36)") was selected as a target for a [live-fire exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-fire_exercise "Live-fire exercise") to be carried out by Iowa and other sea and air assets of the navy. The exercise began with separate shellings from a destroyer, [heavy cruiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Cruiser "Heavy Cruiser"), and Iowa, but this did not sink the ship, so Nevada was finished off with one [aerial torpedo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_torpedo "Aerial torpedo") hit amidships, sinking her 65 mi (105 km) from [Pearl Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor") on 31 July 1948.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-19) In September 1948, as part of the post World War II drawdown of the armed forces, Iowa was deactivated at San Francisco, and then formally decommissioned into the [United States Navy reserve fleets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets "United States Navy reserve fleets") on 24 March 1949.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) ## Korean War (1951–1952) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Korean War (1951–1952)")\] In 1950, [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") [invaded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") South Korea, prompting the United Nations to authorize military intervention. President [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") ordered US forces stationed in Japan to transfer to South Korea. Truman also sent US-based troops, tanks, fighter and bomber aircraft, and a strong naval force to the area to support South Korea. As part of the naval mobilization, Iowa was reactivated on 14 July 1951, and formally recommissioned on 25 August, with Captain William R. Smedberg III, in command. Iowa sailed for Korean waters in March 1952. On 1 April, she relieved her sister ship [USS Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_$BB-64$ "USS Wisconsin (BB-64)") and became the flagship of [Vice Admiral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_$United_States$ "Vice admiral (United States)") [Robert P. Briscoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Briscoe "Robert P. Briscoe"), commander of the Seventh Fleet.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) In her first combat operation of the Korean War, Iowa fired her main guns near [Wonsan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsan "Wonsan")–[Sŏngjin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Fngjin "Sŏngjin") on 8 April 1952, with the goal of striking North Korean supply lines. In the company of other naval vessels, Iowa again engaged North Korean forces the following day, this time against enemy troop concentrations, supply areas, and suspected gun positions in and around Suwon Dan and Kojo. In support of South Korea's [I Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Corps_$South_Korea$ "I Corps (South Korea)"), Iowa shelled enemy positions on 13 April, killing 100 enemy soldiers, destroying six gun emplacements, and wrecking a division headquarters. The next day, she entered Wonsan Harbor and shelled warehouses, observation posts, and railroad marshaling yards before moving out to rejoin the UN flotilla aiding ground forces around [Kosong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosong "Kosong"). On 20 April, in her first combat action above the [38th parallel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_parallel_north#Korea "38th parallel north"), Iowa shelled railroad lines at [Tanchon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanchon "Tanchon"), where four railroad tunnels were destroyed, before sailing to Chindong and Kosong for a two-day bombardment of North Korean positions.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) [![A large gunship facing the viewer with one gun turret pointed toward the right. Flames can be seen from the gun barrels, and a concussive effect is visible on the water.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg) USS Iowa fires a 16 in (406 mm) shell towards a North Korean target in 1952. On 25 May Iowa, following her sister ship Missouri's example, arrived in the waters off [Chongjin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongjin "Chongjin"), a North Korean industrial center about 48 nmi (55 mi; 89 km) from the Russian border. Upon arrival, Iowa proceeded to shell the industrial and rail transportation centers in Chongjin, after which she moved south to aid the [US X Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corps_$United_States$ "X Corps (United States)"). En route to US positions, Iowa again bombarded Sŏngjin, destroying several railroad tunnels and bridges in the area. On 28 May, Iowa rejoined the main body of the US fleet supporting the X Corps, heavily shelling several islands in Wonsan Harbor.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) Throughout June, Iowa trained her guns on targets at Mayang-do, Tanchon, Chongjin, Chodo–[Sokcho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokcho "Sokcho"), and the ports of [Hŭngnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ADngnam "Hŭngnam") and Wonsan in support of the UN and South Korean forces. On 9 June, a helicopter from Iowa rescued a downed pilot from the carrier [USS Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Princeton_$CV-37$ "USS Princeton (CV-37)").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) At the time, Princeton was operating with TF 77, and with other carriers in the task force that were involved in a bombing campaign against North Korean supply lines, troop concentrations, and infrastructure; additionally, the carriers were flying [close air support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support "Close air support") missions for ground forces fighting against the North Korean forces.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-20) In July, Iowa received a new skipper, Captain Joshua W. Cooper, who assumed command of the battleship for the remainder of her Korean War tour.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) On 20 August, Iowa took aboard nine wounded men from the destroyer [USS Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thompson_$DD-627$ "USS Thompson (DD-627)") after Thompson was hit by a Chinese artillery battery while shelling enemy positions at Sŏngjin. At the time, Iowa was operating 16 mi (26 km) south of Sŏngjin, and after receiving the wounded destroyer crewmen, Iowa covered Thompson as she retreated into safer waters.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-21) On 23 September, [General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_$United_States$ "General (United States)") [Mark W. Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_W._Clark "Mark W. Clark"), the commander-in-chief of [United Nations Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Command "United Nations Command") in Korea, came aboard Iowa. Clark observed Iowa in action as her guns shelled the Wonsan area for a third time, accounting for the destruction of a major enemy [ammunition dump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_dump "Ammunition dump"). On 25 September, Iowa fired her guns at an enemy railroad and 30-car train.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) The following month, Iowa was part of the force involved in Operation Decoy, a [feint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feint "Feint") to draw enemy troops into Kojo and bring them within striking distance of the battleships' big guns. During the operation, Iowa provided antiaircraft support to [USS Mount McKinley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mount_McKinley "USS Mount McKinley"), an amphibious force command ship.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) In October 1952, Iowa was serving as flagship for the Commander, Seventh Fleet, and she engaged in 43 gun strikes on targets in the areas of Wonsan, Songjin, Kojo, Chaho, Toejo, Simpo, Hungnam, and northern Inchon, North Korea, and in 27 bombline operations. During these operations, 16,689 rounds were fired from her main and secondary batteries on enemy installations. This action established eligibility for the [United Nations Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Service_Medal "United Nations Service Medal") and the [Korean Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal "Korean Service Medal") with one bronze star.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-22) ### Post–Korean War (1953–1958) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Post–Korean War (1953–1958)")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29%2C_USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29_and_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29_laid_up_in_1978.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29%2C_USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29_and_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29_laid_up_in_1978.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$,_USS_Wisconsin_$BB-64$_and_USS_Shangri-La_$CVS-38$_laid_up_in_1978.jpg) USS Iowa laid up alongside [USS Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_$BB-64$ "USS Wisconsin (BB-64)") and [USS Shangri-La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shangri-La_$CV-38$ "USS Shangri-La (CV-38)") in Philadelphia, July 8, 1978. Iowa embarked midshipmen for at-sea training to Northern Europe in July 1953, and shortly afterwards took part in Operation Mariner, a major NATO exercise, serving as flagship of Vice Admiral Edmund T. Wooldridge, commander of the [2nd Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet "United States Second Fleet"). Upon completion of this exercise, Iowa operated in the [Virginia Capes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Capes "Virginia Capes") area. Later, in September 1954, she became the flagship of Rear Admiral R. E. Libby, Commander, Battleship Cruiser Force, United States Atlantic Fleet.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) From January–April 1955, Iowa made an extended cruise to the [Mediterranean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea") as the flagship of the commander, [6th Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet "United States Sixth Fleet"). She departed on a midshipman-training cruise on 1 June, and upon her return entered Norfolk for a four-month overhaul. Afterward, Iowa continued intermittent training cruises and operational exercises, until 4 January 1957, when she departed Norfolk for duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. Upon completion, Iowa embarked midshipmen for a South American training cruise and joined in the International [Naval Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Review "Naval Review") off [Hampton Roads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads "Hampton Roads"), [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"), on 13 June.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) On 3 September, Iowa sailed for Scotland for NATO's [Exercise Strikeback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Strikeback "Exercise Strikeback"). She returned to Norfolk on 28 September, and departed Hampton Roads for the [Philadelphia Naval Shipyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard "Philadelphia Naval Shipyard") on 22 October. She was decommissioned on 24 February 1958 and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) ## Reactivation (1982–1990) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Reactivation (1982–1990)")\] [![In the background a large shipyard can be seen, with cranes and dockyard warehouses. In the foreground a massive steel superstructure can be seen, decked out in scaffolding with tarps covering sensitive equipment and wires across the superstructure in all directions.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Iowa_Modernization.jpg/250px-Iowa_Modernization.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iowa_Modernization.jpg) USS Iowa in drydock undergoing modernization. As part of President [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") and [Secretary of the Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy "United States Secretary of the Navy") [John F. Lehman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Lehman "John F. Lehman")'s efforts to create an expanded [600-ship Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600-ship_Navy "600-ship Navy"), Iowa was reactivated in 1982 and towed by [USNS Apache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Apache "USNS Apache")[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-23) to [Avondale Shipyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale_Shipyard "Avondale Shipyard") near [New Orleans, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana"), for refitting and equipment modernization in advance of her planned recommissioning.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) During the refit, Iowa had all of her remaining [Oerlikon 20 mm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm "Oerlikon 20 mm") and [Bofors 40 mm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm "Bofors 40 mm") antiaircraft guns removed, due to their ineffectiveness against modern [fighter jets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft "Fighter aircraft") and [antiship missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiship_missile "Antiship missile"). Additionally, the two 5 in (127 mm) gun mounts located at midship and in the [aft](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aft "wikt:aft") on the [port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_$nautical$ "Port (nautical)") and [starboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starboard "Starboard") sides of the battleship were removed.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) Iowa was then towed to [Ingalls Shipbuilding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipbuilding "Ingalls Shipbuilding"), [Pascagoula, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi "Pascagoula, Mississippi"),[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) where over the next several months, the battleship was upgraded with the most advanced weaponry available. Among the new weapons systems installed were four MK 141 quad-cell launchers for 16 [AGM-84 Harpoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Harpoon "Boeing Harpoon") antiship missiles, eight [armored box launcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_box_launcher "Armored box launcher") mounts for 32 [BGM-109 Tomahawk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_$missile_family$ "Tomahawk (missile family)") missiles, and a quartet of [Phalanx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS "Phalanx CIWS") [close-in weapon system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system "Close-in weapon system") [Gatling guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatling_gun "Gatling gun") for defense against enemy antiship missiles and enemy aircraft.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) Sometime after June 1986, Iowa was the first battleship to receive the [RQ-2 Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-2_Pioneer "RQ-2 Pioneer") [unmanned aerial vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle "Unmanned aerial vehicle"). She could carry up to eight of the remotely controlled drones, which replaced the helicopters (although helicopters were not carried by battleships) previously used to spot for her nine 16 inch (406 mm)/50 cal Mark 7 guns.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Drone-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_drone-26) Also included in her modernization were upgrades to [radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar "Radar") and [fire-control systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system "Fire-control system") for her guns and missiles, and improved [electronic warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare "Electronic warfare") capabilities.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) Armed as such, Iowa was formally recommissioned on 28 April 1984, ahead of schedule, within her budget at a cost of \$500 million, and under the command of Captain Gerald E. Gneckow.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) To expedite the schedule, many necessary repairs to Iowa's engines and guns were not completed and the mandatory Navy [Board of Inspection and Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Inspection_and_Survey "Board of Inspection and Survey") (InSurv) inspection was skipped.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-27) ### Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989)")\] [![An overhead view of a battleship, showing the ship's teardrop shaped hull. Nine gun barrels on three turrets are pointed to the top of the image, with smoke and fire visible form all nine gun barrels and a concussive effect on the water below the guns. Visible from the overhead image are the 8 armored box launchers for the battleship's 32 Tomahawk Missiles.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/250px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg) Iowa fires a full broadside of nine 16-inch (406 mm)/50-caliber and six 5-inch (127 mm)/38 cal guns. From April to August 1984, Iowa underwent refresher training and naval gunfire support qualifications at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and the Puerto Rican operating area. After a short period in her new home port of Norfolk, Virginia, she spent the two times during the rest of 1984 and early 1985 conducting "presence" operations shakedown in the area around Central America. During this time she transited the Panama Canal to operate off the west coast of Central America while also conducting people-to-people humanitarian operations, including in El Salvador, [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica") and [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras "Honduras"),[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-28) before returning to the United States in April 1985 for a period of routine maintenance.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) In August 1985, Iowa joined 160 other ships for Exercise Ocean Safari, a NATO naval exercise aimed at testing NATO's ability to control sea lanes and maintain free passage of shipping. Owing to bad weather, Iowa and the other ships were forced to ride out rough seas, but she made use of the time to practice hiding herself from enemy forces. While serving with the exercise force, Iowa crossed the [Arctic Circle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle "Arctic Circle").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-29) In October, she took part in Baltic operations, and fired her phalanx guns, 5 in (127 mm) guns, and 16 in (406 mm) guns in the [Baltic Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea "Baltic Sea") on 17 October while operating with US and other allied ships.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-30) After these operations during which she visited Le Havre in France, Kiel in Germany, Copenhagen (where the current King of Denmark visited the ship as a schoolboy) and Aarhus in Denmark, and Oslo in Norway, where the King of Norway was entertained at lunch, she returned to the United States.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) Beginning on 17 March 1986, Iowa underwent her overdue InSurv inspection, conducted under the supervision of Rear Admiral [John D. Bulkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Bulkeley "John D. Bulkeley"), which she ultimately failed. Bulkeley found that the ship was unable to achieve her top speed of 33 kn (38 mph; 61 km/h) during a full-power engine run. Other problems included hydraulic fluid leaks in all three main gun turrets, electrical wiring shorts, pump failures, deteriorated bilge piping, unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines, and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. He recommended to the [chief of Naval Operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations "Chief of Naval Operations") and Lehman that Iowa be taken out of service immediately. Rejecting this advice, Lehman instead instructed the leaders of the Atlantic Fleet to ensure that Iowa's deficiencies were corrected.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-31) Afterward, Iowa returned to the waters around Central America and conducted drills and exercises, while providing a military presence to friendly nations. On 4 July, President Ronald Reagan and [First Lady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States "First Lady of the United States") [Nancy Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan "Nancy Reagan") boarded Iowa for the International Naval Review, which was held in the [Hudson River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River "Hudson River").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-32) On 25 April, Captain [Larry Ray Seaquist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Seaquist "Larry Seaquist") assumed command of the battleship and her crew during Naval Gunfire Support requalification off Vieques Island near Puerto Rico.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-33) [![A large net on the back end of a ship. Several orange clad crewmen are working to free a white singed object from the net.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iowa_drone.jpg/250px-Iowa_drone.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iowa_drone.jpg) Crewmen recover an [RQ-2 Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-2_Pioneer "RQ-2 Pioneer") UAV aboard Iowa. On 17 August, Iowa set sail for the North Atlantic and in September she participated in Exercise Northern Wedding by ferrying [Marines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") ashore and assisting helicopter gunships. During the exercise, Iowa fired her main guns at [Cape Wrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Wrath "Cape Wrath") range in Scotland in support of a simulated amphibious assault on 5–6 September, firing a total of 19 16-inch (406 mm) shells and 32 5-inch (127 mm) shells during a 10-hour period and operating in rough seas. During the live-fire exercise, a small number of Iowa Marines were put ashore to monitor the fall of shot and advise the battleship of gunnery corrections.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-34) Afterward, Iowa visited ports, including Portsmouth in England, and Germany, before returning to the United States in October. In December, the ship became the testbed for the Navy's RQ-2 Pioneer (UAV). The drone was designed to serve as an aerial spotter for the battleship's guns, thereby allowing the guns to be used against an enemy without the need for an airplane or helicopter spotter. Pioneer passed its tests and made its first deployment that same month aboard Iowa.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_drone-26) [![Two large warships sailing toward the viewer. On the left is a gunship, while the right ship is an aircraft carrier. A hose can be seen connecting both ships near the water line, while in the distance a helicopter can be seen in the background.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_alongside_USS_Midway_%28CV-41%29_in_1987.JPEG/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_alongside_USS_Midway_%28CV-41%29_in_1987.JPEG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_alongside_USS_Midway_$CV-41$_in_1987.JPEG) Iowa conducting an [underway replenishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underway_replenishment "Underway replenishment") with [USS Midway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Midway_$CV-41$ "USS Midway (CV-41)") in the [Persian Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf") in December, 1987. From January–September 1987, Iowa operated in the waters in and around Central America and participated in several exercises until sailing for the Mediterranean Sea on 10 September to join the 6th Fleet based there. She remained in the Mediterranean until 22 October, when she was detached from the 6th Fleet and departed for operations in the North Sea. On 25 November, as part of [Operation Earnest Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will "Operation Earnest Will"), Iowa transited the [Suez Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal "Suez Canal") and set sail for the [Persian Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf"), which at the time was one of the battlefields of the first Gulf War (also referred to as the [Iran–Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War")).[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) The presence of US naval vessels in the gulf was in response to a formal petition from [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait"),[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-35) whose ships were being raided by Iranian forces who were attempting to cut off weapons shipments from the United States and Europe to [Saddam Hussein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein")'s regime in Iraq, via Kuwaiti territory. This phase of the war was later called the "[Tanker War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#Attacks_on_shipping "Iran–Iraq War")" phase of the Iran–Iraq War.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-kelley-0706-36) Iowa and other vessels operating in the gulf were assigned to escort Kuwaiti tankers from Kuwaiti ports to the open sea, but because US law forbade military escorts for civilian ships flying a foreign flag, the tankers escorted by the United States were reflagged as US merchant vessels and assigned American names.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-kelley-0706-36) For the remainder of the year, Iowa escorted Kuwaiti gas and oil tankers reflagged as US merchant ships from the Persian Gulf through the [Strait of Hormuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz "Strait of Hormuz").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) On 20 February 1988, Iowa departed from the Persian Gulf, transited the Suez Canal, and set sail for the United States, arriving at Norfolk on 10 March for routine maintenance. In April, she participated in the annual Fleet Week celebrations before returning to Norfolk for an overhaul. On 26 May, [Fred Moosally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Moosally "Fred Moosally") replaced Larry Seaquist as captain of Iowa.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-37) After the overhaul, Moosally took Iowa on a shakedown cruise around Chesapeake Bay on 25 August. Encountering difficulty in conning the ship through shallow water, Moosally narrowly missed colliding with the [frigate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") [Moinester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Moinester "USS Moinester"), destroyer [Farragut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Farragut_$DDG-37$ "USS Farragut (DDG-37)"), and cruiser [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_South_Carolina_$CGN-37$ "USS South Carolina (CGN-37)") before running aground in soft mud outside the bay's main ship channel near the Thimble Shoals. After one hour, Iowa was able to extricate herself without damage and return to port.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-38) Iowa continued with sea trials throughout August and September, then began refresher training in the waters around Florida and Puerto Rico in October, during which the ship passed an Operation Propulsion Program evaluation.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-39) On 20 January 1989, during an improperly authorized gunnery experiment off [Vieques Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico "Vieques, Puerto Rico"), Iowa fired a 16-inch (406 mm) shell 23.4 nmi (26.9 mi; 43.3 km), setting a record for the longest-ranged 16 in (406 mm) shell ever fired. In February, the battleship sailed for New Orleans for a port visit before departing for Norfolk. On 10 April, the battleship was visited by the commander of the [2nd Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet "United States Second Fleet"), and on 13 April, she sailed to participate in a fleet exercise.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-40) ### 1989 turret explosion \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: 1989 turret explosion")\] Main article: [USS Iowa turret explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion "USS Iowa turret explosion") [![Two large gun turrets are visible, both with guns pointed to the right of the image. The foreground turret is spewing brown colored smoke from the base of all three gun barrels, while water from an unseen hose is being sprayed on the foremost gun barrel.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg) Heavy smoke pours from Turret Two following an internal explosion on April 19, 1989. During a gunnery exercise, at 0955[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-41) on 19 April 1989, an explosion ripped through the Number Two 16-inch (406 mm) gun turret, killing 47 crewmen. A gunner's mate in the powder magazine room quickly flooded the No. 2 powder magazine, likely preventing catastrophic damage to the ship.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42) At first, [Naval Investigative Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Investigative_Service "Naval Investigative Service") (NIS, later renamed Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS) investigators theorized that one of the dead crewmen, Clayton Hartwig, had detonated an explosive device in a suicide attempt after the end of an alleged affair with another sailor.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_16-43) To support this claim, naval officials pointed to several different factors, including Hartwig's life insurance policy, which named Kendall Truitt as the sole beneficiary in the event of his death,[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-cu-44) the presence of unexplained materials inside turret 2,[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-45) and his mental state, which was alleged to be unstable.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-nyt-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-suicide-47) Although the Navy was satisfied with the investigation and its results,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_16-43) others were unconvinced,[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-nyt-46) and in October 1991, amid increasing criticism, [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") forced the Navy to reopen the investigation.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42) This second investigation, handled by independent investigators, was hampered as most of the original debris from Iowa had been cleaned up or otherwise disposed of by the Navy before and after the first investigation,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_16-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-cu-44)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-48) but it did uncover evidence pointing to an accidental powder explosion due to over-ramming rather than an intentional act of sabotage.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-suicide-47)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-sandia-49) While Iowa was undergoing modernization in the early 1980s, her sister ship New Jersey had been dispatched to Lebanon to provide offshore fire support.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-NJ_DANFS-50) At the time, New Jersey was the only commissioned battleship anywhere in the world, and in an effort to get another battleship commissioned to relieve New Jersey, the modernization of Iowa was stepped up, leaving her in poor condition when she recommissioned in 1984.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-cu-44) Captain Fred Moosally was found to be more concerned with the maintenance of the missiles than the training and manning of guns.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Garzke-51) Powder from the same lot as the one under investigation was tested at the [Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center_Dahlgren_Division "Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division"). [Spontaneous combustion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion "Spontaneous combustion") was achieved with the powder, which had been originally milled in the 1930s and improperly stored in a barge at the Navy's [Yorktown, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia "Yorktown, Virginia"), Naval Weapons Station during a 1988 dry-docking of Iowa.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_16-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-cu-44)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-suicide-47) As it degrades, gunpowder gives off [ether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether "Ether") gas, which is highly flammable and could be ignited by a spark, which could be caused by static electricity.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-52) This revelation resulted in a shift in the Navy's position on the incident, and Admiral [Frank Kelso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Kelso "Frank Kelso"), the chief of Naval Operations at the time, publicly apologized to the Hartwig family, concluding that no real evidence supported the claim that he had intentionally killed the other sailors.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-cu-44)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-suicide-47)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-53) Iowa captain Fred Moosally was severely criticized for his handling of the matter, and as a result of the incident, the Navy changed the powder-handling procedures for its battleships.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-sandia-49) The incident remains one of the surface Navy's worst losses of life during peacetime operations.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-54) ## Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present)")\] [![An overhead view of a large shipyard. Various ships can be seen tied up, with several structures visible within the yard.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG/250px-NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG) The [Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Inactive_Ship_Maintenance_Facility "Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility") at [Philadelphia Navy Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Navy_Yard "Philadelphia Navy Yard") in 1995; Iowa is the battleship moored on the seaside of the wharf in the far left of the picture, next to [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_$BB-64$ "USS Wisconsin (BB-64)"). See also: [United States battleship retirement debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_battleship_retirement_debate "United States battleship retirement debate") With the [collapse of the Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_$1985%E2%80%931991$ "History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)") in the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States came drastic [cuts to the defense budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_dividend "Peace dividend"), and the battleships were deemed uneconomical. As a result, Iowa was decommissioned for the last time on 26 October 1990, after a total of 19 years of commissioned service. She was the first of the reactivated battleships to be decommissioned, and this was done earlier than originally planned as a result of the damaged turret. Iowa was originally berthed at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and later at [Naval Station Newport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Newport "Naval Station Newport") in [Newport, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island "Newport, Rhode Island"), from 24 September 1998 to 8 March 2001, when the tug [Sea Victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Victory "Sea Victory") began her tow to California. The ship arrived in [Suisun Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisun_Bay "Suisun Bay") near San Francisco on 21 April 2001 and joined the [Reserve Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Fleet "Reserve Fleet"), where she remained in reserve until [struck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_registration "Ship registration") again from the Naval Vessel Register in March 2006. (Her sister ships and she had been struck previously in 1995.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24)) She remained at the Suisun Bay anchorage until November 2011. Section 1011 of the [National Defense Authorization Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act "National Defense Authorization Act") of 1996 required the US Navy to reinstate to the Naval Vessel Register two of the Iowa\-class battleships that had been struck by the Navy in 1995; these ships were to be maintained in the United States Navy reserve fleets (or "mothball fleet"). The Navy was to ensure that both of the reinstated battleships were in good condition and could be reactivated for use in the Marine Corps' amphibious operations.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-NDAA1996-55) Due to Iowa's damaged turret, the Navy selected New Jersey for placement into the mothball fleet. The cost to fix New Jersey was considered less than the cost to fix Iowa;[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) as a result, New Jersey and Wisconsin were reinstated to the Naval Vessel Register and placed back in the reserve fleet.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-NDAA1996-55) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg/250px-Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg) Iowa laid up in Suisun Bay in March, 2006. New Jersey remained there until the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 required the secretary of the Navy to list and maintain Iowa and Wisconsin on the Naval Vessel Register (NVR). The act also required the secretary of the Navy to strike New Jersey from the NVR and transfer the battleship to a not-for-profit entity in accordance with section 7306 of [Title 10 of the United States Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 10 of the United States Code"). It also required the transferee to locate the battleship in the state of [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey").[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-56) The Navy made the switch in January 1999, allowing New Jersey to open as a museum ship in her namesake state.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-showboat-57) On 17 March 2006, the Secretary of the Navy struck Iowa and Wisconsin from the NVR, which cleared the way for both ships to be donated for use as [museum ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_ship "Museum ship"), but the United States Congress remained "deeply concerned" over the loss of the naval surface gunfire support that the battleships provided, and noted that "navy efforts to improve upon, much less replace, this capability have been highly problematic."[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-NDAA_2007-58) As a partial consequence, Congress passed [Pub. L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation "Act of Congress") [109–163 (text)](https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/109/public/163?link-type=html) [(PDF)](https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/109/public/163?link-type=pdf&.pdf), the National Defense Authorization Act 2006, requiring that the battleships be kept and maintained in a state of readiness should they ever be needed again.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Congress_68-59) Congress ordered that measures be implemented to ensure that, if need be, Iowa could be returned to active duty.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Congress_68-59) These measures closely mirrored the original three conditions that the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996, which laid out for the maintenance of Iowa while she was in the "mothball fleet".[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Congress_104-60)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-sfw-61) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Course_Correction%2C_USS_Iowa%2C_BB-61.jpg/250px-Course_Correction%2C_USS_Iowa%2C_BB-61.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Course_Correction,_USS_Iowa,_BB-61.jpg) Iowa being towed to Los Angeles in May, 2012. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg) Iowa docked at Los Angeles harbor (May, 2024). [![A photograph of the ship's superstructure as seen from deck level. The bridge, radar mast, and a phalanx gun are visible.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_superstructure.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_superstructure.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_superstructure.jpg) Iowa's superstructure is decked out in red, white, and blue banners following her official opening as a museum ship in Los Angeles. A display of her [ribbons and awards earned during her career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Awards) can be seen below and to the right of the [Phalanx CIWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS "Phalanx CIWS") mount. In March 2007, the Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square (HSMPS) of [Vallejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallejo,_California "Vallejo, California"), site of the former [Mare Island Naval Shipyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard "Mare Island Naval Shipyard"), and a [Stockton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton,_California "Stockton, California") group submitted proposals to use the ship as a museum.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-62) The HSMPS, which had attempted to place the ship in San Francisco, supported the Mare Island–Vallejo site. In October 2007, the Navy informed HSMPS that they were the only viable candidate to acquire Iowa, and their application would be further reviewed after evidence was presented that financing was in place, and when the Stockton and San Francisco groups withdrew or failed to submit a final application, respectively.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-newsletter-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-64) On 25 April 2009, Iowa Senate Resolution No. 19 was approved, endorsing HSMPS as USS Iowa's custodian and supporting the battleship's placement at Mare Island.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-state1-65) In February 2010, the Pacific Battleship Center (PBC)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-66) supported the efforts to have the ship berthed in [San Pedro, Los Angeles, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles,_California "San Pedro, Los Angeles, California").[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-67) In late February the [Port of Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles "Port of Los Angeles") (which includes the San Pedro area) rejected a proposal by the PBC to berth USS Iowa at its facilities because the battleship was not yet available.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-presstelegram.com-68) On 12 April 2010, the Governor of Iowa signed into law Bill SJR2007, which officially formed a 10-member committee to raise about \$5 million for the group awarded USS Iowa.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-69) The statement supporting the Vallejo group in the original Iowa State Senate's version SR19 was struck in favor of supporting any group actually awarded the battleship.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-state1-65) On 13 May 2010, the Navy announced it would reopen the bidding process, citing HSMPS's lack of progress as the reason.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-70) On 24 May 2010 the Federal Register officially reopened the bidding process for USS Iowa to a California-based city or non-profit organization.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Federal_Register-71)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge-72) On 18 November 2010, the Port of Los Angeles Harbor Commissioners voted unanimously on a resolution to support Berth 87 as the future home of USS Iowa, clearing the way for the PBC to send its completed application to the Navy.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-73) On 6 September 2011, USS Iowa was awarded to Pacific Battleship Center for placement at the Port of Los Angeles. After rehabilitation at the [Port of Richmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Richmond_$California$ "Port of Richmond (California)"), California (beginning in October 2011), she was towed to and eventually berthed in the Port of Los Angeles.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-74)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-75) Starting in December 2011, USS Iowa was open for weekend tours. The Battleship Expo at the Port of Richmond included shipboard access and other exhibits such as 16-inch shells, a short film about the battleship, and other exhibits.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-76) On 30 April 2012, USS Iowa was officially donated to the Pacific Battleship Center in Los Angeles by the United States Navy.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-77) Iowa began her journey to the Port of Los Angeles on 26 May 2012 under tow by four [Crowley Maritime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley_Maritime "Crowley Maritime") tugboats. After being anchored off the Southern California coast to have her hull scrubbed to remove any invasive species or contaminants, on 9 June 2012, she was permanently docked in San Pedro at Berth 87, along the Main Channel, directly south of the [World Cruise Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles#Cruise_ship_terminal "Port of Los Angeles"). The [museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_Museum "USS Iowa Museum") opened to the public on 7 July, under the direction and control of PBC.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-79) ## Awards \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Awards")\] Iowa earned nine [battle stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star "Battle star") for World War II service and two for Korean War service.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) She has also earned these awards:[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge-72)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-80) \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/120px-Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg)[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon%2C_3rd_award.svg/120px-Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon%2C_3rd_award.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon,_3rd_award.svg) \| \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg) \| [![Silver star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/20px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver-service-star-3d.svg "Silver service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg) \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon%2C_2nd_award.svg/120px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon%2C_2nd_award.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon,_2nd_award.svg) \| [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg) \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg) \| [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg/120px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Philippines%29.svg/120px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Philippines%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidential_Unit_Citation_$Philippines$.svg) \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28South_Korea%29.svg/120px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28South_Korea%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidential_Unit_Citation_$South_Korea$.svg) \| [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Phliber_rib.svg/120px-Phliber_rib.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phliber_rib.svg) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/120px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg) \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation "Meritorious Unit Commendation") with star \| [Navy E Ribbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_E_Ribbon "Navy E Ribbon") with three [Battle E devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_E_device "Battle E device") \| \| \| [American Campaign Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal "American Campaign Medal") \| [Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic%E2%80%93Pacific_Campaign_Medal "Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal") with nine [battle stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star "Battle star") \| [World War II Victory Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_$United_States$ "World War II Victory Medal (United States)") \| \| [Navy Occupation Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Occupation_Service_Medal "Navy Occupation Service Medal") \| [National Defense Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal "National Defense Service Medal") with star \| [Korean Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal "Korean Service Medal") with two [battle stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star "Battle star") \| \| [Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal "Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal") \| [Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Service_Ribbon "Sea Service Ribbon") \| [Philippine Presidential Unit Citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Republic_Presidential_Unit_Citation "Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation") \| \| [South Korean Presidential Unit Citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Presidential_Unit_Citation "Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation") \| [Philippine Liberation Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Liberation_Medal "Philippine Liberation Medal") \| [United Nations Korea Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal "United Nations Korea Medal") \| ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: See also")\] - [List of museum ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museum_ships "List of museum ships") ## Notes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Notes")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-1) ["The Battleship of Presidents' final sail"](http://milmag.com/2012/07/the-battleship-of-presidents-final-sail/). milmag.com. 1 July 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181209125251/http://milmag.com/2012/07/the-battleship-of-presidents-final-sail/) from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-2) [Hyperwar: BB-61 USS Iowa](https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/BB/BB-61_Iowa.html) Retrieved 1/7/23 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Order_3-0) [Iowa](https://www.nvr.navy.mil/nvr/getHull.htm?shipId=5081). [Naval Vessel Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register "Naval Vessel Register"). The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 6 September 2008. 4. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-10) [l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-11) [m](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-12) ["Iowa"](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/iowa-iii.html). [Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"). [Navy Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command "Naval History and Heritage Command"). Retrieved 14 January 2009. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-The_Battleships_I_5-0)* Johnston, Ian; McAuley, Rob (2002). The Battleships. London: Channel 4. p. 120. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7522-6188-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7522-6188-6 "Special:BookSources/0-7522-6188-6") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [59495980](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59495980). 6. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-10) [l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-11) [m](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-12) [n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-13) [o](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-14) [p](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-15) [q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-16) [r](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-17) [s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-18) [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-19) [u](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-20) [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-21) [w](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-22) [x](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-23) [y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-24) [z](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-25) [aa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-26) ["USS Iowa* (BB-61) Detailed History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080509125520/http://www.ussiowa.org/general/html/detail.htm). The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). Archived from [the original](http://www.ussiowa.org/general/html/detail.htm) on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-7) ["Franklin D. Roosevelt: Day by Day"](http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/daylog/november-20th-1943/). FDR Presidential Library. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062727/http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/daylog/november-20th-1943/) from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-8) U.S. Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs Historical Office (1961). [Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943](https://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/DFRXSHIYSKS2S8Z). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 9. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_II_9-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_II_9-1) Bonner, Kit (March 1994). ["The Ill-Fated USS William D. Porter"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080612075327/http://www.ussiowa.org/general/html/willie_d.htm). The Retired Officer Magazine. The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). Archived from [the original](http://www.ussiowa.org/general/html/willie_d.htm) on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-10)* [Roosevelt, Franklin D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (16 December 1943). ["Remarks on Leaving the USS Iowa"](http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16352). The American Presidency Project. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081010005332/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16352) from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-11) ["Task Force 58: Eniwetok Landing"](http://pacific.valka.cz/forces/tf58.htm). Naval War in the Pacific 1941–1945. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111350/http://pacific.valka.cz/forces/tf58.htm) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2019. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-12) Fuller, 1956 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-13) Morison, 1956 14. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-PT_14-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-PT_14-1) ["Typhoons and Hurricanes: Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090103214049/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq102-4.htm). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq102-4.htm) on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2006. 15. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-2) Morison, Samuel Eliot. ["Third Fleet in Typhoon Cobra, December 1944"](https://web.archive.org/web/20051018002436/http://www.compass.dircon.co.uk/cobra2.htm). History of US Naval Operations in World War II. Archived from [the original](http://www.compass.dircon.co.uk/cobra2.htm) on 18 October 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2006. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-16)* ["Pacific Typhoon, 18 December: Personnel Casualties Suffered by Third Fleet, 17–18 December 1944, Compiled from Official Sources"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090209092930/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq102-4c.htm). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq102-4c.htm) on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2006. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Missouri-DANFS_17-0) ["Missouri"](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/missouri-iii.html). [Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"). [Navy Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command "Naval History and Heritage Command"). Retrieved 14 January 2009. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-18) Bonner, Kermit (1996). Final Voyages. Turner Publishing Company. p. 108. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [1-56311-289-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56311-289-2 "Special:BookSources/1-56311-289-2") . 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-19) [Nevada](https://www.nvr.navy.mil/nvr/getHull.htm?shipId=2408). [Naval Vessel Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register "Naval Vessel Register"). The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 1 September 2008. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-20) ["Princeton"](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/princeton-v.html). [Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"). [Navy Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command "Naval History and Heritage Command"). Retrieved 14 January 2009. 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-21) ["Thompson"](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/thompson-ii.html). [Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"). [Navy Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command "Naval History and Heritage Command"). Retrieved 14 January 2009. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-22) Authority: Commander Naval Forces Far East Dispatch 180123Z of June 1952. Report PERS-82-85 Administrative Remarks See art. B-2305 BuPers Manual Ship USS Iowa (BB-61) J.J. Clark Vice Admiral U.S. Navy. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-23) ["Battleship Bound For Avondale"](https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A1223BCE5B718A166%40GB3NEWS-13229B2D33D97396%402445228-131D06D7DC18AAA0%400-131D06D7DC18AAA0%40?h=20&fname=&mname=&lname=&rgfromDate=1979&rgtoDate=2000&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&kwinc=%22USNS%20Apache%22&kwexc=&page=1&sid=qrhiwavzyjwekfddpiakqktvbtgxyitj_wma-gateway020_1684513861126). The Times-Picayune. 15 September 1982. p. 1. 24. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-5) ["BB-61 Iowa-class specifications"](https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/bb-61.htm). [Federation of American Scientists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists "Federation of American Scientists"). 21 October 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061125043334/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/bb-61.htm) from the original on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006. 25. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Drone_25-0)* [United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") (28 August 2008). ["RQ-2A Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090210103039/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=2100&ct=1). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=2100&ct=1) on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009. 26. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-fas_drone_26-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-fas_drone_26-1) Pike, John (5 March 2000). ["Pioneer Short Range (SR) UAV"](https://fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm). Federation of American Scientists. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070206134413/http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm) from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2007. 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-27)* Thompson, p. 26. Although Iowa was refurbished within budget, the final price tag was \$50 million above the originally projected cost, mainly because of overtime pay for the ship's contractors. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-28) Farrar, George (October 1985). ["Civic action in Costa Rica"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060416043129/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198510.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (823). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 40–41\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198510.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-29) ["Ocean Safari '85"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060417002039/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198601.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (826). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 29. January 1986. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198601.pdf) (PDF) on 17 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-30) Dooley, Alan (May 1986). ["Into the bear's backyard"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060416111922/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198605.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (830). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26–31\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198605.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 31. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-31) Thompson, pp. 26–27. The problems discovered during Bulkeley's inspection included [hydraulic fluid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid "Hydraulic fluid") leaks in all three main gun turrets, totaling 55 gallons per turret per week; Cosmoline (anticorrosion lubricant) which had not been removed from all the guns; deteriorated bilge piping; frequent shorts in the electrical wiring; pump failures; unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines; and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. Main Turret Three leaked so much oil, hydraulic fluid, and water that the crew referred to it as the "rain forest". 32. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-32) Foster-Simeon, E. (September 1986). ["Liberty Weekend"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060416132341/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198609.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (834). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 21. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](http://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/ah198609.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-33) Thompson, p. 28, gives 25 April as the date of the change of command. 34. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-34) Connors, Tracy (January 1987). ["Northern Wedding '86"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060416140220/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198701.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (838). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198701.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 35. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-35) "Kuwaiti Call for Help Led to U.S. Role in Gulf". Los Angeles Times. 4 July 1988. 36. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-kelley-0706_36-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-kelley-0706_36-1) Kelley, Stephen Andrew (June 2007). [Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy](https://web.archive.org/web/20070823062402/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/kelley07.pdf) (PDF) (Thesis). [Naval Postgraduate School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School "Naval Postgraduate School"). Archived from [the original](http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/kelley07.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2007. 37. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-37)* Thompson, pp. 33–35. 38. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-38) Thompson, pp. 58–60. According to Thompson, the near-misses with the other navy ships were recorded in Iowa's log as attempts to "render honors" to them. Although other US Navy vessels observed Iowa grounded in the mud, the incident apparently was not acted upon by Moosally's superiors. Mike Fahey, the ship's executive officer, warned the other officers on Iowa to never mention the grounding to anyone, including superior Navy officers. 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-39) Thompson, pp. 65–67. 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-40) Thompson, pp. 70–77. The 20 January long-range, experimental shot was not authorized by the Department of the Navy. The shot was planned and directed by Iowa's Master Chief Fire Controlman Stephen Skelley and Gunnery Officer Lieutenant Commander Kenneth Michael Costigan using increased powder charges and specially designed shells. The Turret One gun crew leaders considered defying the order because of the unauthorized nature and perceived danger of the experiment, but in the end fired the experimental loads. John McEachren, a midlevel civilian employee at the Navy's Sea Systems Command, improperly authorized the experiment without informing his superiors. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-41) Reid, W. W. (June 1989). ["Remembering turret two"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060416201022/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198906.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (867). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 4. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198906.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 42. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-5) Dorsey, Jack; Germanotta, Tony (17 April 1999). ["Ten years after Iowa* tragedy, only evidence left is memories"](http://www.pilotonline.com/). The Virginian-Pilot. Norfolk, Virginia: HamptonRoads.com. 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Retrieved 24 August 2008. 44. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-cu_44-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-cu_44-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-cu_44-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-cu_44-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-cu_44-4) ["Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa"](https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43321266). Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal. B-net. July 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210827065957/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2012. (subscription required) 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-45)* ["Introduction: The Navy's Investigations"](http://archive.gao.gov/d21t9/143037.pdf) (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9. 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Retrieved 24 August 2008. 47. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-suicide_47-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-suicide_47-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-suicide_47-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-suicide_47-3) Schmitt, Eric (17 October 1991). ["Suicide Ruled Out in Blast on Ship"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CE0DA1239F934A25753C1A967958260). The New York Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210827070141/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/17/us/suicide-ruled-out-in-blast-on-ship.html) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2008. 48. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-48)* ["Testimony – Battleships: Issues Arising from the Explosion Aboard the U.S.S. Iowa"](http://archive.gao.gov/d42t14/141438.pdf) (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. United States Congress. p. 5. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081031170123/http://archive.gao.gov/d42t14/141438.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008. 49. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-sandia_49-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-sandia_49-1) ["U.S.S. Iowa* Explosion: Sandia National Laboratories' Final Technical Report"](http://archive.gao.gov/d19t9/144706.pdf) (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. United States Congress. 28 August 1991. pp. 9–21\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080905094600/http://archive.gao.gov/d19t9/144706.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008. 50. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-NJ_DANFS_50-0) ["New Jersey"](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/new-jersey-ii.html). 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-52) ["SSN 797: About The Boat"](https://ssn797.com/about-the-boat). ssn797.com. 2025. Retrieved 14 January 2024. 53. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-53) At the same time, he also pointed out that evidence was insufficient to exonerate Hartwig of the alleged charges, either. In time, this would lead the Hartwig family to file a \$12 million lawsuit against the Navy. ["Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa"](https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43321266). Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal. B-net. July 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210827070142/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2012. (subscription required) 54. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-54) Although the worst loss of life in peace time, the turret explosion aboard Iowa in 1989 is tied with the 1924 explosion in the No. 2 turret aboard the battleship [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mississippi_$BB-41$ "USS Mississippi (BB-41)"), which also claimed 47 lives. ["Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa"](http://archive.gao.gov/d21t9/143037.pdf) (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081011093505/http://archive.gao.gov/d21t9/143037.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2008. 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[Press-Telegram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press-Telegram "Press-Telegram"). Archived from [the original](http://www.presstelegram.com/breakingnews/ci_14478075) on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010. 69. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-69) [State of Iowa Bill SJR2007 April 12 2010](https://web.archive.org/web/20120803115943/http://coolice.legis.iowa.gov/Cool-ICE/default.asp?Category=BillInfo&Service=Billbook&ga=83&hbill=SJR2007). 70. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-70) Littlejohn, Donna (13 May 2010). ["Navy to Reopen Bids for the USS Iowa"](http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20100513/navy-to-reopen-bids-for-the-uss-iowa). The Daily Breeze. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104109/http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20100513/navy-to-reopen-bids-for-the-uss-iowa) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015. 71. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Federal_Register_71-0) ["Ship on Donation Hold: Ex-Iowa (BB 61)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927071620/http://www.navsea.navy.mil/teamships/Inactiveships/Donation/pdf/ships_on_hold/soh_ex_iowa.pdf) (PDF). [Naval Sea Systems Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Sea_Systems_Command "Naval Sea Systems Command"). 9 September 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.navsea.navy.mil/teamships/Inactiveships/Donation/pdf/ships_on_hold/soh_ex_iowa.pdf) (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. 72. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge_72-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge_72-1) ["Photograph of USS Iowa's Bridge"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110724083048/http://www.ussiowa.org/pics/shipaway/btlrbns.jpg). Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). 1997. Archived from [the original](http://www.ussiowa.org/pics/shipaway/btlrbns.jpg) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2010. 73. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-73)* ["Full speed ahead for USS Iowa"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170318173939/http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20101119/full-speed-ahead-for-uss-iowa). The Daily Breeze. 18 November 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20101119/full-speed-ahead-for-uss-iowa) on 18 March 2017. 74. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-74) Mohajer, Shaya Tayefe (7 September 2011). ["USS Iowa to be moved to LA to be battleship museum"](https://www.yahoo.com/news/uss-iowa-moved-la-battleship-museum-224715731.html). [Yahoo! News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News "Yahoo! News"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160429070429/https://www.yahoo.com/news/uss-iowa-moved-la-battleship-museum-224715731.html) from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2011 – via [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). 75. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-75) Doyle, David (2017). "Ch. 9: Preservation". USS Iowa (BB-61). Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p. 118. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7643-5417-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-5417-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-5417-5") . 76. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-76) ["Pacific Battleship Center to open USS Iowa for weekend tours while in Richmond"](http://www.pacificbattleship.com/). Pacific Battleship Center. 7 December 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130928164217/http://pacificbattleship.com/) from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2011. 77. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-77) Jacobs, Jennifer (30 April 2012). ["USS Iowa officially transferred to nonprofit group today"](http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2012/04/30/uss-iowa-officially-transferred-to-nonprofit-group-today/%23). [The Des Moines Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register "The Des Moines Register"). Retrieved 30 April 2012. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service")) 78. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-78) ["USS Iowa battleship headed for new home along Port of Los Angeles waterfront"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120517185152/http://www.portoflosangeles.org/newsroom/2012_releases/news_051712_USS_IOWA_Approval.asp) (Press release). Port of Los Angeles. 17 May 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www.portoflosangeles.org/newsroom/2012_releases/news_051712_USS_IOWA_Approval.asp) on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012. 79. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-79) Vargas, Vikki (10 June 2012). ["USS Iowa Berths at the Port of LA"](http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/USS-Iowa-Berths-at-the-Port-of-Los-Angeles-158336005.html). NBC Channel 4 Los Angeles. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160203100526/http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/USS-Iowa-Berths-at-the-Port-of-Los-Angeles-158336005.html) from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2012. 80. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-80) Sansberg, Joseph C. (11 October 1988). ["Official U.S. Navy Photograph \# DN-SC-90-02980"](http://www.navsource.net/archives/01/0161029.jpg). NavSource. Retrieved 22 October 2010. ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: References")\] - [Fuller, J. F. C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller "J. F. C. Fuller") (1956). The Decisive Battles of the Western World. Vol. III. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. - Gibbs, Jay (2017). "Question 36/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells". Warship International. LIV (4): 289–90\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0043-0374](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374). - [Morison, Samuel Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison "Samuel Eliot Morison") (2004) \[1956\]. Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945. [History of United States Naval Operations in World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II "History of United States Naval Operations in World War II"), Volume 12 (reprint ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-252-07063-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-07063-1 "Special:BookSources/0-252-07063-1") . - Thompson, Charles C. II (1999). [A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Glimpse_of_Hell_$book$ "A Glimpse of Hell (book)"). W. W. Norton. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-393-04714-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04714-8 "Special:BookSources/0-393-04714-8") . ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: External links")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [USS Iowa (BB-61)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$ "commons:Category:USS Iowa (BB-61)"). - [USS Iowa](https://www.pacificbattleship.com/) – Pacific Battleship Center, official museum site - [Map and satellite image from Google Maps](https://www.google.com/maps/@33.741896,-118.279727,16z) - [Maritimequest USS Iowa BB-61 Photo Gallery](http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/uss_iowa_bb61.htm) - [Photo gallery](http://www.navsource.net/archives/01/61a.htm) of USS Iowa (BB-61) at NavSource Naval History \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iowa_class_battleship "Template:Iowa class battleship") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iowa_class_battleship "Template talk:Iowa class battleship") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iowa_class_battleship "Special:EditPage/Template:Iowa class battleship")[Iowa\-class battleships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship "Iowa-class battleship") \| \|---\| \| [Iowa]() [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_$BB-62$ "USS New Jersey (BB-62)") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_$BB-63$ "USS Missouri (BB-63)") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_$BB-64$ "USS Wisconsin (BB-64)") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Illinois_$BB-65$ "USS Illinois (BB-65)") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kentucky_$BB-66$ "USS Kentucky (BB-66)") \| \| [Armament of the Iowa\-class battleship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armament_of_the_Iowa-class_battleship "Armament of the Iowa-class battleship") [USS Iowa turret explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion "USS Iowa turret explosion") [1950 USS Missouri grounding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_USS_Missouri_grounding "1950 USS Missouri grounding") \| \| Preceded by: [South Dakota class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota-class_battleship_$1939$ "South Dakota-class battleship (1939)") Followed by: [Montana class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana-class_battleship "Montana-class battleship") / [Trump class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump-class_battleship "Trump-class battleship") \| \| [List of battleships of the United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_the_United_States_Navy "List of battleships of the United States Navy") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles "Template:San Pedro, Los Angeles") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles "Template talk:San Pedro, Los Angeles") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles "Special:EditPage/Template:San Pedro, Los Angeles")[San Pedro, Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles "San Pedro, Los Angeles") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Education \| \| \| Primary and secondary schools \| [Los Angeles USD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District "Los Angeles Unified School District") [San Pedro HS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_High_School "San Pedro High School") [Port of Los Angeles HS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles_High_School "Port of Los Angeles High School") [Mary Star of the Sea HS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Star_of_the_Sea_High_School "Mary Star of the Sea High School") \| \| Other education \| [Los Angeles Community College District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Community_College_District "Los Angeles Community College District") [Los Angeles Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Public_Library "Los Angeles Public Library") \| \| Other \| \| \| Landmarks \| [James H. Dodson Residence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Dodson_Residence "James H. Dodson Residence") [Fort MacArthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_MacArthur "Fort MacArthur") [Korean Bell of Friendship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Bell_of_Friendship "Korean Bell of Friendship") [Harbor View House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_View_House "Harbor View House") [Los Angeles Maritime Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Maritime_Museum "Los Angeles Maritime Museum") [Ralph J. Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_J._Scott_$fireboat$ "Ralph J. Scott (fireboat)") [San Pedro Municipal Ferry Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Municipal_Ferry_Building "San Pedro Municipal Ferry Building") [USS Los Angeles (CA-135)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Los_Angeles_$CA-135$ "USS Los Angeles (CA-135)") [Municipal Warehouse No. 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Warehouse_No._1 "Municipal Warehouse No. 1") [Old St. Peter's Episcopal Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Episcopal_Church "Old St. Peter's Episcopal Church") [Point Fermin Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Fermin_Light "Point Fermin Light") [Port of Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles "Port of Los Angeles") [American Trona Corporation Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Trona_Corporation_Building "American Trona Corporation Building") [Los Angeles Harbor Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Harbor_Light "Los Angeles Harbor Light") [USS Iowa Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_Museum "USS Iowa Museum")/[USS Iowa (BB-61)]() [Red Men Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Men_Hall_$Los_Angeles$ "Red Men Hall (Los Angeles)") [SS Lane Victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Lane_Victory "SS Lane Victory") [The Sunken City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunken_City "The Sunken City") [Timm's Point and Landing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timm%27s_Point_and_Landing "Timm's Point and Landing") [Vincent Thomas Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Thomas_Bridge "Vincent Thomas Bridge") [United States Post Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_$San_Pedro,_California$ "United States Post Office (San Pedro, California)") [Warner Grand Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Grand_Theatre "Warner Grand Theatre") \| \| This list is incomplete. \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1989_shipwrecks "Template:1989 shipwrecks") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1989_shipwrecks "Template talk:1989 shipwrecks") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1989_shipwrecks "Special:EditPage/Template:1989 shipwrecks")Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1989 \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Shipwrecks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1989 "List of shipwrecks in 1989") \| 7 Jan: [Lavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Lavia "SS Lavia") 21 Jan: [USS Muliphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Muliphen "USS Muliphen") 28 Jan: [Bahía Paraíso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARA_Bah%C3%ADa_Para%C3%ADso "ARA Bahía Paraíso") 15 Feb: [Maassluis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maassluis_$ship$ "Maassluis (ship)") 8 Apr: [K-278 Komsomolets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-278_Komsomolets "Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets") 25 Apr: [USS Parsons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Parsons "USS Parsons") 24 May: [Moby Dick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Olympic "USS Olympic") June (unknown date): [USS Blenny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Blenny "USS Blenny") 20 Aug: [Marchioness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchioness_disaster "Marchioness disaster") 10 Sep: [Mogoșoaia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Mogo%C8%99oaia "Sinking of the Mogoșoaia") 29 Oct: [Murree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Murree "MV Murree") 4 Dec: [USCGC Mesquite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Mesquite "USCGC Mesquite") Unknown date: [HMS Leander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Leander_$F109$ "HMS Leander (F109)"), [YO-257](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YO-257 "YO-257"), [ROCS Tze Yang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hawkins "USS Hawkins") \| \| Other incidents \| 17 Jan: [USS Norfolk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Norfolk_$SSN-714$ "USS Norfolk (SSN-714)"), [USS San Diego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_San_Diego_$AFS-6$ "USS San Diego (AFS-6)") 16 Mar: [NOAAS Oregon II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAAS_Oregon_II_$R_332$ "NOAAS Oregon II (R 332)") 24 Mar: [Exxon Valdez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez "Exxon Valdez") ([oil spill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill "Exxon Valdez oil spill")) 19 Apr: [USS Iowa]() ([turret explosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion "USS Iowa turret explosion")) 19 Jun: [Maxim Gorkiy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS_Maxim_Gorkiy "TS Maxim Gorkiy") 25 Jun: [K-131](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-131 "Soviet submarine K-131") 19 Aug: [Ross Revenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Ross_Revenge "MV Ross Revenge") 20 Aug: [Bowbelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Bowbelle "MV Bowbelle") 29 Sep: [USS Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_$SSBN-735$ "USS Pennsylvania (SSBN-735)") October (unknown date): [HMS Spartan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Spartan_$S105$ "HMS Spartan (S105)") 19 Dec: [Khark 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Khark_5_oil_spill "SS Khark 5 oil spill") (oil spill) \| \| [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1988 "List of shipwrecks in 1988") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/20px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1988 "List of shipwrecks in 1988") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/20px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1990 "List of shipwrecks in 1990") [1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1990 "List of shipwrecks in 1990") \| \| \| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q562161#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| International \| [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/131629888) \| \| National \| [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no90006439) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987009978450905171) \| \| Other \| [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/b86ab1d5-7bdf-4afc-a94e-7522ae723d15) \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_(BB-61)&oldid=1342808092>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [1942 ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1942_ships "Category:1942 ships") - [Cold War battleships of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cold_War_battleships_of_the_United_States "Category:Cold War battleships of the United States") - [Existing battleships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Existing_battleships "Category:Existing battleships") - [Iowa-class 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Readable Markdown	For other ships with the same name, see [USS Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa "USS Iowa"). \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![USS Iowa in her post-1980s rebuild: The battleship is pointed toward the viewer, with her 9 gun barrels pointed starboard for a gunnery exercise. Fire can be seen erupting from the gun barrels, and a concussive effect is visible on the water.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg/330px-BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg)USS Iowa unleashes a [broadside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_$naval$ "Broadside (naval)") of nine 16-inch guns on 15 August 1984 during a firepower demonstration after her modernization. \| \| \| History \| \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)United States \| \| \| Namesake \| [State of Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa "Iowa") \| \| Ordered \| 1 July 1939 \| \| Builder \| [New York Naval Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard "Brooklyn Navy Yard") \| \| Laid down \| 27 June 1940 \| \| Launched \| 27 August 1942 \| \| Sponsored by \| [Ilo Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilo_Wallace "Ilo Wallace") \| \| Commissioned \| 22 February 1943 \| \| Decommissioned \| 24 March 1949 \| \| Recommissioned \| 25 August 1951 \| \| Decommissioned \| 24 February 1958 \| \| Recommissioned \| 28 April 1984 \| \| Decommissioned \| 26 October 1990 \| \| Stricken \| 17 March 2006 \| \| Identification \| [Callsign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_call_sign "Maritime call sign"): NEPM [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ICS_November.svg/20px-ICS_November.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_November.svg)[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ICS_Echo.svg/20px-ICS_Echo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_Echo.svg)[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ICS_Papa.svg/20px-ICS_Papa.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_Papa.svg)[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ICS_Mike.svg/20px-ICS_Mike.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_Mike.svg) [Hull number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_number "Hull number"): BB-61 \| \| Motto \| "Our Liberties We Prize, Our Rights We Will Maintain" \| \| Nickname(s) \| "The Big Stick" (1952), "The Grey Ghost" (Korean War), "The Battleship of Presidents"[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-1) \| \| Honors and awards \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Silver-service-star-3d.png/20px-Silver-service-star-3d.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver-service-star-3d.png) 11 [battle stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_stars "Battle stars") \| \| Fate \| [Museum ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_ship "Museum ship") \| \| Status \| On display at the Pacific Battleship Center at the [Port of Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles "Port of Los Angeles") ([33°44′32″N 118°16′38″W / 33\.7423°N 118.2772°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&params=33.7423_N_118.2772_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark)) \| \| Badge \| [![Seal of the Battleship USS Iowa (BB-61), featuring a blue and gold trim around a small image of the battleship and an eagle in the air. The words "USS Iowa" and "BB 61" can be seen at the top and bottom of the circle, while the left and right of the circle contain the words "our liberties we prize" and "our right we will defend", respectively.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/USS_Iowa_COA_2.png/120px-USS_Iowa_COA_2.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_COA_2.png) \| \| General characteristics \| \| \| Class & type \| [Iowa\-class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship "Iowa-class battleship") [battleship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship "Battleship") \| \| Displacement \| 48,110 long tons (48,880 t) Standard 57,540 long tons (58,460 t) full load[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-2) \| \| Length \| 887 ft 3 in (270.43 m) \| \| Beam \| 108 ft 2 in (32.97 m) \| \| Draft \| 37 ft 2 in (11.33 m) (full load) \| \| Installed power \| 8 [Babcock & Wilcox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox "Babcock & Wilcox") [water-tube boilers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler "Water-tube boiler") 212,000 [shp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower "Horsepower") (158,088 kW) \| \| Propulsion \| 4 × [steam turbines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine "Steam turbine") 4 × screw [propellers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller "Propeller") \| \| Speed \| 33 [knots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_$unit$ "Knot (unit)") (38 mph; 61 km/h) \| \| Complement \| 151 officers, 2,637 enlisted (WWII) \| \| Armament \| 1943: 9 × [16 in (406 mm)/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-inch/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun") 20 × [5 in (127 mm)/38 cal Mark 12 guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-inch/38-caliber_gun "5-inch/38-caliber gun") 76 × [40 mm/56 cal anti-aircraft guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_L/60_gun "Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun") 52 × [20 mm/70 cal anti-aircraft guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon "Oerlikon 20 mm cannon") 1984: 9 × [16 in (406 mm)/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-inch/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun") 12 × [5 in (127 mm)/38 cal Mark 12 guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-inch/38-caliber_gun "5-inch/38-caliber gun") 32 × [BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_$missile_family$ "Tomahawk (missile family)") 16 × [RGM-84 Harpoon Anti-Ship missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGM-84_Harpoon "RGM-84 Harpoon") 4 × [20 mm/76 cal Phalanx CIWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS "Phalanx CIWS") \| \| Armor \| [Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor "Belt armor"): 12.1 in (307 mm) [Bulkheads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_$partition$ "Bulkhead (partition)"): 11.3 in (287 mm) [Barbettes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbette "Barbette"): 11.6 to 17.3 in (295 to 439 mm) [Turrets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret "Gun turret"): 19.5 in (495 mm) [Decks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_$ship$ "Deck (ship)"): main 1.5 in (38 mm) second 6.0 in (152 mm) \| \| Aircraft carried \| [floatplanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane "Floatplane"), [helicopters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter "Helicopter"), [UAVs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV "UAV") \| *USS Iowa* (BB-61)** is a retired [battleship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship "Battleship"), the [lead ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_ship "Lead ship") of [her class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship "Iowa-class battleship"), and the fourth in the [United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") to be named after the state of [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa "Iowa"). Owing to the cancellation of the [Montana\-class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana-class_battleship "Montana-class battleship") battleships, Iowa is the last lead ship of any class of United States battleships and was the only ship of her class to serve in the [Atlantic Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean") during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). During World War II, she carried President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") across the Atlantic to [Mers El Kébir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir "Mers El Kébir"), Algeria, en route to a [conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference "Tehran Conference") of vital importance in 1943 in [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran") with Prime Minister [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill "Winston Churchill") of the United Kingdom and [Joseph Stalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin"), leader of the Soviet Union. When transferred to the [Pacific Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet "United States Pacific Fleet") in 1944, Iowa shelled beachheads at [Kwajalein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein "Kwajalein") and [Eniwetok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok "Eniwetok") in advance of [Allied](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") amphibious landings and screened [aircraft carriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") operating in the [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands"). During the [Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"), Iowa was involved in raids on the North Korean coast, after which she was [decommissioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning "Ship decommissioning") into the [United States Navy reserve fleets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets "United States Navy reserve fleets"), better known as the "mothball fleet". She was reactivated in 1984 as part of the [600-ship Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600-ship_Navy "600-ship Navy") plan and operated in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets to counter the recently expanded [Soviet Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy "Soviet Navy"). In April 1989, [an explosion of undetermined origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion "USS Iowa turret explosion") wrecked her No. 2 gun turret, killing 47 sailors. Iowa was decommissioned for the last time in October 1990 after 19 total years of active service, and was initially stricken from the [Naval Vessel Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register "Naval Vessel Register") in 1995, before being reinstated from 1999 to 2006 to comply with federal laws that required retention and maintenance of two Iowa\-class battleships. In 2011, Iowa was donated to the [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles")–based nonprofit Pacific Battleship Center and was permanently moved to Berth 87 at the [Port of Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles "Port of Los Angeles") in 2012, where she was opened to the public as the [USS Iowa Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_Museum "USS Iowa Museum"). Ordered in July 1939,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Order-3) USS Iowa was laid down at [New York Naval Shipyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Naval_Shipyard "New York Naval Shipyard") in June 1940. She was [launched](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching "Ship naming and launching") on 27 August 1942, [sponsored](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_$military$ "Sponsor (military)") by [Ilo Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilo_Wallace "Ilo Wallace") (wife of [Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") [Henry Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace "Henry A. Wallace")), and [commissioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning "Ship commissioning") on 22 February 1943 with Captain [John L. McCrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._McCrea "John L. McCrea") in command.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) USS Iowa's main battery consisted of nine [16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-inch/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun "16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun"), which could fire 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) armor-piercing shells 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km). Her secondary battery consisted of twenty [5"/38 caliber guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-inch/38-caliber_gun "5-inch/38-caliber gun") in twin mounts, which could fire at targets up to 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km) away. With the advent of air power and the need to gain and maintain [air superiority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_superiority "Air superiority") came a need to protect the growing fleet of Allied [aircraft carriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier"); to this end, Iowa was fitted with an array of [Oerlikon 20 mm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon "Oerlikon 20 mm cannon") and [Bofors 40 mm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60 "Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60") [antiaircraft guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare "Anti-aircraft warfare") to defend Allied carriers from enemy airstrikes.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-The_Battleships_I-5) ## World War II (1943–1945) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: World War II (1943–1945)")\] ### Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Shakedown and service with the Atlantic Fleet")\] [![A small bathtub is visible in the center of the image. Bubbles, a rubber ducky, and a small floating boat can be seen in the tub, while two books, a soap bar, and a toothpaste tube can be seen around the rim of the bathtub.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_bathtub_DN-ST-86-02543.JPG) When Iowa was selected to ferry President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") to the [Cairo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference "Cairo Conference") and [Tehran Conferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference "Tehran Conference"), she was outfitted with a bathtub for Roosevelt's convenience. Roosevelt, who had been [paralyzed in 1921](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt"), would have been unable to make effective use of a shower facility.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) On 24 February 1943, Iowa put to sea for a [shakedown cruise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise "Shakedown cruise") in the [Chesapeake Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay "Chesapeake Bay") and along the Atlantic Coast. She got underway on 27 August for [Argentia, Newfoundland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentia,_Newfoundland "Argentia, Newfoundland"), to counter the threat of the German battleship [Tirpitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz "German battleship Tirpitz"), which was reportedly operating in Norwegian waters, before returning to the United States on 25 October for two weeks of maintenance at the Norfolk Navy Yard.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) In November 1943, Iowa carried President Roosevelt, [Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State") [Cordell Hull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull "Cordell Hull"), Roosevelt's Chief of Staff Admiral [William D. Leahy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Leahy "William D. Leahy"), [Chief of Staff of the Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army "Chief of Staff of the United States Army") General [George C. Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall "George C. Marshall"), [Chief of Naval Operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_naval_operations "Chief of naval operations") [Ernest King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_King "Ernest King"), Commanding General of the US Army Air Forces [Henry "Hap" Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold "Henry \"Hap\" Arnold"), [Harry Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hopkins "Harry Hopkins"), and other military leaders to [Mers El Kébir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir "Mers El Kébir"), Algeria, on the first leg of the journey to the Cairo and Tehran Conferences.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-7) On 14 November, in waters east of [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda"), [USS William D. Porter (DD-579)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_William_D._Porter_$DD-579$ "USS William D. Porter (DD-579)"), a [destroyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer "Destroyer") that was part of Iowa's antisubmarine screen, accidentally discharged a torpedo toward Iowa during a drill. Following warnings from the destroyer and her own lookouts, Iowa turned hard to avoid the torpedo, which detonated about 1200 yards astern in the ship's wake.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-8) Iowa trained her guns on William D. Porter, concerned that the smaller ship might have been involved in an assassination plot.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_II-9) Iowa completed her presidential escort mission on 16 December by returning the President to the United States.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_II-9) Roosevelt addressed the crew of Iowa prior to leaving by stating, "... from all I have seen and all I have heard, the Iowa is a 'happy ship,' and having served with the Navy for many years, I know—and you know—what that means." He also touched on the progress made at the conference before concluding his address with "... good luck, and remember that I am with you in spirit, each and every one of you."[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-10) ### Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Service with Battleship Division 7, Admiral Lee")\] [![A large ship tilted to the right, with gun barrels pointed to the left: Crewmen can be seen on the battleship's deck. To the left of the image another large warship can be seen.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_Preps.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_Preps.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_Preps.jpg) Iowa in the Pacific; [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indiana_$BB-58$ "USS Indiana (BB-58)") can be seen in the distance. As [flagship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship "Flagship") of Battleship Division 7 (BatDiv 7), Iowa departed the United States on 2 January 1944 for the Pacific Ocean, transiting the [Panama Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal "Panama Canal") on 7 January in advance of her combat debut in the campaign for the [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands"). From 29 January to 3 February, she supported carrier air strikes made by Rear Admiral [Frederick C. Sherman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Sherman "Frederick C. Sherman")'s Task Group 58.3 (TG 58.3)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-11) against [Kwajalein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein "Kwajalein") and [Eniwetok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok "Eniwetok") atolls. Her next assignment was to support air strikes against the major Japanese naval and logistics base at [Truk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon "Chuuk Lagoon"), [Caroline Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands "Caroline Islands"). Iowa, in company with other ships, was detached from the support group on 16 February 1944 to conduct an antishipping sweep around Truk, with the objective of destroying enemy naval vessels escaping to the north. During this action, Iowa, along with her sister New Jersey, sank the Japanese [light cruiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser "Light cruiser") [Katori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Katori "Japanese cruiser Katori"), the cruiser having escaped Truk the day before following [Operation Hailstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hailstone "Operation Hailstone"), the US air attack on Truk.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) On 21 February, she was underway with the [Fast Carrier Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force "Fast Carrier Task Force") (alternatively designated TF 38 while with [3rd Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet "United States Third Fleet") and TF 58 while with [5th Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet "United States Fifth Fleet")) while it conducted the first strikes against [Saipan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan "Saipan"), [Tinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian "Tinian"), [Rota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_$island$ "Rota (island)"), and [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam "Guam") in the [Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands "Mariana Islands"). On 18 March 1944, Iowa, flying the flag of Vice Admiral [Willis A. Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_A._Lee "Willis A. Lee") ([Commander, Battleships, Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander,_Battleships,_Pacific "Commander, Battleships, Pacific")), joined in the bombardment of [Mili Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mili_Atoll "Mili Atoll") in the Marshall Islands. Although struck by two Japanese 4.7 in (120 mm) projectiles, Iowa suffered negligible damage. She then rejoined TF 58 on 30 March, and supported air strikes against the [Palau Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Islands "Palau Islands") and [Woleai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woleai "Woleai") of the Carolines for several days.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) From 22 to 28 April, Iowa supported air raids on [Hollandia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapura "Jayapura") (now known as Jayapura), [Aitape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitape "Aitape"), and [Wake Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island "Wake Island") to support Army forces on Aitape and at [Tanahmerah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanahmerah_Bay "Tanahmerah Bay") and [Humboldt Bays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Yos_Sudarso "Teluk Yos Sudarso") in [New Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea "New Guinea"). She then joined the Task Force's second strike on Truk, on 29 and 30 April, and bombarded Japanese facilities on [Ponape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpei "Pohnpei") in the Carolines on 1 May.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus%2C_Admirality_Islands%2C_on_28_December_1944_%2880-G-421124%29.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus%2C_Admirality_Islands%2C_on_28_December_1944_%2880-G-421124%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_in_floating_dry_dock_ABSD-2_at_Manus,_Admirality_Islands,_on_28_December_1944_$80-G-421124$.jpg) [USS ABSD-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_AFDB-2 "USS AFDB-2") repairing USS Iowa in early 1945 at Manus, Admiralty Islands. In the opening phases of the [Mariana and Palau Islands campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign "Mariana and Palau Islands campaign"), Iowa protected the American carriers during air strikes on the islands of Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Rota, and [Pagan Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Island "Pagan Island") on 12 June. Iowa was then detached to bombard enemy installations on Saipan and Tinian on 13–14 June, which resulted in the destruction of a Japanese ammunition dump. On 19 June, in an engagement known as the [Battle of the Philippine Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea "Battle of the Philippine Sea"), Iowa, as part of the battle line of TF 58, helped repel four massive air raids launched by the Japanese Middle Fleet. This resulted in the almost complete destruction of Japanese carrier-based air forces, with Iowa claiming the destruction of three enemy aircraft. Iowa then joined in the pursuit of the fleeing enemy fleet, shooting down one [torpedo plane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_plane "Torpedo plane") and assisting in splashing another.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) Throughout July, Iowa remained off the Marianas supporting air strikes on the Palaus and landings on Guam. After a month's rest, Iowa sailed from Eniwetok as part of the Third Fleet, and helped support the [landings on Peleliu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu "Battle of Peleliu") on 17 September. She then protected the carriers during air strikes against the Central Philippines to neutralize enemy air power for the long-awaited invasion of the Philippines. On 10 October, Iowa arrived off [Okinawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture "Okinawa Prefecture") for a series of air strikes on the [Ryukyu Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands "Ryukyu Islands") and [Formosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa "Formosa"). She then supported air strikes against [Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon "Luzon") on 18 October and continued this duty during General [Douglas MacArthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur")'s [landing on Leyte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte "Battle of Leyte") on 20 October.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BB61_MS32-1B.jpg/250px-BB61_MS32-1B.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BB61_MS32-1B.jpg) USS Iowa in World War II configuration and wearing [Measure 32 Design 1B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy "World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy") camouflage pattern, c. 1944. In a last-ditch attempt to halt the United States campaign to recapture the Philippines, the [Imperial Japanese Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy "Imperial Japanese Navy") struck back with Shō-Gō 1, a three-pronged attack aimed at the destruction of American amphibious forces in [Leyte Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Gulf "Leyte Gulf"). The plan called for Vice Admiral [Jisaburō Ozawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa "Jisaburō Ozawa") to use the surviving Japanese carriers as bait to draw US carriers of TF 38 away from the Philippine beachheads, allowing Imperial Japanese Admirals [Takeo Kurita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Kurita "Takeo Kurita"), [Kiyohide Shima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyohide_Shima "Kiyohide Shima"), and [Shōji Nishimura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji_Nishimura "Shōji Nishimura") to take surface task forces through the [San Bernardino Strait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Strait "San Bernardino Strait") and [Surigao Strait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surigao_Strait "Surigao Strait"), where they would rendezvous and attack the US beachheads.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-13) Iowa accompanied TF 38 during attacks against the Japanese Central Force under the command of Admiral Kurita as it steamed through the [Sibuyan Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea "Sibuyan Sea") toward San Bernardino Strait. The reported results of these attacks and the apparent retreat of the Japanese Central Force led Admiral [William "Bull" Halsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%22Bull%22_Halsey "William \"Bull\" Halsey") to believe that this force had been ruined as an effective fighting group; as a result, Iowa, with TF 38, steamed after the Japanese Northern Force off [Cape Engaño](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Enga%C3%B1o_$Luzon$ "Cape Engaño (Luzon)"), Luzon. On 25 October 1944, when the ships of the Northern Force were almost within range of Iowa's guns, word arrived that the Japanese Central Force was attacking a group of American [escort carriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_aircraft_carrier "Escort aircraft carrier") off [Samar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar_$island$ "Samar (island)"). This threat to the American beachheads forced TF 38 to reverse course and steam to support the vulnerable escort carrier fleet, but fierce resistance by the [7th Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet "United States Seventh Fleet") in the [Battle off Samar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Samar "Battle off Samar") had already caused the Japanese to retire and Iowa was denied a surface action. Following the [Battle of Leyte Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf "Battle of Leyte Gulf"), Iowa remained in the waters off the Philippines screening carriers during strikes against Luzon and Formosa. She sailed for the West Coast late in December 1944.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) On 18 December, the ships of TF 38 unexpectedly found themselves in a fight for their lives when [Typhoon Cobra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Cobra_$1944$ "Typhoon Cobra (1944)") overtook the force—7 fleet carriers, six light carriers, eight battleships, 15 cruisers, and about 50 destroyers—during their attempt to refuel at sea. At the time, the ships were operating about 300 mi (480 km) east of Luzon in the [Philippine Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea "Philippine Sea").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-PT-14) The carriers had just completed three days of heavy raids against Japanese airfields, suppressing enemy aircraft during the American [amphibious operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault "Amphibious assault") against [Mindoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindoro "Mindoro") in the Philippines. The task force met with [Captain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_$U.S._Navy$#U.S._Navy "Captain (U.S. Navy)") Jasper T. Acuff and his fueling group on 17 December with the intention of refueling all ships in the task force and replacing lost aircraft.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Cobra-15) [![A shipyard with a large dry dock occupied by a massive gunship. Crewmen can be seen on the battleship's deck, while dock equipment such as cranes and trucks can be seen lining the sides of the drydock. In the distance a pier can be seen, while two smaller ships are visible in the background of the image.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_1945_LOC_182971pu.jpg) Iowa in drydock in San Francisco, undergoing repairs and modernization after being damaged during Typhoon Cobra. Although the sea had been growing rougher all day, the nearby cyclonic disturbance gave relatively little warning of its approach. On 18 December, the small but violent typhoon overtook the task force while many of the ships were attempting to refuel. Many of the vessels were caught near the center of the storm and buffeted by extreme seas and hurricane-force winds. Three destroyers—[Hull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hull_$DD-350$ "USS Hull (DD-350)"), [Monaghan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monaghan_$DD-354$ "USS Monaghan (DD-354)"), and [Spence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Spence "USS Spence")—capsized and sank with nearly all hands, while a cruiser, five aircraft carriers, and three destroyers suffered serious damage.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-PT-14) Around 790 officers and men were lost or killed, with another 80 injured. Fires occurred in three carriers when planes broke loose in their hangars, and some 146 planes on various ships were swept overboard or damaged beyond economical repair by fires or impacts.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Cobra-15) Iowa reported zero injured sailors as a result of the typhoon,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-16) but suffered a loss of one of her float planes, and damage to one of her shafts.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Cobra-15) The damaged shaft required Iowa to return to the US, and she arrived at San Francisco on 15 January 1945, for repairs. During the course of the overhaul, Iowa had her bridge area enclosed, and was outfitted with new search radars and fire-control systems.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) ### Bombardment of Japan \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Bombardment of Japan")\] [![Two large battleships sailing toward the viewer. Personnel can be seen on the decks of both ships.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG/250px-USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Missouri_transfers.JPG) [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_$BB-63$ "USS Missouri (BB-63)") (left) transfers personnel to Iowa in advance of the surrender ceremony planned for September 2. Iowa sailed on 19 March 1945 for Okinawa, arriving on 15 April to relieve her sister ship [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_$BB-62$ "USS New Jersey (BB-62)"). From 24 April, Iowa supported carrier operations, which aimed to establish and maintain air superiority for ground forces during their struggle for the island. She then supported air strikes off southern [Kyūshū](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB "Kyūshū") from 25 May to 13 June. Afterward, she sailed toward northern [Honshū](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB "Honshū") and [Hokkaido](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido "Hokkaido"), and participated in strikes on the Japanese home islands on 14–15 July by bombarding [Muroran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroran,_Hokkaido "Muroran, Hokkaido"), Hokkaido, destroying steel mills and other targets. The city of [Hitachi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi,_Ibaraki "Hitachi, Ibaraki") on Honshū was shelled beginning the night of 17 July and lasting to 18 July. On 29 and 30 July, Iowa trained her guns on [Kahoolawe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoolawe "Kahoolawe") for a bombardment and continued to support fast carrier strikes until the cessation of hostilities on 15 August. On 27 August, Iowa and her sister ship [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_$BB-63$ "USS Missouri (BB-63)") entered [Sagami Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagami_Bay "Sagami Bay") to oversee the surrender of the [Yokosuka Naval Arsenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal "Yokosuka Naval Arsenal").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) Two days later, she entered [Tokyo Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Bay "Tokyo Bay") with the occupation forces. Here, a number of sailors from Missouri were temporarily stationed on Iowa for the duration of the surrender ceremony, which took place aboard Missouri.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Missouri-DANFS-17) Iowa remained in the bay as part of the occupying force. As part of the ongoing [Operation Magic Carpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet "Operation Magic Carpet"), she received homeward-bound GIs and liberated US [prisoners of war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war "Prisoner of war") before departing Tokyo Bay on 20 September, bound for the United States.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) ## Post–World War II (1945–1949) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Post–World War II (1945–1949)")\] Iowa arrived in [Seattle, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington "Seattle, Washington"), on 15 October 1945, then sailed for [Long Beach, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California "Long Beach, California"), where she engaged in training operations until returning to Japan in 1946 to serve as flagship for the 5th Fleet. She returned to the United States on 25 March 1946 and resumed her role as a training ship. During her usual routine of drills and maneuvers she also embarked Naval Reserve elements and [midshipmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman "Midshipman") for training. In October, Iowa underwent a period of overhaul and modernization, which resulted in the addition of the SK-2 Radar and the loss of a number of 20 mm and 40 mm gun mounts. In July, following the [Bikini atomic experiments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_atomic_experiments "Bikini atomic experiments"), the old battleship [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nevada_$BB-36$ "USS Nevada (BB-36)") was selected as a target for a [live-fire exercise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-fire_exercise "Live-fire exercise") to be carried out by Iowa and other sea and air assets of the navy. The exercise began with separate shellings from a destroyer, [heavy cruiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Cruiser "Heavy Cruiser"), and Iowa, but this did not sink the ship, so Nevada was finished off with one [aerial torpedo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_torpedo "Aerial torpedo") hit amidships, sinking her 65 mi (105 km) from [Pearl Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor") on 31 July 1948.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-19) In September 1948, as part of the post World War II drawdown of the armed forces, Iowa was deactivated at San Francisco, and then formally decommissioned into the [United States Navy reserve fleets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets "United States Navy reserve fleets") on 24 March 1949.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) ## Korean War (1951–1952) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Korean War (1951–1952)")\] In 1950, [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") [invaded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") South Korea, prompting the United Nations to authorize military intervention. President [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman "Harry S. Truman") ordered US forces stationed in Japan to transfer to South Korea. Truman also sent US-based troops, tanks, fighter and bomber aircraft, and a strong naval force to the area to support South Korea. As part of the naval mobilization, Iowa was reactivated on 14 July 1951, and formally recommissioned on 25 August, with Captain William R. Smedberg III, in command. Iowa sailed for Korean waters in March 1952. On 1 April, she relieved her sister ship [USS Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_$BB-64$ "USS Wisconsin (BB-64)") and became the flagship of [Vice Admiral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_$United_States$ "Vice admiral (United States)") [Robert P. Briscoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Briscoe "Robert P. Briscoe"), commander of the Seventh Fleet.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) In her first combat operation of the Korean War, Iowa fired her main guns near [Wonsan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsan "Wonsan")–[Sŏngjin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Fngjin "Sŏngjin") on 8 April 1952, with the goal of striking North Korean supply lines. In the company of other naval vessels, Iowa again engaged North Korean forces the following day, this time against enemy troop concentrations, supply areas, and suspected gun positions in and around Suwon Dan and Kojo. In support of South Korea's [I Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Corps_$South_Korea$ "I Corps (South Korea)"), Iowa shelled enemy positions on 13 April, killing 100 enemy soldiers, destroying six gun emplacements, and wrecking a division headquarters. The next day, she entered Wonsan Harbor and shelled warehouses, observation posts, and railroad marshaling yards before moving out to rejoin the UN flotilla aiding ground forces around [Kosong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosong "Kosong"). On 20 April, in her first combat action above the [38th parallel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_parallel_north#Korea "38th parallel north"), Iowa shelled railroad lines at [Tanchon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanchon "Tanchon"), where four railroad tunnels were destroyed, before sailing to Chindong and Kosong for a two-day bombardment of North Korean positions.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) [![A large gunship facing the viewer with one gun turret pointed toward the right. Flames can be seen from the gun barrels, and a concussive effect is visible on the water.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_fires_at_North_Korean_target_in_mid-1952.jpg) USS Iowa fires a 16 in (406 mm) shell towards a North Korean target in 1952. On 25 May Iowa, following her sister ship Missouri's example, arrived in the waters off [Chongjin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongjin "Chongjin"), a North Korean industrial center about 48 nmi (55 mi; 89 km) from the Russian border. Upon arrival, Iowa proceeded to shell the industrial and rail transportation centers in Chongjin, after which she moved south to aid the [US X Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corps_$United_States$ "X Corps (United States)"). En route to US positions, Iowa again bombarded Sŏngjin, destroying several railroad tunnels and bridges in the area. On 28 May, Iowa rejoined the main body of the US fleet supporting the X Corps, heavily shelling several islands in Wonsan Harbor.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) Throughout June, Iowa trained her guns on targets at Mayang-do, Tanchon, Chongjin, Chodo–[Sokcho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokcho "Sokcho"), and the ports of [Hŭngnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ADngnam "Hŭngnam") and Wonsan in support of the UN and South Korean forces. On 9 June, a helicopter from Iowa rescued a downed pilot from the carrier [USS Princeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Princeton_$CV-37$ "USS Princeton (CV-37)").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) At the time, Princeton was operating with TF 77, and with other carriers in the task force that were involved in a bombing campaign against North Korean supply lines, troop concentrations, and infrastructure; additionally, the carriers were flying [close air support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support "Close air support") missions for ground forces fighting against the North Korean forces.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-20) In July, Iowa received a new skipper, Captain Joshua W. Cooper, who assumed command of the battleship for the remainder of her Korean War tour.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) On 20 August, Iowa took aboard nine wounded men from the destroyer [USS Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thompson_$DD-627$ "USS Thompson (DD-627)") after Thompson was hit by a Chinese artillery battery while shelling enemy positions at Sŏngjin. At the time, Iowa was operating 16 mi (26 km) south of Sŏngjin, and after receiving the wounded destroyer crewmen, Iowa covered Thompson as she retreated into safer waters.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-21) On 23 September, [General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_$United_States$ "General (United States)") [Mark W. Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_W._Clark "Mark W. Clark"), the commander-in-chief of [United Nations Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Command "United Nations Command") in Korea, came aboard Iowa. Clark observed Iowa in action as her guns shelled the Wonsan area for a third time, accounting for the destruction of a major enemy [ammunition dump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_dump "Ammunition dump"). On 25 September, Iowa fired her guns at an enemy railroad and 30-car train.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) The following month, Iowa was part of the force involved in Operation Decoy, a [feint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feint "Feint") to draw enemy troops into Kojo and bring them within striking distance of the battleships' big guns. During the operation, Iowa provided antiaircraft support to [USS Mount McKinley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mount_McKinley "USS Mount McKinley"), an amphibious force command ship.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) In October 1952, Iowa was serving as flagship for the Commander, Seventh Fleet, and she engaged in 43 gun strikes on targets in the areas of Wonsan, Songjin, Kojo, Chaho, Toejo, Simpo, Hungnam, and northern Inchon, North Korea, and in 27 bombline operations. During these operations, 16,689 rounds were fired from her main and secondary batteries on enemy installations. This action established eligibility for the [United Nations Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Service_Medal "United Nations Service Medal") and the [Korean Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal "Korean Service Medal") with one bronze star.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-22) ### Post–Korean War (1953–1958) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Post–Korean War (1953–1958)")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29%2C_USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29_and_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29_laid_up_in_1978.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29%2C_USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29_and_USS_Shangri-La_%28CVS-38%29_laid_up_in_1978.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$,_USS_Wisconsin_$BB-64$_and_USS_Shangri-La_$CVS-38$_laid_up_in_1978.jpg) USS Iowa laid up alongside [USS Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_$BB-64$ "USS Wisconsin (BB-64)") and [USS Shangri-La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shangri-La_$CV-38$ "USS Shangri-La (CV-38)") in Philadelphia, July 8, 1978. Iowa embarked midshipmen for at-sea training to Northern Europe in July 1953, and shortly afterwards took part in Operation Mariner, a major NATO exercise, serving as flagship of Vice Admiral Edmund T. Wooldridge, commander of the [2nd Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet "United States Second Fleet"). Upon completion of this exercise, Iowa operated in the [Virginia Capes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Capes "Virginia Capes") area. Later, in September 1954, she became the flagship of Rear Admiral R. E. Libby, Commander, Battleship Cruiser Force, United States Atlantic Fleet.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) From January–April 1955, Iowa made an extended cruise to the [Mediterranean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea") as the flagship of the commander, [6th Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet "United States Sixth Fleet"). She departed on a midshipman-training cruise on 1 June, and upon her return entered Norfolk for a four-month overhaul. Afterward, Iowa continued intermittent training cruises and operational exercises, until 4 January 1957, when she departed Norfolk for duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. Upon completion, Iowa embarked midshipmen for a South American training cruise and joined in the International [Naval Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Review "Naval Review") off [Hampton Roads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads "Hampton Roads"), [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"), on 13 June.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) On 3 September, Iowa sailed for Scotland for NATO's [Exercise Strikeback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Strikeback "Exercise Strikeback"). She returned to Norfolk on 28 September, and departed Hampton Roads for the [Philadelphia Naval Shipyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard "Philadelphia Naval Shipyard") on 22 October. She was decommissioned on 24 February 1958 and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) ## Reactivation (1982–1990) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Reactivation (1982–1990)")\] [![In the background a large shipyard can be seen, with cranes and dockyard warehouses. In the foreground a massive steel superstructure can be seen, decked out in scaffolding with tarps covering sensitive equipment and wires across the superstructure in all directions.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Iowa_Modernization.jpg/250px-Iowa_Modernization.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iowa_Modernization.jpg) USS Iowa in drydock undergoing modernization. As part of President [Ronald Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan") and [Secretary of the Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy "United States Secretary of the Navy") [John F. Lehman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Lehman "John F. Lehman")'s efforts to create an expanded [600-ship Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600-ship_Navy "600-ship Navy"), Iowa was reactivated in 1982 and towed by [USNS Apache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Apache "USNS Apache")[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-23) to [Avondale Shipyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale_Shipyard "Avondale Shipyard") near [New Orleans, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana "New Orleans, Louisiana"), for refitting and equipment modernization in advance of her planned recommissioning.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) During the refit, Iowa had all of her remaining [Oerlikon 20 mm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm "Oerlikon 20 mm") and [Bofors 40 mm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm "Bofors 40 mm") antiaircraft guns removed, due to their ineffectiveness against modern [fighter jets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft "Fighter aircraft") and [antiship missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiship_missile "Antiship missile"). Additionally, the two 5 in (127 mm) gun mounts located at midship and in the [aft](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aft "wikt:aft") on the [port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_$nautical$ "Port (nautical)") and [starboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starboard "Starboard") sides of the battleship were removed.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) Iowa was then towed to [Ingalls Shipbuilding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipbuilding "Ingalls Shipbuilding"), [Pascagoula, Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi "Pascagoula, Mississippi"),[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) where over the next several months, the battleship was upgraded with the most advanced weaponry available. Among the new weapons systems installed were four MK 141 quad-cell launchers for 16 [AGM-84 Harpoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Harpoon "Boeing Harpoon") antiship missiles, eight [armored box launcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_box_launcher "Armored box launcher") mounts for 32 [BGM-109 Tomahawk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_$missile_family$ "Tomahawk (missile family)") missiles, and a quartet of [Phalanx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS "Phalanx CIWS") [close-in weapon system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system "Close-in weapon system") [Gatling guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatling_gun "Gatling gun") for defense against enemy antiship missiles and enemy aircraft.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) Sometime after June 1986, Iowa was the first battleship to receive the [RQ-2 Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-2_Pioneer "RQ-2 Pioneer") [unmanned aerial vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle "Unmanned aerial vehicle"). She could carry up to eight of the remotely controlled drones, which replaced the helicopters (although helicopters were not carried by battleships) previously used to spot for her nine 16 inch (406 mm)/50 cal Mark 7 guns.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Drone-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_drone-26) Also included in her modernization were upgrades to [radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar "Radar") and [fire-control systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system "Fire-control system") for her guns and missiles, and improved [electronic warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare "Electronic warfare") capabilities.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) Armed as such, Iowa was formally recommissioned on 28 April 1984, ahead of schedule, within her budget at a cost of \$500 million, and under the command of Captain Gerald E. Gneckow.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) To expedite the schedule, many necessary repairs to Iowa's engines and guns were not completed and the mandatory Navy [Board of Inspection and Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Inspection_and_Survey "Board of Inspection and Survey") (InSurv) inspection was skipped.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-27) ### Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Shakedown and NATO exercises (1984–1989)")\] [![An overhead view of a battleship, showing the ship's teardrop shaped hull. Nine gun barrels on three turrets are pointed to the top of the image, with smoke and fire visible form all nine gun barrels and a concussive effect on the water below the guns. Visible from the overhead image are the 8 armored box launchers for the battleship's 32 Tomahawk Missiles.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/250px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg) Iowa fires a full broadside of nine 16-inch (406 mm)/50-caliber and six 5-inch (127 mm)/38 cal guns. From April to August 1984, Iowa underwent refresher training and naval gunfire support qualifications at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and the Puerto Rican operating area. After a short period in her new home port of Norfolk, Virginia, she spent the two times during the rest of 1984 and early 1985 conducting "presence" operations shakedown in the area around Central America. During this time she transited the Panama Canal to operate off the west coast of Central America while also conducting people-to-people humanitarian operations, including in El Salvador, [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica") and [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras "Honduras"),[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-28) before returning to the United States in April 1985 for a period of routine maintenance.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) In August 1985, Iowa joined 160 other ships for Exercise Ocean Safari, a NATO naval exercise aimed at testing NATO's ability to control sea lanes and maintain free passage of shipping. Owing to bad weather, Iowa and the other ships were forced to ride out rough seas, but she made use of the time to practice hiding herself from enemy forces. While serving with the exercise force, Iowa crossed the [Arctic Circle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle "Arctic Circle").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-29) In October, she took part in Baltic operations, and fired her phalanx guns, 5 in (127 mm) guns, and 16 in (406 mm) guns in the [Baltic Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea "Baltic Sea") on 17 October while operating with US and other allied ships.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-30) After these operations during which she visited Le Havre in France, Kiel in Germany, Copenhagen (where the current King of Denmark visited the ship as a schoolboy) and Aarhus in Denmark, and Oslo in Norway, where the King of Norway was entertained at lunch, she returned to the United States.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) Beginning on 17 March 1986, Iowa underwent her overdue InSurv inspection, conducted under the supervision of Rear Admiral [John D. Bulkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Bulkeley "John D. Bulkeley"), which she ultimately failed. Bulkeley found that the ship was unable to achieve her top speed of 33 kn (38 mph; 61 km/h) during a full-power engine run. Other problems included hydraulic fluid leaks in all three main gun turrets, electrical wiring shorts, pump failures, deteriorated bilge piping, unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines, and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. He recommended to the [chief of Naval Operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations "Chief of Naval Operations") and Lehman that Iowa be taken out of service immediately. Rejecting this advice, Lehman instead instructed the leaders of the Atlantic Fleet to ensure that Iowa's deficiencies were corrected.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-31) Afterward, Iowa returned to the waters around Central America and conducted drills and exercises, while providing a military presence to friendly nations. On 4 July, President Ronald Reagan and [First Lady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States "First Lady of the United States") [Nancy Reagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan "Nancy Reagan") boarded Iowa for the International Naval Review, which was held in the [Hudson River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River "Hudson River").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-32) On 25 April, Captain [Larry Ray Seaquist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Seaquist "Larry Seaquist") assumed command of the battleship and her crew during Naval Gunfire Support requalification off Vieques Island near Puerto Rico.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-33) [![A large net on the back end of a ship. Several orange clad crewmen are working to free a white singed object from the net.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iowa_drone.jpg/250px-Iowa_drone.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iowa_drone.jpg) Crewmen recover an [RQ-2 Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-2_Pioneer "RQ-2 Pioneer") UAV aboard Iowa. On 17 August, Iowa set sail for the North Atlantic and in September she participated in Exercise Northern Wedding by ferrying [Marines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps") ashore and assisting helicopter gunships. During the exercise, Iowa fired her main guns at [Cape Wrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Wrath "Cape Wrath") range in Scotland in support of a simulated amphibious assault on 5–6 September, firing a total of 19 16-inch (406 mm) shells and 32 5-inch (127 mm) shells during a 10-hour period and operating in rough seas. During the live-fire exercise, a small number of Iowa Marines were put ashore to monitor the fall of shot and advise the battleship of gunnery corrections.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-34) Afterward, Iowa visited ports, including Portsmouth in England, and Germany, before returning to the United States in October. In December, the ship became the testbed for the Navy's RQ-2 Pioneer (UAV). The drone was designed to serve as an aerial spotter for the battleship's guns, thereby allowing the guns to be used against an enemy without the need for an airplane or helicopter spotter. Pioneer passed its tests and made its first deployment that same month aboard Iowa.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_drone-26) [![Two large warships sailing toward the viewer. On the left is a gunship, while the right ship is an aircraft carrier. A hose can be seen connecting both ships near the water line, while in the distance a helicopter can be seen in the background.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_alongside_USS_Midway_%28CV-41%29_in_1987.JPEG/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_alongside_USS_Midway_%28CV-41%29_in_1987.JPEG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_alongside_USS_Midway_$CV-41$_in_1987.JPEG) Iowa conducting an [underway replenishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underway_replenishment "Underway replenishment") with [USS Midway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Midway_$CV-41$ "USS Midway (CV-41)") in the [Persian Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf") in December, 1987. From January–September 1987, Iowa operated in the waters in and around Central America and participated in several exercises until sailing for the Mediterranean Sea on 10 September to join the 6th Fleet based there. She remained in the Mediterranean until 22 October, when she was detached from the 6th Fleet and departed for operations in the North Sea. On 25 November, as part of [Operation Earnest Will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will "Operation Earnest Will"), Iowa transited the [Suez Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal "Suez Canal") and set sail for the [Persian Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf"), which at the time was one of the battlefields of the first Gulf War (also referred to as the [Iran–Iraq War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War "Iran–Iraq War")).[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) The presence of US naval vessels in the gulf was in response to a formal petition from [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait"),[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-35) whose ships were being raided by Iranian forces who were attempting to cut off weapons shipments from the United States and Europe to [Saddam Hussein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein "Saddam Hussein")'s regime in Iraq, via Kuwaiti territory. This phase of the war was later called the "[Tanker War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#Attacks_on_shipping "Iran–Iraq War")" phase of the Iran–Iraq War.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-kelley-0706-36) Iowa and other vessels operating in the gulf were assigned to escort Kuwaiti tankers from Kuwaiti ports to the open sea, but because US law forbade military escorts for civilian ships flying a foreign flag, the tankers escorted by the United States were reflagged as US merchant vessels and assigned American names.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-kelley-0706-36) For the remainder of the year, Iowa escorted Kuwaiti gas and oil tankers reflagged as US merchant ships from the Persian Gulf through the [Strait of Hormuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz "Strait of Hormuz").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6) On 20 February 1988, Iowa departed from the Persian Gulf, transited the Suez Canal, and set sail for the United States, arriving at Norfolk on 10 March for routine maintenance. In April, she participated in the annual Fleet Week celebrations before returning to Norfolk for an overhaul. On 26 May, [Fred Moosally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Moosally "Fred Moosally") replaced Larry Seaquist as captain of Iowa.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-37) After the overhaul, Moosally took Iowa on a shakedown cruise around Chesapeake Bay on 25 August. Encountering difficulty in conning the ship through shallow water, Moosally narrowly missed colliding with the [frigate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate "Frigate") [Moinester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Moinester "USS Moinester"), destroyer [Farragut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Farragut_$DDG-37$ "USS Farragut (DDG-37)"), and cruiser [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_South_Carolina_$CGN-37$ "USS South Carolina (CGN-37)") before running aground in soft mud outside the bay's main ship channel near the Thimble Shoals. After one hour, Iowa was able to extricate herself without damage and return to port.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-38) Iowa continued with sea trials throughout August and September, then began refresher training in the waters around Florida and Puerto Rico in October, during which the ship passed an Operation Propulsion Program evaluation.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-39) On 20 January 1989, during an improperly authorized gunnery experiment off [Vieques Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico "Vieques, Puerto Rico"), Iowa fired a 16-inch (406 mm) shell 23.4 nmi (26.9 mi; 43.3 km), setting a record for the longest-ranged 16 in (406 mm) shell ever fired. In February, the battleship sailed for New Orleans for a port visit before departing for Norfolk. On 10 April, the battleship was visited by the commander of the [2nd Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet "United States Second Fleet"), and on 13 April, she sailed to participate in a fleet exercise.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa_I-6)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-40) ### 1989 turret explosion \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: 1989 turret explosion")\] [![Two large gun turrets are visible, both with guns pointed to the right of the image. The foreground turret is spewing brown colored smoke from the base of all three gun barrels, while water from an unseen hose is being sprayed on the foremost gun barrel.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_BB61_Iowa_Explosion_1989.jpg) Heavy smoke pours from Turret Two following an internal explosion on April 19, 1989. During a gunnery exercise, at 0955[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-41) on 19 April 1989, an explosion ripped through the Number Two 16-inch (406 mm) gun turret, killing 47 crewmen. A gunner's mate in the powder magazine room quickly flooded the No. 2 powder magazine, likely preventing catastrophic damage to the ship.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42) At first, [Naval Investigative Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Investigative_Service "Naval Investigative Service") (NIS, later renamed Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS) investigators theorized that one of the dead crewmen, Clayton Hartwig, had detonated an explosive device in a suicide attempt after the end of an alleged affair with another sailor.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_16-43) To support this claim, naval officials pointed to several different factors, including Hartwig's life insurance policy, which named Kendall Truitt as the sole beneficiary in the event of his death,[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-cu-44) the presence of unexplained materials inside turret 2,[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-45) and his mental state, which was alleged to be unstable.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-nyt-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-suicide-47) Although the Navy was satisfied with the investigation and its results,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_16-43) others were unconvinced,[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-nyt-46) and in October 1991, amid increasing criticism, [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") forced the Navy to reopen the investigation.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42) This second investigation, handled by independent investigators, was hampered as most of the original debris from Iowa had been cleaned up or otherwise disposed of by the Navy before and after the first investigation,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_16-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-cu-44)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-48) but it did uncover evidence pointing to an accidental powder explosion due to over-ramming rather than an intentional act of sabotage.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-suicide-47)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-sandia-49) While Iowa was undergoing modernization in the early 1980s, her sister ship New Jersey had been dispatched to Lebanon to provide offshore fire support.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-NJ_DANFS-50) At the time, New Jersey was the only commissioned battleship anywhere in the world, and in an effort to get another battleship commissioned to relieve New Jersey, the modernization of Iowa was stepped up, leaving her in poor condition when she recommissioned in 1984.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-cu-44) Captain Fred Moosally was found to be more concerned with the maintenance of the missiles than the training and manning of guns.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Garzke-51) Powder from the same lot as the one under investigation was tested at the [Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center_Dahlgren_Division "Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division"). [Spontaneous combustion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion "Spontaneous combustion") was achieved with the powder, which had been originally milled in the 1930s and improperly stored in a barge at the Navy's [Yorktown, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia "Yorktown, Virginia"), Naval Weapons Station during a 1988 dry-docking of Iowa.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-fas_16-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-cu-44)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-suicide-47) As it degrades, gunpowder gives off [ether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether "Ether") gas, which is highly flammable and could be ignited by a spark, which could be caused by static electricity.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-52) This revelation resulted in a shift in the Navy's position on the incident, and Admiral [Frank Kelso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Kelso "Frank Kelso"), the chief of Naval Operations at the time, publicly apologized to the Hartwig family, concluding that no real evidence supported the claim that he had intentionally killed the other sailors.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-memories-42)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-cu-44)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-suicide-47)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-53) Iowa captain Fred Moosally was severely criticized for his handling of the matter, and as a result of the incident, the Navy changed the powder-handling procedures for its battleships.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-sandia-49) The incident remains one of the surface Navy's worst losses of life during peacetime operations.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-54) ## Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iowa_$BB-61$&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Reserve Fleet and museum ship (1990–present)")\] [![An overhead view of a large shipyard. Various ships can be seen tied up, with several structures visible within the yard.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG/250px-NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NISMF_Philadelphia_1995_DN-SC-97-00422.JPG) The [Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Inactive_Ship_Maintenance_Facility "Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility") at [Philadelphia Navy Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Navy_Yard "Philadelphia Navy Yard") in 1995; Iowa is the battleship moored on the seaside of the wharf in the far left of the picture, next to [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_$BB-64$ "USS Wisconsin (BB-64)"). With the [collapse of the Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_$1985%E2%80%931991$ "History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)") in the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States came drastic [cuts to the defense budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_dividend "Peace dividend"), and the battleships were deemed uneconomical. As a result, Iowa was decommissioned for the last time on 26 October 1990, after a total of 19 years of commissioned service. She was the first of the reactivated battleships to be decommissioned, and this was done earlier than originally planned as a result of the damaged turret. Iowa was originally berthed at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and later at [Naval Station Newport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Newport "Naval Station Newport") in [Newport, Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island "Newport, Rhode Island"), from 24 September 1998 to 8 March 2001, when the tug [Sea Victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Victory "Sea Victory") began her tow to California. The ship arrived in [Suisun Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisun_Bay "Suisun Bay") near San Francisco on 21 April 2001 and joined the [Reserve Fleet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Fleet "Reserve Fleet"), where she remained in reserve until [struck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_registration "Ship registration") again from the Naval Vessel Register in March 2006. (Her sister ships and she had been struck previously in 1995.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24)) She remained at the Suisun Bay anchorage until November 2011. Section 1011 of the [National Defense Authorization Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act "National Defense Authorization Act") of 1996 required the US Navy to reinstate to the Naval Vessel Register two of the Iowa\-class battleships that had been struck by the Navy in 1995; these ships were to be maintained in the United States Navy reserve fleets (or "mothball fleet"). The Navy was to ensure that both of the reinstated battleships were in good condition and could be reactivated for use in the Marine Corps' amphibious operations.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-NDAA1996-55) Due to Iowa's damaged turret, the Navy selected New Jersey for placement into the mothball fleet. The cost to fix New Jersey was considered less than the cost to fix Iowa;[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24) as a result, New Jersey and Wisconsin were reinstated to the Naval Vessel Register and placed back in the reserve fleet.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-NDAA1996-55) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg/250px-Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iowa-26-03-2006.jpg) Iowa laid up in Suisun Bay in March, 2006. New Jersey remained there until the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 required the secretary of the Navy to list and maintain Iowa and Wisconsin on the Naval Vessel Register (NVR). The act also required the secretary of the Navy to strike New Jersey from the NVR and transfer the battleship to a not-for-profit entity in accordance with section 7306 of [Title 10 of the United States Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code "Title 10 of the United States Code"). It also required the transferee to locate the battleship in the state of [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey").[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-56) The Navy made the switch in January 1999, allowing New Jersey to open as a museum ship in her namesake state.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-showboat-57) On 17 March 2006, the Secretary of the Navy struck Iowa and Wisconsin from the NVR, which cleared the way for both ships to be donated for use as [museum ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_ship "Museum ship"), but the United States Congress remained "deeply concerned" over the loss of the naval surface gunfire support that the battleships provided, and noted that "navy efforts to improve upon, much less replace, this capability have been highly problematic."[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-NDAA_2007-58) As a partial consequence, Congress passed [Pub. L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation "Act of Congress") [109–163 (text)](https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/109/public/163?link-type=html) [(PDF)](https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/109/public/163?link-type=pdf&.pdf), the National Defense Authorization Act 2006, requiring that the battleships be kept and maintained in a state of readiness should they ever be needed again.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Congress_68-59) Congress ordered that measures be implemented to ensure that, if need be, Iowa could be returned to active duty.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Congress_68-59) These measures closely mirrored the original three conditions that the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996, which laid out for the maintenance of Iowa while she was in the "mothball fleet".[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-FAS_Iowa-24)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Congress_104-60)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-sfw-61) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Course_Correction%2C_USS_Iowa%2C_BB-61.jpg/250px-Course_Correction%2C_USS_Iowa%2C_BB-61.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Course_Correction,_USS_Iowa,_BB-61.jpg) Iowa being towed to Los Angeles in May, 2012. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_full_view.jpg) Iowa docked at Los Angeles harbor (May, 2024). [![A photograph of the ship's superstructure as seen from deck level. The bridge, radar mast, and a phalanx gun are visible.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_superstructure.jpg/250px-USS_Iowa_%28BB-61%29_superstructure.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Iowa_$BB-61$_superstructure.jpg) Iowa's superstructure is decked out in red, white, and blue banners following her official opening as a museum ship in Los Angeles. A display of her [ribbons and awards earned during her career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#Awards) can be seen below and to the right of the [Phalanx CIWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS "Phalanx CIWS") mount. In March 2007, the Historic Ships Memorial at Pacific Square (HSMPS) of [Vallejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallejo,_California "Vallejo, California"), site of the former [Mare Island Naval Shipyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard "Mare Island Naval Shipyard"), and a [Stockton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton,_California "Stockton, California") group submitted proposals to use the ship as a museum.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-62) The HSMPS, which had attempted to place the ship in San Francisco, supported the Mare Island–Vallejo site. In October 2007, the Navy informed HSMPS that they were the only viable candidate to acquire Iowa, and their application would be further reviewed after evidence was presented that financing was in place, and when the Stockton and San Francisco groups withdrew or failed to submit a final application, respectively.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-newsletter-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-64) On 25 April 2009, Iowa Senate Resolution No. 19 was approved, endorsing HSMPS as USS Iowa's custodian and supporting the battleship's placement at Mare Island.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-state1-65) In February 2010, the Pacific Battleship Center (PBC)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-66) supported the efforts to have the ship berthed in [San Pedro, Los Angeles, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles,_California "San Pedro, Los Angeles, California").[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-67) In late February the [Port of Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles "Port of Los Angeles") (which includes the San Pedro area) rejected a proposal by the PBC to berth USS Iowa at its facilities because the battleship was not yet available.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-presstelegram.com-68) On 12 April 2010, the Governor of Iowa signed into law Bill SJR2007, which officially formed a 10-member committee to raise about \$5 million for the group awarded USS Iowa.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-69) The statement supporting the Vallejo group in the original Iowa State Senate's version SR19 was struck in favor of supporting any group actually awarded the battleship.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-state1-65) On 13 May 2010, the Navy announced it would reopen the bidding process, citing HSMPS's lack of progress as the reason.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-70) On 24 May 2010 the Federal Register officially reopened the bidding process for USS Iowa to a California-based city or non-profit organization.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Federal_Register-71)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge-72) On 18 November 2010, the Port of Los Angeles Harbor Commissioners voted unanimously on a resolution to support Berth 87 as the future home of USS Iowa, clearing the way for the PBC to send its completed application to the Navy.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-73) On 6 September 2011, USS Iowa was awarded to Pacific Battleship Center for placement at the Port of Los Angeles. After rehabilitation at the [Port of Richmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Richmond_$California$ "Port of Richmond (California)"), California (beginning in October 2011), she was towed to and eventually berthed in the Port of Los Angeles.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-74)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-75) Starting in December 2011, USS Iowa was open for weekend tours. The Battleship Expo at the Port of Richmond included shipboard access and other exhibits such as 16-inch shells, a short film about the battleship, and other exhibits.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-76) On 30 April 2012, USS Iowa was officially donated to the Pacific Battleship Center in Los Angeles by the United States Navy.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-77) Iowa began her journey to the Port of Los Angeles on 26 May 2012 under tow by four [Crowley Maritime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley_Maritime "Crowley Maritime") tugboats. After being anchored off the Southern California coast to have her hull scrubbed to remove any invasive species or contaminants, on 9 June 2012, she was permanently docked in San Pedro at Berth 87, along the Main Channel, directly south of the [World Cruise Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles#Cruise_ship_terminal "Port of Los Angeles"). The [museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_Museum "USS Iowa Museum") opened to the public on 7 July, under the direction and control of PBC.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-79) Iowa earned nine [battle stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star "Battle star") for World War II service and two for Korean War service.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Iowa-DANFS-4) She has also earned these awards:[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-Photograph_of_USS_Iowa's_Bridge-72)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_note-80) \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/120px-Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg)[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon%2C_3rd_award.svg/120px-Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon%2C_3rd_award.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_Effectiveness_Award_ribbon,_3rd_award.svg) \| \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg) \| [![Silver star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/20px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver-service-star-3d.svg "Silver service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg) \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon%2C_2nd_award.svg/120px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon%2C_2nd_award.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon,_2nd_award.svg) \| [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korean_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg) \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg) \| [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg/120px-Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Sea_Service_Deployment_Ribbon.svg) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Philippines%29.svg/120px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Philippines%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidential_Unit_Citation_$Philippines$.svg) \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28South_Korea%29.svg/120px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28South_Korea%29.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidential_Unit_Citation_$South_Korea$.svg) \| [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![Bronze star](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/20px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg "Bronze service star") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Phliber_rib.svg/120px-Phliber_rib.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phliber_rib.svg) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/120px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg) \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation "Meritorious Unit Commendation") with star \| [Navy E Ribbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_E_Ribbon "Navy E Ribbon") with three [Battle E devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_E_device "Battle E device") \| \| \| [American Campaign Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal "American Campaign Medal") \| [Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic%E2%80%93Pacific_Campaign_Medal "Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal") with nine [battle stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star "Battle star") \| [World War II Victory Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_$United_States$ "World War II Victory Medal (United States)") \| \| [Navy Occupation Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Occupation_Service_Medal "Navy Occupation Service Medal") \| [National Defense Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal "National Defense Service Medal") with star \| [Korean Service Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal "Korean Service Medal") with two [battle stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star "Battle star") \| \| [Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal "Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal") \| [Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Service_Ribbon "Sea Service Ribbon") \| [Philippine Presidential Unit Citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Republic_Presidential_Unit_Citation "Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation") \| \| [South Korean Presidential Unit Citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Presidential_Unit_Citation "Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation") \| [Philippine Liberation Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Liberation_Medal "Philippine Liberation Medal") \| [United Nations Korea Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal "United Nations Korea Medal") \| - [List of museum ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museum_ships "List of museum ships") 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-1) ["The Battleship of Presidents' final sail"](http://milmag.com/2012/07/the-battleship-of-presidents-final-sail/). milmag.com. 1 July 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181209125251/http://milmag.com/2012/07/the-battleship-of-presidents-final-sail/) from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-2) [Hyperwar: BB-61 USS Iowa](https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/BB/BB-61_Iowa.html) Retrieved 1/7/23 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Order_3-0) [Iowa](https://www.nvr.navy.mil/nvr/getHull.htm?shipId=5081). [Naval Vessel Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register "Naval Vessel Register"). The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 6 September 2008. 4. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-10) [l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-11) [m](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa-DANFS_4-12) ["Iowa"](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/iowa-iii.html). [Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"). [Navy Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command "Naval History and Heritage Command"). Retrieved 14 January 2009. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-The_Battleships_I_5-0)* Johnston, Ian; McAuley, Rob (2002). The Battleships. London: Channel 4. p. 120. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7522-6188-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7522-6188-6 "Special:BookSources/0-7522-6188-6") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [59495980](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59495980). 6. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-10) [l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-11) [m](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-12) [n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-13) [o](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-14) [p](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-15) [q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-16) [r](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-17) [s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-18) [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-19) [u](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-20) [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-21) [w](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-22) [x](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-23) [y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-24) [z](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-25) [aa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_I_6-26) ["USS Iowa* (BB-61) Detailed History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080509125520/http://www.ussiowa.org/general/html/detail.htm). The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). Archived from [the original](http://www.ussiowa.org/general/html/detail.htm) on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-7) ["Franklin D. Roosevelt: Day by Day"](http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/daylog/november-20th-1943/). FDR Presidential Library. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062727/http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/daylog/november-20th-1943/) from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-8) U.S. Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs Historical Office (1961). [Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943](https://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/DFRXSHIYSKS2S8Z). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 9. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_II_9-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Iowa_II_9-1) Bonner, Kit (March 1994). ["The Ill-Fated USS William D. Porter"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080612075327/http://www.ussiowa.org/general/html/willie_d.htm). The Retired Officer Magazine. The Veteran's Association of the USS Iowa (BB-61). Archived from [the original](http://www.ussiowa.org/general/html/willie_d.htm) on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-10)* [Roosevelt, Franklin D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") (16 December 1943). ["Remarks on Leaving the USS Iowa"](http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16352). The American Presidency Project. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081010005332/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16352) from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-11) ["Task Force 58: Eniwetok Landing"](http://pacific.valka.cz/forces/tf58.htm). Naval War in the Pacific 1941–1945. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111350/http://pacific.valka.cz/forces/tf58.htm) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2019. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-12) Fuller, 1956 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-13) Morison, 1956 14. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-PT_14-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-PT_14-1) ["Typhoons and Hurricanes: Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090103214049/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq102-4.htm). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq102-4.htm) on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2006. 15. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Cobra_15-2) Morison, Samuel Eliot. ["Third Fleet in Typhoon Cobra, December 1944"](https://web.archive.org/web/20051018002436/http://www.compass.dircon.co.uk/cobra2.htm). History of US Naval Operations in World War II. Archived from [the original](http://www.compass.dircon.co.uk/cobra2.htm) on 18 October 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2006. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-16)* ["Pacific Typhoon, 18 December: Personnel Casualties Suffered by Third Fleet, 17–18 December 1944, Compiled from Official Sources"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090209092930/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq102-4c.htm). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq102-4c.htm) on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2006. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Missouri-DANFS_17-0) ["Missouri"](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/missouri-iii.html). [Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"). [Navy Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command "Naval History and Heritage Command"). Retrieved 14 January 2009. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-18) Bonner, Kermit (1996). Final Voyages. Turner Publishing Company. p. 108. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [1-56311-289-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56311-289-2 "Special:BookSources/1-56311-289-2") . 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-19) [Nevada](https://www.nvr.navy.mil/nvr/getHull.htm?shipId=2408). [Naval Vessel Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register "Naval Vessel Register"). The Department of Defense. Retrieved on 1 September 2008. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-20) ["Princeton"](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/princeton-v.html). [Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"). [Navy Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command "Naval History and Heritage Command"). Retrieved 14 January 2009. 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-21) ["Thompson"](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/thompson-ii.html). [Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"). [Navy Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command "Naval History and Heritage Command"). Retrieved 14 January 2009. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-22) Authority: Commander Naval Forces Far East Dispatch 180123Z of June 1952. Report PERS-82-85 Administrative Remarks See art. B-2305 BuPers Manual Ship USS Iowa (BB-61) J.J. Clark Vice Admiral U.S. Navy. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-23) ["Battleship Bound For Avondale"](https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A1223BCE5B718A166%40GB3NEWS-13229B2D33D97396%402445228-131D06D7DC18AAA0%400-131D06D7DC18AAA0%40?h=20&fname=&mname=&lname=&rgfromDate=1979&rgtoDate=2000&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&kwinc=%22USNS%20Apache%22&kwexc=&page=1&sid=qrhiwavzyjwekfddpiakqktvbtgxyitj_wma-gateway020_1684513861126). The Times-Picayune. 15 September 1982. p. 1. 24. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-FAS_Iowa_24-5) ["BB-61 Iowa-class specifications"](https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/bb-61.htm). [Federation of American Scientists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists "Federation of American Scientists"). 21 October 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061125043334/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/bb-61.htm) from the original on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006. 25. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Drone_25-0)* [United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") (28 August 2008). ["RQ-2A Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090210103039/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=2100&ct=1). United States Navy. Archived from [the original](http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=2100&ct=1) on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009. 26. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-fas_drone_26-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-fas_drone_26-1) Pike, John (5 March 2000). ["Pioneer Short Range (SR) UAV"](https://fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm). Federation of American Scientists. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070206134413/http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm) from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2007. 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-27)* Thompson, p. 26. Although Iowa was refurbished within budget, the final price tag was \$50 million above the originally projected cost, mainly because of overtime pay for the ship's contractors. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-28) Farrar, George (October 1985). ["Civic action in Costa Rica"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060416043129/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198510.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (823). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 40–41\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198510.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-29) ["Ocean Safari '85"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060417002039/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198601.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (826). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 29. January 1986. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198601.pdf) (PDF) on 17 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-30) Dooley, Alan (May 1986). ["Into the bear's backyard"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060416111922/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198605.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (830). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26–31\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198605.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 31. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-31) Thompson, pp. 26–27. The problems discovered during Bulkeley's inspection included [hydraulic fluid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid "Hydraulic fluid") leaks in all three main gun turrets, totaling 55 gallons per turret per week; Cosmoline (anticorrosion lubricant) which had not been removed from all the guns; deteriorated bilge piping; frequent shorts in the electrical wiring; pump failures; unrepaired soft patches on high-pressure steam lines; and frozen valves in the ship's firefighting system. Main Turret Three leaked so much oil, hydraulic fluid, and water that the crew referred to it as the "rain forest". 32. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-32) Foster-Simeon, E. (September 1986). ["Liberty Weekend"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060416132341/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198609.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (834). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 21. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](http://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/ah198609.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-33) Thompson, p. 28, gives 25 April as the date of the change of command. 34. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-34) Connors, Tracy (January 1987). ["Northern Wedding '86"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060416140220/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198701.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (838). Washington D.C.: Naval Media Center: 26. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198701.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 35. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-35) "Kuwaiti Call for Help Led to U.S. Role in Gulf". Los Angeles Times. 4 July 1988. 36. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-kelley-0706_36-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-kelley-0706_36-1) Kelley, Stephen Andrew (June 2007). [Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy](https://web.archive.org/web/20070823062402/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/kelley07.pdf) (PDF) (Thesis). [Naval Postgraduate School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School "Naval Postgraduate School"). Archived from [the original](http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/kelley07.pdf) (PDF) on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2007. 37. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-37)* Thompson, pp. 33–35. 38. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-38) Thompson, pp. 58–60. According to Thompson, the near-misses with the other navy ships were recorded in Iowa's log as attempts to "render honors" to them. Although other US Navy vessels observed Iowa grounded in the mud, the incident apparently was not acted upon by Moosally's superiors. Mike Fahey, the ship's executive officer, warned the other officers on Iowa to never mention the grounding to anyone, including superior Navy officers. 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-39) Thompson, pp. 65–67. 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-40) Thompson, pp. 70–77. The 20 January long-range, experimental shot was not authorized by the Department of the Navy. The shot was planned and directed by Iowa's Master Chief Fire Controlman Stephen Skelley and Gunnery Officer Lieutenant Commander Kenneth Michael Costigan using increased powder charges and specially designed shells. The Turret One gun crew leaders considered defying the order because of the unauthorized nature and perceived danger of the experiment, but in the end fired the experimental loads. John McEachren, a midlevel civilian employee at the Navy's Sea Systems Command, improperly authorized the experiment without informing his superiors. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-41) Reid, W. W. (June 1989). ["Remembering turret two"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060416201022/https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198906.pdf) (PDF). All Hands (867). Washington, D.C.: Naval Media Center: 4. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0002-5577](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-5577). Archived from [the original](https://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/AH198906.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. 42. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-memories_42-5) Dorsey, Jack; Germanotta, Tony (17 April 1999). ["Ten years after Iowa* tragedy, only evidence left is memories"](http://www.pilotonline.com/). The Virginian-Pilot. Norfolk, Virginia: HamptonRoads.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080625033107/http://www.pilotonline.com./) from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008. 43. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-fas_16_43-3) ["Mark 7 16-inch/50-caliber gun"](https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/mk-7.htm). FAS. 23 August 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070311085437/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/mk-7.htm) from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2008. 44. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-cu_44-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-cu_44-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-cu_44-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-cu_44-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-cu_44-4) ["Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa"](https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43321266). Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal. B-net. July 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210827065957/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2012. (subscription required) 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-45)* ["Introduction: The Navy's Investigations"](http://archive.gao.gov/d21t9/143037.pdf) (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081011093505/http://archive.gao.gov/d21t9/143037.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008. 46. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-nyt_46-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-nyt_46-1) Halloran, Richard (12 December 1989). ["Iowa* Captain Doubts Sailor Named by Inquiry Set Blast"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=950DE3DF1738F931A25751C1A96F948260). The New York Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210827070140/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/12/us/iowa-captain-doubts-sailor-named-by-inquiry-set-blast.html) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2008. 47. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-suicide_47-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-suicide_47-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-suicide_47-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-suicide_47-3) Schmitt, Eric (17 October 1991). ["Suicide Ruled Out in Blast on Ship"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CE0DA1239F934A25753C1A967958260). The New York Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210827070141/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/17/us/suicide-ruled-out-in-blast-on-ship.html) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2008. 48. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-48)* ["Testimony – Battleships: Issues Arising from the Explosion Aboard the U.S.S. Iowa"](http://archive.gao.gov/d42t14/141438.pdf) (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. United States Congress. p. 5. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081031170123/http://archive.gao.gov/d42t14/141438.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008. 49. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-sandia_49-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-sandia_49-1) ["U.S.S. Iowa* Explosion: Sandia National Laboratories' Final Technical Report"](http://archive.gao.gov/d19t9/144706.pdf) (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. United States Congress. 28 August 1991. pp. 9–21\. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080905094600/http://archive.gao.gov/d19t9/144706.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008. 50. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-NJ_DANFS_50-0) ["New Jersey"](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/new-jersey-ii.html). [Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"). [Navy Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy"), [Naval History and Heritage Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command "Naval History and Heritage Command"). Retrieved 8 January 2009. 51. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-Garzke_51-0) Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1995). [Battleships](https://web.archive.org/web/20070311000204/http://www.combie.net/webharbor/museum/bb61-2.html). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. Archived from [the original](http://www.combie.net/webharbor/museum/bb61-2.html) on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2008. 52. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-52) ["SSN 797: About The Boat"](https://ssn797.com/about-the-boat). ssn797.com. 2025. Retrieved 14 January 2024. 53. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-53) At the same time, he also pointed out that evidence was insufficient to exonerate Hartwig of the alleged charges, either. In time, this would lead the Hartwig family to file a \$12 million lawsuit against the Navy. ["Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa"](https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43321266). Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. The IRE Journal. B-net. July 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210827070142/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2012. (subscription required) 54. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-54) Although the worst loss of life in peace time, the turret explosion aboard Iowa in 1989 is tied with the 1924 explosion in the No. 2 turret aboard the battleship [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mississippi_$BB-41$ "USS Mississippi (BB-41)"), which also claimed 47 lives. ["Cover-up aboard the USS Iowa"](http://archive.gao.gov/d21t9/143037.pdf) (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. United States Congress. July 1999. p. 9. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081011093505/http://archive.gao.gov/d21t9/143037.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2008. 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Archived from [the original](http://www.ussiowa.org/pics/shipaway/btlrbns.jpg) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2010. 73. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-73)* ["Full speed ahead for USS Iowa"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170318173939/http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20101119/full-speed-ahead-for-uss-iowa). The Daily Breeze. 18 November 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20101119/full-speed-ahead-for-uss-iowa) on 18 March 2017. 74. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-74) Mohajer, Shaya Tayefe (7 September 2011). ["USS Iowa to be moved to LA to be battleship museum"](https://www.yahoo.com/news/uss-iowa-moved-la-battleship-museum-224715731.html). [Yahoo! News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News "Yahoo! News"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160429070429/https://www.yahoo.com/news/uss-iowa-moved-la-battleship-museum-224715731.html) from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2011 – via [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). 75. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-75) Doyle, David (2017). "Ch. 9: Preservation". USS Iowa (BB-61). Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p. 118. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7643-5417-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-5417-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-5417-5") . 76. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-76) ["Pacific Battleship Center to open USS Iowa for weekend tours while in Richmond"](http://www.pacificbattleship.com/). Pacific Battleship Center. 7 December 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130928164217/http://pacificbattleship.com/) from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2011. 77. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-77) Jacobs, Jennifer (30 April 2012). ["USS Iowa officially transferred to nonprofit group today"](http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2012/04/30/uss-iowa-officially-transferred-to-nonprofit-group-today/%23). [The Des Moines Register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register "The Des Moines Register"). Retrieved 30 April 2012. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service")) 78. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-78) ["USS Iowa battleship headed for new home along Port of Los Angeles waterfront"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120517185152/http://www.portoflosangeles.org/newsroom/2012_releases/news_051712_USS_IOWA_Approval.asp) (Press release). Port of Los Angeles. 17 May 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www.portoflosangeles.org/newsroom/2012_releases/news_051712_USS_IOWA_Approval.asp) on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012. 79. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-79) Vargas, Vikki (10 June 2012). ["USS Iowa Berths at the Port of LA"](http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/USS-Iowa-Berths-at-the-Port-of-Los-Angeles-158336005.html). NBC Channel 4 Los Angeles. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160203100526/http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/USS-Iowa-Berths-at-the-Port-of-Los-Angeles-158336005.html) from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2012. 80. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_$BB-61$#cite_ref-80) Sansberg, Joseph C. (11 October 1988). ["Official U.S. Navy Photograph \# DN-SC-90-02980"](http://www.navsource.net/archives/01/0161029.jpg). NavSource. Retrieved 22 October 2010. - [Fuller, J. F. C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller "J. F. C. Fuller") (1956). The Decisive Battles of the Western World. Vol. III. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. - Gibbs, Jay (2017). "Question 36/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells". Warship International. LIV (4): 289–90\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0043-0374](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374). - [Morison, Samuel Eliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison "Samuel Eliot Morison") (2004) \[1956\]. Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945. [History of United States Naval Operations in World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II "History of United States Naval Operations in World War II"), Volume 12 (reprint ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-252-07063-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-07063-1 "Special:BookSources/0-252-07063-1") . - Thompson, Charles C. II (1999). [A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Glimpse_of_Hell_$book$ "A Glimpse of Hell (book)"). W. W. Norton. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-393-04714-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04714-8 "Special:BookSources/0-393-04714-8") . - [USS Iowa](https://www.pacificbattleship.com/) – Pacific Battleship Center, official museum site - [Map and satellite image from Google Maps](https://www.google.com/maps/@33.741896,-118.279727,16z) - [Maritimequest USS Iowa BB-61 Photo Gallery](http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/uss_iowa_bb61.htm) - [Photo gallery](http://www.navsource.net/archives/01/61a.htm) of USS Iowa (BB-61) at NavSource Naval History
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