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1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa065)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet","crawl_time":1775772322,"first_indexed_time":1375978971,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Trumpet s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Trumpet - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Trumpet\nTrumpet in B\n♭\nBrass instrument\nClassification\nWind\nBrass\nAerophone\nHornbostel–Sachs classification\n423.233\n(Valved\naerophone\nsounded by lip vibration)\nPlaying range\nAll trumpets have approximately the same written range. The sounding pitch depends on what key the instrument is in. Lower and higher notes are possible (see\n§ Range\n).\n[\n1\n]\nRelated instruments\nFlugelhorn\ncornet\ncornett\nflumpet\nbugle\nThe\ntrumpet\nis a\nbrass instrument\ncommonly used in classical and\njazz\nensembles\n. The trumpet group ranges from the\npiccolo trumpet\n—with the highest\nregister\nin the brass family—to the\nbass trumpet\n, pitched one octave below the standard B\n♭\nor C trumpet.\nTrumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to the 2nd Millennium BC.\n[\n2\n]\nThey began to be used as musical instruments only in the late 14th or early 15th century.\n[\n3\n]\nTrumpets are used in\nart music\nstyles, appearing in\norchestras\n,\nconcert bands\n,\nchamber music\ngroups, and\njazz\nensembles. They are also common in\npopular music\nand are generally included in\nschool bands\n. Sound is produced by vibrating the lips in a mouthpiece,\n[\n4\n]\nwhich starts a\nstanding wave\nin the air column of the instrument. Since the late 15th century, trumpets have primarily been constructed of\nbrass\ntubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape.\nThere are many distinct types of trumpet. The most common is a\ntransposing instrument\npitched in B\n♭\nwith a tubing length of about 1.48 m (4 ft 10 in). The\ncornet\nis similar to the trumpet but has a conical bore (the trumpet has a cylindrical bore) and its tubing is generally wound differently. Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing, whereas modern instruments generally have three (or sometimes four)\nvalves\nwhich are used to change their\npitch\n. Most trumpets have valves of the\npiston\ntype, while some have the\nrotary\ntype. The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings (especially in German and German-style orchestras), although this practice varies by country. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a\ntrumpet player\nor\ntrumpeter\n.\n[\n5\n]\nEtymology\nTrio of trumpeters in Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1940\nThe English word\ntrumpet\nwas first used in the late 14th century.\n[\n6\n]\nThe word came from\nOld French\ntrompette\n, which is a diminutive of\ntrompe\n.\n[\n6\n]\nThe word\ntrump\n, meaning\ntrumpet\n, was first used in English in 1300. The word comes from Old French\ntrompe\n'long, tube-like musical wind instrument' (\nc.\n1100s), cognate with\nProvençal\ntromba\n,\nItalian\ntromba\n, all probably from a\nGermanic\nsource (compare\nOld High German\ntrumpa\n,\nOld Norse\ntrumba\n'trumpet'), of imitative origin.\"\n[\n7\n]\nHistory\nSilver and gold plated trumpet and its wooden mute from the\ntomb of Tutankhamun\n(1326–1336 BC)\nCeramic trumpet, AD 300,\nLarco Museum Collection\nLima, Peru\nTrumpet, 17th century, decorated with large tassels\nThe earliest trumpets date back to 2000 BC and earlier. The bronze and silver\nTutankhamun's trumpets\nfrom his grave in Egypt,\nbronze lurs\nfrom Scandinavia, and metal trumpets from China date back to this period.\n[\n8\n]\nTrumpets from the\nOxus\ncivilization (3rd millennium BC) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder for its time.\n[\n9\n]\nThe\nSalpinx\nwas a straight trumpet 62 inches (1,600 mm) long, made of bone or bronze.\nHomer\n's\nIliad\n(9th or 8th century BCE) contains the earliest reference to its sound, and further, frequent descriptions are found throughout the\nClassical Period\n.\n[\n10\n]\nSalpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games.\n[\n11\n]\nThe\nShofar\n, made from a ram's horn, and the\nchazozra\n, made of metal, are both mentioned in the Bible. They were said to have been played in Solomon's Temple around 3,000 years ago. They are still used on certain religious days.\n[\n11\n]\nThe\nMoche\npeople of ancient\nPeru\ndepicted trumpets in their art going back to AD 300.\n[\n12\n]\nThe earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense;\n[\n13\n]\nand the modern\nbugle\ncontinues this signaling tradition.\nReproduction\nbaroque trumpet\nby\nMichael Laird\nImprovements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument. The\nnatural trumpets\nof this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change\ncrooks\nof the instrument.\n[\n11\n]\nThe development of the upper, \"\nclarino\n\" register by specialist trumpeters—notably\nCesare Bendinelli\n—would lend itself well to the\nBaroque\nera, also known as the \"Golden Age of the natural trumpet.\" During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters. The art was revived in the mid-20th century, and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. Many modern players in Germany and the UK who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet fitted with three or four vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tune notes in the harmonic series.\n[\n14\n]\nThe melody-dominated\nhomophony\nof the\nclassical\nand romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet.\nBerlioz\nwrote in 1844:\nNotwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone, there are few instruments that have been more degraded (than the trumpet). Down to\nBeethoven\nand\nWeber\n, every composer – not excepting\nMozart\n – persisted in confining it to the unworthy function of filling up, or in causing it to sound two or three commonplace rhythmical formulae.\n[\n15\n]\nConstruction\nTrumpet valve bypass (depressed)\nThe trumpet is constructed of\nbrass\ntubing bent twice into a rounded oblong shape.\n[\n16\n]\nAs with all brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through slightly separated lips, producing a \"buzzing\" sound into the\nmouthpiece\nand starting a\nstanding wave\nvibration in the air column inside the trumpet. The player can select the\npitch\nfrom a range of\novertones\nor\nharmonics\nby changing the lip\naperture\nand tension (known as the\nembouchure\n).\nThe mouthpiece has a circular rim, which provides a comfortable environment for the lips' vibration. Directly behind the rim is the cup, which channels the air into a much smaller opening (the back bore or shank) that tapers out slightly to match the diameter of the trumpet's lead pipe. The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the\ntimbre\nor quality of sound, the ease of playability, and player comfort. Generally, the wider and deeper the cup, the darker the sound and timbre.\nB\n♭\ntrumpet, disassembled\nModern trumpets have three (or, infrequently, four)\npiston valves\n, each of which increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby lowering the pitch. The first valve lowers the instrument's pitch by a whole step (two\nsemitones\n), the second valve by a half step (one semitone), and the third valve by one and a half steps (three semitones). Having three valves provides eight possible valve combinations (including \"none\"), but only seven different tubing lengths, because the third valve alone gives essentially the same tubing length as the 1–2 combination. (In practice there is often a deliberately designed slight difference between \"1–2\" and \"3\", and in that case trumpet players will select the alternative that gives the best tuning for the particular note being played.) When a fourth valve is present, as with some\npiccolo trumpets\n, it usually lowers the pitch a\nperfect fourth\n(five semitones). Used singly and in combination these valves make the instrument fully\nchromatic\n, i.e., able to play all twelve pitches of classical music. For more information about the different types of valves, see\nBrass instrument valves\n.\nThe overall pitch of the trumpet can be raised or lowered by the use of the tuning slide. Pulling the slide out lowers the pitch; pushing the slide in raises it. Pitch can be \"bent\"  using the embouchure only.\n[\n17\n]\nTo overcome the problems of intonation and reduce the use of the slides,\nRenold Schilke\ndesigned the tuning-bell trumpet. Removing the usual brace between the bell and a valve body allows the use of a sliding bell; the player may then tune the horn with the bell while leaving the slide pushed in, or nearly so, thereby improving intonation and overall response.\n[\n18\n]\nA trumpet becomes a\nclosed tube\nwhen the player presses it to the lips; therefore, the instrument only naturally produces every other overtone of the harmonic series. The shape of the bell makes the missing overtones audible.\n[\n19\n]\nMost notes in the series are slightly out of tune and modern trumpets have slide mechanisms for the first and third valves with which the player can compensate by\nthrowing\n(extending) or retracting one or both slides, using the left thumb and ring finger for the first and third valve slides respectively.\nTrumpets can be constructed from other materials, including plastic.\n[\n20\n]\nTypes\nTrumpeters, Royal Palace,\nSarahan\n, Himachal Pradesh, India\nTibetan trumpets stored at\nTagthok\nMonastery, Ladakh\nThe most common type is the B\n♭\ntrumpet, but A, C, D, E\n♭\n, E, low F, and G trumpets are also available. The C trumpet is most common in American orchestral playing, where it is used alongside the B\n♭\ntrumpet.\nOrchestral\ntrumpet players are adept at transposing music at sight, frequently playing music written for the A, B\n♭\n, D, E\n♭\n, E or F trumpet as well as for the B, C\n♯\n, F\n♯\nor G trumpet (which is used more rarely) on the C trumpet or B\n♭\ntrumpet.\nPiccolo trumpet in B\n♭\n, with swappable\nleadpipes\nto tune the instrument to B\n♭\n(shorter) or A (longer)\nThe smallest trumpets are referred to as\npiccolo trumpets\n. The most common models are built to play in both B\n♭\nand A, with separate leadpipes for each key. The tubing in the B\n♭\npiccolo trumpet is one-half the length of that in a standard B\n♭\ntrumpet, making it sound an octave higher. Piccolo trumpets in G, F, and C are also manufactured, but are less common. Almost all piccolo trumpets have four valves instead of three—the fourth valve usually lowers the pitch by a fourth, making some lower notes accessible and creating alternate fingerings for certain\ntrills\n.\nMaurice André\n,\nHåkan Hardenberger\n,\nDavid Mason\n, and\nWynton Marsalis\nare some well-known trumpet players known for their virtuosity on the piccolo trumpet.\nPocket trumpet\nTrumpet in C with\nrotary valves\nTrumpets pitched in the key of low G are also called sopranos, or soprano bugles, after their adaptation from military\nbugles\n. Traditionally used in\ndrum and bugle corps\n, sopranos employ either\nrotary valves\nor\npiston valves\n. Trumpets in low F were common in the nineteenth century, composed for by\nRichard Wagner\n,\nFranz Liszt\n, and\nAnton Bruckner\n, among others. These parts are in the upper register (unlike parts for alto trumpet, which are intended for the lower register) and are typically played on the B\n♭\nor C trumpets today.\n[\n21\n]\nThe bass trumpet is at the same pitch as a trombone and is usually played by a trombone player,\n[\n5\n]\nalthough its music is written in\ntreble clef\n. Most bass trumpets are pitched in either C or B\n♭\n. The C bass trumpet sounds an\noctave\nlower than written, and the  B\n♭\nbass sounds a major ninth (B\n♭\n) lower, making them both\ntransposing instruments\n.\nThe historical\nslide trumpet\nwas probably first developed in the late 14th century for use in\nalta cappella\nwind bands. Deriving from early straight trumpets, the Renaissance slide trumpet was essentially a natural trumpet with a sliding leadpipe. This single slide was awkward, as the entire instrument moved, and the range of the slide was probably no more than a major third. Originals were probably pitched in D, to fit with\nshawms\nin D and G, probably at a typical pitch standard near A=466 Hz. No known instruments from this period survive, so the details—and even the existence—of a Renaissance slide trumpet is a matter of debate among scholars. While there is documentation (written and artistic) of its existence, there is also conjecture that its slide would have been impractical.\nSome slide trumpet designs saw use in England in the 18th century.\n[\n22\n]\nThe\npocket trumpet\nis a compact B\n♭\ntrumpet. The bell is usually smaller than a standard trumpet bell, and the tubing is more tightly wound to reduce the instrument's size without reducing the total tube length. Its design is not standardized, and the quality of various models varies greatly. It can have a unique warm sound and voice-like articulation. Since many pocket trumpet models suffer from poor design as well as poor manufacturing, the intonation, tone color, and dynamic range of such instruments are severely hindered. Professional-standard instruments are, however, available. While they are not a substitute for the full-sized instrument, they can be useful in certain contexts. The jazz musician\nDon Cherry\nwas renowned for his playing of the pocket instrument.\nThe tubing of the bell section of a\nherald trumpet\nis straight, making it long enough to accommodate a hanging banner. This instrument is mostly used for ceremonial events such as parades and\nfanfares\n.\nDavid Monette\ndesigned the\nflumpet\nin 1989 for jazz musician\nArt Farmer\n. It is a hybrid of a trumpet and a flugelhorn, pitched in B\n♭\nand using three piston valves.\n[\n23\n]\nRotary valve\n, or German, trumpets are commonly used in professional German and Austrian orchestras. Other variations include alto and\nBaroque trumpets\n, and the\nVienna valve\ntrumpet (primarily used in Viennese brass ensembles and orchestras such as the\nVienna Philharmonic\nand\nMnozil Brass\n).\nThe trumpet is often confused with its close relative, the\ncornet\n, which has a more\nconical\ntubing shape compared to the trumpet's more\ncylindrical\ntube. This, along with additional bends in the cornet's tubing, gives the cornet a slightly mellower tone, but the instruments are otherwise nearly identical. They have the same length of tubing and, therefore, the same pitch, so music written for one of them is playable on the other. Another relative, the\nflugelhorn\n, has tubing that is even more conical than that of the cornet, and an even mellower tone. It is sometimes supplied with a fourth valve to improve the intonation of some lower notes.\nPlaying\nFingering\nOn any modern trumpet, cornet, or flugelhorn, pressing the valves indicated by the numbers below produces the written notes shown. \"Open\" means all valves up, \"1\" means first valve, \"1–2\" means first and second valve simultaneously, and so on. The sounding pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument. Engaging the fourth valve, if present, usually drops any of these pitches by a\nperfect fourth\nas well. Within each\novertone\nseries, the different pitches are attained by changing the\nembouchure\n.\nA step = a\ntone\n; a half step = a\nsemitone\nEach\novertone\nseries on the trumpet begins with the first overtone—the\nfundamental\nof each overtone series cannot be produced except as a\npedal tone\n. Notes in parentheses are the sixth overtone, representing a pitch with a frequency of seven times that of the fundamental; while this pitch is close to the note shown, it is flat relative to\nequal temperament\n, and use of those fingerings is generally avoided.\nThe fingering schema arises from the length of each valve's tubing (a longer tube produces a lower pitch). Valve \"1\" increases the tubing length enough to lower the pitch by one whole step, valve \"2\" by one half step, and valve \"3\" by one and a half steps.\n[\n24\n]\nThis scheme and the nature of the overtone series create the possibility of alternate fingerings for certain notes. For example, third-space \"C\" can be produced with no valves engaged (standard fingering) or with valves 2–3. Also, any note produced with 1–2 as its standard fingering can also be produced with valve 3 – each drops the pitch by\n1\n+\n1\n⁄\n2\nsteps. Alternate fingerings may be used to improve facility in certain passages or to aid in intonation. Extending the third valve slide when using the fingerings 1–3 or 1-2-3 further lowers the pitch slightly to improve intonation.\n[\n25\n]\nSome of the partials of the\nharmonic series\nthat a modern B\n♭\ntrumpet can play for each combination of valves pressed are in tune with\n12-tone equal temperament\nand some are not.\n[\n26\n]\nMutes\nTrumpet with a straight mute inserted. Below, left to right: straight, wah-wah (harmon), and cup mutes.\nVarious types of mutes can be placed in or over the bell, which decreases volume and changes timbre.\n[\n27\n]\nTrumpets have a wide selection of mutes: common ones include the\nstraight mute\n,\ncup mute\n,\nharmon mute\n(wah-wah or wow-wow mute, among other names\n[\n28\n]\n),\nplunger\n,\nbucket mute\n, and\npractice mute\n.\n[\n29\n]\nA straight mute is generally used when the type of mute is not specified.\n[\n28\n]\nJazz and commercial music call for a wider range of mutes than most classical music\n[\n27\n]\nand many mutes were invented for jazz orchestrators.\n[\n30\n]\nMutes can be made of many materials, including fiberglass, plastic, cardboard, metal, and \"stone lining\", a trade name of the Humes & Berg company.\n[\n31\n]\nThey are often held in place with cork.\n[\n27\n]\n[\n32\n]\nTo better keep the mute in place, players sometimes dampen the cork by blowing warm, moist air on it.\n[\n27\n]\nThe straight mute is conical and constructed of either metal (usually aluminum\n[\n28\n]\n)—which produces a bright, piercing sound—or another material, which produces a darker, stuffier sound.\n[\n33\n]\n[\n34\n]\nThe cup mute is shaped like a straight mute with an additional, bell-facing cup at the end, and produces a darker tone than a straight mute.\n[\n35\n]\nThe harmon mute is made of metal (usually aluminum or copper\n[\n28\n]\n) and consists of a \"stem\" inserted into a large chamber.\n[\n35\n]\nThe stem can be extended or removed to produce different timbres, and waving one's hand in front of the mute produces a \"wah-wah\" sound, hence the mute's colloquial name.\n[\n35\n]\nRange\nSound of a trumpet –\nWarsaw Castle\n, Poland.\nUsing standard technique, the lowest note is the written F\n♯\nbelow\nmiddle C\n.\n[\n1\n]\nThere is no actual limit to how high brass instruments can play, but fingering charts generally go up to the\nhigh C\ntwo octaves above middle C. Several trumpeters have achieved fame for their proficiency in the extreme high register, among them\nMaynard Ferguson\n,\nCat Anderson\n,\nDizzy Gillespie\n,\nDoc Severinsen\n,\nJohn Madrid\n, and more recently\nWayne Bergeron\n,\nLouis Dowdeswell\n,\nThomas Gansch\n,\nJames Morrison\n,\nJon Faddis\nand\nArturo Sandoval\n. It is also possible to produce\npedal tones\nbelow the low F\n♯\n, which is a device occasionally employed in the contemporary repertoire for the instrument.\nExtended technique\nContemporary music for the trumpet makes wide use of extended trumpet techniques.\nFlutter tonguing\n: The trumpeter rolls the tip of the tongue (as if rolling an \"R\" in Spanish) to produce a 'growling-like' tone. This technique is widely employed by composers like\nBerio\nand\nStockhausen\n.\nGrowling\n: Simultaneously playing a tone and using the back of the tongue to vibrate the uvula, creating a distinct sound.  Most trumpet players will use a plunger with this technique to achieve a particular sound heard in a lot of Chicago Jazz of the 1950s.\nDouble tonguing\n: The player articulates using the syllables\nta-ka ta-ka ta-ka\n.\nTriple tonguing\n: The same as double tonguing, but with the syllables\nta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka\n.\nDoodle tongue\n: The trumpeter tongues as if saying the word\ndoodle\n. This is a very faint tonguing, similar in sound to a valve tremolo.\nGlissando\n: Trumpeters can slide between notes by depressing the valves halfway and changing the lip tension. Modern repertoire makes extensive use of this technique.\nVibrato\n: It is often regulated in contemporary repertoire through specific notation. Composers can call for everything from fast, slow or no vibrato to actual rhythmic patterns played with vibrato.\nPedal tone\n: Composers have written notes as low as two-and-a-half octaves below the low F\n♯\nat the bottom of the standard range. Extreme low pedals are produced by slipping the lower lip out of the mouthpiece.\nClaude Gordon\nassigned pedals as part of his trumpet practice routines, which were a systematic expansion on his lessons with Herbert L. Clarke. The technique was pioneered by\nBohumir Kryl\n.\n[\n36\n]\nMicrotones\n: Composers such as Scelsi and Stockhausen have made wide use of the trumpet's ability to play microtonally. Some instruments feature a fourth valve that provides a quarter-tone step between each note. The jazz musician\nIbrahim Maalouf\nuses such a trumpet, invented by his father to make it possible to play\nArab maqams\n.\nValve tremolo\n: Many notes on the trumpet can be played in several different valve combinations. By alternating between valve combinations on the same note, a tremolo effect can be created. Berio makes extended use of this technique in his\nSequenza X\n.\nNoises\n: By hissing, clicking, or breathing through the instrument, the trumpet can be made to resonate in ways that do not sound at all like a trumpet. Noises may require amplification.\nPreparation\n: Composers have called for trumpeters to play underwater, or with certain slides removed. It is increasingly common for composers to specify all sorts of preparations for the trumpet. Extreme preparations involve alternate constructions, such as double bells and extra valves.\nSplit tone\n: Trumpeters can produce more than one tone simultaneously by vibrating the two lips at different speeds. The interval produced is usually an octave or a fifth.\nLip-trill or shake\n: Also known as \"lip-slurs\". By rapidly varying air speed, but not changing the depressed valves, the pitch can vary quickly between adjacent harmonic partials. Shakes and lip-trills can vary in speed and in the distance between the partials. However, lip-trills and shakes usually involve the next partial up from the written note.\nMulti-phonics\n: Playing a note and \"humming\" a different note simultaneously. For example, sustaining a middle C and humming a major 3rd \"E\" at the same time.\nCircular breathing\n: A technique wind players use to produce uninterrupted tone, without pauses for breaths. The player puffs up the cheeks, storing air, then breathes in rapidly through the nose while using the cheeks to continue pushing air outwards.\nInstruction and method books\nOne trumpet method is\nJean-Baptiste Arban\n's\nComplete Conservatory Method for Trumpet (Cornet)\n.\n[\n37\n]\nOther well-known method books include\nTechnical Studies\nby\nHerbert L. Clarke\n,\n[\n38\n]\nGrand Method\nby Louis Saint-Jacome,\nDaily Drills and Technical Studies\nby\nMax Schlossberg\n, and methods by\nErnest S. Williams\n,\nClaude Gordon\n, Charles Colin,\nJames Stamp\n, and Louis Davidson.\n[\n39\n]\nA common method book for beginners is the Walter Beeler's\nMethod for the Cornet\n, and there have been several instruction books written by virtuoso\nAllen Vizzutti\n.\n[\n40\n]\nMerri Franquin\nwrote a\nComplete Method for Modern Trumpet\n,\n[\n41\n]\nwhich fell into obscurity for much of the twentieth century until public endorsements by\nMaurice André\nrevived interest in this work.\n[\n42\n]\nPlayers\nGottfried Reiche\n, chief trumpeter for\nJohann Sebastian Bach\nin Leipzig\nIn early jazz,\nLouis Armstrong\nwas well known for his virtuosity and his improvisations on the\nHot Five\nand\nHot Seven\nrecordings, and his switch from\ncornet\nto trumpet is often cited as heralding the trumpet's dominance over the cornet in jazz.\n[\n5\n]\n[\n43\n]\nDizzy Gillespie\nwas a gifted\nimproviser\nwith an extremely high (but musical) range, building on the style of\nRoy Eldridge\nbut adding new layers of\nharmonic\ncomplexity. Gillespie had an enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter, both by the example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians.\nMiles Davis\nis widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century—his style was distinctive and widely imitated. Davis' phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models for generations of jazz musicians.\n[\n44\n]\nCat Anderson\nwas a trumpet player who was known for the ability to play extremely high with an even more extreme volume, who played with Duke Ellington's Big Band.\nMaynard Ferguson\ncame to prominence playing in\nStan Kenton\n's orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high\nregister\n.\n[\n45\n]\nRepertoire\nThe\ntrumpet repertoire\nconsists of solo literature and orchestral or, more commonly, band parts written for the trumpet. Tracings its origins to 1500 BC, the trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest\nregister\nin the\nbrass\nfamily.\nSolos\nIn the 1790s\nAnton Weidinger\ndeveloped the first successful\nkeyed trumpet\n, capable of playing chromatically.\nJoseph Haydn\n's\nTrumpet Concerto\nwas written for him in 1796 and startled contemporary audiences by its novelty,\n[\n46\n]\na fact shown off by some stepwise melodies played low in the instrument's range.\nIn art\nTrumpet-Player in front of a Banquet\n,\nGerrit Dou\n, c. 1660–1665\nIllustration for\nThe Trumpeter Taken Prisoner\nfrom an 1887 children's edition of\nAesop's Fables\nSee also\nHerald and Trumpet contest\nCompositions for trumpet\nBirch trumpet\nMuted trumpet\nWind controller\nReferences\nNotes\n^\na\nb\nAdler, Samuel.\nThe Study of Orchestration\n. W.W. Norton, 1989. 301.\n^\nWhite, H.N. (25 June 2023).\n\"History of the Trumpet and Cornet\"\n.\nTrumpet-history.com\n. Retrieved\n25 June\n2023\n.\n^\n\"History of the Trumpet (According to the\nNew Harvard Dictionary of Music\n)\"\n. petrouska.com. Archived from\nthe original\non 8 June 2008\n. Retrieved\n17 December\n2014\n.\n^\n\"Brass Family of Instruments: What instruments are in the Brass Family?\"\n.\nwww.orsymphony.org\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 24 May 2021\n. Retrieved\n12 May\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nKoehler 2013\n^\na\nb\n\"Trumpet\"\n.\nwww.etymonline.com\n. Online Etymology Dictionary\n. Retrieved\n20 May\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Trump\"\n.\nwww.etymonline.com\n. Online Etymology Dictionary\n. Retrieved\n20 May\n2017\n.\n^\nEdward Tarr\n,\nThe Trumpet\n(Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1988), 20–30.\n^\n\"Trumpet with a swelling decorated with a human head,\"\nMusée du Louvre\n^\nHomer,\nIliad,\n18. 219.\n^\na\nb\nc\n\"History of the Trumpet | Pops' Trumpet College\"\n.\nBbtrumpet.com\n. 8 November 2017\n. Retrieved\n19 April\n2021\n.\n^\nBerrin, Katherine & Larco Museum.\nThe Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the\nMuseo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera\n.\nNew York:\nThames and Hudson\n, 1997.\n^\n\"Chicago Symphony Orchestra – Glossary – Brass instruments\"\n. cso.org\n. Retrieved\n3 May\n2008\n.\n^\nJohn Wallace and Alexander McGrattan,\nThe Trumpet\n, Yale Musical Instrument Series (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011): 239.\nISBN\n \n978-0-300-11230-6\n.\n^\nBerlioz, Hector\n(1844).\nTreatise on modern Instrumentation and Orchestration\n.\nEdwin F. Kalmus\n, NY, 1948.\n^\n\"Trumpet, Brass Instrument\"\n. dsokids.com. Archived from\nthe original\non 17 May 2008\n. Retrieved\n3 May\n2008\n.\n^\nBlackwell, James (11 December 2012).\n\"Pitch Bends!\"\n.\nBlackwells Trumpet Basics\n. Retrieved\n26 June\n2023\n.\n^\nBloch, Dr. Colin (August 1978).\n\"The Bell-Tuned Trumpet\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 25 December 2008\n. Retrieved\n25 February\n2010\n.\n^\nD. J. Blaikley, \"How a Trumpet Is Made. I. The Natural Trumpet and Horn\",\nThe Musical Times\n, 1 January 1910, p. 15.\n^\nP-trumpet\n^\n\"Orchestral F Trumpet History\"\n.\nRobb Stewart Brass Instruments\n. Retrieved\n8 February\n2026\n.\n^\nLessen, Martin (1997). \"JSTOR: Notes, Second Series\".\nNotes\n.\n54\n(2):\n484–\n485.\ndoi\n:\n10.2307\/899543\n.\nISSN\n \n0027-4380\n.\nJSTOR\n \n899543\n.\n^\nKoehler, Elisa (2014).\nFanfares and Finesse: A Performer's Guide to Trumpet History and Literature\n. Indiana University Press. p. 55.\nISBN\n \n978-0-253-01179-4\n. Retrieved\n7 December\n2017\n.\n^\nPagliaro, Michael J. (2016).\nThe Brass Instrument Owner's Handbook\n. Lanham, Maryland:\nRowman & Littlefield\n. pp. \n37–\n39.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4422-6862-3\n.\nOCLC\n \n946032345\n.\n^\nEly, Mark C.; Van Deuren, Amy E. (2009).\nWind Talk for Brass: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Teaching Brass Instruments\n. Amy E. Van Deuren. Oxford:\nOxford University Press\n. pp. \n8–\n12.\nISBN\n \n978-0-19-971631-9\n.\nOCLC\n \n472461178\n.\n^\nSchafer, Erika.\n\"Trumpet Tuning Tendencies Relating to the Overtone Series with Solutions\"\n.\nUTC Trumpet Studio\n. Retrieved\n19 January\n2023\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nEly 2009\n, p. 109.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nEly 2009\n, p. 111.\n^\nFor the \"widest selection of mutes\", see\nSevsay 2013\n, p. 125. *For a list of common mutes, see\nEly 2009\n, p. 109.\n^\nBoyden, David D.; Bevan, Clifford; Page, Janet K. (20 January 2001).\n\"Mute\"\n.\nGrove Music Online\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.19478\n.\nISBN\n \n978-1-56159-263-0\n. Retrieved\n16 September\n2020\n.\n^\nFor the list of materials, see\nEly 2009\n, p. 109.\nFor the origin of \"stonelined mutes\", see\nKoehler 2013\n, p. 173.\n^\nSevsay 2013\n, p. 125.\n^\nSevsay 2013\n, p. 125: \"plastic (fiberglass): not as forceful as the metal mute, a bit darker in color, but still penetrating\"\n^\nKoehler 2013\n, p. 173.\n^\na\nb\nc\nSevsay 2013\n, p. 126.\n^\nJoseph Wheeler, \"Review: Edward H. Tarr,\nDie Trompete\n\"\nThe Galpin Society Journal\n, Vol. 31, May 1978, p. 167.\n^\nArban, Jean-Baptiste\n(1894, 1936, 1982).\nArban's Complete Conservatory Method for trumpet\n. Carl Fischer, Inc.\nISBN\n \n0-8258-0385-3\n.\n^\nHerbert L. Clarke\n(1984).\nTechnical Studies for the Cornet\n, C. Carl Fischer, Inc.\nISBN\n \n0-8258-0158-3\n.\n^\nColin, Charles and\nAdvanced Lip Flexibilities\n.\n[\nfull citation needed\n]\n^\n\"Allen Vizzutti Official Website\"\n.\nwww.vizzutti.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 29 October 2016\n. Retrieved\n21 October\n2016\n.\n^\nFranquin, Merri (2016) [1908]. Quinlan, Timothy (ed.).\n\"Complete Method for Modern Trumpet\"\n.\nqpress.ca\n. Translated by Jackson, Susie.\n^\nShamu, Geoffrey.\n\"Merri Franquin and His Contribution to the Art of Trumpet Playing\"\n(PDF)\n. p. 20\n. Retrieved\n11 August\n2017\n.\n^\nWest, Michael J. (3 November 2017).\n\"The Cornet: Secrets of the Little Big Horn\"\n.\nJazzTimes.com\n. Retrieved\n17 August\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Miles Davis, Trumpeter, Dies; Jazz Genius, 65, Defined Cool\"\n.\nnytimes.com\n. Retrieved\n3 May\n2008\n.\n^\n\"Ferguson, Maynard\"\n.\nEncyclopedia of Music in Canada\n. The Canadian Encyclopedia\n. Retrieved\n2 January\n2008\n.\n^\nKeith Anderson, liner notes for Naxos CD 8.550243,\nFamous Trumpet Concertos\n, \"Haydn's concerto, written for Weidinger in 1796, must have. At the first performance of the new concerto in Vienna in 1800, a trumpet melody was heard in a lower register than had hitherto been practicable.\"\nBibliography\nBarclay, R. L. (1992).\nThe art of the trumpet-maker: the materials, tools, and techniques of the seventeenth [sic] and eighteenth centuries in Nuremberg\n. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press.\nISBN\n \n0-19-816223-5\n.\nBate, Philip (1978).\nThe trumpet and trombone : an outline of their history, development, and construction\n(2nd ed.). London: E. Benn.\nISBN\n \n0-393-02129-7\n.\nBrownlow, James Arthur (1996).\nThe last trumpet: a history of the English slide trumpet\n. Stuyvesant, N.Y.: Pendragon Press.\nISBN\n \n0-945193-81-5\n.\nCampos, Frank Gabriel (2005).\nTrumpet technique\n. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nISBN\n \n0-19-516692-2\n.\nCassone, Gabriele (2009).\nThe trumpet book\n(1st ed.). Varese, Italy: Zecchini.\nISBN\n \n978-88-87203-80-6\n.\nEly, Mark C. (2009).\nWind talk for brass: a practical guide to understanding and teaching brass instruments\n. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nISBN\n \n978-0-19-532924-7\n.\nEnglish, Betty Lou (1980).\nYou can't be timid with a trumpet: notes from the orchestra\n(1st ed.). New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books.\nISBN\n \n0-688-41963-1\n.\nKoehler, Elisa (2013).\nDictionary for the modern trumpet player\n. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.\nISBN\n \n978-0-8108-8658-2\n.\nSherman, Roger (1979).\nThe trumpeter's handbook: a comprehensive guide to playing and teaching the trumpet\n. Athens, Ohio: Accura Music.\nISBN\n \n0-918194-02-4\n.\nSevsay, Ertuğrul (2013).\nThe Cambridge guide to orchestration\n. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 125.\nISBN\n \n978-1-107-02516-5\n.\nSmithers, Don L. (1973).\nThe music and history of the baroque trumpet before 1721\n(1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.\nISBN\n \n0-8156-2157-4\n.\nExternal links\nWikimedia Commons has media related to\nTrumpets\n.\nThe dictionary definition of\ntrumpet\nat Wiktionary\n\"Trumpet\" \n.\nEncyclopædia Britannica\n. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911.\nInternational Trumpet Guild\n, an international trumpet players' association with online library of scholarly journal back issues, news, jobs and other trumpet resources.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trumpet \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trumpet \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trumpet \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trumpet \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet)\n- [1 Etymology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Etymology)\n- [2 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#History)\n- [3 Construction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Construction)\n- [4 Types](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Types)\n- [5 Playing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Playing)\n  Toggle Playing subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Fingering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Fingering)\n- [6 Mutes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Mutes)\n- [7 Range](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Range)\n- [8 Extended technique](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Extended_technique)\n  Toggle Extended technique subsection\n  - [8\\.1 Instruction and method books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Instruction_and_method_books)\n- [9 Players](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Players)\n- [10 Repertoire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Repertoire)\n  Toggle Repertoire subsection\n  - [10\\.1 Solos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Solos)\n- [11 In art](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#In_art)\n- [12 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#See_also)\n- [13 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#References)\n  Toggle References subsection\n  - [13\\.1 Notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Notes)\n  - [13\\.2 Bibliography](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Bibliography)\n- [14 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Trumpet\n126 languages\n\n- [Afrikaans](https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Afrikaans\")\n- [Alemannisch](https:\/\/als.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompete \"Trompete – Alemannic\")\n- [አማርኛ](https:\/\/am.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%94%E1%89%B5 \"ትራምፔት – Amharic\")\n- [Aragonés](https:\/\/an.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompeta \"Trompeta – Aragonese\")\n- [Ænglisc](https:\/\/ang.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B%C4%ABeme \"Bīeme – Old English\")\n- [Obolo](https:\/\/ann.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otita \"Otita – Obolo\")\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%82 \"بوق – Arabic\")\n- [مصرى](https:\/\/arz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA \"ترومبيت – Egyptian Arabic\")\n- [অসমীয়া](https:\/\/as.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F \"ট্ৰাম্পেট – Assamese\")\n- [Asturianu](https:\/\/ast.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompeta \"Trompeta – Asturian\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truba_\\(musiqi_al%C9%99ti\\) \"Truba (musiqi aləti) – Azerbaijani\")\n- [Башҡортса](https:\/\/ba.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0_\\(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B\\) \"Торба (музыка ҡоралы) – Bashkir\")\n- [Boarisch](https:\/\/bar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpetn \"Trumpetn – Bavarian\")\n- [Žemaitėška](https:\/\/bat-smg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tr%C5%ABbs \"Trūbs – Samogitian\")\n- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https:\/\/be-tarask.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 \"Труба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)\")\n- [Беларуская](https:\/\/be.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 \"Труба – Belarusian\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82 \"Тромпет – Bulgarian\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F \"ট্রাম্পেট – Bangla\")\n- [བོད་ཡིག](https:\/\/bo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D \"འཁྱིལ་ཆུང་། – Tibetan\")\n- [Brezhoneg](https:\/\/br.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompilh_\\(sonerezh\\) \"Trompilh (sonerezh) – Breton\")\n- [Bosanski](https:\/\/bs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truba \"Truba – Bosnian\")\n- [Буряад](https:\/\/bxr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8D \"Бүреэ – Russia Buriat\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompeta \"Trompeta – Catalan\")\n- [ᏣᎳᎩ](https:\/\/chr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%A4%E1%8F%A1%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97 \"ᎦᏤᏡᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee\")\n- [کوردی](https:\/\/ckb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%AA \"ترامپێت – Central Kurdish\")\n- [Qırımtatarca](https:\/\/crh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boru_\\(%C3%A7al%C4%9F%C4%B1_aleti\\) \"Boru (çalğı aleti) – Crimean Tatar\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trubka \"Trubka – Czech\")\n- [Kaszëbsczi](https:\/\/csb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tr%C4%85bka \"Trąbka – Kashubian\")\n- [Cymraeg](https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trwmped \"Trwmped – Welsh\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Danish\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompete \"Trompete – German\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1 \"Τρομπέτα – Greek\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpeto \"Trumpeto – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompeta \"Trompeta – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tronpeta \"Tronpeta – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%AA \"ترومپت – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpetti \"Trumpetti – Finnish\")\n- [Võro](https:\/\/fiu-vro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tromp%C3%B5t \"Trompõt – Võro\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompette \"Trompette – French\")\n- [Frysk](https:\/\/fy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Western Frisian\")\n- [Gaeilge](https:\/\/ga.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpa \"Trumpa – Irish\")\n- [Gàidhlig](https:\/\/gd.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trombaid \"Trombaid – Scottish Gaelic\")\n- [Galego](https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompeta \"Trompeta – Galician\")\n- [Avañe'ẽ](https:\/\/gn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guatapu \"Guatapu – Guarani\")\n- [客家語 \/ Hak-kâ-ngî](https:\/\/hak.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La%CC%8Dp-p%C3%A1 \"La̍p-pá – Hakka Chinese\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%94 \"חצוצרה – Hebrew\")\n- [हिन्दी](https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_\\(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0\\) \"तुरही (वाद्य यंत्र) – Hindi\")\n- [Fiji Hindi](https:\/\/hif.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet \"Trumpet – Fiji Hindi\")\n- [Hrvatski](https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truba \"Truba – Croatian\")\n- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https:\/\/ht.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klewon \"Klewon – Haitian Creole\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trombita \"Trombita – Hungarian\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80 \"Շեփոր – Armenian\")\n- [Interlingua](https:\/\/ia.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompetta \"Trompetta – Interlingua\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Indonesian\")\n- [Ido](https:\/\/io.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpeto \"Trumpeto – Ido\")\n- [Íslenska](https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Icelandic\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tromba \"Tromba – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%83%E3%83%88 \"トランペット – Japanese\")\n- [Jawa](https:\/\/jv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tromp%C3%A8t \"Trompèt – Javanese\")\n- [ქართული](https:\/\/ka.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98 \"საყვირი – Georgian\")\n- [Kabɩyɛ](https:\/\/kbp.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C6%90gand%C9%A9y%C9%9B \"Ɛgandɩyɛ – Kabiye\")\n- [Қазақша](https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 \"Труба – Kazakh\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC%ED%8E%AB \"트럼펫 – Korean\")\n- [Кыргызча](https:\/\/ky.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 \"Труба – Kyrgyz\")\n- [Latina](https:\/\/la.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuba_clarisona \"Tuba clarisona – Latin\")\n- [Lombard](https:\/\/lmo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tromba \"Tromba – Lombard\")\n- [Lingála](https:\/\/ln.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mond%C3%BAle \"Mondúle – Lingala\")\n- [Lietuvių](https:\/\/lt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trimitas \"Trimitas – Lithuanian\")\n- [Latviešu](https:\/\/lv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompete \"Trompete – Latvian\")\n- [Malagasy](https:\/\/mg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompetra \"Trompetra – Malagasy\")\n- [Македонски](https:\/\/mk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 \"Труба – Macedonian\")\n- [മലയാളം](https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D \"ട്രംപറ്റ് – Malayalam\")\n- [Монгол](https:\/\/mn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D \"Бүрээ – Mongolian\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Malay\")\n- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https:\/\/my.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA \"ထရမ်းပက် – Burmese\")\n- [Nāhuatl](https:\/\/nah.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tepozquiquiztli \"Tepozquiquiztli – Nahuatl\")\n- [Nedersaksies](https:\/\/nds-nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Low Saxon\")\n- [Plattdüütsch](https:\/\/nds.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpeet \"Trumpeet – Low German\")\n- [नेपाल भाषा](https:\/\/new.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4 \"त्रम्पेत – Newari\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk nynorsk](https:\/\/nn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Norwegian Nynorsk\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Occitan](https:\/\/oc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompeta \"Trompeta – Occitan\")\n- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https:\/\/pa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80 \"ਤੂਤਨੀ – Punjabi\")\n- [Picard](https:\/\/pcd.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tromp%C3%A8te \"Trompète – Picard\")\n- [Deitsch](https:\/\/pdc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drummbett \"Drummbett – Pennsylvania German\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tr%C4%85bka \"Trąbka – Polish\")\n- [Piemontèis](https:\/\/pms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tromba \"Tromba – Piedmontese\")\n- [پنجابی](https:\/\/pnb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C \"توتنی – Western Punjabi\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompete \"Trompete – Portuguese\")\n- [Runa Simi](https:\/\/qu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Q%27ipa \"Q'ipa – Quechua\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet%C4%83 \"Trompetă – Romanian\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_\\(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82\\) \"Труба (музыкальный инструмент) – Russian\")\n- [Русиньскый](https:\/\/rue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0 \"Трубка – Rusyn\")\n- [Sicilianu](https:\/\/scn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumma \"Trumma – Sicilian\")\n- [Scots](https:\/\/sco.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet \"Trumpet – Scots\")\n- [سنڌي](https:\/\/sd.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BD \"ٽرمپيٽ – Sindhi\")\n- [Srpskohrvatski \/ српскохрватски](https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truba \"Truba – Serbo-Croatian\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet \"Trumpet – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tr%C3%BAbka_\\(hudobn%C3%BD_n%C3%A1stroj\\) \"Trúbka (hudobný nástroj) – Slovak\")\n- [Slovenščina](https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trobenta \"Trobenta – Slovenian\")\n- [Shqip](https:\/\/sq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumbeta \"Trumbeta – Albanian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 \"Труба – Serbian\")\n- [Seeltersk](https:\/\/stq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trump%C3%A4tte \"Trumpätte – Saterland Frisian\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet \"Trumpet – Swedish\")\n- [Kiswahili](https:\/\/sw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tarumbeta \"Tarumbeta – Swahili\")\n- [தமிழ்](https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81 \"ஊதுகொம்பு – Tamil\")\n- [తెలుగు](https:\/\/te.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D \"ట్రంపెట్ – Telugu\")\n- [Тоҷикӣ](https:\/\/tg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 \"Труба – Tajik\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95 \"ทรัมเป็ต – Thai\")\n- [Tagalog](https:\/\/tl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpeta \"Trumpeta – Tagalog\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompet \"Trompet – Turkish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_\\(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82\\) \"Труба (музичний інструмент) – Ukrainian\")\n- [اردو](https:\/\/ur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85 \"ترم – Urdu\")\n- [Oʻzbekcha \/ ўзбекча](https:\/\/uz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truba \"Truba – Uzbek\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet \"Trumpet – Vietnamese\")\n- [West-Vlams](https:\/\/vls.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trompette \"Trompette – West Flemish\")\n- [Volapük](https:\/\/vo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topet \"Topet – Volapük\")\n- [Winaray](https:\/\/war.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torotot \"Torotot – Waray\")\n- [吴语](https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%B0%8F%E5%8F%B7 \"小号 – Wu\")\n- [ייִדיש](https:\/\/yi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98 \"טרומייט – Yiddish\")\n- [閩南語 \/ Bân-lâm-gí](https:\/\/zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%B3%CD%98-chhoe \"Kó͘-chhoe – Minnan\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%B0%8F%E8%99%9F \"小號 – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%B0%8F%E8%99%9F \"小號 – Chinese\")\n- [IsiZulu](https:\/\/zu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Icilongo \"Icilongo – Zulu\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q8338#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Trumpet \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet)\n- [View source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trumpet&action=edit \"This page is protected.\n  You can view its source [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trumpet&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet)\n- [View source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trumpet&action=edit)\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trumpet&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Trumpet \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Trumpet \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trumpet&oldid=1347295008 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trumpet&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Trumpet&id=1347295008&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrumpet)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Trumpet&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trumpet&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet)\n- [Wikisource](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Portal:Trumpet)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q8338 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[![Page semi-protected](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Semi-protection-shackle.svg\/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi \"This article is semi-protected until September 18, 2030 at 17:12 UTC.\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nBrass instrument\n\n\"Trumpeter\" redirects here. For a list of trumpet players, see [List of trumpeters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_trumpeters \"List of trumpeters\"). For other uses, see [Trumpeter (disambiguation)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpeter_\\(disambiguation\\) \"Trumpeter (disambiguation)\") and [Trumpet (disambiguation)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet_\\(disambiguation\\) \"Trumpet (disambiguation)\").\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/12\/Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg\/250px-Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg)Trumpet in B♭ |   |\n| [Brass instrument](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\") |   |\n| [Classification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musical_instrument_classification \"Musical instrument classification\") | [Wind](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wind_instrument \"Wind instrument\") [Brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\") [Aerophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerophone \"Aerophone\") |\n| [Hornbostel–Sachs classification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs \"Hornbostel–Sachs\") | 423\\.233 (Valved [aerophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerophone \"Aerophone\") sounded by lip vibration) |\n| [Playing range](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Range_\\(music\\) \"Range (music)\") |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/43\/Trumpet_range_transposed.svg\/250px-Trumpet_range_transposed.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpet_range_transposed.svg) All trumpets have approximately the same written range. The sounding pitch depends on what key the instrument is in. Lower and higher notes are possible (see [§ Range](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Range)).[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-Adler-1) |   |\n| [Related instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musical_instrument \"Musical instrument\") |   |\n| [Flugelhorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flugelhorn \"Flugelhorn\") [cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\") [cornett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornett \"Cornett\") [flumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flumpet \"Flumpet\") [bugle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bugle_\\(instrument\\) \"Bugle (instrument)\") |   |\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| Part of a series on |\n| [Musical instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musical_instrument \"Musical instrument\") |\n| [Woodwinds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woodwind_instrument \"Woodwind instrument\") [Bagpipes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bagpipes \"Bagpipes\") [Bassoon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bassoon \"Bassoon\") [Contrabassoon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contrabassoon \"Contrabassoon\") [Cor anglais](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cor_anglais \"Cor anglais\") [Clarinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarinet \"Clarinet\") [Flute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flute \"Flute\") [Oboe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oboe \"Oboe\") [Piccolo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piccolo \"Piccolo\") [Saxophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saxophone \"Saxophone\") |\n| [Brass instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\") [Baritone horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baritone_horn \"Baritone horn\") [Cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\") [Euphonium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euphonium \"Euphonium\") [Flugelhorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flugelhorn \"Flugelhorn\") [French horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_horn \"French horn\") [Mellophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mellophone \"Mellophone\") [Tenor horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tenor_horn \"Tenor horn\") [Trombone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trombone \"Trombone\") [Trumpet]() [Tuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuba \"Tuba\") |\n| [String instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/String_instrument \"String instrument\") **[Bowed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bowed_string_instrument \"Bowed string instrument\")** [Cello](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cello \"Cello\") [Double bass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double_bass \"Double bass\") [Huqin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huqin \"Huqin\") [Hurdy-gurdy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hurdy-gurdy \"Hurdy-gurdy\") [Viola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viola \"Viola\") [Violin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Violin \"Violin\") **Plucked** [Banjo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banjo \"Banjo\") [Guitar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guitar \"Guitar\") [Bass guitar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") [Guzheng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guzheng \"Guzheng\") [Koto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koto_\\(instrument\\) \"Koto (instrument)\") [Lyre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyre \"Lyre\") [Mandolin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mandolin \"Mandolin\") [Harp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedal_Harp \"Pedal Harp\") [Shamisen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shamisen \"Shamisen\") [Sitar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sitar \"Sitar\") [Tambura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanpura \"Tanpura\") [Ukulele](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukulele \"Ukulele\") [Zither](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zither \"Zither\") |\n| [Percussion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Percussion_instrument \"Percussion instrument\") [Bass drum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bass_drum \"Bass drum\") [Bell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bell \"Bell\") [Carillon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carillon \"Carillon\") [Celesta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Celesta \"Celesta\") [Cymbals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cymbals \"Cymbals\") [Glockenspiel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glockenspiel \"Glockenspiel\") [Gong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gong \"Gong\") [Handbell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Handbell \"Handbell\") [Lithophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithophone \"Lithophone\") [Marimba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marimba \"Marimba\") [Mridangam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mridangam \"Mridangam\") [Snare drum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snare_drum \"Snare drum\") [Steelpan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steelpan \"Steelpan\") [Timpani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timpani \"Timpani\") [Triangle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triangle_\\(musical_instrument\\) \"Triangle (musical instrument)\") [Tubaphone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tubaphone \"Tubaphone\") [Tubular bells](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tubular_bells \"Tubular bells\") [Vibraphone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vibraphone \"Vibraphone\") [Xylophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xylophone \"Xylophone\") |\n| [Keyboards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keyboard_instrument \"Keyboard instrument\") [Accordion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accordion \"Accordion\") [Clavichord](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clavichord \"Clavichord\") [Electronic keyboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_keyboard \"Electronic keyboard\") [Harmonium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmonium \"Harmonium\") [Harpsichord](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harpsichord \"Harpsichord\") [Organ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organ_\\(music\\) \"Organ (music)\") [Piano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piano \"Piano\") [Spinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spinet \"Spinet\") [Virginals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginals \"Virginals\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Musical_instruments_sidebar \"Template:Musical instruments sidebar\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Musical_instruments_sidebar \"Template talk:Musical instruments sidebar\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Musical_instruments_sidebar \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Musical instruments sidebar\") |\n\nThe **trumpet** is a [brass instrument](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\") commonly used in classical and [jazz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jazz \"Jazz\") [ensembles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musical_ensemble \"Musical ensemble\"). The trumpet group ranges from the [piccolo trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piccolo_trumpet \"Piccolo trumpet\")—with the highest [register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Register_\\(music\\) \"Register (music)\") in the brass family—to the [bass trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bass_trumpet \"Bass trumpet\"), pitched one octave below the standard B♭ or C trumpet.\n\nTrumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to the 2nd Millennium BC.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-2) They began to be used as musical instruments only in the late 14th or early 15th century.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-3) Trumpets are used in [art music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art_music \"Art music\") styles, appearing in [orchestras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchestras \"Orchestras\"), [concert bands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concert_band \"Concert band\"), [chamber music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chamber_music \"Chamber music\") groups, and [jazz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jazz \"Jazz\") ensembles. They are also common in [popular music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Popular_music \"Popular music\") and are generally included in [school bands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/School_band \"School band\"). Sound is produced by vibrating the lips in a mouthpiece,[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-4) which starts a [standing wave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standing_wave \"Standing wave\") in the air column of the instrument. Since the late 15th century, trumpets have primarily been constructed of [brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass \"Brass\") tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape.\n\nThere are many distinct types of trumpet. The most common is a [transposing instrument](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transposing_instrument \"Transposing instrument\") pitched in B♭ with a tubing length of about 1.48 m (4 ft 10 in). The [cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\") is similar to the trumpet but has a conical bore (the trumpet has a cylindrical bore) and its tubing is generally wound differently. Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing, whereas modern instruments generally have three (or sometimes four) [valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument_valve \"Brass instrument valve\") which are used to change their [pitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pitch_\\(music\\) \"Pitch (music)\"). Most trumpets have valves of the [piston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piston_valve \"Piston valve\") type, while some have the [rotary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_valve \"Rotary valve\") type. The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings (especially in German and German-style orchestras), although this practice varies by country. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a *trumpet player* or *trumpeter*.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5)\n\n## Etymology\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/29\/Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg\/250px-Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg)\n\nTrio of trumpeters in Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1940\n\nThe English word *trumpet* was first used in the late 14th century.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-etymonline1-6) The word came from [Old French](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_French \"Old French\") *trompette*, which is a diminutive of *trompe*.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-etymonline1-6) The word *trump*, meaning *trumpet*, was first used in English in 1300. The word comes from Old French *trompe* 'long, tube-like musical wind instrument' (c. 1100s), cognate with [Provençal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occitan_language \"Occitan language\") *tromba*, [Italian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_language \"Italian language\") *tromba*, all probably from a [Germanic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germanic_languages \"Germanic languages\") source (compare [Old High German](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_High_German \"Old High German\") *trumpa*, [Old Norse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_Norse \"Old Norse\") *trumba* 'trumpet'), of imitative origin.\"[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-7)\n\n## History\nMain article: [History of the trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_trumpet \"History of the trumpet\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg\/250px-Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg)\n\nSilver and gold plated trumpet and its wooden mute from the [tomb of Tutankhamun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KV62 \"KV62\") (1326–1336 BC)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/03\/Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg)\n\nCeramic trumpet, AD 300, [Larco Museum Collection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larco_Museum \"Larco Museum\") Lima, Peru\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/50\/Trumpet%2C_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif\/lossy-page1-250px-Trumpet%2C_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpet,_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif)\n\nTrumpet, 17th century, decorated with large tassels\n\nThe earliest trumpets date back to 2000 BC and earlier. The bronze and silver [Tutankhamun's trumpets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tutankhamun%27s_trumpets \"Tutankhamun's trumpets\") from his grave in Egypt, [bronze lurs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lur \"Lur\") from Scandinavia, and metal trumpets from China date back to this period.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-8) Trumpets from the [Oxus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amu_Darya \"Amu Darya\") civilization (3rd millennium BC) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder for its time.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-9)\n\nThe [Salpinx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salpinx \"Salpinx\") was a straight trumpet 62 inches (1,600 mm) long, made of bone or bronze. [Homer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homer \"Homer\")'s *[Iliad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iliad \"Iliad\")* (9th or 8th century BCE) contains the earliest reference to its sound, and further, frequent descriptions are found throughout the [Classical Period](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_antiquity \"Classical antiquity\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-10) Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11) The [Shofar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shofar \"Shofar\"), made from a ram's horn, and the [chazozra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chazozra \"Chazozra\"), made of metal, are both mentioned in the Bible. They were said to have been played in Solomon's Temple around 3,000 years ago. They are still used on certain religious days.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11)\n\nThe [Moche](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moche_\\(culture\\) \"Moche (culture)\") people of ancient [Peru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru \"Peru\") depicted trumpets in their art going back to AD 300.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-12) The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense;[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-13) and the modern [bugle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bugle_\\(instrument\\) \"Bugle (instrument)\") continues this signaling tradition.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ea\/Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg\/250px-Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg)\n\nReproduction [baroque trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baroque_trumpet \"Baroque trumpet\") by [Michael Laird](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Michael_Laird&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Michael Laird (page does not exist)\")\n\nImprovements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument. The [natural trumpets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_trumpet \"Natural trumpet\") of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change [crooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crook_\\(music\\) \"Crook (music)\") of the instrument.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11) The development of the upper, \"[clarino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarion_\\(instrument\\) \"Clarion (instrument)\")\" register by specialist trumpeters—notably [Cesare Bendinelli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cesare_Bendinelli \"Cesare Bendinelli\")—would lend itself well to the [Baroque](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baroque \"Baroque\") era, also known as the \"Golden Age of the natural trumpet.\" During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters. The art was revived in the mid-20th century, and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. Many modern players in Germany and the UK who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet fitted with three or four vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tune notes in the harmonic series.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-14)\n\nThe melody-dominated [homophony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homophony \"Homophony\") of the [classical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_period_\\(music\\) \"Classical period (music)\") and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet. [Berlioz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hector_Berlioz \"Hector Berlioz\") wrote in 1844:\n\n> Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone, there are few instruments that have been more degraded (than the trumpet). Down to [Beethoven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beethoven \"Beethoven\") and [Weber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Maria_von_Weber \"Carl Maria von Weber\"), every composer – not excepting [Mozart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mozart \"Mozart\") – persisted in confining it to the unworthy function of filling up, or in causing it to sound two or three commonplace rhythmical formulae.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-15)\n## Construction\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg\/250px-Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg)\n\nTrumpet valve bypass (depressed)\n\nThe trumpet is constructed of [brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass \"Brass\") tubing bent twice into a rounded oblong shape.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-16) As with all brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through slightly separated lips, producing a \"buzzing\" sound into the [mouthpiece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mouthpiece_\\(brass\\) \"Mouthpiece (brass)\") and starting a [standing wave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standing_wave \"Standing wave\") vibration in the air column inside the trumpet. The player can select the [pitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pitch_\\(music\\) \"Pitch (music)\") from a range of [overtones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overtone \"Overtone\") or [harmonics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmonics \"Harmonics\") by changing the lip [aperture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aperture \"Aperture\") and tension (known as the [embouchure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embouchure \"Embouchure\")).\n\nThe mouthpiece has a circular rim, which provides a comfortable environment for the lips' vibration. Directly behind the rim is the cup, which channels the air into a much smaller opening (the back bore or shank) that tapers out slightly to match the diameter of the trumpet's lead pipe. The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the [timbre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timbre \"Timbre\") or quality of sound, the ease of playability, and player comfort. Generally, the wider and deeper the cup, the darker the sound and timbre.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/34\/Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg\/250px-Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg)\n\nB♭ trumpet, disassembled\n\nModern trumpets have three (or, infrequently, four) [piston valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piston_valve \"Piston valve\"), each of which increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby lowering the pitch. The first valve lowers the instrument's pitch by a whole step (two [semitones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semitone \"Semitone\")), the second valve by a half step (one semitone), and the third valve by one and a half steps (three semitones). Having three valves provides eight possible valve combinations (including \"none\"), but only seven different tubing lengths, because the third valve alone gives essentially the same tubing length as the 1–2 combination. (In practice there is often a deliberately designed slight difference between \"1–2\" and \"3\", and in that case trumpet players will select the alternative that gives the best tuning for the particular note being played.) When a fourth valve is present, as with some [piccolo trumpets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piccolo_trumpet \"Piccolo trumpet\"), it usually lowers the pitch a [perfect fourth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perfect_fourth \"Perfect fourth\") (five semitones). Used singly and in combination these valves make the instrument fully [chromatic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromatic_scale \"Chromatic scale\"), i.e., able to play all twelve pitches of classical music. For more information about the different types of valves, see [Brass instrument valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument_valves \"Brass instrument valves\").\n\nThe overall pitch of the trumpet can be raised or lowered by the use of the tuning slide. Pulling the slide out lowers the pitch; pushing the slide in raises it. Pitch can be \"bent\" using the embouchure only.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-17)\n\nTo overcome the problems of intonation and reduce the use of the slides, [Renold Schilke](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renold_Schilke \"Renold Schilke\") designed the tuning-bell trumpet. Removing the usual brace between the bell and a valve body allows the use of a sliding bell; the player may then tune the horn with the bell while leaving the slide pushed in, or nearly so, thereby improving intonation and overall response.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-18)\n\nA trumpet becomes a [closed tube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Closed_tube \"Closed tube\") when the player presses it to the lips; therefore, the instrument only naturally produces every other overtone of the harmonic series. The shape of the bell makes the missing overtones audible.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-19) Most notes in the series are slightly out of tune and modern trumpets have slide mechanisms for the first and third valves with which the player can compensate by *throwing* (extending) or retracting one or both slides, using the left thumb and ring finger for the first and third valve slides respectively.\n\nTrumpets can be constructed from other materials, including plastic.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-20)\n\n## Types\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c8\/Trumpeters%2C_Royal_Palace%2C_Sarahan%2C_HiP%2C_India.jpg\/250px-Trumpeters%2C_Royal_Palace%2C_Sarahan%2C_HiP%2C_India.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpeters,_Royal_Palace,_Sarahan,_HiP,_India.jpg)\n\nTrumpeters, Royal Palace, [Sarahan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarahan \"Sarahan\"), Himachal Pradesh, India\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/89\/Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa%2C_Ladakh._2010.jpg\/250px-Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa%2C_Ladakh._2010.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa,_Ladakh._2010.jpg)\n\nTibetan trumpets stored at [Tagthok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Tagthok&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Tagthok (page does not exist)\") Monastery, Ladakh\n\nThe most common type is the B♭ trumpet, but A, C, D, E♭, E, low F, and G trumpets are also available. The C trumpet is most common in American orchestral playing, where it is used alongside the B♭ trumpet. [Orchestral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchestral \"Orchestral\") trumpet players are adept at transposing music at sight, frequently playing music written for the A, B♭, D, E♭, E or F trumpet as well as for the B, C♯, F♯ or G trumpet (which is used more rarely) on the C trumpet or B♭ trumpet.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8c\/Trumpet_piccolo.jpg\/250px-Trumpet_piccolo.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpet_piccolo.jpg)\n\nPiccolo trumpet in B♭, with swappable [leadpipes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leadpipe \"Leadpipe\") to tune the instrument to B♭ (shorter) or A (longer)\n\nThe smallest trumpets are referred to as [piccolo trumpets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piccolo_trumpet \"Piccolo trumpet\"). The most common models are built to play in both B♭ and A, with separate leadpipes for each key. The tubing in the B♭ piccolo trumpet is one-half the length of that in a standard B♭ trumpet, making it sound an octave higher. Piccolo trumpets in G, F, and C are also manufactured, but are less common. Almost all piccolo trumpets have four valves instead of three—the fourth valve usually lowers the pitch by a fourth, making some lower notes accessible and creating alternate fingerings for certain [trills](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trill_\\(music\\) \"Trill (music)\"). [Maurice André](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9 \"Maurice André\"), [Håkan Hardenberger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%A5kan_Hardenberger \"Håkan Hardenberger\"), [David Mason](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Mason_\\(trumpet_player\\) \"David Mason (trumpet player)\"), and [Wynton Marsalis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wynton_Marsalis \"Wynton Marsalis\") are some well-known trumpet players known for their virtuosity on the piccolo trumpet.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/61\/Pocket_trumpet.jpg\/250px-Pocket_trumpet.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pocket_trumpet.jpg)\n\nPocket trumpet\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/ff\/Trumpet_in_c_german.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpet_in_c_german.jpg)\n\nTrumpet in C with [rotary valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_valves \"Rotary valves\")\n\nTrumpets pitched in the key of low G are also called sopranos, or soprano bugles, after their adaptation from military [bugles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bugle_\\(instrument\\) \"Bugle (instrument)\"). Traditionally used in [drum and bugle corps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drum_and_bugle_corps_\\(modern\\) \"Drum and bugle corps (modern)\"), sopranos employ either [rotary valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_valve \"Rotary valve\") or [piston valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piston_valve \"Piston valve\"). Trumpets in low F were common in the nineteenth century, composed for by [Richard Wagner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\"), [Franz Liszt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franz_Liszt \"Franz Liszt\"), and [Anton Bruckner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anton_Bruckner \"Anton Bruckner\"), among others. These parts are in the upper register (unlike parts for alto trumpet, which are intended for the lower register) and are typically played on the B♭ or C trumpets today.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-21)\n\nThe bass trumpet is at the same pitch as a trombone and is usually played by a trombone player,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5) although its music is written in [treble clef](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treble_clef \"Treble clef\"). Most bass trumpets are pitched in either C or B♭. The C bass trumpet sounds an [octave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Octave \"Octave\") lower than written, and the B♭ bass sounds a major ninth (B♭) lower, making them both [transposing instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transposing_instruments \"Transposing instruments\").\n\nThe historical [slide trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slide_trumpet \"Slide trumpet\") was probably first developed in the late 14th century for use in [alta cappella](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alta_cappella \"Alta cappella\") wind bands. Deriving from early straight trumpets, the Renaissance slide trumpet was essentially a natural trumpet with a sliding leadpipe. This single slide was awkward, as the entire instrument moved, and the range of the slide was probably no more than a major third. Originals were probably pitched in D, to fit with [shawms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shawm \"Shawm\") in D and G, probably at a typical pitch standard near A=466 Hz. No known instruments from this period survive, so the details—and even the existence—of a Renaissance slide trumpet is a matter of debate among scholars. While there is documentation (written and artistic) of its existence, there is also conjecture that its slide would have been impractical. Some slide trumpet designs saw use in England in the 18th century.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-22)\n\nThe [pocket trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pocket_trumpet \"Pocket trumpet\") is a compact B♭ trumpet. The bell is usually smaller than a standard trumpet bell, and the tubing is more tightly wound to reduce the instrument's size without reducing the total tube length. Its design is not standardized, and the quality of various models varies greatly. It can have a unique warm sound and voice-like articulation. Since many pocket trumpet models suffer from poor design as well as poor manufacturing, the intonation, tone color, and dynamic range of such instruments are severely hindered. Professional-standard instruments are, however, available. While they are not a substitute for the full-sized instrument, they can be useful in certain contexts. The jazz musician [Don Cherry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Don_Cherry_\\(jazz\\) \"Don Cherry (jazz)\") was renowned for his playing of the pocket instrument.\n\nThe tubing of the bell section of a [herald trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fanfare_trumpet \"Fanfare trumpet\") is straight, making it long enough to accommodate a hanging banner. This instrument is mostly used for ceremonial events such as parades and [fanfares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fanfares \"Fanfares\").\n\n[David Monette](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Monette \"David Monette\") designed the [flumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flumpet \"Flumpet\") in 1989 for jazz musician [Art Farmer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art_Farmer \"Art Farmer\"). It is a hybrid of a trumpet and a flugelhorn, pitched in B♭ and using three piston valves.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-fan2017-23)\n\n[Rotary valve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_valve \"Rotary valve\"), or German, trumpets are commonly used in professional German and Austrian orchestras. Other variations include alto and [Baroque trumpets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baroque_trumpet \"Baroque trumpet\"), and the [Vienna valve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vienna_valve \"Vienna valve\") trumpet (primarily used in Viennese brass ensembles and orchestras such as the [Vienna Philharmonic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vienna_Philharmonic \"Vienna Philharmonic\") and [Mnozil Brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mnozil_Brass \"Mnozil Brass\")).\n\nThe trumpet is often confused with its close relative, the [cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\"), which has a more [conical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cone_\\(geometry\\) \"Cone (geometry)\") tubing shape compared to the trumpet's more [cylindrical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cylinder_\\(geometry\\) \"Cylinder (geometry)\") tube. This, along with additional bends in the cornet's tubing, gives the cornet a slightly mellower tone, but the instruments are otherwise nearly identical. They have the same length of tubing and, therefore, the same pitch, so music written for one of them is playable on the other. Another relative, the [flugelhorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flugelhorn \"Flugelhorn\"), has tubing that is even more conical than that of the cornet, and an even mellower tone. It is sometimes supplied with a fourth valve to improve the intonation of some lower notes.\n\n## Playing\nSee also: [Embouchure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embouchure \"Embouchure\")\n\n### Fingering\nOn any modern trumpet, cornet, or flugelhorn, pressing the valves indicated by the numbers below produces the written notes shown. \"Open\" means all valves up, \"1\" means first valve, \"1–2\" means first and second valve simultaneously, and so on. The sounding pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument. Engaging the fourth valve, if present, usually drops any of these pitches by a [perfect fourth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perfect_fourth \"Perfect fourth\") as well. Within each [overtone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overtone \"Overtone\") series, the different pitches are attained by changing the [embouchure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embouchure \"Embouchure\").\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png\/500px-Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png)\n\nA step = a [tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_tone \"Whole tone\"); a half step = a [semitone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semitone \"Semitone\")\n\nEach [overtone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overtone \"Overtone\") series on the trumpet begins with the first overtone—the [fundamental](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fundamental_frequency \"Fundamental frequency\") of each overtone series cannot be produced except as a [pedal tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedal_tone \"Pedal tone\"). Notes in parentheses are the sixth overtone, representing a pitch with a frequency of seven times that of the fundamental; while this pitch is close to the note shown, it is flat relative to [equal temperament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equal_temperament \"Equal temperament\"), and use of those fingerings is generally avoided.\n\nThe fingering schema arises from the length of each valve's tubing (a longer tube produces a lower pitch). Valve \"1\" increases the tubing length enough to lower the pitch by one whole step, valve \"2\" by one half step, and valve \"3\" by one and a half steps.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-24) This scheme and the nature of the overtone series create the possibility of alternate fingerings for certain notes. For example, third-space \"C\" can be produced with no valves engaged (standard fingering) or with valves 2–3. Also, any note produced with 1–2 as its standard fingering can also be produced with valve 3 – each drops the pitch by 1\\+1⁄2 steps. Alternate fingerings may be used to improve facility in certain passages or to aid in intonation. Extending the third valve slide when using the fingerings 1–3 or 1-2-3 further lowers the pitch slightly to improve intonation.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-25)\n\nSome of the partials of the [harmonic series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmonic_series_\\(music\\) \"Harmonic series (music)\") that a modern B♭ trumpet can play for each combination of valves pressed are in tune with [12-tone equal temperament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/12-tone_equal_temperament \"12-tone equal temperament\") and some are not.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-utc-26)\n\n## Mutes\nMain article: [Mute (music) § Brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mute_\\(music\\)#Brass \"Mute (music)\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/31\/TrumpetMutes.jpg\/250px-TrumpetMutes.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:TrumpetMutes.jpg)\n\nTrumpet with a straight mute inserted. Below, left to right: straight, wah-wah (harmon), and cup mutes.\n\nVarious types of mutes can be placed in or over the bell, which decreases volume and changes timbre.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27) Trumpets have a wide selection of mutes: common ones include the [straight mute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Straight_mute \"Straight mute\"), [cup mute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cup_mute \"Cup mute\"), [harmon mute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmon_mute \"Harmon mute\") (wah-wah or wow-wow mute, among other names[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28)), [plunger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plunger_mute \"Plunger mute\"), [bucket mute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bucket_mute \"Bucket mute\"), and [practice mute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mute_\\(music\\)#Whispa_and_practice_mutes \"Mute (music)\").[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-29) A straight mute is generally used when the type of mute is not specified.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28) Jazz and commercial music call for a wider range of mutes than most classical music[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27) and many mutes were invented for jazz orchestrators.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-30)\n\nMutes can be made of many materials, including fiberglass, plastic, cardboard, metal, and \"stone lining\", a trade name of the Humes & Berg company.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-31) They are often held in place with cork.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27)[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013125-32) To better keep the mute in place, players sometimes dampen the cork by blowing warm, moist air on it.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27)\n\nThe straight mute is conical and constructed of either metal (usually aluminum[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28))—which produces a bright, piercing sound—or another material, which produces a darker, stuffier sound.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-33)[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler2013173-34) The cup mute is shaped like a straight mute with an additional, bell-facing cup at the end, and produces a darker tone than a straight mute.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35) The harmon mute is made of metal (usually aluminum or copper[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28)) and consists of a \"stem\" inserted into a large chamber.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35) The stem can be extended or removed to produce different timbres, and waving one's hand in front of the mute produces a \"wah-wah\" sound, hence the mute's colloquial name.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35)\n\n## Range\nSound of a trumpet – [Warsaw Castle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"), Poland.\n\nUsing standard technique, the lowest note is the written F♯ below [middle C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_C \"Middle C\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-Adler-1) There is no actual limit to how high brass instruments can play, but fingering charts generally go up to the [high C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soprano_C \"Soprano C\") two octaves above middle C. Several trumpeters have achieved fame for their proficiency in the extreme high register, among them [Maynard Ferguson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maynard_Ferguson \"Maynard Ferguson\"), [Cat Anderson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cat_Anderson \"Cat Anderson\"), [Dizzy Gillespie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dizzy_Gillespie \"Dizzy Gillespie\"), [Doc Severinsen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doc_Severinsen \"Doc Severinsen\"), [John Madrid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Madrid \"John Madrid\"), and more recently [Wayne Bergeron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayne_Bergeron \"Wayne Bergeron\"), [Louis Dowdeswell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Dowdeswell \"Louis Dowdeswell\"), [Thomas Gansch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Gansch \"Thomas Gansch\"), [James Morrison](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Morrison_\\(musician\\) \"James Morrison (musician)\"), [Jon Faddis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jon_Faddis \"Jon Faddis\") and [Arturo Sandoval](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arturo_Sandoval \"Arturo Sandoval\"). It is also possible to produce [pedal tones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedal_tone \"Pedal tone\") below the low F♯, which is a device occasionally employed in the contemporary repertoire for the instrument.\n\n## Extended technique\nContemporary music for the trumpet makes wide use of extended trumpet techniques.\n\n**[Flutter tonguing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluttertonguing \"Fluttertonguing\")**: The trumpeter rolls the tip of the tongue (as if rolling an \"R\" in Spanish) to produce a 'growling-like' tone. This technique is widely employed by composers like [Berio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luciano_Berio \"Luciano Berio\") and [Stockhausen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karlheinz_Stockhausen \"Karlheinz Stockhausen\").\n\n**[Growling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Growling_\\(wind_instruments\\) \"Growling (wind instruments)\")**: Simultaneously playing a tone and using the back of the tongue to vibrate the uvula, creating a distinct sound. Most trumpet players will use a plunger with this technique to achieve a particular sound heard in a lot of Chicago Jazz of the 1950s.\n\n**[Double tonguing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double_tonguing \"Double tonguing\")**: The player articulates using the syllables *ta-ka ta-ka ta-ka*.\n\n**[Triple tonguing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tonguing \"Tonguing\")**: The same as double tonguing, but with the syllables *ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka*.\n\n**Doodle tongue**: The trumpeter tongues as if saying the word *doodle*. This is a very faint tonguing, similar in sound to a valve tremolo.\n\n**[Glissando](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glissando \"Glissando\")**: Trumpeters can slide between notes by depressing the valves halfway and changing the lip tension. Modern repertoire makes extensive use of this technique.\n\n**[Vibrato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vibrato \"Vibrato\")**: It is often regulated in contemporary repertoire through specific notation. Composers can call for everything from fast, slow or no vibrato to actual rhythmic patterns played with vibrato.\n\n**[Pedal tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedal_tone \"Pedal tone\")**: Composers have written notes as low as two-and-a-half octaves below the low F♯ at the bottom of the standard range. Extreme low pedals are produced by slipping the lower lip out of the mouthpiece. [Claude Gordon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Gordon \"Claude Gordon\") assigned pedals as part of his trumpet practice routines, which were a systematic expansion on his lessons with Herbert L. Clarke. The technique was pioneered by [Bohumir Kryl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bohumir_Kryl \"Bohumir Kryl\").[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-36)\n\n**[Microtones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microtonal_music \"Microtonal music\")**: Composers such as Scelsi and Stockhausen have made wide use of the trumpet's ability to play microtonally. Some instruments feature a fourth valve that provides a quarter-tone step between each note. The jazz musician [Ibrahim Maalouf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ibrahim_Maalouf \"Ibrahim Maalouf\") uses such a trumpet, invented by his father to make it possible to play [Arab maqams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_maqam \"Arab maqam\").\n\n**Valve tremolo**: Many notes on the trumpet can be played in several different valve combinations. By alternating between valve combinations on the same note, a tremolo effect can be created. Berio makes extended use of this technique in his *[Sequenza X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sequenza_X \"Sequenza X\").*\n\n**Noises**: By hissing, clicking, or breathing through the instrument, the trumpet can be made to resonate in ways that do not sound at all like a trumpet. Noises may require amplification.\n\n**Preparation**: Composers have called for trumpeters to play underwater, or with certain slides removed. It is increasingly common for composers to specify all sorts of preparations for the trumpet. Extreme preparations involve alternate constructions, such as double bells and extra valves.\n\n**[Split tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Split_tone \"Split tone\")**: Trumpeters can produce more than one tone simultaneously by vibrating the two lips at different speeds. The interval produced is usually an octave or a fifth.\n\n**Lip-trill or shake**: Also known as \"lip-slurs\". By rapidly varying air speed, but not changing the depressed valves, the pitch can vary quickly between adjacent harmonic partials. Shakes and lip-trills can vary in speed and in the distance between the partials. However, lip-trills and shakes usually involve the next partial up from the written note.\n\n**[Multi-phonics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiphonic#Brass_instruments \"Multiphonic\")**: Playing a note and \"humming\" a different note simultaneously. For example, sustaining a middle C and humming a major 3rd \"E\" at the same time.\n\n**[Circular breathing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Circular_breathing \"Circular breathing\")**: A technique wind players use to produce uninterrupted tone, without pauses for breaths. The player puffs up the cheeks, storing air, then breathes in rapidly through the nose while using the cheeks to continue pushing air outwards.\n\n### Instruction and method books\nOne trumpet method is [Jean-Baptiste Arban](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Arban \"Jean-Baptiste Arban\")'s [*Complete Conservatory Method for Trumpet (Cornet)*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arban_Method \"Arban Method\").[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-arban-37) Other well-known method books include [*Technical Studies*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarke_Studies#Technical_Studies \"Clarke Studies\") by [Herbert L. Clarke](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_L._Clarke \"Herbert L. Clarke\"),[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-38) *Grand Method* by Louis Saint-Jacome, *Daily Drills and Technical Studies* by [Max Schlossberg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Schlossberg \"Max Schlossberg\"), and methods by [Ernest S. Williams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Williams_\\(conductor\\) \"Ernest Williams (conductor)\"), [Claude Gordon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Gordon \"Claude Gordon\"), Charles Colin, [James Stamp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Stamp \"James Stamp\"), and Louis Davidson.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-39) A common method book for beginners is the Walter Beeler's *Method for the Cornet*, and there have been several instruction books written by virtuoso [Allen Vizzutti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allen_Vizzutti \"Allen Vizzutti\").[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-40) [Merri Franquin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merri_Franquin \"Merri Franquin\") wrote a *Complete Method for Modern Trumpet*,[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-41) which fell into obscurity for much of the twentieth century until public endorsements by [Maurice André](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9 \"Maurice André\") revived interest in this work.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-42)\n\n## Players\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Gottfried_reiche.jpg\/250px-Gottfried_reiche.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gottfried_reiche.jpg)\n\n[Gottfried Reiche](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gottfried_Reiche \"Gottfried Reiche\"), chief trumpeter for [Johann Sebastian Bach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") in Leipzig\n\nMain article: [List of trumpeters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_trumpeters \"List of trumpeters\")\n\nIn early jazz, [Louis Armstrong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Armstrong \"Louis Armstrong\") was well known for his virtuosity and his improvisations on the [Hot Five](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hot_Five \"Hot Five\") and [Hot Seven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hot_Seven \"Hot Seven\") recordings, and his switch from [cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\") to trumpet is often cited as heralding the trumpet's dominance over the cornet in jazz.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-43) [Dizzy Gillespie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dizzy_Gillespie \"Dizzy Gillespie\") was a gifted [improviser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Improvisation \"Improvisation\") with an extremely high (but musical) range, building on the style of [Roy Eldridge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roy_Eldridge \"Roy Eldridge\") but adding new layers of [harmonic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmony \"Harmony\") complexity. Gillespie had an enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter, both by the example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians. [Miles Davis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\") is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century—his style was distinctive and widely imitated. Davis' phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models for generations of jazz musicians.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-44) [Cat Anderson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cat_Anderson \"Cat Anderson\") was a trumpet player who was known for the ability to play extremely high with an even more extreme volume, who played with Duke Ellington's Big Band. [Maynard Ferguson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maynard_Ferguson \"Maynard Ferguson\") came to prominence playing in [Stan Kenton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stan_Kenton \"Stan Kenton\")'s orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high [register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Register_\\(music\\) \"Register (music)\").[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-enc_music_ca-45)\n\n## Repertoire\nThis section is an excerpt from [Trumpet repertoire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet_repertoire \"Trumpet repertoire\").\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trumpet_repertoire&action=edit)\\]\n\nThe [trumpet repertoire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet_repertoire \"Trumpet repertoire\") consists of solo literature and orchestral or, more commonly, band parts written for the trumpet. Tracings its origins to 1500 BC, the trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest [register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Register_\\(music\\) \"Register (music)\") in the [brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\") family.\n### Solos\nIn the 1790s [Anton Weidinger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anton_Weidinger \"Anton Weidinger\") developed the first successful [keyed trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keyed_trumpet \"Keyed trumpet\"), capable of playing chromatically. [Joseph Haydn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Haydn \"Joseph Haydn\")'s [Trumpet Concerto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet_Concerto_\\(Haydn\\) \"Trumpet Concerto (Haydn)\") was written for him in 1796 and startled contemporary audiences by its novelty,[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-46) a fact shown off by some stepwise melodies played low in the instrument's range.\n\n## In art\n- [![The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges), c. 1500–1510](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/78\/Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg\/120px-Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg \"The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges), c. 1500–1510\")\n  *[The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Last_Judgment_\\(Bosch,_Bruges\\) \"The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges)\")*,\n  \n  c.\n  \n  1500–1510\n- [![Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet, Gerrit Dou, c. 1660–1665](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e9\/Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg\/120px-Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg \"Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet, Gerrit Dou, c. 1660–1665\")\n  *Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet*, [Gerrit Dou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerrit_Dou \"Gerrit Dou\"), c. 1660–1665\n- [![Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from an 1887 children's edition of Aesop's Fables](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif\/lossy-page1-120px-Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif \"Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from an 1887 children's edition of Aesop's Fables\")\n  Illustration for *[The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Trumpeter_Taken_Captive \"The Trumpeter Taken Captive\")* from an 1887 children's edition of [Aesop's Fables](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aesop%27s_Fables \"Aesop's Fables\")\n- [![Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers, New Orleans](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG\/120px-Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG \"Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers, New Orleans\")\n  [Louis Armstrong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Armstrong \"Louis Armstrong\") statue in [Algiers, New Orleans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algiers,_New_Orleans \"Algiers, New Orleans\")\n- [![Miles Davis statue in Kielce, Poland](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/81\/Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg\/120px-Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg \"Miles Davis statue in Kielce, Poland\")\n  [Miles Davis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\") statue in [Kielce, Poland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kielce,_Poland \"Kielce, Poland\")\n## See also\n- [Herald and Trumpet contest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herald_and_Trumpet_contest \"Herald and Trumpet contest\")\n- [Compositions for trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Compositions_for_trumpet \"Category:Compositions for trumpet\")\n- [Birch trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birch_trumpet \"Birch trumpet\")\n- [Muted trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muted_trumpet \"Muted trumpet\")\n- [Wind controller](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wind_controller \"Wind controller\")\n## References\n### Notes\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-Adler_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-Adler_1-1) Adler, Samuel. *[The Study of Orchestration](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/studyoforchestra0002edadle_i2v0\/page\/301\/mode\/1up)*. W.W. Norton, 1989. 301.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-2)**\n   White, H.N. (25 June 2023). [\"History of the Trumpet and Cornet\"](https:\/\/www.trumpet-history.com\/White%20History.htm). *Trumpet-history.com*. Retrieved 25 June 2023.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"History of the Trumpet (According to the *New Harvard Dictionary of Music*)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080608095025\/http:\/\/www.petrouska.com\/historyofthetrumpet.htm). petrouska.com. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.petrouska.com\/historyofthetrumpet.htm) on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2014.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-4)**\n   [\"Brass Family of Instruments: What instruments are in the Brass Family?\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210524190812\/https:\/\/www.orsymphony.org\/learning-community\/instruments\/brass\/). *www.orsymphony.org*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.orsymphony.org\/learning-community\/instruments\/brass\/) on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-2) [Koehler 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013)\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-etymonline1_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-etymonline1_6-1)\n   [\"Trumpet\"](http:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=trumpet). *www.etymonline.com*. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 May 2017.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Trump\"](http:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/index.php?term=trump&allowed_in_frame=0). *www.etymonline.com*. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 May 2017.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-8)** [Edward Tarr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Tarr \"Edward Tarr\"), *The Trumpet* (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1988), 20–30.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-9)** \"Trumpet with a swelling decorated with a human head,\" [*Musée du Louvre*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071012193813\/http:\/\/louvre.fr\/llv\/oeuvres\/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225306&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225306&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500803&bmUID=1164415855346&bmLocale=en)\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-10)** Homer, *Iliad,* 18. 219.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-2)\n    [\"History of the Trumpet \\| Pops' Trumpet College\"](https:\/\/www.bbtrumpet.com\/history-of-the-trumpet\/). *Bbtrumpet.com*. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2021.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-12)** Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. *The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larco_Museum \"Larco Museum\").* New York: [Thames and Hudson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thames_and_Hudson \"Thames and Hudson\"), 1997.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-13)**\n    [\"Chicago Symphony Orchestra – Glossary – Brass instruments\"](https:\/\/www.cso.org\/). cso.org. Retrieved 3 May 2008.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-14)**\n    John Wallace and Alexander McGrattan, *The Trumpet*, Yale Musical Instrument Series (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011): 239.\n    \n    [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-300-11230-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-300-11230-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-300-11230-6\")\n    \n    .\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-15)** [Berlioz, Hector](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hector_Berlioz \"Hector Berlioz\") (1844). *[Treatise on modern Instrumentation and Orchestration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treatise_on_Instrumentation \"Treatise on Instrumentation\")*. [Edwin F. Kalmus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edwin_F._Kalmus \"Edwin F. Kalmus\"), NY, 1948.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Trumpet, Brass Instrument\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080517062732\/http:\/\/www.dsokids.com\/2001\/dso.asp?PageID=162). dsokids.com. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dsokids.com\/2001\/dso.asp?PageID=162) on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2008.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-17)**\n    Blackwell, James (11 December 2012). [\"Pitch Bends!\"](https:\/\/blackwellstrumpetbasics.com\/pitch-bends\/). *Blackwells Trumpet Basics*. Retrieved 26 June 2023.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-18)**\n    Bloch, Dr. Colin (August 1978). [\"The Bell-Tuned Trumpet\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081225212331\/http:\/\/www.dallasmusic.org\/schilke\/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dallasmusic.org\/schilke\/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html) on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2010.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-19)** D. J. Blaikley, \"How a Trumpet Is Made. I. The Natural Trumpet and Horn\", *The Musical Times*, 1 January 1910, p. 15.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-20)** *[P-trumpet](http:\/\/pplaymusic.us\/pTrumpet.html)*\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"Orchestral F Trumpet History\"](https:\/\/www.robbstewart.com\/f-trumpet-history-part-3). *Robb Stewart Brass Instruments*. Retrieved 8 February 2026.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-22)**\n    Lessen, Martin (1997). \"JSTOR: Notes, Second Series\". *Notes*. **54** (2): 484–485\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2307\/899543](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F899543). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0027-4380](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0027-4380). [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_\\(identifier\\) \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [899543](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/899543).\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-fan2017_23-0)**\n    Koehler, Elisa (2014). [*Fanfares and Finesse: A Performer's Guide to Trumpet History and Literature*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=knrDAgAAQBAJ&q=flumpet+1989&pg=PA55). Indiana University Press. p. 55. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-253-01179-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-253-01179-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-253-01179-4\")\n    \n    . Retrieved 7 December 2017.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-24)**\n    Pagliaro, Michael J. (2016). *The Brass Instrument Owner's Handbook*. Lanham, Maryland: [Rowman & Littlefield](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rowman_%26_Littlefield \"Rowman & Littlefield\"). pp. 37–39\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4422-6862-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4422-6862-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4422-6862-3\")\n    \n    . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [946032345](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/946032345).\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-25)**\n    Ely, Mark C.; Van Deuren, Amy E. (2009). *Wind Talk for Brass: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Teaching Brass Instruments*. Amy E. Van Deuren. Oxford: [Oxford University Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"). pp. 8–12\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-19-971631-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-971631-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-971631-9\")\n    \n    . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [472461178](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/472461178).\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-utc_26-0)**\n    Schafer, Erika. [\"Trumpet Tuning Tendencies Relating to the Overtone Series with Solutions\"](https:\/\/blog.utc.edu\/erika-schafer\/trumpet-tuning-tendencies-relating-to-the-overtone-series-with-solutions-2\/). *UTC Trumpet Studio*. Retrieved 19 January 2023.\n27. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-3) [Ely 2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109.\n28. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-3) [Ely 2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 111.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-29)** For the \"widest selection of mutes\", see [Sevsay 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125. \\*For a list of common mutes, see [Ely 2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-30)**\n    Boyden, David D.; Bevan, Clifford; Page, Janet K. (20 January 2001). [\"Mute\"](https:\/\/www.oxfordmusiconline.com\/grovemusic\/view\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.001.0001\/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019478). *Grove Music Online*. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.19478](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.19478). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-56159-263-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-56159-263-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-56159-263-0\")\n    \n    . Retrieved 16 September 2020.\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-31)**\n    For the list of materials, see [Ely 2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109.\n    \n    - For the origin of \"stonelined mutes\", see [Koehler 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013), p. 173.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013125_32-0)** [Sevsay 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-33)** [Sevsay 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125: \"plastic (fiberglass): not as forceful as the metal mute, a bit darker in color, but still penetrating\"\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehler2013173_34-0)** [Koehler 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013), p. 173.\n35. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-2) [Sevsay 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 126.\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-36)** Joseph Wheeler, \"Review: Edward H. Tarr, *Die Trompete*\" *The Galpin Society Journal*, Vol. 31, May 1978, p. 167.\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-arban_37-0)**\n    [Arban, Jean-Baptiste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Arban \"Jean-Baptiste Arban\") (1894, 1936, 1982). *[Arban's Complete Conservatory Method for trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arban_method \"Arban method\")*. Carl Fischer, Inc.\n    \n    [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-8258-0385-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8258-0385-3 \"Special:BookSources\/0-8258-0385-3\")\n    \n    .\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-38)**\n    [Herbert L. Clarke](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_L._Clarke \"Herbert L. Clarke\") (1984). *Technical Studies for the Cornet*, C. Carl Fischer, Inc.\n    \n    [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-8258-0158-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8258-0158-3 \"Special:BookSources\/0-8258-0158-3\")\n    \n    .\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-39)** Colin, Charles and *Advanced Lip Flexibilities*.\\[*[full citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\")*\\]\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-40)**\n    [\"Allen Vizzutti Official Website\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161029022515\/http:\/\/www.vizzutti.com\/AllenBio.html). *www.vizzutti.com*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.vizzutti.com\/AllenBio.html) on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-41)**\n    Franquin, Merri (2016) \\[1908\\]. Quinlan, Timothy (ed.). [\"Complete Method for Modern Trumpet\"](https:\/\/qpress.ca\/product\/methode-complete-de-trompette-moderne-merri-franquin-translation-pdf). *qpress.ca*. Translated by Jackson, Susie.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-42)**\n    Shamu, Geoffrey. [\"Merri Franquin and His Contribution to the Art of Trumpet Playing\"](http:\/\/www.gshamu.com\/trumpet\/Scholarship_files\/ShamuDissertation.pdf) (PDF). p. 20. Retrieved 11 August 2017.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-43)**\n    West, Michael J. (3 November 2017). [\"The Cornet: Secrets of the Little Big Horn\"](https:\/\/jazztimes.com\/features\/cornet-horn-trumpet\/). *JazzTimes.com*. Retrieved 17 August 2018.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-44)**\n    [\"Miles Davis, Trumpeter, Dies; Jazz Genius, 65, Defined Cool\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/learning\/general\/onthisday\/bday\/0525.html). *nytimes.com*. Retrieved 3 May 2008.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-enc_music_ca_45-0)**\n    [\"Ferguson, Maynard\"](https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maynard-ferguson). *Encyclopedia of Music in Canada*. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 January 2008.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-46)** Keith Anderson, liner notes for Naxos CD 8.550243, *Famous Trumpet Concertos*, \"Haydn's concerto, written for Weidinger in 1796, must have. At the first performance of the new concerto in Vienna in 1800, a trumpet melody was heard in a lower register than had hitherto been practicable.\"\n### Bibliography\n- Barclay, R. L. (1992). *The art of the trumpet-maker: the materials, tools, and techniques of the seventeenth \\[sic\\] and eighteenth centuries in Nuremberg*. Oxford \\[England\\]: Clarendon Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-19-816223-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-19-816223-5 \"Special:BookSources\/0-19-816223-5\")\n  \n  .\n- Bate, Philip (1978). *The trumpet and trombone : an outline of their history, development, and construction* (2nd ed.). London: E. Benn. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-393-02129-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-393-02129-7 \"Special:BookSources\/0-393-02129-7\")\n  \n  .\n- Brownlow, James Arthur (1996). *The last trumpet: a history of the English slide trumpet*. Stuyvesant, N.Y.: Pendragon Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-945193-81-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-945193-81-5 \"Special:BookSources\/0-945193-81-5\")\n  \n  .\n- Campos, Frank Gabriel (2005). *Trumpet technique*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-19-516692-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-19-516692-2 \"Special:BookSources\/0-19-516692-2\")\n  \n  .\n- Cassone, Gabriele (2009). *The trumpet book* (1st ed.). Varese, Italy: Zecchini. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-88-87203-80-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-88-87203-80-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-88-87203-80-6\")\n  \n  .\n- Ely, Mark C. (2009). *Wind talk for brass: a practical guide to understanding and teaching brass instruments*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-19-532924-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-532924-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-532924-7\")\n  \n  .\n- English, Betty Lou (1980). *You can't be timid with a trumpet: notes from the orchestra* (1st ed.). New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-688-41963-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-688-41963-1 \"Special:BookSources\/0-688-41963-1\")\n  \n  .\n- Koehler, Elisa (2013). *Dictionary for the modern trumpet player*. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-8108-8658-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8108-8658-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-8108-8658-2\")\n  \n  .\n- Sherman, Roger (1979). *The trumpeter's handbook: a comprehensive guide to playing and teaching the trumpet*. Athens, Ohio: Accura Music. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-918194-02-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-918194-02-4 \"Special:BookSources\/0-918194-02-4\")\n  \n  .\n- Sevsay, Ertuğrul (2013). *The Cambridge guide to orchestration*. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 125. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-1-107-02516-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-107-02516-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-107-02516-5\")\n  \n  .\n- Smithers, Don L. (1973). *The music and history of the baroque trumpet before 1721* (1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-8156-2157-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8156-2157-4 \"Special:BookSources\/0-8156-2157-4\")\n  \n  .\n## External links\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Trumpets](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Trumpets \"commons:Category:Trumpets\").\n\n- [![Wiktionary logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/99\/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg\/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) The dictionary definition of [*trumpet*](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/trumpet \"wiktionary:Special:Search\/trumpet\") at Wiktionary\n- [\"Trumpet\"](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica\/Trumpet) . *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition \"Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition\")*. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911.\n- [International Trumpet Guild](http:\/\/www.trumpetguild.org\/), an international trumpet players' association with online library of scholarly journal back issues, news, jobs and other trumpet resources.\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Brass_instruments \"Template:Brass instruments\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Brass_instruments \"Template talk:Brass instruments\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Brass_instruments \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Brass instruments\")[Brass instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Modern | **[Cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\")** [Soprano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soprano_cornet \"Soprano cornet\") **[Horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horn_\\(instrument\\) \"Horn (instrument)\")** [Bugle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bugle \"Bugle\") [French](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_horn \"French horn\") [German](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_horn \"German horn\") [Vienna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vienna_horn \"Vienna horn\") [Wagner tuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wagner_tuba \"Wagner tuba\") **[Saxhorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saxhorn \"Saxhorn\")** [Alto\/tenor horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tenor_horn \"Tenor horn\") [Baritone horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baritone_horn \"Baritone horn\") [Flugelhorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flugelhorn \"Flugelhorn\") [Fiscorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fiscorn \"Fiscorn\") [Kuhlohorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuhlohorn \"Kuhlohorn\") **[Trombone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trombone \"Trombone\")** [Alto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alto_trombone \"Alto trombone\") [Bass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bass_trombone \"Bass trombone\") [Cimbasso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cimbasso \"Cimbasso\") [Contrabass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contrabass_trombone \"Contrabass trombone\") [Soprano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soprano_trombone \"Soprano trombone\") [Superbone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Superbone \"Superbone\") **[Trumpet]()** [Bass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bass_trumpet \"Bass trumpet\") [Contrabass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contrabass_trumpet \"Contrabass trumpet\") [Fanfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fanfare_trumpet \"Fanfare trumpet\") [Firebird](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firebird_\\(trumpet\\) \"Firebird (trumpet)\") [Flumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flumpet \"Flumpet\") [Piccolo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piccolo_trumpet \"Piccolo trumpet\") [Pocket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pocket_trumpet \"Pocket trumpet\") **[Tuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuba \"Tuba\")** [Subcontrabass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subcontrabass_tuba \"Subcontrabass tuba\") [Euphonium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euphonium \"Euphonium\") [Double bell euphonium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double_bell_euphonium \"Double bell euphonium\") |\n| Antiquated | [Baroque trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baroque_trumpet \"Baroque trumpet\") [Bazooka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bazooka_\\(instrument\\) \"Bazooka (instrument)\") [Buccin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buccin \"Buccin\") [Buccina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buccina \"Buccina\") [Clarion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarion_\\(instrument\\) \"Clarion (instrument)\") [Cornett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornett \"Cornett\") [Cornettino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornettino \"Cornettino\") [Mute cornett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mute_cornett \"Mute cornett\") [Tenor cornett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tenor_cornett \"Tenor cornett\") [Cornu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornu_\\(horn\\) \"Cornu (horn)\") [Dord](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dord_\\(instrument\\) \"Dord (instrument)\") [Helicon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helicon_\\(instrument\\) \"Helicon (instrument)\") [Soprano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soprano_helicon \"Soprano helicon\") [Jazzophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jazzophone \"Jazzophone\") [Natural horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_horn \"Natural horn\") [Natural trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_trumpet \"Natural trumpet\") [Ophicleide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ophicleide \"Ophicleide\") [Post horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post_horn \"Post horn\") [Sackbut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sackbut \"Sackbut\") [Saxotromba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saxotromba \"Saxotromba\") [Saxtuba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saxtuba \"Saxtuba\") [Serpent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serpent_\\(instrument\\) \"Serpent (instrument)\") [Slide trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slide_trumpet \"Slide trumpet\") [Sudrophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sudrophone \"Sudrophone\") |\n| Indigenous | [Alphorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphorn \"Alphorn\") [Carnyx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carnyx \"Carnyx\") [Nabal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nabal_\\(instrument\\) \"Nabal (instrument)\") [Nyele](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nyele \"Nyele\") [Shofar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shofar \"Shofar\") [Sringa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sringa \"Sringa\") [Tibetan horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tibetan_horn \"Tibetan horn\") [Vuvuzela](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vuvuzela \"Vuvuzela\") [Wazza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wazza \"Wazza\") |\n| [Marching](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marching_brass \"Marching brass\") | [Contrabass bugle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contrabass_bugle \"Contrabass bugle\") [Marching baritone horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baritone_horn#Marching_baritone_horn \"Baritone horn\") [Marching euphonium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euphonium#Marching_euphonium \"Euphonium\") [Mellophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mellophone \"Mellophone\") [Sousaphone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sousaphone \"Sousaphone\") [Trombonium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trombonium \"Trombonium\") |\n| Parts and techniques | [Axial flow valve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axial_flow_valve \"Axial flow valve\") [Bore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bore_\\(wind_instruments\\) \"Bore (wind instruments)\") [Crook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crook_\\(music\\) \"Crook (music)\") [Embouchure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embouchure \"Embouchure\") [Falset](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Falset_\\(music\\) \"Falset (music)\") [Hand-stopping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hand-stopping \"Hand-stopping\") [Harmonic series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmonic_series_\\(music\\) \"Harmonic series (music)\") [Leadpipe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leadpipe \"Leadpipe\") [Mutes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mute_\\(music\\)#Brass \"Mute (music)\") [Mouthpiece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mouthpiece_\\(brass\\) \"Mouthpiece (brass)\") [Pedal tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedal_tone \"Pedal tone\") [Valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument_valve \"Brass instrument valve\") [Piston valve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piston_valve \"Piston valve\") [Rotary valve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_valve \"Rotary valve\") [Valve oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valve_oil \"Valve oil\") [Water key](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_key \"Water key\") |\n| Ensembles | [Brass band](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_band \"Brass band\") [British brass band](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_brass_band \"British brass band\") [Balkan brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balkan_brass \"Balkan brass\") [Brass quintet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_quintet \"Brass quintet\") [Drum and bugle corps (classic)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drum_and_bugle_corps_\\(classic\\) \"Drum and bugle corps (classic)\") [Drum and bugle corps (modern)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drum_and_bugle_corps_\\(modern\\) \"Drum and bugle corps (modern)\") |\n| Lists of players | [Classical trombonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_classical_trombonists \"List of classical trombonists\") [Euphonium players](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_euphonium_players \"List of euphonium players\") [Horn players](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_horn_players \"List of horn players\") [Jazz trombonists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_jazz_trombonists \"List of jazz trombonists\") [Jazz trumpeters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_jazz_trumpeters \"List of jazz trumpeters\") [Trumpeters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_trumpeters \"List of trumpeters\") [Tubists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tubists \"List of tubists\") |\n| Other | [Brass section](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_section \"Brass section\") [Horn section](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horn_section \"Horn section\") [List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_euphonium,_baritone_horn_and_tenor_horn_manufacturers \"List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers\") [Pitch of brass instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pitch_of_brass_instruments \"Pitch of brass instruments\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Renaissance_music \"Template:Renaissance music\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Renaissance_music \"Template talk:Renaissance music\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Renaissance_music \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Renaissance music\")[Renaissance music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_music \"Renaissance music\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [List of Renaissance composers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Renaissance_composers \"List of Renaissance composers\") |   |\n| [Early (1400–1470)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_music#Early_period_\\(1400%E2%80%931470\\) \"Renaissance music\") | [Alexander Agricola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Agricola \"Alexander Agricola\") [Gilles Binchois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilles_Binchois \"Gilles Binchois\") [Antoine Busnois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antoine_Busnois \"Antoine Busnois\") [Loyset Compère](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re \"Loyset Compère\") [Guillaume Du Fay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guillaume_Du_Fay \"Guillaume Du Fay\") [John Dunstaple](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Dunstaple \"John Dunstaple\") [Walter Frye](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Frye \"Walter Frye\") [Heinrich Isaac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinrich_Isaac \"Heinrich Isaac\") [Jean Japart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_Japart \"Jean Japart\") [Johannes Martini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johannes_Martini \"Johannes Martini\") [Johannes Ockeghem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johannes_Ockeghem \"Johannes Ockeghem\") [Leonel Power](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonel_Power \"Leonel Power\") [Johannes Tinctoris](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johannes_Tinctoris \"Johannes Tinctoris\") [Gaspar van Weerbeke](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaspar_van_Weerbeke \"Gaspar van Weerbeke\") [Oswald von Wolkenstein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein \"Oswald von Wolkenstein\") |\n| [Middle (1470–1530)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_music#Middle_period_\\(1470%E2%80%931530\\) \"Renaissance music\") | [Martin Agricola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martin_Agricola \"Martin Agricola\") [Antoine Brumel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antoine_Brumel \"Antoine Brumel\") [Thomas Crecquillon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Crecquillon \"Thomas Crecquillon\") [Antonius Divitis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonius_Divitis \"Antonius Divitis\") [Costanzo Festa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Costanzo_Festa \"Costanzo Festa\") [Antoine de Févin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin \"Antoine de Févin\") [Clément Janequin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin \"Clément Janequin\") [Cristóbal de Morales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales \"Cristóbal de Morales\") [Jean Mouton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_Mouton \"Jean Mouton\") [Jacob Obrecht](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacob_Obrecht \"Jacob Obrecht\") [Josquin des Prez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josquin_des_Prez \"Josquin des Prez\") [Pierre de la Rue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_de_la_Rue \"Pierre de la Rue\") [John Taverner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Taverner \"John Taverner\") [Philippe Verdelot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippe_Verdelot \"Philippe Verdelot\") [Adrian Willaert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrian_Willaert \"Adrian Willaert\") |\n| [Late (1530)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_music#Late_period_\\(1530%E2%80%931600\\) \"Renaissance music\") | [Jacques Arcadelt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Arcadelt \"Jacques Arcadelt\") [William Byrd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Byrd \"William Byrd\") [Antonio de Cabezón](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n \"Antonio de Cabezón\") [Jacobus Clemens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa \"Jacob Clemens non Papa\") [Andrea Gabrieli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrea_Gabrieli \"Andrea Gabrieli\") [Nicolas Gombert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicolas_Gombert \"Nicolas Gombert\") [Claude Goudimel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Goudimel \"Claude Goudimel\") [Francisco Guerrero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francisco_Guerrero_\\(composer\\) \"Francisco Guerrero (composer)\") [Claude Le Jeune](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Le_Jeune \"Claude Le Jeune\") [Orlando di Lasso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orlando_di_Lasso \"Orlando di Lasso\") [Vicente Lusitano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vicente_Lusitano \"Vicente Lusitano\") [Pierre de Manchicourt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_de_Manchicourt \"Pierre de Manchicourt\") [Hans Neusidler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Neusidler \"Hans Neusidler\") [Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina \"Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina\") [Costanzo Porta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Costanzo_Porta \"Costanzo Porta\") [Cipriano de Rore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cipriano_de_Rore \"Cipriano de Rore\") [Thomas Tallis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Tallis \"Thomas Tallis\") [Christopher Tye](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christopher_Tye \"Christopher Tye\") [Tomás Luis de Victoria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria \"Tomás Luis de Victoria\") [Giaches de Wert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giaches_de_Wert \"Giaches de Wert\") |\n| [Mannerism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_music#Mannerism \"Renaissance music\") and  [Transition to Baroque](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music \"Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music\") c.1600 | [Gregorio Allegri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregorio_Allegri \"Gregorio Allegri\") [Thomas Campion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Campion \"Thomas Campion\") [John Cooper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cooper_\\(composer\\) \"John Cooper (composer)\") [John Dowland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Dowland \"John Dowland\") [Girolamo Frescobaldi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Girolamo_Frescobaldi \"Girolamo Frescobaldi\") [Alfonso Fontanelli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfonso_Fontanelli \"Alfonso Fontanelli\") [Giovanni Gabrieli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giovanni_Gabrieli \"Giovanni Gabrieli\") [Carlo Gesualdo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carlo_Gesualdo \"Carlo Gesualdo\") [Orlando Gibbons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orlando_Gibbons \"Orlando Gibbons\") [Hans Leo Hassler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Leo_Hassler \"Hans Leo Hassler\") [Alonso Lobo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alonso_Lobo \"Alonso Lobo\") [Luzzasco Luzzaschi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi \"Luzzasco Luzzaschi\") [Giovanni de Macque](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giovanni_de_Macque \"Giovanni de Macque\") [Luca Marenzio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luca_Marenzio \"Luca Marenzio\") [Claudio Monteverdi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claudio_Monteverdi \"Claudio Monteverdi\") [Thomas Morley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Morley \"Thomas Morley\") [Jacopo Peri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacopo_Peri \"Jacopo Peri\") [Michael Praetorius](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Praetorius \"Michael Praetorius\") [Philippe Rogier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippe_Rogier \"Philippe Rogier\") [Heinrich Schütz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz \"Heinrich Schütz\") [Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck \"Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck\") |\n| [Composition schools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Composition_school \"Composition school\") | [Burgundian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burgundian_School \"Burgundian School\") [Colorists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colorist_\\(music\\) \"Colorist (music)\") [English Madrigal School](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Madrigal_School \"English Madrigal School\") [English Virginalist School](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Virginalist_School \"English Virginalist School\") [English Votive Style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Votive_Style \"English Votive Style\") [Florentine Camerata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Florentine_Camerata \"Florentine Camerata\") [Franco-Flemish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franco-Flemish_School \"Franco-Flemish School\") [Roman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_School \"Roman School\") [Venetian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venetian_School_\\(music\\) \"Venetian School (music)\") |\n| Musical forms | [Carol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carol_\\(music\\) \"Carol (music)\") [Intermedio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intermedio \"Intermedio\") [Madrigal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madrigal \"Madrigal\") [Magnificat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnificat \"Magnificat\") [Mass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_\\(music\\) \"Mass (music)\") [Offertory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Offertory \"Offertory\") [Pavane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pavane \"Pavane\") |\n| Traditions | [British](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles \"Early music of the British Isles\") [Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_of_Cyprus#Renaissance_music \"Music of Cyprus\") [Elizabethan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era \"Music in the Elizabethan era\") [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Renaissance#Music \"French Renaissance\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music:_16th_century_to_the_present \"Music of Germany\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_classical_music#Early_music_to_the_seventeenth_century \"Italian classical music\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franco-Flemish_School \"Franco-Flemish School\") [Poland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_of_Poland \"Music of Poland\") [Portugal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music \"Music history of Portugal\") [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_of_Spain#Renaissance_and_Baroque_Periods \"Music of Spain\") |\n| [Music publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_music_publishing \"History of music publishing\") | [Hieronymus Andreae](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hieronymus_Andreae \"Hieronymus Andreae\") [Andrea Antico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrea_Antico \"Andrea Antico\") [Pierre Attaingnant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Attaingnant \"Pierre Attaingnant\") [Vittorio Baldini](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vittorio_Baldini \"Vittorio Baldini\") [Jacob Bathen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacob_Bathen \"Jacob Bathen\") [Valerio Dorico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valerio_Dorico \"Valerio Dorico\") [Antonio Gardano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonio_Gardano \"Antonio Gardano\") [Ottaviano Petrucci](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottaviano_Petrucci \"Ottaviano Petrucci\") [Petrus Phalesius the Elder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petrus_Phalesius_the_Elder \"Petrus Phalesius the Elder\") [Girolamo Scotto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Girolamo_Scotto \"Girolamo Scotto\") [Tielman Susato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tielman_Susato \"Tielman Susato\") [Thomas Vautrollier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Vautrollier \"Thomas Vautrollier\") |\n| Background | [Early music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_music \"Early music\") [Renaissance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") [Art](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_art \"Renaissance art\") [Architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_architecture \"Renaissance architecture\") [Dance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_dance \"Renaissance dance\") [Literature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_literature \"Renaissance literature\") [Philosophy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_philosophy \"Renaissance philosophy\") |\n| ← **[Medieval music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Medieval_music \"Template:Medieval music\")** **[Baroque music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Baroque_music \"Template:Baroque music\")** → ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Renaissance_music \"Category:Renaissance music\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/e\/e2\/Symbol_portal_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg \"Portal\") [Portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Classical_music \"Portal:Classical music\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Trumpets \"Template:Trumpets\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Trumpets \"Template talk:Trumpets\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Trumpets \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Trumpets\")[Trumpets]() and [cornets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| By range | [Contrabass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contrabass_trumpet \"Contrabass trumpet\") \\> [Bass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bass_trumpet \"Bass trumpet\") \\> [Standard]() \\> [Soprano](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soprano_cornet \"Soprano cornet\") \\> [Piccolo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piccolo_trumpet \"Piccolo trumpet\") |\n| Variants | [Birch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birch_trumpet \"Birch trumpet\") [Bugle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bugle \"Bugle\") [Clarion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarion_\\(musical_instrument\\) \"Clarion (musical instrument)\") [Cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\") [Cornett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornett \"Cornett\") [Cornettino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornettino \"Cornettino\") [Mute cornett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mute_cornett \"Mute cornett\") [Tenor cornett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tenor_cornett \"Tenor cornett\") [Fanfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fanfare_trumpet \"Fanfare trumpet\") [Firebird](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firebird_\\(trumpet\\) \"Firebird (trumpet)\") [Flugelhorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flugelhorn \"Flugelhorn\") [Flumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flumpet \"Flumpet\") [Lur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lur \"Lur\") [Natural](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_trumpet \"Natural trumpet\") [Pocket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pocket_trumpet \"Pocket trumpet\") [Post horn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post_horn \"Post horn\") [Salpinx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salpinx \"Salpinx\") [Slide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slide_trumpet \"Slide trumpet\") |\n| Parts and  technique | [Action](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balanced_action \"Balanced action\") [Arban method](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arban_method \"Arban method\") [Bore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bore_\\(wind_instruments\\) \"Bore (wind instruments)\") [Clarke Studies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarke_Studies \"Clarke Studies\") [Crook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crook_\\(music\\) \"Crook (music)\") [Harmonic series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmonic_series_\\(music\\) \"Harmonic series (music)\") [Keyed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keyed_trumpet \"Keyed trumpet\") [Mouthpiece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mouthpiece_\\(brass\\) \"Mouthpiece (brass)\") [Embouchure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embouchure \"Embouchure\") [Muted](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muted_trumpet \"Muted trumpet\") [Valve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument_valve \"Brass instrument valve\") [Piston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piston_valve \"Piston valve\") [Rotary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_valve \"Rotary valve\") |\n| Other | [Guča Trumpet Festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gu%C4%8Da_Trumpet_Festival \"Guča Trumpet Festival\") [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_trumpet \"History of the trumpet\") [Repertoire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet_repertoire \"Trumpet repertoire\") [Concertos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet_concerto \"Trumpet concerto\") [Trumpeters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_trumpeters \"List of trumpeters\") [Jazz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_jazz_trumpeters \"List of jazz trumpeters\") |\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q8338#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| International | [GND](https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4060993-5) |\n| National | [United States](https:\/\/id.loc.gov\/authorities\/sh85138176) [France](https:\/\/catalogue.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb11950965z) [BnF data](https:\/\/data.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb11950965z) [Japan](https:\/\/id.ndl.go.jp\/auth\/ndlna\/00573294) [Czech Republic](https:\/\/aleph.nkp.cz\/F\/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph303407&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https:\/\/datos.bne.es\/resource\/XX549505) [Argentina](https:\/\/catalogo.bn.gov.ar\/F\/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046090) [Israel](https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/authorities\/987007553664305171) |\n| Artists | [KulturNav](http:\/\/kulturnav.org\/6c387431-5f7f-4eb7-a711-cd6696310c34) |\n| Other | [NARA](https:\/\/catalog.archives.gov\/id\/10648442) [MusicBrainz instrument](https:\/\/musicbrainz.org\/instrument\/1c8f9780-2f16-4891-b66d-bb7aa0820dbd) [Yale LUX](https:\/\/lux.collections.yale.edu\/view\/concept\/aff86aac-9dd6-40c1-93b2-009027459a94) |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trumpet&oldid=1347295008>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [B-flat 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Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License \"Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License\"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms_of_Use \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms of Use\") and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy policy\"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trumpet&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nTrumpet\n\n126 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet)","attrs_readable_markdown":"|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/12\/Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg\/250px-Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg)Trumpet in B♭ |   |\n| [Brass instrument](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\") |   |\n| [Classification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musical_instrument_classification \"Musical instrument classification\") | [Wind](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wind_instrument \"Wind instrument\") [Brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\") [Aerophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerophone \"Aerophone\") |\n| [Hornbostel–Sachs classification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs \"Hornbostel–Sachs\") | 423\\.233 (Valved [aerophone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aerophone \"Aerophone\") sounded by lip vibration) |\n| [Playing range](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Range_\\(music\\) \"Range (music)\") |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/43\/Trumpet_range_transposed.svg\/250px-Trumpet_range_transposed.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpet_range_transposed.svg) All trumpets have approximately the same written range. The sounding pitch depends on what key the instrument is in. Lower and higher notes are possible (see [§ Range](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#Range)).[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-Adler-1) |   |\n| [Related instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musical_instrument \"Musical instrument\") |   |\n| [Flugelhorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flugelhorn \"Flugelhorn\") [cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\") [cornett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornett \"Cornett\") [flumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flumpet \"Flumpet\") [bugle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bugle_\\(instrument\\) \"Bugle (instrument)\") |   |\n\nThe **trumpet** is a [brass instrument](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\") commonly used in classical and [jazz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jazz \"Jazz\") [ensembles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musical_ensemble \"Musical ensemble\"). The trumpet group ranges from the [piccolo trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piccolo_trumpet \"Piccolo trumpet\")—with the highest [register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Register_\\(music\\) \"Register (music)\") in the brass family—to the [bass trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bass_trumpet \"Bass trumpet\"), pitched one octave below the standard B♭ or C trumpet.\n\nTrumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to the 2nd Millennium BC.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-2) They began to be used as musical instruments only in the late 14th or early 15th century.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-3) Trumpets are used in [art music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art_music \"Art music\") styles, appearing in [orchestras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchestras \"Orchestras\"), [concert bands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concert_band \"Concert band\"), [chamber music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chamber_music \"Chamber music\") groups, and [jazz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jazz \"Jazz\") ensembles. They are also common in [popular music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Popular_music \"Popular music\") and are generally included in [school bands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/School_band \"School band\"). Sound is produced by vibrating the lips in a mouthpiece,[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-4) which starts a [standing wave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standing_wave \"Standing wave\") in the air column of the instrument. Since the late 15th century, trumpets have primarily been constructed of [brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass \"Brass\") tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape.\n\nThere are many distinct types of trumpet. The most common is a [transposing instrument](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transposing_instrument \"Transposing instrument\") pitched in B♭ with a tubing length of about 1.48 m (4 ft 10 in). The [cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\") is similar to the trumpet but has a conical bore (the trumpet has a cylindrical bore) and its tubing is generally wound differently. Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing, whereas modern instruments generally have three (or sometimes four) [valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument_valve \"Brass instrument valve\") which are used to change their [pitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pitch_\\(music\\) \"Pitch (music)\"). Most trumpets have valves of the [piston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piston_valve \"Piston valve\") type, while some have the [rotary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_valve \"Rotary valve\") type. The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings (especially in German and German-style orchestras), although this practice varies by country. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a *trumpet player* or *trumpeter*.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5)\n\nEtymology\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/29\/Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg\/250px-Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg)\n\nTrio of trumpeters in Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1940\n\nThe English word *trumpet* was first used in the late 14th century.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-etymonline1-6) The word came from [Old French](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_French \"Old French\") *trompette*, which is a diminutive of *trompe*.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-etymonline1-6) The word *trump*, meaning *trumpet*, was first used in English in 1300. The word comes from Old French *trompe* 'long, tube-like musical wind instrument' (c. 1100s), cognate with [Provençal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occitan_language \"Occitan language\") *tromba*, [Italian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_language \"Italian language\") *tromba*, all probably from a [Germanic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germanic_languages \"Germanic languages\") source (compare [Old High German](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_High_German \"Old High German\") *trumpa*, [Old Norse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_Norse \"Old Norse\") *trumba* 'trumpet'), of imitative origin.\"[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-7)\n\nHistory\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg\/250px-Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg)\n\nSilver and gold plated trumpet and its wooden mute from the [tomb of Tutankhamun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KV62 \"KV62\") (1326–1336 BC)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/03\/Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg)\n\nCeramic trumpet, AD 300, [Larco Museum Collection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larco_Museum \"Larco Museum\") Lima, Peru\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/50\/Trumpet%2C_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif\/lossy-page1-250px-Trumpet%2C_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpet,_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif)\n\nTrumpet, 17th century, decorated with large tassels\n\nThe earliest trumpets date back to 2000 BC and earlier. The bronze and silver [Tutankhamun's trumpets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tutankhamun%27s_trumpets \"Tutankhamun's trumpets\") from his grave in Egypt, [bronze lurs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lur \"Lur\") from Scandinavia, and metal trumpets from China date back to this period.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-8) Trumpets from the [Oxus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amu_Darya \"Amu Darya\") civilization (3rd millennium BC) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder for its time.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-9)\n\nThe [Salpinx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salpinx \"Salpinx\") was a straight trumpet 62 inches (1,600 mm) long, made of bone or bronze. [Homer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homer \"Homer\")'s *[Iliad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iliad \"Iliad\")* (9th or 8th century BCE) contains the earliest reference to its sound, and further, frequent descriptions are found throughout the [Classical Period](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_antiquity \"Classical antiquity\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-10) Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11) The [Shofar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shofar \"Shofar\"), made from a ram's horn, and the [chazozra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chazozra \"Chazozra\"), made of metal, are both mentioned in the Bible. They were said to have been played in Solomon's Temple around 3,000 years ago. They are still used on certain religious days.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11)\n\nThe [Moche](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moche_\\(culture\\) \"Moche (culture)\") people of ancient [Peru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru \"Peru\") depicted trumpets in their art going back to AD 300.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-12) The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense;[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-13) and the modern [bugle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bugle_\\(instrument\\) \"Bugle (instrument)\") continues this signaling tradition.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ea\/Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg\/250px-Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg)\n\nReproduction [baroque trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baroque_trumpet \"Baroque trumpet\") by [Michael Laird](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Michael_Laird&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Michael Laird (page does not exist)\")\n\nImprovements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument. The [natural trumpets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_trumpet \"Natural trumpet\") of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change [crooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crook_\\(music\\) \"Crook (music)\") of the instrument.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11) The development of the upper, \"[clarino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarion_\\(instrument\\) \"Clarion (instrument)\")\" register by specialist trumpeters—notably [Cesare Bendinelli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cesare_Bendinelli \"Cesare Bendinelli\")—would lend itself well to the [Baroque](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baroque \"Baroque\") era, also known as the \"Golden Age of the natural trumpet.\" During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters. The art was revived in the mid-20th century, and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. Many modern players in Germany and the UK who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet fitted with three or four vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tune notes in the harmonic series.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-14)\n\nThe melody-dominated [homophony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homophony \"Homophony\") of the [classical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_period_\\(music\\) \"Classical period (music)\") and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet. [Berlioz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hector_Berlioz \"Hector Berlioz\") wrote in 1844:\n\n> Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone, there are few instruments that have been more degraded (than the trumpet). Down to [Beethoven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beethoven \"Beethoven\") and [Weber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Maria_von_Weber \"Carl Maria von Weber\"), every composer – not excepting [Mozart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mozart \"Mozart\") – persisted in confining it to the unworthy function of filling up, or in causing it to sound two or three commonplace rhythmical formulae.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-15)\n\nConstruction\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg\/250px-Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg)\n\nTrumpet valve bypass (depressed)\n\nThe trumpet is constructed of [brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass \"Brass\") tubing bent twice into a rounded oblong shape.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-16) As with all brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through slightly separated lips, producing a \"buzzing\" sound into the [mouthpiece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mouthpiece_\\(brass\\) \"Mouthpiece (brass)\") and starting a [standing wave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standing_wave \"Standing wave\") vibration in the air column inside the trumpet. The player can select the [pitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pitch_\\(music\\) \"Pitch (music)\") from a range of [overtones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overtone \"Overtone\") or [harmonics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmonics \"Harmonics\") by changing the lip [aperture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aperture \"Aperture\") and tension (known as the [embouchure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embouchure \"Embouchure\")).\n\nThe mouthpiece has a circular rim, which provides a comfortable environment for the lips' vibration. Directly behind the rim is the cup, which channels the air into a much smaller opening (the back bore or shank) that tapers out slightly to match the diameter of the trumpet's lead pipe. The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the [timbre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timbre \"Timbre\") or quality of sound, the ease of playability, and player comfort. Generally, the wider and deeper the cup, the darker the sound and timbre.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/34\/Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg\/250px-Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg)\n\nB♭ trumpet, disassembled\n\nModern trumpets have three (or, infrequently, four) [piston valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piston_valve \"Piston valve\"), each of which increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby lowering the pitch. The first valve lowers the instrument's pitch by a whole step (two [semitones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semitone \"Semitone\")), the second valve by a half step (one semitone), and the third valve by one and a half steps (three semitones). Having three valves provides eight possible valve combinations (including \"none\"), but only seven different tubing lengths, because the third valve alone gives essentially the same tubing length as the 1–2 combination. (In practice there is often a deliberately designed slight difference between \"1–2\" and \"3\", and in that case trumpet players will select the alternative that gives the best tuning for the particular note being played.) When a fourth valve is present, as with some [piccolo trumpets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piccolo_trumpet \"Piccolo trumpet\"), it usually lowers the pitch a [perfect fourth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perfect_fourth \"Perfect fourth\") (five semitones). Used singly and in combination these valves make the instrument fully [chromatic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromatic_scale \"Chromatic scale\"), i.e., able to play all twelve pitches of classical music. For more information about the different types of valves, see [Brass instrument valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument_valves \"Brass instrument valves\").\n\nThe overall pitch of the trumpet can be raised or lowered by the use of the tuning slide. Pulling the slide out lowers the pitch; pushing the slide in raises it. Pitch can be \"bent\" using the embouchure only.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-17)\n\nTo overcome the problems of intonation and reduce the use of the slides, [Renold Schilke](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renold_Schilke \"Renold Schilke\") designed the tuning-bell trumpet. Removing the usual brace between the bell and a valve body allows the use of a sliding bell; the player may then tune the horn with the bell while leaving the slide pushed in, or nearly so, thereby improving intonation and overall response.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-18)\n\nA trumpet becomes a [closed tube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Closed_tube \"Closed tube\") when the player presses it to the lips; therefore, the instrument only naturally produces every other overtone of the harmonic series. The shape of the bell makes the missing overtones audible.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-19) Most notes in the series are slightly out of tune and modern trumpets have slide mechanisms for the first and third valves with which the player can compensate by *throwing* (extending) or retracting one or both slides, using the left thumb and ring finger for the first and third valve slides respectively.\n\nTrumpets can be constructed from other materials, including plastic.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-20)\n\nTypes\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c8\/Trumpeters%2C_Royal_Palace%2C_Sarahan%2C_HiP%2C_India.jpg\/250px-Trumpeters%2C_Royal_Palace%2C_Sarahan%2C_HiP%2C_India.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpeters,_Royal_Palace,_Sarahan,_HiP,_India.jpg)\n\nTrumpeters, Royal Palace, [Sarahan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarahan \"Sarahan\"), Himachal Pradesh, India\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/89\/Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa%2C_Ladakh._2010.jpg\/250px-Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa%2C_Ladakh._2010.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa,_Ladakh._2010.jpg)\n\nTibetan trumpets stored at [Tagthok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Tagthok&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Tagthok (page does not exist)\") Monastery, Ladakh\n\nThe most common type is the B♭ trumpet, but A, C, D, E♭, E, low F, and G trumpets are also available. The C trumpet is most common in American orchestral playing, where it is used alongside the B♭ trumpet. [Orchestral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchestral \"Orchestral\") trumpet players are adept at transposing music at sight, frequently playing music written for the A, B♭, D, E♭, E or F trumpet as well as for the B, C♯, F♯ or G trumpet (which is used more rarely) on the C trumpet or B♭ trumpet.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8c\/Trumpet_piccolo.jpg\/250px-Trumpet_piccolo.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpet_piccolo.jpg)\n\nPiccolo trumpet in B♭, with swappable [leadpipes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leadpipe \"Leadpipe\") to tune the instrument to B♭ (shorter) or A (longer)\n\nThe smallest trumpets are referred to as [piccolo trumpets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piccolo_trumpet \"Piccolo trumpet\"). The most common models are built to play in both B♭ and A, with separate leadpipes for each key. The tubing in the B♭ piccolo trumpet is one-half the length of that in a standard B♭ trumpet, making it sound an octave higher. Piccolo trumpets in G, F, and C are also manufactured, but are less common. Almost all piccolo trumpets have four valves instead of three—the fourth valve usually lowers the pitch by a fourth, making some lower notes accessible and creating alternate fingerings for certain [trills](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trill_\\(music\\) \"Trill (music)\"). [Maurice André](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9 \"Maurice André\"), [Håkan Hardenberger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%A5kan_Hardenberger \"Håkan Hardenberger\"), [David Mason](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Mason_\\(trumpet_player\\) \"David Mason (trumpet player)\"), and [Wynton Marsalis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wynton_Marsalis \"Wynton Marsalis\") are some well-known trumpet players known for their virtuosity on the piccolo trumpet.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/61\/Pocket_trumpet.jpg\/250px-Pocket_trumpet.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pocket_trumpet.jpg)\n\nPocket trumpet\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/ff\/Trumpet_in_c_german.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpet_in_c_german.jpg)\n\nTrumpet in C with [rotary valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_valves \"Rotary valves\")\n\nTrumpets pitched in the key of low G are also called sopranos, or soprano bugles, after their adaptation from military [bugles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bugle_\\(instrument\\) \"Bugle (instrument)\"). Traditionally used in [drum and bugle corps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drum_and_bugle_corps_\\(modern\\) \"Drum and bugle corps (modern)\"), sopranos employ either [rotary valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_valve \"Rotary valve\") or [piston valves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piston_valve \"Piston valve\"). Trumpets in low F were common in the nineteenth century, composed for by [Richard Wagner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\"), [Franz Liszt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franz_Liszt \"Franz Liszt\"), and [Anton Bruckner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anton_Bruckner \"Anton Bruckner\"), among others. These parts are in the upper register (unlike parts for alto trumpet, which are intended for the lower register) and are typically played on the B♭ or C trumpets today.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-21)\n\nThe bass trumpet is at the same pitch as a trombone and is usually played by a trombone player,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5) although its music is written in [treble clef](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treble_clef \"Treble clef\"). Most bass trumpets are pitched in either C or B♭. The C bass trumpet sounds an [octave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Octave \"Octave\") lower than written, and the B♭ bass sounds a major ninth (B♭) lower, making them both [transposing instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transposing_instruments \"Transposing instruments\").\n\nThe historical [slide trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slide_trumpet \"Slide trumpet\") was probably first developed in the late 14th century for use in [alta cappella](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alta_cappella \"Alta cappella\") wind bands. Deriving from early straight trumpets, the Renaissance slide trumpet was essentially a natural trumpet with a sliding leadpipe. This single slide was awkward, as the entire instrument moved, and the range of the slide was probably no more than a major third. Originals were probably pitched in D, to fit with [shawms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shawm \"Shawm\") in D and G, probably at a typical pitch standard near A=466 Hz. No known instruments from this period survive, so the details—and even the existence—of a Renaissance slide trumpet is a matter of debate among scholars. While there is documentation (written and artistic) of its existence, there is also conjecture that its slide would have been impractical. Some slide trumpet designs saw use in England in the 18th century.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-22)\n\nThe [pocket trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pocket_trumpet \"Pocket trumpet\") is a compact B♭ trumpet. The bell is usually smaller than a standard trumpet bell, and the tubing is more tightly wound to reduce the instrument's size without reducing the total tube length. Its design is not standardized, and the quality of various models varies greatly. It can have a unique warm sound and voice-like articulation. Since many pocket trumpet models suffer from poor design as well as poor manufacturing, the intonation, tone color, and dynamic range of such instruments are severely hindered. Professional-standard instruments are, however, available. While they are not a substitute for the full-sized instrument, they can be useful in certain contexts. The jazz musician [Don Cherry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Don_Cherry_\\(jazz\\) \"Don Cherry (jazz)\") was renowned for his playing of the pocket instrument.\n\nThe tubing of the bell section of a [herald trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fanfare_trumpet \"Fanfare trumpet\") is straight, making it long enough to accommodate a hanging banner. This instrument is mostly used for ceremonial events such as parades and [fanfares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fanfares \"Fanfares\").\n\n[David Monette](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Monette \"David Monette\") designed the [flumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flumpet \"Flumpet\") in 1989 for jazz musician [Art Farmer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art_Farmer \"Art Farmer\"). It is a hybrid of a trumpet and a flugelhorn, pitched in B♭ and using three piston valves.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-fan2017-23)\n\n[Rotary valve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_valve \"Rotary valve\"), or German, trumpets are commonly used in professional German and Austrian orchestras. Other variations include alto and [Baroque trumpets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baroque_trumpet \"Baroque trumpet\"), and the [Vienna valve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vienna_valve \"Vienna valve\") trumpet (primarily used in Viennese brass ensembles and orchestras such as the [Vienna Philharmonic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vienna_Philharmonic \"Vienna Philharmonic\") and [Mnozil Brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mnozil_Brass \"Mnozil Brass\")).\n\nThe trumpet is often confused with its close relative, the [cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\"), which has a more [conical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cone_\\(geometry\\) \"Cone (geometry)\") tubing shape compared to the trumpet's more [cylindrical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cylinder_\\(geometry\\) \"Cylinder (geometry)\") tube. This, along with additional bends in the cornet's tubing, gives the cornet a slightly mellower tone, but the instruments are otherwise nearly identical. They have the same length of tubing and, therefore, the same pitch, so music written for one of them is playable on the other. Another relative, the [flugelhorn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flugelhorn \"Flugelhorn\"), has tubing that is even more conical than that of the cornet, and an even mellower tone. It is sometimes supplied with a fourth valve to improve the intonation of some lower notes.\n\nPlaying\n\nFingering\n\nOn any modern trumpet, cornet, or flugelhorn, pressing the valves indicated by the numbers below produces the written notes shown. \"Open\" means all valves up, \"1\" means first valve, \"1–2\" means first and second valve simultaneously, and so on. The sounding pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument. Engaging the fourth valve, if present, usually drops any of these pitches by a [perfect fourth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perfect_fourth \"Perfect fourth\") as well. Within each [overtone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overtone \"Overtone\") series, the different pitches are attained by changing the [embouchure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embouchure \"Embouchure\").\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png\/500px-Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png)\n\nA step = a [tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_tone \"Whole tone\"); a half step = a [semitone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semitone \"Semitone\")\n\nEach [overtone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overtone \"Overtone\") series on the trumpet begins with the first overtone—the [fundamental](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fundamental_frequency \"Fundamental frequency\") of each overtone series cannot be produced except as a [pedal tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedal_tone \"Pedal tone\"). Notes in parentheses are the sixth overtone, representing a pitch with a frequency of seven times that of the fundamental; while this pitch is close to the note shown, it is flat relative to [equal temperament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equal_temperament \"Equal temperament\"), and use of those fingerings is generally avoided.\n\nThe fingering schema arises from the length of each valve's tubing (a longer tube produces a lower pitch). Valve \"1\" increases the tubing length enough to lower the pitch by one whole step, valve \"2\" by one half step, and valve \"3\" by one and a half steps.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-24) This scheme and the nature of the overtone series create the possibility of alternate fingerings for certain notes. For example, third-space \"C\" can be produced with no valves engaged (standard fingering) or with valves 2–3. Also, any note produced with 1–2 as its standard fingering can also be produced with valve 3 – each drops the pitch by 1\\+1⁄2 steps. Alternate fingerings may be used to improve facility in certain passages or to aid in intonation. Extending the third valve slide when using the fingerings 1–3 or 1-2-3 further lowers the pitch slightly to improve intonation.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-25)\n\nSome of the partials of the [harmonic series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmonic_series_\\(music\\) \"Harmonic series (music)\") that a modern B♭ trumpet can play for each combination of valves pressed are in tune with [12-tone equal temperament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/12-tone_equal_temperament \"12-tone equal temperament\") and some are not.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-utc-26)\n\nMutes\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/31\/TrumpetMutes.jpg\/250px-TrumpetMutes.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:TrumpetMutes.jpg)\n\nTrumpet with a straight mute inserted. Below, left to right: straight, wah-wah (harmon), and cup mutes.\n\nVarious types of mutes can be placed in or over the bell, which decreases volume and changes timbre.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27) Trumpets have a wide selection of mutes: common ones include the [straight mute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Straight_mute \"Straight mute\"), [cup mute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cup_mute \"Cup mute\"), [harmon mute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmon_mute \"Harmon mute\") (wah-wah or wow-wow mute, among other names[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28)), [plunger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plunger_mute \"Plunger mute\"), [bucket mute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bucket_mute \"Bucket mute\"), and [practice mute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mute_\\(music\\)#Whispa_and_practice_mutes \"Mute (music)\").[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-29) A straight mute is generally used when the type of mute is not specified.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28) Jazz and commercial music call for a wider range of mutes than most classical music[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27) and many mutes were invented for jazz orchestrators.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-30)\n\nMutes can be made of many materials, including fiberglass, plastic, cardboard, metal, and \"stone lining\", a trade name of the Humes & Berg company.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-31) They are often held in place with cork.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27)[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013125-32) To better keep the mute in place, players sometimes dampen the cork by blowing warm, moist air on it.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27)\n\nThe straight mute is conical and constructed of either metal (usually aluminum[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28))—which produces a bright, piercing sound—or another material, which produces a darker, stuffier sound.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-33)[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler2013173-34) The cup mute is shaped like a straight mute with an additional, bell-facing cup at the end, and produces a darker tone than a straight mute.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35) The harmon mute is made of metal (usually aluminum or copper[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28)) and consists of a \"stem\" inserted into a large chamber.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35) The stem can be extended or removed to produce different timbres, and waving one's hand in front of the mute produces a \"wah-wah\" sound, hence the mute's colloquial name.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35)\n\nRange\n\nSound of a trumpet – [Warsaw Castle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"), Poland.\n\nUsing standard technique, the lowest note is the written F♯ below [middle C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_C \"Middle C\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-Adler-1) There is no actual limit to how high brass instruments can play, but fingering charts generally go up to the [high C](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soprano_C \"Soprano C\") two octaves above middle C. Several trumpeters have achieved fame for their proficiency in the extreme high register, among them [Maynard Ferguson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maynard_Ferguson \"Maynard Ferguson\"), [Cat Anderson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cat_Anderson \"Cat Anderson\"), [Dizzy Gillespie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dizzy_Gillespie \"Dizzy Gillespie\"), [Doc Severinsen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doc_Severinsen \"Doc Severinsen\"), [John Madrid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Madrid \"John Madrid\"), and more recently [Wayne Bergeron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayne_Bergeron \"Wayne Bergeron\"), [Louis Dowdeswell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Dowdeswell \"Louis Dowdeswell\"), [Thomas Gansch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Gansch \"Thomas Gansch\"), [James Morrison](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Morrison_\\(musician\\) \"James Morrison (musician)\"), [Jon Faddis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jon_Faddis \"Jon Faddis\") and [Arturo Sandoval](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arturo_Sandoval \"Arturo Sandoval\"). It is also possible to produce [pedal tones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedal_tone \"Pedal tone\") below the low F♯, which is a device occasionally employed in the contemporary repertoire for the instrument.\n\nExtended technique\n\nContemporary music for the trumpet makes wide use of extended trumpet techniques.\n\n**[Flutter tonguing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluttertonguing \"Fluttertonguing\")**: The trumpeter rolls the tip of the tongue (as if rolling an \"R\" in Spanish) to produce a 'growling-like' tone. This technique is widely employed by composers like [Berio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luciano_Berio \"Luciano Berio\") and [Stockhausen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karlheinz_Stockhausen \"Karlheinz Stockhausen\").\n\n**[Growling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Growling_\\(wind_instruments\\) \"Growling (wind instruments)\")**: Simultaneously playing a tone and using the back of the tongue to vibrate the uvula, creating a distinct sound. Most trumpet players will use a plunger with this technique to achieve a particular sound heard in a lot of Chicago Jazz of the 1950s.\n\n**[Double tonguing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double_tonguing \"Double tonguing\")**: The player articulates using the syllables *ta-ka ta-ka ta-ka*.\n\n**[Triple tonguing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tonguing \"Tonguing\")**: The same as double tonguing, but with the syllables *ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka*.\n\n**Doodle tongue**: The trumpeter tongues as if saying the word *doodle*. This is a very faint tonguing, similar in sound to a valve tremolo.\n\n**[Glissando](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glissando \"Glissando\")**: Trumpeters can slide between notes by depressing the valves halfway and changing the lip tension. Modern repertoire makes extensive use of this technique.\n\n**[Vibrato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vibrato \"Vibrato\")**: It is often regulated in contemporary repertoire through specific notation. Composers can call for everything from fast, slow or no vibrato to actual rhythmic patterns played with vibrato.\n\n**[Pedal tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedal_tone \"Pedal tone\")**: Composers have written notes as low as two-and-a-half octaves below the low F♯ at the bottom of the standard range. Extreme low pedals are produced by slipping the lower lip out of the mouthpiece. [Claude Gordon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Gordon \"Claude Gordon\") assigned pedals as part of his trumpet practice routines, which were a systematic expansion on his lessons with Herbert L. Clarke. The technique was pioneered by [Bohumir Kryl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bohumir_Kryl \"Bohumir Kryl\").[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-36)\n\n**[Microtones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microtonal_music \"Microtonal music\")**: Composers such as Scelsi and Stockhausen have made wide use of the trumpet's ability to play microtonally. Some instruments feature a fourth valve that provides a quarter-tone step between each note. The jazz musician [Ibrahim Maalouf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ibrahim_Maalouf \"Ibrahim Maalouf\") uses such a trumpet, invented by his father to make it possible to play [Arab maqams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_maqam \"Arab maqam\").\n\n**Valve tremolo**: Many notes on the trumpet can be played in several different valve combinations. By alternating between valve combinations on the same note, a tremolo effect can be created. Berio makes extended use of this technique in his *[Sequenza X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sequenza_X \"Sequenza X\").*\n\n**Noises**: By hissing, clicking, or breathing through the instrument, the trumpet can be made to resonate in ways that do not sound at all like a trumpet. Noises may require amplification.\n\n**Preparation**: Composers have called for trumpeters to play underwater, or with certain slides removed. It is increasingly common for composers to specify all sorts of preparations for the trumpet. Extreme preparations involve alternate constructions, such as double bells and extra valves.\n\n**[Split tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Split_tone \"Split tone\")**: Trumpeters can produce more than one tone simultaneously by vibrating the two lips at different speeds. The interval produced is usually an octave or a fifth.\n\n**Lip-trill or shake**: Also known as \"lip-slurs\". By rapidly varying air speed, but not changing the depressed valves, the pitch can vary quickly between adjacent harmonic partials. Shakes and lip-trills can vary in speed and in the distance between the partials. However, lip-trills and shakes usually involve the next partial up from the written note.\n\n**[Multi-phonics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiphonic#Brass_instruments \"Multiphonic\")**: Playing a note and \"humming\" a different note simultaneously. For example, sustaining a middle C and humming a major 3rd \"E\" at the same time.\n\n**[Circular breathing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Circular_breathing \"Circular breathing\")**: A technique wind players use to produce uninterrupted tone, without pauses for breaths. The player puffs up the cheeks, storing air, then breathes in rapidly through the nose while using the cheeks to continue pushing air outwards.\n\nInstruction and method books\n\nOne trumpet method is [Jean-Baptiste Arban](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Arban \"Jean-Baptiste Arban\")'s [*Complete Conservatory Method for Trumpet (Cornet)*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arban_Method \"Arban Method\").[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-arban-37) Other well-known method books include [*Technical Studies*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarke_Studies#Technical_Studies \"Clarke Studies\") by [Herbert L. Clarke](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_L._Clarke \"Herbert L. Clarke\"),[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-38) *Grand Method* by Louis Saint-Jacome, *Daily Drills and Technical Studies* by [Max Schlossberg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Schlossberg \"Max Schlossberg\"), and methods by [Ernest S. Williams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Williams_\\(conductor\\) \"Ernest Williams (conductor)\"), [Claude Gordon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Gordon \"Claude Gordon\"), Charles Colin, [James Stamp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Stamp \"James Stamp\"), and Louis Davidson.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-39) A common method book for beginners is the Walter Beeler's *Method for the Cornet*, and there have been several instruction books written by virtuoso [Allen Vizzutti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allen_Vizzutti \"Allen Vizzutti\").[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-40) [Merri Franquin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merri_Franquin \"Merri Franquin\") wrote a *Complete Method for Modern Trumpet*,[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-41) which fell into obscurity for much of the twentieth century until public endorsements by [Maurice André](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9 \"Maurice André\") revived interest in this work.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-42)\n\nPlayers\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Gottfried_reiche.jpg\/250px-Gottfried_reiche.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gottfried_reiche.jpg)\n\n[Gottfried Reiche](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gottfried_Reiche \"Gottfried Reiche\"), chief trumpeter for [Johann Sebastian Bach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") in Leipzig\n\nIn early jazz, [Louis Armstrong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Armstrong \"Louis Armstrong\") was well known for his virtuosity and his improvisations on the [Hot Five](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hot_Five \"Hot Five\") and [Hot Seven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hot_Seven \"Hot Seven\") recordings, and his switch from [cornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornet \"Cornet\") to trumpet is often cited as heralding the trumpet's dominance over the cornet in jazz.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-43) [Dizzy Gillespie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dizzy_Gillespie \"Dizzy Gillespie\") was a gifted [improviser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Improvisation \"Improvisation\") with an extremely high (but musical) range, building on the style of [Roy Eldridge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roy_Eldridge \"Roy Eldridge\") but adding new layers of [harmonic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmony \"Harmony\") complexity. Gillespie had an enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter, both by the example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians. [Miles Davis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miles_Davis \"Miles Davis\") is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century—his style was distinctive and widely imitated. Davis' phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models for generations of jazz musicians.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-44) [Cat Anderson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cat_Anderson \"Cat Anderson\") was a trumpet player who was known for the ability to play extremely high with an even more extreme volume, who played with Duke Ellington's Big Band. [Maynard Ferguson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maynard_Ferguson \"Maynard Ferguson\") came to prominence playing in [Stan Kenton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stan_Kenton \"Stan Kenton\")'s orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high [register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Register_\\(music\\) \"Register (music)\").[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-enc_music_ca-45)\n\nRepertoire\n\nThe [trumpet repertoire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet_repertoire \"Trumpet repertoire\") consists of solo literature and orchestral or, more commonly, band parts written for the trumpet. Tracings its origins to 1500 BC, the trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest [register](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Register_\\(music\\) \"Register (music)\") in the [brass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brass_instrument \"Brass instrument\") family.\n\nSolos\n\nIn the 1790s [Anton Weidinger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anton_Weidinger \"Anton Weidinger\") developed the first successful [keyed trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keyed_trumpet \"Keyed trumpet\"), capable of playing chromatically. [Joseph Haydn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Haydn \"Joseph Haydn\")'s [Trumpet Concerto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet_Concerto_\\(Haydn\\) \"Trumpet Concerto (Haydn)\") was written for him in 1796 and startled contemporary audiences by its novelty,[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_note-46) a fact shown off by some stepwise melodies played low in the instrument's range.\n\nIn art\n\n- [![The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges), c. 1500–1510](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/78\/Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg\/120px-Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg \"The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges), c. 1500–1510\")\n- [![Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet, Gerrit Dou, c. 1660–1665](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e9\/Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg\/120px-Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg \"Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet, Gerrit Dou, c. 1660–1665\")\n  *Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet*, [Gerrit Dou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerrit_Dou \"Gerrit Dou\"), c. 1660–1665\n- [![Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from an 1887 children's edition of Aesop's Fables](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif\/lossy-page1-120px-Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif \"Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from an 1887 children's edition of Aesop's Fables\")\n  Illustration for *[The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Trumpeter_Taken_Captive \"The Trumpeter Taken Captive\")* from an 1887 children's edition of [Aesop's Fables](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aesop%27s_Fables \"Aesop's Fables\")\n- [![Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers, New Orleans](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG\/120px-Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG \"Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers, New Orleans\")\n- [![Miles Davis statue in Kielce, Poland](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/81\/Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg\/120px-Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg \"Miles Davis statue in Kielce, Poland\")\n\nSee also\n\n- [Herald and Trumpet contest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herald_and_Trumpet_contest \"Herald and Trumpet contest\")\n- [Compositions for trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Compositions_for_trumpet \"Category:Compositions for trumpet\")\n- [Birch trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birch_trumpet \"Birch trumpet\")\n- [Muted trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muted_trumpet \"Muted trumpet\")\n- [Wind controller](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wind_controller \"Wind controller\")\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-Adler_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-Adler_1-1) Adler, Samuel. *[The Study of Orchestration](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/studyoforchestra0002edadle_i2v0\/page\/301\/mode\/1up)*. W.W. Norton, 1989. 301.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-2)**\n   White, H.N. (25 June 2023). [\"History of the Trumpet and Cornet\"](https:\/\/www.trumpet-history.com\/White%20History.htm). *Trumpet-history.com*. Retrieved 25 June 2023.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"History of the Trumpet (According to the *New Harvard Dictionary of Music*)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080608095025\/http:\/\/www.petrouska.com\/historyofthetrumpet.htm). petrouska.com. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.petrouska.com\/historyofthetrumpet.htm) on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2014.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-4)**\n   [\"Brass Family of Instruments: What instruments are in the Brass Family?\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210524190812\/https:\/\/www.orsymphony.org\/learning-community\/instruments\/brass\/). *www.orsymphony.org*. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.orsymphony.org\/learning-community\/instruments\/brass\/) on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-2) [Koehler 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013)\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-etymonline1_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-etymonline1_6-1)\n   [\"Trumpet\"](http:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=trumpet). *www.etymonline.com*. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 May 2017.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Trump\"](http:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/index.php?term=trump&allowed_in_frame=0). *www.etymonline.com*. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 May 2017.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-8)** [Edward Tarr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Tarr \"Edward Tarr\"), *The Trumpet* (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1988), 20–30.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-9)** \"Trumpet with a swelling decorated with a human head,\" [*Musée du Louvre*](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071012193813\/http:\/\/louvre.fr\/llv\/oeuvres\/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225306&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225306&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500803&bmUID=1164415855346&bmLocale=en)\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-10)** Homer, *Iliad,* 18. 219.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-2)\n    [\"History of the Trumpet \\| Pops' Trumpet College\"](https:\/\/www.bbtrumpet.com\/history-of-the-trumpet\/). *Bbtrumpet.com*. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2021.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-12)** Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. *The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larco_Museum \"Larco Museum\").* New York: [Thames and Hudson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thames_and_Hudson \"Thames and Hudson\"), 1997.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-13)**\n    [\"Chicago Symphony Orchestra – Glossary – Brass instruments\"](https:\/\/www.cso.org\/). cso.org. Retrieved 3 May 2008.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-14)**\n    John Wallace and Alexander McGrattan, *The Trumpet*, Yale Musical Instrument Series (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011): 239. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-300-11230-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-300-11230-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-300-11230-6\")\n    \n    .\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-15)** [Berlioz, Hector](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hector_Berlioz \"Hector Berlioz\") (1844). *[Treatise on modern Instrumentation and Orchestration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treatise_on_Instrumentation \"Treatise on Instrumentation\")*. [Edwin F. Kalmus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edwin_F._Kalmus \"Edwin F. Kalmus\"), NY, 1948.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Trumpet, Brass Instrument\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080517062732\/http:\/\/www.dsokids.com\/2001\/dso.asp?PageID=162). dsokids.com. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dsokids.com\/2001\/dso.asp?PageID=162) on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2008.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-17)**\n    Blackwell, James (11 December 2012). [\"Pitch Bends!\"](https:\/\/blackwellstrumpetbasics.com\/pitch-bends\/). *Blackwells Trumpet Basics*. Retrieved 26 June 2023.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-18)**\n    Bloch, Dr. Colin (August 1978). [\"The Bell-Tuned Trumpet\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081225212331\/http:\/\/www.dallasmusic.org\/schilke\/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.dallasmusic.org\/schilke\/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html) on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2010.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-19)** D. J. Blaikley, \"How a Trumpet Is Made. I. The Natural Trumpet and Horn\", *The Musical Times*, 1 January 1910, p. 15.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-20)** *[P-trumpet](http:\/\/pplaymusic.us\/pTrumpet.html)*\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"Orchestral F Trumpet History\"](https:\/\/www.robbstewart.com\/f-trumpet-history-part-3). *Robb Stewart Brass Instruments*. Retrieved 8 February 2026.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-22)**\n    Lessen, Martin (1997). \"JSTOR: Notes, Second Series\". *Notes*. **54** (2): 484–485\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2307\/899543](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F899543). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0027-4380](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0027-4380). [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_\\(identifier\\) \"JSTOR (identifier)\") [899543](https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/899543).\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-fan2017_23-0)**\n    Koehler, Elisa (2014). [*Fanfares and Finesse: A Performer's Guide to Trumpet History and Literature*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=knrDAgAAQBAJ&q=flumpet+1989&pg=PA55). Indiana University Press. p. 55. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-253-01179-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-253-01179-4 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-253-01179-4\")\n    \n    . Retrieved 7 December 2017.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-24)**\n    Pagliaro, Michael J. (2016). *The Brass Instrument Owner's Handbook*. Lanham, Maryland: [Rowman & Littlefield](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rowman_%26_Littlefield \"Rowman & Littlefield\"). pp. 37–39\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4422-6862-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4422-6862-3 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4422-6862-3\")\n    \n    . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [946032345](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/946032345).\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-25)**\n    Ely, Mark C.; Van Deuren, Amy E. (2009). *Wind Talk for Brass: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Teaching Brass Instruments*. Amy E. Van Deuren. Oxford: [Oxford University Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"). pp. 8–12\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-19-971631-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-971631-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-971631-9\")\n    \n    . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [472461178](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/472461178).\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-utc_26-0)**\n    Schafer, Erika. [\"Trumpet Tuning Tendencies Relating to the Overtone Series with Solutions\"](https:\/\/blog.utc.edu\/erika-schafer\/trumpet-tuning-tendencies-relating-to-the-overtone-series-with-solutions-2\/). *UTC Trumpet Studio*. Retrieved 19 January 2023.\n27. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-3) [Ely 2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109.\n28. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-3) [Ely 2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 111.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-29)** For the \"widest selection of mutes\", see [Sevsay 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125. \\*For a list of common mutes, see [Ely 2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-30)**\n    Boyden, David D.; Bevan, Clifford; Page, Janet K. (20 January 2001). [\"Mute\"](https:\/\/www.oxfordmusiconline.com\/grovemusic\/view\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.001.0001\/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019478). *Grove Music Online*. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.19478](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.19478). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-56159-263-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-56159-263-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-56159-263-0\")\n    \n    . Retrieved 16 September 2020.\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-31)**\n    For the list of materials, see [Ely 2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109.\n    \n    - For the origin of \"stonelined mutes\", see [Koehler 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013), p. 173.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013125_32-0)** [Sevsay 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-33)** [Sevsay 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125: \"plastic (fiberglass): not as forceful as the metal mute, a bit darker in color, but still penetrating\"\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehler2013173_34-0)** [Koehler 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013), p. 173.\n35. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-2) [Sevsay 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 126.\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-36)** Joseph Wheeler, \"Review: Edward H. Tarr, *Die Trompete*\" *The Galpin Society Journal*, Vol. 31, May 1978, p. 167.\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-arban_37-0)**\n    [Arban, Jean-Baptiste](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Arban \"Jean-Baptiste Arban\") (1894, 1936, 1982). *[Arban's Complete Conservatory Method for trumpet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arban_method \"Arban method\")*. Carl Fischer, Inc. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-8258-0385-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8258-0385-3 \"Special:BookSources\/0-8258-0385-3\")\n    \n    .\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-38)**\n    [Herbert L. Clarke](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_L._Clarke \"Herbert L. Clarke\") (1984). *Technical Studies for the Cornet*, C. Carl Fischer, Inc. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [0-8258-0158-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8258-0158-3 \"Special:BookSources\/0-8258-0158-3\")\n    \n    .\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-39)** Colin, Charles and *Advanced Lip Flexibilities*.\\[*[full citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\")*\\]\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-40)**\n    [\"Allen Vizzutti Official Website\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161029022515\/http:\/\/www.vizzutti.com\/AllenBio.html). *www.vizzutti.com*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.vizzutti.com\/AllenBio.html) on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-41)**\n    Franquin, Merri (2016) \\[1908\\]. Quinlan, Timothy (ed.). [\"Complete Method for Modern Trumpet\"](https:\/\/qpress.ca\/product\/methode-complete-de-trompette-moderne-merri-franquin-translation-pdf). *qpress.ca*. Translated by Jackson, Susie.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-42)**\n    Shamu, Geoffrey. [\"Merri Franquin and His Contribution to the Art of Trumpet Playing\"](http:\/\/www.gshamu.com\/trumpet\/Scholarship_files\/ShamuDissertation.pdf) (PDF). p. 20. Retrieved 11 August 2017.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-43)**\n    West, Michael J. (3 November 2017). [\"The Cornet: Secrets of the Little Big Horn\"](https:\/\/jazztimes.com\/features\/cornet-horn-trumpet\/). *JazzTimes.com*. Retrieved 17 August 2018.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-44)**\n    [\"Miles Davis, Trumpeter, Dies; Jazz Genius, 65, Defined Cool\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/learning\/general\/onthisday\/bday\/0525.html). *nytimes.com*. Retrieved 3 May 2008.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-enc_music_ca_45-0)**\n    [\"Ferguson, Maynard\"](https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maynard-ferguson). *Encyclopedia of Music in Canada*. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 January 2008.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpet#cite_ref-46)** Keith Anderson, liner notes for Naxos CD 8.550243, *Famous Trumpet Concertos*, \"Haydn's concerto, written for Weidinger in 1796, must have. At the first performance of the new concerto in Vienna in 1800, a trumpet melody was heard in a lower register than had hitherto been practicable.\"\n\nBibliography\n\n- Barclay, R. L. (1992). *The art of the trumpet-maker: the materials, tools, and techniques of the seventeenth \\[sic\\] and eighteenth centuries in Nuremberg*. Oxford \\[England\\]: Clarendon Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-19-816223-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-19-816223-5 \"Special:BookSources\/0-19-816223-5\")\n  \n  .\n- Bate, Philip (1978). *The trumpet and trombone : an outline of their history, development, and construction* (2nd ed.). London: E. Benn. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-393-02129-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-393-02129-7 \"Special:BookSources\/0-393-02129-7\")\n  \n  .\n- Brownlow, James Arthur (1996). *The last trumpet: a history of the English slide trumpet*. Stuyvesant, N.Y.: Pendragon Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-945193-81-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-945193-81-5 \"Special:BookSources\/0-945193-81-5\")\n  \n  .\n- Campos, Frank Gabriel (2005). *Trumpet technique*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-19-516692-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-19-516692-2 \"Special:BookSources\/0-19-516692-2\")\n  \n  .\n- Cassone, Gabriele (2009). *The trumpet book* (1st ed.). Varese, Italy: Zecchini. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-88-87203-80-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-88-87203-80-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-88-87203-80-6\")\n  \n  .\n- Ely, Mark C. (2009). *Wind talk for brass: a practical guide to understanding and teaching brass instruments*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-19-532924-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-532924-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-532924-7\")\n  \n  .\n- English, Betty Lou (1980). *You can't be timid with a trumpet: notes from the orchestra* (1st ed.). New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-688-41963-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-688-41963-1 \"Special:BookSources\/0-688-41963-1\")\n  \n  .\n- Koehler, Elisa (2013). *Dictionary for the modern trumpet player*. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-8108-8658-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-8108-8658-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-8108-8658-2\")\n  \n  .\n- Sherman, Roger (1979). *The trumpeter's handbook: a comprehensive guide to playing and teaching the trumpet*. Athens, Ohio: Accura Music. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-918194-02-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-918194-02-4 \"Special:BookSources\/0-918194-02-4\")\n  \n  .\n- Sevsay, Ertuğrul (2013). *The Cambridge guide to orchestration*. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 125. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-1-107-02516-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-107-02516-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-107-02516-5\")\n  \n  .\n- Smithers, Don L. (1973). *The music and history of the baroque trumpet before 1721* (1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-8156-2157-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-8156-2157-4 \"Special:BookSources\/0-8156-2157-4\")\n  \n  .\n\nExternal links\n\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Trumpets](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Trumpets \"commons:Category:Trumpets\").\n\n- [![Wiktionary logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/99\/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg\/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) The dictionary definition of [*trumpet*](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Special:Search\/trumpet \"wiktionary:Special:Search\/trumpet\") at Wiktionary\n- [\"Trumpet\"](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica\/Trumpet) . *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition \"Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition\")*. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911.\n- [International Trumpet Guild](http:\/\/www.trumpetguild.org\/), an international trumpet players' association with online library of scholarly journal back issues, news, jobs and other trumpet resources.","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Trumpet Trumpet in B ♭ Brass instrument Classification Wind Brass Aerophone Hornbostel–Sachs classification 423.233 (Valved aerophone sounded by lip vibration) Playing range All trumpets have approximately the same written range. The sounding pitch depends on what key the instrument is in. Lower and higher notes are possible (see § Range ). [ 1 ] Related instruments Flugelhorn cornet cornett flumpet bugle The trumpet is a brass instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles . The trumpet group ranges from the piccolo trumpet —with the highest register in the brass family—to the bass trumpet , pitched one octave below the standard B ♭ or C trumpet. Trumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to the 2nd Millennium BC. [ 2 ] They began to be used as musical instruments only in the late 14th or early 15th century. [ 3 ] Trumpets are used in art music styles, appearing in orchestras , concert bands , chamber music groups, and jazz ensembles. They are also common in popular music and are generally included in school bands . Sound is produced by vibrating the lips in a mouthpiece, [ 4 ] which starts a standing wave in the air column of the instrument. Since the late 15th century, trumpets have primarily been constructed of brass tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape. There are many distinct types of trumpet. The most common is a transposing instrument pitched in B ♭ with a tubing length of about 1.48 m (4 ft 10 in). The cornet is similar to the trumpet but has a conical bore (the trumpet has a cylindrical bore) and its tubing is generally wound differently. Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing, whereas modern instruments generally have three (or sometimes four) valves which are used to change their pitch . Most trumpets have valves of the piston type, while some have the rotary type. The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings (especially in German and German-style orchestras), although this practice varies by country. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a trumpet player or trumpeter . [ 5 ] Etymology Trio of trumpeters in Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1940 The English word trumpet was first used in the late 14th century. [ 6 ] The word came from Old French trompette , which is a diminutive of trompe . [ 6 ] The word trump , meaning trumpet , was first used in English in 1300. The word comes from Old French trompe 'long, tube-like musical wind instrument' ( c. 1100s), cognate with Provençal tromba , Italian tromba , all probably from a Germanic source (compare Old High German trumpa , Old Norse trumba 'trumpet'), of imitative origin." [ 7 ] History Silver and gold plated trumpet and its wooden mute from the tomb of Tutankhamun (1326–1336 BC) Ceramic trumpet, AD 300, Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru Trumpet, 17th century, decorated with large tassels The earliest trumpets date back to 2000 BC and earlier. The bronze and silver Tutankhamun's trumpets from his grave in Egypt, bronze lurs from Scandinavia, and metal trumpets from China date back to this period. [ 8 ] Trumpets from the Oxus civilization (3rd millennium BC) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder for its time. [ 9 ] The Salpinx was a straight trumpet 62 inches (1,600 mm) long, made of bone or bronze. Homer 's Iliad (9th or 8th century BCE) contains the earliest reference to its sound, and further, frequent descriptions are found throughout the Classical Period . [ 10 ] Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games. [ 11 ] The Shofar , made from a ram's horn, and the chazozra , made of metal, are both mentioned in the Bible. They were said to have been played in Solomon's Temple around 3,000 years ago. They are still used on certain religious days. [ 11 ] The Moche people of ancient Peru depicted trumpets in their art going back to AD 300. [ 12 ] The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense; [ 13 ] and the modern bugle continues this signaling tradition. Reproduction baroque trumpet by Michael Laird Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument. The natural trumpets of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change crooks of the instrument. [ 11 ] The development of the upper, " clarino " register by specialist trumpeters—notably Cesare Bendinelli —would lend itself well to the Baroque era, also known as the "Golden Age of the natural trumpet." During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters. The art was revived in the mid-20th century, and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. Many modern players in Germany and the UK who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet fitted with three or four vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tune notes in the harmonic series. [ 14 ] The melody-dominated homophony of the classical and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet. Berlioz wrote in 1844: Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone, there are few instruments that have been more degraded (than the trumpet). Down to Beethoven and Weber , every composer – not excepting Mozart – persisted in confining it to the unworthy function of filling up, or in causing it to sound two or three commonplace rhythmical formulae. [ 15 ] Construction Trumpet valve bypass (depressed) The trumpet is constructed of brass tubing bent twice into a rounded oblong shape. [ 16 ] As with all brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through slightly separated lips, producing a "buzzing" sound into the mouthpiece and starting a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the trumpet. The player can select the pitch from a range of overtones or harmonics by changing the lip aperture and tension (known as the embouchure ). The mouthpiece has a circular rim, which provides a comfortable environment for the lips' vibration. Directly behind the rim is the cup, which channels the air into a much smaller opening (the back bore or shank) that tapers out slightly to match the diameter of the trumpet's lead pipe. The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the timbre or quality of sound, the ease of playability, and player comfort. Generally, the wider and deeper the cup, the darker the sound and timbre. B ♭ trumpet, disassembled Modern trumpets have three (or, infrequently, four) piston valves , each of which increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby lowering the pitch. The first valve lowers the instrument's pitch by a whole step (two semitones ), the second valve by a half step (one semitone), and the third valve by one and a half steps (three semitones). Having three valves provides eight possible valve combinations (including "none"), but only seven different tubing lengths, because the third valve alone gives essentially the same tubing length as the 1–2 combination. (In practice there is often a deliberately designed slight difference between "1–2" and "3", and in that case trumpet players will select the alternative that gives the best tuning for the particular note being played.) When a fourth valve is present, as with some piccolo trumpets , it usually lowers the pitch a perfect fourth (five semitones). Used singly and in combination these valves make the instrument fully chromatic , i.e., able to play all twelve pitches of classical music. For more information about the different types of valves, see Brass instrument valves . The overall pitch of the trumpet can be raised or lowered by the use of the tuning slide. Pulling the slide out lowers the pitch; pushing the slide in raises it. Pitch can be "bent" using the embouchure only. [ 17 ] To overcome the problems of intonation and reduce the use of the slides, Renold Schilke designed the tuning-bell trumpet. Removing the usual brace between the bell and a valve body allows the use of a sliding bell; the player may then tune the horn with the bell while leaving the slide pushed in, or nearly so, thereby improving intonation and overall response. [ 18 ] A trumpet becomes a closed tube when the player presses it to the lips; therefore, the instrument only naturally produces every other overtone of the harmonic series. The shape of the bell makes the missing overtones audible. [ 19 ] Most notes in the series are slightly out of tune and modern trumpets have slide mechanisms for the first and third valves with which the player can compensate by throwing (extending) or retracting one or both slides, using the left thumb and ring finger for the first and third valve slides respectively. Trumpets can be constructed from other materials, including plastic. [ 20 ] Types Trumpeters, Royal Palace, Sarahan , Himachal Pradesh, India Tibetan trumpets stored at Tagthok Monastery, Ladakh The most common type is the B ♭ trumpet, but A, C, D, E ♭ , E, low F, and G trumpets are also available. The C trumpet is most common in American orchestral playing, where it is used alongside the B ♭ trumpet. Orchestral trumpet players are adept at transposing music at sight, frequently playing music written for the A, B ♭ , D, E ♭ , E or F trumpet as well as for the B, C ♯ , F ♯ or G trumpet (which is used more rarely) on the C trumpet or B ♭ trumpet. Piccolo trumpet in B ♭ , with swappable leadpipes to tune the instrument to B ♭ (shorter) or A (longer) The smallest trumpets are referred to as piccolo trumpets . The most common models are built to play in both B ♭ and A, with separate leadpipes for each key. The tubing in the B ♭ piccolo trumpet is one-half the length of that in a standard B ♭ trumpet, making it sound an octave higher. Piccolo trumpets in G, F, and C are also manufactured, but are less common. Almost all piccolo trumpets have four valves instead of three—the fourth valve usually lowers the pitch by a fourth, making some lower notes accessible and creating alternate fingerings for certain trills . Maurice André , Håkan Hardenberger , David Mason , and Wynton Marsalis are some well-known trumpet players known for their virtuosity on the piccolo trumpet. Pocket trumpet Trumpet in C with rotary valves Trumpets pitched in the key of low G are also called sopranos, or soprano bugles, after their adaptation from military bugles . Traditionally used in drum and bugle corps , sopranos employ either rotary valves or piston valves . Trumpets in low F were common in the nineteenth century, composed for by Richard Wagner , Franz Liszt , and Anton Bruckner , among others. These parts are in the upper register (unlike parts for alto trumpet, which are intended for the lower register) and are typically played on the B ♭ or C trumpets today. [ 21 ] The bass trumpet is at the same pitch as a trombone and is usually played by a trombone player, [ 5 ] although its music is written in treble clef . Most bass trumpets are pitched in either C or B ♭ . The C bass trumpet sounds an octave lower than written, and the B ♭ bass sounds a major ninth (B ♭ ) lower, making them both transposing instruments . The historical slide trumpet was probably first developed in the late 14th century for use in alta cappella wind bands. Deriving from early straight trumpets, the Renaissance slide trumpet was essentially a natural trumpet with a sliding leadpipe. This single slide was awkward, as the entire instrument moved, and the range of the slide was probably no more than a major third. Originals were probably pitched in D, to fit with shawms in D and G, probably at a typical pitch standard near A=466 Hz. No known instruments from this period survive, so the details—and even the existence—of a Renaissance slide trumpet is a matter of debate among scholars. While there is documentation (written and artistic) of its existence, there is also conjecture that its slide would have been impractical. Some slide trumpet designs saw use in England in the 18th century. [ 22 ] The pocket trumpet is a compact B ♭ trumpet. The bell is usually smaller than a standard trumpet bell, and the tubing is more tightly wound to reduce the instrument's size without reducing the total tube length. Its design is not standardized, and the quality of various models varies greatly. It can have a unique warm sound and voice-like articulation. Since many pocket trumpet models suffer from poor design as well as poor manufacturing, the intonation, tone color, and dynamic range of such instruments are severely hindered. Professional-standard instruments are, however, available. While they are not a substitute for the full-sized instrument, they can be useful in certain contexts. The jazz musician Don Cherry was renowned for his playing of the pocket instrument. The tubing of the bell section of a herald trumpet is straight, making it long enough to accommodate a hanging banner. This instrument is mostly used for ceremonial events such as parades and fanfares . David Monette designed the flumpet in 1989 for jazz musician Art Farmer . It is a hybrid of a trumpet and a flugelhorn, pitched in B ♭ and using three piston valves. [ 23 ] Rotary valve , or German, trumpets are commonly used in professional German and Austrian orchestras. Other variations include alto and Baroque trumpets , and the Vienna valve trumpet (primarily used in Viennese brass ensembles and orchestras such as the Vienna Philharmonic and Mnozil Brass ). The trumpet is often confused with its close relative, the cornet , which has a more conical tubing shape compared to the trumpet's more cylindrical tube. This, along with additional bends in the cornet's tubing, gives the cornet a slightly mellower tone, but the instruments are otherwise nearly identical. They have the same length of tubing and, therefore, the same pitch, so music written for one of them is playable on the other. Another relative, the flugelhorn , has tubing that is even more conical than that of the cornet, and an even mellower tone. It is sometimes supplied with a fourth valve to improve the intonation of some lower notes. Playing Fingering On any modern trumpet, cornet, or flugelhorn, pressing the valves indicated by the numbers below produces the written notes shown. "Open" means all valves up, "1" means first valve, "1–2" means first and second valve simultaneously, and so on. The sounding pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument. Engaging the fourth valve, if present, usually drops any of these pitches by a perfect fourth as well. Within each overtone series, the different pitches are attained by changing the embouchure . A step = a tone ; a half step = a semitone Each overtone series on the trumpet begins with the first overtone—the fundamental of each overtone series cannot be produced except as a pedal tone . Notes in parentheses are the sixth overtone, representing a pitch with a frequency of seven times that of the fundamental; while this pitch is close to the note shown, it is flat relative to equal temperament , and use of those fingerings is generally avoided. The fingering schema arises from the length of each valve's tubing (a longer tube produces a lower pitch). Valve "1" increases the tubing length enough to lower the pitch by one whole step, valve "2" by one half step, and valve "3" by one and a half steps. [ 24 ] This scheme and the nature of the overtone series create the possibility of alternate fingerings for certain notes. For example, third-space "C" can be produced with no valves engaged (standard fingering) or with valves 2–3. Also, any note produced with 1–2 as its standard fingering can also be produced with valve 3 – each drops the pitch by 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 steps. Alternate fingerings may be used to improve facility in certain passages or to aid in intonation. Extending the third valve slide when using the fingerings 1–3 or 1-2-3 further lowers the pitch slightly to improve intonation. [ 25 ] Some of the partials of the harmonic series that a modern B ♭ trumpet can play for each combination of valves pressed are in tune with 12-tone equal temperament and some are not. [ 26 ] Mutes Trumpet with a straight mute inserted. Below, left to right: straight, wah-wah (harmon), and cup mutes. Various types of mutes can be placed in or over the bell, which decreases volume and changes timbre. [ 27 ] Trumpets have a wide selection of mutes: common ones include the straight mute , cup mute , harmon mute (wah-wah or wow-wow mute, among other names [ 28 ] ), plunger , bucket mute , and practice mute . [ 29 ] A straight mute is generally used when the type of mute is not specified. [ 28 ] Jazz and commercial music call for a wider range of mutes than most classical music [ 27 ] and many mutes were invented for jazz orchestrators. [ 30 ] Mutes can be made of many materials, including fiberglass, plastic, cardboard, metal, and "stone lining", a trade name of the Humes & Berg company. [ 31 ] They are often held in place with cork. [ 27 ] [ 32 ] To better keep the mute in place, players sometimes dampen the cork by blowing warm, moist air on it. [ 27 ] The straight mute is conical and constructed of either metal (usually aluminum [ 28 ] )—which produces a bright, piercing sound—or another material, which produces a darker, stuffier sound. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] The cup mute is shaped like a straight mute with an additional, bell-facing cup at the end, and produces a darker tone than a straight mute. [ 35 ] The harmon mute is made of metal (usually aluminum or copper [ 28 ] ) and consists of a "stem" inserted into a large chamber. [ 35 ] The stem can be extended or removed to produce different timbres, and waving one's hand in front of the mute produces a "wah-wah" sound, hence the mute's colloquial name. [ 35 ] Range Sound of a trumpet – Warsaw Castle , Poland. Using standard technique, the lowest note is the written F ♯ below middle C . [ 1 ] There is no actual limit to how high brass instruments can play, but fingering charts generally go up to the high C two octaves above middle C. Several trumpeters have achieved fame for their proficiency in the extreme high register, among them Maynard Ferguson , Cat Anderson , Dizzy Gillespie , Doc Severinsen , John Madrid , and more recently Wayne Bergeron , Louis Dowdeswell , Thomas Gansch , James Morrison , Jon Faddis and Arturo Sandoval . It is also possible to produce pedal tones below the low F ♯ , which is a device occasionally employed in the contemporary repertoire for the instrument. Extended technique Contemporary music for the trumpet makes wide use of extended trumpet techniques. Flutter tonguing : The trumpeter rolls the tip of the tongue (as if rolling an "R" in Spanish) to produce a 'growling-like' tone. This technique is widely employed by composers like Berio and Stockhausen . Growling : Simultaneously playing a tone and using the back of the tongue to vibrate the uvula, creating a distinct sound. Most trumpet players will use a plunger with this technique to achieve a particular sound heard in a lot of Chicago Jazz of the 1950s. Double tonguing : The player articulates using the syllables ta-ka ta-ka ta-ka . Triple tonguing : The same as double tonguing, but with the syllables ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka . Doodle tongue : The trumpeter tongues as if saying the word doodle . This is a very faint tonguing, similar in sound to a valve tremolo. Glissando : Trumpeters can slide between notes by depressing the valves halfway and changing the lip tension. Modern repertoire makes extensive use of this technique. Vibrato : It is often regulated in contemporary repertoire through specific notation. Composers can call for everything from fast, slow or no vibrato to actual rhythmic patterns played with vibrato. Pedal tone : Composers have written notes as low as two-and-a-half octaves below the low F ♯ at the bottom of the standard range. Extreme low pedals are produced by slipping the lower lip out of the mouthpiece. Claude Gordon assigned pedals as part of his trumpet practice routines, which were a systematic expansion on his lessons with Herbert L. Clarke. The technique was pioneered by Bohumir Kryl . [ 36 ] Microtones : Composers such as Scelsi and Stockhausen have made wide use of the trumpet's ability to play microtonally. Some instruments feature a fourth valve that provides a quarter-tone step between each note. The jazz musician Ibrahim Maalouf uses such a trumpet, invented by his father to make it possible to play Arab maqams . Valve tremolo : Many notes on the trumpet can be played in several different valve combinations. By alternating between valve combinations on the same note, a tremolo effect can be created. Berio makes extended use of this technique in his Sequenza X . Noises : By hissing, clicking, or breathing through the instrument, the trumpet can be made to resonate in ways that do not sound at all like a trumpet. Noises may require amplification. Preparation : Composers have called for trumpeters to play underwater, or with certain slides removed. It is increasingly common for composers to specify all sorts of preparations for the trumpet. Extreme preparations involve alternate constructions, such as double bells and extra valves. Split tone : Trumpeters can produce more than one tone simultaneously by vibrating the two lips at different speeds. The interval produced is usually an octave or a fifth. Lip-trill or shake : Also known as "lip-slurs". By rapidly varying air speed, but not changing the depressed valves, the pitch can vary quickly between adjacent harmonic partials. Shakes and lip-trills can vary in speed and in the distance between the partials. However, lip-trills and shakes usually involve the next partial up from the written note. Multi-phonics : Playing a note and "humming" a different note simultaneously. For example, sustaining a middle C and humming a major 3rd "E" at the same time. Circular breathing : A technique wind players use to produce uninterrupted tone, without pauses for breaths. The player puffs up the cheeks, storing air, then breathes in rapidly through the nose while using the cheeks to continue pushing air outwards. Instruction and method books One trumpet method is Jean-Baptiste Arban 's Complete Conservatory Method for Trumpet (Cornet) . [ 37 ] Other well-known method books include Technical Studies by Herbert L. Clarke , [ 38 ] Grand Method by Louis Saint-Jacome, Daily Drills and Technical Studies by Max Schlossberg , and methods by Ernest S. Williams , Claude Gordon , Charles Colin, James Stamp , and Louis Davidson. [ 39 ] A common method book for beginners is the Walter Beeler's Method for the Cornet , and there have been several instruction books written by virtuoso Allen Vizzutti . [ 40 ] Merri Franquin wrote a Complete Method for Modern Trumpet , [ 41 ] which fell into obscurity for much of the twentieth century until public endorsements by Maurice André revived interest in this work. [ 42 ] Players Gottfried Reiche , chief trumpeter for Johann Sebastian Bach in Leipzig In early jazz, Louis Armstrong was well known for his virtuosity and his improvisations on the Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings, and his switch from cornet to trumpet is often cited as heralding the trumpet's dominance over the cornet in jazz. [ 5 ] [ 43 ] Dizzy Gillespie was a gifted improviser with an extremely high (but musical) range, building on the style of Roy Eldridge but adding new layers of harmonic complexity. Gillespie had an enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter, both by the example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians. Miles Davis is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century—his style was distinctive and widely imitated. Davis' phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models for generations of jazz musicians. [ 44 ] Cat Anderson was a trumpet player who was known for the ability to play extremely high with an even more extreme volume, who played with Duke Ellington's Big Band. Maynard Ferguson came to prominence playing in Stan Kenton 's orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high register . [ 45 ] Repertoire The trumpet repertoire consists of solo literature and orchestral or, more commonly, band parts written for the trumpet. Tracings its origins to 1500 BC, the trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest register in the brass family. Solos In the 1790s Anton Weidinger developed the first successful keyed trumpet , capable of playing chromatically. Joseph Haydn 's Trumpet Concerto was written for him in 1796 and startled contemporary audiences by its novelty, [ 46 ] a fact shown off by some stepwise melodies played low in the instrument's range. In art Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet , Gerrit Dou , c. 1660–1665 Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from an 1887 children's edition of Aesop's Fables See also Herald and Trumpet contest Compositions for trumpet Birch trumpet Muted trumpet Wind controller References Notes ^ a b Adler, Samuel. The Study of Orchestration . W.W. Norton, 1989. 301. ^ White, H.N. (25 June 2023). "History of the Trumpet and Cornet" . Trumpet-history.com . Retrieved 25 June 2023 . ^ "History of the Trumpet (According to the New Harvard Dictionary of Music )" . petrouska.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ "Brass Family of Instruments: What instruments are in the Brass Family?" . www.orsymphony.org . Archived from the original on 24 May 2021 . Retrieved 12 May 2020 . ^ a b c Koehler 2013 ^ a b "Trumpet" . www.etymonline.com . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ "Trump" . www.etymonline.com . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ Edward Tarr , The Trumpet (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1988), 20–30. ^ "Trumpet with a swelling decorated with a human head," Musée du Louvre ^ Homer, Iliad, 18. 219. ^ a b c "History of the Trumpet \| Pops' Trumpet College" . Bbtrumpet.com . 8 November 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2021 . ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera . New York: Thames and Hudson , 1997. ^ "Chicago Symphony Orchestra – Glossary – Brass instruments" . cso.org . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . ^ John Wallace and Alexander McGrattan, The Trumpet , Yale Musical Instrument Series (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011): 239. ISBN 978-0-300-11230-6 . ^ Berlioz, Hector (1844). Treatise on modern Instrumentation and Orchestration . Edwin F. Kalmus , NY, 1948. ^ "Trumpet, Brass Instrument" . dsokids.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . ^ Blackwell, James (11 December 2012). "Pitch Bends!" . Blackwells Trumpet Basics . Retrieved 26 June 2023 . ^ Bloch, Dr. Colin (August 1978). "The Bell-Tuned Trumpet" . Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . ^ D. J. Blaikley, "How a Trumpet Is Made. I. The Natural Trumpet and Horn", The Musical Times , 1 January 1910, p. 15. ^ P-trumpet ^ "Orchestral F Trumpet History" . Robb Stewart Brass Instruments . Retrieved 8 February 2026 . ^ Lessen, Martin (1997). "JSTOR: Notes, Second Series". Notes . 54 (2): 484– 485. doi : 10.2307/899543 . ISSN 0027-4380 . JSTOR 899543 . ^ Koehler, Elisa (2014). Fanfares and Finesse: A Performer's Guide to Trumpet History and Literature . Indiana University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-253-01179-4 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . ^ Pagliaro, Michael J. (2016). The Brass Instrument Owner's Handbook . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 37– 39. ISBN 978-1-4422-6862-3 . OCLC 946032345 . ^ Ely, Mark C.; Van Deuren, Amy E. (2009). Wind Talk for Brass: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Teaching Brass Instruments . Amy E. Van Deuren. Oxford: Oxford University Press . pp. 8– 12. ISBN 978-0-19-971631-9 . OCLC 472461178 . ^ Schafer, Erika. "Trumpet Tuning Tendencies Relating to the Overtone Series with Solutions" . UTC Trumpet Studio . Retrieved 19 January 2023 . ^ a b c d Ely 2009 , p. 109. ^ a b c d Ely 2009 , p. 111. ^ For the "widest selection of mutes", see Sevsay 2013 , p. 125. *For a list of common mutes, see Ely 2009 , p. 109. ^ Boyden, David D.; Bevan, Clifford; Page, Janet K. (20 January 2001). "Mute" . Grove Music Online . doi : 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19478 . ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 16 September 2020 . ^ For the list of materials, see Ely 2009 , p. 109. For the origin of "stonelined mutes", see Koehler 2013 , p. 173. ^ Sevsay 2013 , p. 125. ^ Sevsay 2013 , p. 125: "plastic (fiberglass): not as forceful as the metal mute, a bit darker in color, but still penetrating" ^ Koehler 2013 , p. 173. ^ a b c Sevsay 2013 , p. 126. ^ Joseph Wheeler, "Review: Edward H. Tarr, Die Trompete " The Galpin Society Journal , Vol. 31, May 1978, p. 167. ^ Arban, Jean-Baptiste (1894, 1936, 1982). Arban's Complete Conservatory Method for trumpet . Carl Fischer, Inc. ISBN 0-8258-0385-3 . ^ Herbert L. Clarke (1984). Technical Studies for the Cornet , C. Carl Fischer, Inc. ISBN 0-8258-0158-3 . ^ Colin, Charles and Advanced Lip Flexibilities . [ full citation needed ] ^ "Allen Vizzutti Official Website" . www.vizzutti.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Franquin, Merri (2016) [1908]. Quinlan, Timothy (ed.). "Complete Method for Modern Trumpet" . qpress.ca . Translated by Jackson, Susie. ^ Shamu, Geoffrey. "Merri Franquin and His Contribution to the Art of Trumpet Playing" (PDF) . p. 20 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . ^ West, Michael J. (3 November 2017). "The Cornet: Secrets of the Little Big Horn" . JazzTimes.com . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . ^ "Miles Davis, Trumpeter, Dies; Jazz Genius, 65, Defined Cool" . nytimes.com . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . ^ "Ferguson, Maynard" . Encyclopedia of Music in Canada . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2 January 2008 . ^ Keith Anderson, liner notes for Naxos CD 8.550243, Famous Trumpet Concertos , "Haydn's concerto, written for Weidinger in 1796, must have. At the first performance of the new concerto in Vienna in 1800, a trumpet melody was heard in a lower register than had hitherto been practicable." Bibliography Barclay, R. L. (1992). The art of the trumpet-maker: the materials, tools, and techniques of the seventeenth [sic] and eighteenth centuries in Nuremberg . Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-816223-5 . Bate, Philip (1978). The trumpet and trombone : an outline of their history, development, and construction (2nd ed.). London: E. Benn. ISBN 0-393-02129-7 . Brownlow, James Arthur (1996). The last trumpet: a history of the English slide trumpet . Stuyvesant, N.Y.: Pendragon Press. ISBN 0-945193-81-5 . Campos, Frank Gabriel (2005). Trumpet technique . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516692-2 . Cassone, Gabriele (2009). The trumpet book (1st ed.). Varese, Italy: Zecchini. ISBN 978-88-87203-80-6 . Ely, Mark C. (2009). Wind talk for brass: a practical guide to understanding and teaching brass instruments . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532924-7 . English, Betty Lou (1980). You can't be timid with a trumpet: notes from the orchestra (1st ed.). New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books. ISBN 0-688-41963-1 . Koehler, Elisa (2013). Dictionary for the modern trumpet player . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-8658-2 . Sherman, Roger (1979). The trumpeter's handbook: a comprehensive guide to playing and teaching the trumpet . Athens, Ohio: Accura Music. ISBN 0-918194-02-4 . Sevsay, Ertuğrul (2013). The Cambridge guide to orchestration . New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-107-02516-5 . Smithers, Don L. (1973). The music and history of the baroque trumpet before 1721 (1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2157-4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trumpets . The dictionary definition of trumpet at Wiktionary "Trumpet" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. International Trumpet Guild , an international trumpet players' association with online library of scholarly journal back issues, news, jobs and other trumpet resources.
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trumpet "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trumpet "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") Personal tools - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trumpet "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trumpet "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet) - [1 Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Etymology) - [2 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#History) - [3 Construction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Construction) - [4 Types](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Types) - [5 Playing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Playing) Toggle Playing subsection - [5\.1 Fingering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Fingering) - [6 Mutes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Mutes) - [7 Range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Range) - [8 Extended technique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Extended_technique) Toggle Extended technique subsection - [8\.1 Instruction and method books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Instruction_and_method_books) - [9 Players](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Players) - [10 Repertoire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Repertoire) Toggle Repertoire subsection - [10\.1 Solos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Solos) - [11 In art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#In_art) - [12 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#See_also) - [13 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#References) Toggle References subsection - [13\.1 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Notes) - [13\.2 Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Bibliography) - [14 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Trumpet 126 languages - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Afrikaans") - [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompete "Trompete – Alemannic") - [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%94%E1%89%B5 "ትራምፔት – Amharic") - [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompeta "Trompeta – Aragonese") - [Ænglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%ABeme "Bīeme – Old English") - [Obolo](https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otita "Otita – Obolo") - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%82 "بوق – Arabic") - [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA "ترومبيت – Egyptian Arabic") - [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F "ট্ৰাম্পেট – Assamese") - [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompeta "Trompeta – Asturian") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truba_\(musiqi_al%C9%99ti\) "Truba (musiqi aləti) – Azerbaijani") - [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0_\(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B\) "Торба (музыка ҡоралы) – Bashkir") - [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpetn "Trumpetn – Bavarian") - [Žemaitėška](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C5%ABbs "Trūbs – Samogitian") - [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 "Труба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)") - [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 "Труба – Belarusian") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82 "Тромпет – Bulgarian") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F "ট্রাম্পেট – Bangla") - [བོད་ཡིག](https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D "འཁྱིལ་ཆུང་། – Tibetan") - [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompilh_\(sonerezh\) "Trompilh (sonerezh) – Breton") - [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truba "Truba – Bosnian") - [Буряад](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8D "Бүреэ – Russia Buriat") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompeta "Trompeta – Catalan") - [ᏣᎳᎩ](https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%A4%E1%8F%A1%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97 "ᎦᏤᏡᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee") - [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%AA "ترامپێت – Central Kurdish") - [Qırımtatarca](https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boru_\(%C3%A7al%C4%9F%C4%B1_aleti\) "Boru (çalğı aleti) – Crimean Tatar") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubka "Trubka – Czech") - [Kaszëbsczi](https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%85bka "Trąbka – Kashubian") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trwmped "Trwmped – Welsh") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Danish") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompete "Trompete – German") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1 "Τρομπέτα – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeto "Trumpeto – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompeta "Trompeta – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronpeta "Tronpeta – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%AA "ترومپت – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpetti "Trumpetti – Finnish") - [Võro](https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromp%C3%B5t "Trompõt – Võro") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompette "Trompette – French") - [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Western Frisian") - [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpa "Trumpa – Irish") - [Gàidhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombaid "Trombaid – Scottish Gaelic") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompeta "Trompeta – Galician") - [Avañe'ẽ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatapu "Guatapu – Guarani") - [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%CC%8Dp-p%C3%A1 "La̍p-pá – Hakka Chinese") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%94 "חצוצרה – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_\(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0\) "तुरही (वाद्य यंत्र) – Hindi") - [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet – Fiji Hindi") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truba "Truba – Croatian") - [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klewon "Klewon – Haitian Creole") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombita "Trombita – Hungarian") - [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80 "Շեփոր – Armenian") - [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompetta "Trompetta – Interlingua") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Indonesian") - [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeto "Trumpeto – Ido") - [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Icelandic") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromba "Tromba – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%83%E3%83%88 "トランペット – Japanese") - [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromp%C3%A8t "Trompèt – Javanese") - [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98 "საყვირი – Georgian") - [Kabɩyɛ](https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90gand%C9%A9y%C9%9B "Ɛgandɩyɛ – Kabiye") - [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 "Труба – Kazakh") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC%ED%8E%AB "트럼펫 – Korean") - [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 "Труба – Kyrgyz") - [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_clarisona "Tuba clarisona – Latin") - [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromba "Tromba – Lombard") - [Lingála](https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mond%C3%BAle "Mondúle – Lingala") - [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimitas "Trimitas – Lithuanian") - [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompete "Trompete – Latvian") - [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompetra "Trompetra – Malagasy") - [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 "Труба – Macedonian") - [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D "ട്രംപറ്റ് – Malayalam") - [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D "Бүрээ – Mongolian") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Malay") - [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA "ထရမ်းပက် – Burmese") - [Nāhuatl](https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepozquiquiztli "Tepozquiquiztli – Nahuatl") - [Nedersaksies](https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Low Saxon") - [Plattdüütsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeet "Trumpeet – Low German") - [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4 "त्रम्पेत – Newari") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Dutch") - [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Norwegian Nynorsk") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompeta "Trompeta – Occitan") - [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80 "ਤੂਤਨੀ – Punjabi") - [Picard](https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromp%C3%A8te "Trompète – Picard") - [Deitsch](https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummbett "Drummbett – Pennsylvania German") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%85bka "Trąbka – Polish") - [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tromba "Tromba – Piedmontese") - [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C "توتنی – Western Punjabi") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompete "Trompete – Portuguese") - [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27ipa "Q'ipa – Quechua") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet%C4%83 "Trompetă – Romanian") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_\(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82\) "Труба (музыкальный инструмент) – Russian") - [Русиньскый](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0 "Трубка – Rusyn") - [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumma "Trumma – Sicilian") - [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet – Scots") - [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BD "ٽرمپيٽ – Sindhi") - [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truba "Truba – Serbo-Croatian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet – Simple English") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BAbka_\(hudobn%C3%BD_n%C3%A1stroj\) "Trúbka (hudobný nástroj) – Slovak") - [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobenta "Trobenta – Slovenian") - [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumbeta "Trumbeta – Albanian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 "Труба – Serbian") - [Seeltersk](https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%C3%A4tte "Trumpätte – Saterland Frisian") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet – Swedish") - [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarumbeta "Tarumbeta – Swahili") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81 "ஊதுகொம்பு – Tamil") - [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D "ట్రంపెట్ – Telugu") - [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0 "Труба – Tajik") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95 "ทรัมเป็ต – Thai") - [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeta "Trumpeta – Tagalog") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompet "Trompet – Turkish") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_\(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82\) "Труба (музичний інструмент) – Ukrainian") - [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85 "ترم – Urdu") - [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truba "Truba – Uzbek") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet "Trumpet – Vietnamese") - [West-Vlams](https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompette "Trompette – West Flemish") - [Volapük](https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topet "Topet – Volapük") - [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torotot "Torotot – Waray") - [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%8F%B7 "小号 – Wu") - [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98 "טרומייט – Yiddish") - [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-chhoe "Kó͘-chhoe – Minnan") - [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%99%9F "小號 – Cantonese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%99%9F "小號 – Chinese") - [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icilongo "Icilongo – Zulu") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8338#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Trumpet "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet) - [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trumpet&action=edit "This page is protected. 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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Brass instrument "Trumpeter" redirects here. For a list of trumpet players, see [List of trumpeters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trumpeters "List of trumpeters"). For other uses, see [Trumpeter (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeter_\(disambiguation\) "Trumpeter (disambiguation)") and [Trumpet (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_\(disambiguation\) "Trumpet (disambiguation)"). \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg/250px-Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg)Trumpet in B♭ \| \| \| [Brass instrument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument") \| \| \| [Classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification "Musical instrument classification") \| [Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument "Wind instrument") [Brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument") [Aerophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerophone "Aerophone") \| \| [Hornbostel–Sachs classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs "Hornbostel–Sachs") \| 423\.233 (Valved [aerophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerophone "Aerophone") sounded by lip vibration) \| \| [Playing range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_\(music\) "Range (music)") \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Trumpet_range_transposed.svg/250px-Trumpet_range_transposed.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpet_range_transposed.svg) All trumpets have approximately the same written range. The sounding pitch depends on what key the instrument is in. Lower and higher notes are possible (see [§ Range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Range)).[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-Adler-1) \| \| \| [Related instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument "Musical instrument") \| \| \| [Flugelhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn "Flugelhorn") [cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet") [cornett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornett "Cornett") [flumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumpet "Flumpet") [bugle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle_\(instrument\) "Bugle (instrument)") \| \| \| \| \|---\| \| Part of a series on \| \| [Musical instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument "Musical instrument") \| \| [Woodwinds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument "Woodwind instrument") [Bagpipes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipes "Bagpipes") [Bassoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon "Bassoon") [Contrabassoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabassoon "Contrabassoon") [Cor anglais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_anglais "Cor anglais") [Clarinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet "Clarinet") [Flute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute "Flute") [Oboe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe "Oboe") [Piccolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo "Piccolo") [Saxophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone "Saxophone") \| \| [Brass instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument") [Baritone horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_horn "Baritone horn") [Cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet") [Euphonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphonium "Euphonium") [Flugelhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn "Flugelhorn") [French horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn "French horn") [Mellophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellophone "Mellophone") [Tenor horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_horn "Tenor horn") [Trombone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone "Trombone") [Trumpet]() [Tuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba "Tuba") \| \| [String instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument "String instrument") [Bowed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument "Bowed string instrument") [Cello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello "Cello") [Double bass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass "Double bass") [Huqin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huqin "Huqin") [Hurdy-gurdy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy "Hurdy-gurdy") [Viola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola "Viola") [Violin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin "Violin") Plucked [Banjo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo "Banjo") [Guitar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar "Guitar") [Bass guitar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar "Bass guitar") [Guzheng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guzheng "Guzheng") [Koto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_\(instrument\) "Koto (instrument)") [Lyre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre "Lyre") [Mandolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin "Mandolin") [Harp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_Harp "Pedal Harp") [Shamisen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamisen "Shamisen") [Sitar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar "Sitar") [Tambura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpura "Tanpura") [Ukulele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele "Ukulele") [Zither](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither "Zither") \| \| [Percussion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument "Percussion instrument") [Bass drum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum "Bass drum") [Bell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell "Bell") [Carillon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon "Carillon") [Celesta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celesta "Celesta") [Cymbals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbals "Cymbals") [Glockenspiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glockenspiel "Glockenspiel") [Gong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong "Gong") [Handbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbell "Handbell") [Lithophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithophone "Lithophone") [Marimba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimba "Marimba") [Mridangam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mridangam "Mridangam") [Snare drum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snare_drum "Snare drum") [Steelpan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelpan "Steelpan") [Timpani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani "Timpani") [Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_\(musical_instrument\) "Triangle (musical instrument)") [Tubaphone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubaphone "Tubaphone") [Tubular bells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_bells "Tubular bells") [Vibraphone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphone "Vibraphone") [Xylophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone "Xylophone") \| \| [Keyboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument "Keyboard instrument") [Accordion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion "Accordion") [Clavichord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavichord "Clavichord") [Electronic keyboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_keyboard "Electronic keyboard") [Harmonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonium "Harmonium") [Harpsichord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord") [Organ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_\(music\) "Organ (music)") [Piano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano "Piano") [Spinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinet "Spinet") [Virginals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginals "Virginals") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Musical_instruments_sidebar "Template:Musical instruments sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_instruments_sidebar "Template talk:Musical instruments sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_instruments_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:Musical instruments sidebar") \| The trumpet is a [brass instrument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument") commonly used in classical and [jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") [ensembles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble "Musical ensemble"). The trumpet group ranges from the [piccolo trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet "Piccolo trumpet")—with the highest [register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_\(music\) "Register (music)") in the brass family—to the [bass trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_trumpet "Bass trumpet"), pitched one octave below the standard B♭ or C trumpet. Trumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to the 2nd Millennium BC.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-2) They began to be used as musical instruments only in the late 14th or early 15th century.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-3) Trumpets are used in [art music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_music "Art music") styles, appearing in [orchestras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestras "Orchestras"), [concert bands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_band "Concert band"), [chamber music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music "Chamber music") groups, and [jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") ensembles. They are also common in [popular music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music "Popular music") and are generally included in [school bands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_band "School band"). Sound is produced by vibrating the lips in a mouthpiece,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-4) which starts a [standing wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave "Standing wave") in the air column of the instrument. Since the late 15th century, trumpets have primarily been constructed of [brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass "Brass") tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape. There are many distinct types of trumpet. The most common is a [transposing instrument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposing_instrument "Transposing instrument") pitched in B♭ with a tubing length of about 1.48 m (4 ft 10 in). The [cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet") is similar to the trumpet but has a conical bore (the trumpet has a cylindrical bore) and its tubing is generally wound differently. Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing, whereas modern instruments generally have three (or sometimes four) [valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve "Brass instrument valve") which are used to change their [pitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_\(music\) "Pitch (music)"). Most trumpets have valves of the [piston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve "Piston valve") type, while some have the [rotary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_valve "Rotary valve") type. The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings (especially in German and German-style orchestras), although this practice varies by country. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a trumpet player or trumpeter.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5) ## Etymology [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg/250px-Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg) Trio of trumpeters in Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1940 The English word trumpet was first used in the late 14th century.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-etymonline1-6) The word came from [Old French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French "Old French") trompette, which is a diminutive of trompe.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-etymonline1-6) The word trump, meaning trumpet, was first used in English in 1300. The word comes from Old French trompe 'long, tube-like musical wind instrument' (c. 1100s), cognate with [Provençal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language "Occitan language") tromba, [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language") tromba, all probably from a [Germanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages "Germanic languages") source (compare [Old High German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German "Old High German") trumpa, [Old Norse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse "Old Norse") trumba 'trumpet'), of imitative origin."[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-7) ## History Main article: [History of the trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet "History of the trumpet") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg/250px-Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg) Silver and gold plated trumpet and its wooden mute from the [tomb of Tutankhamun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV62 "KV62") (1326–1336 BC) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg) Ceramic trumpet, AD 300, [Larco Museum Collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larco_Museum "Larco Museum") Lima, Peru [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Trumpet%2C_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Trumpet%2C_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpet,_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif) Trumpet, 17th century, decorated with large tassels The earliest trumpets date back to 2000 BC and earlier. The bronze and silver [Tutankhamun's trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun%27s_trumpets "Tutankhamun's trumpets") from his grave in Egypt, [bronze lurs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur "Lur") from Scandinavia, and metal trumpets from China date back to this period.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-8) Trumpets from the [Oxus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amu_Darya "Amu Darya") civilization (3rd millennium BC) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder for its time.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-9) The [Salpinx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpinx "Salpinx") was a straight trumpet 62 inches (1,600 mm) long, made of bone or bronze. [Homer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer "Homer")'s [Iliad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad "Iliad") (9th or 8th century BCE) contains the earliest reference to its sound, and further, frequent descriptions are found throughout the [Classical Period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity "Classical antiquity").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-10) Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11) The [Shofar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar "Shofar"), made from a ram's horn, and the [chazozra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chazozra "Chazozra"), made of metal, are both mentioned in the Bible. They were said to have been played in Solomon's Temple around 3,000 years ago. They are still used on certain religious days.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11) The [Moche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_\(culture\) "Moche (culture)") people of ancient [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru") depicted trumpets in their art going back to AD 300.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-12) The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense;[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-13) and the modern [bugle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle_\(instrument\) "Bugle (instrument)") continues this signaling tradition. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg/250px-Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg) Reproduction [baroque trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_trumpet "Baroque trumpet") by [Michael Laird](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Laird&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Laird (page does not exist)") Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument. The [natural trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_trumpet "Natural trumpet") of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change [crooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crook_\(music\) "Crook (music)") of the instrument.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11) The development of the upper, "[clarino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion_\(instrument\) "Clarion (instrument)")" register by specialist trumpeters—notably [Cesare Bendinelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Bendinelli "Cesare Bendinelli")—would lend itself well to the [Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") era, also known as the "Golden Age of the natural trumpet." During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters. The art was revived in the mid-20th century, and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. Many modern players in Germany and the UK who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet fitted with three or four vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tune notes in the harmonic series.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-14) The melody-dominated [homophony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony "Homophony") of the [classical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_\(music\) "Classical period (music)") and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet. [Berlioz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz "Hector Berlioz") wrote in 1844: > Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone, there are few instruments that have been more degraded (than the trumpet). Down to [Beethoven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven") and [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber "Carl Maria von Weber"), every composer – not excepting [Mozart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart "Mozart") – persisted in confining it to the unworthy function of filling up, or in causing it to sound two or three commonplace rhythmical formulae.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-15) ## Construction [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg/250px-Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg) Trumpet valve bypass (depressed) The trumpet is constructed of [brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass "Brass") tubing bent twice into a rounded oblong shape.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-16) As with all brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through slightly separated lips, producing a "buzzing" sound into the [mouthpiece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_\(brass\) "Mouthpiece (brass)") and starting a [standing wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave "Standing wave") vibration in the air column inside the trumpet. The player can select the [pitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_\(music\) "Pitch (music)") from a range of [overtones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone "Overtone") or [harmonics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonics "Harmonics") by changing the lip [aperture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture "Aperture") and tension (known as the [embouchure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure "Embouchure")). The mouthpiece has a circular rim, which provides a comfortable environment for the lips' vibration. Directly behind the rim is the cup, which channels the air into a much smaller opening (the back bore or shank) that tapers out slightly to match the diameter of the trumpet's lead pipe. The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the [timbre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre "Timbre") or quality of sound, the ease of playability, and player comfort. Generally, the wider and deeper the cup, the darker the sound and timbre. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg/250px-Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg) B♭ trumpet, disassembled Modern trumpets have three (or, infrequently, four) [piston valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve "Piston valve"), each of which increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby lowering the pitch. The first valve lowers the instrument's pitch by a whole step (two [semitones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone "Semitone")), the second valve by a half step (one semitone), and the third valve by one and a half steps (three semitones). Having three valves provides eight possible valve combinations (including "none"), but only seven different tubing lengths, because the third valve alone gives essentially the same tubing length as the 1–2 combination. (In practice there is often a deliberately designed slight difference between "1–2" and "3", and in that case trumpet players will select the alternative that gives the best tuning for the particular note being played.) When a fourth valve is present, as with some [piccolo trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet "Piccolo trumpet"), it usually lowers the pitch a [perfect fourth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fourth "Perfect fourth") (five semitones). Used singly and in combination these valves make the instrument fully [chromatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_scale "Chromatic scale"), i.e., able to play all twelve pitches of classical music. For more information about the different types of valves, see [Brass instrument valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument_valves "Brass instrument valves"). The overall pitch of the trumpet can be raised or lowered by the use of the tuning slide. Pulling the slide out lowers the pitch; pushing the slide in raises it. Pitch can be "bent" using the embouchure only.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-17) To overcome the problems of intonation and reduce the use of the slides, [Renold Schilke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renold_Schilke "Renold Schilke") designed the tuning-bell trumpet. Removing the usual brace between the bell and a valve body allows the use of a sliding bell; the player may then tune the horn with the bell while leaving the slide pushed in, or nearly so, thereby improving intonation and overall response.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-18) A trumpet becomes a [closed tube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_tube "Closed tube") when the player presses it to the lips; therefore, the instrument only naturally produces every other overtone of the harmonic series. The shape of the bell makes the missing overtones audible.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-19) Most notes in the series are slightly out of tune and modern trumpets have slide mechanisms for the first and third valves with which the player can compensate by throwing (extending) or retracting one or both slides, using the left thumb and ring finger for the first and third valve slides respectively. Trumpets can be constructed from other materials, including plastic.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-20) ## Types [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Trumpeters%2C_Royal_Palace%2C_Sarahan%2C_HiP%2C_India.jpg/250px-Trumpeters%2C_Royal_Palace%2C_Sarahan%2C_HiP%2C_India.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpeters,_Royal_Palace,_Sarahan,_HiP,_India.jpg) Trumpeters, Royal Palace, [Sarahan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarahan "Sarahan"), Himachal Pradesh, India [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa%2C_Ladakh._2010.jpg/250px-Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa%2C_Ladakh._2010.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa,_Ladakh._2010.jpg) Tibetan trumpets stored at [Tagthok](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tagthok&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tagthok (page does not exist)") Monastery, Ladakh The most common type is the B♭ trumpet, but A, C, D, E♭, E, low F, and G trumpets are also available. The C trumpet is most common in American orchestral playing, where it is used alongside the B♭ trumpet. [Orchestral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestral "Orchestral") trumpet players are adept at transposing music at sight, frequently playing music written for the A, B♭, D, E♭, E or F trumpet as well as for the B, C♯, F♯ or G trumpet (which is used more rarely) on the C trumpet or B♭ trumpet. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Trumpet_piccolo.jpg/250px-Trumpet_piccolo.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpet_piccolo.jpg) Piccolo trumpet in B♭, with swappable [leadpipes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadpipe "Leadpipe") to tune the instrument to B♭ (shorter) or A (longer) The smallest trumpets are referred to as [piccolo trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet "Piccolo trumpet"). The most common models are built to play in both B♭ and A, with separate leadpipes for each key. The tubing in the B♭ piccolo trumpet is one-half the length of that in a standard B♭ trumpet, making it sound an octave higher. Piccolo trumpets in G, F, and C are also manufactured, but are less common. Almost all piccolo trumpets have four valves instead of three—the fourth valve usually lowers the pitch by a fourth, making some lower notes accessible and creating alternate fingerings for certain [trills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_\(music\) "Trill (music)"). [Maurice André](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9 "Maurice André"), [Håkan Hardenberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Hardenberger "Håkan Hardenberger"), [David Mason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mason_\(trumpet_player\) "David Mason (trumpet player)"), and [Wynton Marsalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis "Wynton Marsalis") are some well-known trumpet players known for their virtuosity on the piccolo trumpet. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pocket_trumpet.jpg/250px-Pocket_trumpet.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pocket_trumpet.jpg) Pocket trumpet [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Trumpet_in_c_german.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpet_in_c_german.jpg) Trumpet in C with [rotary valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_valves "Rotary valves") Trumpets pitched in the key of low G are also called sopranos, or soprano bugles, after their adaptation from military [bugles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle_\(instrument\) "Bugle (instrument)"). Traditionally used in [drum and bugle corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_\(modern\) "Drum and bugle corps (modern)"), sopranos employ either [rotary valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_valve "Rotary valve") or [piston valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve "Piston valve"). Trumpets in low F were common in the nineteenth century, composed for by [Richard Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner"), [Franz Liszt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt"), and [Anton Bruckner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner "Anton Bruckner"), among others. These parts are in the upper register (unlike parts for alto trumpet, which are intended for the lower register) and are typically played on the B♭ or C trumpets today.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-21) The bass trumpet is at the same pitch as a trombone and is usually played by a trombone player,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5) although its music is written in [treble clef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_clef "Treble clef"). Most bass trumpets are pitched in either C or B♭. The C bass trumpet sounds an [octave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave "Octave") lower than written, and the B♭ bass sounds a major ninth (B♭) lower, making them both [transposing instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposing_instruments "Transposing instruments"). The historical [slide trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_trumpet "Slide trumpet") was probably first developed in the late 14th century for use in [alta cappella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_cappella "Alta cappella") wind bands. Deriving from early straight trumpets, the Renaissance slide trumpet was essentially a natural trumpet with a sliding leadpipe. This single slide was awkward, as the entire instrument moved, and the range of the slide was probably no more than a major third. Originals were probably pitched in D, to fit with [shawms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawm "Shawm") in D and G, probably at a typical pitch standard near A=466 Hz. No known instruments from this period survive, so the details—and even the existence—of a Renaissance slide trumpet is a matter of debate among scholars. While there is documentation (written and artistic) of its existence, there is also conjecture that its slide would have been impractical. Some slide trumpet designs saw use in England in the 18th century.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-22) The [pocket trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_trumpet "Pocket trumpet") is a compact B♭ trumpet. The bell is usually smaller than a standard trumpet bell, and the tubing is more tightly wound to reduce the instrument's size without reducing the total tube length. Its design is not standardized, and the quality of various models varies greatly. It can have a unique warm sound and voice-like articulation. Since many pocket trumpet models suffer from poor design as well as poor manufacturing, the intonation, tone color, and dynamic range of such instruments are severely hindered. Professional-standard instruments are, however, available. While they are not a substitute for the full-sized instrument, they can be useful in certain contexts. The jazz musician [Don Cherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cherry_\(jazz\) "Don Cherry (jazz)") was renowned for his playing of the pocket instrument. The tubing of the bell section of a [herald trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfare_trumpet "Fanfare trumpet") is straight, making it long enough to accommodate a hanging banner. This instrument is mostly used for ceremonial events such as parades and [fanfares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfares "Fanfares"). [David Monette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Monette "David Monette") designed the [flumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumpet "Flumpet") in 1989 for jazz musician [Art Farmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Farmer "Art Farmer"). It is a hybrid of a trumpet and a flugelhorn, pitched in B♭ and using three piston valves.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-fan2017-23) [Rotary valve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_valve "Rotary valve"), or German, trumpets are commonly used in professional German and Austrian orchestras. Other variations include alto and [Baroque trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_trumpet "Baroque trumpet"), and the [Vienna valve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_valve "Vienna valve") trumpet (primarily used in Viennese brass ensembles and orchestras such as the [Vienna Philharmonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic "Vienna Philharmonic") and [Mnozil Brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnozil_Brass "Mnozil Brass")). The trumpet is often confused with its close relative, the [cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet"), which has a more [conical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_\(geometry\) "Cone (geometry)") tubing shape compared to the trumpet's more [cylindrical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_\(geometry\) "Cylinder (geometry)") tube. This, along with additional bends in the cornet's tubing, gives the cornet a slightly mellower tone, but the instruments are otherwise nearly identical. They have the same length of tubing and, therefore, the same pitch, so music written for one of them is playable on the other. Another relative, the [flugelhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn "Flugelhorn"), has tubing that is even more conical than that of the cornet, and an even mellower tone. It is sometimes supplied with a fourth valve to improve the intonation of some lower notes. ## Playing See also: [Embouchure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure "Embouchure") ### Fingering On any modern trumpet, cornet, or flugelhorn, pressing the valves indicated by the numbers below produces the written notes shown. "Open" means all valves up, "1" means first valve, "1–2" means first and second valve simultaneously, and so on. The sounding pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument. Engaging the fourth valve, if present, usually drops any of these pitches by a [perfect fourth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fourth "Perfect fourth") as well. Within each [overtone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone "Overtone") series, the different pitches are attained by changing the [embouchure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure "Embouchure"). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png/500px-Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png) A step = a [tone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_tone "Whole tone"); a half step = a [semitone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone "Semitone") Each [overtone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone "Overtone") series on the trumpet begins with the first overtone—the [fundamental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency "Fundamental frequency") of each overtone series cannot be produced except as a [pedal tone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_tone "Pedal tone"). Notes in parentheses are the sixth overtone, representing a pitch with a frequency of seven times that of the fundamental; while this pitch is close to the note shown, it is flat relative to [equal temperament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament "Equal temperament"), and use of those fingerings is generally avoided. The fingering schema arises from the length of each valve's tubing (a longer tube produces a lower pitch). Valve "1" increases the tubing length enough to lower the pitch by one whole step, valve "2" by one half step, and valve "3" by one and a half steps.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-24) This scheme and the nature of the overtone series create the possibility of alternate fingerings for certain notes. For example, third-space "C" can be produced with no valves engaged (standard fingering) or with valves 2–3. Also, any note produced with 1–2 as its standard fingering can also be produced with valve 3 – each drops the pitch by 1\+1⁄2 steps. Alternate fingerings may be used to improve facility in certain passages or to aid in intonation. Extending the third valve slide when using the fingerings 1–3 or 1-2-3 further lowers the pitch slightly to improve intonation.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-25) Some of the partials of the [harmonic series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_\(music\) "Harmonic series (music)") that a modern B♭ trumpet can play for each combination of valves pressed are in tune with [12-tone equal temperament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-tone_equal_temperament "12-tone equal temperament") and some are not.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-utc-26) ## Mutes Main article: [Mute (music) § Brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_\(music\)#Brass "Mute (music)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TrumpetMutes.jpg/250px-TrumpetMutes.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TrumpetMutes.jpg) Trumpet with a straight mute inserted. Below, left to right: straight, wah-wah (harmon), and cup mutes. Various types of mutes can be placed in or over the bell, which decreases volume and changes timbre.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27) Trumpets have a wide selection of mutes: common ones include the [straight mute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_mute "Straight mute"), [cup mute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_mute "Cup mute"), [harmon mute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_mute "Harmon mute") (wah-wah or wow-wow mute, among other names[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28)), [plunger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger_mute "Plunger mute"), [bucket mute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_mute "Bucket mute"), and [practice mute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_\(music\)#Whispa_and_practice_mutes "Mute (music)").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-29) A straight mute is generally used when the type of mute is not specified.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28) Jazz and commercial music call for a wider range of mutes than most classical music[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27) and many mutes were invented for jazz orchestrators.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-30) Mutes can be made of many materials, including fiberglass, plastic, cardboard, metal, and "stone lining", a trade name of the Humes & Berg company.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-31) They are often held in place with cork.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013125-32) To better keep the mute in place, players sometimes dampen the cork by blowing warm, moist air on it.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27) The straight mute is conical and constructed of either metal (usually aluminum[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28))—which produces a bright, piercing sound—or another material, which produces a darker, stuffier sound.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler2013173-34) The cup mute is shaped like a straight mute with an additional, bell-facing cup at the end, and produces a darker tone than a straight mute.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35) The harmon mute is made of metal (usually aluminum or copper[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28)) and consists of a "stem" inserted into a large chamber.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35) The stem can be extended or removed to produce different timbres, and waving one's hand in front of the mute produces a "wah-wah" sound, hence the mute's colloquial name.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35) ## Range Sound of a trumpet – [Warsaw Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), Poland. Using standard technique, the lowest note is the written F♯ below [middle C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_C "Middle C").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-Adler-1) There is no actual limit to how high brass instruments can play, but fingering charts generally go up to the [high C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_C "Soprano C") two octaves above middle C. Several trumpeters have achieved fame for their proficiency in the extreme high register, among them [Maynard Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Ferguson "Maynard Ferguson"), [Cat Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Anderson "Cat Anderson"), [Dizzy Gillespie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie "Dizzy Gillespie"), [Doc Severinsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Severinsen "Doc Severinsen"), [John Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Madrid "John Madrid"), and more recently [Wayne Bergeron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Bergeron "Wayne Bergeron"), [Louis Dowdeswell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dowdeswell "Louis Dowdeswell"), [Thomas Gansch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gansch "Thomas Gansch"), [James Morrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Morrison_\(musician\) "James Morrison (musician)"), [Jon Faddis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Faddis "Jon Faddis") and [Arturo Sandoval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Sandoval "Arturo Sandoval"). It is also possible to produce [pedal tones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_tone "Pedal tone") below the low F♯, which is a device occasionally employed in the contemporary repertoire for the instrument. ## Extended technique Contemporary music for the trumpet makes wide use of extended trumpet techniques. [Flutter tonguing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluttertonguing "Fluttertonguing"): The trumpeter rolls the tip of the tongue (as if rolling an "R" in Spanish) to produce a 'growling-like' tone. This technique is widely employed by composers like [Berio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Berio "Luciano Berio") and [Stockhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen "Karlheinz Stockhausen"). [Growling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growling_\(wind_instruments\) "Growling (wind instruments)"): Simultaneously playing a tone and using the back of the tongue to vibrate the uvula, creating a distinct sound. Most trumpet players will use a plunger with this technique to achieve a particular sound heard in a lot of Chicago Jazz of the 1950s. [Double tonguing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_tonguing "Double tonguing"): The player articulates using the syllables ta-ka ta-ka ta-ka. [Triple tonguing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguing "Tonguing"): The same as double tonguing, but with the syllables ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka. Doodle tongue: The trumpeter tongues as if saying the word doodle. This is a very faint tonguing, similar in sound to a valve tremolo. [Glissando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glissando "Glissando"): Trumpeters can slide between notes by depressing the valves halfway and changing the lip tension. Modern repertoire makes extensive use of this technique. [Vibrato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato "Vibrato"): It is often regulated in contemporary repertoire through specific notation. Composers can call for everything from fast, slow or no vibrato to actual rhythmic patterns played with vibrato. [Pedal tone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_tone "Pedal tone"): Composers have written notes as low as two-and-a-half octaves below the low F♯ at the bottom of the standard range. Extreme low pedals are produced by slipping the lower lip out of the mouthpiece. [Claude Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Gordon "Claude Gordon") assigned pedals as part of his trumpet practice routines, which were a systematic expansion on his lessons with Herbert L. Clarke. The technique was pioneered by [Bohumir Kryl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohumir_Kryl "Bohumir Kryl").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-36) [Microtones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtonal_music "Microtonal music"): Composers such as Scelsi and Stockhausen have made wide use of the trumpet's ability to play microtonally. Some instruments feature a fourth valve that provides a quarter-tone step between each note. The jazz musician [Ibrahim Maalouf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Maalouf "Ibrahim Maalouf") uses such a trumpet, invented by his father to make it possible to play [Arab maqams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_maqam "Arab maqam"). Valve tremolo: Many notes on the trumpet can be played in several different valve combinations. By alternating between valve combinations on the same note, a tremolo effect can be created. Berio makes extended use of this technique in his [Sequenza X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequenza_X "Sequenza X"). Noises: By hissing, clicking, or breathing through the instrument, the trumpet can be made to resonate in ways that do not sound at all like a trumpet. Noises may require amplification. Preparation: Composers have called for trumpeters to play underwater, or with certain slides removed. It is increasingly common for composers to specify all sorts of preparations for the trumpet. Extreme preparations involve alternate constructions, such as double bells and extra valves. [Split tone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_tone "Split tone"): Trumpeters can produce more than one tone simultaneously by vibrating the two lips at different speeds. The interval produced is usually an octave or a fifth. Lip-trill or shake: Also known as "lip-slurs". By rapidly varying air speed, but not changing the depressed valves, the pitch can vary quickly between adjacent harmonic partials. Shakes and lip-trills can vary in speed and in the distance between the partials. However, lip-trills and shakes usually involve the next partial up from the written note. [Multi-phonics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiphonic#Brass_instruments "Multiphonic"): Playing a note and "humming" a different note simultaneously. For example, sustaining a middle C and humming a major 3rd "E" at the same time. [Circular breathing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_breathing "Circular breathing"): A technique wind players use to produce uninterrupted tone, without pauses for breaths. The player puffs up the cheeks, storing air, then breathes in rapidly through the nose while using the cheeks to continue pushing air outwards. ### Instruction and method books One trumpet method is [Jean-Baptiste Arban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Arban "Jean-Baptiste Arban")'s [Complete Conservatory Method for Trumpet (Cornet)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arban_Method "Arban Method").[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-arban-37) Other well-known method books include [Technical Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_Studies#Technical_Studies "Clarke Studies") by [Herbert L. Clarke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_L._Clarke "Herbert L. Clarke"),[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-38) Grand Method by Louis Saint-Jacome, Daily Drills and Technical Studies by [Max Schlossberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Schlossberg "Max Schlossberg"), and methods by [Ernest S. Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Williams_\(conductor\) "Ernest Williams (conductor)"), [Claude Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Gordon "Claude Gordon"), Charles Colin, [James Stamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stamp "James Stamp"), and Louis Davidson.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-39) A common method book for beginners is the Walter Beeler's Method for the Cornet, and there have been several instruction books written by virtuoso [Allen Vizzutti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Vizzutti "Allen Vizzutti").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-40) [Merri Franquin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merri_Franquin "Merri Franquin") wrote a Complete Method for Modern Trumpet,[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-41) which fell into obscurity for much of the twentieth century until public endorsements by [Maurice André](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9 "Maurice André") revived interest in this work.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-42) ## Players [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gottfried_reiche.jpg/250px-Gottfried_reiche.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gottfried_reiche.jpg) [Gottfried Reiche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Reiche "Gottfried Reiche"), chief trumpeter for [Johann Sebastian Bach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") in Leipzig Main article: [List of trumpeters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trumpeters "List of trumpeters") In early jazz, [Louis Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong") was well known for his virtuosity and his improvisations on the [Hot Five](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Five "Hot Five") and [Hot Seven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Seven "Hot Seven") recordings, and his switch from [cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet") to trumpet is often cited as heralding the trumpet's dominance over the cornet in jazz.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-43) [Dizzy Gillespie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie "Dizzy Gillespie") was a gifted [improviser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation "Improvisation") with an extremely high (but musical) range, building on the style of [Roy Eldridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Eldridge "Roy Eldridge") but adding new layers of [harmonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony "Harmony") complexity. Gillespie had an enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter, both by the example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians. [Miles Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis") is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century—his style was distinctive and widely imitated. Davis' phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models for generations of jazz musicians.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-44) [Cat Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Anderson "Cat Anderson") was a trumpet player who was known for the ability to play extremely high with an even more extreme volume, who played with Duke Ellington's Big Band. [Maynard Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Ferguson "Maynard Ferguson") came to prominence playing in [Stan Kenton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Kenton "Stan Kenton")'s orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high [register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_\(music\) "Register (music)").[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-enc_music_ca-45) ## Repertoire This section is an excerpt from [Trumpet repertoire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_repertoire "Trumpet repertoire").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trumpet_repertoire&action=edit)\] The [trumpet repertoire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_repertoire "Trumpet repertoire") consists of solo literature and orchestral or, more commonly, band parts written for the trumpet. Tracings its origins to 1500 BC, the trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest [register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_\(music\) "Register (music)") in the [brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument") family. ### Solos In the 1790s [Anton Weidinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Weidinger "Anton Weidinger") developed the first successful [keyed trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyed_trumpet "Keyed trumpet"), capable of playing chromatically. [Joseph Haydn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn "Joseph Haydn")'s [Trumpet Concerto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_\(Haydn\) "Trumpet Concerto (Haydn)") was written for him in 1796 and startled contemporary audiences by its novelty,[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-46) a fact shown off by some stepwise melodies played low in the instrument's range. ## In art - [![The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges), c. 1500–1510](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg/120px-Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg "The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges), c. 1500–1510") [The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_\(Bosch,_Bruges\) "The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges)"), c. 1500–1510 - [![Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet, Gerrit Dou, c. 1660–1665](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg/120px-Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg "Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet, Gerrit Dou, c. 1660–1665") Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet, [Gerrit Dou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Dou "Gerrit Dou"), c. 1660–1665 - [![Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from an 1887 children's edition of Aesop's Fables](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif "Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from an 1887 children's edition of Aesop's Fables") Illustration for [The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trumpeter_Taken_Captive "The Trumpeter Taken Captive") from an 1887 children's edition of [Aesop's Fables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables "Aesop's Fables") - [![Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers, New Orleans](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG/120px-Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG "Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers, New Orleans") [Louis Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong") statue in [Algiers, New Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers,_New_Orleans "Algiers, New Orleans") - [![Miles Davis statue in Kielce, Poland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg/120px-Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg "Miles Davis statue in Kielce, Poland") [Miles Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis") statue in [Kielce, Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce,_Poland "Kielce, Poland") ## See also - [Herald and Trumpet contest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_and_Trumpet_contest "Herald and Trumpet contest") - [Compositions for trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Compositions_for_trumpet "Category:Compositions for trumpet") - [Birch trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_trumpet "Birch trumpet") - [Muted trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muted_trumpet "Muted trumpet") - [Wind controller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_controller "Wind controller") ## References ### Notes 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-Adler_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-Adler_1-1) Adler, Samuel. [The Study of Orchestration](https://archive.org/details/studyoforchestra0002edadle_i2v0/page/301/mode/1up). W.W. Norton, 1989. 301. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-2)* White, H.N. (25 June 2023). ["History of the Trumpet and Cornet"](https://www.trumpet-history.com/White%20History.htm). Trumpet-history.com. Retrieved 25 June 2023. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-3) ["History of the Trumpet (According to the New Harvard Dictionary of Music)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080608095025/http://www.petrouska.com/historyofthetrumpet.htm). petrouska.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.petrouska.com/historyofthetrumpet.htm) on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2014. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-4) ["Brass Family of Instruments: What instruments are in the Brass Family?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210524190812/https://www.orsymphony.org/learning-community/instruments/brass/). www.orsymphony.org. Archived from [the original](https://www.orsymphony.org/learning-community/instruments/brass/) on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020. 5. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-2) [Koehler 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013) 6. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-etymonline1_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-etymonline1_6-1) ["Trumpet"](http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=trumpet). www.etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 May 2017. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-7)* ["Trump"](http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=trump&allowed_in_frame=0). www.etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 May 2017. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-8) [Edward Tarr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tarr "Edward Tarr"), The Trumpet (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1988), 20–30. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-9) "Trumpet with a swelling decorated with a human head," [Musée du Louvre](https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193813/http://louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225306&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225306&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500803&bmUID=1164415855346&bmLocale=en) 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-10) Homer, Iliad, 18. 219. 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-2) ["History of the Trumpet \\| Pops' Trumpet College"](https://www.bbtrumpet.com/history-of-the-trumpet/). Bbtrumpet.com. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2021. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-12)* Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larco_Museum "Larco Museum"). New York: [Thames and Hudson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson "Thames and Hudson"), 1997. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-13) ["Chicago Symphony Orchestra – Glossary – Brass instruments"](https://www.cso.org/). cso.org. Retrieved 3 May 2008. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-14) John Wallace and Alexander McGrattan, The Trumpet, Yale Musical Instrument Series (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011): 239. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-300-11230-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11230-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11230-6") . 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-15) [Berlioz, Hector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz "Hector Berlioz") (1844). [Treatise on modern Instrumentation and Orchestration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Instrumentation "Treatise on Instrumentation"). [Edwin F. Kalmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_F._Kalmus "Edwin F. Kalmus"), NY, 1948. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-16) ["Trumpet, Brass Instrument"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080517062732/http://www.dsokids.com/2001/dso.asp?PageID=162). dsokids.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.dsokids.com/2001/dso.asp?PageID=162) on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2008. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-17) Blackwell, James (11 December 2012). ["Pitch Bends!"](https://blackwellstrumpetbasics.com/pitch-bends/). Blackwells Trumpet Basics. Retrieved 26 June 2023. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-18) Bloch, Dr. Colin (August 1978). ["The Bell-Tuned Trumpet"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081225212331/http://www.dallasmusic.org/schilke/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.dallasmusic.org/schilke/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html) on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2010. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-19) D. J. Blaikley, "How a Trumpet Is Made. I. The Natural Trumpet and Horn", The Musical Times, 1 January 1910, p. 15. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-20) [P-trumpet](http://pplaymusic.us/pTrumpet.html) 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-21) ["Orchestral F Trumpet History"](https://www.robbstewart.com/f-trumpet-history-part-3). Robb Stewart Brass Instruments. Retrieved 8 February 2026. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-22) Lessen, Martin (1997). "JSTOR: Notes, Second Series". Notes. 54 (2): 484–485\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/899543](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F899543). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0027-4380](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4380). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [899543](https://www.jstor.org/stable/899543). 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-fan2017_23-0) Koehler, Elisa (2014). [Fanfares and Finesse: A Performer's Guide to Trumpet History and Literature](https://books.google.com/books?id=knrDAgAAQBAJ&q=flumpet+1989&pg=PA55). Indiana University Press. p. 55. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-253-01179-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01179-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01179-4") . Retrieved 7 December 2017. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-24) Pagliaro, Michael J. (2016). The Brass Instrument Owner's Handbook. Lanham, Maryland: [Rowman & Littlefield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield "Rowman & Littlefield"). pp. 37–39\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4422-6862-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6862-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6862-3") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [946032345](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946032345). 25. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-25) Ely, Mark C.; Van Deuren, Amy E. (2009). Wind Talk for Brass: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Teaching Brass Instruments. Amy E. Van Deuren. Oxford: [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). pp. 8–12\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-971631-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971631-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971631-9") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [472461178](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/472461178). 26. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-utc_26-0) Schafer, Erika. ["Trumpet Tuning Tendencies Relating to the Overtone Series with Solutions"](https://blog.utc.edu/erika-schafer/trumpet-tuning-tendencies-relating-to-the-overtone-series-with-solutions-2/). UTC Trumpet Studio. Retrieved 19 January 2023. 27. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-3) [Ely 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109. 28. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-3) [Ely 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 111. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-29)* For the "widest selection of mutes", see [Sevsay 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125. \For a list of common mutes, see [Ely 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-30)* Boyden, David D.; Bevan, Clifford; Page, Janet K. (20 January 2001). ["Mute"](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019478). Grove Music Online. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19478](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.19478). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-263-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0") . Retrieved 16 September 2020. 31. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-31) For the list of materials, see [Ely 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109. - For the origin of "stonelined mutes", see [Koehler 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013), p. 173. 32. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013125_32-0) [Sevsay 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125. 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-33) [Sevsay 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125: "plastic (fiberglass): not as forceful as the metal mute, a bit darker in color, but still penetrating" 34. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehler2013173_34-0) [Koehler 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013), p. 173. 35. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-2) [Sevsay 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 126. 36. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-36)* Joseph Wheeler, "Review: Edward H. Tarr, Die Trompete" The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 31, May 1978, p. 167. 37. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-arban_37-0) [Arban, Jean-Baptiste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Arban "Jean-Baptiste Arban") (1894, 1936, 1982). [Arban's Complete Conservatory Method for trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arban_method "Arban method"). Carl Fischer, Inc. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8258-0385-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8258-0385-3 "Special:BookSources/0-8258-0385-3") . 38. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-38) [Herbert L. Clarke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_L._Clarke "Herbert L. Clarke") (1984). Technical Studies for the Cornet, C. Carl Fischer, Inc. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8258-0158-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8258-0158-3 "Special:BookSources/0-8258-0158-3") . 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-39) Colin, Charles and Advanced Lip Flexibilities.\[[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")\] 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-40) ["Allen Vizzutti Official Website"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161029022515/http://www.vizzutti.com/AllenBio.html). www.vizzutti.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.vizzutti.com/AllenBio.html) on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-41) Franquin, Merri (2016) \[1908\]. Quinlan, Timothy (ed.). ["Complete Method for Modern Trumpet"](https://qpress.ca/product/methode-complete-de-trompette-moderne-merri-franquin-translation-pdf). qpress.ca. Translated by Jackson, Susie. 42. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-42) Shamu, Geoffrey. ["Merri Franquin and His Contribution to the Art of Trumpet Playing"](http://www.gshamu.com/trumpet/Scholarship_files/ShamuDissertation.pdf) (PDF). p. 20. Retrieved 11 August 2017. 43. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-43) West, Michael J. (3 November 2017). ["The Cornet: Secrets of the Little Big Horn"](https://jazztimes.com/features/cornet-horn-trumpet/). JazzTimes.com. Retrieved 17 August 2018. 44. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-44) ["Miles Davis, Trumpeter, Dies; Jazz Genius, 65, Defined Cool"](https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0525.html). nytimes.com. Retrieved 3 May 2008. 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-enc_music_ca_45-0) ["Ferguson, Maynard"](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maynard-ferguson). Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 January 2008. 46. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-46) Keith Anderson, liner notes for Naxos CD 8.550243, Famous Trumpet Concertos, "Haydn's concerto, written for Weidinger in 1796, must have. At the first performance of the new concerto in Vienna in 1800, a trumpet melody was heard in a lower register than had hitherto been practicable." ### Bibliography - Barclay, R. L. (1992). The art of the trumpet-maker: the materials, tools, and techniques of the seventeenth \[sic\] and eighteenth centuries in Nuremberg. Oxford \[England\]: Clarendon Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-19-816223-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816223-5 "Special:BookSources/0-19-816223-5") . - Bate, Philip (1978). The trumpet and trombone : an outline of their history, development, and construction (2nd ed.). London: E. Benn. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-393-02129-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02129-7 "Special:BookSources/0-393-02129-7") . - Brownlow, James Arthur (1996). The last trumpet: a history of the English slide trumpet. Stuyvesant, N.Y.: Pendragon Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-945193-81-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945193-81-5 "Special:BookSources/0-945193-81-5") . - Campos, Frank Gabriel (2005). Trumpet technique. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-19-516692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516692-2 "Special:BookSources/0-19-516692-2") . - Cassone, Gabriele (2009). The trumpet book (1st ed.). Varese, Italy: Zecchini. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-88-87203-80-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87203-80-6 "Special:BookSources/978-88-87203-80-6") . - Ely, Mark C. (2009). Wind talk for brass: a practical guide to understanding and teaching brass instruments. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-532924-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532924-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532924-7") . - English, Betty Lou (1980). You can't be timid with a trumpet: notes from the orchestra (1st ed.). New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-688-41963-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-41963-1 "Special:BookSources/0-688-41963-1") . - Koehler, Elisa (2013). Dictionary for the modern trumpet player. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8108-8658-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8658-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8658-2") . - Sherman, Roger (1979). The trumpeter's handbook: a comprehensive guide to playing and teaching the trumpet. Athens, Ohio: Accura Music. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-918194-02-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918194-02-4 "Special:BookSources/0-918194-02-4") . - Sevsay, Ertuğrul (2013). The Cambridge guide to orchestration. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 125. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-107-02516-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02516-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02516-5") . - Smithers, Don L. (1973). The music and history of the baroque trumpet before 1721 (1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8156-2157-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2157-4 "Special:BookSources/0-8156-2157-4") . ## External links [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Trumpets](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trumpets "commons:Category:Trumpets"). - [![Wiktionary logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) The dictionary definition of [trumpet](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/trumpet "wiktionary:Special:Search/trumpet") at Wiktionary - ["Trumpet"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Trumpet) . [Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"). Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. - [International Trumpet Guild](http://www.trumpetguild.org/), an international trumpet players' association with online library of scholarly journal back issues, news, jobs and other trumpet resources. \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brass_instruments "Template:Brass instruments") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brass_instruments "Template talk:Brass instruments") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brass_instruments "Special:EditPage/Template:Brass instruments")[Brass instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Modern \| [Cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet") [Soprano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_cornet "Soprano cornet") [Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_\(instrument\) "Horn (instrument)") [Bugle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle "Bugle") [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn "French horn") [German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_horn "German horn") [Vienna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_horn "Vienna horn") [Wagner tuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_tuba "Wagner tuba") [Saxhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxhorn "Saxhorn") [Alto/tenor horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_horn "Tenor horn") [Baritone horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_horn "Baritone horn") [Flugelhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn "Flugelhorn") [Fiscorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscorn "Fiscorn") [Kuhlohorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhlohorn "Kuhlohorn") [Trombone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone "Trombone") [Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_trombone "Alto trombone") [Bass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_trombone "Bass trombone") [Cimbasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbasso "Cimbasso") [Contrabass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabass_trombone "Contrabass trombone") [Soprano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_trombone "Soprano trombone") [Superbone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbone "Superbone") [Trumpet]() [Bass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_trumpet "Bass trumpet") [Contrabass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabass_trumpet "Contrabass trumpet") [Fanfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfare_trumpet "Fanfare trumpet") [Firebird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebird_\(trumpet\) "Firebird (trumpet)") [Flumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumpet "Flumpet") [Piccolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet "Piccolo trumpet") [Pocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_trumpet "Pocket trumpet") [Tuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba "Tuba") [Subcontrabass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcontrabass_tuba "Subcontrabass tuba") [Euphonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphonium "Euphonium") [Double bell euphonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bell_euphonium "Double bell euphonium") \| \| Antiquated \| [Baroque trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_trumpet "Baroque trumpet") [Bazooka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazooka_\(instrument\) "Bazooka (instrument)") [Buccin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccin "Buccin") [Buccina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccina "Buccina") [Clarion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion_\(instrument\) "Clarion (instrument)") [Cornett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornett "Cornett") [Cornettino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornettino "Cornettino") [Mute cornett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_cornett "Mute cornett") [Tenor cornett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_cornett "Tenor cornett") [Cornu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_\(horn\) "Cornu (horn)") [Dord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dord_\(instrument\) "Dord (instrument)") [Helicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicon_\(instrument\) "Helicon (instrument)") [Soprano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_helicon "Soprano helicon") [Jazzophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzophone "Jazzophone") [Natural horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_horn "Natural horn") [Natural trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_trumpet "Natural trumpet") [Ophicleide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophicleide "Ophicleide") [Post horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_horn "Post horn") [Sackbut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackbut "Sackbut") [Saxotromba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxotromba "Saxotromba") [Saxtuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxtuba "Saxtuba") [Serpent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_\(instrument\) "Serpent (instrument)") [Slide trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_trumpet "Slide trumpet") [Sudrophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudrophone "Sudrophone") \| \| Indigenous \| [Alphorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphorn "Alphorn") [Carnyx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnyx "Carnyx") [Nabal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabal_\(instrument\) "Nabal (instrument)") [Nyele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyele "Nyele") [Shofar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar "Shofar") [Sringa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sringa "Sringa") [Tibetan horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_horn "Tibetan horn") [Vuvuzela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuvuzela "Vuvuzela") [Wazza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazza "Wazza") \| \| [Marching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_brass "Marching brass") \| [Contrabass bugle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabass_bugle "Contrabass bugle") [Marching baritone horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_horn#Marching_baritone_horn "Baritone horn") [Marching euphonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphonium#Marching_euphonium "Euphonium") [Mellophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellophone "Mellophone") [Sousaphone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousaphone "Sousaphone") [Trombonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombonium "Trombonium") \| \| Parts and techniques \| [Axial flow valve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_flow_valve "Axial flow valve") [Bore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_\(wind_instruments\) "Bore (wind instruments)") [Crook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crook_\(music\) "Crook (music)") [Embouchure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure "Embouchure") [Falset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falset_\(music\) "Falset (music)") [Hand-stopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-stopping "Hand-stopping") [Harmonic series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_\(music\) "Harmonic series (music)") [Leadpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadpipe "Leadpipe") [Mutes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_\(music\)#Brass "Mute (music)") [Mouthpiece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_\(brass\) "Mouthpiece (brass)") [Pedal tone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_tone "Pedal tone") [Valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve "Brass instrument valve") [Piston valve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve "Piston valve") [Rotary valve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_valve "Rotary valve") [Valve oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_oil "Valve oil") [Water key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_key "Water key") \| \| Ensembles \| [Brass band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band "Brass band") [British brass band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_brass_band "British brass band") [Balkan brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_brass "Balkan brass") [Brass quintet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_quintet "Brass quintet") [Drum and bugle corps (classic)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_\(classic\) "Drum and bugle corps (classic)") [Drum and bugle corps (modern)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_\(modern\) "Drum and bugle corps (modern)") \| \| Lists of players \| [Classical trombonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_classical_trombonists "List of classical trombonists") [Euphonium players](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_euphonium_players "List of euphonium players") [Horn players](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horn_players "List of horn players") [Jazz trombonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists "List of jazz trombonists") [Jazz trumpeters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters "List of jazz trumpeters") [Trumpeters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trumpeters "List of trumpeters") [Tubists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tubists "List of tubists") \| \| Other \| [Brass section](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_section "Brass section") [Horn section](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_section "Horn section") [List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_euphonium,_baritone_horn_and_tenor_horn_manufacturers "List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers") [Pitch of brass instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_of_brass_instruments "Pitch of brass instruments") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music "Template:Renaissance music") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_music "Template talk:Renaissance music") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_music "Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music")[Renaissance music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music "Renaissance music") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [List of Renaissance composers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers "List of Renaissance composers") \| \| \| [Early (1400–1470)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music#Early_period_\(1400%E2%80%931470\) "Renaissance music") \| [Alexander Agricola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Agricola "Alexander Agricola") [Gilles Binchois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Binchois "Gilles Binchois") [Antoine Busnois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Busnois "Antoine Busnois") [Loyset Compère](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re "Loyset Compère") [Guillaume Du Fay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay "Guillaume Du Fay") [John Dunstaple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dunstaple "John Dunstaple") [Walter Frye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Frye "Walter Frye") [Heinrich Isaac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac "Heinrich Isaac") [Jean Japart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Japart "Jean Japart") [Johannes Martini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Martini "Johannes Martini") [Johannes Ockeghem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem "Johannes Ockeghem") [Leonel Power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonel_Power "Leonel Power") [Johannes Tinctoris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris "Johannes Tinctoris") [Gaspar van Weerbeke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_van_Weerbeke "Gaspar van Weerbeke") [Oswald von Wolkenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein "Oswald von Wolkenstein") \| \| [Middle (1470–1530)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music#Middle_period_\(1470%E2%80%931530\) "Renaissance music") \| [Martin Agricola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Agricola "Martin Agricola") [Antoine Brumel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Brumel "Antoine Brumel") [Thomas Crecquillon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon "Thomas Crecquillon") [Antonius Divitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Divitis "Antonius Divitis") [Costanzo Festa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costanzo_Festa "Costanzo Festa") [Antoine de Févin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin "Antoine de Févin") [Clément Janequin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin "Clément Janequin") [Cristóbal de Morales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales "Cristóbal de Morales") [Jean Mouton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Mouton "Jean Mouton") [Jacob Obrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht "Jacob Obrecht") [Josquin des Prez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez "Josquin des Prez") [Pierre de la Rue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue "Pierre de la Rue") [John Taverner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taverner "John Taverner") [Philippe Verdelot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot "Philippe Verdelot") [Adrian Willaert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Willaert "Adrian Willaert") \| \| [Late (1530)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music#Late_period_\(1530%E2%80%931600\) "Renaissance music") \| [Jacques Arcadelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt "Jacques Arcadelt") [William Byrd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Byrd "William Byrd") [Antonio de Cabezón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n "Antonio de Cabezón") [Jacobus Clemens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa "Jacob Clemens non Papa") [Andrea Gabrieli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli "Andrea Gabrieli") [Nicolas Gombert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert "Nicolas Gombert") [Claude Goudimel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Goudimel "Claude Goudimel") [Francisco Guerrero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_\(composer\) "Francisco Guerrero (composer)") [Claude Le Jeune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune "Claude Le Jeune") [Orlando di Lasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso "Orlando di Lasso") [Vicente Lusitano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Lusitano "Vicente Lusitano") [Pierre de Manchicourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Manchicourt "Pierre de Manchicourt") [Hans Neusidler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Neusidler "Hans Neusidler") [Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina "Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina") [Costanzo Porta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costanzo_Porta "Costanzo Porta") [Cipriano de Rore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore "Cipriano de Rore") [Thomas Tallis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tallis "Thomas Tallis") [Christopher Tye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tye "Christopher Tye") [Tomás Luis de Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria "Tomás Luis de Victoria") [Giaches de Wert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert "Giaches de Wert") \| \| [Mannerism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music#Mannerism "Renaissance music") and [Transition to Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music "Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music") c.1600 \| [Gregorio Allegri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri "Gregorio Allegri") [Thomas Campion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Campion "Thomas Campion") [John Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cooper_\(composer\) "John Cooper (composer)") [John Dowland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dowland "John Dowland") [Girolamo Frescobaldi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi "Girolamo Frescobaldi") [Alfonso Fontanelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli "Alfonso Fontanelli") [Giovanni Gabrieli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli "Giovanni Gabrieli") [Carlo Gesualdo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo "Carlo Gesualdo") [Orlando Gibbons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons "Orlando Gibbons") [Hans Leo Hassler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler "Hans Leo Hassler") [Alonso Lobo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_Lobo "Alonso Lobo") [Luzzasco Luzzaschi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi "Luzzasco Luzzaschi") [Giovanni de Macque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_de_Macque "Giovanni de Macque") [Luca Marenzio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Marenzio "Luca Marenzio") [Claudio Monteverdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi "Claudio Monteverdi") [Thomas Morley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morley "Thomas Morley") [Jacopo Peri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Peri "Jacopo Peri") [Michael Praetorius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Praetorius "Michael Praetorius") [Philippe Rogier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Rogier "Philippe Rogier") [Heinrich Schütz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz "Heinrich Schütz") [Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck "Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck") \| \| [Composition schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_school "Composition school") \| [Burgundian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_School "Burgundian School") [Colorists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorist_\(music\) "Colorist (music)") [English Madrigal School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Madrigal_School "English Madrigal School") [English Virginalist School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Virginalist_School "English Virginalist School") [English Votive Style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Votive_Style "English Votive Style") [Florentine Camerata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine_Camerata "Florentine Camerata") [Franco-Flemish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School "Franco-Flemish School") [Roman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_School "Roman School") [Venetian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_School_\(music\) "Venetian School (music)") \| \| Musical forms \| [Carol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_\(music\) "Carol (music)") [Intermedio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedio "Intermedio") [Madrigal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal "Madrigal") [Magnificat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificat "Magnificat") [Mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_\(music\) "Mass (music)") [Offertory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offertory "Offertory") [Pavane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavane "Pavane") \| \| Traditions \| [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles "Early music of the British Isles") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Renaissance_music "Music of Cyprus") [Elizabethan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era "Music in the Elizabethan era") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Renaissance#Music "French Renaissance") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music:_16th_century_to_the_present "Music of Germany") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Early_music_to_the_seventeenth_century "Italian classical music") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School "Franco-Flemish School") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Poland "Music of Poland") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music "Music history of Portugal") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Renaissance_and_Baroque_Periods "Music of Spain") \| \| [Music publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_music_publishing "History of music publishing") \| [Hieronymus Andreae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Andreae "Hieronymus Andreae") [Andrea Antico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Antico "Andrea Antico") [Pierre Attaingnant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Attaingnant "Pierre Attaingnant") [Vittorio Baldini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Baldini "Vittorio Baldini") [Jacob Bathen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bathen "Jacob Bathen") [Valerio Dorico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerio_Dorico "Valerio Dorico") [Antonio Gardano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gardano "Antonio Gardano") [Ottaviano Petrucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci "Ottaviano Petrucci") [Petrus Phalesius the Elder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Phalesius_the_Elder "Petrus Phalesius the Elder") [Girolamo Scotto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Scotto "Girolamo Scotto") [Tielman Susato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tielman_Susato "Tielman Susato") [Thomas Vautrollier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Vautrollier "Thomas Vautrollier") \| \| Background \| [Early music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_music "Early music") [Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") [Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art "Renaissance art") [Architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture "Renaissance architecture") [Dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_dance "Renaissance dance") [Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_literature "Renaissance literature") [Philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy "Renaissance philosophy") \| \| ← [Medieval music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medieval_music "Template:Medieval music") [Baroque music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Baroque_music "Template:Baroque music") → ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music "Category:Renaissance music") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg "Portal") [Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Classical_music "Portal:Classical music") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Trumpets "Template:Trumpets") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Trumpets "Template talk:Trumpets") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trumpets "Special:EditPage/Template:Trumpets")[Trumpets]() and [cornets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| By range \| [Contrabass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabass_trumpet "Contrabass trumpet") \> [Bass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_trumpet "Bass trumpet") \> [Standard]() \> [Soprano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_cornet "Soprano cornet") \> [Piccolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet "Piccolo trumpet") \| \| Variants \| [Birch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_trumpet "Birch trumpet") [Bugle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle "Bugle") [Clarion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion_\(musical_instrument\) "Clarion (musical instrument)") [Cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet") [Cornett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornett "Cornett") [Cornettino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornettino "Cornettino") [Mute cornett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_cornett "Mute cornett") [Tenor cornett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_cornett "Tenor cornett") [Fanfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfare_trumpet "Fanfare trumpet") [Firebird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebird_\(trumpet\) "Firebird (trumpet)") [Flugelhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn "Flugelhorn") [Flumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumpet "Flumpet") [Lur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur "Lur") [Natural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_trumpet "Natural trumpet") [Pocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_trumpet "Pocket trumpet") [Post horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_horn "Post horn") [Salpinx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpinx "Salpinx") [Slide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_trumpet "Slide trumpet") \| \| Parts and technique \| [Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_action "Balanced action") [Arban method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arban_method "Arban method") [Bore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_\(wind_instruments\) "Bore (wind instruments)") [Clarke Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_Studies "Clarke Studies") [Crook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crook_\(music\) "Crook (music)") [Harmonic series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_\(music\) "Harmonic series (music)") [Keyed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyed_trumpet "Keyed trumpet") [Mouthpiece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_\(brass\) "Mouthpiece (brass)") [Embouchure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure "Embouchure") [Muted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muted_trumpet "Muted trumpet") [Valve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve "Brass instrument valve") [Piston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve "Piston valve") [Rotary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_valve "Rotary valve") \| \| Other \| [Guča Trumpet Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C4%8Da_Trumpet_Festival "Guča Trumpet Festival") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet "History of the trumpet") [Repertoire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_repertoire "Trumpet repertoire") [Concertos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_concerto "Trumpet concerto") [Trumpeters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trumpeters "List of trumpeters") [Jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters "List of jazz trumpeters") \| \| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8338#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| International \| [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060993-5) \| \| National \| [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85138176) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950965z) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950965z) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573294) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph303407&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX549505) [Argentina](https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046090) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553664305171) \| \| Artists \| [KulturNav](http://kulturnav.org/6c387431-5f7f-4eb7-a711-cd6696310c34) \| \| Other \| [NARA](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10648442) [MusicBrainz instrument](https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/1c8f9780-2f16-4891-b66d-bb7aa0820dbd) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/aff86aac-9dd6-40c1-93b2-009027459a94) \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trumpet&oldid=1347295008>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [B-flat instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:B-flat_instruments "Category:B-flat instruments") - [Jazz instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jazz_instruments "Category:Jazz instruments") - [Military music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_music "Category:Military music") - [Trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Trumpets "Category:Trumpets") - [Marching band instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marching_band_instruments "Category:Marching band instruments") - [Orchestral instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Orchestral_instruments "Category:Orchestral instruments") - [Concert band instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Concert_band_instruments "Category:Concert band instruments") Hidden categories: - [Interlanguage link template existing link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Interlanguage_link_template_existing_link "Category:Interlanguage link template existing link") - [All articles with incomplete citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations 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Readable Markdown	\| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg/250px-Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamaha_Trumpet_YTR-8335LA_crop.jpg)Trumpet in B♭ \| \| \| [Brass instrument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument") \| \| \| [Classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification "Musical instrument classification") \| [Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument "Wind instrument") [Brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument") [Aerophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerophone "Aerophone") \| \| [Hornbostel–Sachs classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs "Hornbostel–Sachs") \| 423\.233 (Valved [aerophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerophone "Aerophone") sounded by lip vibration) \| \| [Playing range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_\(music\) "Range (music)") \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Trumpet_range_transposed.svg/250px-Trumpet_range_transposed.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpet_range_transposed.svg) All trumpets have approximately the same written range. The sounding pitch depends on what key the instrument is in. Lower and higher notes are possible (see [§ Range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#Range)).[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-Adler-1) \| \| \| [Related instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument "Musical instrument") \| \| \| [Flugelhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn "Flugelhorn") [cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet") [cornett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornett "Cornett") [flumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumpet "Flumpet") [bugle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle_\(instrument\) "Bugle (instrument)") \| \| The trumpet is a [brass instrument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument") commonly used in classical and [jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") [ensembles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble "Musical ensemble"). The trumpet group ranges from the [piccolo trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet "Piccolo trumpet")—with the highest [register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_\(music\) "Register (music)") in the brass family—to the [bass trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_trumpet "Bass trumpet"), pitched one octave below the standard B♭ or C trumpet. Trumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to the 2nd Millennium BC.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-2) They began to be used as musical instruments only in the late 14th or early 15th century.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-3) Trumpets are used in [art music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_music "Art music") styles, appearing in [orchestras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestras "Orchestras"), [concert bands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_band "Concert band"), [chamber music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music "Chamber music") groups, and [jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") ensembles. They are also common in [popular music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music "Popular music") and are generally included in [school bands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_band "School band"). Sound is produced by vibrating the lips in a mouthpiece,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-4) which starts a [standing wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave "Standing wave") in the air column of the instrument. Since the late 15th century, trumpets have primarily been constructed of [brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass "Brass") tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape. There are many distinct types of trumpet. The most common is a [transposing instrument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposing_instrument "Transposing instrument") pitched in B♭ with a tubing length of about 1.48 m (4 ft 10 in). The [cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet") is similar to the trumpet but has a conical bore (the trumpet has a cylindrical bore) and its tubing is generally wound differently. Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing, whereas modern instruments generally have three (or sometimes four) [valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve "Brass instrument valve") which are used to change their [pitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_\(music\) "Pitch (music)"). Most trumpets have valves of the [piston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve "Piston valve") type, while some have the [rotary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_valve "Rotary valve") type. The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings (especially in German and German-style orchestras), although this practice varies by country. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a trumpet player or trumpeter.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5) Etymology [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg/250px-Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musicians_at_the_coal_yard_-_DPLA_-_654d5920548ca26c571a5337d7807c60.jpg) Trio of trumpeters in Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1940 The English word trumpet was first used in the late 14th century.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-etymonline1-6) The word came from [Old French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French "Old French") trompette, which is a diminutive of trompe.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-etymonline1-6) The word trump, meaning trumpet, was first used in English in 1300. The word comes from Old French trompe 'long, tube-like musical wind instrument' (c. 1100s), cognate with [Provençal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language "Occitan language") tromba, [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language") tromba, all probably from a [Germanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages "Germanic languages") source (compare [Old High German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German "Old High German") trumpa, [Old Norse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse "Old Norse") trumba 'trumpet'), of imitative origin."[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-7) History [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg/250px-Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trompette_d%27argent_et_sa_sourdine_en_bois_du_tombeau_de_Tout%C3%A2nkhamon_2.jpg) Silver and gold plated trumpet and its wooden mute from the [tomb of Tutankhamun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV62 "KV62") (1326–1336 BC) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg) Ceramic trumpet, AD 300, [Larco Museum Collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larco_Museum "Larco Museum") Lima, Peru [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Trumpet%2C_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Trumpet%2C_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpet,_1600-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_106526.tif) Trumpet, 17th century, decorated with large tassels The earliest trumpets date back to 2000 BC and earlier. The bronze and silver [Tutankhamun's trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun%27s_trumpets "Tutankhamun's trumpets") from his grave in Egypt, [bronze lurs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur "Lur") from Scandinavia, and metal trumpets from China date back to this period.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-8) Trumpets from the [Oxus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amu_Darya "Amu Darya") civilization (3rd millennium BC) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder for its time.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-9) The [Salpinx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpinx "Salpinx") was a straight trumpet 62 inches (1,600 mm) long, made of bone or bronze. [Homer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer "Homer")'s [Iliad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad "Iliad") (9th or 8th century BCE) contains the earliest reference to its sound, and further, frequent descriptions are found throughout the [Classical Period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity "Classical antiquity").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-10) Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11) The [Shofar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar "Shofar"), made from a ram's horn, and the [chazozra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chazozra "Chazozra"), made of metal, are both mentioned in the Bible. They were said to have been played in Solomon's Temple around 3,000 years ago. They are still used on certain religious days.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11) The [Moche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_\(culture\) "Moche (culture)") people of ancient [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru") depicted trumpets in their art going back to AD 300.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-12) The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense;[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-13) and the modern [bugle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle_\(instrument\) "Bugle (instrument)") continues this signaling tradition. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg/250px-Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg) Reproduction [baroque trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_trumpet "Baroque trumpet") by [Michael Laird](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Laird&action=edit&redlink=1 "Michael Laird (page does not exist)") Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument. The [natural trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_trumpet "Natural trumpet") of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change [crooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crook_\(music\) "Crook (music)") of the instrument.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-bbtrumpet1-11) The development of the upper, "[clarino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion_\(instrument\) "Clarion (instrument)")" register by specialist trumpeters—notably [Cesare Bendinelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Bendinelli "Cesare Bendinelli")—would lend itself well to the [Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") era, also known as the "Golden Age of the natural trumpet." During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters. The art was revived in the mid-20th century, and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. Many modern players in Germany and the UK who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet fitted with three or four vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tune notes in the harmonic series.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-14) The melody-dominated [homophony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony "Homophony") of the [classical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_\(music\) "Classical period (music)") and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet. [Berlioz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz "Hector Berlioz") wrote in 1844: > Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone, there are few instruments that have been more degraded (than the trumpet). Down to [Beethoven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven "Beethoven") and [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber "Carl Maria von Weber"), every composer – not excepting [Mozart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart "Mozart") – persisted in confining it to the unworthy function of filling up, or in causing it to sound two or three commonplace rhythmical formulae.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-15) Construction [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg/250px-Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg) Trumpet valve bypass (depressed) The trumpet is constructed of [brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass "Brass") tubing bent twice into a rounded oblong shape.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-16) As with all brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through slightly separated lips, producing a "buzzing" sound into the [mouthpiece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_\(brass\) "Mouthpiece (brass)") and starting a [standing wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave "Standing wave") vibration in the air column inside the trumpet. The player can select the [pitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_\(music\) "Pitch (music)") from a range of [overtones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone "Overtone") or [harmonics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonics "Harmonics") by changing the lip [aperture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture "Aperture") and tension (known as the [embouchure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure "Embouchure")). The mouthpiece has a circular rim, which provides a comfortable environment for the lips' vibration. Directly behind the rim is the cup, which channels the air into a much smaller opening (the back bore or shank) that tapers out slightly to match the diameter of the trumpet's lead pipe. The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the [timbre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre "Timbre") or quality of sound, the ease of playability, and player comfort. Generally, the wider and deeper the cup, the darker the sound and timbre. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg/250px-Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg) B♭ trumpet, disassembled Modern trumpets have three (or, infrequently, four) [piston valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve "Piston valve"), each of which increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby lowering the pitch. The first valve lowers the instrument's pitch by a whole step (two [semitones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone "Semitone")), the second valve by a half step (one semitone), and the third valve by one and a half steps (three semitones). Having three valves provides eight possible valve combinations (including "none"), but only seven different tubing lengths, because the third valve alone gives essentially the same tubing length as the 1–2 combination. (In practice there is often a deliberately designed slight difference between "1–2" and "3", and in that case trumpet players will select the alternative that gives the best tuning for the particular note being played.) When a fourth valve is present, as with some [piccolo trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet "Piccolo trumpet"), it usually lowers the pitch a [perfect fourth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fourth "Perfect fourth") (five semitones). Used singly and in combination these valves make the instrument fully [chromatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_scale "Chromatic scale"), i.e., able to play all twelve pitches of classical music. For more information about the different types of valves, see [Brass instrument valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument_valves "Brass instrument valves"). The overall pitch of the trumpet can be raised or lowered by the use of the tuning slide. Pulling the slide out lowers the pitch; pushing the slide in raises it. Pitch can be "bent" using the embouchure only.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-17) To overcome the problems of intonation and reduce the use of the slides, [Renold Schilke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renold_Schilke "Renold Schilke") designed the tuning-bell trumpet. Removing the usual brace between the bell and a valve body allows the use of a sliding bell; the player may then tune the horn with the bell while leaving the slide pushed in, or nearly so, thereby improving intonation and overall response.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-18) A trumpet becomes a [closed tube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_tube "Closed tube") when the player presses it to the lips; therefore, the instrument only naturally produces every other overtone of the harmonic series. The shape of the bell makes the missing overtones audible.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-19) Most notes in the series are slightly out of tune and modern trumpets have slide mechanisms for the first and third valves with which the player can compensate by throwing (extending) or retracting one or both slides, using the left thumb and ring finger for the first and third valve slides respectively. Trumpets can be constructed from other materials, including plastic.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-20) Types [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Trumpeters%2C_Royal_Palace%2C_Sarahan%2C_HiP%2C_India.jpg/250px-Trumpeters%2C_Royal_Palace%2C_Sarahan%2C_HiP%2C_India.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpeters,_Royal_Palace,_Sarahan,_HiP,_India.jpg) Trumpeters, Royal Palace, [Sarahan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarahan "Sarahan"), Himachal Pradesh, India [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa%2C_Ladakh._2010.jpg/250px-Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa%2C_Ladakh._2010.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tibetan_trumpets_at_Tagthok_Gompa,_Ladakh._2010.jpg) Tibetan trumpets stored at [Tagthok](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tagthok&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tagthok (page does not exist)") Monastery, Ladakh The most common type is the B♭ trumpet, but A, C, D, E♭, E, low F, and G trumpets are also available. The C trumpet is most common in American orchestral playing, where it is used alongside the B♭ trumpet. [Orchestral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestral "Orchestral") trumpet players are adept at transposing music at sight, frequently playing music written for the A, B♭, D, E♭, E or F trumpet as well as for the B, C♯, F♯ or G trumpet (which is used more rarely) on the C trumpet or B♭ trumpet. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Trumpet_piccolo.jpg/250px-Trumpet_piccolo.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpet_piccolo.jpg) Piccolo trumpet in B♭, with swappable [leadpipes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadpipe "Leadpipe") to tune the instrument to B♭ (shorter) or A (longer) The smallest trumpets are referred to as [piccolo trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet "Piccolo trumpet"). The most common models are built to play in both B♭ and A, with separate leadpipes for each key. The tubing in the B♭ piccolo trumpet is one-half the length of that in a standard B♭ trumpet, making it sound an octave higher. Piccolo trumpets in G, F, and C are also manufactured, but are less common. Almost all piccolo trumpets have four valves instead of three—the fourth valve usually lowers the pitch by a fourth, making some lower notes accessible and creating alternate fingerings for certain [trills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_\(music\) "Trill (music)"). [Maurice André](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9 "Maurice André"), [Håkan Hardenberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Hardenberger "Håkan Hardenberger"), [David Mason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mason_\(trumpet_player\) "David Mason (trumpet player)"), and [Wynton Marsalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis "Wynton Marsalis") are some well-known trumpet players known for their virtuosity on the piccolo trumpet. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pocket_trumpet.jpg/250px-Pocket_trumpet.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pocket_trumpet.jpg) Pocket trumpet [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Trumpet_in_c_german.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpet_in_c_german.jpg) Trumpet in C with [rotary valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_valves "Rotary valves") Trumpets pitched in the key of low G are also called sopranos, or soprano bugles, after their adaptation from military [bugles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle_\(instrument\) "Bugle (instrument)"). Traditionally used in [drum and bugle corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_\(modern\) "Drum and bugle corps (modern)"), sopranos employ either [rotary valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_valve "Rotary valve") or [piston valves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve "Piston valve"). Trumpets in low F were common in the nineteenth century, composed for by [Richard Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner"), [Franz Liszt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt"), and [Anton Bruckner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner "Anton Bruckner"), among others. These parts are in the upper register (unlike parts for alto trumpet, which are intended for the lower register) and are typically played on the B♭ or C trumpets today.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-21) The bass trumpet is at the same pitch as a trombone and is usually played by a trombone player,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5) although its music is written in [treble clef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_clef "Treble clef"). Most bass trumpets are pitched in either C or B♭. The C bass trumpet sounds an [octave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave "Octave") lower than written, and the B♭ bass sounds a major ninth (B♭) lower, making them both [transposing instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposing_instruments "Transposing instruments"). The historical [slide trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_trumpet "Slide trumpet") was probably first developed in the late 14th century for use in [alta cappella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_cappella "Alta cappella") wind bands. Deriving from early straight trumpets, the Renaissance slide trumpet was essentially a natural trumpet with a sliding leadpipe. This single slide was awkward, as the entire instrument moved, and the range of the slide was probably no more than a major third. Originals were probably pitched in D, to fit with [shawms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawm "Shawm") in D and G, probably at a typical pitch standard near A=466 Hz. No known instruments from this period survive, so the details—and even the existence—of a Renaissance slide trumpet is a matter of debate among scholars. While there is documentation (written and artistic) of its existence, there is also conjecture that its slide would have been impractical. Some slide trumpet designs saw use in England in the 18th century.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-22) The [pocket trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_trumpet "Pocket trumpet") is a compact B♭ trumpet. The bell is usually smaller than a standard trumpet bell, and the tubing is more tightly wound to reduce the instrument's size without reducing the total tube length. Its design is not standardized, and the quality of various models varies greatly. It can have a unique warm sound and voice-like articulation. Since many pocket trumpet models suffer from poor design as well as poor manufacturing, the intonation, tone color, and dynamic range of such instruments are severely hindered. Professional-standard instruments are, however, available. While they are not a substitute for the full-sized instrument, they can be useful in certain contexts. The jazz musician [Don Cherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cherry_\(jazz\) "Don Cherry (jazz)") was renowned for his playing of the pocket instrument. The tubing of the bell section of a [herald trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfare_trumpet "Fanfare trumpet") is straight, making it long enough to accommodate a hanging banner. This instrument is mostly used for ceremonial events such as parades and [fanfares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfares "Fanfares"). [David Monette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Monette "David Monette") designed the [flumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumpet "Flumpet") in 1989 for jazz musician [Art Farmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Farmer "Art Farmer"). It is a hybrid of a trumpet and a flugelhorn, pitched in B♭ and using three piston valves.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-fan2017-23) [Rotary valve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_valve "Rotary valve"), or German, trumpets are commonly used in professional German and Austrian orchestras. Other variations include alto and [Baroque trumpets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_trumpet "Baroque trumpet"), and the [Vienna valve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_valve "Vienna valve") trumpet (primarily used in Viennese brass ensembles and orchestras such as the [Vienna Philharmonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic "Vienna Philharmonic") and [Mnozil Brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnozil_Brass "Mnozil Brass")). The trumpet is often confused with its close relative, the [cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet"), which has a more [conical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_\(geometry\) "Cone (geometry)") tubing shape compared to the trumpet's more [cylindrical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_\(geometry\) "Cylinder (geometry)") tube. This, along with additional bends in the cornet's tubing, gives the cornet a slightly mellower tone, but the instruments are otherwise nearly identical. They have the same length of tubing and, therefore, the same pitch, so music written for one of them is playable on the other. Another relative, the [flugelhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn "Flugelhorn"), has tubing that is even more conical than that of the cornet, and an even mellower tone. It is sometimes supplied with a fourth valve to improve the intonation of some lower notes. Playing Fingering On any modern trumpet, cornet, or flugelhorn, pressing the valves indicated by the numbers below produces the written notes shown. "Open" means all valves up, "1" means first valve, "1–2" means first and second valve simultaneously, and so on. The sounding pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument. Engaging the fourth valve, if present, usually drops any of these pitches by a [perfect fourth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fourth "Perfect fourth") as well. Within each [overtone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone "Overtone") series, the different pitches are attained by changing the [embouchure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure "Embouchure"). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png/500px-Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png) A step = a [tone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_tone "Whole tone"); a half step = a [semitone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone "Semitone") Each [overtone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone "Overtone") series on the trumpet begins with the first overtone—the [fundamental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency "Fundamental frequency") of each overtone series cannot be produced except as a [pedal tone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_tone "Pedal tone"). Notes in parentheses are the sixth overtone, representing a pitch with a frequency of seven times that of the fundamental; while this pitch is close to the note shown, it is flat relative to [equal temperament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament "Equal temperament"), and use of those fingerings is generally avoided. The fingering schema arises from the length of each valve's tubing (a longer tube produces a lower pitch). Valve "1" increases the tubing length enough to lower the pitch by one whole step, valve "2" by one half step, and valve "3" by one and a half steps.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-24) This scheme and the nature of the overtone series create the possibility of alternate fingerings for certain notes. For example, third-space "C" can be produced with no valves engaged (standard fingering) or with valves 2–3. Also, any note produced with 1–2 as its standard fingering can also be produced with valve 3 – each drops the pitch by 1\+1⁄2 steps. Alternate fingerings may be used to improve facility in certain passages or to aid in intonation. Extending the third valve slide when using the fingerings 1–3 or 1-2-3 further lowers the pitch slightly to improve intonation.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-25) Some of the partials of the [harmonic series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_\(music\) "Harmonic series (music)") that a modern B♭ trumpet can play for each combination of valves pressed are in tune with [12-tone equal temperament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-tone_equal_temperament "12-tone equal temperament") and some are not.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-utc-26) Mutes [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TrumpetMutes.jpg/250px-TrumpetMutes.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TrumpetMutes.jpg) Trumpet with a straight mute inserted. Below, left to right: straight, wah-wah (harmon), and cup mutes. Various types of mutes can be placed in or over the bell, which decreases volume and changes timbre.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27) Trumpets have a wide selection of mutes: common ones include the [straight mute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_mute "Straight mute"), [cup mute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_mute "Cup mute"), [harmon mute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_mute "Harmon mute") (wah-wah or wow-wow mute, among other names[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28)), [plunger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger_mute "Plunger mute"), [bucket mute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_mute "Bucket mute"), and [practice mute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_\(music\)#Whispa_and_practice_mutes "Mute (music)").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-29) A straight mute is generally used when the type of mute is not specified.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28) Jazz and commercial music call for a wider range of mutes than most classical music[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27) and many mutes were invented for jazz orchestrators.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-30) Mutes can be made of many materials, including fiberglass, plastic, cardboard, metal, and "stone lining", a trade name of the Humes & Berg company.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-31) They are often held in place with cork.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013125-32) To better keep the mute in place, players sometimes dampen the cork by blowing warm, moist air on it.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009109-27) The straight mute is conical and constructed of either metal (usually aluminum[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28))—which produces a bright, piercing sound—or another material, which produces a darker, stuffier sound.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler2013173-34) The cup mute is shaped like a straight mute with an additional, bell-facing cup at the end, and produces a darker tone than a straight mute.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35) The harmon mute is made of metal (usually aluminum or copper[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly2009111-28)) and consists of a "stem" inserted into a large chamber.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35) The stem can be extended or removed to produce different timbres, and waving one's hand in front of the mute produces a "wah-wah" sound, hence the mute's colloquial name.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126-35) Range Sound of a trumpet – [Warsaw Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"), Poland. Using standard technique, the lowest note is the written F♯ below [middle C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_C "Middle C").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-Adler-1) There is no actual limit to how high brass instruments can play, but fingering charts generally go up to the [high C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_C "Soprano C") two octaves above middle C. Several trumpeters have achieved fame for their proficiency in the extreme high register, among them [Maynard Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Ferguson "Maynard Ferguson"), [Cat Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Anderson "Cat Anderson"), [Dizzy Gillespie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie "Dizzy Gillespie"), [Doc Severinsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Severinsen "Doc Severinsen"), [John Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Madrid "John Madrid"), and more recently [Wayne Bergeron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Bergeron "Wayne Bergeron"), [Louis Dowdeswell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dowdeswell "Louis Dowdeswell"), [Thomas Gansch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gansch "Thomas Gansch"), [James Morrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Morrison_\(musician\) "James Morrison (musician)"), [Jon Faddis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Faddis "Jon Faddis") and [Arturo Sandoval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Sandoval "Arturo Sandoval"). It is also possible to produce [pedal tones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_tone "Pedal tone") below the low F♯, which is a device occasionally employed in the contemporary repertoire for the instrument. Extended technique Contemporary music for the trumpet makes wide use of extended trumpet techniques. [Flutter tonguing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluttertonguing "Fluttertonguing"): The trumpeter rolls the tip of the tongue (as if rolling an "R" in Spanish) to produce a 'growling-like' tone. This technique is widely employed by composers like [Berio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Berio "Luciano Berio") and [Stockhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen "Karlheinz Stockhausen"). [Growling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growling_\(wind_instruments\) "Growling (wind instruments)"): Simultaneously playing a tone and using the back of the tongue to vibrate the uvula, creating a distinct sound. Most trumpet players will use a plunger with this technique to achieve a particular sound heard in a lot of Chicago Jazz of the 1950s. [Double tonguing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_tonguing "Double tonguing"): The player articulates using the syllables ta-ka ta-ka ta-ka. [Triple tonguing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguing "Tonguing"): The same as double tonguing, but with the syllables ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka. Doodle tongue: The trumpeter tongues as if saying the word doodle. This is a very faint tonguing, similar in sound to a valve tremolo. [Glissando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glissando "Glissando"): Trumpeters can slide between notes by depressing the valves halfway and changing the lip tension. Modern repertoire makes extensive use of this technique. [Vibrato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato "Vibrato"): It is often regulated in contemporary repertoire through specific notation. Composers can call for everything from fast, slow or no vibrato to actual rhythmic patterns played with vibrato. [Pedal tone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_tone "Pedal tone"): Composers have written notes as low as two-and-a-half octaves below the low F♯ at the bottom of the standard range. Extreme low pedals are produced by slipping the lower lip out of the mouthpiece. [Claude Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Gordon "Claude Gordon") assigned pedals as part of his trumpet practice routines, which were a systematic expansion on his lessons with Herbert L. Clarke. The technique was pioneered by [Bohumir Kryl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohumir_Kryl "Bohumir Kryl").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-36) [Microtones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtonal_music "Microtonal music"): Composers such as Scelsi and Stockhausen have made wide use of the trumpet's ability to play microtonally. Some instruments feature a fourth valve that provides a quarter-tone step between each note. The jazz musician [Ibrahim Maalouf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Maalouf "Ibrahim Maalouf") uses such a trumpet, invented by his father to make it possible to play [Arab maqams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_maqam "Arab maqam"). Valve tremolo: Many notes on the trumpet can be played in several different valve combinations. By alternating between valve combinations on the same note, a tremolo effect can be created. Berio makes extended use of this technique in his [Sequenza X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequenza_X "Sequenza X"). Noises: By hissing, clicking, or breathing through the instrument, the trumpet can be made to resonate in ways that do not sound at all like a trumpet. Noises may require amplification. Preparation: Composers have called for trumpeters to play underwater, or with certain slides removed. It is increasingly common for composers to specify all sorts of preparations for the trumpet. Extreme preparations involve alternate constructions, such as double bells and extra valves. [Split tone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_tone "Split tone"): Trumpeters can produce more than one tone simultaneously by vibrating the two lips at different speeds. The interval produced is usually an octave or a fifth. Lip-trill or shake: Also known as "lip-slurs". By rapidly varying air speed, but not changing the depressed valves, the pitch can vary quickly between adjacent harmonic partials. Shakes and lip-trills can vary in speed and in the distance between the partials. However, lip-trills and shakes usually involve the next partial up from the written note. [Multi-phonics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiphonic#Brass_instruments "Multiphonic"): Playing a note and "humming" a different note simultaneously. For example, sustaining a middle C and humming a major 3rd "E" at the same time. [Circular breathing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_breathing "Circular breathing"): A technique wind players use to produce uninterrupted tone, without pauses for breaths. The player puffs up the cheeks, storing air, then breathes in rapidly through the nose while using the cheeks to continue pushing air outwards. Instruction and method books One trumpet method is [Jean-Baptiste Arban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Arban "Jean-Baptiste Arban")'s [Complete Conservatory Method for Trumpet (Cornet)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arban_Method "Arban Method").[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-arban-37) Other well-known method books include [Technical Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_Studies#Technical_Studies "Clarke Studies") by [Herbert L. Clarke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_L._Clarke "Herbert L. Clarke"),[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-38) Grand Method by Louis Saint-Jacome, Daily Drills and Technical Studies by [Max Schlossberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Schlossberg "Max Schlossberg"), and methods by [Ernest S. Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Williams_\(conductor\) "Ernest Williams (conductor)"), [Claude Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Gordon "Claude Gordon"), Charles Colin, [James Stamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stamp "James Stamp"), and Louis Davidson.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-39) A common method book for beginners is the Walter Beeler's Method for the Cornet, and there have been several instruction books written by virtuoso [Allen Vizzutti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Vizzutti "Allen Vizzutti").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-40) [Merri Franquin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merri_Franquin "Merri Franquin") wrote a Complete Method for Modern Trumpet,[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-41) which fell into obscurity for much of the twentieth century until public endorsements by [Maurice André](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9 "Maurice André") revived interest in this work.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-42) Players [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gottfried_reiche.jpg/250px-Gottfried_reiche.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gottfried_reiche.jpg) [Gottfried Reiche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Reiche "Gottfried Reiche"), chief trumpeter for [Johann Sebastian Bach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") in Leipzig In early jazz, [Louis Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong "Louis Armstrong") was well known for his virtuosity and his improvisations on the [Hot Five](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Five "Hot Five") and [Hot Seven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Seven "Hot Seven") recordings, and his switch from [cornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet "Cornet") to trumpet is often cited as heralding the trumpet's dominance over the cornet in jazz.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-elisa1-5)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-43) [Dizzy Gillespie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie "Dizzy Gillespie") was a gifted [improviser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation "Improvisation") with an extremely high (but musical) range, building on the style of [Roy Eldridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Eldridge "Roy Eldridge") but adding new layers of [harmonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony "Harmony") complexity. Gillespie had an enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter, both by the example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians. [Miles Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis "Miles Davis") is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century—his style was distinctive and widely imitated. Davis' phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models for generations of jazz musicians.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-44) [Cat Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Anderson "Cat Anderson") was a trumpet player who was known for the ability to play extremely high with an even more extreme volume, who played with Duke Ellington's Big Band. [Maynard Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Ferguson "Maynard Ferguson") came to prominence playing in [Stan Kenton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Kenton "Stan Kenton")'s orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high [register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_\(music\) "Register (music)").[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-enc_music_ca-45) Repertoire The [trumpet repertoire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_repertoire "Trumpet repertoire") consists of solo literature and orchestral or, more commonly, band parts written for the trumpet. Tracings its origins to 1500 BC, the trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest [register](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_\(music\) "Register (music)") in the [brass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument "Brass instrument") family. Solos In the 1790s [Anton Weidinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Weidinger "Anton Weidinger") developed the first successful [keyed trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyed_trumpet "Keyed trumpet"), capable of playing chromatically. [Joseph Haydn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn "Joseph Haydn")'s [Trumpet Concerto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_\(Haydn\) "Trumpet Concerto (Haydn)") was written for him in 1796 and startled contemporary audiences by its novelty,[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_note-46) a fact shown off by some stepwise melodies played low in the instrument's range. In art - [![The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges), c. 1500–1510](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg/120px-Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Workshop_of_Jheronimus_Bosch_001.jpg "The Last Judgment (Bosch, Bruges), c. 1500–1510") - [![Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet, Gerrit Dou, c. 1660–1665](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg/120px-Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg "Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet, Gerrit Dou, c. 1660–1665") Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet, [Gerrit Dou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Dou "Gerrit Dou"), c. 1660–1665 - [![Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from an 1887 children's edition of Aesop's Fables](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpeter_Taken_Prisoner1.tif "Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from an 1887 children's edition of Aesop's Fables") Illustration for [The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trumpeter_Taken_Captive "The Trumpeter Taken Captive") from an 1887 children's edition of [Aesop's Fables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables "Aesop's Fables") - [![Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers, New Orleans](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG/120px-Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Armstrong_statue.JPG "Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers, New Orleans") - [![Miles Davis statue in Kielce, Poland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg/120px-Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pomnik_Milesa_Davisa_Kielce_01_ssj_20060304.jpg "Miles Davis statue in Kielce, Poland") See also - [Herald and Trumpet contest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_and_Trumpet_contest "Herald and Trumpet contest") - [Compositions for trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Compositions_for_trumpet "Category:Compositions for trumpet") - [Birch trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_trumpet "Birch trumpet") - [Muted trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muted_trumpet "Muted trumpet") - [Wind controller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_controller "Wind controller") References Notes 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-Adler_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-Adler_1-1) Adler, Samuel. [The Study of Orchestration](https://archive.org/details/studyoforchestra0002edadle_i2v0/page/301/mode/1up). W.W. Norton, 1989. 301. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-2)* White, H.N. (25 June 2023). ["History of the Trumpet and Cornet"](https://www.trumpet-history.com/White%20History.htm). Trumpet-history.com. Retrieved 25 June 2023. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-3) ["History of the Trumpet (According to the New Harvard Dictionary of Music)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080608095025/http://www.petrouska.com/historyofthetrumpet.htm). petrouska.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.petrouska.com/historyofthetrumpet.htm) on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2014. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-4) ["Brass Family of Instruments: What instruments are in the Brass Family?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210524190812/https://www.orsymphony.org/learning-community/instruments/brass/). www.orsymphony.org. Archived from [the original](https://www.orsymphony.org/learning-community/instruments/brass/) on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020. 5. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-elisa1_5-2) [Koehler 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013) 6. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-etymonline1_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-etymonline1_6-1) ["Trumpet"](http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=trumpet). www.etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 May 2017. 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-7)* ["Trump"](http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=trump&allowed_in_frame=0). www.etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 May 2017. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-8) [Edward Tarr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tarr "Edward Tarr"), The Trumpet (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1988), 20–30. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-9) "Trumpet with a swelling decorated with a human head," [Musée du Louvre](https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193813/http://louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225306&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225306&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500803&bmUID=1164415855346&bmLocale=en) 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-10) Homer, Iliad, 18. 219. 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-bbtrumpet1_11-2) ["History of the Trumpet \\| Pops' Trumpet College"](https://www.bbtrumpet.com/history-of-the-trumpet/). Bbtrumpet.com. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2021. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-12)* Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larco_Museum "Larco Museum"). New York: [Thames and Hudson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson "Thames and Hudson"), 1997. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-13) ["Chicago Symphony Orchestra – Glossary – Brass instruments"](https://www.cso.org/). cso.org. Retrieved 3 May 2008. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-14) John Wallace and Alexander McGrattan, The Trumpet, Yale Musical Instrument Series (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011): 239. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-300-11230-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11230-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11230-6") . 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-15) [Berlioz, Hector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz "Hector Berlioz") (1844). [Treatise on modern Instrumentation and Orchestration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Instrumentation "Treatise on Instrumentation"). [Edwin F. Kalmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_F._Kalmus "Edwin F. Kalmus"), NY, 1948. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-16) ["Trumpet, Brass Instrument"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080517062732/http://www.dsokids.com/2001/dso.asp?PageID=162). dsokids.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.dsokids.com/2001/dso.asp?PageID=162) on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2008. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-17) Blackwell, James (11 December 2012). ["Pitch Bends!"](https://blackwellstrumpetbasics.com/pitch-bends/). Blackwells Trumpet Basics. Retrieved 26 June 2023. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-18) Bloch, Dr. Colin (August 1978). ["The Bell-Tuned Trumpet"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081225212331/http://www.dallasmusic.org/schilke/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.dallasmusic.org/schilke/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html) on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2010. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-19) D. J. Blaikley, "How a Trumpet Is Made. I. The Natural Trumpet and Horn", The Musical Times, 1 January 1910, p. 15. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-20) [P-trumpet](http://pplaymusic.us/pTrumpet.html) 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-21) ["Orchestral F Trumpet History"](https://www.robbstewart.com/f-trumpet-history-part-3). Robb Stewart Brass Instruments. Retrieved 8 February 2026. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-22) Lessen, Martin (1997). "JSTOR: Notes, Second Series". Notes. 54 (2): 484–485\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2307/899543](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F899543). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0027-4380](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4380). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_\(identifier\) "JSTOR (identifier)") [899543](https://www.jstor.org/stable/899543). 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-fan2017_23-0) Koehler, Elisa (2014). [Fanfares and Finesse: A Performer's Guide to Trumpet History and Literature](https://books.google.com/books?id=knrDAgAAQBAJ&q=flumpet+1989&pg=PA55). Indiana University Press. p. 55. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-253-01179-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01179-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01179-4") . Retrieved 7 December 2017. 24. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-24) Pagliaro, Michael J. (2016). The Brass Instrument Owner's Handbook. Lanham, Maryland: [Rowman & Littlefield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield "Rowman & Littlefield"). pp. 37–39\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4422-6862-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6862-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6862-3") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [946032345](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946032345). 25. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-25) Ely, Mark C.; Van Deuren, Amy E. (2009). Wind Talk for Brass: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Teaching Brass Instruments. Amy E. Van Deuren. Oxford: [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). pp. 8–12\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-971631-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971631-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971631-9") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [472461178](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/472461178). 26. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-utc_26-0) Schafer, Erika. ["Trumpet Tuning Tendencies Relating to the Overtone Series with Solutions"](https://blog.utc.edu/erika-schafer/trumpet-tuning-tendencies-relating-to-the-overtone-series-with-solutions-2/). UTC Trumpet Studio. Retrieved 19 January 2023. 27. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009109_27-3) [Ely 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109. 28. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEly2009111_28-3) [Ely 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 111. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-29)* For the "widest selection of mutes", see [Sevsay 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125. \For a list of common mutes, see [Ely 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-30)* Boyden, David D.; Bevan, Clifford; Page, Janet K. (20 January 2001). ["Mute"](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019478). Grove Music Online. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19478](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.19478). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-263-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0") . Retrieved 16 September 2020. 31. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-31) For the list of materials, see [Ely 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFEly2009), p. 109. - For the origin of "stonelined mutes", see [Koehler 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013), p. 173. 32. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013125_32-0) [Sevsay 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125. 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-33) [Sevsay 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 125: "plastic (fiberglass): not as forceful as the metal mute, a bit darker in color, but still penetrating" 34. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehler2013173_34-0) [Koehler 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFKoehler2013), p. 173. 35. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevsay2013126_35-2) [Sevsay 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#CITEREFSevsay2013), p. 126. 36. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-36)* Joseph Wheeler, "Review: Edward H. Tarr, Die Trompete" The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 31, May 1978, p. 167. 37. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-arban_37-0) [Arban, Jean-Baptiste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Arban "Jean-Baptiste Arban") (1894, 1936, 1982). [Arban's Complete Conservatory Method for trumpet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arban_method "Arban method"). Carl Fischer, Inc. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8258-0385-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8258-0385-3 "Special:BookSources/0-8258-0385-3") . 38. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-38) [Herbert L. Clarke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_L._Clarke "Herbert L. Clarke") (1984). Technical Studies for the Cornet, C. Carl Fischer, Inc. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8258-0158-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8258-0158-3 "Special:BookSources/0-8258-0158-3") . 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-39) Colin, Charles and Advanced Lip Flexibilities.\[[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include "Wikipedia:Citing sources")\] 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-40) ["Allen Vizzutti Official Website"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161029022515/http://www.vizzutti.com/AllenBio.html). www.vizzutti.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.vizzutti.com/AllenBio.html) on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-41) Franquin, Merri (2016) \[1908\]. Quinlan, Timothy (ed.). ["Complete Method for Modern Trumpet"](https://qpress.ca/product/methode-complete-de-trompette-moderne-merri-franquin-translation-pdf). qpress.ca. Translated by Jackson, Susie. 42. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-42) Shamu, Geoffrey. ["Merri Franquin and His Contribution to the Art of Trumpet Playing"](http://www.gshamu.com/trumpet/Scholarship_files/ShamuDissertation.pdf) (PDF). p. 20. Retrieved 11 August 2017. 43. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-43) West, Michael J. (3 November 2017). ["The Cornet: Secrets of the Little Big Horn"](https://jazztimes.com/features/cornet-horn-trumpet/). JazzTimes.com. Retrieved 17 August 2018. 44. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-44) ["Miles Davis, Trumpeter, Dies; Jazz Genius, 65, Defined Cool"](https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0525.html). nytimes.com. Retrieved 3 May 2008. 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-enc_music_ca_45-0) ["Ferguson, Maynard"](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maynard-ferguson). Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 January 2008. 46. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet#cite_ref-46) Keith Anderson, liner notes for Naxos CD 8.550243, Famous Trumpet Concertos, "Haydn's concerto, written for Weidinger in 1796, must have. At the first performance of the new concerto in Vienna in 1800, a trumpet melody was heard in a lower register than had hitherto been practicable." Bibliography - Barclay, R. L. (1992). The art of the trumpet-maker: the materials, tools, and techniques of the seventeenth \[sic\] and eighteenth centuries in Nuremberg. Oxford \[England\]: Clarendon Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-19-816223-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816223-5 "Special:BookSources/0-19-816223-5") . - Bate, Philip (1978). The trumpet and trombone : an outline of their history, development, and construction (2nd ed.). London: E. Benn. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-393-02129-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02129-7 "Special:BookSources/0-393-02129-7") . - Brownlow, James Arthur (1996). The last trumpet: a history of the English slide trumpet. Stuyvesant, N.Y.: Pendragon Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-945193-81-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945193-81-5 "Special:BookSources/0-945193-81-5") . - Campos, Frank Gabriel (2005). Trumpet technique. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-19-516692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516692-2 "Special:BookSources/0-19-516692-2") . - Cassone, Gabriele (2009). The trumpet book (1st ed.). Varese, Italy: Zecchini. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-88-87203-80-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87203-80-6 "Special:BookSources/978-88-87203-80-6") . - Ely, Mark C. (2009). Wind talk for brass: a practical guide to understanding and teaching brass instruments. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-532924-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532924-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532924-7") . - English, Betty Lou (1980). You can't be timid with a trumpet: notes from the orchestra (1st ed.). New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-688-41963-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-41963-1 "Special:BookSources/0-688-41963-1") . - Koehler, Elisa (2013). Dictionary for the modern trumpet player. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8108-8658-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8658-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8658-2") . - Sherman, Roger (1979). The trumpeter's handbook: a comprehensive guide to playing and teaching the trumpet. Athens, Ohio: Accura Music. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-918194-02-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918194-02-4 "Special:BookSources/0-918194-02-4") . - Sevsay, Ertuğrul (2013). The Cambridge guide to orchestration. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 125. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-107-02516-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02516-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02516-5") . - Smithers, Don L. (1973). The music and history of the baroque trumpet before 1721 (1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8156-2157-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2157-4 "Special:BookSources/0-8156-2157-4") . External links [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Trumpets](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trumpets "commons:Category:Trumpets"). - [![Wiktionary logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) The dictionary definition of [trumpet](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/trumpet "wiktionary:Special:Search/trumpet") at Wiktionary - ["Trumpet"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Trumpet) . [Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"). Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. - [International Trumpet Guild](http://www.trumpetguild.org/), an international trumpet players' association with online library of scholarly journal back issues, news, jobs and other trumpet resources.
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