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URLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant
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Tricyclic antidepressant Drug class Chemical structure of the prototypical and first marketed tricyclic antidepressant imipramine showing its three rings . Class identifiers Chemical class Tricyclic External links MeSH D000929 Legal status In Wikidata Tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) are a class of medications that are used primarily as antidepressants . [ 1 ] TCAs were discovered in the early 1950s and were marketed later in the decade. [ 2 ] They are named after their chemical structure , which contains three rings of atoms . Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs), which contain four rings of atoms, are a closely related group of antidepressant compounds. Although TCAs are sometimes prescribed for depressive disorders, they have been largely replaced in clinical use in most parts of the world by newer antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs). Adverse effects have been found to be of a similar level between TCAs and SSRIs. [ 3 ] [ obsolete source ] The TCAs are used primarily in the clinical treatment of mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia , and treatment-resistant variants. They are also used in the treatment of a number of other medical disorders , including cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) and anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SP) also known as social anxiety disorder (SAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder , premature ejaculation (clomipramine) and panic disorder (PD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa , certain personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder (BPD) and Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD), neurological disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), [ 4 ] Parkinson's disease [ 5 ] and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), [ 6 ] as well as chronic pain , neuralgia or neuropathic pain , Complex regional pain syndrome and fibromyalgia , headache , or migraine , smoking cessation , tourette syndrome , trichotillomania , irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), interstitial cystitis (IC), nocturnal enuresis (NE), narcolepsy , insomnia , pathological crying and/or laughing , chronic hiccups , ciguatera poisoning , and as an adjunct in schizophrenia and certain psychotic disorders . Nortriptyline and desipramine may be preferred medications over other TCAs among older adults due to their reduced anticholinergic effects, diminished cardiac toxicity, and more linear pharmacokinetics. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Clinical depression [ edit ] For many years the TCAs were the first choice for pharmacological treatment of major depression . Although they are still considered to be effective , they have been increasingly replaced by antidepressants with an improved safety and side-effect profile, such as the SSRIs and other newer antidepressants such as the novel reversible MAOI moclobemide . However, TCAs have been claimed to possibly be more effective in treating melancholic depression than other antidepressant drug classes. [ 9 ] Newer antidepressants are thought to have fewer and less severe side effects and are also thought to be less likely to result in injury or death if used in a suicide attempt , as the doses required for clinical treatment and potentially lethal overdose (see therapeutic index ) are far wider in comparison. Nonetheless, the TCAs are commonly prescribed for treatment-resistant depression that has failed to respond to therapy with newer antidepressants, they also tend to have fewer emotional blunting and sexual side effects than SSRI antidepressants. [ 10 ] They are not considered addictive and are somewhat preferable to the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The side effects of the TCAs usually come to prominence before the therapeutic benefits against depression and/or anxiety do, and for this reason, they may potentially be somewhat dangerous, as volition can be increased, possibly giving the patient a greater desire to attempt or commit suicide . [ 11 ] A 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the beneficial and harmful effects of TCAs in the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. [ 12 ] Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses had not comprehensively assessed TCAs in the same fashion, with the largest including only two TCAs ( amitriptyline and clomipramine ) and only 36   trials. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] A total of 103 short-term clinical trials with 10,590 participants employing 12 different TCAs (and TeCAs) were included. [ 12 ] TCAs showed a small benefit on depression over that of placebo in terms of reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HDRS-17) scores (mean difference: –3.77 points; or with removal of an outlier study: –3.16 points). [ 12 ] Due to the possibility of unblinding by side effects , it was unclear whether TCAs had a genuine antidepressant effect or whether the benefits were merely due to amplified placebo effects . [ 12 ] TCAs had a higher rate of serious adverse effects than placebo, and this did reach statistical significance ( OR Tooltip odds ratio = 2.78; 95% CI: 2.18–3.55; k = 35). However, trial sequential analysis indicated that the required information size had not been reached to conclusively confirm this effect. The quality of evidence was low to very low and the results were at high risk of bias . Among the collaborators of the systematic review and meta-analysis included Irving Kirsch , Joanna Moncrieff , and Michael P. Hengartner . [ 12 ] Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ edit ] The TCAs were used in the past in the clinical treatment of ADHD, [ 14 ] though they are not typically used anymore, having been replaced by more effective agents with fewer side effects such as atomoxetine (Strattera, Tomoxetin) and stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin, Focalin, Concerta), and amphetamine (Adderall, Attentin, Dexedrine, Vyvanse). ADHD is thought to be caused by an insufficiency of dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the prefrontal cortex of the brain . [ 15 ] Most of the TCAs inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, though not dopamine, and as a result, they show some efficacy in remedying the disorder. [ 16 ] Notably, the TCAs are more effective in treating the behavioral aspects of ADHD than the cognitive deficits , as they help limit hyperactivity and impulsivity , but have little to no benefits on attention . [ 17 ] The TCAs show efficacy in the clinical treatment of a number of different types of chronic pain , notably neuralgia or neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia . [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The precise mechanism of action in explanation of their analgesic efficacy is unclear, but it is thought that they indirectly modulate the opioid system in the brain downstream via serotonergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation , among other properties. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] They are also effective in migraine prophylaxis , [ 23 ] though not in the instant relief of an acute migraine attack. They may also be effective to prevent chronic tension headaches. [ medical citation needed ] Tricyclic antidepressant are supposed to have effect on reducing mast cell degranulation, thus reducing pain and the symptoms associated with mast cell activation, such as IBS pain; people with IBS exhibit increased mucosal mast cells, elevated tryptase/histamine, and enhanced proximity of degranulating mast cells to enteric nerves, each correlating with subjective pain scores. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The ability of tricyclic antidepressants that have mast-cell stabilizing effects (such as amitriptyline) to reduce subjective pain score are believed to help not simply by altering mood, but by reducing visceral afferent firing, possibly through attenuation of nerve-mast cell crosstalk. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Many side effects may be related to the antimuscarinic properties of the TCAs. Such side effects are relatively common and may include dry mouth, dry nose, blurry vision, lowered gastrointestinal motility or constipation, urinary retention, cognitive and/or memory impairment, and increased body temperature. Other side effects may include drowsiness, anxiety, emotional blunting (apathy/ anhedonia ), confusion, restlessness, dizziness, akathisia , hypersensitivity , changes in appetite and weight, sweating, muscle twitches, weakness, nausea and vomiting, hypotension , tachycardia , and rarely, irregular heart rhythms . Twitching, hallucinations, delirium and coma are also some of the toxic effects caused by overdose. [ 27 ] Rhabdomyolysis or muscle breakdown has been rarely reported with this class of drugs as well. [ 28 ] Delayed ejaculation may be experienced by some tricyclic antidepressants such as clomipramine . Tolerance to these adverse effects of these drugs often develops if treatment is continued. Side effects may also be less troublesome if treatment is initiated with low doses and then gradually increased, although this may also delay the beneficial effects. TCAs can behave like class 1A antiarrhythmics , as such, they can theoretically terminate ventricular fibrillation, decrease cardiac contractility and increase collateral blood circulation to ischemic heart muscle. Naturally, in overdose, they can be cardiotoxic, prolonging heart rhythms and increasing myocardial irritability. New research has also revealed compelling evidence of a link between long-term use of anticholinergic medications like TCAs and dementia . [ 29 ] Although many studies have investigated this link, this was the first study to use a long-term approach (over seven years) to find that dementias associated with anticholinergics may not be reversible even years after drug use stops. [ 30 ] Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine , which transmits messages in the nervous system. In the brain, acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory. Antidepressants in general may produce withdrawal . However, since the term "withdrawal" has been linked to addiction to recreational drugs like opioids , the medical profession and pharmaceutical public relations prefer that a different term be used, hence " discontinuation syndrome ." [ 31 ] Discontinuation symptoms can be managed by a gradual reduction in dosage over a period of weeks or months to minimise symptoms. [ 32 ] In tricyclics, discontinuation syndrome symptoms include anxiety, insomnia, cholinergic rebound, headache, nausea, malaise, or motor disturbance. [ 33 ] TCA overdose is a significant cause of fatal drug poisoning . The severe morbidity and mortality associated with these drugs is well documented due to their cardiovascular and neurological toxicity. Additionally, it is a serious problem in the pediatric population due to their inherent toxicity [ 34 ] and the availability of these in the home when prescribed for bed-wetting and depression. In the event of a known or suspected overdose, medical assistance should be sought immediately. A number of treatments are effective in a TCA overdose. An overdose on TCA is especially fatal as it is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract in the alkaline conditions of the small intestines. As a result, toxicity often becomes apparent in the first hour after an overdose. However, symptoms may take several hours to appear if a mixed overdose has caused delayed gastric emptying. Many of the initial signs are those associated to the anticholinergic effects of TCAs such as dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, dizziness, and emesis (or vomiting). Due to the location of norepinephrine receptors all over the body, many physical signs are also associated with a TCA overdose: [ 35 ] Anticholinergic effects: altered mental status (e.g., agitation, confusion, lethargy, etc.), resting sinus tachycardia , dry mouth, mydriasis , blurred vision, fever Cardiac effects: hypertension (early and transient, should not be treated), tachycardia, orthostasis and hypotension, arrhythmias (including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, most serious consequence), ECG changes (prolonged QRS, QT, and PR intervals) CNS effects: syncope , seizure, coma, myoclonus , hyperreflexia, convulsions, drowsiness Pulmonary effects: hypoventilation resulting from CNS depression [ 36 ] Gastrointestinal effects: decreased or absent bowel sounds, constipation Treatment of TCA overdose depends on severity of symptoms: Initially, gastric decontamination of the patient is achieved by administering, either orally or via a nasogastric tube , activated charcoal pre-mixed with water, which adsorbs the drug in the gastrointestinal tract (most useful if given within 2 hours of drug ingestion). Other decontamination methods such as stomach pumps, gastric lavage, whole bowel irrigation, or (ipecac induced) emesis, are not   recommended in TCA poisoning. If there is metabolic acidosis, intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate is recommended by Toxbase.org, the UK and Ireland poisons advice database (TCAs are protein bound and become less bound in more acidic conditions, so by reversing the acidosis, protein binding increases and bioavailability thus decreases – the sodium load may also help to reverse the Na+ channel blocking effects of the TCA). The TCAs are highly metabolised by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) hepatic enzymes. Drugs that inhibit cytochrome P450 (for example cimetidine , methylphenidate , fluoxetine , antipsychotics , and calcium channel blockers ) may produce decreases in the TCAs' metabolism, leading to increases in their blood concentrations and accompanying toxicity. [ 37 ] Drugs that prolong the QT interval including antiarrhythmics such as quinidine , the antihistamines astemizole and terfenadine , and some antipsychotics may increase the chance of ventricular dysrhythmias. TCAs may enhance the response to alcohol and the effects of barbiturates and other CNS depressants. Side effects may also be enhanced by other drugs that have antimuscarinic properties. The majority of the TCAs act primarily as SNRIs by blocking the serotonin transporter (SERT) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET), which results in an elevation of the synaptic concentrations of these neurotransmitters , and therefore an enhancement of neurotransmission . [ 38 ] [ 8 ] Notably, with the sole exception of amineptine , the TCAs have weak affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT), and therefore have low efficacy as dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs). [ 38 ] Both serotonin and norepinephrine have been highly implicated in depression and anxiety , and it has been shown that facilitation of their activity has beneficial effects on these mental disorders . [ 39 ] In addition to their reuptake inhibition , many TCAs also have high affinity as antagonists at the 5-HT 1 , 5-HT 2 [ 40 ] ( 5-HT 2A [ 41 ] and 5-HT 2C [ 41 ] ), 5-HT 6 , [ 42 ] 5-HT 7 , [ 43 ] α 1 -adrenergic , [ 40 ] and NMDA receptors , [ 44 ] and as agonists at the sigma receptors [ 45 ] ( σ 1 [ 45 ] and σ 2 [ 46 ] ), some of which may contribute to their therapeutic efficacy , as well as their side effects . [ 47 ] The TCAs also have varying but typically high affinity for antagonising the H 1 [ 40 ] and H 2 [ 48 ] [ 49 ] histamine receptors , as well as the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors . [ 40 ] As a result, they also act as potent antihistamines and anticholinergics . These properties are often beneficial in antidepressants, especially with comorbid anxiety, as it provides a sedative effect. [ 50 ] Most, if not all, of the TCAs also potently inhibit sodium channels and L -type calcium channels , and therefore act as sodium channel blockers and calcium channel blockers , respectively. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] The former property is responsible for the high mortality rate upon overdose seen with the TCAs via cardiotoxicity . [ 53 ] It may also be involved in their efficacy as analgesics , however. [ 54 ] In summary, tricyclic antidepressants can act through NMDA antagonism, opioidergic effects, sodium, potassium and calcium channel blocking, through interfering with the reuptake of serotonin and acting as antagonists to SHAM (serotonin, histamine, alpha, muscarinic) receptors. The binding profiles of various TCAs and some metabolites in terms of their affinities ( K i , nM ) for various receptors and transporters are as follows: [ 55 ] Compound SERT Tooltip Serotonin transporter NET Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter DAT Tooltip Dopamine transporter 5-HT 1A 5-HT 2A 5-HT 2C 5-HT 6 5-HT 7 α 1 α 2 D 2 H 1 H 2 mACh Tooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor σ 1 σ 2 Amineptine >100,000 10,000 1,000–1,400 >100,000 74,000 ND ND ND >100,000 >100,000 >100,000 ≄13,000 ND >100,000 ND ND Amitriptyline 2.8–4.3 19–35 3,250 ≄450 18–23 4.0 65–141 93–123 4.4–24 114–690 196–1,460 0.5–1.1 66 9.6 300 ND Amoxapine 58 16 4,310 ND 0.5 2.0 6.0–50 41 50 2,600 3.6–160 7.9–25 ND 1,000 ND ND Butriptyline ≄1,360 5,100 3,940 7,000 380 ND ND ND 570 4,800 ND 1.1 ND 35 ND ND Clomipramine 0.14–0.28 38–54 ≄2,190 ≄7,000 27–36 65 54 127 3.2–38 ≄535 78–190 13–31 209 37 546 ND Desipramine 18–163 0.63–3.5 3,190 ≄6,400 115–350 244–748 ND >1,000 23–130 ≄1,379 3,400 60–110 1,550 66–198 ≄1,990 ≄1,610 Dibenzepin ND ND >10,000 >10,000 ≄1,500 ND ND ND >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 23 1,950 1,750 ND ND Dosulepin 8.6–78 46–70 5,310 4,000 152 ND ND ND 419 2,400 ND 3.6–4.0 ND 25–26 ND ND Doxepin 68–210 13–58 ≄4,600 276 11–27 8.8–200 136 ND 24 28–1,270 360 0.09–1.23 174 23–80 ND ND Imipramine 1.3–1.4 20–37 8,500 ≄5,800 80–150 120 190–209 >1,000 32 3,100 620–726 7.6–37 550 46 332–520 327–2,100 Iprindole ≄1,620 1,260 6,530 2,800 217–280 206 ND ND 2,300 8,600 6,300 100–130 200–8,300 2,100 >10,000 ND Lofepramine 70 5.4 >10,000 4,600 200 ND ND ND 100 2,700 2,000 245–360 4,270 67 2,520 ND Maprotiline 5,800 11–12 1,000 ND 51 122 ND 50 90 9,400 350–665 0.79–2.0 776 570 ND ND Norclomipramine 40 0.45 2,100 19,000 130 ND ND ND 190 1,800 1,200 450 ND 92 ND ND Northiaden 192 25 2,539 2,623 141 ND ND ND 950 ND ND 25 ND 110 ND ND Nortriptyline 15–18 1.8–4.4 1,140 294 5.0–41 8.5 148 ND 55 2,030 2,570 3.0–15 646 37 2,000 ND Opipramol ≄2,200 ≄700 ≄3,000 >10,000 120 ND ND ND 200 6,100 120–300 6.0 4,470 3,300 0.2–50 110 Protriptyline 19.6 1.41 2,100 3,800 70 ND ND ND 130 6,600 2,300 7.2–25 398 25 ND ND Tianeptine >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 >10,000 Trimipramine 149–2,110 ≄2,450 ≄3,780 8,000 32 537 ND ND 24 680 143–210 0.27–1.5 41 58 ND ND Values are K i ( nM ). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. For assay species and references, see the individual drug articles. Most but not all values are for human proteins. With the exception of the sigma receptors , the TCAs act as antagonists or inverse agonists of the receptors and as inhibitors of the transporters. Tianeptine is included in this list due to it technically being a TCA, but with a vastly different pharmacology. Therapeutic levels of TCAs are generally in the range of about 100 to 300 ng/mL, or 350 to 1,100 nM. [ 56 ] Plasma protein binding is generally 90% or greater. [ 56 ] There are two major groups of TCAs in terms of chemical structure , which most, but not all, TCAs fall into. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] The groupings are based on the tricyclic ring system . [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] They are the dibenzazepines ( imipramine , desipramine , clomipramine , trimipramine , lofepramine ) and the dibenzocycloheptadienes ( amitriptyline , nortriptyline , protriptyline , butriptyline ). [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Minor TCA groups based on ring system include the dibenzoxepins ( doxepin ), the dibenzothiepines ( dosulepin ), and the dibenzoxazepines ( amoxapine ). [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In addition to classification based on the ring system, TCAs can also be usefully grouped based on the number of substitutions of the side chain amine . [ 59 ] [ 60 ] These groups include the tertiary amines (imipramine, clomipramine, trimipramine, amitriptyline, butriptyline, doxepin, dosulepin) and the secondary amines (desipramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline). [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Lofepramine is technically a tertiary amine, but acts largely as a prodrug of desipramine, a secondary amine, and hence is more similar in profile to the secondary amines than to the tertiary amines. [ 60 ] Amoxapine does not have the TCA side chain and hence is neither a tertiary nor secondary amine, although it is often grouped with the secondary amines due to sharing more in common with them. [ 61 ] In 2021, a new method was developed at the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia for designing photochromic analogs of tricyclic drugs via (1) isosteric replacement of the two-atom bridge between the aromatic systems with an azo group and (2) opening of the central ring. The authors named the strategy "crypto-azologization". [ 62 ] The TCAs were developed amid the "explosive birth" of psychopharmacology in the early 1950s. The story begins with the synthesis of chlorpromazine in December 1950 by RhĂŽne-Poulenc 's chief chemist, Paul Charpentier, from synthetic antihistamines developed by RhĂŽne-Poulenc in the 1940s. [ 63 ] Its psychiatric effects were first noticed at a hospital in Paris in 1952. The first widely used psychiatric drug, by 1955 it was already generating significant revenue as an antipsychotic . [ 64 ] Research chemists quickly began to explore other derivatives of chlorpromazine. The first TCA reported for the treatment of depression was imipramine , a dibenzazepine analogue of chlorpromazine code-named G22355. It was not originally targeted for the treatment of depression. The drug's tendency to induce manic effects was "later described as 'in some patients, quite disastrous'". The paradoxical observation of a sedative inducing mania led to testing with depressed patients. The first trial of imipramine took place in 1955 and the first report of antidepressant effects was published by Swiss psychiatrist Roland Kuhn in 1957. [ 65 ] Some testing of Geigy's imipramine, then known as Tofranil, took place at the MĂŒnsterlingen Hospital near Konstanz. [ 64 ] Geigy later became Ciba-Geigy and eventually Novartis . Dibenzazepine derivatives are described in U.S. patent 3,074,931 issued 1963-01-22 by assignment to Smith Kline & French Laboratories . The compounds described share a tricyclic backbone different from the backbone of the TCA amitriptyline . Merck introduced the second member of the TCA family, amitriptyline (Elavil), in 1961. [ 64 ] This compound has a different three-ring structure than imipramine. Society and culture [ edit ] A very small number of cases involving non-medical use of antidepressants have been reported over the past 30 years. [ 66 ] According to the US government classification of psychiatric medications, TCAs are "non-abusable" [ 67 ] and generally have low misuse potential. [ 68 ] Nonetheless, due to their atypical mechanism of action, amineptine and tianeptine (dopamine reuptake inhibition and ÎŒ-opioid receptor agonism, respectively) are the two TCAs with the highest addiction and misuse potential. Several cases of the misuse [ 69 ] of amitriptyline alone [ 70 ] [ 71 ] or together with methadone [ 69 ] [ 72 ] or in other drug dependent patients [ 73 ] [ 74 ] and of dosulepin with alcohol [ 75 ] or in methadone patients [ 76 ] have been reported. TCAs are also used in veterinary medicine for anxiolytic, anticompulsive, and antiaggressive purposes. Most use is off-label, with the exception of clomipramine (Clomicalm chewable tablet), which is FDA-approved for separation anxiety in dogs when paired with behavior modification . [ 77 ] Psychotrophic medication is generally not the first-line treatment for behavior problems. For example, although the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) and the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) mention TCAs in their guide for the treatment of house-soiling in cats, they are to be attempted only for severe, recurrant cases, after all other methods have failed. [ 78 ] Those that preferentially inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (by at least 10-fold over norepinephrine) include: Butriptyline † (Evadyne) (relatively weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor) Clomipramine (Anafranil) Imipramine (Tofranil, Janimine, Praminil) Trimipramine (Surmontil) (relatively weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor) Those that preferentially inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine (by at least 10-fold over serotonin) include: Desipramine (Norpramin, Pertofrane) Dibenzepin ‡ (Noveril, Victoril) Lofepramine § (Lomont, Gamanil) Maprotiline (Ludiomil) – can be classed with the TCAs though more frequently classed with the TeCAs Nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl, Norpress) Protriptyline (Vivactil) Whereas either fairly balanced reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine or unspecified inhibitors include: Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep) Amitriptylinoxide (Amioxid, Ambivalon, Equilibrin) Amoxapine (Asendin) – can be classed with the TeCAs but more frequently classed with the TCAs Demexiptiline † (Deparon, Tinoran) Dimetacrine † (Istonil, Istonyl, Miroistonil) Dosulepin § (Prothiaden) Doxepin (Adapin, Sinequan) Fluacizine † (Phtorazisin) Imipraminoxide † (Imiprex, Elepsin) Melitracen § (Deanxit, Dixeran, Melixeran, Trausabun) Metapramine † (Timaxel) Nitroxazepine ‡ (Sintamil) Noxiptiline ‡ (Agedal, Elronon, Nogedal) Pipofezine ‡ (Azafen/Azaphen) Propizepine † (Depressin, Vagran) Quinupramine † (Kevopril, Kinupril, Adeprim, Quinuprine) And the following are TCAs that act via main mechanisms other than serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake inhibition: Amineptine ‡ (Survector, Maneon, Directim) – norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor Iprindole † (Prondol, Galatur, Tetran) – 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist Opipramol ‡ (Insidon, Pramolan, Ensidon, Oprimol) – σ receptor agonist Tianeptine  § (Stablon, Coaxil, Tatinol) – atypical ÎŒ-opioid receptor agonist Legend: † indicates products which have been withdrawn from the market worldwide. ‡ indicates products which are not available in any country in which English is an official language. § indicates products which are not available in the United States, but are available in other English-speaking countries such as Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, etc. Bolded names indicates products which are available in at least three countries in which English is an official language. 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Tricyclic+Antidepressive+Agents at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tricyclic+antidepressant "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tricyclic+antidepressant "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant) - [1 Medical uses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Medical_uses) Toggle Medical uses subsection - [1\.1 Clinical depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Clinical_depression) - [1\.2 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder) - [1\.3 Chronic pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Chronic_pain) - [2 Side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Side_effects) Toggle Side effects subsection - [2\.1 Discontinuation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Discontinuation) - [3 Overdose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Overdose) - [4 Interactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Interactions) - [5 Pharmacology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Pharmacology) Toggle Pharmacology subsection - [5\.1 Binding profiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Binding_profiles) - [6 Chemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Chemistry) - [7 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#History) - [8 Society and culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Society_and_culture) Toggle Society and culture subsection - [8\.1 Recreational use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Recreational_use) - [9 Veterinary use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Veterinary_use) - [10 List of TCAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#List_of_TCAs) - [11 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#See_also) - [12 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#References) - [13 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#Further_reading) - [14 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Tricyclic antidepressant 30 languages - [Ű§Ù„ŰčŰ±ŰšÙŠŰ©](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA "Ù…Ű¶Ű§ŰŻ Ű§ÙƒŰȘۊۧۚ Ű«Ù„Ű§Ű«ÙŠ Ű§Ù„Ű­Ù„Ù‚Ű§ŰȘ – Arabic") - [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressiu_tric%C3%ADclic "Antidepressiu tricĂ­clic – Catalan") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trizyklisches_Antidepressivum "Trizyklisches Antidepressivum – German") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepresivo_tric%C3%ADclico "Antidepresivo tricĂ­clico – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trits%C3%BCklilised_antidepressandid "TritsĂŒklilised antidepressandid – Estonian") - [ÙŰ§Ű±ŰłÛŒ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C "Ű¶ŰŻŰ§ÙŰłŰ±ŰŻÚŻÛŒâ€ŒÙ‡Ű§ÛŒ ŰłÙ‡â€ŒŰ­Ù„Ù‚Ù‡â€ŒŰ§ÛŒ – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisykliset_masennusl%C3%A4%C3%A4kkeet "Trisykliset masennuslÀÀkkeet – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antid%C3%A9presseur_tricyclique "AntidĂ©presseur tricyclique – French") - [ŚąŚ‘ŚšŚ™ŚȘ](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D "Ś Ś•Ś’Ś“Ś™ Ś“Ś™Ś›ŚŚ•ŚŸ Ś˜ŚšŚ™ŚŠŚ™Ś§ŚœŚ™Ś™Ś – Hebrew") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepresan_trisiklik "Antidepresan trisiklik – Indonesian") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressivi_triciclici "Antidepressivi triciclici – Italian") - [æ—„æœŹèȘž](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%92%B0%E7%B3%BB%E6%8A%97%E3%81%86%E3%81%A4%E8%96%AC "äž‰ç’°çł»æŠ—ă†ă€è–Ź – Japanese") - [한ꔭ얎](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%ED%99%98%EA%B3%84_%ED%95%AD%EC%9A%B0%EC%9A%B8%EC%A0%9C "ì‚Œí™˜êł„ í•­ìš°ìšžì œ – Korean") - [LietuviĆł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricikliniai_antidepresantai "Tricikliniai antidepresantai – Lithuanian") - [МаĐșĐ”ĐŽĐŸĐœŃĐșĐž](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2 "броцоĐșĐ»ĐžŃ‡Đ”Đœ Đ°ĐœŃ‚ĐžĐŽĐ”ĐżŃ€Đ”ŃĐžĐČ â€“ Macedonian") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclische_antidepressiva "Tricyclische antidepressiva – Dutch") - [Norsk bokmĂ„l](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisyklisk_antidepressivum "Trisyklisk antidepressivum – Norwegian BokmĂ„l") - [àŹ“àŹĄàŹŒàŹżàŹ†](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F "àŹŸà­àŹ°àŹŸàŹ‡àŹžàŹŸàŹ‡àŹ•à­àŹČàŹżàŹ•à­ àŹ†àŹŁà­àŹŸàŹżàŹĄàŹżàŹȘà­àŹ°à­‡àŹžàŹŸàŹŁà­àŹŸ – Odia") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B3jcykliczne_leki_przeciwdepresyjne "TrĂłjcykliczne leki przeciwdepresyjne – Polish") - [PortuguĂȘs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressivo_tric%C3%ADclico "Antidepressivo tricĂ­clico – Portuguese") - [RomĂąnă](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepresiv_triciclic "Antidepresiv triciclic – Romanian") - [Srpskohrvatski / српсĐșĐŸŃ…Ń€ĐČатсĐșĐž](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricikli%C4%8Dni_antidepresiv "Triciklični antidepresiv – Serbo-Croatian") - [Slovenơčina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricikli%C4%8Dni_antidepresiv "Triciklični antidepresiv – Slovenian") - [СрпсĐșĐž / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricikli%C4%8Dni_antidepresiv "Triciklični antidepresiv – Serbian") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricykliska_antidepressiva "Tricykliska antidepressiva – Swedish") - [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepresanteng_trisikliko "Antidepresanteng trisikliko – Tagalog") - [TĂŒrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisiklik_antidepresan "Trisiklik antidepresan – Turkish") - [ĐŁĐșŃ€Đ°Ń—ĐœŃŃŒĐșĐ°](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8 "броцоĐșĐ»Ń–Ń‡ĐœŃ– Đ°ĐœŃ‚ĐžĐŽĐ”ĐżŃ€Đ”ŃĐ°ĐœŃ‚Đž – Ukrainian") - [Tiáșżng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_ch%E1%BB%91ng_tr%E1%BA%A7m_c%E1%BA%A3m_ba_v%C3%B2ng "Thuốc chống tráș§m cáșŁm ba vĂČng – Vietnamese") - [äž­æ–‡](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%8E%AF%E7%B1%BB%E6%8A%97%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E8%8D%AF "äž‰çŽŻç±»æŠ—æŠ‘éƒèŻ – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q908843#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tricyclic_antidepressant "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - 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[Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTricyclic_antidepressant) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tricyclic_antidepressants) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q908843 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Class of medications | Tricyclic antidepressant | | |---|---| | *[Drug class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class "Drug class")* | | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Imipramine.svg/250px-Imipramine.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imipramine.svg)[Chemical structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure "Chemical structure") of the prototypical and first marketed tricyclic antidepressant [imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") showing its three [rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group "Functional group"). | | | Class identifiers | | | [Chemical class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_classification "Chemical classification") | [Tricyclic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic "Tricyclic") | | External links | | | [MeSH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings "Medical Subject Headings") | [D000929](https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000929) | | Legal status | | | [In Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908843 "d:Q908843") | | **Tricyclic antidepressants** (**TCAs**) are a class of medications that are used primarily as [antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-1) TCAs were discovered in the early 1950s and were marketed later in the decade.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-2) They are named after their [chemical structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure "Chemical structure"), which contains three [rings of atoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_compound "Cyclic compound"). [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (TeCAs), which contain four rings of atoms, are a closely related group of antidepressant compounds. Although TCAs are sometimes [prescribed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_prescription "Medical prescription") for depressive disorders, they have been largely replaced in clinical use in most parts of the world by newer antidepressants such as [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor") (SSRIs), [serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor "Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor") (SNRIs) and [norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor "Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor") (NRIs). Adverse effects have been found to be of a similar level between TCAs and SSRIs.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-3)\[*[obsolete source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS "Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS")*\] ## Medical uses \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Medical uses")\] The TCAs are used primarily in the [clinical treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy "Therapy") of [mood disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder "Mood disorder") such as [major depressive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder") (MDD), [dysthymia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymia "Dysthymia"), and [treatment-resistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment-resistant_depression "Treatment-resistant depression") variants. They are also used in the treatment of a number of other [medical disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorder_\(medicine\) "Disorder (medicine)"), including [cyclic vomiting syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_vomiting_syndrome "Cyclic vomiting syndrome") (CVS) and [anxiety disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorders "Anxiety disorders") such as [generalized anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder "Generalized anxiety disorder") (GAD), social phobia (SP) also known as [social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder") (SAD), [obsessive-compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder "Obsessive-compulsive disorder"), [premature ejaculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_ejaculation "Premature ejaculation") (clomipramine) and [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder") (PD), [post-traumatic stress disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") (PTSD), [body dysmorphic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder "Body dysmorphic disorder") (BDD), [eating disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder "Eating disorder") like [anorexia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa "Anorexia nervosa") and [bulimia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa "Bulimia nervosa"), certain [personality disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder "Personality disorder") such as [borderline personality disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder "Borderline personality disorder") (BPD) and [Avoidant personality disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder "Avoidant personality disorder") (AvPD), [neurological disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disorders "Neurological disorders") such as [attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder") (ADHD),[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-4) [Parkinson's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-5) and [Autism Spectrum Disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_Spectrum_Disorder "Autism Spectrum Disorder") (ASD),[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-6) as well as [chronic pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pain "Chronic pain"), [neuralgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralgia "Neuralgia") or [neuropathic pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_pain "Neuropathic pain"), [Complex regional pain syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome "Complex regional pain syndrome") and [fibromyalgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia "Fibromyalgia"), [headache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache "Headache"), or [migraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine "Migraine"), [smoking cessation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessation "Smoking cessation"), [tourette syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome "Tourette syndrome"), [trichotillomania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichotillomania "Trichotillomania"), [irritable bowel syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome "Irritable bowel syndrome") (IBS), [interstitial cystitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_cystitis "Interstitial cystitis") (IC), [nocturnal enuresis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis "Nocturnal enuresis") (NE), [narcolepsy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcolepsy "Narcolepsy"), [insomnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia"), [pathological crying and/or laughing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_lability "Emotional lability"), [chronic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_\(medicine\) "Chronic (medicine)") [hiccups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiccup "Hiccup"), [ciguatera poisoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatera_poisoning "Ciguatera poisoning"), and as an [adjunct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmentation_\(psychiatry\) "Augmentation (psychiatry)") in [schizophrenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia") and certain [psychotic disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotic_disorders "Psychotic disorders"). [Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") and [desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") may be preferred medications over other TCAs among older adults due to their reduced [anticholinergic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic "Anticholinergic") effects, diminished cardiac toxicity, and more linear pharmacokinetics.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid17471183-8) ### Clinical depression \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Clinical depression")\] For many years the TCAs were the first choice for [pharmacological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacological "Pharmacological") [treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy "Therapy") of [major depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder"). Although they are still considered to be [effective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy#Medicine "Efficacy"), they have been increasingly replaced by antidepressants with an improved safety and side-effect profile, such as the SSRIs and other newer antidepressants such as the novel reversible MAOI [moclobemide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moclobemide "Moclobemide"). However, TCAs have been claimed to possibly be more effective in treating [melancholic depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholic_depression "Melancholic depression") than other antidepressant drug classes.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid7980178-9) Newer antidepressants are thought to have fewer and less severe [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect "Adverse effect") and are also thought to be less likely to result in injury or death if used in a [suicide attempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attempt "Suicide attempt"), as the doses required for clinical treatment and potentially [lethal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_dose "Lethal dose") [overdose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdose "Overdose") (see [therapeutic index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index "Therapeutic index")) are far wider in comparison. Nonetheless, the TCAs are commonly prescribed for [treatment-resistant depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment-resistant_depression "Treatment-resistant depression") that has failed to respond to therapy with newer antidepressants, they also tend to have fewer emotional blunting and sexual side effects than SSRI antidepressants.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10498158-10) They are not considered [addictive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_addiction "Drug addiction") and are somewhat preferable to the [monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor "Monoamine oxidase inhibitor") (MAOIs). The side effects of the TCAs usually come to prominence before the [therapeutic benefits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_effect "Therapeutic effect") against depression and/or anxiety do, and for this reason, they may potentially be somewhat dangerous, as [volition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition_\(psychology\) "Volition (psychology)") can be increased, possibly giving the [patient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient "Patient") a greater desire to attempt or commit [suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide "Suicide").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid8452661-11) A 2024 [systematic review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review "Systematic review") and [meta-analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis "Meta-analysis") assessed the beneficial and harmful effects of TCAs in the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12) Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses had not comprehensively assessed TCAs in the same fashion, with the largest including only two TCAs ([amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") and [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine")) and only 36 trials.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-CiprianiFurukawaSalanti2018-13) A total of 103 short-term clinical trials with 10,590 participants employing 12 different TCAs (and TeCAs) were included.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12) TCAs showed a small benefit on depression over that of [placebo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_group "Placebo group") in terms of reduction in [Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Rating_Scale_for_Depression "Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression") (HDRS-17) scores (mean difference: –3.77 points; or with removal of an [outlier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_outlier "Statistical outlier") study: –3.16 points).[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12) Due to the possibility of [unblinding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unblinding "Unblinding") by [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect "Side effect"), it was unclear whether TCAs had a genuine antidepressant effect or whether the benefits were merely due to amplified [placebo effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_effect "Placebo effect").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12) TCAs had a higher rate of serious [adverse effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect "Adverse effect") than placebo, and this did reach statistical significance ([OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio "Odds ratio")Tooltip odds ratio = 2.78; 95% CI: 2.18–3.55; k = 35). However, [trial sequential analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_analysis "Sequential analysis") indicated that the required information size had not been reached to conclusively confirm this effect. The [quality of evidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_evidence "Quality of evidence") was low to very low and the results were at high risk of [bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias "Bias"). Among the collaborators of the systematic review and meta-analysis included [Irving Kirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kirsch "Irving Kirsch"), [Joanna Moncrieff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Moncrieff "Joanna Moncrieff"), and [Michael P. Hengartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_P._Hengartner "Michael P. Hengartner").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12) ### Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder")\] The TCAs were used in the past in the clinical treatment of ADHD,[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid2676967-14) though they are not typically used anymore, having been replaced by more effective agents with fewer side effects such as [atomoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomoxetine "Atomoxetine") (Strattera, Tomoxetin) and [stimulants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant "Stimulant") like [methylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate") (Ritalin, Focalin, Concerta), and [amphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine "Amphetamine") (Adderall, Attentin, Dexedrine, Vyvanse). ADHD is thought to be caused by an insufficiency of [dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine") and [norepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine "Norepinephrine") [activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_activity "Brain activity") in the [prefrontal cortex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex "Prefrontal cortex") of the [brain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain "Human brain").[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid19183781-15) Most of the TCAs [inhibit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor "Reuptake inhibitor") the [reuptake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuptake "Reuptake") of norepinephrine, though not dopamine, and as a result, they show some efficacy in remedying the disorder.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10560028-16) Notably, the TCAs are more effective in treating the [behavioral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral "Behavioral") aspects of ADHD than the [cognitive deficits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_deficit "Cognitive deficit"), as they help limit [hyperactivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperactivity "Hyperactivity") and [impulsivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulsivity "Impulsivity"), but have little to no benefits on [attention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention "Attention").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9418743-17) ### Chronic pain \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Chronic pain")\] The TCAs show efficacy in the clinical treatment of a number of different types of [chronic pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pain "Chronic pain"), notably neuralgia or [neuropathic pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_pain "Neuropathic pain") and [fibromyalgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia "Fibromyalgia").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid16762426-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9121808-19) The precise [mechanism of action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action "Mechanism of action") in explanation of their analgesic efficacy is unclear, but it is thought that they indirectly modulate the [opioid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid "Opioid") system in the brain downstream via [serotonergic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") and [noradrenergic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenergic "Noradrenergic") [neuromodulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation_\(biology\) "Neuromodulation (biology)"), among other properties.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid6219612-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-22) They are also effective in [migraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine "Migraine") [prophylaxis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophylaxis "Prophylaxis"),[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-23) though not in the instant relief of an acute migraine attack. They may also be effective to prevent chronic tension headaches.\[*[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\(medicine\) "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")*\] Tricyclic antidepressant are supposed to have effect on reducing mast cell degranulation, thus reducing pain and the symptoms associated with mast cell activation, such as IBS pain; people with IBS exhibit increased mucosal mast cells, elevated tryptase/histamine, and enhanced proximity of degranulating mast cells to enteric nerves, each correlating with subjective pain scores.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid28934791-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid37038134-25) The ability of tricyclic antidepressants that have mast-cell stabilizing effects (such as amitriptyline) to reduce subjective pain score are believed to help not simply by altering mood, but by reducing visceral afferent firing, possibly through attenuation of nerve-mast cell crosstalk.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid28934791-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid37038134-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid19076934-26) ## Side effects \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Side effects")\] Many [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect "Adverse effect") may be related to the [antimuscarinic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimuscarinic "Antimuscarinic") properties of the TCAs. Such side effects are relatively common and may include dry mouth, dry nose, blurry vision, lowered gastrointestinal motility or constipation, urinary retention, cognitive and/or memory impairment, and increased body temperature. Other side effects may include drowsiness, anxiety, emotional blunting (apathy/[anhedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhedonia "Anhedonia")), confusion, restlessness, dizziness, [akathisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathisia "Akathisia"), [hypersensitivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity "Hypersensitivity"), changes in appetite and weight, sweating, muscle twitches, weakness, nausea and vomiting, [hypotension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension "Hypotension"), [tachycardia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia "Tachycardia"), and rarely, [irregular heart rhythms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrythmia "Arrythmia"). Twitching, hallucinations, [delirium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium "Delirium") and coma are also some of the toxic effects caused by overdose.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-27) [Rhabdomyolysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis "Rhabdomyolysis") or muscle breakdown has been rarely reported with this class of drugs as well.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-28) Delayed ejaculation may be experienced by some tricyclic antidepressants such as [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"). Tolerance to these adverse effects of these drugs often develops if treatment is continued. Side effects may also be less troublesome if treatment is initiated with low doses and then gradually increased, although this may also delay the beneficial effects. TCAs can behave like class [1A antiarrhythmics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent "Antiarrhythmic agent"), as such, they can theoretically terminate ventricular fibrillation, decrease cardiac contractility and increase collateral blood circulation to ischemic heart muscle. Naturally, in overdose, they can be cardiotoxic, prolonging heart rhythms and increasing myocardial irritability. New research has also revealed compelling evidence of a link between long-term use of anticholinergic medications like TCAs and [dementia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia "Dementia").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-29) Although many studies have investigated this link, this was the first study to use a long-term approach (over seven years) to find that dementias associated with anticholinergics may not be reversible even years after drug use stops.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-30) Anticholinergic drugs block the action of [acetylcholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine "Acetylcholine"), which transmits messages in the nervous system. In the brain, acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory. ### Discontinuation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Discontinuation")\] Main article: [Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome "Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome") See also: [Tapering (medicine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapering_\(medicine\) "Tapering (medicine)") Antidepressants in general may produce [withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal "Drug withdrawal"). However, since the term "withdrawal" has been linked to addiction to recreational drugs like [opioids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid "Opioid"), the medical profession and pharmaceutical public relations prefer that a different term be used, hence "[discontinuation syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome "Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome")."[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-31) Discontinuation symptoms can be managed by a [gradual reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapering_\(medicine\) "Tapering (medicine)") in dosage over a period of weeks or months to minimise symptoms.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-32) In tricyclics, discontinuation syndrome symptoms include anxiety, insomnia, cholinergic rebound, headache, nausea, malaise, or motor disturbance.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-33) ## Overdose \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Overdose")\] Main article: [Tricyclic antidepressant overdose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant_overdose "Tricyclic antidepressant overdose") TCA overdose is a significant cause of fatal drug [poisoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison "Poison"). The severe [morbidity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidity "Morbidity") and mortality associated with these drugs is well documented due to their [cardiovascular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system "Circulatory system") and [neurological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology "Neurology") toxicity. Additionally, it is a serious problem in the pediatric population due to their inherent toxicity[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-JEmergMed2005-Rosenbaum-34) and the availability of these in the home when prescribed for bed-wetting and depression. In the event of a known or suspected overdose, medical assistance should be sought immediately. A number of treatments are effective in a TCA overdose. An overdose on TCA is especially fatal as it is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract in the alkaline conditions of the small intestines. As a result, toxicity often becomes apparent in the first hour after an overdose. However, symptoms may take several hours to appear if a mixed overdose has caused delayed gastric emptying. Many of the initial signs are those associated to the anticholinergic effects of TCAs such as dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, dizziness, and emesis (or vomiting). Due to the location of norepinephrine receptors all over the body, many physical signs are also associated with a TCA overdose:[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-35) 1. Anticholinergic effects: altered mental status (e.g., agitation, confusion, lethargy, etc.), resting [sinus tachycardia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_tachycardia "Sinus tachycardia"), dry mouth, [mydriasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mydriasis "Mydriasis"), blurred vision, fever 2. Cardiac effects: hypertension (early and transient, should not be treated), tachycardia, orthostasis and hypotension, arrhythmias (including [ventricular tachycardia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia "Ventricular tachycardia") and ventricular fibrillation, most serious consequence), [ECG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECG "ECG") changes (prolonged QRS, QT, and PR intervals) 3. CNS effects: [syncope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_\(medicine\) "Syncope (medicine)"), seizure, coma, [myoclonus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonus "Myoclonus"), hyperreflexia, convulsions, drowsiness 4. Pulmonary effects: hypoventilation resulting from CNS depression[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-36) 5. Gastrointestinal effects: decreased or absent bowel sounds, constipation Treatment of TCA overdose depends on severity of symptoms: Initially, gastric decontamination of the patient is achieved by administering, either orally or via a [nasogastric tube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasogastric_tube "Nasogastric tube"), [activated charcoal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon "Activated carbon") pre-mixed with water, which [adsorbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption "Adsorption") the drug in the [gastrointestinal tract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract "Human gastrointestinal tract") (most useful if given within 2 hours of drug ingestion). Other decontamination methods such as stomach pumps, gastric lavage, whole bowel irrigation, or (ipecac induced) emesis, are *not* recommended in TCA poisoning. If there is metabolic acidosis, [intravenous infusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy "Intravenous therapy") of [sodium bicarbonate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate "Sodium bicarbonate") is recommended by Toxbase.org, the UK and Ireland poisons advice database (TCAs are protein bound and become less bound in more acidic conditions, so by reversing the acidosis, protein binding increases and [bioavailability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability "Bioavailability") thus decreases – the sodium load may also help to reverse the Na+ channel blocking effects of the TCA). ## Interactions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Interactions")\] The TCAs are highly metabolised by the [cytochrome P450](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_oxidase "Cytochrome P450 oxidase") (CYP) hepatic enzymes. Drugs that inhibit [cytochrome P450](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_oxidase "Cytochrome P450 oxidase") (for example [cimetidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetidine "Cimetidine"), [methylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate"), [fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine"), [antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic"), and [calcium channel blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker "Calcium channel blocker")) may produce decreases in the TCAs' metabolism, leading to increases in their blood concentrations and accompanying toxicity.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-37) Drugs that prolong the [QT interval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QT_interval "QT interval") including antiarrhythmics such as [quinidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine "Quinidine"), the antihistamines [astemizole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astemizole "Astemizole") and [terfenadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfenadine "Terfenadine"), and some [antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic") may increase the chance of ventricular dysrhythmias. TCAs may enhance the response to [alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)") and the effects of [barbiturates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate "Barbiturate") and other CNS depressants. Side effects may also be enhanced by other drugs that have antimuscarinic properties. ## Pharmacology \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Pharmacology")\] The majority of the TCAs act primarily as SNRIs by blocking the [serotonin transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter "Serotonin transporter") (SERT) and the [norepinephrine transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter "Norepinephrine transporter") (NET), which results in an elevation of the [synaptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse "Synapse") concentrations of these [neurotransmitters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter "Neurotransmitter"), and therefore an enhancement of [neurotransmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmission "Neurotransmission").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9537821-38)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid17471183-8) Notably, with the sole exception of [amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine"), the TCAs have weak [affinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_\(pharmacology\) "Affinity (pharmacology)") for the [dopamine transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter "Dopamine transporter") (DAT), and therefore have low efficacy as [dopamine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor "Dopamine reuptake inhibitor") (DRIs).[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9537821-38) Both [serotonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") and [norepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine "Norepinephrine") have been highly implicated in [depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_\(mood\) "Depression (mood)") and [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_\(mood\) "Anxiety (mood)"), and it has been shown that facilitation of their activity has beneficial effects on these [mental disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder "Mental disorder").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9551776-39) In addition to their [reuptake inhibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor "Reuptake inhibitor"), many TCAs also have high affinity as [antagonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist "Receptor antagonist") at the [5-HT1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1 "5-HT1"), [5-HT2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2 "5-HT2")[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid7855217-40) ([5-HT2A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A "5-HT2A")[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10379421-41) and [5-HT2C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2C "5-HT2C")[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10379421-41)), [5-HT6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT6 "5-HT6"),[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10836139-42) [5-HT7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT7 "5-HT7"),[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9303561-43) [α1\-adrenergic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor "Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor"),[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid7855217-40) and [NMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor "NMDA receptor") [receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_\(biochemistry\) "Receptor (biochemistry)"),[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid2568580-44) and as [agonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist "Agonist") at the [sigma receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_receptor "Sigma receptor")[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid8831113-45) ([σ1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor "Sigma-1 receptor")[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid8831113-45) and [σ2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor "Sigma-2 receptor")[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid15547788-46)), some of which may contribute to their therapeutic [efficacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy "Efficacy"), as well as their [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect "Side effect").[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-47) The TCAs also have varying but typically high affinity for antagonising the [H1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor "Histamine H1 receptor")[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid7855217-40) and [H2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor "Histamine H2 receptor")[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid20581-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid6150708-49) [histamine receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_receptor "Histamine receptor"), as well as the [muscarinic acetylcholine receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid7855217-40) As a result, they also act as [potent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_\(pharmacology\) "Potency (pharmacology)") [antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine "Antihistamine") and [anticholinergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic "Anticholinergic"). These properties are often beneficial in antidepressants, especially with comorbid anxiety, as it provides a [sedative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative "Sedative") effect.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-50) Most, if not all, of the TCAs also [potently](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_\(pharmacology\) "Potency (pharmacology)") inhibit [sodium channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel "Sodium channel") and [L-type calcium channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel "L-type calcium channel"), and therefore act as [sodium channel blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker "Sodium channel blocker") and [calcium channel blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker "Calcium channel blocker"), respectively.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9435180-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid18048694-52) The former property is responsible for the high [mortality rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate "Mortality rate") upon [overdose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdose "Overdose") seen with the TCAs via [cardiotoxicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxicity "Cardiotoxicity").[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10452441-53) It may also be involved in their efficacy as [analgesics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesics "Analgesics"), however.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Cairns2009-54) In summary, tricyclic antidepressants can act through NMDA antagonism, opioidergic effects, sodium, potassium and calcium channel blocking, through interfering with the reuptake of serotonin and acting as antagonists to SHAM (serotonin, histamine, alpha, muscarinic) receptors. ### Binding profiles \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Binding profiles")\] See also: [Tetracyclic antidepressant § Binding profiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant#Binding_profiles "Tetracyclic antidepressant") The binding profiles of various TCAs and some [metabolites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite "Metabolite") in terms of their [affinities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_\(pharmacology\) "Affinity (pharmacology)") (Ki, nM) for various [receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_\(biochemistry\) "Receptor (biochemistry)") and [transporters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein "Membrane transport protein") are as follows:[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-PDSP-55) | Compound | [SERT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter "Serotonin transporter")Tooltip Serotonin transporter | [NET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter "Norepinephrine transporter")Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter | [DAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter "Dopamine transporter")Tooltip Dopamine transporter | [5-HT1A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor "5-HT1A receptor") | [5-HT2A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor "5-HT2A receptor") | [5-HT2C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor "5-HT2C receptor") | [5-HT6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT6_receptor "5-HT6 receptor") | [5-HT7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT7_receptor "5-HT7 receptor") | [α1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor "Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor") | [α2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor "Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor") | [D2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D2_receptor "D2 receptor") | [H1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_receptor "H1 receptor") | [H2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2_receptor "H2 receptor") | [mACh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor")Tooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor | [σ1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor "Sigma-1 receptor") | [σ2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor "Sigma-2 receptor") | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine") | \>100,000 | 10,000 | 1,000–1,400 | \>100,000 | 74,000 | ND | ND | ND | \>100,000 | \>100,000 | \>100,000 | ≄13,000 | ND | \>100,000 | ND | ND | | [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") | 2\.8–4.3 | 19–35 | 3,250 | ≄450 | 18–23 | 4\.0 | 65–141 | 93–123 | 4\.4–24 | 114–690 | 196–1,460 | 0\.5–1.1 | 66 | 9\.6 | 300 | ND | | [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") | 58 | 16 | 4,310 | ND | 0\.5 | 2\.0 | 6\.0–50 | 41 | 50 | 2,600 | 3\.6–160 | 7\.9–25 | ND | 1,000 | ND | ND | | [Butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline") | ≄1,360 | 5,100 | 3,940 | 7,000 | 380 | ND | ND | ND | 570 | 4,800 | ND | 1\.1 | ND | 35 | ND | ND | | [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") | 0\.14–0.28 | 38–54 | ≄2,190 | ≄7,000 | 27–36 | 65 | 54 | 127 | 3\.2–38 | ≄535 | 78–190 | 13–31 | 209 | 37 | 546 | ND | | [Desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") | 18–163 | 0\.63–3.5 | 3,190 | ≄6,400 | 115–350 | 244–748 | ND | \>1,000 | 23–130 | ≄1,379 | 3,400 | 60–110 | 1,550 | 66–198 | ≄1,990 | ≄1,610 | | [Dibenzepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzepin "Dibenzepin") | ND | ND | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | ≄1,500 | ND | ND | ND | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | 23 | 1,950 | 1,750 | ND | ND | | [Dosulepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin") | 8\.6–78 | 46–70 | 5,310 | 4,000 | 152 | ND | ND | ND | 419 | 2,400 | ND | 3\.6–4.0 | ND | 25–26 | ND | ND | | [Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin") | 68–210 | 13–58 | ≄4,600 | 276 | 11–27 | 8\.8–200 | 136 | ND | 24 | 28–1,270 | 360 | 0\.09–1.23 | 174 | 23–80 | ND | ND | | [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") | 1\.3–1.4 | 20–37 | 8,500 | ≄5,800 | 80–150 | 120 | 190–209 | \>1,000 | 32 | 3,100 | 620–726 | 7\.6–37 | 550 | 46 | 332–520 | 327–2,100 | | [Iprindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprindole "Iprindole") | ≄1,620 | 1,260 | 6,530 | 2,800 | 217–280 | 206 | ND | ND | 2,300 | 8,600 | 6,300 | 100–130 | 200–8,300 | 2,100 | \>10,000 | ND | | [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine") | 70 | 5\.4 | \>10,000 | 4,600 | 200 | ND | ND | ND | 100 | 2,700 | 2,000 | 245–360 | 4,270 | 67 | 2,520 | ND | | [Maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline") | 5,800 | 11–12 | 1,000 | ND | 51 | 122 | ND | 50 | 90 | 9,400 | 350–665 | 0\.79–2.0 | 776 | 570 | ND | ND | | [Norclomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norclomipramine "Norclomipramine") | 40 | 0\.45 | 2,100 | 19,000 | 130 | ND | ND | ND | 190 | 1,800 | 1,200 | 450 | ND | 92 | ND | ND | | [Northiaden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northiaden "Northiaden") | 192 | 25 | 2,539 | 2,623 | 141 | ND | ND | ND | 950 | ND | ND | 25 | ND | 110 | ND | ND | | [Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") | 15–18 | 1\.8–4.4 | 1,140 | 294 | 5\.0–41 | 8\.5 | 148 | ND | 55 | 2,030 | 2,570 | 3\.0–15 | 646 | 37 | 2,000 | ND | | [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") | ≄2,200 | ≄700 | ≄3,000 | \>10,000 | 120 | ND | ND | ND | 200 | 6,100 | 120–300 | 6\.0 | 4,470 | 3,300 | 0\.2–50 | 110 | | [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") | 19\.6 | 1\.41 | 2,100 | 3,800 | 70 | ND | ND | ND | 130 | 6,600 | 2,300 | 7\.2–25 | 398 | 25 | ND | ND | | [Tianeptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianeptine "Tianeptine") | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | | [Trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine") | 149–2,110 | ≄2,450 | ≄3,780 | 8,000 | 32 | 537 | ND | ND | 24 | 680 | 143–210 | 0\.27–1.5 | 41 | 58 | ND | ND | | Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. For assay species and references, see the individual drug articles. Most but not all values are for human proteins. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | With the exception of the [sigma receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_receptor "Sigma receptor"), the TCAs act as [antagonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist "Receptor antagonist") or [inverse agonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_agonist "Inverse agonist") of the receptors and as [inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_blocker "Transporter blocker") of the transporters. Tianeptine is included in this list due to it technically being a TCA, but with a vastly different pharmacology. Therapeutic levels of TCAs are generally in the range of about 100 to 300 ng/mL, or 350 to 1,100 nM.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-SchatzbergNemeroff2009-56) [Plasma protein binding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding "Plasma protein binding") is generally 90% or greater.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-SchatzbergNemeroff2009-56) ## Chemistry \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Chemistry")\] There are two major groups of TCAs in terms of [chemical structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure "Chemical structure"), which most, but not all, TCAs fall into.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Ghose2013-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Aronson2009-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Anthony2002-59) The groupings are based on the tricyclic [ring system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_system_\(chemistry\) "Ring system (chemistry)").[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Ghose2013-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Aronson2009-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Anthony2002-59) They are the [dibenzazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzazepine "Dibenzazepine") ([imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine"), [desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine"), [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"), [trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine"), [lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine")) and the [dibenzocycloheptadienes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzocycloheptadiene "Dibenzocycloheptadiene") ([amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), [nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline"), [protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline"), [butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline")).[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Ghose2013-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Aronson2009-58) Minor TCA groups based on ring system include the [dibenzoxepins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzoxepin "Dibenzoxepin") ([doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin")), the [dibenzothiepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzothiepine "Dibenzothiepine") ([dosulepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin")), and the [dibenzoxazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzoxazepine "Dibenzoxazepine") ([amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine")).[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Ghose2013-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Aronson2009-58) In addition to classification based on the ring system, TCAs can also be usefully grouped based on the number of [substitutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent "Substituent") of the [side chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_chain "Side chain") [amine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine "Amine").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Anthony2002-59)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-CowenHarrison2012-60) These groups include the [tertiary amines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_amine "Tertiary amine") (imipramine, clomipramine, trimipramine, amitriptyline, butriptyline, doxepin, dosulepin) and the [secondary amines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_amine "Secondary amine") (desipramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline).[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Anthony2002-59)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-CowenHarrison2012-60) Lofepramine is technically a tertiary amine, but acts largely as a [prodrug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug "Prodrug") of desipramine, a secondary amine, and hence is more similar in profile to the secondary amines than to the tertiary amines.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-CowenHarrison2012-60) Amoxapine does not have the TCA side chain and hence is neither a tertiary nor secondary amine, although it is often grouped with the secondary amines due to sharing more in common with them.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-61) In 2021, a new method was developed at the [Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Bioengineering_of_Catalonia "Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia") for designing [photochromic analogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photopharmacology "Photopharmacology") of tricyclic drugs via (1) isosteric replacement of the two-atom bridge between the aromatic systems with an azo group and (2) opening of the central ring. The authors named the strategy "crypto-azologization".[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-RiefoloSortino2021-62) ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: History")\] The TCAs were developed amid the "explosive birth" of psychopharmacology in the early 1950s. The story begins with the synthesis of [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine") in December 1950 by [RhĂŽne-Poulenc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Poulenc "RhĂŽne-Poulenc")'s chief chemist, Paul Charpentier, from synthetic [antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamines "Antihistamines") developed by RhĂŽne-Poulenc in the 1940s.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-63) Its psychiatric effects were first noticed at a hospital in Paris in 1952. The first widely used psychiatric drug, by 1955 it was already generating significant revenue as an [antipsychotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Becoming_Neurochemical_Selves-64) Research chemists quickly began to explore other derivatives of chlorpromazine. The first TCA reported for the treatment of depression was [imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine"), a dibenzazepine analogue of chlorpromazine code-named G22355. It was not originally targeted for the treatment of depression. The drug's tendency to induce manic effects was "later described as 'in some patients, quite disastrous'". The paradoxical observation of a [sedative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative "Sedative") inducing mania led to testing with depressed patients. The first trial of imipramine took place in 1955 and the first report of antidepressant effects was published by Swiss psychiatrist [Roland Kuhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Kuhn "Roland Kuhn") in 1957.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-65) Some testing of Geigy's imipramine, then known as Tofranil, took place at the MĂŒnsterlingen Hospital near Konstanz.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Becoming_Neurochemical_Selves-64) Geigy later became Ciba-Geigy and eventually [Novartis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis "Novartis"). [Dibenzazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzazepine "Dibenzazepine") derivatives are described in U.S. patent 3,074,931 issued 1963-01-22 by assignment to [Smith Kline & French Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline "GlaxoSmithKline"). The compounds described share a tricyclic backbone different from the backbone of the TCA [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"). [Merck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co. "Merck & Co.") introduced the second member of the TCA family, amitriptyline (Elavil), in 1961.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Becoming_Neurochemical_Selves-64) This compound has a different three-ring structure than imipramine. ## Society and culture \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Society and culture")\] ### Recreational use \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Recreational use")\] A very small number of cases involving non-medical use of antidepressants have been reported over the past 30 years.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-66) According to the US government classification of psychiatric medications, TCAs are "non-abusable"[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-67) and generally have low misuse potential.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-68) Nonetheless, due to their atypical mechanism of action, amineptine and tianeptine (dopamine reuptake inhibition and ÎŒ-opioid receptor agonism, respectively) are the two TCAs with the highest addiction and misuse potential. Several cases of the misuse[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-isbn0-85369-582-2-69) of amitriptyline alone[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid8456167-70)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid15226578-71) or together with methadone[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-isbn0-85369-582-2-69)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid682328-72) or in other drug dependent patients[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid2400006-73)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid16225078-74) and of dosulepin with alcohol[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid17567406-75) or in methadone patients[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid8520352-76) have been reported. ## Veterinary use \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Veterinary use")\] TCAs are also used in [veterinary medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine "Veterinary medicine") for anxiolytic, anticompulsive, and antiaggressive purposes. Most use is off-label, with the exception of [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") (Clomicalm chewable tablet), which is FDA-approved for [separation anxiety in dogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_in_dogs "Separation anxiety in dogs") when paired with [behavior modification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_modification "Behavior modification").[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-77) Psychotrophic medication is generally *not* the first-line treatment for behavior problems. For example, although the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) and the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) mention TCAs in their guide for the treatment of house-soiling in cats, they are to be attempted only for severe, recurrant cases, after all other methods have failed.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-78) ## List of TCAs \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: List of TCAs")\] Those that preferentially inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (by at least 10-fold over norepinephrine) include: - [Butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline")† (Evadyne) (relatively weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor) - **[Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine")** (Anafranil) - **[Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine")** (Tofranil, Janimine, Praminil) - **[Trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine")** (Surmontil) (relatively weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor) Those that preferentially inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine (by at least 10-fold over serotonin) include: - [Desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") (Norpramin, Pertofrane) - [Dibenzepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzepin "Dibenzepin")‡ (Noveril, Victoril) - [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine")§ (Lomont, Gamanil) - **[Maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline")** (Ludiomil) – can be classed with the TCAs though more frequently classed with the TeCAs - **[Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline")** (Pamelor, Aventyl, Norpress) - [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") (Vivactil) Whereas either fairly balanced reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine or unspecified inhibitors include: - **[Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline")** (Elavil, Endep) - [Amitriptylinoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide "Amitriptylinoxide") (Amioxid, Ambivalon, Equilibrin) - [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") (Asendin) – can be classed with the TeCAs but more frequently classed with the TCAs - [Demexiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demexiptiline "Demexiptiline")† (Deparon, Tinoran) - [Dimetacrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetacrine "Dimetacrine")† (Istonil, Istonyl, Miroistonil) - **[Dosulepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin")**§ (Prothiaden) - **[Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin")** (Adapin, Sinequan) - [Fluacizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluacizine "Fluacizine")† (Phtorazisin) - [Imipraminoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipraminoxide "Imipraminoxide")† (Imiprex, Elepsin) - [Melitracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitracen "Melitracen")§ (Deanxit, Dixeran, Melixeran, Trausabun) - [Metapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapramine "Metapramine")† (Timaxel) - [Nitroxazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroxazepine "Nitroxazepine")‡ (Sintamil) - [Noxiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxiptiline "Noxiptiline")‡ (Agedal, Elronon, Nogedal) - [Pipofezine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipofezine "Pipofezine")‡ (Azafen/Azaphen) - [Propizepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propizepine "Propizepine")† (Depressin, Vagran) - [Quinupramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinupramine "Quinupramine")† (Kevopril, Kinupril, Adeprim, Quinuprine) And the following are TCAs that act via main mechanisms other than serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake inhibition: - [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine")‡ (Survector, Maneon, Directim) – [norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor "Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor") - [Iprindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprindole "Iprindole")† (Prondol, Galatur, Tetran) – [5-HT2 receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2_receptor "5-HT2 receptor") [antagonist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist "Receptor antagonist") - [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol")‡ (Insidon, Pramolan, Ensidon, Oprimol) – [σ receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_receptor "Sigma receptor") [agonist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_agonist "Receptor agonist") - **[Tianeptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianeptine "Tianeptine")** § (Stablon, Coaxil, Tatinol) – atypical [ÎŒ-opioid receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor "Μ-opioid receptor") agonist Legend: - † indicates products which have been withdrawn from the market worldwide. - ‡ indicates products which are not available in any country in which English is an official language. - § indicates products which are not available in the United States, but are available in other English-speaking countries such as Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, etc. - **Bolded names** indicates products which are available in at least three countries in which English is an official language. ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: See also")\] - [List of antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antidepressants "List of antidepressants") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: References")\] 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-1)** Moraczewski J, Awosika AO, Aedma KK (2025). 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[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-58562-309-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-309-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-309-9") . 57. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Ghose2013_57-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Ghose2013_57-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Ghose2013_57-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Ghose2013_57-3) K. Ghose (11 November 2013). [*Antidepressants for Elderly People*](https://books.google.com/books?id=JVn0BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182). Springer. pp. 182–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4899-3436-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-3436-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-3436-9") . 58. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Aronson2009_58-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Aronson2009_58-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Aronson2009_58-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Aronson2009_58-3) J. K. Aronson (2009). [*Meyler's Side Effects of Psychiatric Drugs*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AmYFTSO8jCkC&pg=PA7). Elsevier. pp. 7–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-444-53266-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53266-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53266-4") . 59. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Anthony2002_59-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Anthony2002_59-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Anthony2002_59-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Anthony2002_59-3) Patricia K. Anthony (2002). [*Pharmacology Secrets*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_QQsj3PAUrEC&pg=PA39). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 39–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56053-470-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56053-470-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56053-470-9") . 60. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-CowenHarrison2012_60-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-CowenHarrison2012_60-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-CowenHarrison2012_60-2) Cowen P, Harrison P, Burns T (9 August 2012). [*Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1DtSGq-LnoC&pg=PA532). Oxford University Press. pp. 532–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-162675-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162675-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162675-3") . 61. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-61)** Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB, eds. (2017). [*The American Psychiatric Association Publishing textbook of psychopharmacology*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA306) (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 306–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-58562-523-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-523-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-523-9") . 62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-RiefoloSortino2021_62-0)** Riefolo F, Sortino R, Matera C, Claro E, Preda B, Vitiello S, et al. (July 2021). ["Rational Design of Photochromic Analogues of Tricyclic Drugs"](https://zenodo.org/records/6088090/files/acs_jmedchem_1c00504.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Medicinal Chemistry*. **64** (13): 9259–9270\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00504](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.1c00504). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[2434/855420](https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F855420). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [34160229](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34160229). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[2445/178992](https://hdl.handle.net/2445%2F178992) [Zenodo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodo "Zenodo"): [6088090](https://zenodo.org/record/6088090). 63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-63)** Cunningham Owens DG (11 March 1999). ["The background"](http://assets.cambridge.org/97805216/33536/excerpt/9780521633536_excerpt.pdf) (PDF). *A guide to the extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic drugs*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–17, at p. 4. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/cbo9780511544163.002](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511544163.002). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-521-63353-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63353-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63353-6") . 64. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Becoming_Neurochemical_Selves_64-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Becoming_Neurochemical_Selves_64-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-Becoming_Neurochemical_Selves_64-2) Rose N (2004). ["Becoming Neurochemical Selves"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30528479). In Stehr N (ed.). *Biotechnology: Between Commerce and Civil Society*. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 89–128, at pp. 90–91. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.4324/9781351323048](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351323048). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[10822/994593](https://hdl.handle.net/10822%2F994593). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7658-0224-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0224-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0224-8") . 65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-65)** Cunningham Owens DG (11 March 1999). ["The background"](http://assets.cambridge.org/97805216/33536/excerpt/9780521633536_excerpt.pdf) (PDF). *A guide to the extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic drugs*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–17, at p. 3. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/cbo9780511544163.002](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511544163.002). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-521-63353-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63353-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63353-6") . 66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-66)** Wills S (2005). *Drugs of abuse* (2nd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 213. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-85369-582-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-582-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-582-0") . 67. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-67)** Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (1995). "Mental health and counseling needs of HIV-infected AOD abusers". *Treatment for HIV-infected alcohol and other drug abusers*. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) series. Vol. 15. Rockville, Maryland: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. [Exhibit 4-3 Abuse Potential of Common Psychiatric Medications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64596/table/A36258/?report=objectonly). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [22514820](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22514820). 68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-68)** Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2000). "Mental health treatment". *Substance abuse treatment for persons with HIV/AIDS*. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) series. Vol. 37. Rockville, Maryland: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. [Figure 3-4: Abuse potential of common psychiatric medications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573027/table/ch3.t2/?report=objectonly). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [22514843](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22514843). Republished without revision in Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2014). [*Substance abuse treatment for persons with HIV/AIDS*](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64923/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK64923.pdf#page=110) (PDF). Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) series. Vol. 37. Rockville, Maryland: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. pp. 83–84\. 69. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-isbn0-85369-582-2_69-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-isbn0-85369-582-2_69-1) Wills S (2005). *Drugs of abuse* (2nd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 215–216\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-85369-582-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-582-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-582-0") . 70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid8456167_70-0)** Wohlreich MM, Welch W (1993). "Amitriptyline abuse presenting as acute toxicity". *Psychosomatics*. **34** (2): 191–193\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0033-3182(93)71918-0](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0033-3182%2893%2971918-0). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [8456167](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8456167). "The patient denied any alcohol or substance abuse, and no signs of withdrawal were noted in the hospital...On examination, Ms. B. denied suicidal ideation or intent but did admit to taking over 800 mg of amitriptyline per day for the past 3 years after being started on the drug for depression. She clearly described a euphoria associated with amitriptyline, noting that it gave her a "buzz" and that she felt "numbed up" and calm about 30 minutes after ingestion. The patient expressed fears of being addicted to the amitriptyline and desired inpatient hospitalization for medication adjustment and education." 71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid15226578_71-0)** Singh GP, Kaur P, Bhatia S (June 2004). ["Dothiepin dependence syndrome"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120216233332/http://www.indianjmedsci.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5359;year=2004;volume=58;issue=6;spage=253;epage=254;aulast=Singh). *Indian Journal of Medical Sciences*. **58** (6): 253–254\. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [15226578](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226578). Archived from [the original](http://www.indianjmedsci.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5359;year=2004;volume=58;issue=6;spage=253;epage=254;aulast=Singh) on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2009. 72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid682328_72-0)** Cohen MJ, Hanbury R, Stimmel B (September 1978). "Abuse of amitriptyline". *JAMA*. **240** (13): 1372–1373\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1001/jama.240.13.1372](https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.240.13.1372). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [682328](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/682328). 73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid2400006_73-0)** Delisle JD (October 1990). "A case of amitriptyline abuse". *The American Journal of Psychiatry*. **147** (10): 1377–1378\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1176/ajp.147.10.1377b](https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.147.10.1377b). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [2400006](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2400006). "Ms. A, a 24-year-old abuser of alcohol and cannabis, consulted her family physician because of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Unaware of her drug abuse, he prescribed amitriptyline, 200 mg. About 30 minutes after taking each dose, she would experience relief from her symptoms that lasted about 2 hours. By increasing the dose, she found she could intensify these effects and prolong them for up to several hours. Her "high" consisted of feelings of relaxation, giddiness, and contentment.Frequently, this progressed to incoordination, slurred speech, and confusion. Sometimes she would forget how much she had taken and ingest up to 2 g." 74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid16225078_74-0)** Sein Anand J, Chodorowski Z, Habrat B (2005). ["Recreational amitriptyline abuse"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231202121821/http://www.uck.gda.pl/files/Recreational-Amitryptyline.pdf) (PDF). *Przegląd Lekarski* (Case report). **62** (6). KrakĂłw: Wydawnictwo Przegląd Lekarski: 397–398\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0033-2240](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2240). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1424404558](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1424404558). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [16225078](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16225078). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [27766729](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27766729). Archived from [the original](http://www.uck.gda.pl/files/Recreational-Amitryptyline.pdf) (PDF) on 2 December 2023. 75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid17567406_75-0)** Lepping P, Menkes DB (July 2007). "Abuse of dosulepin to induce mania". *Addiction*. **102** (7): 1166–1167\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01828.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2007.01828.x). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [17567406](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17567406). 76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid8520352_76-0)** Dorman A, Talbot D, Byrne P, O'Connor J (December 1995). ["Misuse of dothiepin"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2543748). *BMJ*. **311** (7018): 1502. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1136/bmj.311.7018.1502b](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.311.7018.1502b). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [2543748](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2543748). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [8520352](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8520352). 77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-77)** Crowell-Davis SL, Murray TF, Dantas LM (27 February 2019). "Tricyclic Antidepressants". *Veterinary Psychopharmacology*. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1002/9781119226253.ch16](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119226253.ch16). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-119-22625-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-22625-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-119-22625-3") . 78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-78)** Carney HC, Sadek TP, Curtis TM, Halls V, Heath S, Hutchison P, Mundschenk K, Westropp JL, American Association of Feline P, International Society of Feline M (July 2014). ["AAFP and ISFM Guidelines for diagnosing and solving house-soiling behavior in cats"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11148882). *Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery*. **16** (7): 579–98\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1177/1098612X14539092](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098612X14539092). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [11148882](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11148882). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [24966283](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24966283). ## Further reading \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Further reading")\] - Gillman PK (July 2007). ["Tricyclic antidepressant pharmacology and therapeutic drug interactions updated"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014120). *British Journal of Pharmacology*. **151** (6): 737–748\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/sj.bjp.0707253](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0707253). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [2014120](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014120). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [17471183](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17471183). ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: External links")\] - [Tricyclic+Antidepressive+Agents](https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Tricyclic+Antidepressive+Agents) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine [Medical Subject Headings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings "Medical Subject Headings") (MeSH) | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antidepressants "Template:Antidepressants") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Antidepressants "Template talk:Antidepressants") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antidepressants "Special:EditPage/Template:Antidepressants")[Antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") ([N06A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06A "ATC code N06")) | | |---|---| | Specific [reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor "Reuptake inhibitor") or [receptor modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_modulator "Receptor modulator") | | | | | | [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors")Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | [Citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram")\# [Escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram")\# [Fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine")\# [Fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine")\# [Indalpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indalpine "Indalpine")‡ [Paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine")\# [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline")\# [Zimelidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimelidine "Zimelidine")‡ | | [SNRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors")Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors | [Desvenlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desvenlafaxine "Desvenlafaxine") [Duloxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine "Duloxetine") [Levomilnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomilnacipran "Levomilnacipran") [Milnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnacipran "Milnacipran") [Tofenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofenacin "Tofenacin") [Venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine") | | [NRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors "Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors")Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors | [Atomoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomoxetine "Atomoxetine") [Reboxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboxetine "Reboxetine") [Viloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viloxazine "Viloxazine") | | [NDRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors")Tooltip Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors | [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine")‡ [Bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion "Bupropion") [Nomifensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomifensine "Nomifensine")‡ | | [NaSSAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenergic_and_specific_serotonergic_antidepressants "Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants")Tooltip Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants | [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") [Mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine") [Setiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiptiline "Setiptiline") | | [SARIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors")Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors | [Etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone") | | [SMS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_modulator_and_stimulators "Serotonin modulator and stimulators")Tooltip Serotonin modulator and stimulators | [Vilazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilazodone "Vilazodone") [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") | | Others | [Agomelatine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agomelatine "Agomelatine") [Amisulpride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisulpride "Amisulpride") [Dextromethorphan/bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan/bupropion "Dextromethorphan/bupropion") [Esketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esketamine "Esketamine") [Etryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine "Alpha-Ethyltryptamine")‡ [Gepirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepirone "Gepirone") [Indeloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeloxazine "Indeloxazine") [Flupentixol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupentixol "Flupentixol") [Ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine")§ [Medifoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medifoxamine "Medifoxamine")‡ [Metryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine "Alpha-Methyltryptamine")‡ [Oxaflozane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaflozane "Oxaflozane")‡ [Pivagabine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivagabine "Pivagabine")‡ [Tandospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandospirone "Tandospirone") [Teniloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniloxazine "Teniloxazine") [Tianeptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianeptine "Tianeptine") | | [Tricyclic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic "Tricyclic") and [tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") | | | | | | [TCAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants "Tricyclic antidepressants")Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants | [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine")‡ [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline")\# [Amitriptylinoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide "Amitriptylinoxide") [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") [Butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline")‡ [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine")\# [Demexiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demexiptiline "Demexiptiline")‡ [Desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") [Dibenzepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzepin "Dibenzepin") [Dimetacrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetacrine "Dimetacrine")‡ [Dosulepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin") [Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin") [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") [Imipraminoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipraminoxide "Imipraminoxide")‡ [Iprindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprindole "Iprindole")‡ [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine") [Melitracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitracen "Melitracen") [Metapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapramine "Metapramine")‡ [Nitroxazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroxazepine "Nitroxazepine") [Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") [Noxiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxiptiline "Noxiptiline") [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") [Pipofezine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipofezine "Pipofezine") [Propizepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propizepine "Propizepine")‡ [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") [Quinupramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinupramine "Quinupramine")‡ [Tianeptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianeptine "Tianeptine") [Trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine") | | [TeCAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressants "Tetracyclic antidepressants")Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants | [Maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline") [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") [Mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine") [Setiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiptiline "Setiptiline") | | Others | [Tiazesim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiazesim "Tiazesim") | | [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor "Monoamine oxidase inhibitor") | | | | | | Non-selective | *Irreversible:* [Benmoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benmoxin "Benmoxin")‡ [Iproclozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iproclozide "Iproclozide")‡ [Iproniazid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iproniazid "Iproniazid")‡ [Isocarboxazid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocarboxazid "Isocarboxazid") [Isoniazid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid "Isoniazid")\# [Linezolid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linezolid "Linezolid")\# [Mebanazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebanazine "Mebanazine")‡ [Nialamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nialamide "Nialamide")‡ [Octamoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octamoxin "Octamoxin")‡ [Phenelzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenelzine "Phenelzine") [Pheniprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheniprazine "Pheniprazine")‡ [Phenoxypropazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxypropazine "Phenoxypropazine")‡ [Pivhydrazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivhydrazine "Pivhydrazine")‡ [Safrazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safrazine "Safrazine")‡ [Tedizolid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedizolid "Tedizolid") [Tranylcypromine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranylcypromine "Tranylcypromine") *Reversible:* [Caroxazone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroxazone "Caroxazone")‡ *Mixed:* [Bifemelane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifemelane "Bifemelane") | | [MAOA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_A "Monoamine oxidase A")Tooltip Monoamine oxidase A\-selective | *Reversible:* [Eprobemide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eprobemide "Eprobemide") [Metralindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metralindole "Metralindole") [Minaprine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaprine "Minaprine")‡ [Moclobemide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moclobemide "Moclobemide") [Pirlindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirlindole "Pirlindole") [Tetrindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrindole "Tetrindole") [Toloxatone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toloxatone "Toloxatone") | | [MAOB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_B "Monoamine oxidase B")Tooltip Monoamine oxidase B\-selective | *Irreversible:* [Selegiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selegiline "Selegiline") | | [Adjunctive therapies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvant_therapy "Adjuvant therapy") | | | [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") ([aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [lurasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone "Lurasidone"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone")) [Buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone") [Lithium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_\(medication\) "Lithium (medication)") ([lithium carbonate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_carbonate "Lithium carbonate"), [lithium citrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_citrate "Lithium citrate")) [Thyroid hormones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormone "Thyroid hormone") ([triiodothyronine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine "Triiodothyronine") (T3), [levothyroxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine "Levothyroxine") (T4)) | | | Miscellaneous | | | [Ademetionine (SAMe)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademetionine "Ademetionine") [GABAkine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator "GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator") [neurosteroids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroid "Neurosteroid") ([brexanolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopregnanolone "Allopregnanolone"), [zuranolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuranolone "Zuranolone")) [*Hypericum perforatum* (St. John's Wort)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum "Hypericum perforatum") [Oxitriptan (5-HTP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxitriptan "Oxitriptan") [Rubidium chloride (RbCl)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium_chloride "Rubidium chloride") [Tryptophan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan "Tryptophan") | | | \#[WHO-EM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines") ‡[Withdrawn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs "List of withdrawn drugs") from market [Clinical trials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial "Clinical trial"): †[Phase III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III "Phases of clinical research") §Never to phase III | | | [Pharmacodynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacodynamics "Pharmacodynamics") | | |---|---| | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators "Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators "Template talk:Adrenergic receptor modulators") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators "Special:EditPage/Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators")[Adrenergic receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor "Adrenergic receptor") [modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_modulator "Receptor modulator") | | | [α1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor "Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor") | | | | | | Agonists | [6-FNE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine "6-Fluoronorepinephrine") [Amidephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidephrine "Amidephrine") [Buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone") [Cirazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirazoline "Cirazoline") [Corbadrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbadrine "Corbadrine") [CST-2140](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CST-2140&action=edit&redlink=1 "CST-2140 (page does not exist)") [CST-3056 (CuraAX)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CST-3056 "CST-3056") [Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, *N*\-methyldopamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine "Deoxyepinephrine") [Desglymidodrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desglymidodrine "Desglymidodrine") [Dexisometheptene](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexisometheptene&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dexisometheptene (page does not exist)") [Dipivefrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipivefrine "Dipivefrine") [Dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine") [Droxidopa (L-DOPS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droxidopa "Droxidopa") [Epinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine "Epinephrine") [Etilefrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilefrine "Etilefrine") [Etilevodopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilevodopa "Etilevodopa") [Ethylnorepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine "Ethylnorepinephrine") [Ibopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibopamine "Ibopamine") [Indanidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indanidine "Indanidine") [Isometheptene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometheptene "Isometheptene") [L-DOPA (levodopa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA "L-DOPA") [L-Phenylalanine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine "Phenylalanine") [L-Tyrosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine "Tyrosine") [Melevodopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melevodopa "Melevodopa") [Metaraminol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaraminol "Metaraminol") [Methoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxamine "Methoxamine") [Methyldopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyldopa "Methyldopa") [Midodrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midodrine "Midodrine") [Naphazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphazoline "Naphazoline") [Norepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine "Norepinephrine") [Octopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopamine "Octopamine") [Oxymetazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymetazoline "Oxymetazoline") [Phenylephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylephrine "Phenylephrine") [Phenylpropanolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine "Phenylpropanolamine") [Synephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synephrine "Synephrine") [Tetryzoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetryzoline "Tetryzoline") [Tiamenidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamenidine "Tiamenidine") [XP21279](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XP21279 "XP21279") [Xylometazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylometazoline "Xylometazoline") | | Antagonists | [Abanoquil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abanoquil "Abanoquil") [ADRIANA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADRIANA "ADRIANA") [Ajmalicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmalicine "Ajmalicine") [Alfuzosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfuzosin "Alfuzosin") [Anisodamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisodamine "Anisodamine") [Anisodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisodine "Anisodine") [Atiprosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiprosin "Atiprosin") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone")) [Benoxathian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoxathian "Benoxathian") [Beta blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker") (e.g., [adimolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adimolol "Adimolol"), [amosulalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amosulalol "Amosulalol"), [arotinolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arotinolol "Arotinolol"), [carvedilol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvedilol "Carvedilol"), [eugenodilol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenodilol "Eugenodilol"), [labetalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labetalol "Labetalol")) [Buflomedil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buflomedil "Buflomedil") [Bunazosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunazosin "Bunazosin") [Butanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanserin "Butanserin") [Corynanthine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynanthine "Corynanthine") [Dapiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapiprazole "Dapiprazole") [Domesticine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticine "Domesticine") [Doxazosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxazosin "Doxazosin") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [acetergamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetergamine "Acetergamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [nicergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicergoline "Nicergoline"), [terguride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terguride "Terguride")) [Etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone") [Fenspiride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenspiride "Fenspiride") [Hydroxyzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine "Hydroxyzine") [Indoramin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoramin "Indoramin") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [L-765,314](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-765,314 "L-765,314") [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [Mepiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepiprazole "Mepiprazole") [Metazosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metazosin "Metazosin") [Monatepil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monatepil "Monatepil") [Moxisylyte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxisylyte "Moxisylyte") [MT-1207](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-1207 "MT-1207") [Naftopidil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftopidil "Naftopidil") [Nantenine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantenine "Nantenine") [Neldazosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neldazosin "Neldazosin") [Niaprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaprazine "Niaprazine") [Niguldipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niguldipine "Niguldipine") [Pardoprunox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardoprunox "Pardoprunox") [Pelanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelanserin "Pelanserin") [Perlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlapine "Perlapine") [Phendioxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phendioxan "Phendioxan") [Phenoxybenzamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine "Phenoxybenzamine") [Phentolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phentolamine "Phentolamine") [Phenylpiperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpiperazine "Phenylpiperazine") [antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") (e.g., [hydroxynefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone "Hydroxynefazodone"), [nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone"), [trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone"), [triazoledione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazoledione "Triazoledione")) [Piperoxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperoxan "Piperoxan") [Prazosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prazosin "Prazosin") [Quinazosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinazosin "Quinazosin") [Quinidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine "Quinidine") [Silodosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silodosin "Silodosin") [Spegatrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegatrine "Spegatrine") [Spiperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiperone "Spiperone") [Talipexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talipexole "Talipexole") [Tamsulosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsulosin "Tamsulosin") [Terazosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terazosin "Terazosin") [Tiodazosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiodazosin "Tiodazosin") [Tolazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolazoline "Tolazoline") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin")) [Tricyclic antidepressants]() (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"), [doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin"), [imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine"), [trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine")) [Trimazosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimazosin "Trimazosin") [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine")) [Urapidil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urapidil "Urapidil") [WB-4101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WB-4101 "WB-4101") [Zolertine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolertine "Zolertine") | | [α2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor "Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor") | | | | | | Agonists | [(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\(R\)-3-Nitrobiphenyline "(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline") [4-NEMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-NEMD "4-NEMD") [6-FNE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine "6-Fluoronorepinephrine") [Amitraz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitraz "Amitraz") [Apraclonidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apraclonidine "Apraclonidine") [Brimonidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brimonidine "Brimonidine") [CHF-1024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHF-1024 "CHF-1024") [Clonidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidine "Clonidine") [Corbadrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbadrine "Corbadrine") [Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, *N*\-methyldopamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine "Deoxyepinephrine") [Detomidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detomidine "Detomidine") [Dexmedetomidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexmedetomidine "Dexmedetomidine") [Dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine") [Dipivefrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipivefrine "Dipivefrine") [Dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine") [Droxidopa (L-DOPS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droxidopa "Droxidopa") [Etilevodopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilevodopa "Etilevodopa") [Ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine") [Epinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine "Epinephrine") [Etilefrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilefrine "Etilefrine") [Ethylnorepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine "Ethylnorepinephrine") [Guanabenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanabenz "Guanabenz") [Guanfacine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanfacine "Guanfacine") [Guanoxabenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanoxabenz "Guanoxabenz") [L-DOPA (levodopa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA "L-DOPA") [L-Phenylalanine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine "Phenylalanine") [L-Tyrosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine "Tyrosine") [Ibopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibopamine "Ibopamine") [Lofexidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofexidine "Lofexidine") [Medetomidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medetomidine "Medetomidine") [Melevodopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melevodopa "Melevodopa") [Methyldopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyldopa "Methyldopa") [Mivazerol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivazerol "Mivazerol") [Moxonidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxonidine "Moxonidine") [Naphazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphazoline "Naphazoline") [Nolomirole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolomirole "Nolomirole") [Norepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine "Norepinephrine") [Oxymetazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymetazoline "Oxymetazoline") [Phenylpropanolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine "Phenylpropanolamine") [Piperoxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperoxan "Piperoxan") [PS75](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS75 "PS75") [Rezatomidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rezatomidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rezatomidine (page does not exist)") [Rilmenidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilmenidine "Rilmenidine") [Romifidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romifidine "Romifidine") [Talipexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talipexole "Talipexole") [Tasipimidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasipimidine "Tasipimidine") [Tetryzoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetryzoline "Tetryzoline") [Tiamenidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamenidine "Tiamenidine") [Tizanidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizanidine "Tizanidine") [Tolonidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolonidine "Tolonidine") [Urapidil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urapidil "Urapidil") [Vatinoxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatinoxan "Vatinoxan") [XP21279](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XP21279 "XP21279") [Xylazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylazine "Xylazine") [Xylometazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylometazoline "Xylometazoline") | | Antagonists | [1-PP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidinylpiperazine "Pyrimidinylpiperazine") [Adimolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adimolol "Adimolol") [Amesergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesergide "Amesergide") [Aptazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptazapine "Aptazapine") [Atipamezole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atipamezole "Atipamezole") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [lurasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone "Lurasidone"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [paliperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone "Paliperidone"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine")) [Azapirones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azapirone "Azapirone") (e.g., [buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone"), [gepirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepirone "Gepirone"), [ipsapirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsapirone "Ipsapirone"), [tandospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandospirone "Tandospirone")) [BRL-44408](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-44408 "BRL-44408") [Buflomedil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buflomedil "Buflomedil") [Cirazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirazoline "Cirazoline") [Efaroxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efaroxan "Efaroxan") [Esmirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmirtazapine "Esmirtazapine") [Fenmetozole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenmetozole "Fenmetozole") [Fipamezole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fipamezole "Fipamezole") [Fluparoxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluparoxan "Fluparoxan") [Idazoxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazoxan "Idazoxan") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [Lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride") [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") [Mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine") [NAN-190](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAN-190 "NAN-190") [Pardoprunox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardoprunox "Pardoprunox") [Phentolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phentolamine "Phentolamine") [Phenoxybenzamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine "Phenoxybenzamine") [Piperoxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperoxan "Piperoxan") [Piribedil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piribedil "Piribedil") [Rauwolscine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwolscine "Rauwolscine") [Rotigotine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotigotine "Rotigotine") [Setiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiptiline "Setiptiline") [Spegatrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegatrine "Spegatrine") [Spiroxatrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroxatrine "Spiroxatrine") [Sunepitron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunepitron "Sunepitron") [Terguride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terguride "Terguride") [Tolazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolazoline "Tolazoline") [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine")) [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") | | [ÎČ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-adrenergic_receptor "Β-adrenergic receptor") | | | | | | Agonists | [Abediterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abediterol "Abediterol") [Alifedrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifedrine "Alifedrine") [Amibegron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amibegron "Amibegron") [Arbutamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutamine "Arbutamine") [Arformoterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arformoterol "Arformoterol") [Arotinolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arotinolol "Arotinolol") [BAAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane "Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane") [Bambuterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambuterol "Bambuterol") [Befunolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befunolol "Befunolol") [Bitolterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitolterol "Bitolterol") [Broxaterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broxaterol "Broxaterol") [Buphenine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buphenine "Buphenine") [Butopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butopamine "Butopamine") [Carbuterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuterol "Carbuterol") [Carmoterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmoterol "Carmoterol") [Cimaterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimaterol "Cimaterol") [Clenbuterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clenbuterol "Clenbuterol") [Colterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colterol "Colterol") [Corbadrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbadrine "Corbadrine") [Denopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denopamine "Denopamine") [Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, *N*\-methyldopamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine "Deoxyepinephrine") [Dipivefrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipivefrine "Dipivefrine") [Dobutamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobutamine "Dobutamine") [Dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine") [Dopexamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopexamine "Dopexamine") [Droxidopa (L-DOPS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droxidopa "Droxidopa") [Epinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine "Epinephrine") [Etafedrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etafedrine "Etafedrine") [Etilefrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilefrine "Etilefrine") [Etilevodopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilevodopa "Etilevodopa") [Ethylnorepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine "Ethylnorepinephrine") [Eugenodilol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenodilol "Eugenodilol") [Fenoterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenoterol "Fenoterol") [Formoterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formoterol "Formoterol") [Hexoprenaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexoprenaline "Hexoprenaline") [Higenamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higenamine "Higenamine") [Ibopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibopamine "Ibopamine") [Indacaterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indacaterol "Indacaterol") [Isoetarine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoetarine "Isoetarine") [Isoprenaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprenaline "Isoprenaline") [Isoxsuprine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoxsuprine "Isoxsuprine") [L-DOPA (levodopa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA "L-DOPA") [L-Phenylalanine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine "Phenylalanine") [L-Tyrosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine "Tyrosine") [Levosalbutamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levosalbutamol "Levosalbutamol") [Lubabegron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubabegron "Lubabegron") [Mabuterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabuterol "Mabuterol") [Melevodopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melevodopa "Melevodopa") [Methoxyphenamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxyphenamine "Methoxyphenamine") [Methyldopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyldopa "Methyldopa") [Mirabegron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabegron "Mirabegron") [Norepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine "Norepinephrine") [Orciprenaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orciprenaline "Orciprenaline") [Oxyfedrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyfedrine "Oxyfedrine") [PF-610355](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF-610355 "PF-610355") [Phenylpropanolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine "Phenylpropanolamine") [Pirbuterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirbuterol "Pirbuterol") [Prenalterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenalterol "Prenalterol") [Ractopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ractopamine "Ractopamine") [Procaterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procaterol "Procaterol") [Reproterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproterol "Reproterol") [Rimiterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimiterol "Rimiterol") [Ritodrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritodrine "Ritodrine") [Salbutamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salbutamol "Salbutamol") [Salmeterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmeterol "Salmeterol") [Solabegron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solabegron "Solabegron") [Terbutaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbutaline "Terbutaline") [Tretoquinol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretoquinol "Tretoquinol") [Tulobuterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulobuterol "Tulobuterol") [Vibegron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibegron "Vibegron") [Vilanterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilanterol "Vilanterol") [Xamoterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamoterol "Xamoterol") [XP21279](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XP21279 "XP21279") [Zilpaterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilpaterol "Zilpaterol") [Zinterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinterol "Zinterol") | | Antagonists | [Acebutolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acebutolol "Acebutolol") [Adaprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaprolol "Adaprolol") [Adimolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adimolol "Adimolol") [Afurolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurolol "Afurolol") [Alprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprenolol "Alprenolol") [Alprenoxime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprenoxime "Alprenoxime") [Amosulalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amosulalol "Amosulalol") [Ancarolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancarolol "Ancarolol") [Arnolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnolol "Arnolol") [Arotinolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arotinolol "Arotinolol") [Atenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenolol "Atenolol") [Befunolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befunolol "Befunolol") [Betaxolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaxolol "Betaxolol") [Bevantolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevantolol "Bevantolol") [Bisoprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisoprolol "Bisoprolol") [Bopindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopindolol "Bopindolol") [Bornaprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornaprolol "Bornaprolol") [Brefonalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brefonalol "Brefonalol") [Bucindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucindolol "Bucindolol") [Bucumolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucumolol "Bucumolol") [Bufetolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufetolol "Bufetolol") [Bufuralol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufuralol "Bufuralol") [Bunitrolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunitrolol "Bunitrolol") [Bunolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunolol "Bunolol") [Bupranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupranolol "Bupranolol") [Butaxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaxamine "Butaxamine") [Butidrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butidrine "Butidrine") [Butofilolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butofilolol "Butofilolol") [Capsinolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsinolol "Capsinolol") [Carazolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carazolol "Carazolol") [Carpindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpindolol "Carpindolol") [Carteolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteolol "Carteolol") [Carvedilol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvedilol "Carvedilol") [Celiprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiprolol "Celiprolol") [Cetamolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetamolol "Cetamolol") [Cicloprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicloprolol "Cicloprolol") [Cinamolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinamolol "Cinamolol") [Cloranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloranolol "Cloranolol") [Cyanopindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanopindolol "Cyanopindolol") [Dalbraminol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalbraminol "Dalbraminol") [Dexpropranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexpropranolol "Dexpropranolol") [Diacetolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacetolol "Diacetolol") [Dichloroisoprenaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroisoprenaline "Dichloroisoprenaline") [Dihydroalprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroalprenolol "Dihydroalprenolol") [Dilevalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilevalol "Dilevalol") [Diprafenone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprafenone "Diprafenone") [Draquinolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draquinolol "Draquinolol") [Ecastolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecastolol "Ecastolol") [Epanolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epanolol "Epanolol") [Ericolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericolol "Ericolol") [Ersentilide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersentilide "Ersentilide") [Esatenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esatenolol "Esatenolol") [Esprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprolol "Esprolol") [Eugenodilol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenodilol "Eugenodilol") [Exaprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaprolol "Exaprolol") [Falintolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falintolol "Falintolol") [Flestolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flestolol "Flestolol") [Flusoxolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flusoxolol "Flusoxolol") [Hydroxycarteolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarteolol "Hydroxycarteolol") [Hydroxytertatolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxytertatolol "Hydroxytertatolol") [ICI-118,551](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICI-118,551 "ICI-118,551") [Idropranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idropranolol "Idropranolol") [Indenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indenolol "Indenolol") [Indopanolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indopanolol "Indopanolol") [Iodocyanopindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodocyanopindolol "Iodocyanopindolol") [Iprocrolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprocrolol "Iprocrolol") [Isoxaprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoxaprolol "Isoxaprolol") [Isamoltane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamoltane "Isamoltane") [Labetalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labetalol "Labetalol") [Landiolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landiolol "Landiolol") [Levobetaxolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levobetaxolol "Levobetaxolol") [Levobunolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levobunolol "Levobunolol") [Levomoprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomoprolol "Levomoprolol") [Medroxalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medroxalol "Medroxalol") [Mepindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepindolol "Mepindolol") [Metipranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metipranolol "Metipranolol") [Metoprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoprolol "Metoprolol") [Moprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moprolol "Moprolol") [Nadolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadolol "Nadolol") [Nadoxolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadoxolol "Nadoxolol") [Nebivolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebivolol "Nebivolol") [Nifenalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifenalol "Nifenalol") [Nipradilol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipradilol "Nipradilol") [Oxprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxprenolol "Oxprenolol") [Pacrinolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacrinolol "Pacrinolol") [Pafenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pafenolol "Pafenolol") [Pamatolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamatolol "Pamatolol") [Pargolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pargolol "Pargolol") [Penbutolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penbutolol "Penbutolol") [Pindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindolol "Pindolol") [Practolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practolol "Practolol") [Primidolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primidolol "Primidolol") [Procinolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procinolol "Procinolol") [Pronethalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronethalol "Pronethalol") [Propafenone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propafenone "Propafenone") [Propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol") [Ridazolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridazolol "Ridazolol") [Ronactolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronactolol "Ronactolol") [Soquinolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soquinolol "Soquinolol") [Sotalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotalol "Sotalol") [Spirendolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirendolol "Spirendolol") [SR 59230A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_59230A "SR 59230A") [Sulfinalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfinalol "Sulfinalol") [Talinolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talinolol "Talinolol") [Tazolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazolol "Tazolol") [Tertatolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertatolol "Tertatolol") [Tienoxolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tienoxolol "Tienoxolol") [Tilisolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilisolol "Tilisolol") [Timolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timolol "Timolol") [Tiprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiprenolol "Tiprenolol") [Tolamolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolamolol "Tolamolol") [Toliprolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toliprolol "Toliprolol") [Xibenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xibenolol "Xibenolol") [Xipranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xipranolol "Xipranolol") | | ***See also:** [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators")* *[Dopaminergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators "Template:Dopamine receptor modulators")* *[Serotonergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators "Template:Serotonin receptor modulators")* *[Monoamine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors")* *[Monoamine releasing agents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents "Template:Monoamine releasing agents")* *[Monoamine metabolism modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators "Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators")* *[Monoamine neurotoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins "Template:Monoamine neurotoxins")* | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators "Template:Dopamine receptor modulators") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dopamine_receptor_modulators "Template talk:Dopamine receptor modulators") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators "Special:EditPage/Template:Dopamine receptor modulators")[Dopamine receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor "Dopamine receptor") [modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_modulator "Receptor modulator") | | | [D1\-like](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1-like_receptor "D1-like receptor") | | | | | | Agonists | *Benzazepines*: [6-Br-APB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Br-APB "6-Br-APB") [Fenoldopam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenoldopam "Fenoldopam") [SKF-38,393](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-38,393 "SKF-38,393") [SKF-77,434](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-77,434 "SKF-77,434") [SKF-81,297](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-81,297 "SKF-81,297") [SKF-82,958](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-82,958 "SKF-82,958") [SKF-83,959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-83,959 "SKF-83,959") [Trepipam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepipam "Trepipam") [Zelandopam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelandopam "Zelandopam") *Ergolines*: [Cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline") [CY-208,243](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CY-208,243 "CY-208,243") [Dihydroergocryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine "Dihydroergocryptine") [LEK-8829](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LEK-8829&action=edit&redlink=1 "LEK-8829 (page does not exist)") [Lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride") [Pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide") [Terguride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terguride "Terguride") *Dihydrexidine derivatives*: [A-77636](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-77636 "A-77636") [A-86929](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-86929 "A-86929") [Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrogolide "Adrogolide") [Dihydrexidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrexidine "Dihydrexidine") [Dinapsoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinapsoline "Dinapsoline") [Dinoxyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoxyline "Dinoxyline") [Doxanthrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxanthrine "Doxanthrine") *Phenethylamines*: [BCO-001](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BCO-001&action=edit&redlink=1 "BCO-001 (page does not exist)") [Deoxyepinephrine (*N*\-methyldopamine, epinine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine "Deoxyepinephrine") [Dipropyldopamine (DPDA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropyldopamine "Dipropyldopamine") [Dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_\(medication\) "Dopamine (medication)") [Dopexamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopexamine "Dopexamine") [Etilevodopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilevodopa "Etilevodopa") [Ibopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibopamine "Ibopamine") [L-DOPA (levodopa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA "L-DOPA") [Lu AE04621](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_AE04621 "Lu AE04621") [Melevodopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melevodopa "Melevodopa") [L-Phenylalanine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine "Phenylalanine") [L-Tyrosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine "Tyrosine") [XP21279](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XP21279 "XP21279") *Others*: [A-68930](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-68930 "A-68930") [Apomorphine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorphine "Apomorphine") [Isocorypalmine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isocorypalmine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Isocorypalmine (page does not exist)") [Lu AF28996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_AF28996 "Lu AF28996") [Nuciferine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuciferine "Nuciferine") [PF-06412562](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF-06412562 "PF-06412562") [PF-6649751](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF-6649751 "PF-6649751") [PF 6669571](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF_6669571 "PF 6669571") [Propylnorapomorphine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylnorapomorphine "Propylnorapomorphine") [Rotigotine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotigotine "Rotigotine") [SKF-89,145](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-89,145 "SKF-89,145") [SKF-89,626](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SKF-89,626&action=edit&redlink=1 "SKF-89,626 (page does not exist)") [Stepholidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepholidine "Stepholidine") [Tavapadon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavapadon "Tavapadon") [Tetrahydropalmatine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine "Tetrahydropalmatine") | | PAMs | *Tetrahydroisoquinolines*: [DETQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DETQ "DETQ") [DPTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DPTQ&action=edit&redlink=1 "DPTQ (page does not exist)") [Glovadalen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glovadalen "Glovadalen") [Mevidalen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevidalen "Mevidalen") | | Antagonists | *Typical antipsychotics*: [Butaclamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaclamol "Butaclamol") [Chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine") [Chlorprothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene "Chlorprothixene") [Flupentixol (flupenthixol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupentixol "Flupentixol") ([\+melitracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupentixol/melitracen "Flupentixol/melitracen")) [Fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine") [Loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine") [Perphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine "Perphenazine") ([\+amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine "Amitriptyline/perphenazine")) [Pifluthixol](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pifluthixol&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pifluthixol (page does not exist)") [Thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine") [Thiothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiothixene "Thiothixene") [Trifluoperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoperazine "Trifluoperazine") ([\+tranylcypromine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine "Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine")) [Zuclopenthixol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuclopenthixol "Zuclopenthixol") *Atypical antipsychotics*: [Asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine") [Clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine") [Clotiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotiapine "Clotiapine") [Clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine") [DHA-clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHA-clozapine "DHA-clozapine") [Fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine") [Iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone") [Norclozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norclozapine "Norclozapine") [Norquetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norquetiapine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norquetiapine (page does not exist)") [Olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine") ([\+fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine "Olanzapine/fluoxetine")) [Paliperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone "Paliperidone") [Quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine") [Risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone") [Tefludazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tefludazine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tefludazine (page does not exist)") [Zicronapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zicronapine "Zicronapine") [Ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone") [Zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine") *Others*: [Berupipam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berupipam "Berupipam") [Ecopipam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopipam "Ecopipam") [EEDQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline "N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Odapipam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odapipam "Odapipam") [Perlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlapine "Perlapine") [SCH-23390](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCH-23390 "SCH-23390") | | [D2\-like](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D2-like_receptor "D2-like receptor") | | | | | | Agonists | *Adamantanes*: [Amantadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadine "Amantadine") [Memantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memantine "Memantine") [Rimantadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimantadine "Rimantadine") *Aminotetralins*: [5-OH-DPAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-OH-DPAT "5-OH-DPAT") [7-OH-DPAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-OH-DPAT "7-OH-DPAT") [8-OH-PBZI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-OH-PBZI "8-OH-PBZI") [CHF-1024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHF-1024 "CHF-1024") [Nolomirole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolomirole "Nolomirole") [Rotigotine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotigotine "Rotigotine") [UH-232](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-232 "UH-232") *Ergolines*: [Bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine") [Cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline") [Chanoclavine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanoclavine "Chanoclavine") [Dihydroergocryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine "Dihydroergocryptine") [Disulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulergine "Disulergine") [Dosergoside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosergoside "Dosergoside") [Epicriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicriptine "Epicriptine") [Ergocornine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergocornine "Ergocornine") [Etisulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etisulergine "Etisulergine") [Lergotrile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lergotrile "Lergotrile") [Lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride") [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD") [Mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine") [Metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline") [Pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide") [Proterguride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterguride "Proterguride") [Terguride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terguride "Terguride") *Dihydrexidine derivatives*: [2-OH-NPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-OH-NPA "2-OH-NPA") [Ciladopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciladopa "Ciladopa") [Dihydrexidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrexidine "Dihydrexidine") [Dinoxyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoxyline "Dinoxyline") [N,N-Propyldihydrexidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N,N-Propyldihydrexidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "N,N-Propyldihydrexidine (page does not exist)") *Phenethylamines*: [Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine "Deoxyepinephrine") [Dipropyldopamine (DPDA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropyldopamine "Dipropyldopamine") [Dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_\(medication\) "Dopamine (medication)") [Dopexamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopexamine "Dopexamine") [Etilevodopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilevodopa "Etilevodopa") [Ibopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibopamine "Ibopamine") [L-DOPA (levodopa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA "L-DOPA") [Lu AE04621](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_AE04621 "Lu AE04621") [L-Phenylalanine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine "Phenylalanine") [RU-24213](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-24213 "RU-24213") [L-Tyrosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine "Tyrosine") [Melevodopa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melevodopa "Melevodopa") [XP21279](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XP21279 "XP21279") *Atypical antipsychotics*: [Alentemol (U-66444B)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alentemol "Alentemol") [Aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole") ([\+sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole/sertraline "Aripiprazole/sertraline")) [Aripiprazole lauroxil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole_lauroxil "Aripiprazole lauroxil") [Bifeprunox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifeprunox "Bifeprunox") [Brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole") [Brilaroxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilaroxazine "Brilaroxazine") [Cariprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariprazine "Cariprazine") [F-15063](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15063 "F-15063") [Lumateperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumateperone "Lumateperone") [Norclozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norclozapine "Norclozapine") *Others*: [3-PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-PPP "3-PPP") [A-412997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-412997 "A-412997") [ABT-670](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABT-670 "ABT-670") [ABT-724](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABT-724 "ABT-724") [Adrafinil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrafinil "Adrafinil") [Aplindore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplindore "Aplindore") [Apomorphine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorphine "Apomorphine") [Arketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arketamine "Arketamine") [Armodafinil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armodafinil "Armodafinil") [BP-897](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP-897 "BP-897") [Captodiame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captodiame "Captodiame") [CP-226,269](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-226,269 "CP-226,269") [Debenzergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debenzergoline "Debenzergoline") [Dizocilpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizocilpine "Dizocilpine") [Esketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esketamine "Esketamine") [Etrabamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrabamine "Etrabamine") [Flibanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibanserin "Flibanserin") [7-Hydroxyropinirole (SK\&F-89124)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Hydroxyropinirole "7-Hydroxyropinirole") [Ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine") [Lu AF28996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_AF28996 "Lu AF28996") [Matsupexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsupexole "Matsupexole") [Modafinil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil "Modafinil") [Naxagolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxagolide "Naxagolide") [OSU-6162](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSU-6162 "OSU-6162") [Pardoprunox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardoprunox "Pardoprunox") [PD-128,907](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-128,907 "PD-128,907") [PD-168,077](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-168,077 "PD-168,077") [PF-219,061](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF-219,061 "PF-219,061") [PF-592,379](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF-592,379 "PF-592,379") [Phencyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine "Phencyclidine") [Piribedil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piribedil "Piribedil") [Pramipexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramipexole "Pramipexole") [Preclamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclamol "Preclamol") [Propylnorapomorphine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylnorapomorphine "Propylnorapomorphine") [Pukateine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukateine "Pukateine") [Quinagolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinagolide "Quinagolide") [Quinelorane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinelorane "Quinelorane") [Quinpirole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinpirole "Quinpirole") [RDS-127](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-127 "RDS-127") [Ro10-5824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro10-5824 "Ro10-5824") [Ropinirole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropinirole "Ropinirole") [Roxindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxindole "Roxindole") [S32504](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S32504 "S32504") [Salvinorin A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorin_A "Salvinorin A") [SKF-39315](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-39315 "SKF-39315") [SKF-83,959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-83,959 "SKF-83,959") [Sumanirole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumanirole "Sumanirole") [Talipexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talipexole "Talipexole") [Umespirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umespirone "Umespirone") [WAY-100,635](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-100,635 "WAY-100,635") [XC-130](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XC-130 "XC-130") | | Antagonists | *Typical antipsychotics*: [Acepromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acepromazine "Acepromazine") [Acetophenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetophenazine "Acetophenazine") [Azaperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaperone "Azaperone") [Benperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benperidol "Benperidol") [Bromperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromperidol "Bromperidol") [Butaclamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaclamol "Butaclamol") [Butaperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaperazine "Butaperazine") [Chloracizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloracizine "Chloracizine") [Chlorproethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorproethazine "Chlorproethazine") [Chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine") [Chlorprothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene "Chlorprothixene") [Ciclindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclindole "Ciclindole") [Clopenthixol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clopenthixol "Clopenthixol") [Clothixamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clothixamide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Clothixamide (page does not exist)") [Clopimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clopimozide "Clopimozide") [Droperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droperidol "Droperidol") [Fluacizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluacizine "Fluacizine") [Fluanisone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluanisone "Fluanisone") [Flucindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flucindole "Flucindole") [Fluotracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluotracen "Fluotracen") [Flupentixol (flupenthixol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupentixol "Flupentixol") ([\+melitracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupentixol/melitracen "Flupentixol/melitracen")) [Fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine") [Fluprothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluprothixene&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fluprothixene (page does not exist)") [Fluspirilene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluspirilene "Fluspirilene") [Haloperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol "Haloperidol") [Homopipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopipramol "Homopipramol") [Lenperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenperone "Lenperone") [Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomepromazine "Levomepromazine") [Levosulpiride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levosulpiride "Levosulpiride") [Loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine") [Mesoridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoridazine "Mesoridazine") [Moperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moperone "Moperone") [Naranol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naranol "Naranol") [Nemonapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemonapride "Nemonapride") [Penfluridol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penfluridol "Penfluridol") [Perathiepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perathiepin "Perathiepin") [Perazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perazine "Perazine") [Pericyazine (periciazine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periciazine "Periciazine") [Perphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine "Perphenazine") ([\+amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine "Amitriptyline/perphenazine")) [Piflutixol (pifluthixol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piflutixol&action=edit&redlink=1 "Piflutixol (page does not exist)") [Pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide") [Pipamperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipamperone "Pipamperone") [Preclamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclamol "Preclamol") [Prochlorperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorperazine "Prochlorperazine") [Promazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promazine "Promazine") [Prothipendyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothipendyl "Prothipendyl") [Spiperone (spiroperidol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiperone "Spiperone") [Sulforidazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulforidazine "Sulforidazine") [Sulpiride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulpiride "Sulpiride") [Sultopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultopride "Sultopride") [Teflutixol](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teflutixol&action=edit&redlink=1 "Teflutixol (page does not exist)") [Thiopropazate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiopropazate "Thiopropazate") [Thioproperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioproperazine "Thioproperazine") [Thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine") [Thiothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiothixene "Thiothixene") [Timiperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timiperone "Timiperone") [Trifluoperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoperazine "Trifluoperazine") ([\+tranylcypromine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine "Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine")) [Triflupromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triflupromazine "Triflupromazine") [Trifluperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluperidol "Trifluperidol") [Zetidoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zetidoline&action=edit&redlink=1 "Zetidoline (page does not exist)") [Zuclopenthixol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuclopenthixol "Zuclopenthixol") *Atypical antipsychotics*: [Amisulpride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisulpride "Amisulpride") [Asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine") [BL-1020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL-1020 "BL-1020") [Blonanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonanserin "Blonanserin") [Carpipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpipramine "Carpipramine") [Cinuperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinuperone&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cinuperone (page does not exist)") [Clocapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocapramine "Clocapramine") [Clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine") [Clotiapine (clothiapine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotiapine "Clotiapine") [Clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine") [Cyamemazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyamemazine "Cyamemazine") [DHA-clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHA-clozapine "DHA-clozapine") [Dixyrazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixyrazine "Dixyrazine") [Elopiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elopiprazole "Elopiprazole") [Flumezapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumezapine "Flumezapine") [Fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine") [Gevotroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevotroline "Gevotroline") [Iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone") [Lurasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone "Lurasidone") [Mazapertine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazapertine "Mazapertine") [Melperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melperone "Melperone") [Molindone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molindone "Molindone") [Mosapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosapramine "Mosapramine") [Ocaperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocaperidone "Ocaperidone") [Olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine") ([\+fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine "Olanzapine/fluoxetine")) [Paliperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone "Paliperidone") [Perospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perospirone "Perospirone") [Piperacetazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperacetazine "Piperacetazine") [Pipotiazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipotiazine "Pipotiazine") [Piquindone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquindone "Piquindone") [Quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine") [Remoxipride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remoxipride "Remoxipride") [Risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone") [Sertindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertindole "Sertindole") [Tefludazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tefludazine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tefludazine (page does not exist)") [Tenilapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenilapine "Tenilapine") [Tiospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiospirone "Tiospirone") [Veralipride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veralipride "Veralipride") [Zicronapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zicronapine "Zicronapine") [Ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone") [Zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine") *Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives*: [Aceprometazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceprometazine "Aceprometazine") [AS-8112](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-8112 "AS-8112") [Alimemazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimemazine "Alimemazine") [Alizapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizapride "Alizapride") [Benzquinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzquinamide "Benzquinamide") [Bromopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromopride "Bromopride") [Clebopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clebopride "Clebopride") [Deudomperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deudomperidone "Deudomperidone") [Domperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone "Domperidone") [Eticlopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eticlopride "Eticlopride") [Hydroxyzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine "Hydroxyzine") [Itopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itopride "Itopride") [Metoclopramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoclopramide "Metoclopramide") [Metopimazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metopimazine "Metopimazine") [Promethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethazine "Promethazine") [Thiethylperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiethylperazine "Thiethylperazine") [Trazpiroben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazpiroben "Trazpiroben") [Trimethobenzamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethobenzamide "Trimethobenzamide") *Antidepressants*: [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") [Propiomazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiomazine "Propiomazine") [Trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine") *Others*: [3-PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-PPP "3-PPP") [Alpiropride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpiropride "Alpiropride") [Azapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azapride "Azapride") [Bromerguride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromerguride "Bromerguride") [Bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine") [Buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone") [Carmoxirole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmoxirole "Carmoxirole") [Desmethoxyfallypride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethoxyfallypride "Desmethoxyfallypride") [EEDQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline "N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline") [F-15063](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15063 "F-15063") [Fallypride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallypride "Fallypride") [Fananserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fananserin "Fananserin") [Fenfluramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine "Fenfluramine") [Iodobenzamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodobenzamide "Iodobenzamide") [Isocorypalmine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isocorypalmine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Isocorypalmine (page does not exist)") [L-741,626](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-741,626 "L-741,626") [L-745,870](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-745,870 "L-745,870") [5-Hydroxyindoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Hydroxyindoline "5-Hydroxyindoline") [Levofenfluramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levofenfluramine "Levofenfluramine") [LEK-8829](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LEK-8829&action=edit&redlink=1 "LEK-8829 (page does not exist)") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [N-Methylspiperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methylspiperone "N-Methylspiperone") [Nafadotride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafadotride "Nafadotride") [Nuciferine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuciferine "Nuciferine") [Ordopidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordopidine "Ordopidine") [PNU-99,194](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-99,194 "PNU-99,194") [Pridopidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridopidine "Pridopidine") [Raclopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raclopride "Raclopride") [Sarizotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarizotan "Sarizotan") [SB-277,011-A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-277,011-A "SB-277,011-A") [Seridopidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seridopidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Seridopidine (page does not exist)") [Sonepiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonepiprazole "Sonepiprazole") [Spiroxatrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroxatrine "Spiroxatrine") [Stepholidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepholidine "Stepholidine") [SV-293](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SV-293&action=edit&redlink=1 "SV-293 (page does not exist)") [Tetrahydropalmatine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine "Tetrahydropalmatine") [Tiapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiapride "Tiapride") [UH-232](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-232 "UH-232") [XC-130](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XC-130 "XC-130") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") | | ***See also:** [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators")* *[Adrenergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators "Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators")* *[Serotonergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators "Template:Serotonin receptor modulators")* *[Monoamine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors")* *[Monoamine releasing agents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents "Template:Monoamine releasing agents")* *[Monoamine metabolism modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators "Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators")* *[Monoamine neurotoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins "Template:Monoamine neurotoxins")* | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Histamine_receptor_modulators "Template:Histamine receptor modulators") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Histamine_receptor_modulators "Template talk:Histamine receptor modulators") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Histamine_receptor_modulators "Special:EditPage/Template:Histamine receptor modulators")[Histamine receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_receptor "Histamine receptor") [modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_modulator "Receptor modulator") | | | [H1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor "Histamine H1 receptor") | | | | | | Agonists | [2-Pyridylethylamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Pyridylethylamine "2-Pyridylethylamine") [Betahistine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betahistine "Betahistine") [Histamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine "Histamine") [HTMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide "Histamine trifluoromethyl toluidide") [L\-Histidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Histidine "L-Histidine") [UR-AK49](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-AK49 "UR-AK49") | | Antagonists | *First-generation (sedating):* [4-Methyldiphenhydramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Methyldiphenhydramine "4-Methyldiphenhydramine") [Alimemazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimemazine "Alimemazine") [Antazoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antazoline "Antazoline") [Azatadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azatadine "Azatadine") [Bamipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamipine "Bamipine") [Benzatropine (benztropine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzatropine "Benzatropine") [Bepotastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bepotastine "Bepotastine") [Bromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromazine "Bromazine") [Brompheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompheniramine "Brompheniramine") [Buclizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buclizine "Buclizine") [Captodiame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captodiame "Captodiame") [Carbinoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbinoxamine "Carbinoxamine") [Chlorcyclizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorcyclizine "Chlorcyclizine") [Chloropyramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloropyramine "Chloropyramine") [Chlorothen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorothen "Chlorothen") [Chlorphenamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine "Chlorphenamine") [Chlorphenoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenoxamine "Chlorphenoxamine") [Cinnarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine "Cinnarizine") [Clemastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemastine "Clemastine") [Clobenzepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clobenzepam "Clobenzepam") [Clocinizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocinizine "Clocinizine") [Cloperastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloperastine "Cloperastine") [Cyclizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclizine "Cyclizine") [Cyproheptadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine "Cyproheptadine") [Dacemazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacemazine "Dacemazine") [Decloxizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decloxizine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Decloxizine (page does not exist)") [Deptropine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptropine "Deptropine") [Dexbrompheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexbrompheniramine "Dexbrompheniramine") [Dexchlorpheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexchlorpheniramine "Dexchlorpheniramine") [Dimenhydrinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimenhydrinate "Dimenhydrinate") [Dimetindene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetindene "Dimetindene") [Diphenhydramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine "Diphenhydramine") [Diphenylpyraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylpyraline "Diphenylpyraline") [Doxylamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxylamine "Doxylamine") [Embramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embramine "Embramine") [Etodroxizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etodroxizine "Etodroxizine") [Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etybenzatropine "Etybenzatropine") [Etymemazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymemazine "Etymemazine") [Fenethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenethazine "Fenethazine") [Flunarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flunarizine "Flunarizine") [Histapyrrodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histapyrrodine "Histapyrrodine") [Homochlorcyclizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homochlorcyclizine "Homochlorcyclizine") [Hydroxyethylpromethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyethylpromethazine "Hydroxyethylpromethazine") [Hydroxyzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine "Hydroxyzine") [Isopromethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopromethazine "Isopromethazine") [Isothipendyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothipendyl "Isothipendyl") [LY-2624803 (HY-10275)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-2624803 "LY-2624803") [Meclozine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclozine "Meclozine") [Medrylamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medrylamine "Medrylamine") [Mepyramine (pyrilamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepyramine "Mepyramine") [Mequitazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mequitazine "Mequitazine") [Methafurylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methafurylene "Methafurylene") [Methapyrilene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methapyrilene "Methapyrilene") [Methdilazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methdilazine "Methdilazine") [Moxastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxastine "Moxastine") [NBI-75043](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBI-75043 "NBI-75043") [Orphenadrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphenadrine "Orphenadrine") [Oxatomide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxatomide "Oxatomide") [Oxomemazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxomemazine "Oxomemazine") [Perlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlapine "Perlapine") [Phenindamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenindamine "Phenindamine") [Pheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheniramine "Pheniramine") [Phenyltoloxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine "Phenyltoloxamine") [Pimethixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimethixene "Pimethixene") [Piperoxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperoxan "Piperoxan") [Pipoxizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipoxizine "Pipoxizine") [Promethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethazine "Promethazine") [Propiomazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiomazine "Propiomazine") [Pyrrobutamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrobutamine "Pyrrobutamine") [Talastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talastine "Talastine") [Thenalidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thenalidine "Thenalidine") [Thenyldiamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thenyldiamine "Thenyldiamine") [Thiazinamium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazinamium "Thiazinamium") [Thonzylamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonzylamine "Thonzylamine") [Tolpropamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolpropamine "Tolpropamine") [Tripelennamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripelennamine "Tripelennamine") [Triprolidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triprolidine "Triprolidine") *Second/third-generation (non-sedating):* [Acrivastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrivastine "Acrivastine") [Alinastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alinastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alinastine (page does not exist)") [Astemizole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astemizole "Astemizole") [Azelastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azelastine "Azelastine") [Bamirastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamirastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bamirastine (page does not exist)") [Barmastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barmastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Barmastine (page does not exist)") [Bepiastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bepiastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bepiastine (page does not exist)") [Bepotastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bepotastine "Bepotastine") [Bilastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine "Bilastine") [Cabastinen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabastinen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cabastinen (page does not exist)") [Carebastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carebastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carebastine (page does not exist)") [Cetirizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetirizine "Cetirizine") [Clemastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemastine "Clemastine") [Clemizole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemizole "Clemizole") [Clobenztropine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clobenztropine "Clobenztropine") [Desloratadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desloratadine "Desloratadine") [Dorastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dorastine (page does not exist)") [Ebastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebastine "Ebastine") [Efletirizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efletirizine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Efletirizine (page does not exist)") [Emedastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emedastine "Emedastine") [Epinastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinastine "Epinastine") [Fexofenadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fexofenadine "Fexofenadine") [Flezelastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flezelastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Flezelastine (page does not exist)") [Ketotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketotifen "Ketotifen") [Latrepirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrepirdine "Latrepirdine") [Levocabastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levocabastine "Levocabastine") [Levocetirizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levocetirizine "Levocetirizine") [Linetastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linetastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Linetastine (page does not exist)") [Loratadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loratadine "Loratadine") [Mapinastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapinastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mapinastine (page does not exist)") [Mebhydrolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebhydrolin "Mebhydrolin") [Mizolastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizolastine "Mizolastine") [Moxastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxastine "Moxastine") [Noberastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noberastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Noberastine (page does not exist)") [Octastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Octastine (page does not exist)") [Olopatadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olopatadine "Olopatadine") [Perastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Perastine (page does not exist)") [Pibaxizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pibaxizine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pibaxizine (page does not exist)") [Piclopastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piclopastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Piclopastine (page does not exist)") [Quifenadine (phencarol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quifenadine "Quifenadine") [Rocastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rocastine (page does not exist)") [Rupatadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupatadine "Rupatadine") [Setastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setastine "Setastine") [Sequifenadine (bicarphen)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sequifenadine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sequifenadine (page does not exist)") [Talastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talastine "Talastine") [Temelastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temelastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Temelastine (page does not exist)") [Terfenadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfenadine "Terfenadine") [Vapitadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vapitadine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Vapitadine (page does not exist)") [Zepastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zepastine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Zepastine (page does not exist)") *Others:* [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [brilaroxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilaroxazine "Brilaroxazine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [paliperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone "Paliperidone"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone"), [zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine")) [Phenylpiperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpiperazine "Phenylpiperazine") [antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") (e.g., [hydroxynefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone "Hydroxynefazodone"), [nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone"), [trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone"), [triazoledione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazoledione "Triazoledione")) [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine"), [oxaprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaprotiline "Oxaprotiline")) [Tricyclic antidepressants]() (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), [butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline"), [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"), [desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine"), [dosulepin (dothiepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin"), [doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin"), [imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine"), [iprindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprindole "Iprindole"), [lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine"), [nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline"), [protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline"), [trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine")) [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [flupenthixol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupenthixol "Flupenthixol"), [fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [perphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine "Perphenazine"), [prochlorperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorperazine "Prochlorperazine"), [thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine"), [thiothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiothixene "Thiothixene")) *Unknown/unsorted:* [Azanator](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azanator&action=edit&redlink=1 "Azanator (page does not exist)") [Belarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belarizine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Belarizine (page does not exist)") [Elbanizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elbanizine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elbanizine (page does not exist)") [Flotrenizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flotrenizine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Flotrenizine (page does not exist)") [GSK1004723](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSK1004723&action=edit&redlink=1 "GSK1004723 (page does not exist)") [Napactadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napactadine "Napactadine") [Tagorizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tagorizine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tagorizine (page does not exist)") [Trelnarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trelnarizine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Trelnarizine (page does not exist)") [Trenizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trenizine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Trenizine (page does not exist)") | | [H2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor "Histamine H2 receptor") | | | | | | Agonists | [Amthamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amthamine "Amthamine") [Betazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betazole "Betazole") [Dimaprit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimaprit "Dimaprit") [Histamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine "Histamine") [HTMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide "Histamine trifluoromethyl toluidide") [Impromidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impromidine "Impromidine") [L\-Histidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Histidine "L-Histidine") [UR-AK49](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-AK49 "UR-AK49") | | Antagonists | [Bisfentidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bisfentidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bisfentidine (page does not exist)") [Burimamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burimamide "Burimamide") [Cimetidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetidine "Cimetidine") [Dalcotidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalcotidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dalcotidine (page does not exist)") [Donetidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donetidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Donetidine (page does not exist)") [Ebrotidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrotidine "Ebrotidine") [Etintidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etintidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Etintidine (page does not exist)") [Famotidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famotidine "Famotidine") [Isolamtidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isolamtidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Isolamtidine (page does not exist)") [Lafutidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafutidine "Lafutidine") [Lamtidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamtidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lamtidine (page does not exist)") [Lavoltidine (loxtidine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavoltidine "Lavoltidine") [Lupitidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupitidine "Lupitidine") [Metiamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metiamide "Metiamide") [Mifentidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mifentidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mifentidine (page does not exist)") [Niperotidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niperotidine "Niperotidine") [Nizatidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizatidine "Nizatidine") [Osutidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osutidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Osutidine (page does not exist)") [Oxmetidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxmetidine "Oxmetidine") [Pibutidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pibutidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pibutidine (page does not exist)") [Quisultazine (quisultidine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quisultazine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Quisultazine (page does not exist)") [Ramixotidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramixotidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ramixotidine (page does not exist)") [Ranitidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranitidine "Ranitidine") [Roxatidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxatidine "Roxatidine") [Sufotidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufotidine "Sufotidine") [Tiotidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiotidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tiotidine (page does not exist)") [Tuvatidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuvatidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tuvatidine (page does not exist)") [Venritidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venritidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Venritidine (page does not exist)") [Xaltidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xaltidine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Xaltidine (page does not exist)") [Zolantidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolantidine "Zolantidine") | | [H3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor "Histamine H3 receptor") | | | | | | Agonists | [α-Methylhistamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methylhistamine "Alpha-Methylhistamine") [BP 2.94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_2.94 "BP 2.94") [Cipralisant (GT-2331)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipralisant "Cipralisant") [GT-2203 (VUF-5296)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT-2203 "GT-2203") [Histamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine "Histamine") [Imetit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imetit "Imetit") [Immepip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immepip "Immepip") [Immethridine (BP-1-5375)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immethridine "Immethridine") [L\-Histidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Histidine "L-Histidine") [Methimepip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methimepip "Methimepip") [Proxyfan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxyfan "Proxyfan") [SCH-50971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCH-50971 "SCH-50971") [VUF-5297](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VUF-5297&action=edit&redlink=1 "VUF-5297 (page does not exist)") | | Antagonists | [A-349821](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-349821 "A-349821") [A-423579](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-423579 "A-423579") [ABT-239](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABT-239 "ABT-239") [ABT-652](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABT-652&action=edit&redlink=1 "ABT-652 (page does not exist)") [AZD5213](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AZD5213&action=edit&redlink=1 "AZD5213 (page does not exist)") [Bavisant](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bavisant&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bavisant (page does not exist)") [Betahistine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betahistine "Betahistine") [Burimamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burimamide "Burimamide") [Ciproxifan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciproxifan "Ciproxifan") [Clobenpropit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clobenpropit "Clobenpropit") [Conessine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conessine "Conessine") [Enerisant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerisant "Enerisant") [GSK-189254](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSK-189254 "GSK-189254") [Impentamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impentamine "Impentamine") [Iodophenpropit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodophenpropit "Iodophenpropit") [Irdabisant](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irdabisant&action=edit&redlink=1 "Irdabisant (page does not exist)") [JNJ-5207852](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-5207852 "JNJ-5207852") [NNC 38-1049](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NNC_38-1049 "NNC 38-1049") [PF-03654746](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF-03654746 "PF-03654746") [Pitolisant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitolisant "Pitolisant") [SCH-79687](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCH-79687 "SCH-79687") [Thioperamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioperamide "Thioperamide") [VUF-5681](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VUF-5681 "VUF-5681") | | [H4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor "Histamine H4 receptor") | | | | | | Agonists | [4-Methylhistamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Methylhistamine "4-Methylhistamine") [α-Methylhistamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methylhistamine "Alpha-Methylhistamine") [Histamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine "Histamine") [L\-Histidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Histidine "L-Histidine") [OUP-16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OUP-16 "OUP-16") [VUF-8430](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VUF-8430 "VUF-8430") | | Antagonists | [JNJ-7777120](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-7777120 "JNJ-7777120") [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") [Seliforant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seliforant "Seliforant") [Thioperamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioperamide "Thioperamide") [Toreforant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toreforant "Toreforant") [VUF-6002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VUF-6002 "VUF-6002") | | See also [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators") [Monoamine metabolism modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators "Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators") [Monoamine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators "Template:Ion channel modulators") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ion_channel_modulators "Template talk:Ion channel modulators") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ion_channel_modulators "Special:EditPage/Template:Ion channel modulators")[Ion channel modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_modulator "Channel modulator") | | | [Calcium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel "Calcium channel") | | | | | | [VDCCs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels "Voltage-dependent calcium channels")Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker "Calcium channel blocker") | **[L-type-selective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel "L-type calcium channel"):** *[Dihydropyridines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropyridine "Dihydropyridine"):* [Amlodipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlodipine "Amlodipine") ([\+telmisartan and indapamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmisartan/amlodipine/indapamide "Telmisartan/amlodipine/indapamide")) [Aranidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranidipine "Aranidipine") [Azelnidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azelnidipine "Azelnidipine") [Barnidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnidipine "Barnidipine") [Clevidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clevidipine "Clevidipine") [Cronidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cronidipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cronidipine (page does not exist)") [Darodipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darodipine "Darodipine") [Dexniguldipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dexniguldipine (page does not exist)") [Elgodipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elgodipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elgodipine (page does not exist)") [Elnadipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elnadipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elnadipine (page does not exist)") [Felodipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felodipine "Felodipine") [Flordipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flordipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Flordipine (page does not exist)") [Furnidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furnidipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Furnidipine (page does not exist)") [Iganidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iganidipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Iganidipine (page does not exist)") [Isradipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isradipine "Isradipine") [Lacidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacidipine "Lacidipine") [Lemildipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemildipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Lemildipine (page does not exist)") [Lercanidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lercanidipine "Lercanidipine") [Levamlodipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levamlodipine "Levamlodipine") [Levniguldipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Levniguldipine (page does not exist)") [Manidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manidipine "Manidipine") [Mepirodipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnidipine "Barnidipine") [Mesudipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesudipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mesudipine (page does not exist)") [Nicardipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicardipine "Nicardipine") [Nifedipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifedipine "Nifedipine") [Niguldipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niguldipine "Niguldipine") [Niludipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niludipine "Niludipine") [Nilvadipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilvadipine "Nilvadipine") [Nimodipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimodipine "Nimodipine") [Nisoldipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisoldipine "Nisoldipine") [Nitrendipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrendipine "Nitrendipine") [Olradipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olradipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Olradipine (page does not exist)") [Oxodipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxodipine "Oxodipine") [Palonidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palonidipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Palonidipine (page does not exist)") [Pranidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranidipine "Pranidipine") [Ryodipine (riodipine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riodipine "Riodipine") [Sagandipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagandipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sagandipine (page does not exist)") [Sornidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sornidipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sornidipine (page does not exist)") [Teludipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teludipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Teludipine (page does not exist)") [Tiamdipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiamdipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tiamdipine (page does not exist)") [Trombodipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trombodipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Trombodipine (page does not exist)") [Vatanidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vatanidipine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Vatanidipine (page does not exist)"); *[Diltiazem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diltiazem "Diltiazem") derivatives:* [Clentiazem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clentiazem "Clentiazem") [Diltiazem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diltiazem "Diltiazem") [Iprotiazem](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iprotiazem&action=edit&redlink=1 "Iprotiazem (page does not exist)") [Nictiazem](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nictiazem&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nictiazem (page does not exist)") [Siratiazem](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siratiazem&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siratiazem (page does not exist)"); *[Phenylalkylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylalkylamine "Arylalkylamine"):* [Anipamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anipamil "Anipamil") [Dagapamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagapamil&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dagapamil (page does not exist)") [Devapamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devapamil "Devapamil") [Dexverapamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexverapamil&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dexverapamil (page does not exist)") [Emopamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emopamil "Emopamil") [Etripamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etripamil "Etripamil") [Falipamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falipamil "Falipamil") [Gallopamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallopamil "Gallopamil") [Levemopamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levemopamil&action=edit&redlink=1 "Levemopamil (page does not exist)") [Nexopamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nexopamil&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nexopamil (page does not exist)") [Norverapamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norverapamil "Norverapamil") [Ronipamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronipamil&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ronipamil (page does not exist)") [Tiapamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiapamil "Tiapamil") [Verapamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verapamil "Verapamil"); *Others:* [AH-1058](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1058 "AH-1058") [Brinazarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brinazarone&action=edit&redlink=1 "Brinazarone (page does not exist)") [Budiodarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budiodarone "Budiodarone") [Celivarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celivarone "Celivarone") [Cyproheptadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine "Cyproheptadine") [Dronedarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronedarone "Dronedarone") [Fantofarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantofarone "Fantofarone") [SR-33805](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR-33805&action=edit&redlink=1 "SR-33805 (page does not exist)") [Tetrahydropalmatine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine "Tetrahydropalmatine") **[N-type-selective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel "N-type calcium channel"):** [ω-Conotoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9-Conotoxin "Ω-Conotoxin") [ω-Conotoxin GVIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_GVIA&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ω-Conotoxin GVIA (page does not exist)") [Caroverine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroverine "Caroverine") [Huwentoxin XVI](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huwentoxin_XVI&action=edit&redlink=1 "Huwentoxin XVI (page does not exist)") [Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leconotide "Leconotide") [PD-173212](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PD-173212&action=edit&redlink=1 "PD-173212 (page does not exist)") [Ralfinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralfinamide "Ralfinamide") [Safinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safinamide "Safinamide") [Z160](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z160&action=edit&redlink=1 "Z160 (page does not exist)") [Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziconotide "Ziconotide") **[P-type-selective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel "P-type calcium channel"):** [ω-Agatoxin IVA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVA&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ω-Agatoxin IVA (page does not exist)") [ω-Agatoxin IVB](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVB&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ω-Agatoxin IVB (page does not exist)") **[R-type-selective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel "R-type calcium channel"):** [SNX-482](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNX-482 "SNX-482") **[T-type-selective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel "T-type calcium channel"):** [ABT-639](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABT-639&action=edit&redlink=1 "ABT-639 (page does not exist)") [ML-218](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ML-218&action=edit&redlink=1 "ML-218 (page does not exist)") [Niflumic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niflumic_acid "Niflumic acid") [NNC 55-0396](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NNC_55-0396&action=edit&redlink=1 "NNC 55-0396 (page does not exist)") [ProTx I](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ProTx_I&action=edit&redlink=1 "ProTx I (page does not exist)") [Z944](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z944&action=edit&redlink=1 "Z944 (page does not exist)") [Zonisamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonisamide "Zonisamide") **Non-selective:** [ω-Agatoxin TK](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_TK&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ω-Agatoxin TK (page does not exist)") [ω-Conotoxin MVIIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_MVIIC&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ω-Conotoxin MVIIC (page does not exist)") [Benidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benidipine "Benidipine") [Bepridil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bepridil "Bepridil") [Cilnidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilnidipine "Cilnidipine") [Cinnarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine "Cinnarizine") [Dotarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotarizine "Dotarizine") [Efonidipine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efonidipine "Efonidipine") [Flunarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flunarizine "Flunarizine") [Lamotrigine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine "Lamotrigine") [Levetiracetam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam "Levetiracetam") [Lomerizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomerizine "Lomerizine") [Loperamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamide "Loperamide") [Mibefradil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mibefradil "Mibefradil") [NP078585](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NP078585&action=edit&redlink=1 "NP078585 (page does not exist)") [Ruthenium red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium_red "Ruthenium red") [TROX-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TROX-1 "TROX-1") **[α2ÎŽ subunit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#%CE%B12%CE%B4_Subunit "Voltage-dependent calcium channel")\-selective ([gabapentinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentinoid "Gabapentinoid")):** [4-Methylpregabalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Methylpregabalin "4-Methylpregabalin") [Arbaclofen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbaclofen "Arbaclofen") [Arbaclofen placarbil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbaclofen_placarbil "Arbaclofen placarbil") [Atagabalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atagabalin "Atagabalin") [Baclofen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baclofen "Baclofen") [Gabapentin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin "Gabapentin") [Gabapentin enacarbil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil "Gabapentin enacarbil") [Imagabalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagabalin "Imagabalin") [Mirogabalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirogabalin "Mirogabalin") [PD-200,347](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PD-200,347&action=edit&redlink=1 "PD-200,347 (page does not exist)") [PD-217,014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-217,014 "PD-217,014") [PD-299,685](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-299,685 "PD-299,685") [Phenibut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenibut "Phenibut") [Pregabalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregabalin "Pregabalin") **Others/unsorted:** [Bencyclane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencyclane "Bencyclane") [Berbamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbamine "Berbamine") [Bevantolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevantolol "Bevantolol") [Canadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadine "Canadine") [Carboxyamidotriazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyamidotriazole "Carboxyamidotriazole") [Cycleanine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycleanine "Cycleanine") [Dauricine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauricine "Dauricine") [Dimeditiapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimeditiapramine "Dimeditiapramine") [Diproteverine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diproteverine "Diproteverine") [Enpiperate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enpiperate "Enpiperate") [Eperisone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eperisone "Eperisone") [Elpetrigine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elpetrigine (page does not exist)") [Ethadione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethadione "Ethadione") [Ethanol (alcohol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)") [Ethosuximide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethosuximide "Ethosuximide") [Fasudil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasudil "Fasudil") [Fendiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fendiline "Fendiline") [Fostedil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fostedil "Fostedil") [Imepitoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imepitoin "Imepitoin") [JTV-519](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTV-519 "JTV-519") [Lidoflazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidoflazine "Lidoflazine") [Magnesium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium "Magnesium") [Manoalide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoalide "Manoalide") [Mesuximide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesuximide "Mesuximide") [Monatepil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monatepil "Monatepil") [Naftopidil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftopidil "Naftopidil") [Ochratoxin A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochratoxin_A "Ochratoxin A") [Osthol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osthol "Osthol") [Otilonium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otilonium_bromide "Otilonium bromide") [Paramethadione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramethadione "Paramethadione") [Phensuximide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phensuximide "Phensuximide") [Pinaverium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaverium_bromide "Pinaverium bromide") [Prenylamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenylamine "Prenylamine") [Rhynchophylline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophylline "Rhynchophylline") [Sesamodil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamodil "Sesamodil") [Silperisone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silperisone "Silperisone") [Sipatrigine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sipatrigine (page does not exist)") [Terodiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terodiline "Terodiline") [Tetrandrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrandrine "Tetrandrine") [Tolperisone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolperisone "Tolperisone") [Trimethadione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethadione "Trimethadione") [Valperinol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valperinol "Valperinol") | | [Activators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_opener "Calcium channel opener") | **[L-type-selective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel "L-type calcium channel"):** [Bay K8644](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_K8644 "Bay K8644") | | [Potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel "Potassium channel") | | | | | | [VGKCs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channels "Voltage-gated potassium channels")Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker "Potassium channel blocker") | [3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Diaminopyridine "3,4-Diaminopyridine") [4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminopyridine "4-Aminopyridine") [Adekalant](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adekalant&action=edit&redlink=1 "Adekalant (page does not exist)") [Almokalant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almokalant "Almokalant") [Amiodarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiodarone "Amiodarone") [Azimilide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimilide "Azimilide") [Bretylium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretylium "Bretylium") [Bunaftine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunaftine "Bunaftine") [Charybdotoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charybdotoxin "Charybdotoxin") [Clamikalant](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clamikalant&action=edit&redlink=1 "Clamikalant (page does not exist)") [Conotoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conotoxin "Conotoxin") [Dalazatide](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalazatide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dalazatide (page does not exist)") [Dendrotoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrotoxin "Dendrotoxin") [Dofetilide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dofetilide "Dofetilide") [Dronedarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronedarone "Dronedarone") [E-4031](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-4031 "E-4031") [Hanatoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanatoxin "Hanatoxin") [HgeTx1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HgeTx1 "HgeTx1") [HsTx1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HsTx1 "HsTx1") [Ibutilide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibutilide "Ibutilide") [Inakalant](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inakalant&action=edit&redlink=1 "Inakalant (page does not exist)") [Kaliotoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliotoxin "Kaliotoxin") [Linopirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linopirdine "Linopirdine") [Lolitrem B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolitrem_B "Lolitrem B") [Maurotoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurotoxin "Maurotoxin") [Nifekalant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifekalant "Nifekalant") [Notoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notoxin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Notoxin (page does not exist)") [Paxilline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxilline "Paxilline") [Pinokalant](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinokalant&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pinokalant (page does not exist)") [Quinidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine "Quinidine") [ShK-186](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ShK-186&action=edit&redlink=1 "ShK-186 (page does not exist)") [Sotalol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotalol "Sotalol") [Tedisamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedisamil "Tedisamil") [Terikalant](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terikalant&action=edit&redlink=1 "Terikalant (page does not exist)") [Tetraethylammonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethylammonium "Tetraethylammonium") [Vernakalant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernakalant "Vernakalant") **[hERG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HERG "HERG") (KCNH2, Kv11\.1)-specific:** [Ajmaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmaline "Ajmaline") [Amiodarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiodarone "Amiodarone") [AmmTX3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmmTX3 "AmmTX3") [Astemizole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astemizole "Astemizole") [Azaspiracid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaspiracid "Azaspiracid") [AZD1305](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZD1305 "AZD1305") [Azimilide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimilide "Azimilide") [Bedaquiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedaquiline "Bedaquiline") [BeKm-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeKm-1_toxin "BeKm-1 toxin") [BmTx3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BmTx3 "BmTx3") [BRL-32872](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-32872 "BRL-32872") [Chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine") [Cisapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisapride "Cisapride") [Clarithromycin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycin "Clarithromycin") [Darifenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darifenacin "Darifenacin") [Dextropropoxyphene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene "Dextropropoxyphene") [Diallyl trisulfide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide "Diallyl trisulfide") [Domperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone "Domperidone") [E-4031](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-4031 "E-4031") [Ergtoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergtoxin "Ergtoxin") [Erythromycin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin "Erythromycin") [Gigactonine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigactonine "Gigactonine") [Haloperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol "Haloperidol") [Ketoconazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoconazole "Ketoconazole") [Norpropoxyphene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norpropoxyphene "Norpropoxyphene") [Orphenadrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphenadrine "Orphenadrine") [Pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide") [PNU-282,987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-282,987 "PNU-282,987") [Promethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethazine "Promethazine") [Quinidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine "Quinidine") [Ranolazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranolazine "Ranolazine") [Roxithromycin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxithromycin "Roxithromycin") [Sertindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertindole "Sertindole") [Solifenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solifenacin "Solifenacin") [Tamulotoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamulotoxin "Tamulotoxin") [Terodiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terodiline "Terodiline") [Terfenadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfenadine "Terfenadine") [Thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine") [Tolterodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolterodine "Tolterodine") [Vanoxerine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanoxerine "Vanoxerine") [Vernakalant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernakalant "Vernakalant") **[KCNQ (Kv7\)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNQ "KCNQ")\-specific:** [Linopirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linopirdine "Linopirdine") [XE-991](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XE-991&action=edit&redlink=1 "XE-991 (page does not exist)") [Spooky toxin (SsTx)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssm_spooky_toxin "Ssm spooky toxin") | | [Activators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener "Potassium channel opener") | **[KCNQ (Kv7\)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNQ "KCNQ")\-specific:** [Flupirtine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupirtine "Flupirtine") [Retigabine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retigabine "Retigabine") | | [IRKs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel "Inwardly rectifying potassium channel")Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker "Potassium channel blocker") | **[KATP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel "ATP-sensitive potassium channel")Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel\-specific:** [Acetohexamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetohexamide "Acetohexamide") [Carbutamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbutamide "Carbutamide") [Chlorpropamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpropamide "Chlorpropamide") [Glibenclamide (glyburide)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibenclamide "Glibenclamide") [Glibornuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibornuride "Glibornuride") [Glicaramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glicaramide "Glicaramide") [Gliclazide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliclazide "Gliclazide") [Glimepiride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimepiride "Glimepiride") [Glipizide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glipizide "Glipizide") [Gliquidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliquidone "Gliquidone") [Glisoxepide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glisoxepide "Glisoxepide") [Glyclopyramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyclopyramide "Glyclopyramide") [Glycyclamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycyclamide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Glycyclamide (page does not exist)") [Metahexamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metahexamide "Metahexamide") [Mitiglinide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitiglinide "Mitiglinide") [Nateglinide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nateglinide "Nateglinide") [Repaglinide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repaglinide "Repaglinide") [Tolazamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolazamide "Tolazamide") [Tolbutamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolbutamide "Tolbutamide") **[GIRK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel "G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel")Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel\-specific:** [Barium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium "Barium") [Caramiphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramiphen "Caramiphen") [Cloperastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloperastine "Cloperastine") [Clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine") [Dextromethorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan "Dextromethorphan") [Ethosuximide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethosuximide "Ethosuximide") [Ifenprodil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifenprodil "Ifenprodil") [Tertiapin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiapin "Tertiapin") [Tipepidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipepidine "Tipepidine") | | [Activators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener "Potassium channel opener") | **[KATP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel "ATP-sensitive potassium channel")Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel\-specific:** [Aprikalim](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aprikalim&action=edit&redlink=1 "Aprikalim (page does not exist)") [Bimakalim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimakalim "Bimakalim") [Cromakalim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromakalim "Cromakalim") [Diazoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazoxide "Diazoxide") [Emakalim](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emakalim&action=edit&redlink=1 "Emakalim (page does not exist)") [Levcromakalim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levcromakalim "Levcromakalim") [Mazokalim](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazokalim&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mazokalim (page does not exist)") [Minoxidil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoxidil "Minoxidil") [Minoxidil sulfate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoxidil_sulfate "Minoxidil sulfate") [Naminidil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naminidil "Naminidil") [Nicorandil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicorandil "Nicorandil") [Pinacidil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacidil "Pinacidil") [Rilmakalim](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rilmakalim&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rilmakalim (page does not exist)") [Sarakalim](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarakalim&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sarakalim (page does not exist)") **[GIRK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel "G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel")Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel\-specific:** [ML-297 (VU0456810)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ML-297&action=edit&redlink=1 "ML-297 (page does not exist)") | | [KCa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel "Calcium-activated potassium channel")Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker "Potassium channel blocker") | **[BKCa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_channel "BK channel")\-specific:** [Ethanol (alcohol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)") [GAL-021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAL-021 "GAL-021") | | [Activators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener "Potassium channel opener") | **[BKCa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK_channel "BK channel")\-specific:** [Flufenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flufenamic_acid "Flufenamic acid") [Meclofenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid "Meclofenamic acid") [Niflumic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niflumic_acid "Niflumic acid") [Nimesulide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimesulide "Nimesulide") [Rottlerin (mallotoxin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottlerin "Rottlerin") [Tolfenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid "Tolfenamic acid") | | [K2Ps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel "Tandem pore domain potassium channel")Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker "Potassium channel blocker") | [12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate "12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate") [Arachidonic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonic_acid "Arachidonic acid") [Fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine") [Norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine") | | [Activators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener "Potassium channel opener") | [Riluzole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riluzole "Riluzole") | | [Sodium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel "Sodium channel") | | | | | | [VGSCs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channels "Voltage-gated sodium channels")Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker "Sodium channel blocker") | *Antianginals:* [Ranolazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranolazine "Ranolazine") *Antiarrhythmics (class I):* [Ajmaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmaline "Ajmaline") [Aprindine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprindine "Aprindine") [Disopyramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disopyramide "Disopyramide") [Dronedarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronedarone "Dronedarone") [Encainide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encainide "Encainide") [Flecainide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flecainide "Flecainide") [Lidocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine "Lidocaine") [Lorajmine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorajmine "Lorajmine") [Lorcainide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorcainide "Lorcainide") [Mexiletine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiletine "Mexiletine") [Moricizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moracizine "Moracizine") [Pilsicainide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilsicainide "Pilsicainide") [Prajmaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajmaline "Prajmaline") [Procainamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procainamide "Procainamide") [Propafenone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propafenone "Propafenone") [Quinidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine "Quinidine") [Sparteine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparteine "Sparteine") [Tocainide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocainide "Tocainide") *Anticonvulsants:* [Acetylpheneturide](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)") [Carbamazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine "Carbamazepine") [Cenobamate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenobamate "Cenobamate") [Chlorphenacemide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenacemide "Chlorphenacemide") [Elpetrigine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elpetrigine (page does not exist)") [Eslicarbazepine acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate "Eslicarbazepine acetate") [Ethotoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethotoin "Ethotoin") [Fosphenytoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosphenytoin "Fosphenytoin") [Lamotrigine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine "Lamotrigine") [Lacosamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacosamide "Lacosamide") [Licarbazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licarbazepine "Licarbazepine") [Mephenytoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephenytoin "Mephenytoin") [Oxcarbazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxcarbazepine "Oxcarbazepine") [Oxitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxitriptyline "Oxitriptyline") [Phenacemide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacemide "Phenacemide") [Pheneturide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheneturide "Pheneturide") [Phenytoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenytoin "Phenytoin") [Rufinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufinamide "Rufinamide") [Sipatrigine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sipatrigine (page does not exist)") [Topiramate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiramate "Topiramate") [Sodium valproate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_valproate "Sodium valproate") [Valnoctamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valnoctamide "Valnoctamide") [Valproate pivoxil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil "Valproate pivoxil") [Valproate semisodium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate_semisodium "Valproate semisodium") [Valproic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproic_acid "Valproic acid") [Valpromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpromide "Valpromide") [Zonisamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonisamide "Zonisamide") *Local anesthetics:* [*p*FBT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-\(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy\)tropane "3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane") [Amylocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylocaine "Amylocaine") [Articaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articaine "Articaine") [Benzocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzocaine "Benzocaine") [Bupivacaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupivacaine "Bupivacaine") ([Levobupivacaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levobupivacaine "Levobupivacaine"), [Ropivacaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropivacaine "Ropivacaine")) [Butacaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butacaine "Butacaine") [Butamben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butamben "Butamben") [Chloroprocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroprocaine "Chloroprocaine") [Cinchocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchocaine "Cinchocaine") [Cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") [Cyclomethycaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclomethycaine "Cyclomethycaine") [Dimethocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethocaine "Dimethocaine") [Diphenhydramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine "Diphenhydramine") [Etidocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etidocaine "Etidocaine") [Hexylcaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexylcaine "Hexylcaine") [Iontocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontocaine "Iontocaine") [Lidocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine "Lidocaine") [Mepivacaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepivacaine "Mepivacaine") [Meprylcaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meprylcaine "Meprylcaine") [Metabutoxycaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabutoxycaine "Metabutoxycaine") [Orthocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocaine "Orthocaine") [Piperocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperocaine "Piperocaine") [Prilocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilocaine "Prilocaine") [Procaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procaine "Procaine") [Propoxycaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propoxycaine "Propoxycaine") [Proxymetacaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxymetacaine "Proxymetacaine") [Risocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risocaine "Risocaine") [Tetracaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracaine "Tetracaine") [Trimecaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimecaine "Trimecaine") *Analgesics:* [AZD-3161](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AZD-3161&action=edit&redlink=1 "AZD-3161 (page does not exist)") [DSP-2230](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSP-2230 "DSP-2230") [Funapide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funapide "Funapide") [GDC-0276](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GDC-0276&action=edit&redlink=1 "GDC-0276 (page does not exist)") [NKTR-171](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NKTR-171&action=edit&redlink=1 "NKTR-171 (page does not exist)") [PF-04531083](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PF-04531083&action=edit&redlink=1 "PF-04531083 (page does not exist)") [PF-05089771](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF-05089771 "PF-05089771") [Ralfinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralfinamide "Ralfinamide") [Raxatrigine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raxatrigine "Raxatrigine") [RG7893 (GDC-0287)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RG7893&action=edit&redlink=1 "RG7893 (page does not exist)") [Suzetrigine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzetrigine "Suzetrigine") *Toxins:* [Conotoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conotoxin "Conotoxin") [Neosaxitoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosaxitoxin "Neosaxitoxin") [Saxitoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxitoxin "Saxitoxin") [Tetrodotoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodotoxin "Tetrodotoxin") [Zetekitoxin AB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB "Zetekitoxin AB") *Others:* [Buprenorphine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buprenorphine "Buprenorphine") [Evenamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenamide "Evenamide") [Menthol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol "Menthol") ([mint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha "Mentha")) [Safinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safinamide "Safinamide") [Tricyclic antidepressants]() | | [Activators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener "Sodium channel opener") | [Aconitine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitine "Aconitine") Atracotoxins ([ω-Atracotoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-Atracotoxin "Omega-Atracotoxin"), [Robustoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustoxin "Robustoxin"), [Versutoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versutoxin "Versutoxin")) [Batrachotoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachotoxin "Batrachotoxin") [Ciguatoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatoxin "Ciguatoxin") [Grayanotoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayanotoxin "Grayanotoxin") [Poneratoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poneratoxin "Poneratoxin") | | [ENaC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel "Epithelial sodium channel")Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker "Sodium channel blocker") | [Amiloride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiloride "Amiloride") [Benzamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzamil "Benzamil") [Triamterene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triamterene "Triamterene") | | [Activators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener "Sodium channel opener") | [Solnatide](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solnatide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Solnatide (page does not exist)") | | [ASICs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel "Acid-sensing ion channel")Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker "Sodium channel blocker") | [A-317567](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-317567&action=edit&redlink=1 "A-317567 (page does not exist)") [Amiloride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiloride "Amiloride") [Aspirin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin "Aspirin") [Ibuprofen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen "Ibuprofen") [PcTX1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PcTX1&action=edit&redlink=1 "PcTX1 (page does not exist)") | | [Chloride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_channel "Chloride channel") | | | | | | [CaCCs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel "Calcium-activated chloride channel")Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker "Chloride channel blocker") | [Crofelemer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofelemer "Crofelemer") [DIDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIDS "DIDS") [Ethacrynic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethacrynic_acid "Ethacrynic acid") [Flufenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flufenamic_acid "Flufenamic acid") [Fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine") [Furosemide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide "Furosemide") [Glibenclamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibenclamide "Glibenclamide") [Mefloquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefloquine "Mefloquine") [Mibefradil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mibefradil "Mibefradil") [Niflumic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niflumic_acid "Niflumic acid") | | [Activators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener "Chloride channel opener") | [Carbachol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbachol "Carbachol") | | [CFTR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator "Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator")Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker "Chloride channel blocker") | [Glibenclamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibenclamide "Glibenclamide") [Lonidamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonidamine "Lonidamine") [Piretanide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piretanide "Piretanide") | | [Activators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener "Chloride channel opener") | [1,7-Phenanthroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1 "1,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)") [1,10-Phenanthroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,10-Phenanthroline "1,10-Phenanthroline") [4,7-Phenanthroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1 "4,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)") [7,8-Benzoquinoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7,8-Benzoquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1 "7,8-Benzoquinoline (page does not exist)") [Ivacaftor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivacaftor "Ivacaftor") [Phenanthridine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthridine "Phenanthridine") | | Unsorted | | | | | | [Blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker "Chloride channel blocker") | [Bumetanide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumetanide "Bumetanide") [Flufenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flufenamic_acid "Flufenamic acid") [Meclofenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid "Meclofenamic acid") [Mefenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefenamic_acid "Mefenamic acid") [Mepacrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepacrine "Mepacrine") [Niflumic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niflumic_acid "Niflumic acid") [Talniflumate](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talniflumate&action=edit&redlink=1 "Talniflumate (page does not exist)") [Tolfenamic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid "Tolfenamic acid") [Trifluoperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoperazine "Trifluoperazine") | | Others | | | | | | [TRPs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channels "Transient receptor potential channels")Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels | See [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators "Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators") instead. | | [LGICs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_gated_ion_channels "Ligand gated ion channels")Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels | See [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pharmacomodulation "Template:Pharmacomodulation") instead. | | ***See also:** [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators") ‱ [Transient receptor potential channel modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators "Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators")* | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Template talk:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors")[Monoamine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor "Monoamine reuptake inhibitor") | | | [DAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter "Dopamine transporter")Tooltip Dopamine transporter ( [DRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Dopamine reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors) | | | | | | *Piperazines:* [DBL-583](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBL-583 "DBL-583") [GBR-12783](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-12783 "GBR-12783") [GBR-12935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-12935 "GBR-12935") [GBR-13069](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-13069 "GBR-13069") [GBR-13098](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-13098 "GBR-13098") [JJC8-088](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJC8-088 "JJC8-088") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Vanoxerine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanoxerine "Vanoxerine") | | | *Piperidines:* [4-Fluoropethidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Fluoropethidine "4-Fluoropethidine") [Benocyclidine (BTCP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benocyclidine "Benocyclidine") [Desoxypipradrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxypipradrol "Desoxypipradrol") [Dexmethylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate "Dexmethylphenidate") [Difemetorex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difemetorex "Difemetorex") [Ethylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylphenidate "Ethylphenidate") [HDMP-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMP-28 "HDMP-28") [Methylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate") [Pethidine (meperidine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethidine "Pethidine") [Phencyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine "Phencyclidine") [Pipradrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipradrol "Pipradrol") [Serdexmethylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate "Serdexmethylphenidate") [Tenocyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenocyclidine "Tenocyclidine") | | | *Pyrrolidines:* [Diphenylprolinol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylprolinol "Diphenylprolinol") [MDPV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone "Methylenedioxypyrovalerone") [Naphyrone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphyrone "Naphyrone") [Prolintane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolintane "Prolintane") [Pyrovalerone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrovalerone "Pyrovalerone") | | | *Tropanes:* [Altropane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altropane "Altropane") [Benzatropine (benztropine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzatropine "Benzatropine") [Brasofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasofensine "Brasofensine") [CFT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIN_35428 "WIN 35428") [Cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") [Dichloropane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloropane "Dichloropane") [Difluoropine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difluoropine "Difluoropine") [Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etybenzatropine "Etybenzatropine") [FE-ÎČ-CPPIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT "FE-ÎČ-CPPIT") [FP-ÎČ-CPPIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT "FP-ÎČ-CPPIT") [Ioflupane (123I)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioflupane_\(123I\) "Ioflupane (123I)") [RTI-55](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-55 "RTI-55") [RTI-112](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-112 "RTI-112") [RTI-113](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-113 "RTI-113") [RTI-121](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-121 "RTI-121") [RTI-126](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-126 "RTI-126") [RTI-150](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-150 "RTI-150") [RTI-177](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-177 "RTI-177") [RTI-229](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-229 "RTI-229") [RTI-336](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\(-\)-2%CE%B2-\(3-\(4-Methylphenyl\)isoxazol-5-yl\)-3%CE%B2-\(4-chlorophenyl\)tropane "(-)-2ÎČ-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3ÎČ-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane") [Tesofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesofensine "Tesofensine") [Troparil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troparil "Troparil") [Tropoxane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropoxane "Tropoxane") [WF-11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-\(4-tolyl\)-tropane "2ÎČ-Propanoyl-3ÎČ-(4-tolyl)-tropane") [WF-23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-\(2-naphthyl\)-tropane "2ÎČ-Propanoyl-3ÎČ-(2-naphthyl)-tropane") [WF-31](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Propanoyl-3-\(4-isopropylphenyl\)-tropane "2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane") [WF-33](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%CE%B1-\(Propanoyl\)-3%CE%B2-\(2-\(6-methoxynaphthyl\)\)-tropane "2α-(Propanoyl)-3ÎČ-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane") | | | *Others:* [Adrafinil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrafinil "Adrafinil") [Amifitadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amifitadine "Amifitadine") [Armodafinil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armodafinil "Armodafinil") [Amfonelic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfonelic_acid "Amfonelic acid") [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine") [Ansofaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansofaxine "Ansofaxine") [BTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyltolylquinuclidine "Butyltolylquinuclidine") [BTS 74,398](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS_74,398 "BTS 74,398") [Bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion "Bupropion") *[Chaenomeles speciosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaenomeles_speciosa "Chaenomeles speciosa")* [Ciclazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclazindol "Ciclazindol") [Dasotraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasotraline "Dasotraline") [Desmethylsertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsertraline "Desmethylsertraline") [Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine "Desmethylsibutramine") [Diclofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofensine "Diclofensine") [Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine "Didesmethylsibutramine") [Dimethocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethocaine "Dimethocaine") [Diphenylpyraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylpyraline "Diphenylpyraline") [Dizocilpine (MK-801)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizocilpine "Dizocilpine") [DOV-102,677](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-102,677 "DOV-102,677") [DOV-216,303](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-216,303 "DOV-216,303") [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [Ephenidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephenidine "Ephenidine") [Esketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esketamine "Esketamine") [EXP-561](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXP-561 "EXP-561") [Fencamfamin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencamfamin "Fencamfamin") [Fezolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezolamine "Fezolamine") [Fluorenol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorenol "Fluorenol") [GYKI-52895](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYKI-52895 "GYKI-52895") [Hydroxybupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxybupropion "Hydroxybupropion") [Indatraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indatraline "Indatraline") [Ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine") [Lafadofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafadofensine "Lafadofensine") [Lefetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefetamine "Lefetamine") [Levophacetoperane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levophacetoperane "Levophacetoperane") [Liafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liafensine "Liafensine") [LR-5182](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR-5182 "LR-5182") [Manifaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifaxine "Manifaxine") [Mazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazindol "Mazindol") [Medifoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medifoxamine "Medifoxamine") [Mesocarb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocarb "Mesocarb") [Metaphit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphit "Metaphit") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIN-117 "MIN-117") [Modafinil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil "Modafinil") [Nefopam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefopam "Nefopam") [Nomifensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomifensine "Nomifensine") [NS-2359](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-2359 "NS-2359") [O-2172](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-2172 "O-2172") [Oroxylin A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroxylin_A "Oroxylin A") [Perafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perafensine "Perafensine") [Pridefine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridefine "Pridefine") [Pudafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudafensine "Pudafensine") [Radafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radafaxine "Radafaxine") [Rimcazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimcazole "Rimcazole") [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") [Sibutramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibutramine "Sibutramine") [Solriamfetol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solriamfetol "Solriamfetol") [Tametraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tametraline "Tametraline") [Tedatioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine "Tedatioxetine") [Threohydrobupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threohydrobupropion "Threohydrobupropion") [Tripelennamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripelennamine "Tripelennamine") [Venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine") | | | [NET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter "Norepinephrine transporter")Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter ( [NRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors "Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) | | | | | | *Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:* [Amedalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedalin "Amedalin") [Alseroxylon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alseroxylon "Alseroxylon") [Ciclazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclazindol "Ciclazindol") [Daledalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daledalin "Daledalin") [Edivoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edivoxetine "Edivoxetine") [Esreboxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esreboxetine "Esreboxetine") [Lortalamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lortalamine "Lortalamine") [Mazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazindol "Mazindol") [Nisoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisoxetine "Nisoxetine") [Reboxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboxetine "Reboxetine") [Talopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talopram "Talopram") [Talsupram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talsupram "Talsupram") [Tandamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandamine "Tandamine") [Teniloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniloxazine "Teniloxazine") [Viloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viloxazine "Viloxazine") | | | *Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:* [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine") [Bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion "Bupropion") [Fencamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencamine "Fencamine") [Fencamfamin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencamfamin "Fencamfamin") [Hydroxybupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxybupropion "Hydroxybupropion") [Lefetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefetamine "Lefetamine") [Levophacetoperane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levophacetoperane "Levophacetoperane") [LR-5182](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR-5182 "LR-5182") [Manifaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifaxine "Manifaxine") [Methylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate") [Nomifensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomifensine "Nomifensine") [O-2172](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-2172 "O-2172") [Radafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radafaxine "Radafaxine") [Serdexmethylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate "Serdexmethylphenidate") [Solriamfetol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solriamfetol "Solriamfetol") | | | *Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:* [Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomoxetine "Atomoxetine") [CP-39,332](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-39,332 "CP-39,332") [Desvenlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desvenlafaxine "Desvenlafaxine") [Duloxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine "Duloxetine") [Eclanamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclanamine "Eclanamine") [Levomilnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomilnacipran "Levomilnacipran") [McN5652](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McN5652 "McN5652") [Milnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnacipran "Milnacipran") [N-Methyl-PPPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA "N-Methyl-PPPA") [Nafenodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nafenodone&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nafenodone (page does not exist)") [PPPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPPA_\(drug\) "PPPA (drug)") [Tofenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofenacin "Tofenacin") [Venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine") | | | *Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:* [3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine "3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine") [Amifitadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amifitadine "Amifitadine") [Ansofaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansofaxine "Ansofaxine") [Bicifadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicifadine "Bicifadine") [Brasofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasofensine "Brasofensine") [Centanafadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centanafadine "Centanafadine") [Cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") [Dasotraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasotraline "Dasotraline") [Desmethylsertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsertraline "Desmethylsertraline") [Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine "Desmethylsibutramine") [Diclofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofensine "Diclofensine") [Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine "Didesmethylsibutramine") [DOV-102677](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-102677 "DOV-102677") [DOV-216303](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-216303 "DOV-216303") [EXP-561](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXP-561 "EXP-561") [Fezolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezolamine "Fezolamine") [HDMP-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMP-28 "HDMP-28") [HP-505](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-505 "HP-505") [Indatraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indatraline "Indatraline") [JNJ-7925476](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-7925476 "JNJ-7925476") [JZ-IV-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JZ-IV-10 "JZ-IV-10") [Lafadofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafadofensine "Lafadofensine") [Liafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liafensine "Liafensine") [Mazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazindol "Mazindol") [Naphyrone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphyrone "Naphyrone") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Nefopam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefopam "Nefopam") [NS-2359](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-2359 "NS-2359") [Perafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perafensine "Perafensine") [PRC200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRC200 "PRC200") [Pridefine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridefine "Pridefine") [Pudafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudafensine "Pudafensine") [SEP-228431](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1 "SEP-228431 (page does not exist)") [SEP-228432](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1 "SEP-228432 (page does not exist)") [Sibutramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibutramine "Sibutramine") [Tedatioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine "Tedatioxetine") [Tesofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesofensine "Tesofensine") [Threohydrobupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threohydrobupropion "Threohydrobupropion") [Tropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropane "Tropane") (e.g., [cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine")) | | | *Tricyclic antidepressants:* [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") [Butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline") [Cianopramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianopramine "Cianopramine") [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") [Desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") [Dosulepin (dothiepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin") [Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin") [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine") [Melitracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitracen "Melitracen") [Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") [Trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine") | | | *Tetracyclic antidepressants:* [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") [Maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline") [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") [Oxaprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaprotiline "Oxaprotiline") [Setiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiptiline "Setiptiline") | | | *Others:* [Amezinium metilsulfate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amezinium_metilsulfate "Amezinium metilsulfate") [Antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_antagonist "Histamine antagonist") (e.g., [brompheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompheniramine "Brompheniramine"), [chlorphenamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine "Chlorphenamine"), [pheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheniramine "Pheniramine"), [tripelennamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripelennamine "Tripelennamine")) [Antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic") (e.g., [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone")) [Arylcyclohexylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine "Arylcyclohexylamine") (e.g., [ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine"), [phencyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine "Phencyclidine")) [Dopexamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopexamine "Dopexamine") [Ephenidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephenidine "Ephenidine") *[Ginkgo biloba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba "Ginkgo biloba")* [Indeloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeloxazine "Indeloxazine") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Opioids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid "Opioid") (e.g., [desmetramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmetramadol "Desmetramadol"), [methadone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methadone "Methadone"), [pethidine (meperidine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethidine "Pethidine"), [tapentadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapentadol "Tapentadol"), [tramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol "Tramadol"), [levorphanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levorphanol "Levorphanol")) | | | [SERT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter "Serotonin transporter")Tooltip Serotonin transporter ( [SRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors "Serotonin reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors) | | | | | | *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors:* [6-Nitroquipazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Nitroquipazine "6-Nitroquipazine") [Alaproclate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaproclate "Alaproclate") [Centpropazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centpropazine "Centpropazine") [Cericlamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cericlamine "Cericlamine") [Citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram") [Dapoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapoxetine "Dapoxetine") [Desmethylcitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylcitalopram "Desmethylcitalopram") [Didesmethylcitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didesmethylcitalopram "Didesmethylcitalopram") [Escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram") [Femoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoxetine "Femoxetine") [Fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine") [Fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine") [Indalpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indalpine "Indalpine") [Ifoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifoxetine "Ifoxetine") [Norfluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfluoxetine "Norfluoxetine") [Omiloxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omiloxetine "Omiloxetine") [Panuramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panuramine "Panuramine") [Paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine") [PIM-35](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIM-35 "PIM-35") [Pirandamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirandamine "Pirandamine") [RTI-353](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-353 "RTI-353") [Seproxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seproxetine "Seproxetine") [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") [Zimelidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimelidine "Zimelidine") *Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators:* [Etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone") [Litoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litoxetine "Litoxetine") [Lubazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubazodone "Lubazodone") [LY-393558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-393558 "LY-393558") [Quipazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipazine "Quipazine") [SB-649915](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-649915 "SB-649915") [TGBA01AD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGBA01AD "TGBA01AD") [Trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone") [Vilazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilazodone "Vilazodone") [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") | | | *Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:* [Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomoxetine "Atomoxetine") [Bicifadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicifadine "Bicifadine") [CP-39332](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP-39332&action=edit&redlink=1 "CP-39332 (page does not exist)") [Desvenlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desvenlafaxine "Desvenlafaxine") [Duloxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine "Duloxetine") [Eclanamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclanamine "Eclanamine") [Levomilnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomilnacipran "Levomilnacipran") [McN5652](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McN5652 "McN5652") [Milnacipran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnacipran "Milnacipran") [N-Methyl-PPPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA "N-Methyl-PPPA") [PPPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPPA_\(drug\) "PPPA (drug)") [Tofenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofenacin "Tofenacin") [Venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine") | | | *Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:* [3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine "3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine") [Amifitadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amifitadine "Amifitadine") [Ansofaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansofaxine "Ansofaxine") [Bicifadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicifadine "Bicifadine") [Brasofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasofensine "Brasofensine") [Centanafadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centanafadine "Centanafadine") [Cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") [Dasotraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasotraline "Dasotraline") [Desmethylsertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsertraline "Desmethylsertraline") [Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine "Desmethylsibutramine") [Diclofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofensine "Diclofensine") [Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine "Didesmethylsibutramine") [DOV-102677](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-102677 "DOV-102677") [DOV-216303](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOV-216303 "DOV-216303") [EXP-561](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXP-561 "EXP-561") [Fezolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezolamine "Fezolamine") [HDMP-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMP-28 "HDMP-28") [HP-505](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-505 "HP-505") [Indatraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indatraline "Indatraline") [JNJ-7925476](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-7925476 "JNJ-7925476") [JZ-IV-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JZ-IV-10 "JZ-IV-10") [Lafadofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafadofensine "Lafadofensine") [Liafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liafensine "Liafensine") [Mazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazindol "Mazindol") [Naphyrone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphyrone "Naphyrone") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Nefopam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefopam "Nefopam") [NS-2359](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-2359 "NS-2359") [Perafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perafensine "Perafensine") [PRC200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRC200 "PRC200") [Pridefine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridefine "Pridefine") [Pudafensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudafensine "Pudafensine") [SEP-228431](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1 "SEP-228431 (page does not exist)") [SEP-228432](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1 "SEP-228432 (page does not exist)") [Sibutramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibutramine "Sibutramine") [Tedatioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine "Tedatioxetine") [Tesofensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesofensine "Tesofensine") [Threohydrobupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threohydrobupropion "Threohydrobupropion") [Tropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropane "Tropane") (e.g., [cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine")) | | | *Tricyclic antidepressants:* [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") [Cianopramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianopramine "Cianopramine") [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") [Cyanodothiepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanodothiepin "Cyanodothiepin") [Desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") [Dosulepin (dothiepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin") [Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin") [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine") [Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") [Pipofezine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipofezine "Pipofezine") [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") | | | *Others:* [A-80426](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-80426&action=edit&redlink=1 "A-80426 (page does not exist)") [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") [Antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine "Antihistamine") (e.g., [brompheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompheniramine "Brompheniramine"), [chlorphenamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine "Chlorphenamine"), [dimenhydrinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimenhydrinate "Dimenhydrinate"), [diphenhydramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine "Diphenhydramine"), [mepyramine (pyrilamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepyramine "Mepyramine"), [pheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheniramine "Pheniramine"), [tripelennamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripelennamine "Tripelennamine")) [Antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic") (e.g., [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone")) [Arylcyclohexylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine "Arylcyclohexylamine") (e.g., [3-MeO-PCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-MeO-PCP "3-MeO-PCP"), [esketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esketamine "Esketamine"), [ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine"), [methoxetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxetamine "Methoxetamine"), [phencyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine "Phencyclidine")) [Cyclobenzaprine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine "Cyclobenzaprine") [Delucemine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delucemine "Delucemine") [Dextromethorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan "Dextromethorphan") [Dextrorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrorphan "Dextrorphan") [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [Hypidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypidone "Hypidone") [Medifoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medifoxamine "Medifoxamine") [Mesembrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesembrine "Mesembrine") [Mifepristone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mifepristone "Mifepristone") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIN-117 "MIN-117") [N-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methylserotonin "N-Methylserotonin") [Opioids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid "Opioid") (e.g., [dextropropoxyphene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene "Dextropropoxyphene"), [methadone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methadone "Methadone"), [pethidine (meperidine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethidine "Pethidine"), [levorphanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levorphanol "Levorphanol"), [tapentadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapentadol "Tapentadol"), [tramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol "Tramadol")) [Roxindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxindole "Roxindole") | | | [VMATs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporters "Vesicular monoamine transporters")Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters | [Amiodarone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiodarone "Amiodarone") [Amphetamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine "Substituted amphetamine") (e.g., [amphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine "Amphetamine"), [methamphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine "Methamphetamine"), [MDMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA")) [APP](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-Amino-2-phenylpropene&action=edit&redlink=1 "3-Amino-2-phenylpropene (page does not exist)") [AZIK](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin&action=edit&redlink=1 "7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin (page does not exist)") [Bietaserpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bietaserpine "Bietaserpine") [Deserpidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserpidine "Deserpidine") [Deutetrabenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutetrabenazine "Deutetrabenazine") [Dihydrotetrabenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotetrabenazine "Dihydrotetrabenazine") [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [GBR-12935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-12935 "GBR-12935") [GZ-793A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GZ-793A&action=edit&redlink=1 "GZ-793A (page does not exist)") [Ibogaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibogaine "Ibogaine") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [Lobeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobeline "Lobeline") [Methoxytetrabenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methoxytetrabenazine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Methoxytetrabenazine (page does not exist)") [Reserpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserpine "Reserpine") [Rose bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_bengal "Rose bengal") [Tetrabenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabenazine "Tetrabenazine") [Valbenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valbenazine "Valbenazine") [Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanoxerine "Vanoxerine") | | Others | *Unsorted:* [Cendifensine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendifensine "Cendifensine") *DAT enhancers:* [Luteolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteolin "Luteolin") *DAT modulators:* *Agonist-like:* [SoRI-9804](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoRI-9804 "SoRI-9804") [SoRI-20040](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SoRI-20040&action=edit&redlink=1 "SoRI-20040 (page does not exist)"); *Antagonist-like:* [SoRI-20041](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoRI-20041 "SoRI-20041") | | ***See also:** [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators") ‱ [Monoamine releasing agents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents "Template:Monoamine releasing agents") ‱ [Adrenergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Adrenergics "Template:Adrenergics") ‱ [Dopaminergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics "Template:Dopaminergics") ‱ [Serotonergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serotonergics "Template:Serotonergics") ‱ [Monoamine metabolism modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators "Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators") ‱ [Monoamine neurotoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins "Template:Monoamine neurotoxins")* | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators "Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators "Template talk:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators "Special:EditPage/Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators")[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor") [modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_modulator "Receptor modulator") | | | [mAChRs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptors "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors")Tooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors | | | | | | [Agonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_agonist "Muscarinic agonist") | [77-LH-28-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77-LH-28-1 "77-LH-28-1") [AC-42](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-42 "AC-42") [AC-260,584](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AC-260,584&action=edit&redlink=1 "AC-260,584 (page does not exist)") [Aceclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceclidine "Aceclidine") [Acetylcholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine "Acetylcholine") [AF30](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AF30&action=edit&redlink=1 "AF30 (page does not exist)") [AF150(S)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AF150\(S\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "AF150(S) (page does not exist)") [AF267B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AF267B&action=edit&redlink=1 "AF267B (page does not exist)") [Alvameline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvameline "Alvameline") [AQRA-741](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AQRA-741&action=edit&redlink=1 "AQRA-741 (page does not exist)") [Arecoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecoline "Arecoline") [Bethanechol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethanechol "Bethanechol") [Butyrylcholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrylcholine "Butyrylcholine") [Carbachol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbachol "Carbachol") [CDD-0034](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDD-0034&action=edit&redlink=1 "CDD-0034 (page does not exist)") [CDD-0078](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDD-0078&action=edit&redlink=1 "CDD-0078 (page does not exist)") [CDD-0097](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDD-0097&action=edit&redlink=1 "CDD-0097 (page does not exist)") [CDD-0098](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDD-0098&action=edit&redlink=1 "CDD-0098 (page does not exist)") [CDD-0102](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDD-0102&action=edit&redlink=1 "CDD-0102 (page does not exist)") [Cevimeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cevimeline "Cevimeline") [Choline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline "Choline") [cis-Dioxolane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-Dioxolane "Cis-Dioxolane") [Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylclozapine "Desmethylclozapine") [Ethoxysebacylcholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethoxysebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ethoxysebacylcholine (page does not exist)") [Guvacoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvacoline "Guvacoline") [Itameline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itameline "Itameline") [LY-593,039](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-593,039&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-593,039 (page does not exist)") [L-689,660](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L-689,660&action=edit&redlink=1 "L-689,660 (page does not exist)") [LY-2,033,298](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-2,033,298&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-2,033,298 (page does not exist)") [McNA343](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McNA343&action=edit&redlink=1 "McNA343 (page does not exist)") [Methacholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methacholine "Methacholine") [Milameline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milameline "Milameline") [Muscarine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarine "Muscarine") [NGX-267](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NGX-267&action=edit&redlink=1 "NGX-267 (page does not exist)") [Ocvimeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocvimeline&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ocvimeline (page does not exist)") [Oxotremorine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxotremorine "Oxotremorine") [PD-151,832](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PD-151,832&action=edit&redlink=1 "PD-151,832 (page does not exist)") [Pilocarpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilocarpine "Pilocarpine") [RS86](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RS86&action=edit&redlink=1 "RS86 (page does not exist)") [Sabcomeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabcomeline "Sabcomeline") [SDZ 210-086](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SDZ_210-086&action=edit&redlink=1 "SDZ 210-086 (page does not exist)") [Sebacylcholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sebacylcholine (page does not exist)") [Suberyldicholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suberyldicholine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Suberyldicholine (page does not exist)") [Talsaclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talsaclidine "Talsaclidine") [Tazomeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazomeline "Tazomeline") [Thiopilocarpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiopilocarpine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thiopilocarpine (page does not exist)") [Vedaclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedaclidine "Vedaclidine") [VU-0029767](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VU-0029767&action=edit&redlink=1 "VU-0029767 (page does not exist)") [VU-0090157](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VU-0090157&action=edit&redlink=1 "VU-0090157 (page does not exist)") [VU-0152099](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VU-0152099 "VU-0152099") [VU-0152100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VU-0152100 "VU-0152100") [VU-0238429](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VU-0238429 "VU-0238429") [WAY-132,983](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WAY-132,983&action=edit&redlink=1 "WAY-132,983 (page does not exist)") [Xanomeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanomeline "Xanomeline") [YM-796](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YM-796&action=edit&redlink=1 "YM-796 (page does not exist)") | | [Antagonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist "Muscarinic antagonist") | [3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate "3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate") [4-DAMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-DAMP "4-DAMP") [Aclidinium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aclidinium_bromide "Aclidinium bromide") ([\+formoterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aclidinium_bromide/formoterol "Aclidinium bromide/formoterol")) [Abediterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abediterol "Abediterol") [AF-DX 250](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AF-DX_250&action=edit&redlink=1 "AF-DX 250 (page does not exist)") [AF-DX 384](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFDX-384 "AFDX-384") [Ambutonium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambutonium_bromide "Ambutonium bromide") [Anisodamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisodamine "Anisodamine") [Anisodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisodine "Anisodine") [Antihistamines (first-generation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-generation_antihistamine "First-generation antihistamine") (e.g., [brompheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompheniramine "Brompheniramine"), [buclizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buclizine "Buclizine"), [captodiame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captodiame "Captodiame"), [chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine "Chlorphenamine"), [cinnarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine "Cinnarizine"), [clemastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemastine "Clemastine"), [cyproheptadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine "Cyproheptadine"), [dimenhydrinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimenhydrinate "Dimenhydrinate"), [dimetindene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetindene "Dimetindene"), [diphenhydramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine "Diphenhydramine"), [doxylamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxylamine "Doxylamine"), [meclizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclizine "Meclizine"), [mequitazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mequitazine "Mequitazine"), [perlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlapine "Perlapine"), [phenindamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenindamine "Phenindamine"), [pheniramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheniramine "Pheniramine"), [phenyltoloxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine "Phenyltoloxamine"), [promethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethazine "Promethazine"), [propiomazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiomazine "Propiomazine"), [triprolidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triprolidine "Triprolidine")) [AQ-RA 741](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AQ-RA_741&action=edit&redlink=1 "AQ-RA 741 (page does not exist)") [Atropine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine "Atropine") [Atropine methonitrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine_methonitrate "Atropine methonitrate") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine") ([\+fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine "Olanzapine/fluoxetine")), [rilapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rilapine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rilapine (page does not exist)"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [tenilapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenilapine "Tenilapine"), [zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine")) [Benactyzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benactyzine "Benactyzine") [Benzatropine (benztropine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzatropine "Benzatropine") [Benzilone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzilone "Benzilone") [Benzilylcholine mustard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzilylcholine_mustard "Benzilylcholine mustard") [Benzydamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzydamine "Benzydamine") [Bevonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevonium "Bevonium") [BIBN 99](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIBN_99 "BIBN 99") [Biperiden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biperiden "Biperiden") [Bornaprine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornaprine "Bornaprine") [Camylofin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camylofin "Camylofin") [CAR-226,086](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR-226,086 "CAR-226,086") [CAR-301,060](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR-301,060 "CAR-301,060") [CAR-302,196](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR-302,196 "CAR-302,196") [CAR-302,282](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR-302,282 "CAR-302,282") [CAR-302,368](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,368&action=edit&redlink=1 "CAR-302,368 (page does not exist)") [CAR-302,537](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,537&action=edit&redlink=1 "CAR-302,537 (page does not exist)") [CAR-302,668](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR-302,668 "CAR-302,668") [Caramiphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramiphen "Caramiphen") [Cimetropium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetropium_bromide "Cimetropium bromide") [Clidinium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clidinium_bromide "Clidinium bromide") [Cloperastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloperastine "Cloperastine") [CS-27349](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-27349 "CS-27349") [Cyclobenzaprine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine "Cyclobenzaprine") [Cyclopentolate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentolate "Cyclopentolate") [Darifenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darifenacin "Darifenacin") [DAU-5884](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DAU-5884&action=edit&redlink=1 "DAU-5884 (page does not exist)") [Desfesoterodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desfesoterodine "Desfesoterodine") [Dexetimide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexetimide "Dexetimide") [DIBD](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DIBD&action=edit&redlink=1 "DIBD (page does not exist)") [Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicycloverine "Dicycloverine") [Dihexyverine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihexyverine "Dihexyverine") [Difemerine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difemerine "Difemerine") [Diphemanil metilsulfate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphemanil_metilsulfate "Diphemanil metilsulfate") [Ditran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditran "Ditran") [Drofenine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drofenine "Drofenine") [EA-3167](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA-3167 "EA-3167") [EA-3443](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA-3443 "EA-3443") [EA-3580](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA-3580 "EA-3580") [EA-3834](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA-3834 "EA-3834") [Emepronium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emepronium_bromide "Emepronium bromide") [Etanautine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etanautine "Etanautine") [Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etybenzatropine "Etybenzatropine") [Fenpiverinium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenpiverinium "Fenpiverinium") [Fentonium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentonium_bromide "Fentonium bromide") [Fesoterodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesoterodine "Fesoterodine") [Flavoxate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoxate "Flavoxate") [Glycopyrronium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycopyrronium_bromide "Glycopyrronium bromide") ([\+beclometasone/formoterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium_bromide "Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium bromide"), [\+indacaterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indacaterol/glycopyrronium_bromide "Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide"), [\+neostigmine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neostigmine/glycopyrronium_bromide "Neostigmine/glycopyrronium bromide")) [Hexahydrodifenidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexahydrodifenidol&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hexahydrodifenidol (page does not exist)") [Hexahydrosiladifenidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexahydrosiladifenidol&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hexahydrosiladifenidol (page does not exist)") [Hexbutinol](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexbutinol&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hexbutinol (page does not exist)") [Hexocyclium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexocyclium "Hexocyclium") [Himbacine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himbacine "Himbacine") [HL-031,120](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HL-031,120&action=edit&redlink=1 "HL-031,120 (page does not exist)") [Homatropine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homatropine "Homatropine") [Imidafenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidafenacin "Imidafenacin") [Ipratropium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide "Ipratropium bromide") ([\+salbutamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide/salbutamol "Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol")) [Isopropamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropamide "Isopropamide") [J-104,129](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J-104,129&action=edit&redlink=1 "J-104,129 (page does not exist)") [Hyoscyamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscyamine "Hyoscyamine") [Mamba toxin 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamba#Mamba_toxins "Mamba") [Mamba toxin 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamba#Mamba_toxins "Mamba") [Mazaticol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaticol "Mazaticol") [Mebeverine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebeverine "Mebeverine") [Meladrazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meladrazine "Meladrazine") [Mepenzolate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepenzolate "Mepenzolate") [Methantheline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methantheline "Methantheline") [Methoctramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoctramine "Methoctramine") [Methylatropine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylatropine "Methylatropine") [Methylhomatropine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylhomatropine "Methylhomatropine") [Methylscopolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylscopolamine_bromide "Methylscopolamine bromide") [Metixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metixene "Metixene") [Muscarinic toxin 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_toxin_7 "Muscarinic toxin 7") [N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate "N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate") [N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate "N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate") [Nefopam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefopam "Nefopam") [Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octatropine_methylbromide "Octatropine methylbromide") [Orphenadrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphenadrine "Orphenadrine") [Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otenzepad "Otenzepad") [Otilonium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otilonium_bromide "Otilonium bromide") [Oxapium iodide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxapium_iodide "Oxapium iodide") [Oxitropium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxitropium_bromide "Oxitropium bromide") [Oxybutynin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxybutynin "Oxybutynin") [Oxyphencyclimine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyphencyclimine "Oxyphencyclimine") [Oxyphenonium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyphenonium_bromide "Oxyphenonium bromide") [PBID](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PBID&action=edit&redlink=1 "PBID (page does not exist)") [PD-102,807](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-102,807 "PD-102,807") [PD-0298029](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-0298029 "PD-0298029") [Penthienate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthienate "Penthienate") [Pethidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethidine "Pethidine") [pFHHSiD](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PFHHSiD&action=edit&redlink=1 "PFHHSiD (page does not exist)") [Phenglutarimide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenglutarimide "Phenglutarimide") [Phenyltoloxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine "Phenyltoloxamine") [Pipenzolate bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipenzolate_bromide "Pipenzolate bromide") [Piperidolate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidolate "Piperidolate") [Pirenzepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenzepine "Pirenzepine") [Piroheptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroheptine "Piroheptine") [Pizotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizotifen "Pizotifen") [Poldine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poldine "Poldine") [Pridinol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridinol "Pridinol") [Prifinium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifinium_bromide "Prifinium bromide") [Procyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyclidine "Procyclidine") [Profenamine (ethopropazine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profenamine "Profenamine") [Propantheline bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propantheline_bromide "Propantheline bromide") [Propiverine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiverine "Propiverine") [Quinidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine "Quinidine") [3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_thiochromane-4-carboxylate "3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate") [Revefenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revefenacin "Revefenacin") [Rociverine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rociverine "Rociverine") [RU-47,213](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-47,213 "RU-47,213") [SCH-57,790](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SCH-57,790&action=edit&redlink=1 "SCH-57,790 (page does not exist)") [SCH-72,788](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SCH-72,788&action=edit&redlink=1 "SCH-72,788 (page does not exist)") [SCH-217,443](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SCH-217,443&action=edit&redlink=1 "SCH-217,443 (page does not exist)") [Scopolamine (hyoscine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscine "Hyoscine") [Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscine_butylbromide "Hyoscine butylbromide") [Silahexacyclium](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silahexacyclium&action=edit&redlink=1 "Silahexacyclium (page does not exist)") [Sofpironium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofpironium_bromide "Sofpironium bromide") [Solifenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solifenacin "Solifenacin") [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors") Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., [femoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoxetine "Femoxetine"), [paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine")) [Telenzepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenzepine "Telenzepine") [Terodiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terodiline "Terodiline") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [Tiemonium iodide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiemonium_iodide "Tiemonium iodide") [Timepidium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timepidium_bromide "Timepidium bromide") [Tiotropium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiotropium_bromide "Tiotropium bromide") [Tiquizium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiquizium_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tiquizium bromide (page does not exist)") [Tofenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofenacin "Tofenacin") [Tolterodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolterodine "Tolterodine") [Tricyclic antidepressants]() (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") ([\+perphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine "Amitriptyline/perphenazine")), [amitriptylinoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide "Amitriptylinoxide"), [butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline"), [cidoxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidoxepin "Cidoxepin"), [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"), [desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine"), [desmethyldesipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmethyldesipramine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Desmethyldesipramine (page does not exist)"), [dibenzepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzepin "Dibenzepin"), [dosulepin (dothiepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin"), [doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin"), [imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine"), [lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine"), [nitroxazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroxazepine "Nitroxazepine"), [northiaden (desmethyldosulepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northiaden "Northiaden"), [nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline"), [protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline"), [quinupramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinupramine "Quinupramine"), [trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine")) [Tridihexethyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridihexethyl "Tridihexethyl") [Trihexyphenidyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trihexyphenidyl "Trihexyphenidyl") [Trimebutine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimebutine "Trimebutine") [Tripitamine (tripitramine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitamine "Tripitamine") [Tropacine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropacine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tropacine (page does not exist)") [Tropatepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropatepine "Tropatepine") [Tropicamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicamide "Tropicamide") [Tropine benzilate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropine_benzilate "Tropine benzilate") [Trospium chloride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trospium_chloride "Trospium chloride") [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [chlorprothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene "Chlorprothixene"), [cyamemazine (cyamepromazine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyamemazine "Cyamemazine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [mesoridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoridazine "Mesoridazine"), [thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine")) [Umeclidinium bromide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umeclidinium_bromide "Umeclidinium bromide") ([\+vilanterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umeclidinium_bromide/vilanterol "Umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol")) [WIN-2299](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIN-2299 "WIN-2299") [Xanomeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanomeline "Xanomeline") [Zamifenacin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamifenacin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Zamifenacin (page does not exist)") | | [Precursors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_\(chemistry\) "Precursor (chemistry)") (and [prodrugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug "Prodrug")) | [Acetyl-coA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-coA "Acetyl-coA") [Adafenoxate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adafenoxate "Adafenoxate") [Choline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline "Choline") ([lecithin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin "Lecithin")) [Citicoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citicoline "Citicoline") [Cyprodenate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprodenate "Cyprodenate") [Dimethylethanolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylethanolamine "Dimethylethanolamine") [Glycerophosphocholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerophosphocholine "Glycerophosphocholine") [Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclofenoxate "Meclofenoxate") [Phosphatidylcholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine "Phosphatidylcholine") [Phosphatidylethanolamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine "Phosphatidylethanolamine") [Phosphorylcholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylcholine "Phosphorylcholine") [Pirisudanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirisudanol "Pirisudanol") | | See also [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators") [Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators "Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators") [Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators "Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators "Template:Serotonin receptor modulators") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Serotonin_receptor_modulators "Template talk:Serotonin receptor modulators") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators "Special:EditPage/Template:Serotonin receptor modulators")[Serotonin receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT_receptor "5-HT receptor") [modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_modulator "Receptor modulator") | | | [5-HT1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1_receptor "5-HT1 receptor") | | | | | | [5-HT1A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor "5-HT1A receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T "4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T") [5-MeO-pip-T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-pip-T "5-MeO-pip-T") [5-MeO-pyr-T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-pyr-T "5-MeO-pyr-T") [8-OH-DPAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-OH-DPAT "8-OH-DPAT") [Adatanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatanserin "Adatanserin") [Amphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine "Amphetamine") [Antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") (e.g., [etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone"), [hydroxynefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone "Hydroxynefazodone"), [nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone"), [trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone"), [triazoledione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazoledione "Triazoledione"), [vilazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilazodone "Vilazodone"), [vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine")) [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [cariprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariprazine "Cariprazine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [lurasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone "Lurasidone"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone")) [Azapirones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azapirone "Azapirone") (e.g., [buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone"), [eptapirone (F-11440)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptapirone "Eptapirone"), [gepirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepirone "Gepirone"), [perospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perospirone "Perospirone"), [tandospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandospirone "Tandospirone")) [Bay R 1531](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_R_1531 "Bay R 1531") [Befiradol (NLX-112; F-13640)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befiradol "Befiradol") [BMY-14802](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMY-14802 "BMY-14802") [Cannabidiol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol "Cannabidiol") [Dimemebfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimemebfe "Dimemebfe") [Dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine") [Ebalzotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebalzotan "Ebalzotan") [Eltoprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltoprazine "Eltoprazine") [Enciprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciprazine "Enciprazine") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [F-11461](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-11461 "F-11461") [F-12826](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F-12826&action=edit&redlink=1 "F-12826 (page does not exist)") [F-13714](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F-13714&action=edit&redlink=1 "F-13714 (page does not exist)") [F-14679](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F-14679&action=edit&redlink=1 "F-14679 (page does not exist)") [F-15063](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15063 "F-15063") [F-15599 (NLX-101)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15599 "F-15599") [Flesinoxan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesinoxan "Flesinoxan") [Flibanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibanserin "Flibanserin") [Flumexadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumexadol "Flumexadol") [Hypidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypidone "Hypidone") [Lesopitron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesopitron "Lesopitron") [LY-293284](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-293284 "LY-293284") [LY-301317](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-301317&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-301317 (page does not exist)") [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [Naluzotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naluzotan "Naluzotan") [NBUMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBUMP "NBUMP") [NLX-204](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLX-204 "NLX-204") [NLX-266](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLX-266 "NLX-266") [Osemozotan (MKC-242)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osemozotan "Osemozotan") [Oxaflozane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaflozane "Oxaflozane") [Pardoprunox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardoprunox "Pardoprunox") [Piclozotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piclozotan "Piclozotan") [Rauwolscine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwolscine "Rauwolscine") [Repinotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repinotan "Repinotan") [Roxindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxindole "Roxindole") [RU-24969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-24969 "RU-24969") [S-14506](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-14506 "S-14506") [S-14671](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-14671 "S-14671") [S-15535](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-15535 "S-15535") [Sarizotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarizotan "Sarizotan") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [SSR-181507](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SSR-181507&action=edit&redlink=1 "SSR-181507 (page does not exist)") [Sunepitron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunepitron "Sunepitron") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-MeO-DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DMT "5-MeO-DMT"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine"), [bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine"), [indorenate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indorenate "Indorenate"), [N-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methylserotonin "N-Methylserotonin"), [psilocin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocin "Psilocin"), [psilocybin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin "Psilocybin")) [TGBA01AD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGBA01AD "TGBA01AD") [TMU4142](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMU4142 "TMU4142") [U-92016-A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-92016-A "U-92016-A") [Urapidil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urapidil "Urapidil") [Vilazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilazodone "Vilazodone") [Xaliproden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaliproden "Xaliproden") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") | | | *Positive allosteric modulators:* [Oleamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleamide "Oleamide") | | | *Antagonists:* [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [sertindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertindole "Sertindole")) [AV965](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV965 "AV965") [Beta blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker") (e.g., [alprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprenolol "Alprenolol"), [carteolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteolol "Carteolol"), [cyanopindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanopindolol "Cyanopindolol"), [iodocyanopindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodocyanopindolol "Iodocyanopindolol"), [isamoltane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamoltane "Isamoltane"), [oxprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxprenolol "Oxprenolol"), [penbutolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penbutolol "Penbutolol"), [pindobind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindobind "Pindobind"), [pindolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindolol "Pindolol"), [propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol"), [tertatolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertatolol "Tertatolol")) [BMY-7378](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMY-7378 "BMY-7378") [CSP-2503](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSP-2503 "CSP-2503") [Dotarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotarizine "Dotarizine") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline")) [FCE-24379](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FCE-24379&action=edit&redlink=1 "FCE-24379 (page does not exist)") [Flopropione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flopropione "Flopropione") [GR-46611](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GR-46611&action=edit&redlink=1 "GR-46611 (page does not exist)") [Isamoltane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamoltane "Isamoltane") [Lecozotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecozotan "Lecozotan") [Mefway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefway_\(18F\) "Mefway (18F)") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIN-117 "MIN-117") [MPPF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPPF "MPPF") [NAN-190](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAN-190 "NAN-190") [Robalzotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robalzotan "Robalzotan") [S-15535](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-15535 "S-15535") [SB-649915](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-649915 "SB-649915") [SDZ 216-525](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SDZ_216-525&action=edit&redlink=1 "SDZ 216-525 (page does not exist)") [Spiperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiperone "Spiperone") [Spiramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiramide "Spiramide") [Spiroxatrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroxatrine "Spiroxatrine") [UH-301](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-301 "UH-301") [WAY-100135](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-100135 "WAY-100135") [WAY-100635](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-100635 "WAY-100635") [Xylamidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylamidine "Xylamidine") | | | *Unknown/unsorted:* [Acetryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetryptine "Acetryptine") [Carvedilol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvedilol "Carvedilol") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine")) | | | [5-HT1B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor "5-HT1B receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [Alniditan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alniditan "Alniditan") [Anpirtoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpirtoline "Anpirtoline") [AZ10419369](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZ10419369 "AZ10419369") [Benzofurans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_benzofuran "Substituted benzofuran") (e.g., [5-MAPB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MAPB "5-MAPB"), [6-MAPB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-MAPB "6-MAPB"), [BK-5-MAPB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK-5-MAPB "BK-5-MAPB"), [BK-6-MAPB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK-6-MAPB "BK-6-MAPB")) [Benzothiophenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_benzothiophene "Substituted benzothiophene") (e.g., [5-MAPBT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MAPBT "5-MAPBT"), [6-MAPBT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-MAPBT "6-MAPBT"), [BK-5-MAPBT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK-5-MAPBT "BK-5-MAPBT")) [CGS-12066 (CGS-12066A, CGS-12066B)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS-12066 "CGS-12066") [CP-93129](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-93129 "CP-93129") [CP-94253](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-94253 "CP-94253") [CP-122288](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-122288 "CP-122288") [CP-135807](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-135807 "CP-135807") [Eltoprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltoprazine "Eltoprazine") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [Methylenedioxyphenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") (e.g., [MDMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA"), [methylone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylone "Methylone")) [PGI-7043](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGI-7043 "PGI-7043") [PZKKN-94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZKKN-94 "PZKKN-94") [RU-24969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-24969 "RU-24969") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan") (e.g., [avitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitriptan "Avitriptan"), [donitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donitriptan "Donitriptan"), [eletriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletriptan "Eletriptan"), [IS-159](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-159 "IS-159"), [sumatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatriptan "Sumatriptan"), [zolmitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolmitriptan "Zolmitriptan")) [TFMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine "Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine "5-Benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine")) [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") | | | *Antagonists:* [AOP-208 (LB-208)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOP-208 "AOP-208") [AR-A000002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AR-A000002 "AR-A000002") [Beta blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker") (e.g., [alprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprenolol "Alprenolol"), [carteolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteolol "Carteolol"), [isamoltane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamoltane "Isamoltane"), [oxprenolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxprenolol "Oxprenolol"), [penbutolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penbutolol "Penbutolol"), [propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol"), [tertatolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertatolol "Tertatolol")) [Elzasonan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzasonan "Elzasonan") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline")) [F-14258](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14258 "F-14258") [GR-127935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR-127935 "GR-127935") [Isamoltane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamoltane "Isamoltane") [LY-393558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-393558 "LY-393558") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [SB-216641](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-216641 "SB-216641") [SB-224289](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-224289 "SB-224289") [SB-236057](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-236057 "SB-236057") [SB-616234](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-616234 "SB-616234") [Trelanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelanserin "Trelanserin") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") | | | *Negative allosteric modulators:* [5-HT-moduline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT-moduline "5-HT-moduline") | | | *Unknown/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride")) | | | [5-HT1D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor "5-HT1D receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [Alniditan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alniditan "Alniditan") [CGS-12066 (CGS-12066A, CGS-12066B)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS-12066 "CGS-12066") [CP-122288](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-122288 "CP-122288") [CP-135807](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-135807 "CP-135807") [CP-286601](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP-286601&action=edit&redlink=1 "CP-286601 (page does not exist)") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide")) [GR-46611](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GR-46611&action=edit&redlink=1 "GR-46611 (page does not exist)") [L-694247](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-694247 "L-694247") [L-772405](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L-772405&action=edit&redlink=1 "L-772405 (page does not exist)") [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [PNU-109291](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PNU-109291&action=edit&redlink=1 "PNU-109291 (page does not exist)") [PNU-142633](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-142633 "PNU-142633") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [TGBA01AD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGBA01AD "TGBA01AD") [Triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan") (e.g., [almotriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almotriptan "Almotriptan"), [avitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitriptan "Avitriptan"), [donitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donitriptan "Donitriptan"), [eletriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletriptan "Eletriptan"), [frovatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frovatriptan "Frovatriptan"), [IS-159](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-159 "IS-159"), [naratriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naratriptan "Naratriptan"), [rizatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizatriptan "Rizatriptan"), [sumatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatriptan "Sumatriptan"), [zolmitriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolmitriptan "Zolmitriptan")) [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine "5-Benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-Et-DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Ethyl-DMT "5-Ethyl-DMT"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine"), [5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-\(Nonyloxy\)tryptamine "5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine")) | | | *Antagonists:* [BRL-15572](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-15572 "BRL-15572") [Elzasonan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzasonan "Elzasonan") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline")) [F-14258](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14258 "F-14258") [GR-127935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR-127935 "GR-127935") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [LY-310762](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-310762 "LY-310762") [LY-367642](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-367642 "LY-367642") [LY-393558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-393558 "LY-393558") [LY-456219](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-456219 "LY-456219") [LY-456220](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-456220 "LY-456220") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") [Ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone") | | | *Negative allosteric modulators:* [5-HT-moduline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT-moduline "5-HT-moduline") | | | *Unknown/unsorted:* [Acetryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetryptine "Acetryptine") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [lysergol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergol "Lysergol"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) | | | [5-HT1E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor "5-HT1E receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [BRL-54443](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-54443 "BRL-54443") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide")) [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan") (e.g., [eletriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletriptan "Eletriptan")) [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine "Tryptamine")) | | | *Antagonists:* [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") | | | *Unknown/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine"), [lysergol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergol "Lysergol"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine") | | | [5-HT1F](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor "5-HT1F receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [BRL-54443](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-54443 "BRL-54443") [CP-122288](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-122288 "CP-122288") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [lysergol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergol "Lysergol"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine") [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide")) [Lasmiditan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasmiditan "Lasmiditan") [LY-334370](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-334370 "LY-334370") [LY-344864](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-344864 "LY-344864") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan") (e.g., [eletriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletriptan "Eletriptan"), [naratriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naratriptan "Naratriptan"), [sumatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatriptan "Sumatriptan")) [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine")) | | | *Antagonists:* [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin") | | | [5-HT2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2_receptor "5-HT2 receptor") | | | | | | [5-HT2A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor "5-HT2A receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* 25H/NB series (e.g., [25I-NBF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25I-NBF "25I-NBF"), [25I-NBMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25I-NBMD "25I-NBMD"), [25I-NBOH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25I-NBOH "25I-NBOH"), [25I-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25I-NBOMe "25I-NBOMe"), [25B-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25B-NBOMe "25B-NBOMe"), [25C-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25C-NBOMe "25C-NBOMe"), [25TFM-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25TFM-NBOMe "25TFM-NBOMe"), [2CBCB-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2CBCB-NBOMe "2CBCB-NBOMe"), [25CN-NBOH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25CN-NBOH "25CN-NBOH"), [2CBFly-NBOMe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2CBFly-NBOMe "2CBFly-NBOMe")) [2Cs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C_\(psychedelics\) "2C (psychedelics)") (e.g., [2C-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B "2C-B"), [2C-E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-E "2C-E"), [2C-I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-I "2C-I"), [2C-T-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-2 "2C-T-2"), [2C-T-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-7 "2C-T-7"), [2C-T-21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-21 "2C-T-21")) [2C-B-FLY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-FLY "2C-B-FLY") [2CB-Ind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2CB-Ind "2CB-Ind") [5-Methoxytryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine") ([5-MeO-DET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DET "5-MeO-DET"), [5-MeO-DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine "5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine"), [5-MeO-DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DMT "5-MeO-DMT"), [5-MeO-DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DPT "5-MeO-DPT"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine")) [α-Alkyltryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_alpha-alkyltryptamine "Substituted alpha-alkyltryptamine") (e.g., [5-Cl-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT "5-Chloro-αMT"), [5-Fl-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Fluoro-AMT "5-Fluoro-AMT"), [5-MeO-αET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-AET "5-MeO-AET"), [5-MeO-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-aMT "5-MeO-aMT"), [α-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methylserotonin "Alpha-Methylserotonin"), [αET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine "Alpha-Ethyltryptamine"), [αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine "Alpha-Methyltryptamine")) [AL-34662](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL-34662 "AL-34662") [AL-37350A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL-37350A "AL-37350A") [Bromo-DragonFLY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo-DragonFLY "Bromo-DragonFLY") [Dimemebfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimemebfe "Dimemebfe") [DMBMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMBMPP "DMBMPP") [DOx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOx "DOx") (e.g., [DOB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine"), [DOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine"), [DOI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine"), [DOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine")) [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [1P-LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1P-LSD "1P-LSD"), [ALD-52](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALD-52 "ALD-52"), [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [ergine (LSA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergine "Ergine"), [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [LA-SS-Az](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide "Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide"), [LSB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide "Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [LSD-Pip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD-Pip "LSD-Pip"), [LSH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide "Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide"), [LSP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide "Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [Flumexadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumexadol "Flumexadol") [IHCH-7113](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHCH-7113 "IHCH-7113") [Jimscaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimscaline "Jimscaline") [Lorcaserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorcaserin "Lorcaserin") [MDxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") (e.g., [MDA (tenamfetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine"), [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA"), [MDOH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine"), [MMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDA_\(drug\) "MMDA (drug)")) [O-4310](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-4310 "O-4310") [Oxaflozane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaflozane "Oxaflozane") [PHA-57378](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHA-57378 "PHA-57378") [PNU-22394](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-22394 "PNU-22394") [PNU-181731](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-181731 "PNU-181731") [RH-34](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RH-34 "RH-34") [SCHEMBL5334361](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCHEMBL5334361 "SCHEMBL5334361") [Phenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine "Substituted phenethylamine") (e.g., [lophophine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophophine "Lophophine"), [mescaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaline "Mescaline")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [BZP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine "Benzylpiperazine"), [quipazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipazine "Quipazine"), [TFMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine "Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine")) [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [TCB-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCB-2 "TCB-2") [TFMFly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFMFly "TFMFly") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine "5-Benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [DET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyltryptamine "Diethyltryptamine"), [DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine "Diisopropyltryptamine"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine"), [DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine "Dipropyltryptamine"), [psilocin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocin "Psilocin"), [psilocybin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin "Psilocybin"), [tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine "Tryptamine")) | | | *Positive allosteric modulators:* [AB0124](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB0124 "AB0124") [CTW0404](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTW0404 "CTW0404") [CTW0419](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTW0419&action=edit&redlink=1 "CTW0419 (page does not exist)") [JPC0323](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPC0323 "JPC0323") [(*R*)-Glaucine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\(R\)-Glaucine "(R)-Glaucine") [Oleamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleamide "Oleamide") | | | *Antagonists:* [5-I-R91150](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-I-R91150 "5-I-R91150") [5-MeO-NBpBrT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-NBpBrT "5-MeO-NBpBrT") [AC-90179](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-90179 "AC-90179") [Adatanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatanserin "Adatanserin") [Altanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altanserin "Altanserin") [Antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine "Antihistamine") (e.g., [cyproheptadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine "Cyproheptadine"), [hydroxyzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine "Hydroxyzine"), [ketotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketotifen "Ketotifen"), [perlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlapine "Perlapine")) [AMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene "9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [amperozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperozide "Amperozide"), [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [blonanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonanserin "Blonanserin"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [carpipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpipramine "Carpipramine"), [clocapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocapramine "Clocapramine"), [clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine"), [gevotroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevotroline "Gevotroline"), [iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone"), [lurasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone "Lurasidone"), [melperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melperone "Melperone"), [mosapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosapramine "Mosapramine"), [ocaperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocaperidone "Ocaperidone"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [paliperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone "Paliperidone"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [sertindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertindole "Sertindole"), [zicronapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zicronapine "Zicronapine"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone"), [zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine")) [Butanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanserin "Butanserin") [Chlorprothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene "Chlorprothixene") [Cinanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinanserin "Cinanserin") [CSP-2503](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSP-2503 "CSP-2503") [Deramciclane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deramciclane "Deramciclane") [Dotarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotarizine "Dotarizine") [Eplivanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eplivanserin "Eplivanserin") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [amesergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesergide "Amesergide"), [LY-53857](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-53857 (page does not exist)"), [LY-215840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-215840 "LY-215840"), [mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine"), [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [sergolexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergolexole "Sergolexole")) [Fananserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fananserin "Fananserin") [Flibanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibanserin "Flibanserin") [Glemanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glemanserin "Glemanserin") [Irindalone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irindalone "Irindalone") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [KML-010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KML-010 "KML-010") [Landipirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landipirdine "Landipirdine") [LY03017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY03017 "LY03017") [LY-393558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-393558 "LY-393558") [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [Medifoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medifoxamine "Medifoxamine") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Metrenperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrenperone "Metrenperone") [MIN-117 (WF-516)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIN-117 "MIN-117") [MT-1207](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-1207 "MT-1207") [Naftidrofuryl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftidrofuryl "Naftidrofuryl") [Nantenine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantenine "Nantenine") [Nelotanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelotanserin "Nelotanserin") [NH130](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NH130 "NH130") [Opiranserin (VVZ-149)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiranserin "Opiranserin") [Pelanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelanserin "Pelanserin") [Phenoxybenzamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine "Phenoxybenzamine") [Pimavanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimavanserin "Pimavanserin") [Pirenperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenperone "Pirenperone") [Pizotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizotifen "Pizotifen") [Pruvanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruvanserin "Pruvanserin") [Rauwolscine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwolscine "Rauwolscine") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [Roluperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roluperidone "Roluperidone") [S-14671](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-14671 "S-14671") [Sarpogrelate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpogrelate "Sarpogrelate") [Seganserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seganserin "Seganserin") [Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitor "Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor") (e.g., [etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone"), [hydroxynefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone "Hydroxynefazodone"), [lubazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubazodone "Lubazodone"), [mepiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepiprazole "Mepiprazole"), [nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone"), [triazoledione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazoledione "Triazoledione"), [trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone")) [Temanogrel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temanogrel "Temanogrel") [Teniloxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniloxazine "Teniloxazine") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [aptazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptazapine "Aptazapine"), [esmirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmirtazapine "Esmirtazapine"), [maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [TGBA01AD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGBA01AD "TGBA01AD") [Trelanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelanserin "Trelanserin") [Tricyclic antidepressants]() (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline")) [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine"), [haloperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol "Haloperidol"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [perphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine "Perphenazine"), [pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide"), [pipamperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipamperone "Pipamperone"), [prochlorperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorperazine "Prochlorperazine"), [setoperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setoperone "Setoperone"), [spiperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiperone "Spiperone"), [spiramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiramide "Spiramide"), [thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine"), [thiothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiotixene "Tiotixene"), [trifluoperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoperazine "Trifluoperazine")) [Volinanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volinanserin "Volinanserin") [Xylamidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylamidine "Xylamidine") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") | | | *Unknown/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [nicergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicergoline "Nicergoline")) | | | [5-HT2B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor "5-HT2B receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [4-Methylaminorex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Methylaminorex "4-Methylaminorex") [Aminorex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminorex "Aminorex") [Amphetamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine "Substituted amphetamine") (e.g., [chlorphentermine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphentermine "Chlorphentermine"), [cloforex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloforex "Cloforex"), [dexfenfluramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexfenfluramine "Dexfenfluramine"), [fenfluramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine "Fenfluramine"), [levofenfluramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levofenfluramine "Levofenfluramine"), [norfenfluramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfenfluramine "Norfenfluramine")) [BW-723C86](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BW-723C86 "BW-723C86") [DOx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOx "DOx") (e.g., [DOB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine"), [DOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine"), [DOI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine"), [DOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine")) [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [dihydroergocryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine "Dihydroergocryptine"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [Lorcaserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorcaserin "Lorcaserin") [MDxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") (e.g., [MDA (tenamfetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine"), [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA"), [MDOH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine"), [MMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDA_\(drug\) "MMDA (drug)")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_piperazine "Substituted piperazine") (e.g., [TFMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine "Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine")) [PNU-22394](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-22394 "PNU-22394") [Ro60-0175](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro60-0175 "Ro60-0175") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine "5-Benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine"), [α-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methylserotonin "Alpha-Methylserotonin"), [bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [DET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyltryptamine "Diethyltryptamine"), [DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine "Diisopropyltryptamine"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine"), [DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine "Dipropyltryptamine"), [psilocin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocin "Psilocin"), [psilocybin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin "Psilocybin"), [tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine "Tryptamine")) | | | *Antagonists:* [Agomelatine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agomelatine "Agomelatine") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [amisulpride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisulpride "Amisulpride"), [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [cariprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariprazine "Cariprazine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N-desalkylquetiapine&action=edit&redlink=1 "N-desalkylquetiapine (page does not exist)"), [N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylclozapine "Desmethylclozapine"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [pipamperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipamperone "Pipamperone"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone")) [Cyproheptadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine "Cyproheptadine") [EGIS-7625](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGIS-7625 "EGIS-7625") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [amesergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesergide "Amesergide"), [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [LY-53857](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-53857 (page does not exist)"), [LY-272015](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-272015&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-272015 (page does not exist)"), [mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine")) [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [LY-393558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-393558 "LY-393558") [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine") [Metadoxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadoxine "Metadoxine") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Pirenperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenperone "Pirenperone") [Pizotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizotifen "Pizotifen") [Propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol") [PRX-08066](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRX-08066 "PRX-08066") [Rauwolscine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwolscine "Rauwolscine") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [RS-127445](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-127445 "RS-127445") [Sarpogrelate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpogrelate "Sarpogrelate") [SB-200646](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-200646 "SB-200646") [SB-204741](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-204741 "SB-204741") [SB-206553](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-206553 "SB-206553") [SB-215505](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-215505 "SB-215505") [SB-221284](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-221284 "SB-221284") [SB-228357](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-228357 "SB-228357") [SDZ SER-082](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDZ_SER-082 "SDZ SER-082") [Tegaserod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegaserod "Tegaserod") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [Trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone") [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine")) [TIK-301](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIK-301 "TIK-301") [Yohimbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine "Yohimbine") | | | *Unknown/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine")) | | | [5-HT2C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor "5-HT2C receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [2Cs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C_\(psychedelics\) "2C (psychedelics)") (e.g., [2C-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B "2C-B"), [2C-E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-E "2C-E"), [2C-I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-I "2C-I"), [2C-T-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-2 "2C-T-2"), [2C-T-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-7 "2C-T-7"), [2C-T-21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-21 "2C-T-21")) [5-Methoxytryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine") ([5-MeO-DET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DET "5-MeO-DET"), [5-MeO-DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine "5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine"), [5-MeO-DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DMT "5-MeO-DMT"), [5-MeO-DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DPT "5-MeO-DPT"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine")) [α-Alkyltryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_alpha-alkyltryptamine "Substituted alpha-alkyltryptamine") (e.g., [5-Cl-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT "5-Chloro-αMT"), [5-Fl-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Fluoro-AMT "5-Fluoro-AMT"), [5-MeO-αET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-AET "5-MeO-AET"), [5-MeO-αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-aMT "5-MeO-aMT"), [α-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methylserotonin "Alpha-Methylserotonin"), [αET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine "Alpha-Ethyltryptamine"), [αMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine "Alpha-Methyltryptamine")) [A-372159](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-372159 "A-372159") [AL-38022A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL-38022A "AL-38022A") [Alstonine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonine "Alstonine") [ATHX-105](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATHX-105 "ATHX-105") [Centhaquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centhaquine "Centhaquine") [CP-809101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-809101 "CP-809101") [Dimemebfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimemebfe "Dimemebfe") [DOx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOx "DOx") (e.g., [DOB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine"), [DOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine"), [DOI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine"), [DOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine")) [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [ALD-52](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALD-52 "ALD-52"), [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergine (LSA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergine "Ergine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [LA-SS-Az](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide "Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide"), [LSB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide "Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [LSD-Pip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD-Pip "LSD-Pip"), [LSH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide "Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide"), [LSP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide "Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [Flumexadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumexadol "Flumexadol") [Lorcaserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorcaserin "Lorcaserin") [MDxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") (e.g., [MDA (tenamfetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine"), [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA"), [MDOH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine "3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine"), [MMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDA_\(drug\) "MMDA (drug)")) [MK-212](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK-212 "MK-212") [ORG-12962](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORG-12962 "ORG-12962") [ORG-37684](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORG-37684 "ORG-37684") [Oxaflozane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaflozane "Oxaflozane") [PHA-57378](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHA-57378 "PHA-57378") [Phenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine "Substituted phenethylamine") (e.g., [lophophine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophophine "Lophophine"), [mescaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaline "Mescaline")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [BZP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine "Benzylpiperazine"), [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine"), [quipazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipazine "Quipazine"), [TFMPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine "Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine")) [PNU-22394](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-22394 "PNU-22394") [PNU-181731](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-181731 "PNU-181731") [PRX-00933 (BVT-933; GW-876167)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRX-00933 "PRX-00933") [Ro60-0175](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro60-0175 "Ro60-0175") [Ro60-0213](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro60-0213 "Ro60-0213") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine "5-Benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [DET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyltryptamine "Diethyltryptamine"), [DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine "Diisopropyltryptamine"), [DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine"), [DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine "Dipropyltryptamine"), [psilocin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocin "Psilocin"), [psilocybin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin "Psilocybin"), [tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine "Tryptamine")) [Vabicaserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabicaserin "Vabicaserin") [VR-1065](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VR-1065 "VR-1065") [WAY-629](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-629 "WAY-629") [WAY-161503](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-161503 "WAY-161503") [YM-348](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YM-348 "YM-348") | | | *Positive allosteric modulators:* [CTW0415](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTW0415 "CTW0415") [CYD-1-79](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CYD-1-79&action=edit&redlink=1 "CYD-1-79 (page does not exist)") [JPC0323](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPC0323 "JPC0323") [Oleamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleamide "Oleamide") [PNU-69176E](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PNU-69176E&action=edit&redlink=1 "PNU-69176E (page does not exist)") [VA012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA012 "VA012") [VA240](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VA240_\(drug\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "VA240 (drug) (page does not exist)") | | | *Antagonists:* [Adatanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatanserin "Adatanserin") [Agomelatine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agomelatine "Agomelatine") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine"), [iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone"), [melperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melperone "Melperone"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [paliperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone "Paliperidone"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [sertindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertindole "Sertindole"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone"), [zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine")) [Captodiame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captodiame "Captodiame") [CEPC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Chloro-5-ethoxy-N-\(pyridin-2-yl\)indoline-1-carboxamide "6-Chloro-5-ethoxy-N-(pyridin-2-yl)indoline-1-carboxamide") [Cinanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinanserin "Cinanserin") [Cyproheptadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine "Cyproheptadine") [Deramciclane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deramciclane "Deramciclane") [Desmetramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmetramadol "Desmetramadol") [Dotarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotarizine "Dotarizine") [Eltoprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltoprazine "Eltoprazine") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [amesergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesergide "Amesergide"), [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [LY-53857](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-53857 (page does not exist)"), [LY-215840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-215840 "LY-215840"), [mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine"), [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [sergolexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergolexole "Sergolexole")) [Etoperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone "Etoperidone") [Fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine") [FR260010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR260010 "FR260010") [Irindalone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irindalone "Irindalone") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [Ketotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketotifen "Ketotifen") [Latrepirdine (dimebolin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrepirdine "Latrepirdine") [LY03017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY03017 "LY03017") [Medifoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medifoxamine "Medifoxamine") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Nefazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefazodone "Nefazodone") [Pirenperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenperone "Pirenperone") [Pizotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizotifen "Pizotifen") [Propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [RS-102221](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-102221 "RS-102221") [S-14671](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-14671 "S-14671") [SB-200646](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-200646 "SB-200646") [SB-206553](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-206553 "SB-206553") [SB-221284](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-221284 "SB-221284") [SB-228357](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-228357 "SB-228357") [SB-242084](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-242084 "SB-242084") [SB-243213](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-243213 "SB-243213") [SB-247853](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-247853 "SB-247853") [SDZ SER-082](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDZ_SER-082 "SDZ SER-082") [Seganserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seganserin "Seganserin") [Tedatioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine "Tedatioxetine") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [aptazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptazapine "Aptazapine"), [esmirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmirtazapine "Esmirtazapine"), [maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [TIK-301](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIK-301 "TIK-301") [Tramadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol "Tramadol") [Trazodone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone "Trazodone") [Tricyclic antidepressants]() (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), [nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline")) [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide"), [pipamperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipamperone "Pipamperone"), [thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine")) [Xylamidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylamidine "Xylamidine") | | | *Unknown/unsorted:* [Efavirenz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz "Efavirenz") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [ergometrine (ergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergometrine "Ergometrine"), [methylergometrine (methylergonovine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylergometrine "Methylergometrine")) | | | [5-HT3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT3_receptor "5-HT3 receptor")–[7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT7_receptor "5-HT7 receptor") | | | | | | [5-HT3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT3_receptor "5-HT3 receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [Alcohols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(chemistry\) "Alcohol (chemistry)") (e.g., [butanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanol "N-Butanol"), [ethanol (alcohol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)"), [trichloroethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol "2,2,2-Trichloroethanol")) [m-CPBG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophenylbiguanide "Chlorophenylbiguanide") [Phenylbiguanide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylbiguanide "Phenylbiguanide") [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [BZP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine "Benzylpiperazine"), [mCPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine "Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine"), [quipazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipazine "Quipazine")) [RS-56812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-56812 "RS-56812") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [SR-57227](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-57227 "SR-57227") [SR-57227A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR-57227A&action=edit&redlink=1 "SR-57227A (page does not exist)") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [2-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine "2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [bufotenidine (5-HTQ)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenidine "Bufotenidine")) [Volatiles/gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic "Inhalational anaesthetic") (e.g., [halothane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halothane "Halothane"), [isoflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane "Isoflurane"), [toluene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene "Toluene"), [trichloroethane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane "1,1,1-Trichloroethane")) [YM-31636](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YM-31636 "YM-31636") | | | *Positive allosteric modulators:* [5-Aminoindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5-Aminoindole&action=edit&redlink=1 "5-Aminoindole (page does not exist)") [5-Chloroindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5-Chloroindole&action=edit&redlink=1 "5-Chloroindole (page does not exist)") [5-Hydroxyindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5-Hydroxyindole&action=edit&redlink=1 "5-Hydroxyindole (page does not exist)") [Catechol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol "Catechol") [Chloroform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform "Chloroform") [*meta*\-Chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophenylbiguanide "Chlorophenylbiguanide") [Colchicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine "Colchicine") [Ethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol") ([alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)")) [Halothane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halothane "Halothane") [Indole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole "Indole") [Isoflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane "Isoflurane") [TMPPAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-3-\(4-methoxyphenyl\)-N-\(pentan-3-yl\)acrylamide&action=edit&redlink=1 "Trans-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(pentan-3-yl)acrylamide (page does not exist)") | | | *Antagonists:* [Alosetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alosetron "Alosetron") [Anpirtoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpirtoline "Anpirtoline") [Arazasetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arazasetron "Arazasetron") [AS-8112](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-8112 "AS-8112") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine")) [Azasetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azasetron "Azasetron") [Batanopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanopride "Batanopride") [Bemesetron (MDL-72222)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemesetron "Bemesetron") [Cilansetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilansetron "Cilansetron") [CSP-2503](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSP-2503 "CSP-2503") [Dazopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazopride "Dazopride") [Dolasetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolasetron "Dolasetron") [Galanolactone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanolactone "Galanolactone") [Granisetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granisetron "Granisetron") [Lerisetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerisetron "Lerisetron") [Memantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memantine "Memantine") [Ondansetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondansetron "Ondansetron") [Palonosetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palonosetron "Palonosetron") [Ramosetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramosetron "Ramosetron") [Renzapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzapride "Renzapride") [Ricasetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricasetron "Ricasetron") [Tedatioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine "Tedatioxetine") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [Thujone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thujone "Thujone") [Tropanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropanserin "Tropanserin") [Tropisetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropisetron "Tropisetron") [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine")) [Volatiles/gases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic "Inhalational anaesthetic") (e.g., [nitrous oxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide "Nitrous oxide"), [sevoflurane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevoflurane "Sevoflurane"), [xenon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon "Xenon")) [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") [Zacopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacopride "Zacopride") [Zatosetron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatosetron "Zatosetron") | | | *Negative allosteric modulators:* [Bupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion "Bupropion") [Colchicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine "Colchicine") [Hydroxybupropion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxybupropion "Hydroxybupropion") | | | *Unknown/unsorted:* [LY-53857](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-53857 (page does not exist)") [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine "Naphthylpiperazine")) | | | [5-HT4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT4_receptor "5-HT4 receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine") [BIMU8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIMU8 "BIMU8") [Capeserod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capeserod "Capeserod") [Cinitapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinitapride "Cinitapride") [Cisapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisapride "Cisapride") [CJ-033466](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ-033466 "CJ-033466") [Dazopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazopride "Dazopride") [Metoclopramide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoclopramide "Metoclopramide") [Minesapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minesapride&action=edit&redlink=1 "Minesapride (page does not exist)") [Mosapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosapride "Mosapride") [Prucalopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prucalopride "Prucalopride") [PRX-03140](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRX-03140 "PRX-03140") [Renzapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzapride "Renzapride") [RS-67333](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-67333 "RS-67333") [RS-67506](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RS-67506&action=edit&redlink=1 "RS-67506 (page does not exist)") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Tegaserod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegaserod "Tegaserod") [Usmarapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmarapride "Usmarapride") [Velusetrag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velusetrag "Velusetrag") [Zacopride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacopride "Zacopride") | | | *Antagonists:* [GR-113808](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR-113808 "GR-113808") [GR-125487](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GR-125487&action=edit&redlink=1 "GR-125487 (page does not exist)") [L-Lysine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine "Lysine") [Piboserod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piboserod "Piboserod") [RS-39604](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RS-39604&action=edit&redlink=1 "RS-39604 (page does not exist)") [RS-67532](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RS-67532&action=edit&redlink=1 "RS-67532 (page does not exist)") [SB-203186](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SB-203186&action=edit&redlink=1 "SB-203186 (page does not exist)") [SB-204070](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-204070 "SB-204070") | | | [5-HT5A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor "5-HT5A receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD "2-Bromo-LSD"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD")) [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine")) [UCSF648](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSF648 "UCSF648") [Valerenic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerenic_acid "Valerenic acid") | | | *Antagonists:* [Asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine") [Latrepirdine (dimebolin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrepirdine "Latrepirdine") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [SB-699551](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-699551 "SB-699551") *Unknown/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine "Naphthylpiperazine")) | | | [5-HT6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT6_receptor "5-HT6 receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [dihydroergocryptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine "Dihydroergocryptine"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine"), [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide")) [Hypidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypidone "Hypidone") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [2-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine "2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine"), [5-BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine "5-Benzyloxytryptamine"), [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine"), [Bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [E-6801](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6801 "E-6801"), [E-6837](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6837 "E-6837"), [EMD-386088](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD-386088 "EMD-386088"), [EMDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMDT "EMDT"), [LY-586713](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-586713&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-586713 (page does not exist)"), [N-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-5-HT "N-Methyl-5-HT"), [ST-1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST-1936 "ST-1936"), [tryptamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine "Tryptamine")) [WAY-181187](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-181187 "WAY-181187") [WAY-208466](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-208466 "WAY-208466") | | | *Antagonists:* [ABT-354](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABT-354 "ABT-354") [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine"), [iloperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloperidone "Iloperidone"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [tiospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiospirone "Tiospirone")) [AVN-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN-101 "AVN-101") [AVN-211](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN-211 "AVN-211") [AVN-322](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN-322 "AVN-322") [AVN-397](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN-397 "AVN-397") [BGC20-760](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BGC20-760&action=edit&redlink=1 "BGC20-760 (page does not exist)") [BVT-5182](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BVT-5182&action=edit&redlink=1 "BVT-5182 (page does not exist)") [BVT-74316](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BVT-74316&action=edit&redlink=1 "BVT-74316 (page does not exist)") [Cerlapirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerlapirdine "Cerlapirdine") [EGIS-12233](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGIS-12233 "EGIS-12233") [GW-742457](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GW-742457&action=edit&redlink=1 "GW-742457 (page does not exist)") [Idalopirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idalopirdine "Idalopirdine") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [Landipirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landipirdine "Landipirdine") [Latrepirdine (dimebolin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrepirdine "Latrepirdine") [Masupirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masupirdine "Masupirdine") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [MS-245](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-245 "MS-245") [PRX-07034](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRX-07034 "PRX-07034") [PZKKN-94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZKKN-94 "PZKKN-94") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [Ro 04-6790](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro_04-6790 "Ro 04-6790") [Ro 63-0563](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ro_63-0563&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ro 63-0563 (page does not exist)") [SB-258585](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-258585 "SB-258585") [SB-271046](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-271046 "SB-271046") [SB-357134](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-357134 "SB-357134") [SB-399885](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-399885 "SB-399885") [SB-742457](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intepirdine "Intepirdine") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin")) [Tricyclic antidepressants]() (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"), [doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin"), [nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline")) [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine")) | | | *Unknown/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD "2-Bromo-LSD"), [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [lergotrile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lergotrile "Lergotrile"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine "Naphthylpiperazine")) | | | [5-HT7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT7_receptor "5-HT7 receptor") | | | | | | *Agonists:* [8-OH-DPAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-OH-DPAT "8-OH-DPAT") [AS-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-19_\(drug\) "AS-19 (drug)") [Bifeprunox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifeprunox "Bifeprunox") [E-55888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-55888 "E-55888") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [LSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD "LSD")) [LP-12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP-12 "LP-12") [LP-44](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP-44 "LP-44") [LP-211](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP-211 "LP-211") [RU-24969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RU-24969 "RU-24969") [Sarizotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarizotan "Sarizotan") [Serotonin (5-HT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") [Triptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptan "Triptan") (e.g., [frovatriptan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frovatriptan "Frovatriptan")) [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") (e.g., [5-CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine "5-Carboxamidotryptamine"), [5-MT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine "5-Methoxytryptamine"), [bufotenin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin "Bufotenin"), [N-Me-5-HT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methylserotonin "N-Methylserotonin")) | | | *Antagonists:* [Atypical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic "Atypical antipsychotic") (e.g., [amisulpride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisulpride "Amisulpride"), [aripiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole "Aripiprazole"), [asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine"), [brexpiprazole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexpiprazole "Brexpiprazole"), [clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine"), [clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine"), [fluperlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluperlapine "Fluperlapine"), [olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine"), [risperidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone "Risperidone"), [sertindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertindole "Sertindole"), [tiospirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiospirone "Tiospirone"), [ziprasidone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone "Ziprasidone"), [zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine")) [Butaclamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaclamol "Butaclamol") [DR-4485](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-4485 "DR-4485") [EGIS-12233](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGIS-12233 "EGIS-12233") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD "2-Bromo-LSD"), [amesergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesergide "Amesergide"), [bromocriptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocriptine "Bromocriptine"), [cabergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline "Cabergoline"), [dihydroergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergotamine "Dihydroergotamine"), [ergotamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine "Ergotamine"), [LY-53857](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1 "LY-53857 (page does not exist)"), [LY-215840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-215840 "LY-215840"), [mesulergine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesulergine "Mesulergine"), [metergoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metergoline "Metergoline"), [methysergide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methysergide "Methysergide"), [sergolexole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergolexole "Sergolexole")) [JNJ-18038683](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-18038683 "JNJ-18038683") [Ketanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin "Ketanserin") [LY-215840](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-215840 "LY-215840") [Metitepine (methiothepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Ritanserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin "Ritanserin") [SB-258719](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-258719 "SB-258719") [SB-258741](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SB-258741&action=edit&redlink=1 "SB-258741 (page does not exist)") [SB-269970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-269970 "SB-269970") [SB-656104](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SB-656104&action=edit&redlink=1 "SB-656104 (page does not exist)") [SB-656104A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SB-656104A&action=edit&redlink=1 "SB-656104A (page does not exist)") [SB-691673](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SB-691673&action=edit&redlink=1 "SB-691673 (page does not exist)") [SLV-313](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLV-313&action=edit&redlink=1 "SLV-313 (page does not exist)") [SLV-314](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLV-314&action=edit&redlink=1 "SLV-314 (page does not exist)") [Spiperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiperone "Spiperone") [SSR-181507](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SSR-181507&action=edit&redlink=1 "SSR-181507 (page does not exist)") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (e.g., [amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine"), [maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline"), [mianserin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin "Mianserin"), [mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine")) [Tricyclic antidepressants]() (e.g., [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"), [imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine")) [Typical antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic "Typical antipsychotic") (e.g., [acetophenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetophenazine "Acetophenazine"), [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine"), [chlorprothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene "Chlorprothixene"), [fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine"), [loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine"), [pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide")) [Vortioxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine "Vortioxetine") | | | *Negative allosteric modulators:* [Oleamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleamide "Oleamide") | | | *Unknown/unsorted:* [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline "Ergoline") (e.g., [lisuride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride "Lisuride"), [pergolide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide "Pergolide")) [Piperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine "Piperazine") (e.g., [naphthylpiperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine "Naphthylpiperazine")) | | | ***See also:** [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators")* *[Adrenergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators "Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators")* *[Dopaminergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators "Template:Dopamine receptor modulators")* *[Melatonergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Melatonin_receptor_modulators "Template:Melatonin receptor modulators")* *[Monoamine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors "Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors") and [releasing agents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents "Template:Monoamine releasing agents")* *[Monoamine metabolism modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators "Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators")* *[Monoamine neurotoxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins "Template:Monoamine neurotoxins")* | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators "Template:Sigma receptor modulators") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sigma_receptor_modulators "Template talk:Sigma receptor modulators") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators "Special:EditPage/Template:Sigma receptor modulators")[Sigma receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_receptor "Sigma receptor") [modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_modulator "Receptor modulator") | | | [σ1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor "Sigma-1 receptor") | **Agonists:** [3-PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-PPP "3-PPP") [4-PPBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-PPBP "4-PPBP") [5-MeO-DMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DMT "5-MeO-DMT") [Alazocine (SKF-10047)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alazocine "Alazocine") [Amantadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadine "Amantadine") [Arketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arketamine "Arketamine") [BD-737](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BD-737&action=edit&redlink=1 "BD-737 (page does not exist)") [BD-1052](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1052 "BD-1052") [Blarcamesine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarcamesine "Blarcamesine") [Captodiame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captodiame "Captodiame") [Citalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram "Citalopram") [CGRP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide "Calcitonin gene-related peptide") Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide [Cloperastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloperastine "Cloperastine") [Cocaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine") [Cutamesine (SA-4503)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutamesine "Cutamesine") [Cyclazocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclazocine "Cyclazocine") [Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone "Dehydroepiandrosterone") ([prasterone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasterone "Prasterone")) [Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate") ([prasterone sulfate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate "Prasterone sulfate")) [Dextrallorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrallorphan "Dextrallorphan") [Dextromethorphan (DXM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan "Dextromethorphan") [Dextrorphan (DXO)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrorphan "Dextrorphan") [Dimemorfan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimemorfan "Dimemorfan") [Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine "Dimethyltryptamine") [Ditolylguanidine (DTG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditolylguanidine "Ditolylguanidine") [Donepezil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donepezil "Donepezil") [Eliprodil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliprodil "Eliprodil") [Escitalopram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram "Escitalopram") [Fabomotizole (afobazole)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabomotizole "Fabomotizole") [Fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine") [Fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine") [Ifenprodil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifenprodil "Ifenprodil") [Igmesine (JO-1784)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igmesine "Igmesine") [IPAB](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPAB_\(drug\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "IPAB (drug) (page does not exist)") [Ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine") [L-687384](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-687384 "L-687384") [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA") [Memantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memantine "Memantine") [Methamphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine "Methamphetamine") [Methoxetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxetamine "Methoxetamine") [Methylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate") [Nepinalone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepinalone "Nepinalone") [Neuropeptide Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y "Neuropeptide Y") [Noscapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noscapine "Noscapine") [OPC-14523](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPC-14523 (page does not exist)") [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") [Pentazocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentazocine "Pentazocine") [Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentoxyverine "Pentoxyverine") [PRE-084](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRE-084 "PRE-084") [Pregnenolone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnenolone "Pregnenolone") [Pregnenolone sulfate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate "Pregnenolone sulfate") [Pridopidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridopidine "Pridopidine") [Racemethorphan (methorphan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemethorphan "Racemethorphan") [Racemorphan (morphanol)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemorphan "Racemorphan") [UMB-23](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-23 (page does not exist)") [UMB-82](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-82 (page does not exist)") **Antagonists:** [3-PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-PPP "3-PPP") [AC-927](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-927 "AC-927") [BD-1008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1008 "BD-1008") [BD-1031](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1031 "BD-1031") [BD-1047](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1047 "BD-1047") [BD-1060](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1060 "BD-1060") [BD-1063](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1063 "BD-1063") [BD-1067](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1067 "BD-1067") [BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMY-14802 "BMY-14802") [CM-156](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-156 "CM-156") [Dup-734](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dup-734&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dup-734 (page does not exist)") [E-5842](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-5842&action=edit&redlink=1 "E-5842 (page does not exist)") [E-52862 (S1RA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-52862 "E-52862") [Haloperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol "Haloperidol") [LR-132](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LR-132&action=edit&redlink=1 "LR-132 (page does not exist)") [LR-172](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1 "LR-172 (page does not exist)") [MS-377](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-377 "MS-377") [NE-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NE-100 "NE-100") [NPC-16377](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NPC-16377&action=edit&redlink=1 "NPC-16377 (page does not exist)") [Panamesine (EMD-57455)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamesine "Panamesine") [PD-144418](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PD-144418&action=edit&redlink=1 "PD-144418 (page does not exist)") [Pentazocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentazocine "Pentazocine") [Progesterone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone "Progesterone") [Rimcazole (BW-234U)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimcazole "Rimcazole") [Sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline") [SR-31742A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR-31742A&action=edit&redlink=1 "SR-31742A (page does not exist)") **Allosteric modulators:** [Phenytoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenytoin "Phenytoin"); *Positive:* [Methylphenylpiracetam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenylpiracetam "Methylphenylpiracetam") [SOMCL-668](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOMCL-668&action=edit&redlink=1 "SOMCL-668 (page does not exist)") **Unknown/unsorted:** [3-Methoxydextrallorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1 "3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)") [3-MeO-PCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-MeO-PCP "3-MeO-PCP") [4C-T-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4C-T-2 "4C-T-2") [4-IBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4-IBP&action=edit&redlink=1 "4-IBP (page does not exist)") [4-IPBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4-IPBS&action=edit&redlink=1 "4-IPBS (page does not exist)") [4-MeO-PCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-MeO-PCP "4-MeO-PCP") [5-MeO-DALT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DALT "5-MeO-DALT") [5-MeO-DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT "5-MeO-DiPT") [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") [Azidopamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azidopamil&action=edit&redlink=1 "Azidopamil (page does not exist)") [Chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine") [Clemastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemastine "Clemastine") [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") [Clorgiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorgiline "Clorgiline") [D-Deprenyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Deprenyl "D-Deprenyl") [DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine "N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine") Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine [DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine "N,N-Dipropyltryptamine") Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine [Ibogaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibogaine "Ibogaine") [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") [KCR-12-83.1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KCR-12-83.1&action=edit&redlink=1 "KCR-12-83.1 (page does not exist)") [Nemonapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemonapride "Nemonapride") [Noribogaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noribogaine "Noribogaine") [RHL-033](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RHL-033&action=edit&redlink=1 "RHL-033 (page does not exist)") [RS-67,333](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-67,333 "RS-67,333") [RTI-55](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-55 "RTI-55") [Saffron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron "Saffron") [Safinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safinamide "Safinamide") [Selegiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selegiline "Selegiline") [Spipethiane](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spipethiane&action=edit&redlink=1 "Spipethiane (page does not exist)") [Trifluoperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoperazine "Trifluoperazine") [W-18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-18_\(drug\) "W-18 (drug)") [YKP10A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YKP10A "YKP10A") | | [σ2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor "Sigma-2 receptor") | **Agonists:** [3-PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-PPP "3-PPP") [Arketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arketamine "Arketamine") [BD-1047](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1047 "BD-1047") [BD1063](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD1063 "BD1063") [Ditolylguanidine (DTG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditolylguanidine "Ditolylguanidine") [DKR-1005](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DKR-1005&action=edit&redlink=1 "DKR-1005 (page does not exist)") [DKR-1051](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DKR-1051&action=edit&redlink=1 "DKR-1051 (page does not exist)") [Haloperidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol "Haloperidol") [Ifenprodil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifenprodil "Ifenprodil") [Ketamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine "Ketamine") [MDMA (midomafetamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA "MDMA") [Methamphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine "Methamphetamine") [OPC-14523](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPC-14523 (page does not exist)") [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") [PB-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PB-28 "PB-28") [Phencyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine "Phencyclidine") [Siramesine (Lu 28-179)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siramesine "Siramesine") [UKH-1114](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UKH-1114&action=edit&redlink=1 "UKH-1114 (page does not exist)") **Antagonists:** [AC-927](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-927 "AC-927") [BD-1008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1008 "BD-1008") [BD-1067](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-1067 "BD-1067") [CM-156](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-156 "CM-156") [LR-172](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1 "LR-172 (page does not exist)") [MIN-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIN-101 "MIN-101") [Panamesine (EMD-57455)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamesine "Panamesine") [SAS-0132](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAS-0132&action=edit&redlink=1 "SAS-0132 (page does not exist)") [Zervimesine (CT-1812)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zervimesine "Zervimesine") **Unknown/unsorted:** [3-Methoxydextrallorphan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1 "3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)") [3-MeO-PCE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-MeO-PCE "3-MeO-PCE") [4-MeO-PCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-MeO-PCP "4-MeO-PCP") [5-MeO-DALT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DALT "5-MeO-DALT") [5-MeO-DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT "5-MeO-DiPT") [Clemastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemastine "Clemastine") [DiPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine "N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine") Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine [DPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine "N,N-Dipropyltryptamine") Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine [Ibogaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibogaine "Ibogaine") [Lu 29-252](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_29-252 "Lu 29-252") [Nemonapride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemonapride "Nemonapride") [Nepinalone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepinalone "Nepinalone") [Noribogaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noribogaine "Noribogaine") [Pentazocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentazocine "Pentazocine") [RS-67,333](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-67,333 "RS-67,333") [Safinamide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safinamide "Safinamide") [TMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine "3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine") Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine [UMB-23](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-23 (page does not exist)") [UMB-82](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-82 (page does not exist)") [W-18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-18_\(drug\) "W-18 (drug)") | | Unsorted | **Agonists:** [Berberine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberine "Berberine") [Ethylketazocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylketazocine "Ethylketazocine") [Fourphit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourphit "Fourphit") [Metaphit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphit "Metaphit") [Naluzotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naluzotan "Naluzotan") [Tapentadol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapentadol "Tapentadol") [Tenocyclidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenocyclidine "Tenocyclidine") **Antagonists:** [AHD1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AHD1&action=edit&redlink=1 "AHD1 (page does not exist)") [AZ66](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AZ66&action=edit&redlink=1 "AZ66 (page does not exist)") [Lamotrigine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine "Lamotrigine") [Naloxone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naloxone "Naloxone") [SM-21](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SM-21&action=edit&redlink=1 "SM-21 (page does not exist)") [UMB-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-100&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-100 (page does not exist)") [UMB-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-101&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-101 (page does not exist)") [UMB-103](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-103&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-103 (page does not exist)") [UMB-116](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMB-116&action=edit&redlink=1 "UMB-116 (page does not exist)") [YZ-011](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YZ-011&action=edit&redlink=1 "YZ-011 (page does not exist)") [YZ-069](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YZ-069&action=edit&redlink=1 "YZ-069 (page does not exist)") [YZ-185](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YZ-185&action=edit&redlink=1 "YZ-185 (page does not exist)") **Allosteric modulators:** [SKF-83959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKF-83959 "SKF-83959") **Unknown/unsorted:** [18-Methoxycoronaridine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine "18-Methoxycoronaridine") [BMY-13980](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMY-13980&action=edit&redlink=1 "BMY-13980 (page does not exist)") [Butaclamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaclamol "Butaclamol") [Caramiphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramiphen "Caramiphen") [Carvotroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carvotroline&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carvotroline (page does not exist)") [Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine "Chlorphenamine") [Chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine") [Cinnarizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine "Cinnarizine") [Cinuperone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinuperone&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cinuperone (page does not exist)") [Clocapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocapramine "Clocapramine") [Dezocine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezocine "Dezocine") [EMD-59983](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMD-59983&action=edit&redlink=1 "EMD-59983 (page does not exist)") [Hypericin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericin "Hypericin") ([St. John's wort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_wort "St. John's wort")) [Fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine") [Gevotroline (WY-47384)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevotroline "Gevotroline") [Mepyramine (pyrilamine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepyramine "Mepyramine") [Molindone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molindone "Molindone") [Perphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine "Perphenazine") [Pimozide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimozide "Pimozide") [Proadifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proadifen "Proadifen") [Promethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethazine "Promethazine") [Propranolol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propranolol "Propranolol") [Quinidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine "Quinidine") [Remoxipride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remoxipride "Remoxipride") [SL 82.0715](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SL_82.0715&action=edit&redlink=1 "SL 82.0715 (page does not exist)") [SR-31747A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SR-31747A&action=edit&redlink=1 "SR-31747A (page does not exist)") [Tiospirone (BMY-13859)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiospirone "Tiospirone") [Venlafaxine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine "Venlafaxine") | | ***See also:** [Receptor/signaling modulators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators "Template:Receptor modulators")* | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tricyclics "Template:Tricyclics") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tricyclics "Template talk:Tricyclics") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tricyclics "Special:EditPage/Template:Tricyclics")[Tricyclics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic "Tricyclic") | | |---|---| | [Classes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_class "Chemical class") | [Acridine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridine "Acridine") [Anthracene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracene "Anthracene") [Dibenzazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzazepine "Dibenzazepine") [Dibenzocycloheptene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzocycloheptene "Dibenzocycloheptene") [Dibenzodiazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzodiazepine "Dibenzodiazepine") [Dibenzothiazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzothiazepine "Dibenzothiazepine") [Dibenzothiepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzothiepin "Dibenzothiepin") [Dibenzoxazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzoxazepine "Dibenzoxazepine") [Dibenzoxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzoxepin "Dibenzoxepin") [Phenothiazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenothiazine "Phenothiazine") [Pyridazinobenzoxazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridazinobenzoxazine "Pyridazinobenzoxazine") [Pyridinobenzodiazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridinobenzodiazepine "Pyridinobenzodiazepine") [Thioxanthene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioxanthene "Thioxanthene") | | [Antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") ([Tricyclic antidepressants]() (TCAs)) | [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") [Amezepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amezepine "Amezepine") [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine") [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") [Amitriptylinoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide "Amitriptylinoxide") [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") [Aptazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptazapine "Aptazapine") [Azepindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azepindole "Azepindole") [Batelapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batelapine "Batelapine") [Beloxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beloxepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Beloxepin (page does not exist)") [Butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline") [Cianopramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianopramine "Cianopramine") [Ciclazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclazindol "Ciclazindol") [Cidoxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidoxepin "Cidoxepin") [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") [Cotriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotriptyline "Cotriptyline") [Cyanodothiepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanodothiepin "Cyanodothiepin") [Demexiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demexiptiline "Demexiptiline") [Depramine (balipramine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depramine "Depramine") [Desipramine (desmethylimipramine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") [Desmethylclomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylclomipramine "Desmethylclomipramine") [Desmethyltrimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmethyltrimipramine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Desmethyltrimipramine (page does not exist)") [Dibenzepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzepin "Dibenzepin") [Dimetacrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetacrine "Dimetacrine") [Dosulepin (dothiepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin") [Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin") [Enprazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enprazepine "Enprazepine") [Fantridone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantridone&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fantridone (page does not exist)") [Fluotracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluotracen "Fluotracen") [Hepzidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepzidine "Hepzidine") [Homopipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopipramol "Homopipramol") [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") [Imipraminoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipraminoxide "Imipraminoxide") [Intriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intriptyline "Intriptyline") [Iprindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprindole "Iprindole") [Ketipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketipramine "Ketipramine") [Litracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litracen "Litracen") [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine") [Losindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losindole "Losindole") [Loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine") [Maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline") [Mariptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariptiline "Mariptiline") [Mazindol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazindol "Mazindol") [Melitracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitracen "Melitracen") [Metapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapramine "Metapramine") [Mezepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezepine "Mezepine") [Mirtazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine "Mirtazapine") [Monometacrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monometacrine "Monometacrine") [Nitroxazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroxazepine "Nitroxazepine") [Norbutriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbutriptyline&action=edit&redlink=1 "Norbutriptyline (page does not exist)") [Nordoxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordoxepin "Nordoxepin") [Northiaden (nordosulepin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northiaden "Northiaden") [Nortriptyline (noramitriptyline)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") [Noxiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxiptiline "Noxiptiline") [Octriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octriptyline "Octriptyline") [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") [Pipofezine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipofezine "Pipofezine") [Pirandamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirandamine "Pirandamine") [Propizepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propizepine "Propizepine") [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") [Quinupramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinupramine "Quinupramine") [Spiroxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiroxepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Spiroxepin (page does not exist)") [Tandamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandamine "Tandamine") [Tampramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampramine "Tampramine") [Tianeptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianeptine "Tianeptine") [Tienopramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tienopramine "Tienopramine") [Trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine") | | [Antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_antagonist "Histamine antagonist") | [Azatadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azatadine "Azatadine") [Bisulepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisulepin "Bisulepin") [Cidoxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidoxepin "Cidoxepin") [Clobenzepam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clobenzepam "Clobenzepam") [Cyproheptadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproheptadine "Cyproheptadine") [Dacemazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacemazine "Dacemazine") [Deptropine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptropine "Deptropine") [Desloratadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desloratadine "Desloratadine") [Epinastine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinastine "Epinastine") [Etymemazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymemazine "Etymemazine") [Fenethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenethazine "Fenethazine") [Hydroxyethylpromethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyethylpromethazine "Hydroxyethylpromethazine") [Isopromethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopromethazine "Isopromethazine") [Isothipendyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothipendyl "Isothipendyl") [Ketotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketotifen "Ketotifen") [Dioxopromethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxopromethazine "Dioxopromethazine") [Latrepirdine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrepirdine "Latrepirdine") [Loratadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loratadine "Loratadine") [Mebhydrolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebhydrolin "Mebhydrolin") [Mequitazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mequitazine "Mequitazine") [Methdilazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methdilazine "Methdilazine") [Olopatadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olopatadine "Olopatadine") [Oxomemazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxomemazine "Oxomemazine") [Perlapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlapine "Perlapine") [Phenindamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenindamine "Phenindamine") [Pimethixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimethixene "Pimethixene") [Pirolate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirolate "Pirolate") [Promethazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethazine "Promethazine") [Propiomazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiomazine "Propiomazine") [Rupatadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupatadine "Rupatadine") [Thiazinamium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazinamium "Thiazinamium") | | [Antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic") | [Acetophenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetophenazine "Acetophenazine") [Alimemazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimemazine "Alimemazine") [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") [Asenapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine "Asenapine") [Butaclamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaclamol "Butaclamol") [Butaperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaperazine "Butaperazine") [Carfenazine (carphenazine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfenazine "Carfenazine") [Carpipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpipramine "Carpipramine") [Chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine") [Chlorprothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene "Chlorprothixene") [Ciclindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclindole "Ciclindole") [Citatepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citatepine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Citatepine (page does not exist)") [Clocapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocapramine "Clocapramine") [Clomacran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomacran "Clomacran") [Clorotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorotepine "Clorotepine") [Clotiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotiapine "Clotiapine") [Clozapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine "Clozapine") [Cyanothepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanothepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Cyanothepin (page does not exist)") [Doclothepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doclothepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Doclothepin (page does not exist)") [Docloxythepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Docloxythepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Docloxythepin (page does not exist)") [Erizepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erizepine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Erizepine (page does not exist)") [Flucindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flucindole "Flucindole") [Flumezapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumezapine "Flumezapine") [Fluotracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluotracen "Fluotracen") [Flupentixol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupentixol "Flupentixol") [Fluphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluphenazine "Fluphenazine") [Gevotroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevotroline "Gevotroline") [Homopipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopipramol "Homopipramol") [Isofloxythepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isofloxythepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Isofloxythepin (page does not exist)") [Levomepromazine/Methotrimeprazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomepromazine "Levomepromazine") [Loxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine "Loxapine") [Maroxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroxepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maroxepin (page does not exist)") [Meperathiepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meperathiepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meperathiepin (page does not exist)") [Mesoridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoridazine "Mesoridazine") [Metiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metiapine "Metiapine") [Metitepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitepine "Metitepine") [Metoxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metoxepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Metoxepin (page does not exist)") [Mosapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosapramine "Mosapramine") [Naranol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naranol "Naranol") [Octomethothepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octomethothepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Octomethothepin (page does not exist)") [Olanzapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine "Olanzapine") [Oxyclothepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxyclothepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Oxyclothepin (page does not exist)") [Oxyprothepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyprothepin "Oxyprothepin") [Pentiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pentiapine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pentiapine (page does not exist)") [Peradithiepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peradithiepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Peradithiepin (page does not exist)") [Perathiepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perathiepin "Perathiepin") [Perazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perazine "Perazine") [Perphenazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perphenazine "Perphenazine") [Periciazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periciazine "Periciazine") [Pinoxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoxepin "Pinoxepin") [Piperacetazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperacetazine "Piperacetazine") [Pipotiazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipotiazine "Pipotiazine") [Piquindone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquindone "Piquindone") [Prochlorperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorperazine "Prochlorperazine") [Promazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promazine "Promazine") [Prothipendyl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothipendyl "Prothipendyl") [Quetiapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine "Quetiapine") [Savoxepin/Cipazoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savoxepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Savoxepin (page does not exist)") [Sulforidazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulforidazine "Sulforidazine") [Tenilapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenilapine "Tenilapine") [Thiethylperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiethylperazine "Thiethylperazine") [Thiopropazate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiopropazate "Thiopropazate") [Thioridazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine "Thioridazine") [Thiothixene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiothixene "Thiothixene") [Tilozepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tilozepine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tilozepine (page does not exist)") [Traboxopine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traboxopine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Traboxopine (page does not exist)") [Trifluoperazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoperazine "Trifluoperazine") [Triflupromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triflupromazine "Triflupromazine") [Trifluthepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trifluthepin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Trifluthepin (page does not exist)") [Zotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine "Zotepine") [Zuclopenthixol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuclopenthixol "Zuclopenthixol") | | [Anticonvulsants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsant "Anticonvulsant") | [Carbamazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine "Carbamazepine") [Dizocilpine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizocilpine "Dizocilpine") [Eslicarbazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslicarbazepine "Eslicarbazepine") [Eslicarbazepine acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate "Eslicarbazepine acetate") [Etazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etazepine "Etazepine") [Licarbazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licarbazepine "Licarbazepine") [Oxcarbazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxcarbazepine "Oxcarbazepine") [Oxitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxitriptyline "Oxitriptyline") | | [Anticholinergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic "Anticholinergic") | [Darenzepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darenzepine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Darenzepine (page does not exist)") [Dipitramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipitramine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dipitramine (page does not exist)") [Nuvenzepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuvenzepine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Nuvenzepine (page does not exist)") [Pirenzepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenzepine "Pirenzepine") [Profenamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profenamine "Profenamine") [Rispenzepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rispenzepine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rispenzepine (page does not exist)") [Siltenzepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siltenzepine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Siltenzepine (page does not exist)") [Telenzepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenzepine "Telenzepine") [Tripitramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitramine "Tripitramine") [Tropatepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropatepine "Tropatepine") [Zolenzepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zolenzepine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Zolenzepine (page does not exist)") | | Others | [Adosopine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adosopine "Adosopine") [Aminopromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aminopromazine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Aminopromazine (page does not exist)") [Atiprosin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiprosin "Atiprosin") [Benzoctamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoctamine "Benzoctamine") [Botiacrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botiacrine "Botiacrine") [Carvedilol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvedilol "Carvedilol") [Cyclobenzaprine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine "Cyclobenzaprine") [Damotepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damotepine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Damotepine (page does not exist)") [Elanzepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elanzepine&action=edit&redlink=1 "Elanzepine (page does not exist)") [Fluradoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluradoline&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fluradoline (page does not exist)") [Methylene blue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_blue "Methylene blue") [Monatepil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monatepil "Monatepil") [Oxetorone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxetorone "Oxetorone") [Pipazethate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipazethate "Pipazethate") [P7C3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P7C3 "P7C3") [P7C3-A20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P7C3-A20 "P7C3-A20") [Pinadoline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinadoline&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pinadoline (page does not exist)") [Pitrazepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitrazepin "Pitrazepin") [Pizotifen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizotifen "Pizotifen") [Serazapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serazapine "Serazapine") [Tipindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipindole "Tipindole") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chemical_classes_of_psychoactive_drugs "Template:Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chemical_classes_of_psychoactive_drugs "Template talk:Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical_classes_of_psychoactive_drugs "Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs")[Chemical classes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_class "Chemical class") of [psychoactive drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug "Psychoactive drug") | | |---|---| | [Stimulants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant "Stimulant") | *Amphetamine-type/dopamine releasing agents:* [Alkylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotropic_alkylamine "Psychotropic alkylamine") [Cycloalkylaminopropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloalkylaminopropane "Cycloalkylaminopropane") [Arylpiperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_piperazine "Substituted piperazine") [Benzylpiperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_benzylpiperazine "Substituted benzylpiperazine") [Phenylpiperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenylpiperazine "Substituted phenylpiperazine") [Phenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine "Substituted phenethylamine") [Aminorexes/phenyloxazolamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aminorex_analogues "List of aminorex analogues") [Amphetamines/α-methylphenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine "Substituted amphetamine") [Cathinones/ÎČ-ketoamphetamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_cathinone "Substituted cathinone") [ÎČ-Hydroxyamphetamines/cathinols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_%CE%B2-hydroxyamphetamine "Substituted ÎČ-hydroxyamphetamine") [Naphthylaminopropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_naphthylethylamine "Substituted naphthylethylamine") [Phentermines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phentermine "Substituted phentermine") [Phenylisobutylamines/α-ethylphenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylisobutylamine "Phenylisobutylamine") [α-Propylphenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Propylphenethylamine "Α-Propylphenethylamine") [Phenylmorpholines/phenmetrazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenylmorpholine "Substituted phenylmorpholine") [Thiopropamines/thienylaminopropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiopropamine "Thiopropamine") *Cocaine-type/typical dopamine reuptake inhibitors:* [Phenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine "Substituted phenethylamine") [Phenidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_methylphenidate_analogues "List of methylphenidate analogues")/[benzylpiperidines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-benzylpiperidine "2-benzylpiperidine") [Phenylethylpyrrolidines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylethylpyrrolidine "Phenylethylpyrrolidine") [Pyrrolidinophenones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrolidinophenone "Pyrrolidinophenone") [Phenyltropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phenyltropanes "List of phenyltropanes")/[cocaine analogues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cocaine_analogues "List of cocaine analogues") *Modafinil-type/atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors:* [Modafinil analogues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modafinil_analogues_and_derivatives "List of modafinil analogues and derivatives") [Phenylpiracetams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpiracetam "Phenylpiracetam") *Caffeine-type/adenosine receptor antagonists:* [Xanthines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthine "Xanthine")/[methylxanthines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylxanthine "Methylxanthine") *Nicotine-type/nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists:* [Nicotine analogues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_analogue "Nicotine analogue") | | [Depressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_depressant "Central depressant") | *GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators:* [Alcohols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(chemistry\) "Alcohol (chemistry)")/[ethanol analogues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\)#Analogues "Alcohol (drug)") [Barbiturates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate "Barbiturate") [Benzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine "Benzodiazepine") [Pyrrolobenzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrolobenzodiazepine "Pyrrolobenzodiazepine") [Thienobenzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thienobenzodiazepine "Thienobenzodiazepine") [Thienodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thienodiazepine "Thienodiazepine") [Thienotriazolodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thienotriazolodiazepine "Thienotriazolodiazepine") [Triazolobenzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazolobenzodiazepine "Triazolobenzodiazepine") [Carbamates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate "Carbamate") [Ethers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether "Ether") [Neuroactive steroids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid "Neuroactive steroid") [Nonbenzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine "Nonbenzodiazepine") [ÎČ-Carbolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_%CE%B2-carboline "Substituted ÎČ-carboline") [Cyclopyrrolones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopyrrolones "Cyclopyrrolones") [Imidazopyridines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazopyridine "Imidazopyridine") [Pyrazolopyrimidines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazolopyrimidine "Pyrazolopyrimidine") [Phenols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol "Phenol") [Piperidinediones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidinedione "Piperidinedione") [Quinazolinones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinazolinone "Quinazolinone") *GABAA receptor agonists:* [Isoxazoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoxazole "Isoxazole") *GHB receptor agonists:* [1,4-Butanediols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_1,4-butanediol "Substituted 1,4-butanediol") *α2ÎŽ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel blockers:* [Gabapentinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentinoid "Gabapentinoid") *Opioids/ÎŒ-opioid receptor agonists:* [Benzimidazoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_benzimidazole_opioids "List of benzimidazole opioids") [Nitazenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitazenes "Nitazenes") [Fentanyl analogues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fentanyl_analogues "List of fentanyl analogues")/[phenylpiperidines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpiperidines "Phenylpiperidines") [*Mitragyna* alkaloids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitragyna_alkaloid "Mitragyna alkaloid") [Morphinans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinan "Morphinan")/[phenanthrenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthrene "Phenanthrene") [Opiates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiate "Opiate")/[opium alkaloids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_alkaloid "Opium alkaloid") [Utopioids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopioid_\(drug_class\) "Utopioid (drug class)") *Antihistamines/H1 receptor antagonists:* [Benzimidazoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzimidazole "Benzimidazole") [Diarylmethanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_diarylmethane "Substituted diarylmethane") [Ethylenediamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine "Ethylenediamine") [Tricyclics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_compound "Tricyclic compound") [Dibenzocycloheptenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzocycloheptene "Dibenzocycloheptene") | | [Hallucinogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen "Hallucinogen") | *Serotonergic psychedelics/serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists:* [Arylpiperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_arylpiperazine "Substituted arylpiperazine") [Phenylpiperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenylpiperazine "Substituted phenylpiperazine") [Quinolinylpiperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_quinolinylpiperazine "Substituted quinolinylpiperazine") [Cyclized phenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclized_phenethylamine "Cyclized phenethylamine") [3-Benzazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_3-benzazepine "Substituted 3-benzazepine") [Cyclized tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclized_tryptamine "Cyclized tryptamine") [Azepinoindoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azepinoindole "Azepinoindole") [Ibogalogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibogalog "Ibogalog") [*Iboga* alkaloids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iboga-type_alkaloid "Iboga-type alkaloid") [ÎČ-Carbolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_%CE%B2-carboline "Substituted ÎČ-carboline") [Harmala alkaloids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmala_alkaloid "Harmala alkaloid") [Ergolines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ergoline "Substituted ergoline") [Lysergamides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_lysergamide "Substituted lysergamide") [Simplified/partial lysergamides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified/partial_lysergamide "Simplified/partial lysergamide") [Phenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine "Substituted phenethylamine") ([methoxyphenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methoxyphenethylamine "Substituted methoxyphenethylamine")) [2Cs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C_\(psychedelics\) "2C (psychedelics)") [25-NB/NBOMes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-NB "25-NB") [2C-Os](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-O "2C-O") [2C-Ts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T "2C-T") [HOT-x](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOT-x "HOT-x") [TWEETIOs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWEETIO "TWEETIO") [Amphetamines/α-methylphenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine "Substituted amphetamine") [3Cs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3C_\(psychedelics\) "3C (psychedelics)") [Dimethoxyamphetamines/DMAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine "Dimethoxyamphetamine") [DOx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOx "DOx") [Alephs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph_\(psychedelic\) "Aleph (psychedelic)") [Ethylenedioxyamphetamines/EDxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_ethylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted ethylenedioxyphenethylamine") [Methylenedioxyamphetamines/MDxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") [Trimethoxyamphetamines/TMAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethoxyamphetamine "Trimethoxyamphetamine") [BOx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOx_\(psychedelics\) "BOx (psychedelics)") [FLYs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLY_\(psychedelics\) "FLY (psychedelics)")/[benzofurans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_benzofuran "Substituted benzofuran") [Phenylisobutylamines/α-ethylphenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylisobutylamine "Phenylisobutylamine") [4Cs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4C_\(psychedelics\) "4C (psychedelics)") [Scalines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaline "Scaline") [Κ-PEAs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8-PEA "Κ-PEA") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") [α-Alkyltryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_%CE%B1-alkyltryptamine "Substituted α-alkyltryptamine") [α-Alkyl-ÎČ-ketotryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_%CE%B2-ketotryptamine "Substituted ÎČ-ketotryptamine") [4-Hydroxytryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_4-hydroxytryptamine "Substituted 4-hydroxytryptamine") [5-Hydroxytryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_5-hydroxytryptamine "Substituted 5-hydroxytryptamine") [5-Methoxytryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_5-methoxytryptamine "Substituted 5-methoxytryptamine") [Miscellaneous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_miscellaneous_5-HT2A_receptor_agonists "List of miscellaneous 5-HT2A receptor agonists") *Dissociatives/NMDA receptor antagonists:* [Adamantanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantane "Adamantane") [Arylcyclohexylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine "Arylcyclohexylamine") [Diarylethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarylethylamine "Diarylethylamine") [Morphinans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinan "Morphinan") *Îș-Opioid receptor agonists:* [Benzomorphans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzomorphan "Benzomorphan") [Salvinorins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorin "Salvinorin") *GABAA receptor agonists:* [Isoxazoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoxazole "Isoxazole") *Deliriants/anticholinergics/muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists:* [Diarylmethanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_diarylmethane "Substituted diarylmethane") [Tropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropanes "Tropanes") *Others:* [Cyclized tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclized_tryptamine "Cyclized tryptamine") [Azepinoindoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azepinoindole "Azepinoindole") [*Iboga* alkaloids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iboga-type_alkaloid "Iboga-type alkaloid") [(Phyto)cannabinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid "Cannabinoid") | | [Entactogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entactogen "Entactogen") | *Serotonin releasing agents:* [Phenethylamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine "Substituted phenethylamine") [2-Aminoindanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_2-aminoindane "Substituted 2-aminoindane") [2-Aminotetralins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_2-aminotetralin "Substituted 2-aminotetralin") [Amphetamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine "Substituted amphetamine") [Benzofuranylaminopropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_benzofuran "Substituted benzofuran") [Benzothiophenylaminopropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_benzothiophene "Substituted benzothiophene") [Ethylenedioxyamphetamines/EDxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") [Indanylaminopropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indanylaminopropane "Indanylaminopropane") [Indolylaminopropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indolylaminopropane "Indolylaminopropane") [Methylenedioxyamphetamines/MDxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") [Tetralinylaminopropanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetralinylaminopropane "Tetralinylaminopropane") [Tryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine "Substituted tryptamine") [α-Alkyltryptamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_%CE%B1-alkyltryptamine "Substituted α-alkyltryptamine") [Miscellaneous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine#Related_compounds "Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine") | | [Psychiatric drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_drug "Psychiatric drug") | *Anxiolytics:* [Azapirones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azapirone "Azapirone") [Benzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine "Benzodiazepine") [Pyrrolobenzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrolobenzodiazepine "Pyrrolobenzodiazepine") [Thienobenzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thienobenzodiazepine "Thienobenzodiazepine") [Thienodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thienodiazepine "Thienodiazepine") [Thienotriazolodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thienotriazolodiazepine "Thienotriazolodiazepine") [Triazolobenzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazolobenzodiazepine "Triazolobenzodiazepine") *Antidepressants:* [Tricyclic antidepressants]() [Dibenzazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzazepine "Dibenzazepine") [Dibenzocycloheptenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzocycloheptene "Dibenzocycloheptene") [Dibenzothiepins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzothiepin "Dibenzothiepin") [Dibenzoxazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzoxazepine "Dibenzoxazepine") [Dibenzoxepins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzoxepin "Dibenzoxepin") [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") *Antipsychotics/dopamine D2 receptor antagonists or partial agonists:* [Benzamides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzamide "Benzamide") [Benzimidazoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzimidazole "Benzimidazole") [Benzisothiazoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzothiazole "Benzothiazole") [Benzisoxazoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzisoxazole "Benzisoxazole") [Butyrophenones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrophenone "Butyrophenone") [Diphenylbutylpiperidines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylbutylpiperidine "Diphenylbutylpiperidine") [Phenylpiperazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpiperazine "Phenylpiperazine") [Tricyclics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_compound "Tricyclic compound") [Dibenzazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzazepine "Dibenzazepine") [Dibenzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzodiazepine "Dibenzodiazepine") [Dibenzothiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzothiazepine "Dibenzothiazepine") [Dibenzothiepins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzothiepin "Dibenzothiepin") [Dibenzoxazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzoxazepine "Dibenzoxazepine") [Phenothiazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenothiazine "Phenothiazine") [Thienobenzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thienobenzodiazepine "Thienobenzodiazepine") *Mood stabilizers/anticonvulsants:* [Gabapentinoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentinoid "Gabapentinoid") [Tricyclics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_compound "Tricyclic compound") [Dibenzazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzazepine "Dibenzazepine") [Valproates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate "Valproate") | | Others | *Nootropics:* [Racetams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racetam "Racetam") [Phenylpiracetams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpiracetam "Phenylpiracetam") *Miscellaneous:* [3-Benzazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_3-benzazepine "Substituted 3-benzazepine") [Adamantanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantane "Adamantane") [Catecholamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine "Catecholamine") 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| Tricyclic antidepressant | | |---|---| | *[Drug class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class "Drug class")* | | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Imipramine.svg/250px-Imipramine.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imipramine.svg)[Chemical structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure "Chemical structure") of the prototypical and first marketed tricyclic antidepressant [imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") showing its three [rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group "Functional group"). | | | Class identifiers | | | [Chemical class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_classification "Chemical classification") | [Tricyclic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic "Tricyclic") | | External links | | | [MeSH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings "Medical Subject Headings") | [D000929](https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000929) | | Legal status | | | [In Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908843 "d:Q908843") | | **Tricyclic antidepressants** (**TCAs**) are a class of medications that are used primarily as [antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-1) TCAs were discovered in the early 1950s and were marketed later in the decade.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-2) They are named after their [chemical structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure "Chemical structure"), which contains three [rings of atoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_compound "Cyclic compound"). [Tetracyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant "Tetracyclic antidepressant") (TeCAs), which contain four rings of atoms, are a closely related group of antidepressant compounds. Although TCAs are sometimes [prescribed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_prescription "Medical prescription") for depressive disorders, they have been largely replaced in clinical use in most parts of the world by newer antidepressants such as [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor") (SSRIs), [serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor "Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor") (SNRIs) and [norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor "Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor") (NRIs). Adverse effects have been found to be of a similar level between TCAs and SSRIs.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-3)\[*[obsolete source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS "Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS")*\] The TCAs are used primarily in the [clinical treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy "Therapy") of [mood disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder "Mood disorder") such as [major depressive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder") (MDD), [dysthymia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymia "Dysthymia"), and [treatment-resistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment-resistant_depression "Treatment-resistant depression") variants. They are also used in the treatment of a number of other [medical disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorder_\(medicine\) "Disorder (medicine)"), including [cyclic vomiting syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_vomiting_syndrome "Cyclic vomiting syndrome") (CVS) and [anxiety disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorders "Anxiety disorders") such as [generalized anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder "Generalized anxiety disorder") (GAD), social phobia (SP) also known as [social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder") (SAD), [obsessive-compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder "Obsessive-compulsive disorder"), [premature ejaculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_ejaculation "Premature ejaculation") (clomipramine) and [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder") (PD), [post-traumatic stress disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") (PTSD), [body dysmorphic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder "Body dysmorphic disorder") (BDD), [eating disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder "Eating disorder") like [anorexia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa "Anorexia nervosa") and [bulimia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa "Bulimia nervosa"), certain [personality disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder "Personality disorder") such as [borderline personality disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder "Borderline personality disorder") (BPD) and [Avoidant personality disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder "Avoidant personality disorder") (AvPD), [neurological disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disorders "Neurological disorders") such as [attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder") (ADHD),[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-4) [Parkinson's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease")[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-5) and [Autism Spectrum Disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_Spectrum_Disorder "Autism Spectrum Disorder") (ASD),[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-6) as well as [chronic pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pain "Chronic pain"), [neuralgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralgia "Neuralgia") or [neuropathic pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_pain "Neuropathic pain"), [Complex regional pain syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome "Complex regional pain syndrome") and [fibromyalgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia "Fibromyalgia"), [headache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache "Headache"), or [migraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine "Migraine"), [smoking cessation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessation "Smoking cessation"), [tourette syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome "Tourette syndrome"), [trichotillomania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichotillomania "Trichotillomania"), [irritable bowel syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome "Irritable bowel syndrome") (IBS), [interstitial cystitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_cystitis "Interstitial cystitis") (IC), [nocturnal enuresis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis "Nocturnal enuresis") (NE), [narcolepsy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcolepsy "Narcolepsy"), [insomnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia"), [pathological crying and/or laughing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_lability "Emotional lability"), [chronic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_\(medicine\) "Chronic (medicine)") [hiccups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiccup "Hiccup"), [ciguatera poisoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatera_poisoning "Ciguatera poisoning"), and as an [adjunct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmentation_\(psychiatry\) "Augmentation (psychiatry)") in [schizophrenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia") and certain [psychotic disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotic_disorders "Psychotic disorders"). [Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") and [desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") may be preferred medications over other TCAs among older adults due to their reduced [anticholinergic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic "Anticholinergic") effects, diminished cardiac toxicity, and more linear pharmacokinetics.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid17471183-8) ### Clinical depression \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Clinical depression")\] For many years the TCAs were the first choice for [pharmacological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacological "Pharmacological") [treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy "Therapy") of [major depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder"). Although they are still considered to be [effective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy#Medicine "Efficacy"), they have been increasingly replaced by antidepressants with an improved safety and side-effect profile, such as the SSRIs and other newer antidepressants such as the novel reversible MAOI [moclobemide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moclobemide "Moclobemide"). However, TCAs have been claimed to possibly be more effective in treating [melancholic depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholic_depression "Melancholic depression") than other antidepressant drug classes.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid7980178-9) Newer antidepressants are thought to have fewer and less severe [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect "Adverse effect") and are also thought to be less likely to result in injury or death if used in a [suicide attempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attempt "Suicide attempt"), as the doses required for clinical treatment and potentially [lethal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_dose "Lethal dose") [overdose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdose "Overdose") (see [therapeutic index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index "Therapeutic index")) are far wider in comparison. Nonetheless, the TCAs are commonly prescribed for [treatment-resistant depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment-resistant_depression "Treatment-resistant depression") that has failed to respond to therapy with newer antidepressants, they also tend to have fewer emotional blunting and sexual side effects than SSRI antidepressants.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10498158-10) They are not considered [addictive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_addiction "Drug addiction") and are somewhat preferable to the [monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor "Monoamine oxidase inhibitor") (MAOIs). The side effects of the TCAs usually come to prominence before the [therapeutic benefits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_effect "Therapeutic effect") against depression and/or anxiety do, and for this reason, they may potentially be somewhat dangerous, as [volition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition_\(psychology\) "Volition (psychology)") can be increased, possibly giving the [patient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient "Patient") a greater desire to attempt or commit [suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide "Suicide").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid8452661-11) A 2024 [systematic review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review "Systematic review") and [meta-analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis "Meta-analysis") assessed the beneficial and harmful effects of TCAs in the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12) Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses had not comprehensively assessed TCAs in the same fashion, with the largest including only two TCAs ([amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") and [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine")) and only 36 trials.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-CiprianiFurukawaSalanti2018-13) A total of 103 short-term clinical trials with 10,590 participants employing 12 different TCAs (and TeCAs) were included.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12) TCAs showed a small benefit on depression over that of [placebo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_group "Placebo group") in terms of reduction in [Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Rating_Scale_for_Depression "Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression") (HDRS-17) scores (mean difference: –3.77 points; or with removal of an [outlier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_outlier "Statistical outlier") study: –3.16 points).[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12) Due to the possibility of [unblinding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unblinding "Unblinding") by [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect "Side effect"), it was unclear whether TCAs had a genuine antidepressant effect or whether the benefits were merely due to amplified [placebo effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_effect "Placebo effect").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12) TCAs had a higher rate of serious [adverse effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect "Adverse effect") than placebo, and this did reach statistical significance ([OR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio "Odds ratio")Tooltip odds ratio = 2.78; 95% CI: 2.18–3.55; k = 35). However, [trial sequential analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_analysis "Sequential analysis") indicated that the required information size had not been reached to conclusively confirm this effect. The [quality of evidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_evidence "Quality of evidence") was low to very low and the results were at high risk of [bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias "Bias"). Among the collaborators of the systematic review and meta-analysis included [Irving Kirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kirsch "Irving Kirsch"), [Joanna Moncrieff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Moncrieff "Joanna Moncrieff"), and [Michael P. Hengartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_P._Hengartner "Michael P. Hengartner").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-KampPetersenFaltermeier2024-12) ### Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder")\] The TCAs were used in the past in the clinical treatment of ADHD,[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid2676967-14) though they are not typically used anymore, having been replaced by more effective agents with fewer side effects such as [atomoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomoxetine "Atomoxetine") (Strattera, Tomoxetin) and [stimulants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant "Stimulant") like [methylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate") (Ritalin, Focalin, Concerta), and [amphetamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine "Amphetamine") (Adderall, Attentin, Dexedrine, Vyvanse). ADHD is thought to be caused by an insufficiency of [dopamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine "Dopamine") and [norepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine "Norepinephrine") [activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_activity "Brain activity") in the [prefrontal cortex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex "Prefrontal cortex") of the [brain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain "Human brain").[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid19183781-15) Most of the TCAs [inhibit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor "Reuptake inhibitor") the [reuptake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuptake "Reuptake") of norepinephrine, though not dopamine, and as a result, they show some efficacy in remedying the disorder.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10560028-16) Notably, the TCAs are more effective in treating the [behavioral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral "Behavioral") aspects of ADHD than the [cognitive deficits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_deficit "Cognitive deficit"), as they help limit [hyperactivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperactivity "Hyperactivity") and [impulsivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulsivity "Impulsivity"), but have little to no benefits on [attention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention "Attention").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9418743-17) The TCAs show efficacy in the clinical treatment of a number of different types of [chronic pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pain "Chronic pain"), notably neuralgia or [neuropathic pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_pain "Neuropathic pain") and [fibromyalgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia "Fibromyalgia").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid16762426-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9121808-19) The precise [mechanism of action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action "Mechanism of action") in explanation of their analgesic efficacy is unclear, but it is thought that they indirectly modulate the [opioid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid "Opioid") system in the brain downstream via [serotonergic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") and [noradrenergic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenergic "Noradrenergic") [neuromodulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation_\(biology\) "Neuromodulation (biology)"), among other properties.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid6219612-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-22) They are also effective in [migraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine "Migraine") [prophylaxis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophylaxis "Prophylaxis"),[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-23) though not in the instant relief of an acute migraine attack. They may also be effective to prevent chronic tension headaches.\[*[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\(medicine\) "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")*\] Tricyclic antidepressant are supposed to have effect on reducing mast cell degranulation, thus reducing pain and the symptoms associated with mast cell activation, such as IBS pain; people with IBS exhibit increased mucosal mast cells, elevated tryptase/histamine, and enhanced proximity of degranulating mast cells to enteric nerves, each correlating with subjective pain scores.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid28934791-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid37038134-25) The ability of tricyclic antidepressants that have mast-cell stabilizing effects (such as amitriptyline) to reduce subjective pain score are believed to help not simply by altering mood, but by reducing visceral afferent firing, possibly through attenuation of nerve-mast cell crosstalk.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid28934791-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid37038134-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid19076934-26) Many [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect "Adverse effect") may be related to the [antimuscarinic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimuscarinic "Antimuscarinic") properties of the TCAs. Such side effects are relatively common and may include dry mouth, dry nose, blurry vision, lowered gastrointestinal motility or constipation, urinary retention, cognitive and/or memory impairment, and increased body temperature. Other side effects may include drowsiness, anxiety, emotional blunting (apathy/[anhedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhedonia "Anhedonia")), confusion, restlessness, dizziness, [akathisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathisia "Akathisia"), [hypersensitivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity "Hypersensitivity"), changes in appetite and weight, sweating, muscle twitches, weakness, nausea and vomiting, [hypotension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension "Hypotension"), [tachycardia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia "Tachycardia"), and rarely, [irregular heart rhythms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrythmia "Arrythmia"). Twitching, hallucinations, [delirium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium "Delirium") and coma are also some of the toxic effects caused by overdose.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-27) [Rhabdomyolysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis "Rhabdomyolysis") or muscle breakdown has been rarely reported with this class of drugs as well.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-28) Delayed ejaculation may be experienced by some tricyclic antidepressants such as [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"). Tolerance to these adverse effects of these drugs often develops if treatment is continued. Side effects may also be less troublesome if treatment is initiated with low doses and then gradually increased, although this may also delay the beneficial effects. TCAs can behave like class [1A antiarrhythmics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent "Antiarrhythmic agent"), as such, they can theoretically terminate ventricular fibrillation, decrease cardiac contractility and increase collateral blood circulation to ischemic heart muscle. Naturally, in overdose, they can be cardiotoxic, prolonging heart rhythms and increasing myocardial irritability. New research has also revealed compelling evidence of a link between long-term use of anticholinergic medications like TCAs and [dementia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia "Dementia").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-29) Although many studies have investigated this link, this was the first study to use a long-term approach (over seven years) to find that dementias associated with anticholinergics may not be reversible even years after drug use stops.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-30) Anticholinergic drugs block the action of [acetylcholine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine "Acetylcholine"), which transmits messages in the nervous system. In the brain, acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory. Antidepressants in general may produce [withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal "Drug withdrawal"). However, since the term "withdrawal" has been linked to addiction to recreational drugs like [opioids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid "Opioid"), the medical profession and pharmaceutical public relations prefer that a different term be used, hence "[discontinuation syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant_discontinuation_syndrome "Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome")."[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-31) Discontinuation symptoms can be managed by a [gradual reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapering_\(medicine\) "Tapering (medicine)") in dosage over a period of weeks or months to minimise symptoms.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-32) In tricyclics, discontinuation syndrome symptoms include anxiety, insomnia, cholinergic rebound, headache, nausea, malaise, or motor disturbance.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-33) TCA overdose is a significant cause of fatal drug [poisoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison "Poison"). The severe [morbidity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidity "Morbidity") and mortality associated with these drugs is well documented due to their [cardiovascular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system "Circulatory system") and [neurological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology "Neurology") toxicity. Additionally, it is a serious problem in the pediatric population due to their inherent toxicity[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-JEmergMed2005-Rosenbaum-34) and the availability of these in the home when prescribed for bed-wetting and depression. In the event of a known or suspected overdose, medical assistance should be sought immediately. A number of treatments are effective in a TCA overdose. An overdose on TCA is especially fatal as it is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract in the alkaline conditions of the small intestines. As a result, toxicity often becomes apparent in the first hour after an overdose. However, symptoms may take several hours to appear if a mixed overdose has caused delayed gastric emptying. Many of the initial signs are those associated to the anticholinergic effects of TCAs such as dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, dizziness, and emesis (or vomiting). Due to the location of norepinephrine receptors all over the body, many physical signs are also associated with a TCA overdose:[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-35) 1. Anticholinergic effects: altered mental status (e.g., agitation, confusion, lethargy, etc.), resting [sinus tachycardia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_tachycardia "Sinus tachycardia"), dry mouth, [mydriasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mydriasis "Mydriasis"), blurred vision, fever 2. Cardiac effects: hypertension (early and transient, should not be treated), tachycardia, orthostasis and hypotension, arrhythmias (including [ventricular tachycardia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia "Ventricular tachycardia") and ventricular fibrillation, most serious consequence), [ECG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECG "ECG") changes (prolonged QRS, QT, and PR intervals) 3. CNS effects: [syncope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_\(medicine\) "Syncope (medicine)"), seizure, coma, [myoclonus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonus "Myoclonus"), hyperreflexia, convulsions, drowsiness 4. Pulmonary effects: hypoventilation resulting from CNS depression[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-36) 5. Gastrointestinal effects: decreased or absent bowel sounds, constipation Treatment of TCA overdose depends on severity of symptoms: Initially, gastric decontamination of the patient is achieved by administering, either orally or via a [nasogastric tube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasogastric_tube "Nasogastric tube"), [activated charcoal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon "Activated carbon") pre-mixed with water, which [adsorbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption "Adsorption") the drug in the [gastrointestinal tract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract "Human gastrointestinal tract") (most useful if given within 2 hours of drug ingestion). Other decontamination methods such as stomach pumps, gastric lavage, whole bowel irrigation, or (ipecac induced) emesis, are *not* recommended in TCA poisoning. If there is metabolic acidosis, [intravenous infusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy "Intravenous therapy") of [sodium bicarbonate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate "Sodium bicarbonate") is recommended by Toxbase.org, the UK and Ireland poisons advice database (TCAs are protein bound and become less bound in more acidic conditions, so by reversing the acidosis, protein binding increases and [bioavailability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability "Bioavailability") thus decreases – the sodium load may also help to reverse the Na+ channel blocking effects of the TCA). The TCAs are highly metabolised by the [cytochrome P450](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_oxidase "Cytochrome P450 oxidase") (CYP) hepatic enzymes. Drugs that inhibit [cytochrome P450](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_oxidase "Cytochrome P450 oxidase") (for example [cimetidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetidine "Cimetidine"), [methylphenidate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate "Methylphenidate"), [fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine"), [antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic"), and [calcium channel blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker "Calcium channel blocker")) may produce decreases in the TCAs' metabolism, leading to increases in their blood concentrations and accompanying toxicity.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-37) Drugs that prolong the [QT interval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QT_interval "QT interval") including antiarrhythmics such as [quinidine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine "Quinidine"), the antihistamines [astemizole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astemizole "Astemizole") and [terfenadine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfenadine "Terfenadine"), and some [antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic") may increase the chance of ventricular dysrhythmias. TCAs may enhance the response to [alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)") and the effects of [barbiturates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate "Barbiturate") and other CNS depressants. Side effects may also be enhanced by other drugs that have antimuscarinic properties. The majority of the TCAs act primarily as SNRIs by blocking the [serotonin transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter "Serotonin transporter") (SERT) and the [norepinephrine transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter "Norepinephrine transporter") (NET), which results in an elevation of the [synaptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse "Synapse") concentrations of these [neurotransmitters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter "Neurotransmitter"), and therefore an enhancement of [neurotransmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmission "Neurotransmission").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9537821-38)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid17471183-8) Notably, with the sole exception of [amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine"), the TCAs have weak [affinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_\(pharmacology\) "Affinity (pharmacology)") for the [dopamine transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter "Dopamine transporter") (DAT), and therefore have low efficacy as [dopamine reuptake inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor "Dopamine reuptake inhibitor") (DRIs).[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9537821-38) Both [serotonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin "Serotonin") and [norepinephrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine "Norepinephrine") have been highly implicated in [depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_\(mood\) "Depression (mood)") and [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_\(mood\) "Anxiety (mood)"), and it has been shown that facilitation of their activity has beneficial effects on these [mental disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder "Mental disorder").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9551776-39) In addition to their [reuptake inhibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor "Reuptake inhibitor"), many TCAs also have high affinity as [antagonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist "Receptor antagonist") at the [5-HT1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1 "5-HT1"), [5-HT2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2 "5-HT2")[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid7855217-40) ([5-HT2A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A "5-HT2A")[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10379421-41) and [5-HT2C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2C "5-HT2C")[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10379421-41)), [5-HT6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT6 "5-HT6"),[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10836139-42) [5-HT7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT7 "5-HT7"),[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9303561-43) [α1\-adrenergic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor "Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor"),[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid7855217-40) and [NMDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor "NMDA receptor") [receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_\(biochemistry\) "Receptor (biochemistry)"),[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid2568580-44) and as [agonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist "Agonist") at the [sigma receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_receptor "Sigma receptor")[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid8831113-45) ([σ1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor "Sigma-1 receptor")[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid8831113-45) and [σ2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor "Sigma-2 receptor")[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid15547788-46)), some of which may contribute to their therapeutic [efficacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy "Efficacy"), as well as their [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect "Side effect").[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-47) The TCAs also have varying but typically high affinity for antagonising the [H1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor "Histamine H1 receptor")[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid7855217-40) and [H2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor "Histamine H2 receptor")[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid20581-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid6150708-49) [histamine receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_receptor "Histamine receptor"), as well as the [muscarinic acetylcholine receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid7855217-40) As a result, they also act as [potent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_\(pharmacology\) "Potency (pharmacology)") [antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine "Antihistamine") and [anticholinergics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic "Anticholinergic"). These properties are often beneficial in antidepressants, especially with comorbid anxiety, as it provides a [sedative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative "Sedative") effect.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-50) Most, if not all, of the TCAs also [potently](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_\(pharmacology\) "Potency (pharmacology)") inhibit [sodium channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel "Sodium channel") and [L-type calcium channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel "L-type calcium channel"), and therefore act as [sodium channel blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker "Sodium channel blocker") and [calcium channel blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker "Calcium channel blocker"), respectively.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid9435180-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid18048694-52) The former property is responsible for the high [mortality rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate "Mortality rate") upon [overdose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdose "Overdose") seen with the TCAs via [cardiotoxicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxicity "Cardiotoxicity").[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid10452441-53) It may also be involved in their efficacy as [analgesics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesics "Analgesics"), however.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Cairns2009-54) In summary, tricyclic antidepressants can act through NMDA antagonism, opioidergic effects, sodium, potassium and calcium channel blocking, through interfering with the reuptake of serotonin and acting as antagonists to SHAM (serotonin, histamine, alpha, muscarinic) receptors. The binding profiles of various TCAs and some [metabolites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite "Metabolite") in terms of their [affinities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_\(pharmacology\) "Affinity (pharmacology)") (Ki, nM) for various [receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_\(biochemistry\) "Receptor (biochemistry)") and [transporters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein "Membrane transport protein") are as follows:[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-PDSP-55) | Compound | [SERT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter "Serotonin transporter")Tooltip Serotonin transporter | [NET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter "Norepinephrine transporter")Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter | [DAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter "Dopamine transporter")Tooltip Dopamine transporter | [5-HT1A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor "5-HT1A receptor") | [5-HT2A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor "5-HT2A receptor") | [5-HT2C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor "5-HT2C receptor") | [5-HT6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT6_receptor "5-HT6 receptor") | [5-HT7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT7_receptor "5-HT7 receptor") | [α1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor "Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor") | [α2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor "Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor") | [D2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D2_receptor "D2 receptor") | [H1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_receptor "H1 receptor") | [H2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2_receptor "H2 receptor") | [mACh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor")Tooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor | [σ1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor "Sigma-1 receptor") | [σ2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor "Sigma-2 receptor") | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine") | \>100,000 | 10,000 | 1,000–1,400 | \>100,000 | 74,000 | ND | ND | ND | \>100,000 | \>100,000 | \>100,000 | ≄13,000 | ND | \>100,000 | ND | ND | | [Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline") | 2\.8–4.3 | 19–35 | 3,250 | ≄450 | 18–23 | 4\.0 | 65–141 | 93–123 | 4\.4–24 | 114–690 | 196–1,460 | 0\.5–1.1 | 66 | 9\.6 | 300 | ND | | [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") | 58 | 16 | 4,310 | ND | 0\.5 | 2\.0 | 6\.0–50 | 41 | 50 | 2,600 | 3\.6–160 | 7\.9–25 | ND | 1,000 | ND | ND | | [Butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline") | ≄1,360 | 5,100 | 3,940 | 7,000 | 380 | ND | ND | ND | 570 | 4,800 | ND | 1\.1 | ND | 35 | ND | ND | | [Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") | 0\.14–0.28 | 38–54 | ≄2,190 | ≄7,000 | 27–36 | 65 | 54 | 127 | 3\.2–38 | ≄535 | 78–190 | 13–31 | 209 | 37 | 546 | ND | | [Desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") | 18–163 | 0\.63–3.5 | 3,190 | ≄6,400 | 115–350 | 244–748 | ND | \>1,000 | 23–130 | ≄1,379 | 3,400 | 60–110 | 1,550 | 66–198 | ≄1,990 | ≄1,610 | | [Dibenzepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzepin "Dibenzepin") | ND | ND | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | ≄1,500 | ND | ND | ND | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | 23 | 1,950 | 1,750 | ND | ND | | [Dosulepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin") | 8\.6–78 | 46–70 | 5,310 | 4,000 | 152 | ND | ND | ND | 419 | 2,400 | ND | 3\.6–4.0 | ND | 25–26 | ND | ND | | [Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin") | 68–210 | 13–58 | ≄4,600 | 276 | 11–27 | 8\.8–200 | 136 | ND | 24 | 28–1,270 | 360 | 0\.09–1.23 | 174 | 23–80 | ND | ND | | [Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine") | 1\.3–1.4 | 20–37 | 8,500 | ≄5,800 | 80–150 | 120 | 190–209 | \>1,000 | 32 | 3,100 | 620–726 | 7\.6–37 | 550 | 46 | 332–520 | 327–2,100 | | [Iprindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprindole "Iprindole") | ≄1,620 | 1,260 | 6,530 | 2,800 | 217–280 | 206 | ND | ND | 2,300 | 8,600 | 6,300 | 100–130 | 200–8,300 | 2,100 | \>10,000 | ND | | [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine") | 70 | 5\.4 | \>10,000 | 4,600 | 200 | ND | ND | ND | 100 | 2,700 | 2,000 | 245–360 | 4,270 | 67 | 2,520 | ND | | [Maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline") | 5,800 | 11–12 | 1,000 | ND | 51 | 122 | ND | 50 | 90 | 9,400 | 350–665 | 0\.79–2.0 | 776 | 570 | ND | ND | | [Norclomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norclomipramine "Norclomipramine") | 40 | 0\.45 | 2,100 | 19,000 | 130 | ND | ND | ND | 190 | 1,800 | 1,200 | 450 | ND | 92 | ND | ND | | [Northiaden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northiaden "Northiaden") | 192 | 25 | 2,539 | 2,623 | 141 | ND | ND | ND | 950 | ND | ND | 25 | ND | 110 | ND | ND | | [Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline") | 15–18 | 1\.8–4.4 | 1,140 | 294 | 5\.0–41 | 8\.5 | 148 | ND | 55 | 2,030 | 2,570 | 3\.0–15 | 646 | 37 | 2,000 | ND | | [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol") | ≄2,200 | ≄700 | ≄3,000 | \>10,000 | 120 | ND | ND | ND | 200 | 6,100 | 120–300 | 6\.0 | 4,470 | 3,300 | 0\.2–50 | 110 | | [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") | 19\.6 | 1\.41 | 2,100 | 3,800 | 70 | ND | ND | ND | 130 | 6,600 | 2,300 | 7\.2–25 | 398 | 25 | ND | ND | | [Tianeptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianeptine "Tianeptine") | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | \>10,000 | | [Trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine") | 149–2,110 | ≄2,450 | ≄3,780 | 8,000 | 32 | 537 | ND | ND | 24 | 680 | 143–210 | 0\.27–1.5 | 41 | 58 | ND | ND | | Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. For assay species and references, see the individual drug articles. Most but not all values are for human proteins. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | With the exception of the [sigma receptors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_receptor "Sigma receptor"), the TCAs act as [antagonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist "Receptor antagonist") or [inverse agonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_agonist "Inverse agonist") of the receptors and as [inhibitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_blocker "Transporter blocker") of the transporters. Tianeptine is included in this list due to it technically being a TCA, but with a vastly different pharmacology. Therapeutic levels of TCAs are generally in the range of about 100 to 300 ng/mL, or 350 to 1,100 nM.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-SchatzbergNemeroff2009-56) [Plasma protein binding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding "Plasma protein binding") is generally 90% or greater.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-SchatzbergNemeroff2009-56) There are two major groups of TCAs in terms of [chemical structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure "Chemical structure"), which most, but not all, TCAs fall into.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Ghose2013-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Aronson2009-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Anthony2002-59) The groupings are based on the tricyclic [ring system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_system_\(chemistry\) "Ring system (chemistry)").[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Ghose2013-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Aronson2009-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Anthony2002-59) They are the [dibenzazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzazepine "Dibenzazepine") ([imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine"), [desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine"), [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine"), [trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine"), [lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine")) and the [dibenzocycloheptadienes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzocycloheptadiene "Dibenzocycloheptadiene") ([amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"), [nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline"), [protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline"), [butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline")).[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Ghose2013-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Aronson2009-58) Minor TCA groups based on ring system include the [dibenzoxepins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzoxepin "Dibenzoxepin") ([doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin")), the [dibenzothiepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzothiepine "Dibenzothiepine") ([dosulepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin")), and the [dibenzoxazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzoxazepine "Dibenzoxazepine") ([amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine")).[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Ghose2013-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Aronson2009-58) In addition to classification based on the ring system, TCAs can also be usefully grouped based on the number of [substitutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent "Substituent") of the [side chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_chain "Side chain") [amine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine "Amine").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Anthony2002-59)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-CowenHarrison2012-60) These groups include the [tertiary amines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_amine "Tertiary amine") (imipramine, clomipramine, trimipramine, amitriptyline, butriptyline, doxepin, dosulepin) and the [secondary amines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_amine "Secondary amine") (desipramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline).[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Anthony2002-59)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-CowenHarrison2012-60) Lofepramine is technically a tertiary amine, but acts largely as a [prodrug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug "Prodrug") of desipramine, a secondary amine, and hence is more similar in profile to the secondary amines than to the tertiary amines.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-CowenHarrison2012-60) Amoxapine does not have the TCA side chain and hence is neither a tertiary nor secondary amine, although it is often grouped with the secondary amines due to sharing more in common with them.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-61) In 2021, a new method was developed at the [Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Bioengineering_of_Catalonia "Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia") for designing [photochromic analogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photopharmacology "Photopharmacology") of tricyclic drugs via (1) isosteric replacement of the two-atom bridge between the aromatic systems with an azo group and (2) opening of the central ring. The authors named the strategy "crypto-azologization".[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-RiefoloSortino2021-62) The TCAs were developed amid the "explosive birth" of psychopharmacology in the early 1950s. The story begins with the synthesis of [chlorpromazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine "Chlorpromazine") in December 1950 by [RhĂŽne-Poulenc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Poulenc "RhĂŽne-Poulenc")'s chief chemist, Paul Charpentier, from synthetic [antihistamines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamines "Antihistamines") developed by RhĂŽne-Poulenc in the 1940s.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-63) Its psychiatric effects were first noticed at a hospital in Paris in 1952. The first widely used psychiatric drug, by 1955 it was already generating significant revenue as an [antipsychotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic "Antipsychotic").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Becoming_Neurochemical_Selves-64) Research chemists quickly began to explore other derivatives of chlorpromazine. The first TCA reported for the treatment of depression was [imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine"), a dibenzazepine analogue of chlorpromazine code-named G22355. It was not originally targeted for the treatment of depression. The drug's tendency to induce manic effects was "later described as 'in some patients, quite disastrous'". The paradoxical observation of a [sedative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative "Sedative") inducing mania led to testing with depressed patients. The first trial of imipramine took place in 1955 and the first report of antidepressant effects was published by Swiss psychiatrist [Roland Kuhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Kuhn "Roland Kuhn") in 1957.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-65) Some testing of Geigy's imipramine, then known as Tofranil, took place at the MĂŒnsterlingen Hospital near Konstanz.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Becoming_Neurochemical_Selves-64) Geigy later became Ciba-Geigy and eventually [Novartis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis "Novartis"). [Dibenzazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzazepine "Dibenzazepine") derivatives are described in U.S. patent 3,074,931 issued 1963-01-22 by assignment to [Smith Kline & French Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline "GlaxoSmithKline"). The compounds described share a tricyclic backbone different from the backbone of the TCA [amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline"). [Merck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co. "Merck & Co.") introduced the second member of the TCA family, amitriptyline (Elavil), in 1961.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-Becoming_Neurochemical_Selves-64) This compound has a different three-ring structure than imipramine. ## Society and culture \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricyclic_antidepressant&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Society and culture")\] A very small number of cases involving non-medical use of antidepressants have been reported over the past 30 years.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-66) According to the US government classification of psychiatric medications, TCAs are "non-abusable"[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-67) and generally have low misuse potential.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-68) Nonetheless, due to their atypical mechanism of action, amineptine and tianeptine (dopamine reuptake inhibition and ÎŒ-opioid receptor agonism, respectively) are the two TCAs with the highest addiction and misuse potential. Several cases of the misuse[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-isbn0-85369-582-2-69) of amitriptyline alone[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid8456167-70)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid15226578-71) or together with methadone[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-isbn0-85369-582-2-69)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid682328-72) or in other drug dependent patients[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid2400006-73)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid16225078-74) and of dosulepin with alcohol[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid17567406-75) or in methadone patients[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-pmid8520352-76) have been reported. TCAs are also used in [veterinary medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine "Veterinary medicine") for anxiolytic, anticompulsive, and antiaggressive purposes. Most use is off-label, with the exception of [clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine") (Clomicalm chewable tablet), which is FDA-approved for [separation anxiety in dogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_in_dogs "Separation anxiety in dogs") when paired with [behavior modification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_modification "Behavior modification").[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-77) Psychotrophic medication is generally *not* the first-line treatment for behavior problems. For example, although the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) and the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) mention TCAs in their guide for the treatment of house-soiling in cats, they are to be attempted only for severe, recurrant cases, after all other methods have failed.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_note-78) Those that preferentially inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (by at least 10-fold over norepinephrine) include: - [Butriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butriptyline "Butriptyline")† (Evadyne) (relatively weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor) - **[Clomipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clomipramine "Clomipramine")** (Anafranil) - **[Imipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine "Imipramine")** (Tofranil, Janimine, Praminil) - **[Trimipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimipramine "Trimipramine")** (Surmontil) (relatively weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor) Those that preferentially inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine (by at least 10-fold over serotonin) include: - [Desipramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine "Desipramine") (Norpramin, Pertofrane) - [Dibenzepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzepin "Dibenzepin")‡ (Noveril, Victoril) - [Lofepramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine "Lofepramine")§ (Lomont, Gamanil) - **[Maprotiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maprotiline "Maprotiline")** (Ludiomil) – can be classed with the TCAs though more frequently classed with the TeCAs - **[Nortriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortriptyline "Nortriptyline")** (Pamelor, Aventyl, Norpress) - [Protriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protriptyline "Protriptyline") (Vivactil) Whereas either fairly balanced reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine or unspecified inhibitors include: - **[Amitriptyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline "Amitriptyline")** (Elavil, Endep) - [Amitriptylinoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide "Amitriptylinoxide") (Amioxid, Ambivalon, Equilibrin) - [Amoxapine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxapine "Amoxapine") (Asendin) – can be classed with the TeCAs but more frequently classed with the TCAs - [Demexiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demexiptiline "Demexiptiline")† (Deparon, Tinoran) - [Dimetacrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetacrine "Dimetacrine")† (Istonil, Istonyl, Miroistonil) - **[Dosulepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin "Dosulepin")**§ (Prothiaden) - **[Doxepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin "Doxepin")** (Adapin, Sinequan) - [Fluacizine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluacizine "Fluacizine")† (Phtorazisin) - [Imipraminoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipraminoxide "Imipraminoxide")† (Imiprex, Elepsin) - [Melitracen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitracen "Melitracen")§ (Deanxit, Dixeran, Melixeran, Trausabun) - [Metapramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapramine "Metapramine")† (Timaxel) - [Nitroxazepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroxazepine "Nitroxazepine")‡ (Sintamil) - [Noxiptiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxiptiline "Noxiptiline")‡ (Agedal, Elronon, Nogedal) - [Pipofezine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipofezine "Pipofezine")‡ (Azafen/Azaphen) - [Propizepine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propizepine "Propizepine")† (Depressin, Vagran) - [Quinupramine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinupramine "Quinupramine")† (Kevopril, Kinupril, Adeprim, Quinuprine) And the following are TCAs that act via main mechanisms other than serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake inhibition: - [Amineptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amineptine "Amineptine")‡ (Survector, Maneon, Directim) – [norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor "Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor") - [Iprindole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprindole "Iprindole")† (Prondol, Galatur, Tetran) – [5-HT2 receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2_receptor "5-HT2 receptor") [antagonist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist "Receptor antagonist") - [Opipramol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opipramol "Opipramol")‡ (Insidon, Pramolan, Ensidon, Oprimol) – [σ receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_receptor "Sigma receptor") [agonist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_agonist "Receptor agonist") - **[Tianeptine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianeptine "Tianeptine")** § (Stablon, Coaxil, Tatinol) – atypical [ÎŒ-opioid receptor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor "Μ-opioid receptor") agonist Legend: - † indicates products which have been withdrawn from the market worldwide. - ‡ indicates products which are not available in any country in which English is an official language. - § indicates products which are not available in the United States, but are available in other English-speaking countries such as Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, etc. - **Bolded names** indicates products which are available in at least three countries in which English is an official language. - [List of antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antidepressants "List of antidepressants") 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-1)** Moraczewski J, Awosika AO, Aedma KK (2025). ["Tricyclic Antidepressants"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557791/). *StatPearls*. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32491723](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491723). Retrieved 24 May 2025. 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-2)** Carson VB (2000). [Mental health nursing: the nurse-patient journey](https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5rAAAAMAAJ) W.B. Saunders. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7216-8053-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-8053-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-8053-8") . pp. 423 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-3)** Trindade E, Menon D, Topfer LA, Coloma C (November 1998). ["Adverse effects associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis"](http://www.cmaj.ca/content/159/10/1245.reprint). *CMAJ*. **159** (10): 1245–1252\. [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [1229819](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1229819). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [9861221](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9861221). 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-4)** Shiel WC, ed. (n.d.). ["Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Nonstimulant Therapy (Strattera) and Other ADHD Drugs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050323134329/http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=41885). *MedicineNet* (Web page). 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"Mental health treatment". *Substance abuse treatment for persons with HIV/AIDS*. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) series. Vol. 37. Rockville, Maryland: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. [Figure 3-4: Abuse potential of common psychiatric medications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573027/table/ch3.t2/?report=objectonly). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [22514843](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22514843). Republished without revision in Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2014). [*Substance abuse treatment for persons with HIV/AIDS*](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64923/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK64923.pdf#page=110) (PDF). Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) series. Vol. 37. Rockville, Maryland: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. pp. 83–84\. 69. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-isbn0-85369-582-2_69-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-isbn0-85369-582-2_69-1) Wills S (2005). *Drugs of abuse* (2nd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 215–216\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-85369-582-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-582-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-582-0") . 70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid8456167_70-0)** Wohlreich MM, Welch W (1993). "Amitriptyline abuse presenting as acute toxicity". *Psychosomatics*. **34** (2): 191–193\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0033-3182(93)71918-0](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0033-3182%2893%2971918-0). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [8456167](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8456167). "The patient denied any alcohol or substance abuse, and no signs of withdrawal were noted in the hospital...On examination, Ms. B. denied suicidal ideation or intent but did admit to taking over 800 mg of amitriptyline per day for the past 3 years after being started on the drug for depression. She clearly described a euphoria associated with amitriptyline, noting that it gave her a "buzz" and that she felt "numbed up" and calm about 30 minutes after ingestion. The patient expressed fears of being addicted to the amitriptyline and desired inpatient hospitalization for medication adjustment and education." 71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid15226578_71-0)** Singh GP, Kaur P, Bhatia S (June 2004). ["Dothiepin dependence syndrome"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120216233332/http://www.indianjmedsci.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5359;year=2004;volume=58;issue=6;spage=253;epage=254;aulast=Singh). *Indian Journal of Medical Sciences*. **58** (6): 253–254\. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [15226578](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226578). Archived from [the original](http://www.indianjmedsci.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5359;year=2004;volume=58;issue=6;spage=253;epage=254;aulast=Singh) on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2009. 72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid682328_72-0)** Cohen MJ, Hanbury R, Stimmel B (September 1978). "Abuse of amitriptyline". *JAMA*. **240** (13): 1372–1373\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1001/jama.240.13.1372](https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.240.13.1372). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [682328](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/682328). 73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid2400006_73-0)** Delisle JD (October 1990). "A case of amitriptyline abuse". *The American Journal of Psychiatry*. **147** (10): 1377–1378\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1176/ajp.147.10.1377b](https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.147.10.1377b). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [2400006](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2400006). "Ms. A, a 24-year-old abuser of alcohol and cannabis, consulted her family physician because of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Unaware of her drug abuse, he prescribed amitriptyline, 200 mg. About 30 minutes after taking each dose, she would experience relief from her symptoms that lasted about 2 hours. By increasing the dose, she found she could intensify these effects and prolong them for up to several hours. Her "high" consisted of feelings of relaxation, giddiness, and contentment.Frequently, this progressed to incoordination, slurred speech, and confusion. Sometimes she would forget how much she had taken and ingest up to 2 g." 74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-pmid16225078_74-0)** Sein Anand J, Chodorowski Z, Habrat B (2005). ["Recreational amitriptyline abuse"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231202121821/http://www.uck.gda.pl/files/Recreational-Amitryptyline.pdf) (PDF). *Przegląd Lekarski* (Case report). **62** (6). KrakĂłw: Wydawnictwo Przegląd Lekarski: 397–398\. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0033-2240](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2240). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1424404558](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1424404558). 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"Tricyclic Antidepressants". *Veterinary Psychopharmacology*. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1002/9781119226253.ch16](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119226253.ch16). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-119-22625-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-22625-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-119-22625-3") . 78. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant#cite_ref-78)** Carney HC, Sadek TP, Curtis TM, Halls V, Heath S, Hutchison P, Mundschenk K, Westropp JL, American Association of Feline P, International Society of Feline M (July 2014). ["AAFP and ISFM Guidelines for diagnosing and solving house-soiling behavior in cats"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11148882). *Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery*. **16** (7): 579–98\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1177/1098612X14539092](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098612X14539092). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [11148882](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11148882). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [24966283](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24966283). - Gillman PK (July 2007). ["Tricyclic antidepressant pharmacology and therapeutic drug interactions updated"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014120). *British Journal of Pharmacology*. **151** (6): 737–748\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/sj.bjp.0707253](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0707253). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [2014120](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014120). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [17471183](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17471183). - [Tricyclic+Antidepressive+Agents](https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Tricyclic+Antidepressive+Agents) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine [Medical Subject Headings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings "Medical Subject Headings") (MeSH)
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