🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa076)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war","crawl_time":1773612126,"first_indexed_time":1434462786,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Trade_war s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Trade war - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nA\ntrade war\nis an\neconomic conflict\noften resulting from extreme\nprotectionism\n, in which\nstates\nraise or implement\ntariffs\nor other\ntrade barriers\nagainst each other as part of their\ncommercial policies\n, in response to similar measures imposed by the opposing party.\n[\n1\n]\nIf tariffs are the exclusive mechanism, then such conflicts are known as\ncustoms wars\n,\ntoll wars\n, or\ntariff wars\n; as a reprisal, the latter state may also increase the tariffs. Trade war arises only if the competitive protection between states is of the same type and it is not valid in case of dumping exports.\n[\n2\n]\nIncreased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their\nautarky\nposition.\n[\n3\n]\nMinor trade disagreements are often called\ntrade disputes\nwhen the war\nmetaphor\nis\nhyperbolic\n.\nTrade wars could be escalated to full conflict between states as evidenced in the\nMassacre of the Bandanese\nafter alleged violations of a new treaty. The\nFirst Anglo-Dutch War\nwas triggered by disputes over trade; the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping but expanded to vast fleet actions. The\nSecond Anglo-Dutch War\nwas for control over the seas and trade routes, where England tried to end the Dutch domination of world trade during a period of intense European commercial rivalry. The\nFourth Anglo-Dutch War\nstarted over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. The\nShimonoseki Campaign\nafter unrest over the shogunate's open-door policy to foreign trade. The\nFirst Opium War\nwhich started after the\nQing\ngovernment blockaded its ports, confiscated opium contraband and confined\nBritish\ntraders, resulted in the dispatch of the\nBritish Navy\nto China and engage the Chinese Navy in the\nBattle of Kowloon\n. The First Opium War eventually led to the British colony of\nHong Kong\n, and the\nSecond Opium War\n, which arose from another trade war with the same underlying causes, expanded the\nBritish possessions\non the island.\nExamples from the 1920s\n[\nedit\n]\nGerman–Polish customs war\n[\nedit\n]\nOne example of a modern tariff war occurred in the 1920s and 1930s between the\nWeimar Republic\n(Germany) and\nPoland\n, in the\nGerman–Polish customs war\nof 1925 to 1934.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nIn the Weimar Republic,\nGustav Stresemann\n(\nMinister of Foreign Affairs\nfrom 1923 to 1929) wanted to force Poland to give up territory by creating an economic crisis; to achieve this, the Germans increased tolls on coal and steel products developed there.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nAs a reprisal, the Poles increased toll rates for many German products. This led to the rapid development of the port of\nGdynia\n, which was the only way Poland could export its goods to Western Europe without having to transport them through Germany.\nThe U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff\n[\nedit\n]\nU.S. President\nWarren G. Harding\nsigned the\nFordney–McCumber Tariff\nbill (named after\nJoseph Fordney\n, chair of the\nHouse Ways and Means Committee\n, and\nPorter McCumber\n, chair of the\nSenate Finance Committee\n) in September 1922.\n[\n4\n]\nIn the end, the tariff law raised the average American\nad valorem\ntariff rate to 38 percent.\nTrading partners complained immediately.  Those injured by\nWorld War I\nsaid that, without access for their exports to the American market, they would not be able to make payments to America on war-time\nloans\n.  But others saw that this tariff increase would have broader deleterious effects.  Democratic Representative\nCordell Hull\nsaid, \"Our foreign markets depend both on the efficiency of our production and the tariffs of countries in which we would sell.  Our own [high] tariffs are an important factor in each.  They injure the former and invite the latter.\"\nFive years after the passage of the tariff, the U.S.'s trading partners had raised their own tariffs by a significant degree.\nFrance\nraised its tariffs on\nautomobiles\nfrom 45% to 100%,\nSpain\nraised tariffs on American goods by 40%, and Germany and\nItaly\nraised tariffs on wheat.\n[\n5\n]\nThis customs war is sometimes cited as one of the causes of the\nGreat Depression\n.\n[\n6\n]\nTypes of trade protectionism\n[\nedit\n]\nRecent economic analysis suggests that environmental policies, specifically Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM), are emerging as significant triggers for potential trade wars.\n[\n7\n]\nA 2022 study identified that major economies like the United States, Russia, and China are statistically likely to retaliate against European carbon border taxes, potentially leading to tit-for-tat tariff escalations.\n[\n7\n]\nDispute settlement mechanisms\n[\nedit\n]\nCompromis\nEconomic integration\nEuropean Economic Community\n, predecessor of the European Union\nEU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\n(post-Brexit)\nFree trade agreements\nFree-trade areas\nList of multilateral free-trade agreements\nGATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)\n(1947–present; modified by WTO formation in 1994–1995)\nWorld Trade Organization\n, created in the 1990s to avoid customs wars, which are counterproductive in net effect\nHistory of the World Trade Organization\n(1990s-present, after decades of efforts to fill the vacuum of the absence of such an institution)\nDispute settlement in the World Trade Organization\nDispute Settlement Body\nof the WTO\nList of WTO dispute settlement cases\nInternational Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes\nInvestor-state dispute settlement\nTrade and Investment Framework Agreement\nTRIPS Agreement\nUnited Nations Commission on International Trade Law\nList of trade wars or trade disputes\n[\nedit\n]\nAnglo-Spanish Wars\n(1568–1807)\nAnglo-French Wars\n(1100–1815)\nAnglo-Dutch Wars\n(1652–1784)\nOpium Wars\n(1839–1860)\nByzantine–Bulgarian war\n(894-896)\nJapan–Korea disputes\n(1876–1945)\nBanana Wars\n(1898–1934)\nPig War (1906–1908)\n, a trade war between the\nKingdom of Serbia\nand\nAustria-Hungary\nGerman–Polish customs war\n(1925–1934), a trade war between the\nSecond Polish Republic\nand the\nWeimar Republic\nSmoot–Hawley Tariff Act\n(1930), a United States Act implementing protectionist trade policies\nAnglo-Irish trade war\n(1932–1938)\nChicken War\n(1960s), U.S. versus European Economic Community\nTuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)\n, part of a larger tuna trade war (1970s–present)\nCanada–United States softwood lumber dispute\n(1982–present)\nBeef hormone controversy\n(Beef War) (1989–2008)\nCanada–Australia salmon trade dispute\n(1995–2000)\nJapanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes\n(1996–1997)\nBroomcorn brooms dispute\n(1996–2014)\nCatfish Dispute\nU.S. versus Vietnam (2001–present)\nBrazil–United States cotton dispute\n(2002–2014)\nUS–Mexico Trade Dispute – Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping\n(2006–2009)\nEC-IT product dispute\n(2008–2010)\nMilk War\n(2009)\nTrade war over genetically modified food\n(2010–2011)\nSouth Africa–Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute\n(2012)\nArgentina–United States lemon dispute\n(2012)\nRare earths trade dispute\n(2012–2015)\nRussian embargo of Ukrainian goods\n(2013–present)\nMexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute\n(2014)\nAustralia–China trade war\n, (2017\/18–2024)\nTariffs in the first Trump administration\n(2018 U.S.–Canada trade dispute)\nJapan–South Korea trade dispute\n(2019–2023)\nChina–United States trade war\n(2018–present)\nTariffs in the second Trump administration\n(2025–present)\n2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico\n(2025–present)\nBalance of trade\nCurrency war\nEconomic sanctions\nEconomic warfare\nTrade barrier\nWater conflict\nCountry of origin\n^\n\"What is trade war? definition and meaning\"\n.\nBusinessDictionary.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 2018-06-21\n. Retrieved\n2017-08-15\n.\n^\nPerju, Genoveva Elena (2009).\n\"Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement\"\n.\nSSRN Electronic Journal\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.2139\/ssrn.1435993\n.\nhdl\n:\n20.500.12733\/1574619\n.\nISSN\n \n1556-5068\n.\n^\nInvestopedia Staff (28 September 2009).\n\"Trade War\"\n.\n^\nRothgeb, 2001, 30–32\n^\nRothgeb, 2001, 32–33\n^\nKennedy, David M.\n(20 November 2003) [1999]. \"Panic\".\nThe American People in the Great Depression: Freedom from Fear, Part One\n. Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 49.\nISBN\n \n978-0-19-984006-9\n. Retrieved\n29 March\n2025\n.\nOther writers even blame the historically high Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 for causing the Depression itself. But [...] the Fordney-McCumber rates, as one historian puts it, were 'already ... high enough to cause a depression if a tariff can have such a result.' [...] Both the Fordney-McCumber and the Hawley-Smoot tariffs are better regarded as symptoms, not causes, of economic distress in 1921 and 1929, respectively.\n^\na\nb\nOverland, Indra; Sabyrbekov, Rahat (2022-10-01).\n\"Know your opponent: Which countries might fight the European carbon border adjustment mechanism?\"\n.\nEnergy Policy\n.\n169\n113175.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.113175\n.\nhdl\n:\n11250\/3070473\n.\nISSN\n \n0301-4215\n.\nRothgeb, John (2001).\nU.S. Trade Policy\n. Washington D.C.: CQ Press.\nISBN\n \n1-56802-522-X\n.\nSmoot-Hawley Tariff Act. (2005). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2005, from\nEncyclopædia Britannica Online\nPerju, Genoveva Elena, Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement (June 15, 2009). Available at SSRN:\nSSRN\n \n1435993\nor http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.1435993","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trade+war \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trade+war \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trade+war \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trade+war \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war)\n- [1 Examples from the 1920s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#Examples_from_the_1920s)\n  Toggle Examples from the 1920s subsection\n  - [1\\.1 German–Polish customs war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war)\n  - [1\\.2 The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#The_U.S._Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff)\n  - [1\\.3 Types of trade protectionism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#Types_of_trade_protectionism)\n- [2 Dispute settlement mechanisms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#Dispute_settlement_mechanisms)\n- [3 List of trade wars or trade disputes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#List_of_trade_wars_or_trade_disputes)\n  Toggle List of trade wars or trade disputes subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Pre-20th century](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#Pre-20th_century)\n  - [3\\.2 20th century](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#20th_century)\n  - [3\\.3 21st century](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#21st_century)\n- [4 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#See_also)\n- [5 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#References)\n- [6 Bibliography](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#Bibliography)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Trade war\n39 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 \"حرب تجارية – Arabic\")\n- [Asturianu](https:\/\/ast.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerra_comercial \"Guerra comercial – Asturian\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ticar%C9%99t_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si \"Ticarət müharibəsi – Azerbaijani\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0 \"Търговска война – Bulgarian\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7 \"বাণিজ্য যুদ্ধ – Bangla\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerra_comercial \"Guerra comercial – Catalan\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obchodn%C3%AD_v%C3%A1lka \"Obchodní válka – Czech\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Handelskrig \"Handelskrig – Danish\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Handelsstreit \"Handelsstreit – German\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Komerca_milito \"Komerca milito – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerra_comercial \"Guerra comercial – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaubanduss%C3%B5da \"Kaubandussõda – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merkataritza_gerra \"Merkataritza gerra – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C \"جنگ تجاری – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kauppasota \"Kauppasota – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerre_commerciale \"Guerre commerciale – French\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8 \"מלחמת סחר – Hebrew\")\n- [हिन्दी](https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7 \"व्यापार युद्ध – Hindi\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perang_dagang \"Perang dagang – Indonesian\")\n- [Ido](https:\/\/io.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Komercala_milito \"Komercala milito – Ido\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerra_commerciale \"Guerra commerciale – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6 \"貿易摩擦 – Japanese\")\n- [Қазақша](https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B \"Сауда соғысы – Kazakh\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81 \"무역 전쟁 – Korean\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perang_dagang \"Perang dagang – Malay\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Handelsoorlog \"Handelsoorlog – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Handelskrig \"Handelskrig – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wojna_handlowa \"Wojna handlowa – Polish\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerra_comercial \"Guerra comercial – Portuguese\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0 \"Торговая война – Russian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82 \"Трговински рат – Serbian\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Handelskrig \"Handelskrig – Swedish\")\n- [Тоҷикӣ](https:\/\/tg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3 \"Ҷанги тиҷорӣ – Tajik\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2 \"สงครามการค้า – Thai\")\n- [Tagalog](https:\/\/tl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digmaan_sa_kalakalan \"Digmaan sa kalakalan – Tagalog\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0 \"Торгова війна – Ukrainian\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BA%A1i \"Chiến tranh thương mại – Vietnamese\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%88%B0 \"貿易戰 – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%88%B0 \"貿易戰 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q692412#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Trade_war \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Trade_war \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Trade_war \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&oldid=1339889978 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Trade_war&id=1339889978&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrade_war)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Trade_war&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q692412 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nEconomic conflict using tariffs or other trade barriers\n\nFor the computer game, see [Trade Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_Wars \"Trade Wars\").\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| *Part of [a series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Trade \"Category:Trade\") on* |\n| [World trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_trade \"International trade\") |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg\/250px-Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg) |\n| [Policy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commercial_policy \"Commercial policy\") [Import](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Import \"Import\") [Export](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Export \"Export\") [Balance of trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balance_of_trade \"Balance of trade\") [Trade law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_trade_law \"International trade law\") [Trade pact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_agreement \"Trade agreement\") [Trade bloc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_bloc \"Trade bloc\") [Trade creation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_creation \"Trade creation\") [Trade diversion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_diversion \"Trade diversion\") [Export orientation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Export-oriented_industrialization \"Export-oriented industrialization\") [Import substitution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Import_substitution_industrialization \"Import substitution industrialization\") [Trade finance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_finance \"Trade finance\") [Trade facilitation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_facilitation \"Trade facilitation\") [Trade route](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_route \"Trade route\") [Domestic trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domestic_trade \"Domestic trade\") [Tax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tax \"Tax\") |\n| [Restrictions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_restriction \"Trade restriction\") [Trade barriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_barrier \"Trade barrier\") [Tariffs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tariff \"Tariff\") [Non-tariff barriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-tariff_barriers_to_trade \"Non-tariff barriers to trade\") [Import quotas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Import_quota \"Import quota\") [Tariff-rate quotas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tariff-rate_quota \"Tariff-rate quota\") [Import licenses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Import_license \"Import license\") [Customs duties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duty_\\(economics\\) \"Duty (economics)\") [Export subsidies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Export_subsidy \"Export subsidy\") [Technical barriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technical_barriers_to_trade \"Technical barriers to trade\") [Bribery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bribery \"Bribery\") [Exchange rate controls](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_exchange_controls \"Foreign exchange controls\") [Embargo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_sanctions \"Economic sanctions\") [Safeguards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safeguard_\\(international_law\\) \"Safeguard (international law)\") [Countervailing duties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Countervailing_duties \"Countervailing duties\") [Anti-dumping duties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dumping_\\(pricing_policy\\) \"Dumping (pricing policy)\") [Voluntary export restraints](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voluntary_export_restraint \"Voluntary export restraint\") |\n| [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_international_trade \"Timeline of international trade\") [Mercantilism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercantilism \"Mercantilism\") [Protectionism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protectionism \"Protectionism\") [Laissez-faire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laissez-faire \"Laissez-faire\") [Free trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_trade \"Free trade\") [Economic nationalism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_nationalism \"Economic nationalism\") [Economic integration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_integration \"Economic integration\") |\n| Organizations [International Monetary Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\") [International Trade Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Trade_Centre \"International Trade Centre\") [World Trade Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\") [World Customs Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Customs_Organization \"World Customs Organization\") [International Chamber of Commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Chamber_of_Commerce \"International Chamber of Commerce\") |\n| Economic integration [Preferential trading area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preferential_trading_area \"Preferential trading area\") [Free-trade area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free-trade_area \"Free-trade area\") [Currency union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Currency_union \"Currency union\") [Customs union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Customs_union \"Customs union\") [Single market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Single_market \"Single market\") [Economic union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_union \"Economic union\") [Fiscal union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fiscal_union \"Fiscal union\") [Customs and monetary union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Customs_and_monetary_union \"Customs and monetary union\") [Economic and monetary union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_and_monetary_union \"Economic and monetary union\") |\n| Issues [Intellectual property rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intellectual_property \"Intellectual property\") [Smuggling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smuggling \"Smuggling\") [Competition policy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Competition_law \"Competition law\") [Government procurement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_procurement \"Government procurement\") [Global labor arbitrage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_labor_arbitrage \"Global labor arbitrage\") [Outsourcing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outsourcing \"Outsourcing\") [Globalization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Globalization \"Globalization\") [Fair trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fair_trade \"Fair trade\") [Trade justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_justice \"Trade justice\") [Emissions trading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emissions_trading \"Emissions trading\") [Trade sanctions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_sanctions \"Economic sanctions\") War [Currency war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Currency_war \"Currency war\") [Trade costs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_facilitation_and_development \"Trade facilitation and development\") [Trade war]() [Trade and development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_and_development \"Trade and development\") |\n| [Lists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Index_of_international_trade_articles \"Index of international trade articles\") [Imports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_imports \"List of countries by imports\") [Exports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_exports \"List of countries by exports\") [Balance of trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_net_goods_exports \"List of countries by net goods exports\") [Tariffs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tariffs \"List of tariffs\") [Largest consumer markets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_consumer_markets \"List of largest consumer markets\") [Leading trade partners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_leading_trade_partners \"List of countries by leading trade partners\") |\n| [By country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Foreign_trade_by_country \"Category:Foreign trade by country\") [Trade mission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_mission \"Trade mission\") [Trading nation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trading_nation \"Trading nation\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States \"Foreign trade of the United States\") [Argentina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_trade_of_Argentina \"Foreign trade of Argentina\") [Pakistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_trade_of_Pakistan \"Foreign trade of Pakistan\") [Romania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_trade_of_Romania \"Foreign trade of Romania\") [Vietnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_trade_of_Vietnam \"Foreign trade of Vietnam\") [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_trade_of_India \"Foreign trade of India\") |\n| Theory [Comparative advantage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparative_advantage \"Comparative advantage\") [Competitive advantage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Competitive_advantage \"Competitive advantage\") [Heckscher–Ohlin model](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heckscher%E2%80%93Ohlin_model \"Heckscher–Ohlin model\") [New trade theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_trade_theory \"New trade theory\") [Economic geography](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_geography \"Economic geography\") [Intra-industry trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intra-industry_trade \"Intra-industry trade\") [Gravity model of trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gravity_model_of_trade \"Gravity model of trade\") [Ricardian trade theories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_trade#Ricardian_theory_of_international_trade \"International trade\") [Balassa–Samuelson effect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balassa%E2%80%93Samuelson_effect \"Balassa–Samuelson effect\") [Linder hypothesis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linder_hypothesis \"Linder hypothesis\") [Leontief paradox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leontief_paradox \"Leontief paradox\") [Lerner symmetry theorem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lerner_symmetry_theorem \"Lerner symmetry theorem\") [Terms of trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terms_of_trade \"Terms of trade\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:World_trade \"Template:World trade\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:World_trade \"Template talk:World trade\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:World_trade \"Special:EditPage\/Template:World trade\") |\n\nA **trade war** is an [economic conflict](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_conflict \"Economic conflict\") often resulting from extreme [protectionism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protectionism \"Protectionism\"), in which [states](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sovereign_state \"Sovereign state\") raise or implement [tariffs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tariff \"Tariff\") or other [trade barriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_barrier \"Trade barrier\") against each other as part of their [commercial policies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commercial_policy \"Commercial policy\"), in response to similar measures imposed by the opposing party.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-1) If tariffs are the exclusive mechanism, then such conflicts are known as **customs wars**, *toll wars*, or *tariff wars*; as a reprisal, the latter state may also increase the tariffs. Trade war arises only if the competitive protection between states is of the same type and it is not valid in case of dumping exports.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-2) Increased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their [autarky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autarky \"Autarky\") position.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-3) Minor trade disagreements are often called **trade disputes** when the war [metaphor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metaphor \"Metaphor\") is [hyperbolic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperbole \"Hyperbole\").\n\nTrade wars could be escalated to full conflict between states as evidenced in the [Massacre of the Bandanese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands#Massacre_of_the_Bandanese \"Governorate of the Banda Islands\") after alleged violations of a new treaty. The [First Anglo-Dutch War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Anglo-Dutch_War \"First Anglo-Dutch War\") was triggered by disputes over trade; the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping but expanded to vast fleet actions. The [Second Anglo-Dutch War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War \"Second Anglo-Dutch War\") was for control over the seas and trade routes, where England tried to end the Dutch domination of world trade during a period of intense European commercial rivalry. The [Fourth Anglo-Dutch War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War \"Fourth Anglo-Dutch War\") started over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. The [Shimonoseki Campaign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shimonoseki_Campaign \"Shimonoseki Campaign\") after unrest over the shogunate's open-door policy to foreign trade. The [First Opium War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Opium_War \"First Opium War\") which started after the [Qing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") government blockaded its ports, confiscated opium contraband and confined [British](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Empire \"British Empire\") traders, resulted in the dispatch of the [British Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Navy \"British Navy\") to China and engage the Chinese Navy in the [Battle of Kowloon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Kowloon \"Battle of Kowloon\"). The First Opium War eventually led to the British colony of [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Hong_Kong \"British Hong Kong\"), and the [Second Opium War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Opium_War \"Second Opium War\"), which arose from another trade war with the same underlying causes, expanded the [British possessions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_possessions \"British possessions\") on the island.\n\n## Examples from the 1920s\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Examples from the 1920s\")\\]\n\n### German–Polish customs war\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: German–Polish customs war\")\\]\n\nOne example of a modern tariff war occurred in the 1920s and 1930s between the [Weimar Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\") (Germany) and [Poland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\"), in the [German–Polish customs war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war \"German–Polish customs war\") of 1925 to 1934.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] In the Weimar Republic, [Gustav Stresemann](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gustav_Stresemann \"Gustav Stresemann\") ([Minister of Foreign Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_\\(Germany\\) \"Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)\") from 1923 to 1929) wanted to force Poland to give up territory by creating an economic crisis; to achieve this, the Germans increased tolls on coal and steel products developed there.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nAs a reprisal, the Poles increased toll rates for many German products. This led to the rapid development of the port of [Gdynia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gdynia \"Gdynia\"), which was the only way Poland could export its goods to Western Europe without having to transport them through Germany.\n\n### The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff\")\\]\n\nU.S. President [Warren G. Harding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warren_G._Harding \"Warren G. Harding\") signed the [Fordney–McCumber Tariff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff \"Fordney–McCumber Tariff\") bill (named after [Joseph Fordney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Fordney \"Joseph Fordney\"), chair of the [House Ways and Means Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_Ways_and_Means_Committee \"House Ways and Means Committee\"), and [Porter McCumber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Porter_McCumber \"Porter McCumber\"), chair of the [Senate Finance Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senate_Finance_Committee \"Senate Finance Committee\")) in September 1922.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-4) In the end, the tariff law raised the average American *[ad valorem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ad_valorem \"Ad valorem\")* tariff rate to 38 percent.\n\nTrading partners complained immediately. Those injured by [World War I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I \"World War I\") said that, without access for their exports to the American market, they would not be able to make payments to America on war-time [loans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loan \"Loan\"). But others saw that this tariff increase would have broader deleterious effects. Democratic Representative [Cordell Hull](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cordell_Hull \"Cordell Hull\") said, \"Our foreign markets depend both on the efficiency of our production and the tariffs of countries in which we would sell. Our own \\[high\\] tariffs are an important factor in each. They injure the former and invite the latter.\"\n\nFive years after the passage of the tariff, the U.S.'s trading partners had raised their own tariffs by a significant degree. [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France \"France\") raised its tariffs on [automobiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automobile \"Automobile\") from 45% to 100%, [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spain \"Spain\") raised tariffs on American goods by 40%, and Germany and [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Italy \"Kingdom of Italy\") raised tariffs on wheat.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-5) This customs war is sometimes cited as one of the causes of the [Great Depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-6)\n\n### Types of trade protectionism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Types of trade protectionism\")\\]\n\nRecent economic analysis suggests that environmental policies, specifically Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM), are emerging as significant triggers for potential trade wars.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-:0-7) A 2022 study identified that major economies like the United States, Russia, and China are statistically likely to retaliate against European carbon border taxes, potentially leading to tit-for-tat tariff escalations.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-:0-7)\n\n## Dispute settlement mechanisms\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Dispute settlement mechanisms\")\\]\n\n- [Compromis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compromis \"Compromis\")\n- [Economic integration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_integration \"Economic integration\")\n  - [European Economic Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Economic_Community \"European Economic Community\"), predecessor of the European Union\n  - [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") (post-Brexit)\n- [Free trade agreements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_trade_agreement \"Free trade agreement\")\n  - [Free-trade areas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free-trade_area \"Free-trade area\")\n  - [List of multilateral free-trade agreements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_multilateral_free-trade_agreements \"List of multilateral free-trade agreements\")\n- [GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade \"General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade\") (1947–present; modified by WTO formation in 1994–1995)\n- [World Trade Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\"), created in the 1990s to avoid customs wars, which are counterproductive in net effect\n  - [History of the World Trade Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_World_Trade_Organization \"History of the World Trade Organization\") (1990s-present, after decades of efforts to fill the vacuum of the absence of such an institution)\n  - [Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dispute_settlement_in_the_World_Trade_Organization \"Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization\")\n    - [Dispute Settlement Body](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dispute_Settlement_Body \"Dispute Settlement Body\") of the WTO\n  - [List of WTO dispute settlement cases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_WTO_dispute_settlement_cases \"List of WTO dispute settlement cases\")\n- [International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes \"International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes\")\n- [Investor-state dispute settlement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Investor-state_dispute_settlement \"Investor-state dispute settlement\")\n- [Trade and Investment Framework Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_and_Investment_Framework_Agreement \"Trade and Investment Framework Agreement\")\n- [TRIPS Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TRIPS_Agreement \"TRIPS Agreement\")\n- [United Nations Commission on International Trade Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law \"United Nations Commission on International Trade Law\")\n\n## List of trade wars or trade disputes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: List of trade wars or trade disputes\")\\]\n\n### Pre-20th century\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Pre-20th century\")\\]\n\n- [Anglo-Spanish Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Spanish_War_\\(disambiguation\\) \"Anglo-Spanish War (disambiguation)\") (1568–1807)\n- [Anglo-French Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-French_Wars \"Anglo-French Wars\") (1100–1815)\n- [Anglo-Dutch Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Dutch_Wars \"Anglo-Dutch Wars\") (1652–1784)\n- [Opium Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opium_Wars \"Opium Wars\") (1839–1860)\n- [Byzantine–Bulgarian war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_war_of_894%E2%80%93896 \"Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896\")  (894-896)\n\n### 20th century\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: 20th century\")\\]\n\n- [Japan–Korea disputes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_disputes \"Japan–Korea disputes\") (1876–1945)\n- [Banana Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banana_Wars \"Banana Wars\") (1898–1934)\n- [Pig War (1906–1908)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pig_War_\\(1906%E2%80%931908\\) \"Pig War (1906–1908)\"), a trade war between the [Kingdom of Serbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Serbia \"Kingdom of Serbia\") and [Austria-Hungary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\")\n- [German–Polish customs war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war \"German–Polish customs war\") (1925–1934), a trade war between the [Second Polish Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\") and the [Weimar Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\")\n- [Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act \"Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act\") (1930), a United States Act implementing protectionist trade policies\n- [Anglo-Irish trade war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Irish_trade_war \"Anglo-Irish trade war\") (1932–1938)\n- [Chicken War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicken_tax \"Chicken tax\") (1960s), U.S. versus European Economic Community\n\n### 21st century\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: 21st century\")\\]\n\n- [Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuna-Dolphin_GATT_Case_\\(I_and_II\\) \"Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)\"), part of a larger tuna trade war (1970s–present)\n- [Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_softwood_lumber_dispute \"Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute\") (1982–present)\n- [Beef hormone controversy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beef_hormone_controversy \"Beef hormone controversy\") (Beef War) (1989–2008)\n- [Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada%E2%80%93Australia_salmon_trade_dispute \"Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute\") (1995–2000)\n- [Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_Sound_Recording_Trade_Disputes \"Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes\") (1996–1997)\n- [Broomcorn brooms dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broomcorn_brooms_dispute \"Broomcorn brooms dispute\") (1996–2014)\n- [Catfish Dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catfish_Dispute \"Catfish Dispute\") U.S. versus Vietnam (2001–present)\n- [Brazil–United States cotton dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_cotton_dispute \"Brazil–United States cotton dispute\") (2002–2014)\n- [US–Mexico Trade Dispute – Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Mexico_Trade_Dispute_-_Stainless_Steel_Sheets_and_Coils_dumping \"US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping\") (2006–2009)\n- [EC-IT product dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EC-IT_product_dispute \"EC-IT product dispute\") (2008–2010)\n- [Milk War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milk_War \"Milk War\") (2009)\n- [Trade war over genetically modified food](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war_over_genetically_modified_food \"Trade war over genetically modified food\") (2010–2011)\n- [South Africa–Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Africa-Brazil_Frozen_Chicken_Trade_Dispute \"South Africa-Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute\") (2012)\n- [Argentina–United States lemon dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_lemon_dispute \"Argentina–United States lemon dispute\") (2012)\n- [Rare earths trade dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rare_earths_trade_dispute \"Rare earths trade dispute\") (2012–2015)\n- [Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_embargo_of_Ukrainian_goods \"Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods\") (2013–present)\n- [Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_sugarcane_trade_dispute \"Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute\") (2014)\n- [Australia–China trade war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia%E2%80%93China_trade_war \"Australia–China trade war\"), (2017\/18–2024)\n- [Tariffs in the first Trump administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration \"Tariffs in the first Trump administration\") (2018 U.S.–Canada trade dispute)\n- [Japan–South Korea trade dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trade_dispute \"Japan–South Korea trade dispute\") (2019–2023)\n- [China–United States trade war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war \"China–United States trade war\") (2018–present)\n- [Tariffs in the second Trump administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration \"Tariffs in the second Trump administration\") (2025–present)\n- [2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico \"2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico\") (2025–present)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Emblem-money.svg\/40px-Emblem-money.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Emblem-money.svg)[Business and economics portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Business_and_economics \"Portal:Business and economics\")\n\n- [Balance of trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balance_of_trade \"Balance of trade\")\n- [Currency war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Currency_war \"Currency war\")\n- [Economic sanctions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_sanctions \"Economic sanctions\")\n- [Economic warfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_warfare \"Economic warfare\")\n- [Trade barrier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_barrier \"Trade barrier\")\n- [Water conflict](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_conflict \"Water conflict\")\n- [Country of origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Country_of_origin \"Country of origin\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-1)**\n   [\"What is trade war? definition and meaning\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180621043058\/http:\/\/www.businessdictionary.com\/definition\/trade-war.html). *BusinessDictionary.com*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.businessdictionary.com\/definition\/trade-war.html) on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2017-08-15.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-2)**\n   Perju, Genoveva Elena (2009). [\"Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement\"](http:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=1435993). *SSRN Electronic Journal*. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2139\/ssrn.1435993](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139%2Fssrn.1435993). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[20\\.500.12733\/1574619](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.12733%2F1574619). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1556-5068](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1556-5068).\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-3)**\n   Investopedia Staff (28 September 2009). [\"Trade War\"](http:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/t\/trade-war.asp).\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-4)** Rothgeb, 2001, 30–32\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-5)** Rothgeb, 2001, 32–33\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-6)**\n   [Kennedy, David M.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_M._Kennedy_\\(historian\\) \"David M. Kennedy (historian)\") (20 November 2003) \\[1999\\]. \"Panic\". [*The American People in the Great Depression: Freedom from Fear, Part One*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=UQlEq9GILRgC). Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 49. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0-19-984006-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-984006-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-984006-9\")\n   \n   . Retrieved 29 March 2025. \"Other writers even blame the historically high Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 for causing the Depression itself. But \\[...\\] the Fordney-McCumber rates, as one historian puts it, were 'already ... high enough to cause a depression if a tariff can have such a result.' \\[...\\] Both the Fordney-McCumber and the Hawley-Smoot tariffs are better regarded as symptoms, not causes, of economic distress in 1921 and 1929, respectively.\"\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-:0_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-:0_7-1)\n   Overland, Indra; Sabyrbekov, Rahat (2022-10-01). [\"Know your opponent: Which countries might fight the European carbon border adjustment mechanism?\"](https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421522003974). *Energy Policy*. **169** 113175. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.enpol.2022.113175](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2022.113175). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[11250\/3070473](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11250%2F3070473). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0301-4215](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0301-4215).\n\n## Bibliography\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Bibliography\")\\]\n\n- Rothgeb, John (2001). *U.S. Trade Policy*. Washington D.C.: CQ Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [1-56802-522-X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-56802-522-X \"Special:BookSources\/1-56802-522-X\")\n  \n  .\n- Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. (2005). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2005, from [Encyclopædia Britannica Online](http:\/\/search.eb.com\/eb\/article-9396766)\n- Perju, Genoveva Elena, Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement (June 15, 2009). Available at SSRN:\n  [SSRN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SSRN_\\(identifier\\) \"SSRN (identifier)\") [1435993](https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1435993) or http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.1435993\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q692412#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| International | [GND](https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4159004-1) |\n| National | [Poland](https:\/\/dbn.bn.org.pl\/descriptor-details\/9810590908805606) |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&oldid=1339889978>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Trade wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Trade_wars \"Category:Trade wars\")\n- [Economic warfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Economic_warfare \"Category:Economic warfare\")\n- [Customs duties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Customs_duties \"Category:Customs duties\")\n- [Metaphors referring to war and violence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Metaphors_referring_to_war_and_violence \"Category:Metaphors referring to war and violence\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [Articles with short description](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_short_description \"Category:Articles with short description\")\n- [Short description is different from Wikidata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata \"Category:Short description is different from Wikidata\")\n- [All articles with unsourced statements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements \"Category:All articles with unsourced statements\")\n- [Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2025 \"Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025\")\n- [Articles containing Latin-language text](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text \"Category:Articles containing Latin-language text\")\n\n- This page was last edited on 22 February 2026, at 20:43 (UTC).\n- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License \"Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License\"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms_of_Use \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms of Use\") and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy policy\"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nTrade war\n\n39 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war)","attrs_readable_markdown":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nA **trade war** is an [economic conflict](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_conflict \"Economic conflict\") often resulting from extreme [protectionism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protectionism \"Protectionism\"), in which [states](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sovereign_state \"Sovereign state\") raise or implement [tariffs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tariff \"Tariff\") or other [trade barriers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_barrier \"Trade barrier\") against each other as part of their [commercial policies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commercial_policy \"Commercial policy\"), in response to similar measures imposed by the opposing party.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-1) If tariffs are the exclusive mechanism, then such conflicts are known as **customs wars**, *toll wars*, or *tariff wars*; as a reprisal, the latter state may also increase the tariffs. Trade war arises only if the competitive protection between states is of the same type and it is not valid in case of dumping exports.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-2) Increased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their [autarky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autarky \"Autarky\") position.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-3) Minor trade disagreements are often called **trade disputes** when the war [metaphor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metaphor \"Metaphor\") is [hyperbolic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperbole \"Hyperbole\").\n\nTrade wars could be escalated to full conflict between states as evidenced in the [Massacre of the Bandanese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands#Massacre_of_the_Bandanese \"Governorate of the Banda Islands\") after alleged violations of a new treaty. The [First Anglo-Dutch War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Anglo-Dutch_War \"First Anglo-Dutch War\") was triggered by disputes over trade; the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping but expanded to vast fleet actions. The [Second Anglo-Dutch War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War \"Second Anglo-Dutch War\") was for control over the seas and trade routes, where England tried to end the Dutch domination of world trade during a period of intense European commercial rivalry. The [Fourth Anglo-Dutch War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War \"Fourth Anglo-Dutch War\") started over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. The [Shimonoseki Campaign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shimonoseki_Campaign \"Shimonoseki Campaign\") after unrest over the shogunate's open-door policy to foreign trade. The [First Opium War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Opium_War \"First Opium War\") which started after the [Qing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") government blockaded its ports, confiscated opium contraband and confined [British](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Empire \"British Empire\") traders, resulted in the dispatch of the [British Navy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Navy \"British Navy\") to China and engage the Chinese Navy in the [Battle of Kowloon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Kowloon \"Battle of Kowloon\"). The First Opium War eventually led to the British colony of [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Hong_Kong \"British Hong Kong\"), and the [Second Opium War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Opium_War \"Second Opium War\"), which arose from another trade war with the same underlying causes, expanded the [British possessions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_possessions \"British possessions\") on the island.\n\n## Examples from the 1920s\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Examples from the 1920s\")\\]\n\n### German–Polish customs war\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: German–Polish customs war\")\\]\n\nOne example of a modern tariff war occurred in the 1920s and 1930s between the [Weimar Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\") (Germany) and [Poland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\"), in the [German–Polish customs war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war \"German–Polish customs war\") of 1925 to 1934.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] In the Weimar Republic, [Gustav Stresemann](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gustav_Stresemann \"Gustav Stresemann\") ([Minister of Foreign Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_\\(Germany\\) \"Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)\") from 1923 to 1929) wanted to force Poland to give up territory by creating an economic crisis; to achieve this, the Germans increased tolls on coal and steel products developed there.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nAs a reprisal, the Poles increased toll rates for many German products. This led to the rapid development of the port of [Gdynia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gdynia \"Gdynia\"), which was the only way Poland could export its goods to Western Europe without having to transport them through Germany.\n\n### The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff\")\\]\n\nU.S. President [Warren G. Harding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warren_G._Harding \"Warren G. Harding\") signed the [Fordney–McCumber Tariff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff \"Fordney–McCumber Tariff\") bill (named after [Joseph Fordney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Fordney \"Joseph Fordney\"), chair of the [House Ways and Means Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_Ways_and_Means_Committee \"House Ways and Means Committee\"), and [Porter McCumber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Porter_McCumber \"Porter McCumber\"), chair of the [Senate Finance Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senate_Finance_Committee \"Senate Finance Committee\")) in September 1922.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-4) In the end, the tariff law raised the average American *[ad valorem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ad_valorem \"Ad valorem\")* tariff rate to 38 percent.\n\nTrading partners complained immediately. Those injured by [World War I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I \"World War I\") said that, without access for their exports to the American market, they would not be able to make payments to America on war-time [loans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loan \"Loan\"). But others saw that this tariff increase would have broader deleterious effects. Democratic Representative [Cordell Hull](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cordell_Hull \"Cordell Hull\") said, \"Our foreign markets depend both on the efficiency of our production and the tariffs of countries in which we would sell. Our own \\[high\\] tariffs are an important factor in each. They injure the former and invite the latter.\"\n\nFive years after the passage of the tariff, the U.S.'s trading partners had raised their own tariffs by a significant degree. [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France \"France\") raised its tariffs on [automobiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automobile \"Automobile\") from 45% to 100%, [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spain \"Spain\") raised tariffs on American goods by 40%, and Germany and [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Italy \"Kingdom of Italy\") raised tariffs on wheat.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-5) This customs war is sometimes cited as one of the causes of the [Great Depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-6)\n\n### Types of trade protectionism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Types of trade protectionism\")\\]\n\nRecent economic analysis suggests that environmental policies, specifically Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM), are emerging as significant triggers for potential trade wars.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-:0-7) A 2022 study identified that major economies like the United States, Russia, and China are statistically likely to retaliate against European carbon border taxes, potentially leading to tit-for-tat tariff escalations.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_note-:0-7)\n\n## Dispute settlement mechanisms\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Dispute settlement mechanisms\")\\]\n\n- [Compromis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compromis \"Compromis\")\n- [Economic integration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_integration \"Economic integration\")\n  - [European Economic Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Economic_Community \"European Economic Community\"), predecessor of the European Union\n  - [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") (post-Brexit)\n- [Free trade agreements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_trade_agreement \"Free trade agreement\")\n  - [Free-trade areas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free-trade_area \"Free-trade area\")\n  - [List of multilateral free-trade agreements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_multilateral_free-trade_agreements \"List of multilateral free-trade agreements\")\n- [GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade \"General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade\") (1947–present; modified by WTO formation in 1994–1995)\n- [World Trade Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\"), created in the 1990s to avoid customs wars, which are counterproductive in net effect\n  - [History of the World Trade Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_World_Trade_Organization \"History of the World Trade Organization\") (1990s-present, after decades of efforts to fill the vacuum of the absence of such an institution)\n  - [Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dispute_settlement_in_the_World_Trade_Organization \"Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization\")\n    - [Dispute Settlement Body](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dispute_Settlement_Body \"Dispute Settlement Body\") of the WTO\n  - [List of WTO dispute settlement cases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_WTO_dispute_settlement_cases \"List of WTO dispute settlement cases\")\n- [International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes \"International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes\")\n- [Investor-state dispute settlement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Investor-state_dispute_settlement \"Investor-state dispute settlement\")\n- [Trade and Investment Framework Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_and_Investment_Framework_Agreement \"Trade and Investment Framework Agreement\")\n- [TRIPS Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TRIPS_Agreement \"TRIPS Agreement\")\n- [United Nations Commission on International Trade Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law \"United Nations Commission on International Trade Law\")\n\n## List of trade wars or trade disputes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: List of trade wars or trade disputes\")\\]\n\n- [Anglo-Spanish Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Spanish_War_\\(disambiguation\\) \"Anglo-Spanish War (disambiguation)\") (1568–1807)\n- [Anglo-French Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-French_Wars \"Anglo-French Wars\") (1100–1815)\n- [Anglo-Dutch Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Dutch_Wars \"Anglo-Dutch Wars\") (1652–1784)\n- [Opium Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opium_Wars \"Opium Wars\") (1839–1860)\n- [Byzantine–Bulgarian war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_war_of_894%E2%80%93896 \"Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896\")  (894-896)\n\n- [Japan–Korea disputes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_disputes \"Japan–Korea disputes\") (1876–1945)\n- [Banana Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banana_Wars \"Banana Wars\") (1898–1934)\n- [Pig War (1906–1908)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pig_War_\\(1906%E2%80%931908\\) \"Pig War (1906–1908)\"), a trade war between the [Kingdom of Serbia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Serbia \"Kingdom of Serbia\") and [Austria-Hungary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\")\n- [German–Polish customs war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war \"German–Polish customs war\") (1925–1934), a trade war between the [Second Polish Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\") and the [Weimar Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\")\n- [Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act \"Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act\") (1930), a United States Act implementing protectionist trade policies\n- [Anglo-Irish trade war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Irish_trade_war \"Anglo-Irish trade war\") (1932–1938)\n- [Chicken War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicken_tax \"Chicken tax\") (1960s), U.S. versus European Economic Community\n\n- [Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuna-Dolphin_GATT_Case_\\(I_and_II\\) \"Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)\"), part of a larger tuna trade war (1970s–present)\n- [Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_softwood_lumber_dispute \"Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute\") (1982–present)\n- [Beef hormone controversy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beef_hormone_controversy \"Beef hormone controversy\") (Beef War) (1989–2008)\n- [Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada%E2%80%93Australia_salmon_trade_dispute \"Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute\") (1995–2000)\n- [Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_Sound_Recording_Trade_Disputes \"Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes\") (1996–1997)\n- [Broomcorn brooms dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broomcorn_brooms_dispute \"Broomcorn brooms dispute\") (1996–2014)\n- [Catfish Dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catfish_Dispute \"Catfish Dispute\") U.S. versus Vietnam (2001–present)\n- [Brazil–United States cotton dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_cotton_dispute \"Brazil–United States cotton dispute\") (2002–2014)\n- [US–Mexico Trade Dispute – Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Mexico_Trade_Dispute_-_Stainless_Steel_Sheets_and_Coils_dumping \"US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping\") (2006–2009)\n- [EC-IT product dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EC-IT_product_dispute \"EC-IT product dispute\") (2008–2010)\n- [Milk War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milk_War \"Milk War\") (2009)\n- [Trade war over genetically modified food](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war_over_genetically_modified_food \"Trade war over genetically modified food\") (2010–2011)\n- [South Africa–Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Africa-Brazil_Frozen_Chicken_Trade_Dispute \"South Africa-Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute\") (2012)\n- [Argentina–United States lemon dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_lemon_dispute \"Argentina–United States lemon dispute\") (2012)\n- [Rare earths trade dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rare_earths_trade_dispute \"Rare earths trade dispute\") (2012–2015)\n- [Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_embargo_of_Ukrainian_goods \"Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods\") (2013–present)\n- [Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_sugarcane_trade_dispute \"Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute\") (2014)\n- [Australia–China trade war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia%E2%80%93China_trade_war \"Australia–China trade war\"), (2017\/18–2024)\n- [Tariffs in the first Trump administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration \"Tariffs in the first Trump administration\") (2018 U.S.–Canada trade dispute)\n- [Japan–South Korea trade dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trade_dispute \"Japan–South Korea trade dispute\") (2019–2023)\n- [China–United States trade war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war \"China–United States trade war\") (2018–present)\n- [Tariffs in the second Trump administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration \"Tariffs in the second Trump administration\") (2025–present)\n- [2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico \"2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico\") (2025–present)\n\n- [Balance of trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balance_of_trade \"Balance of trade\")\n- [Currency war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Currency_war \"Currency war\")\n- [Economic sanctions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_sanctions \"Economic sanctions\")\n- [Economic warfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_warfare \"Economic warfare\")\n- [Trade barrier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_barrier \"Trade barrier\")\n- [Water conflict](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_conflict \"Water conflict\")\n- [Country of origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Country_of_origin \"Country of origin\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-1)**\n   [\"What is trade war? definition and meaning\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180621043058\/http:\/\/www.businessdictionary.com\/definition\/trade-war.html). *BusinessDictionary.com*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.businessdictionary.com\/definition\/trade-war.html) on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2017-08-15.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-2)**\n   Perju, Genoveva Elena (2009). [\"Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement\"](http:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=1435993). *SSRN Electronic Journal*. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2139\/ssrn.1435993](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139%2Fssrn.1435993). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[20\\.500.12733\/1574619](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.12733%2F1574619). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1556-5068](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1556-5068).\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-3)**\n   Investopedia Staff (28 September 2009). [\"Trade War\"](http:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/t\/trade-war.asp).\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-4)** Rothgeb, 2001, 30–32\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-5)** Rothgeb, 2001, 32–33\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-6)**\n   [Kennedy, David M.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_M._Kennedy_\\(historian\\) \"David M. Kennedy (historian)\") (20 November 2003) \\[1999\\]. \"Panic\". [*The American People in the Great Depression: Freedom from Fear, Part One*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=UQlEq9GILRgC). Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 49. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0-19-984006-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-984006-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-984006-9\")\n   \n   . Retrieved 29 March 2025. \"Other writers even blame the historically high Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 for causing the Depression itself. But \\[...\\] the Fordney-McCumber rates, as one historian puts it, were 'already ... high enough to cause a depression if a tariff can have such a result.' \\[...\\] Both the Fordney-McCumber and the Hawley-Smoot tariffs are better regarded as symptoms, not causes, of economic distress in 1921 and 1929, respectively.\"\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-:0_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_war#cite_ref-:0_7-1)\n   Overland, Indra; Sabyrbekov, Rahat (2022-10-01). [\"Know your opponent: Which countries might fight the European carbon border adjustment mechanism?\"](https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421522003974). *Energy Policy*. **169** 113175. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.enpol.2022.113175](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2022.113175). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[11250\/3070473](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11250%2F3070473). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0301-4215](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0301-4215).\n\n- Rothgeb, John (2001). *U.S. Trade Policy*. Washington D.C.: CQ Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [1-56802-522-X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-56802-522-X \"Special:BookSources\/1-56802-522-X\")\n  \n  .\n- Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. (2005). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2005, from [Encyclopædia Britannica Online](http:\/\/search.eb.com\/eb\/article-9396766)\n- Perju, Genoveva Elena, Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement (June 15, 2009). Available at SSRN: [SSRN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SSRN_\\(identifier\\) \"SSRN (identifier)\") [1435993](https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1435993) or http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.1435993","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

28 days ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0.9 months ago (distributed domain, exempt)
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war
Last Crawled	2026-03-15 22:02:06 (28 days ago)
First Indexed	2015-06-16 13:53:06 (10 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Trade war - Wikipedia
Meta Description	null
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A trade war is an economic conflict often resulting from extreme protectionism , in which states raise or implement tariffs or other trade barriers against each other as part of their commercial policies , in response to similar measures imposed by the opposing party. [ 1 ] If tariffs are the exclusive mechanism, then such conflicts are known as customs wars , toll wars , or tariff wars ; as a reprisal, the latter state may also increase the tariffs. Trade war arises only if the competitive protection between states is of the same type and it is not valid in case of dumping exports. [ 2 ] Increased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their autarky position. [ 3 ] Minor trade disagreements are often called trade disputes when the war metaphor is hyperbolic . Trade wars could be escalated to full conflict between states as evidenced in the Massacre of the Bandanese after alleged violations of a new treaty. The First Anglo-Dutch War was triggered by disputes over trade; the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping but expanded to vast fleet actions. The Second Anglo-Dutch War was for control over the seas and trade routes, where England tried to end the Dutch domination of world trade during a period of intense European commercial rivalry. The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War started over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. The Shimonoseki Campaign after unrest over the shogunate's open-door policy to foreign trade. The First Opium War which started after the Qing government blockaded its ports, confiscated opium contraband and confined British traders, resulted in the dispatch of the British Navy to China and engage the Chinese Navy in the Battle of Kowloon . The First Opium War eventually led to the British colony of Hong Kong , and the Second Opium War , which arose from another trade war with the same underlying causes, expanded the British possessions on the island. Examples from the 1920s [ edit ] German–Polish customs war [ edit ] One example of a modern tariff war occurred in the 1920s and 1930s between the Weimar Republic (Germany) and Poland , in the German–Polish customs war of 1925 to 1934. [ citation needed ] In the Weimar Republic, Gustav Stresemann ( Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1923 to 1929) wanted to force Poland to give up territory by creating an economic crisis; to achieve this, the Germans increased tolls on coal and steel products developed there. [ citation needed ] As a reprisal, the Poles increased toll rates for many German products. This led to the rapid development of the port of Gdynia , which was the only way Poland could export its goods to Western Europe without having to transport them through Germany. The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff [ edit ] U.S. President Warren G. Harding signed the Fordney–McCumber Tariff bill (named after Joseph Fordney , chair of the House Ways and Means Committee , and Porter McCumber , chair of the Senate Finance Committee ) in September 1922. [ 4 ] In the end, the tariff law raised the average American ad valorem tariff rate to 38 percent. Trading partners complained immediately. Those injured by World War I said that, without access for their exports to the American market, they would not be able to make payments to America on war-time loans . But others saw that this tariff increase would have broader deleterious effects. Democratic Representative Cordell Hull said, "Our foreign markets depend both on the efficiency of our production and the tariffs of countries in which we would sell. Our own [high] tariffs are an important factor in each. They injure the former and invite the latter." Five years after the passage of the tariff, the U.S.'s trading partners had raised their own tariffs by a significant degree. France raised its tariffs on automobiles from 45% to 100%, Spain raised tariffs on American goods by 40%, and Germany and Italy raised tariffs on wheat. [ 5 ] This customs war is sometimes cited as one of the causes of the Great Depression . [ 6 ] Types of trade protectionism [ edit ] Recent economic analysis suggests that environmental policies, specifically Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM), are emerging as significant triggers for potential trade wars. [ 7 ] A 2022 study identified that major economies like the United States, Russia, and China are statistically likely to retaliate against European carbon border taxes, potentially leading to tit-for-tat tariff escalations. [ 7 ] Dispute settlement mechanisms [ edit ] Compromis Economic integration European Economic Community , predecessor of the European Union EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (post-Brexit) Free trade agreements Free-trade areas List of multilateral free-trade agreements GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) (1947–present; modified by WTO formation in 1994–1995) World Trade Organization , created in the 1990s to avoid customs wars, which are counterproductive in net effect History of the World Trade Organization (1990s-present, after decades of efforts to fill the vacuum of the absence of such an institution) Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO List of WTO dispute settlement cases International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Investor-state dispute settlement Trade and Investment Framework Agreement TRIPS Agreement United Nations Commission on International Trade Law List of trade wars or trade disputes [ edit ] Anglo-Spanish Wars (1568–1807) Anglo-French Wars (1100–1815) Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1784) Opium Wars (1839–1860) Byzantine–Bulgarian war (894-896) Japan–Korea disputes (1876–1945) Banana Wars (1898–1934) Pig War (1906–1908) , a trade war between the Kingdom of Serbia and Austria-Hungary German–Polish customs war (1925–1934), a trade war between the Second Polish Republic and the Weimar Republic Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act (1930), a United States Act implementing protectionist trade policies Anglo-Irish trade war (1932–1938) Chicken War (1960s), U.S. versus European Economic Community Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II) , part of a larger tuna trade war (1970s–present) Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute (1982–present) Beef hormone controversy (Beef War) (1989–2008) Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute (1995–2000) Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes (1996–1997) Broomcorn brooms dispute (1996–2014) Catfish Dispute U.S. versus Vietnam (2001–present) Brazil–United States cotton dispute (2002–2014) US–Mexico Trade Dispute – Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping (2006–2009) EC-IT product dispute (2008–2010) Milk War (2009) Trade war over genetically modified food (2010–2011) South Africa–Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute (2012) Argentina–United States lemon dispute (2012) Rare earths trade dispute (2012–2015) Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods (2013–present) Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute (2014) Australia–China trade war , (2017/18–2024) Tariffs in the first Trump administration (2018 U.S.–Canada trade dispute) Japan–South Korea trade dispute (2019–2023) China–United States trade war (2018–present) Tariffs in the second Trump administration (2025–present) 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico (2025–present) Balance of trade Currency war Economic sanctions Economic warfare Trade barrier Water conflict Country of origin ^ "What is trade war? definition and meaning" . BusinessDictionary.com . Archived from the original on 2018-06-21 . Retrieved 2017-08-15 . ^ Perju, Genoveva Elena (2009). "Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement" . SSRN Electronic Journal . doi : 10.2139/ssrn.1435993 . hdl : 20.500.12733/1574619 . ISSN 1556-5068 . ^ Investopedia Staff (28 September 2009). "Trade War" . ^ Rothgeb, 2001, 30–32 ^ Rothgeb, 2001, 32–33 ^ Kennedy, David M. (20 November 2003) [1999]. "Panic". The American People in the Great Depression: Freedom from Fear, Part One . Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-984006-9 . Retrieved 29 March 2025 . Other writers even blame the historically high Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 for causing the Depression itself. But [...] the Fordney-McCumber rates, as one historian puts it, were 'already ... high enough to cause a depression if a tariff can have such a result.' [...] Both the Fordney-McCumber and the Hawley-Smoot tariffs are better regarded as symptoms, not causes, of economic distress in 1921 and 1929, respectively. ^ a b Overland, Indra; Sabyrbekov, Rahat (2022-10-01). "Know your opponent: Which countries might fight the European carbon border adjustment mechanism?" . Energy Policy . 169 113175. doi : 10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113175 . hdl : 11250/3070473 . ISSN 0301-4215 . Rothgeb, John (2001). U.S. Trade Policy . Washington D.C.: CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-522-X . Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. (2005). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2005, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Perju, Genoveva Elena, Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement (June 15, 2009). Available at SSRN: SSRN 1435993 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1435993
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trade+war "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trade+war "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") Personal tools - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trade+war "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trade+war "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war) - [1 Examples from the 1920s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#Examples_from_the_1920s) Toggle Examples from the 1920s subsection - [1\.1 German–Polish customs war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war) - [1\.2 The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#The_U.S._Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff) - [1\.3 Types of trade protectionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#Types_of_trade_protectionism) - [2 Dispute settlement mechanisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#Dispute_settlement_mechanisms) - [3 List of trade wars or trade disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#List_of_trade_wars_or_trade_disputes) Toggle List of trade wars or trade disputes subsection - [3\.1 Pre-20th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#Pre-20th_century) - [3\.2 20th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#20th_century) - [3\.3 21st century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#21st_century) - [4 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#See_also) - [5 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#References) - [6 Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#Bibliography) Toggle the table of contents # Trade war 39 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 "حرب تجارية – Arabic") - [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_comercial "Guerra comercial – Asturian") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticar%C9%99t_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si "Ticarət müharibəsi – Azerbaijani") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0 "Търговска война – Bulgarian") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7 "বাণিজ্য যুদ্ধ – Bangla") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_comercial "Guerra comercial – Catalan") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obchodn%C3%AD_v%C3%A1lka "Obchodní válka – Czech") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelskrig "Handelskrig – Danish") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelsstreit "Handelsstreit – German") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerca_milito "Komerca milito – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_comercial "Guerra comercial – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaubanduss%C3%B5da "Kaubandussõda – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkataritza_gerra "Merkataritza gerra – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C "جنگ تجاری – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauppasota "Kauppasota – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_commerciale "Guerre commerciale – French") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8 "מלחמת סחר – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7 "व्यापार युद्ध – Hindi") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_dagang "Perang dagang – Indonesian") - [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komercala_milito "Komercala milito – Ido") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_commerciale "Guerra commerciale – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6 "貿易摩擦 – Japanese") - [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B "Сауда соғысы – Kazakh") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81 "무역 전쟁 – Korean") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_dagang "Perang dagang – Malay") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelsoorlog "Handelsoorlog – Dutch") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelskrig "Handelskrig – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_handlowa "Wojna handlowa – Polish") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_comercial "Guerra comercial – Portuguese") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0 "Торговая война – Russian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82 "Трговински рат – Serbian") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelskrig "Handelskrig – Swedish") - [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3 "Ҷанги тиҷорӣ – Tajik") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2 "สงครามการค้า – Thai") - [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaan_sa_kalakalan "Digmaan sa kalakalan – Tagalog") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0 "Торгова війна – Ukrainian") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BA%A1i "Chiến tranh thương mại – Vietnamese") - [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%88%B0 "貿易戰 – Cantonese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%88%B0 "貿易戰 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q692412#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Trade_war "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Trade_war "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Trade_war "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&oldid=1339889978 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Trade_war&id=1339889978&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrade_war) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Trade_war&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q692412 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Economic conflict using tariffs or other trade barriers For the computer game, see [Trade Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Wars "Trade Wars"). \| \| \|---\| \| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Trade "Category:Trade") on \| \| [World trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade "International trade") \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg/250px-Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Storck_Harbour_scene.jpg) \| \| [Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_policy "Commercial policy") [Import](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import "Import") [Export](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export "Export") [Balance of trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_trade "Balance of trade") [Trade law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade_law "International trade law") [Trade pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_agreement "Trade agreement") [Trade bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_bloc "Trade bloc") [Trade creation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_creation "Trade creation") [Trade diversion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_diversion "Trade diversion") [Export orientation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization "Export-oriented industrialization") [Import substitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization "Import substitution industrialization") [Trade finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_finance "Trade finance") [Trade facilitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_facilitation "Trade facilitation") [Trade route](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route "Trade route") [Domestic trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_trade "Domestic trade") [Tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax "Tax") \| \| [Restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_restriction "Trade restriction") [Trade barriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_barrier "Trade barrier") [Tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") [Non-tariff barriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_trade "Non-tariff barriers to trade") [Import quotas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_quota "Import quota") [Tariff-rate quotas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff-rate_quota "Tariff-rate quota") [Import licenses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_license "Import license") [Customs duties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_\(economics\) "Duty (economics)") [Export subsidies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_subsidy "Export subsidy") [Technical barriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_barriers_to_trade "Technical barriers to trade") [Bribery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery "Bribery") [Exchange rate controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls "Foreign exchange controls") [Embargo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctions "Economic sanctions") [Safeguards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeguard_\(international_law\) "Safeguard (international law)") [Countervailing duties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countervailing_duties "Countervailing duties") [Anti-dumping duties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumping_\(pricing_policy\) "Dumping (pricing policy)") [Voluntary export restraints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_export_restraint "Voluntary export restraint") \| \| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_international_trade "Timeline of international trade") [Mercantilism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilism "Mercantilism") [Protectionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism "Protectionism") [Laissez-faire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire "Laissez-faire") [Free trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade "Free trade") [Economic nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_nationalism "Economic nationalism") [Economic integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_integration "Economic integration") \| \| Organizations [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") [International Trade Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Centre "International Trade Centre") [World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization") [World Customs Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Customs_Organization "World Customs Organization") [International Chamber of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce "International Chamber of Commerce") \| \| Economic integration [Preferential trading area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_trading_area "Preferential trading area") [Free-trade area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade_area "Free-trade area") [Currency union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_union "Currency union") [Customs union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_union "Customs union") [Single market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_market "Single market") [Economic union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_union "Economic union") [Fiscal union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_union "Fiscal union") [Customs and monetary union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_and_monetary_union "Customs and monetary union") [Economic and monetary union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_monetary_union "Economic and monetary union") \| \| Issues [Intellectual property rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property "Intellectual property") [Smuggling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling "Smuggling") [Competition policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law "Competition law") [Government procurement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_procurement "Government procurement") [Global labor arbitrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage "Global labor arbitrage") [Outsourcing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsourcing "Outsourcing") [Globalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization "Globalization") [Fair trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade "Fair trade") [Trade justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_justice "Trade justice") [Emissions trading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading "Emissions trading") [Trade sanctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctions "Economic sanctions") War [Currency war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_war "Currency war") [Trade costs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_facilitation_and_development "Trade facilitation and development") [Trade war]() [Trade and development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_development "Trade and development") \| \| [Lists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_international_trade_articles "Index of international trade articles") [Imports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports "List of countries by imports") [Exports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports "List of countries by exports") [Balance of trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_goods_exports "List of countries by net goods exports") [Tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tariffs "List of tariffs") [Largest consumer markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets "List of largest consumer markets") [Leading trade partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_leading_trade_partners "List of countries by leading trade partners") \| \| [By country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Foreign_trade_by_country "Category:Foreign trade by country") [Trade mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_mission "Trade mission") [Trading nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_nation "Trading nation") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States "Foreign trade of the United States") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Argentina "Foreign trade of Argentina") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Pakistan "Foreign trade of Pakistan") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Romania "Foreign trade of Romania") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Vietnam "Foreign trade of Vietnam") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India "Foreign trade of India") \| \| Theory [Comparative advantage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage "Comparative advantage") [Competitive advantage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_advantage "Competitive advantage") [Heckscher–Ohlin model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckscher%E2%80%93Ohlin_model "Heckscher–Ohlin model") [New trade theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_trade_theory "New trade theory") [Economic geography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography "Economic geography") [Intra-industry trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-industry_trade "Intra-industry trade") [Gravity model of trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_model_of_trade "Gravity model of trade") [Ricardian trade theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade#Ricardian_theory_of_international_trade "International trade") [Balassa–Samuelson effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balassa%E2%80%93Samuelson_effect "Balassa–Samuelson effect") [Linder hypothesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linder_hypothesis "Linder hypothesis") [Leontief paradox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontief_paradox "Leontief paradox") [Lerner symmetry theorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerner_symmetry_theorem "Lerner symmetry theorem") [Terms of trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_trade "Terms of trade") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_trade "Template:World trade") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_trade "Template talk:World trade") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_trade "Special:EditPage/Template:World trade") \| A trade war is an [economic conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_conflict "Economic conflict") often resulting from extreme [protectionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism "Protectionism"), in which [states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state "Sovereign state") raise or implement [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") or other [trade barriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_barrier "Trade barrier") against each other as part of their [commercial policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_policy "Commercial policy"), in response to similar measures imposed by the opposing party.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-1) If tariffs are the exclusive mechanism, then such conflicts are known as customs wars, toll wars, or tariff wars; as a reprisal, the latter state may also increase the tariffs. Trade war arises only if the competitive protection between states is of the same type and it is not valid in case of dumping exports.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-2) Increased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their [autarky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarky "Autarky") position.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-3) Minor trade disagreements are often called trade disputes when the war [metaphor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor "Metaphor") is [hyperbolic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbole "Hyperbole"). Trade wars could be escalated to full conflict between states as evidenced in the [Massacre of the Bandanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands#Massacre_of_the_Bandanese "Governorate of the Banda Islands") after alleged violations of a new treaty. The [First Anglo-Dutch War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War "First Anglo-Dutch War") was triggered by disputes over trade; the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping but expanded to vast fleet actions. The [Second Anglo-Dutch War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War "Second Anglo-Dutch War") was for control over the seas and trade routes, where England tried to end the Dutch domination of world trade during a period of intense European commercial rivalry. The [Fourth Anglo-Dutch War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War "Fourth Anglo-Dutch War") started over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. The [Shimonoseki Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign "Shimonoseki Campaign") after unrest over the shogunate's open-door policy to foreign trade. The [First Opium War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War "First Opium War") which started after the [Qing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") government blockaded its ports, confiscated opium contraband and confined [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire") traders, resulted in the dispatch of the [British Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Navy "British Navy") to China and engage the Chinese Navy in the [Battle of Kowloon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kowloon "Battle of Kowloon"). The First Opium War eventually led to the British colony of [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong "British Hong Kong"), and the [Second Opium War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_War "Second Opium War"), which arose from another trade war with the same underlying causes, expanded the [British possessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_possessions "British possessions") on the island. ## Examples from the 1920s \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Examples from the 1920s")\] ### German–Polish customs war \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: German–Polish customs war")\] One example of a modern tariff war occurred in the 1920s and 1930s between the [Weimar Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") (Germany) and [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic"), in the [German–Polish customs war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war "German–Polish customs war") of 1925 to 1934.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] In the Weimar Republic, [Gustav Stresemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann "Gustav Stresemann") ([Minister of Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_\(Germany\) "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)") from 1923 to 1929) wanted to force Poland to give up territory by creating an economic crisis; to achieve this, the Germans increased tolls on coal and steel products developed there.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] As a reprisal, the Poles increased toll rates for many German products. This led to the rapid development of the port of [Gdynia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia "Gdynia"), which was the only way Poland could export its goods to Western Europe without having to transport them through Germany. ### The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff")\] U.S. President [Warren G. Harding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding "Warren G. Harding") signed the [Fordney–McCumber Tariff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff "Fordney–McCumber Tariff") bill (named after [Joseph Fordney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fordney "Joseph Fordney"), chair of the [House Ways and Means Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Ways_and_Means_Committee "House Ways and Means Committee"), and [Porter McCumber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_McCumber "Porter McCumber"), chair of the [Senate Finance Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Finance_Committee "Senate Finance Committee")) in September 1922.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-4) In the end, the tariff law raised the average American [ad valorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_valorem "Ad valorem") tariff rate to 38 percent. Trading partners complained immediately. Those injured by [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") said that, without access for their exports to the American market, they would not be able to make payments to America on war-time [loans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan "Loan"). But others saw that this tariff increase would have broader deleterious effects. Democratic Representative [Cordell Hull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull "Cordell Hull") said, "Our foreign markets depend both on the efficiency of our production and the tariffs of countries in which we would sell. Our own \[high\] tariffs are an important factor in each. They injure the former and invite the latter." Five years after the passage of the tariff, the U.S.'s trading partners had raised their own tariffs by a significant degree. [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") raised its tariffs on [automobiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile "Automobile") from 45% to 100%, [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") raised tariffs on American goods by 40%, and Germany and [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy") raised tariffs on wheat.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-5) This customs war is sometimes cited as one of the causes of the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-6) ### Types of trade protectionism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Types of trade protectionism")\] Recent economic analysis suggests that environmental policies, specifically Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM), are emerging as significant triggers for potential trade wars.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-:0-7) A 2022 study identified that major economies like the United States, Russia, and China are statistically likely to retaliate against European carbon border taxes, potentially leading to tit-for-tat tariff escalations.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-:0-7) ## Dispute settlement mechanisms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Dispute settlement mechanisms")\] - [Compromis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromis "Compromis") - [Economic integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_integration "Economic integration") - [European Economic Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community "European Economic Community"), predecessor of the European Union - [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") (post-Brexit) - [Free trade agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreement "Free trade agreement") - [Free-trade areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade_area "Free-trade area") - [List of multilateral free-trade agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multilateral_free-trade_agreements "List of multilateral free-trade agreements") - [GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade") (1947–present; modified by WTO formation in 1994–1995) - [World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization"), created in the 1990s to avoid customs wars, which are counterproductive in net effect - [History of the World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Trade_Organization "History of the World Trade Organization") (1990s-present, after decades of efforts to fill the vacuum of the absence of such an institution) - [Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_settlement_in_the_World_Trade_Organization "Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization") - [Dispute Settlement Body](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body "Dispute Settlement Body") of the WTO - [List of WTO dispute settlement cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WTO_dispute_settlement_cases "List of WTO dispute settlement cases") - [International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes "International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes") - [Investor-state dispute settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement "Investor-state dispute settlement") - [Trade and Investment Framework Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_Investment_Framework_Agreement "Trade and Investment Framework Agreement") - [TRIPS Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement "TRIPS Agreement") - [United Nations Commission on International Trade Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law "United Nations Commission on International Trade Law") ## List of trade wars or trade disputes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: List of trade wars or trade disputes")\] ### Pre-20th century \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Pre-20th century")\] - [Anglo-Spanish Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_\(disambiguation\) "Anglo-Spanish War (disambiguation)") (1568–1807) - [Anglo-French Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars "Anglo-French Wars") (1100–1815) - [Anglo-Dutch Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars "Anglo-Dutch Wars") (1652–1784) - [Opium Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars "Opium Wars") (1839–1860) - [Byzantine–Bulgarian war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_war_of_894%E2%80%93896 "Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896") (894-896) ### 20th century \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: 20th century")\] - [Japan–Korea disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_disputes "Japan–Korea disputes") (1876–1945) - [Banana Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars "Banana Wars") (1898–1934) - [Pig War (1906–1908)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_War_\(1906%E2%80%931908\) "Pig War (1906–1908)"), a trade war between the [Kingdom of Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia "Kingdom of Serbia") and [Austria-Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary") - [German–Polish customs war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war "German–Polish customs war") (1925–1934), a trade war between the [Second Polish Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic") and the [Weimar Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") - [Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act") (1930), a United States Act implementing protectionist trade policies - [Anglo-Irish trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_trade_war "Anglo-Irish trade war") (1932–1938) - [Chicken War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tax "Chicken tax") (1960s), U.S. versus European Economic Community ### 21st century \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: 21st century")\] - [Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna-Dolphin_GATT_Case_\(I_and_II\) "Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)"), part of a larger tuna trade war (1970s–present) - [Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_softwood_lumber_dispute "Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute") (1982–present) - [Beef hormone controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy "Beef hormone controversy") (Beef War) (1989–2008) - [Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Australia_salmon_trade_dispute "Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute") (1995–2000) - [Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Sound_Recording_Trade_Disputes "Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes") (1996–1997) - [Broomcorn brooms dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomcorn_brooms_dispute "Broomcorn brooms dispute") (1996–2014) - [Catfish Dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish_Dispute "Catfish Dispute") U.S. versus Vietnam (2001–present) - [Brazil–United States cotton dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_cotton_dispute "Brazil–United States cotton dispute") (2002–2014) - [US–Mexico Trade Dispute – Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Mexico_Trade_Dispute_-_Stainless_Steel_Sheets_and_Coils_dumping "US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping") (2006–2009) - [EC-IT product dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC-IT_product_dispute "EC-IT product dispute") (2008–2010) - [Milk War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_War "Milk War") (2009) - [Trade war over genetically modified food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war_over_genetically_modified_food "Trade war over genetically modified food") (2010–2011) - [South Africa–Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa-Brazil_Frozen_Chicken_Trade_Dispute "South Africa-Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute") (2012) - [Argentina–United States lemon dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_lemon_dispute "Argentina–United States lemon dispute") (2012) - [Rare earths trade dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earths_trade_dispute "Rare earths trade dispute") (2012–2015) - [Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_embargo_of_Ukrainian_goods "Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods") (2013–present) - [Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_sugarcane_trade_dispute "Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute") (2014) - [Australia–China trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_trade_war "Australia–China trade war"), (2017/18–2024) - [Tariffs in the first Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration") (2018 U.S.–Canada trade dispute) - [Japan–South Korea trade dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trade_dispute "Japan–South Korea trade dispute") (2019–2023) - [China–United States trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war "China–United States trade war") (2018–present) - [Tariffs in the second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration") (2025–present) - [2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico "2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico") (2025–present) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: See also")\] - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/40px-Emblem-money.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg)[Business and economics portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics "Portal:Business and economics") - [Balance of trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_trade "Balance of trade") - [Currency war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_war "Currency war") - [Economic sanctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctions "Economic sanctions") - [Economic warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_warfare "Economic warfare") - [Trade barrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_barrier "Trade barrier") - [Water conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conflict "Water conflict") - [Country of origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_of_origin "Country of origin") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: References")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-1) ["What is trade war? definition and meaning"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180621043058/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/trade-war.html). BusinessDictionary.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/trade-war.html) on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2017-08-15. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-2) Perju, Genoveva Elena (2009). ["Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement"](http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1435993). SSRN Electronic Journal. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2139/ssrn.1435993](https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1435993). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[20\.500.12733/1574619](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12733%2F1574619). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1556-5068](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068). 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-3) Investopedia Staff (28 September 2009). ["Trade War"](http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trade-war.asp). 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-4) Rothgeb, 2001, 30–32 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-5) Rothgeb, 2001, 32–33 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-6) [Kennedy, David M.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_\(historian\) "David M. Kennedy (historian)") (20 November 2003) \[1999\]. "Panic". [The American People in the Great Depression: Freedom from Fear, Part One](https://books.google.com/books?id=UQlEq9GILRgC). Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 49. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-984006-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984006-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984006-9") . Retrieved 29 March 2025. "Other writers even blame the historically high Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 for causing the Depression itself. But \[...\] the Fordney-McCumber rates, as one historian puts it, were 'already ... high enough to cause a depression if a tariff can have such a result.' \[...\] Both the Fordney-McCumber and the Hawley-Smoot tariffs are better regarded as symptoms, not causes, of economic distress in 1921 and 1929, respectively." 7. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-:0_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-:0_7-1) Overland, Indra; Sabyrbekov, Rahat (2022-10-01). ["Know your opponent: Which countries might fight the European carbon border adjustment mechanism?"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421522003974). Energy Policy. 169* 113175. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.enpol.2022.113175](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2022.113175). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[11250/3070473](https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F3070473). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0301-4215](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4215). ## Bibliography \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Bibliography")\] - Rothgeb, John (2001). U.S. Trade Policy. Washington D.C.: CQ Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-56802-522-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-522-X "Special:BookSources/1-56802-522-X") . - Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. (2005). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2005, from [Encyclopædia Britannica Online](http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9396766) - Perju, Genoveva Elena, Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement (June 15, 2009). Available at SSRN: [SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_\(identifier\) "SSRN (identifier)") [1435993](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1435993) or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1435993 \| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q692412#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| International \| [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4159004-1) \| \| National \| [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810590908805606) \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&oldid=1339889978>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Trade wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Trade_wars "Category:Trade wars") - [Economic warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_warfare "Category:Economic warfare") - [Customs duties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Customs_duties "Category:Customs duties") - [Metaphors referring to war and violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Metaphors_referring_to_war_and_violence "Category:Metaphors referring to war and violence") Hidden categories: - [Articles with short description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description") - [Short description is different from Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata") - [All articles with unsourced statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements "Category:All articles with unsourced statements") - [Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2025 "Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025") - [Articles containing Latin-language text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text "Category:Articles containing Latin-language text") - This page was last edited on 22 February 2026, at 20:43 (UTC). - Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License "Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use") and [Privacy Policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https://wikimediafoundation.org/), a non-profit organization. - [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) - [Disclaimers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer) - [Contact Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) - [Legal & safety contacts](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information) - [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct) - [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org/) - [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org) - [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement) - [Mobile view](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile) - [![Wikimedia Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg)](https://www.wikimedia.org/) - [![Powered by MediaWiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https://www.mediawiki.org/) Search Toggle the table of contents Trade war 39 languages [Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war)
Readable Markdown	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A trade war is an [economic conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_conflict "Economic conflict") often resulting from extreme [protectionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism "Protectionism"), in which [states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state "Sovereign state") raise or implement [tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") or other [trade barriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_barrier "Trade barrier") against each other as part of their [commercial policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_policy "Commercial policy"), in response to similar measures imposed by the opposing party.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-1) If tariffs are the exclusive mechanism, then such conflicts are known as customs wars, toll wars, or tariff wars; as a reprisal, the latter state may also increase the tariffs. Trade war arises only if the competitive protection between states is of the same type and it is not valid in case of dumping exports.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-2) Increased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their [autarky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarky "Autarky") position.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-3) Minor trade disagreements are often called trade disputes when the war [metaphor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor "Metaphor") is [hyperbolic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbole "Hyperbole"). Trade wars could be escalated to full conflict between states as evidenced in the [Massacre of the Bandanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands#Massacre_of_the_Bandanese "Governorate of the Banda Islands") after alleged violations of a new treaty. The [First Anglo-Dutch War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War "First Anglo-Dutch War") was triggered by disputes over trade; the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping but expanded to vast fleet actions. The [Second Anglo-Dutch War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War "Second Anglo-Dutch War") was for control over the seas and trade routes, where England tried to end the Dutch domination of world trade during a period of intense European commercial rivalry. The [Fourth Anglo-Dutch War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War "Fourth Anglo-Dutch War") started over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. The [Shimonoseki Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign "Shimonoseki Campaign") after unrest over the shogunate's open-door policy to foreign trade. The [First Opium War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War "First Opium War") which started after the [Qing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") government blockaded its ports, confiscated opium contraband and confined [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire") traders, resulted in the dispatch of the [British Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Navy "British Navy") to China and engage the Chinese Navy in the [Battle of Kowloon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kowloon "Battle of Kowloon"). The First Opium War eventually led to the British colony of [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong "British Hong Kong"), and the [Second Opium War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_War "Second Opium War"), which arose from another trade war with the same underlying causes, expanded the [British possessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_possessions "British possessions") on the island. ## Examples from the 1920s \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Examples from the 1920s")\] ### German–Polish customs war \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: German–Polish customs war")\] One example of a modern tariff war occurred in the 1920s and 1930s between the [Weimar Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") (Germany) and [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic"), in the [German–Polish customs war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war "German–Polish customs war") of 1925 to 1934.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] In the Weimar Republic, [Gustav Stresemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann "Gustav Stresemann") ([Minister of Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_\(Germany\) "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)") from 1923 to 1929) wanted to force Poland to give up territory by creating an economic crisis; to achieve this, the Germans increased tolls on coal and steel products developed there.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] As a reprisal, the Poles increased toll rates for many German products. This led to the rapid development of the port of [Gdynia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia "Gdynia"), which was the only way Poland could export its goods to Western Europe without having to transport them through Germany. ### The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: The U.S. Fordney–McCumber Tariff")\] U.S. President [Warren G. Harding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding "Warren G. Harding") signed the [Fordney–McCumber Tariff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff "Fordney–McCumber Tariff") bill (named after [Joseph Fordney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fordney "Joseph Fordney"), chair of the [House Ways and Means Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Ways_and_Means_Committee "House Ways and Means Committee"), and [Porter McCumber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_McCumber "Porter McCumber"), chair of the [Senate Finance Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Finance_Committee "Senate Finance Committee")) in September 1922.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-4) In the end, the tariff law raised the average American [ad valorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_valorem "Ad valorem") tariff rate to 38 percent. Trading partners complained immediately. Those injured by [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") said that, without access for their exports to the American market, they would not be able to make payments to America on war-time [loans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan "Loan"). But others saw that this tariff increase would have broader deleterious effects. Democratic Representative [Cordell Hull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull "Cordell Hull") said, "Our foreign markets depend both on the efficiency of our production and the tariffs of countries in which we would sell. Our own \[high\] tariffs are an important factor in each. They injure the former and invite the latter." Five years after the passage of the tariff, the U.S.'s trading partners had raised their own tariffs by a significant degree. [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") raised its tariffs on [automobiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile "Automobile") from 45% to 100%, [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") raised tariffs on American goods by 40%, and Germany and [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy") raised tariffs on wheat.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-5) This customs war is sometimes cited as one of the causes of the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-6) ### Types of trade protectionism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Types of trade protectionism")\] Recent economic analysis suggests that environmental policies, specifically Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM), are emerging as significant triggers for potential trade wars.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-:0-7) A 2022 study identified that major economies like the United States, Russia, and China are statistically likely to retaliate against European carbon border taxes, potentially leading to tit-for-tat tariff escalations.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_note-:0-7) ## Dispute settlement mechanisms \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Dispute settlement mechanisms")\] - [Compromis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromis "Compromis") - [Economic integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_integration "Economic integration") - [European Economic Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community "European Economic Community"), predecessor of the European Union - [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") (post-Brexit) - [Free trade agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreement "Free trade agreement") - [Free-trade areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade_area "Free-trade area") - [List of multilateral free-trade agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multilateral_free-trade_agreements "List of multilateral free-trade agreements") - [GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade") (1947–present; modified by WTO formation in 1994–1995) - [World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization"), created in the 1990s to avoid customs wars, which are counterproductive in net effect - [History of the World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Trade_Organization "History of the World Trade Organization") (1990s-present, after decades of efforts to fill the vacuum of the absence of such an institution) - [Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_settlement_in_the_World_Trade_Organization "Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization") - [Dispute Settlement Body](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body "Dispute Settlement Body") of the WTO - [List of WTO dispute settlement cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WTO_dispute_settlement_cases "List of WTO dispute settlement cases") - [International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes "International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes") - [Investor-state dispute settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement "Investor-state dispute settlement") - [Trade and Investment Framework Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_Investment_Framework_Agreement "Trade and Investment Framework Agreement") - [TRIPS Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement "TRIPS Agreement") - [United Nations Commission on International Trade Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law "United Nations Commission on International Trade Law") ## List of trade wars or trade disputes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_war&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: List of trade wars or trade disputes")\] - [Anglo-Spanish Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_\(disambiguation\) "Anglo-Spanish War (disambiguation)") (1568–1807) - [Anglo-French Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars "Anglo-French Wars") (1100–1815) - [Anglo-Dutch Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars "Anglo-Dutch Wars") (1652–1784) - [Opium Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars "Opium Wars") (1839–1860) - [Byzantine–Bulgarian war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_war_of_894%E2%80%93896 "Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896") (894-896) - [Japan–Korea disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_disputes "Japan–Korea disputes") (1876–1945) - [Banana Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars "Banana Wars") (1898–1934) - [Pig War (1906–1908)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_War_\(1906%E2%80%931908\) "Pig War (1906–1908)"), a trade war between the [Kingdom of Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia "Kingdom of Serbia") and [Austria-Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary") - [German–Polish customs war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_customs_war "German–Polish customs war") (1925–1934), a trade war between the [Second Polish Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic "Second Polish Republic") and the [Weimar Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") - [Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act") (1930), a United States Act implementing protectionist trade policies - [Anglo-Irish trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_trade_war "Anglo-Irish trade war") (1932–1938) - [Chicken War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tax "Chicken tax") (1960s), U.S. versus European Economic Community - [Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna-Dolphin_GATT_Case_\(I_and_II\) "Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)"), part of a larger tuna trade war (1970s–present) - [Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_softwood_lumber_dispute "Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute") (1982–present) - [Beef hormone controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy "Beef hormone controversy") (Beef War) (1989–2008) - [Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Australia_salmon_trade_dispute "Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute") (1995–2000) - [Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Sound_Recording_Trade_Disputes "Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes") (1996–1997) - [Broomcorn brooms dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomcorn_brooms_dispute "Broomcorn brooms dispute") (1996–2014) - [Catfish Dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish_Dispute "Catfish Dispute") U.S. versus Vietnam (2001–present) - [Brazil–United States cotton dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_cotton_dispute "Brazil–United States cotton dispute") (2002–2014) - [US–Mexico Trade Dispute – Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Mexico_Trade_Dispute_-_Stainless_Steel_Sheets_and_Coils_dumping "US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping") (2006–2009) - [EC-IT product dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC-IT_product_dispute "EC-IT product dispute") (2008–2010) - [Milk War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_War "Milk War") (2009) - [Trade war over genetically modified food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war_over_genetically_modified_food "Trade war over genetically modified food") (2010–2011) - [South Africa–Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa-Brazil_Frozen_Chicken_Trade_Dispute "South Africa-Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute") (2012) - [Argentina–United States lemon dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_lemon_dispute "Argentina–United States lemon dispute") (2012) - [Rare earths trade dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earths_trade_dispute "Rare earths trade dispute") (2012–2015) - [Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_embargo_of_Ukrainian_goods "Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods") (2013–present) - [Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_sugarcane_trade_dispute "Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute") (2014) - [Australia–China trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_trade_war "Australia–China trade war"), (2017/18–2024) - [Tariffs in the first Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_first_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the first Trump administration") (2018 U.S.–Canada trade dispute) - [Japan–South Korea trade dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trade_dispute "Japan–South Korea trade dispute") (2019–2023) - [China–United States trade war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war "China–United States trade war") (2018–present) - [Tariffs in the second Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration "Tariffs in the second Trump administration") (2025–present) - [2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico "2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico") (2025–present) - [Balance of trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_trade "Balance of trade") - [Currency war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_war "Currency war") - [Economic sanctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctions "Economic sanctions") - [Economic warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_warfare "Economic warfare") - [Trade barrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_barrier "Trade barrier") - [Water conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conflict "Water conflict") - [Country of origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_of_origin "Country of origin") 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-1) ["What is trade war? definition and meaning"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180621043058/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/trade-war.html). BusinessDictionary.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/trade-war.html) on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2017-08-15. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-2) Perju, Genoveva Elena (2009). ["Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement"](http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1435993). SSRN Electronic Journal. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2139/ssrn.1435993](https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1435993). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[20\.500.12733/1574619](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12733%2F1574619). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1556-5068](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068). 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-3) Investopedia Staff (28 September 2009). ["Trade War"](http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trade-war.asp). 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-4) Rothgeb, 2001, 30–32 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-5) Rothgeb, 2001, 32–33 6. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-6) [Kennedy, David M.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_\(historian\) "David M. Kennedy (historian)") (20 November 2003) \[1999\]. "Panic". [The American People in the Great Depression: Freedom from Fear, Part One](https://books.google.com/books?id=UQlEq9GILRgC). Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 49. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-984006-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984006-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984006-9") . Retrieved 29 March 2025. "Other writers even blame the historically high Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 for causing the Depression itself. But \[...\] the Fordney-McCumber rates, as one historian puts it, were 'already ... high enough to cause a depression if a tariff can have such a result.' \[...\] Both the Fordney-McCumber and the Hawley-Smoot tariffs are better regarded as symptoms, not causes, of economic distress in 1921 and 1929, respectively." 7. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-:0_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_war#cite_ref-:0_7-1) Overland, Indra; Sabyrbekov, Rahat (2022-10-01). ["Know your opponent: Which countries might fight the European carbon border adjustment mechanism?"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421522003974). Energy Policy. 169* 113175. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.enpol.2022.113175](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2022.113175). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[11250/3070473](https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F3070473). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0301-4215](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4215). - Rothgeb, John (2001). U.S. Trade Policy. Washington D.C.: CQ Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-56802-522-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-522-X "Special:BookSources/1-56802-522-X") . - Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. (2005). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2005, from [Encyclopædia Britannica Online](http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9396766) - Perju, Genoveva Elena, Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement (June 15, 2009). Available at SSRN: [SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_\(identifier\) "SSRN (identifier)") [1435993](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1435993) or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1435993
Shard	152 (laksa)
Root Hash	17790707453426894952
Unparsed URL	org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Trade_war s443