🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa121)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit","crawl_time":1754503520,"first_indexed_time":0,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Timeline of Brexit - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Brexit  was the  withdrawal  of the United Kingdom from the  European Union  at 23:00  GMT  on 31 January 2020 (00:00 1 February 2020  CET ). As of 2020 [update] , the UK is the only member state to have left the EU. Britain  entered  the predecessor to the EU, the  European Communities  (EC), on 1 January 1973. Following this,  Eurosceptic  groups grew in popularity in the UK, opposing aspects of both the EC and the EU. As Euroscepticism increased during the early 2010s,  Prime Minister David Cameron  delivered  a speech  in January 2013 at  Bloomberg London , in which he called for reform of the EU and promised an in–out referendum on the UK's membership if the  Conservative Party  won a majority at the  2015 general election . The Conservatives won 330 seats at the election, giving Cameron a majority of 12, and a bill to hold a referendum was introduced to  Parliament  that month.\n In February 2016, Cameron set the date of  the referendum  to be 23 June that year, and a period of campaigning began. A total of 33,577,342 votes were cast in the poll, with 51.89% voting for Britain to leave the EU. Cameron announced his resignation as prime minister the next day, with  Theresa May  taking over the position on 13 July. On 29 March the following year, May delivered a letter to  Donald Tusk , the  President of the European Council , which officially commenced the UK's withdrawal from the EU and began a two-year negotiating process.\n Brexit negotiations  between the UK and the EU began in June 2017, and, by March the following year, a \"large part\" of the  withdrawal agreement  had been agreed. [ 1 ]  On 25 November, the leaders of the remaining 27 EU countries officially endorsed the deal, with May putting it to Parliament in January 2019. The vote on the withdrawal agreement was defeated by 432 votes to 202, the biggest defeat of any government in the  House of Commons . Two further votes on the deal—on 12 and 29 March—also resulted in large defeats for May.\n Following these defeats, on 24 May the Prime Minister announced her resignation. A  leadership contest  began, which was won by  Boris Johnson  on 24 July. With the Brexit deadlock still not broken, on 29 October the  Members of Parliament  (MPs) voted in favour of holding a general election on 12 December. The Conservative Party won 365 seats in the election, giving them a majority of 80 seats. With a majority in the House of Commons now, Johnson's withdrawal agreement was voted through Parliament, and the UK officially left the EU at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020. A  transition period —in which Britain remained a part of the  European single market  and the  European Union Customs Union —began, as did  negotiation on a new trade deal .\n After negotiations throughout 2020, the  EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement  was announced on 24 December, allowing goods to be sold between the two markets without tariffs or quotas. At 23:00 on 31 December 2020, the transition period ended, and the UK formally completed its separation from the EU. As of 2023 [update] , the broad consensus of economists is that leaving the EU has had a substantially negative effect on the UK's economy, which is expected to be several percentage points smaller than it would have been if it had remained in the bloc. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] United Kingdom–European Union relations [ edit ] The  Maastricht Treaty (pictured) , signed on 7 February 1992, legally established the  European Union . [ 5 ] The UK entered the EC on 1 January 1973, following the ratification of the  Treaty of Accession 1972 , signed by the Conservative Prime Minister  Edward Heath . [ 6 ]  Two years later, on 5 June 1975, a  national referendum  endorsed the UK's continued membership of the EC, with 67.23% voting that the country should remain in the EC. [ 7 ]  Over the following decades,  Eurosceptic  attitudes began to develop within Britain's two main political parties, the Conservatives and the  Labour Party . In the  1983 general election , Labour's campaign manifesto vowed to withdraw from the EC within the lifetime of the following Parliament. [ 8 ]  The manifesto was dubbed \" the longest suicide note in history \", and the election was won by the Conservatives, led by the incumbent prime minister,  Margaret Thatcher . [ 9 ]  Thatcher continued to serve as prime minister until she resigned on 22 November 1990, amid divisions within the Conservative Party over the UK's involvement in Europe. [ 10 ]  Two years later, the  Maastricht Treaty  was signed by the 12 member states of the EC, including the UK, which began the formal establishment of the European Union. [ 5 ] Political history of the United Kingdom (2005–13) [ edit ] Prime Minister  David Cameron (left)  and Deputy Prime Minister  Nick Clegg (right)  in February 2015, during the period of the  Cameron–Clegg coalition On 6 December 2005, David Cameron, the MP for  Witney , was elected as  leader of the Conservative Party , beating  David Davis  in the final round. [ 11 ]  After serving as  leader of the opposition  for nearly five years, Cameron led his party into the  2010 general election  on 6 May that year. [ 12 ]  The Conservatives gained 97 seats for a total of 307, making them the largest party in Parliament. [ 13 ]  Labour, who had been in government before the election, won 258 seats, while the  Liberal Democrats , with 57 seats, were the third-largest party. [ 13 ]  With no single party having won enough seats to form a majority government, the country had its first  hung parliament  since 1974. [ 14 ]  All three leaders made statements offering openness to creating an administration with another party, and a series of negotiations began. [ 15 ]  Just after midnight on 12 May, the  Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement  was approved, with Cameron as prime minister and  Nick Clegg , the  leader of the Liberal Democrats , as  deputy prime minister . [ 16 ] As well as a new prime minister, the 2010 general election also saw a new generation of more Eurosceptic MPs elected to the UK government. [ 17 ]  On 24 October 2011, Cameron experienced the largest rebellion over European integration since  World War II  when 81 Conservative MPs voted in favour of a motion calling for a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU. [ 18 ]  Of these 81 MPs, 49 had been elected in 2010. [ 19 ]  The previous month, a petition carrying over 100,000 signatures that also called for a referendum was delivered to  10 Downing Street . [ 20 ]  Faced with this growing Euroscepticism, on 23 January 2013, Cameron delivered the  Bloomberg speech  at Bloomberg London, [ 21 ]  in which he promised an in–out referendum on EU membership if the Conservatives won a majority at the  2015 general election . [ 22 ] The word  Brexit  is a portmanteau of the phrase \"British exit\". [ 23 ]  According to the  Oxford English Dictionary , the term was coined in a blog post on the website  Euractiv  by Peter Wilding, director of European policy at  BSkyB , on 15 May 2012. [ 24 ]  Wilding coined  Brexit  to refer to the end of UK membership in the EU – by 2016, usage of the word had increased by 3,400% in one year. [ 25 ] Cameron delivering the  Bloomberg speech  on 23 January 2013, when an in–out referendum on EU membership was first promised [ 22 ] 23 January: Cameron delivers the Bloomberg speech, covering the UK's future relationship with Europe. He calls for reform of the EU and promises an in–out referendum on the UK's membership of the EU if the Conservatives win a majority at the 2015 general election. [ 22 ] 15 April: The House of Commons votes on a  private member's bill  expressing \"regret\" over the absence of an EU referendum in the  Queen's Speech . The vote is defeated by 277 to 130, with 114 Conservative MPs voting to regret. [ 26 ] 19 June: The  European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14 —a private member's bill seeking to enshrine into law Cameron's promise to hold a referendum—is introduced by the Conservative MP  James Wharton . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] 5 July: The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 304 votes in favour to 0 against. [ 29 ] 31 January: Peers at the  House of Lords  vote by 180 to 130 to end the debate of the European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14, which concludes its progress through Parliament. Cameron expresses disappointment at this defeat. [ 30 ] 12 March:  Ed Miliband , the  leader of the Labour Party , rules out matching Cameron's pledge to hold a referendum on EU membership if his party wins a majority at the next general election. He states that Labour would only hold such a poll if there were a significant transfer of power from  Westminster  to Brussels. [ 31 ] 22 May: The UK holds  elections to the European Parliament , electing 73  Members of the European Parliament  (MEPs). Across England, Scotland and Wales, the Conservatives' share of the vote drops by 3.8 percentage points, losing them seven seats. [ 32 ] 12 June: Conservative MP  Bob Neill  announces that he will reintroduce Wharton's European Union (Referendum) Bill as a private member's bill. [ 33 ] 28 October: The Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats fail to agree on the amount of parliamentary time to be allocated to Neill's bill. The bill's progress through Parliament is again brought to an end. [ 34 ] 19 December: The \"long campaign\" for the 2015 general election officially begins, limiting candidates' spending in their constituencies to £30,700 each. [ 35 ] 30 March: Cameron meets with Queen  Elizabeth II  at  Buckingham Palace  and informs her that the 55th UK Parliament is ready to be  dissolved . [ 36 ]  The \"short campaign\" for the general election—scheduled to take place on 7 May—begins. [ 37 ] 12 April: In central London, Clegg launches his party's manifesto for the general election, which commits to maintaining the UK's membership of the EU. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] 13 April: The Labour Party's manifesto is unveiled by Miliband at the  Old Granada Studios  in  Manchester . It repeats Miliband's earlier pledge that, under a Labour government, powers would not be transferred to Brussels before an in–out referendum. [ 40 ] 14 April: Cameron launches the Conservative Party manifesto at an event in  Swindon . [ 41 ]  The document promises \"real change\" in the UK's relationship with the EU, and commits to holding a referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017. [ 42 ] Labour Party  leader  Ed Miliband  criticised government foreign policy—including the handling of an EU referendum—in a speech on 24 April 2015. [ 43 ] 24 April: At  Chatham House  in London, Miliband delivers a speech on Labour's foreign policy. [ 43 ]  He describes the government's timetable for an in–out referendum as \"arbitrary\", and criticises their lack of strategy for renegotiating the UK's EU membership. [ 44 ] 25 April: Writing for  The Sunday Telegraph , Cameron reiterates his promise that, should the Conservatives win a majority, they will begin the process of renegotiating the UK's membership of the EU, and will draft a European Referendum Bill. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] 7 May: The  2015 general election  is held. The Conservative Party win 330 seats, giving Cameron a 12-seat overall majority in Parliament. Labour win 232 seats in total, a net loss of 26, while the Liberal Democrats win eight, a net loss of 49. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 8 May: Following Labour's and the Liberal Democrats' defeats at the election, both Miliband and Clegg resign as the leaders of their parties. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] 27 May: A referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017 is included in the Queen's Speech. [ 51 ] 28 May: The  European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16 —a bill that makes provision for a referendum in the UK to be held—is introduced by the Conservative MP  Philip Hammond . [ 52 ] 9 June:\n 15 June: Nominations close for Labour's leadership election. Four MPs surpass the threshold of support required and are set to be placed on the ballot:  Andy Burnham ,  Yvette Cooper ,  Liz Kendall  and  Jeremy Corbyn . [ 55 ] 25–26 June: At a  European Council  meeting, Cameron  begins renegotiating  Britain's EU membership with other EU leaders by setting out his plan to hold a referendum. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Jeremy Corbyn (pictured in 2020)  was elected  leader of the Labour Party  on 12 September 2015. [ 58 ] 12 September: The results of Labour's leadership election are announced at a special conference at the  Queen Elizabeth II Centre  in Westminster. [ 59 ]  With 59.5% of the first-preference votes, Corbyn is elected leader of the Labour Party and becomes leader of the opposition. [ 58 ] 9 October:  Vote Leave , a  cross-party  advocacy group campaigning for the UK to leave the EU, is launched. [ 60 ] 12 October:  Britain Stronger in Europe , a similar organisation advocating for Britain to remain, is launched. [ 61 ] 10 November: Cameron gives a speech on Europe at Chatham House, during which he repeats his commitment to holding a referendum before the end of 2017. [ 62 ]  He also sends a letter to  Donald Tusk , the  President of the European Council , setting out the four areas where he is seeking EU reform as part of his renegotiations: economic governance, competitiveness, sovereignty and immigration. [ 63 ] 17 December: The European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16 is given  royal assent  and becomes the  European Union Referendum Act 2015 . By law, a referendum on membership in the EU is set to take place in the UK before the end of 2017. [ 52 ] 10 January: In his annual new year interview on  The Andrew Marr Show , Cameron vows that he will stay on as prime minister if the UK votes to leave the EU, [ 64 ]  but states that his government has made no plans to deal with Brexit. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] 19 February: Renegotiations on the UK's membership in the EU are concluded, with Cameron and Tusk signing a finalised deal. The changes will take effect following a vote to remain in the referendum. [ 67 ] 20 February:\n Cameron announces that the referendum will be held on 23 June, and that he will be campaigning for Britain to remain. [ 68 ] Six members of  Cameron's cabinet  declare that they will join Vote Leave and campaign for Brexit. [ 69 ] 21 February:  Mayor of London  Boris Johnson announces that he will advocate for the UK to leave the EU. [ 70 ] 22 February: Speaking in the House of Commons, Cameron promises that, if the British people vote to leave, he will begin the process, i.e., by triggering  Article 50  of the EU's  Treaty of Lisbon , \"straight away\". [ 71 ] The  pro-EU leaflet , sent to UK households by the British government in 2016 [ 72 ] 11–13 April: A  pro-EU leaflet —in which the government warns that Brexit will increase the  cost of living  and lead to a decade or more of uncertainty [ 73 ] [ 74 ] —is sent to households across England. [ 72 ] 13 April: The  Electoral Commission  designates Vote Leave as the referendum's official campaign in favour of leaving the EU, while Britain Stronger in Europe is named as the official campaign in favour of remaining. [ 75 ] 15 April: The regulated campaigning period for the referendum begins. Over the next ten weeks, the two official campaigns may spend a maximum of £7 million. [ 75 ] 22 April: At a press conference in central London,  President of the United States Barack Obama  warns that Britain will be at \"the back of the queue\" if the nation votes for Brexit. [ 76 ] 9 May: The pro-EU leaflet is sent to households in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. [ 77 ] 9 June: Six participants—including Johnson—take part in  The ITV Referendum Debate , a live TV debate on Brexit, broadcast by  ITV . [ 78 ] 12 June: In another interview on  The Andrew Marr Show , Cameron repeats his commitment not to resign as prime minister even if he loses the referendum. [ 79 ] 16 June:  Jo Cox , the MP for  Batley and Spen , is  murdered  by a far-right terrorist. [ 80 ]  Out of respect for Cox, referendum campaigning is suspended across the UK. [ 81 ] 19 June: Campaigning for the referendum resumes. [ 82 ] 21 June: From  Wembley Arena , Johnson and another five campaigners participate in  EU Referendum: The Great Debate , live on  BBC One . With 6,000 people in the audience, it is the largest televised debate on the issue. [ 83 ] 23 June: Polls open for the referendum at around 41,000 polling stations at 07:00 and close at 22:00. [ 84 ]  A total of 33,577,342 votes are cast, representing a turnout of 72.2% of registered voters. [ 85 ] Cameron announcing his resignation as prime minister on 24 June 2016 [ 86 ] 24 June:\n The votes are counted, and chief counting officer  Jenny Watson  delivers the final result from Manchester at 07:20  BST : 16,141,241 votes (48.11%) to remain in the EU, and 17,410,742 (51.89%) to leave. [ 87 ] Following the result of the referendum, the value of the  pound sterling  drops to its lowest level since 1985, and the  FTSE 100 Index  begins the day by falling 8%. [ 88 ] Stating that he does not believe that he should be \"the captain that steers [the] country to its next destination\", Cameron announces that he plans to resign as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party by October. [ 86 ] 25 June: The UK's  European Commissioner ,  Jonathan Hill , announces his intention to stand down from the role. [ 89 ] 27 June: In Parliament, Cameron confirms that he will not invoke Article 50. [ 90 ] 29 June: Nominations open for the  Conservative Party leadership election  triggered by Cameron's resignation. [ 91 ] 30 June: Nominations for the leadership contest close. Johnson confirms that he will not stand. [ 92 ]  Five other MPs—Theresa May,  Andrea Leadsom ,  Michael Gove ,  Stephen Crabb  and  Liam Fox —achieve the level of support needed to be put on the first ballot. [ 93 ] 7 July: Only two nominees, May and Leadsom, now remain in the leadership race, with the rest having either withdrawn or been eliminated. [ 94 ] 11 July: Leadsom withdraws from the contest early. As the only remaining candidate, May is named the new leader of the Conservative Party. [ 95 ] 13 July:\n The  first legal challenge over Brexit  was brought by the investment manager  Gina Miller (pictured in 2018) . [ 98 ] Boris Johnson , who supported  Vote Leave  during the referendum, speaking at  Chatham House  on 2 December 2016 [ 110 ] 2 December: At Chatham House, Johnson gives his first policy speech as foreign secretary, in which he sets out his vision for the UK after Brexit. He states that, after leaving the EU, the UK will not obstruct closer European defence co-operation. [ 110 ] 5–8 December: The Supreme Court convenes to hear the government's appeal against the High Court ruling. For the first time in the history of the court, all 11 judges sit  en banc  to hear the case. [ 111 ] 7 December: The House of Commons votes on a motion brought by the Labour Party committing the government to publishing its Brexit plan before it invokes Article 50, and also on an amendment added by May for Article 50 to be invoked before the end of March 2017. MPs vote by 461 to 89 in favour of May's amendment, and by 448 to 75 in favour of the amended motion. [ 112 ] Theresa May 's letter to  Donald Tusk ,  invoking Article 50  and indicating the UK's intention to leave the EU 29 March: In Brussels, Barrow hand delivers a letter from May to Tusk that  officially invokes Article 50 . A two-year negotiating process begins, with the UK due to leave the EU on 29 March 2019. [ 122 ]  Speaking at a press conference immediately afterwards, Tusk says that there is \"no reason to pretend that this is a happy day\". [ 123 ] 30 March: The government publishes the \"Great Repeal Bill\" white paper, laying out its plans for legislating on Brexit, including transferring EU regulations into UK legislation. [ 124 ] 18 April: After chairing a meeting of her cabinet, May announces her intention to call a  snap general election  on 8 June. [ 125 ] 19 April: In the House of Commons, MPs pass a motion for an early general election, providing the legal framework for one to be held on 8 June. [ 126 ] 16 May: The Labour Party launches its manifesto for the election, which includes accepting the referendum result. [ 127 ] 18 May: The Conservatives publish their manifesto. The document repeats May's earlier commitment that the UK \"will no longer be members of the single market or customs union\", [ 128 ]  and proposes new changes to social care: in the  means test  for receiving free care in their own home, a person's property would be included as well as their savings and income. [ 129 ] 22 May: Following a backlash to the proposed reforms, May announces an \"absolute limit\" on the amount of money that a person would have to pay for social care. [ 130 ] 8 June: The  general election  is held, with 32,204,184 votes being cast for a turnout of 68.7%. [ 131 ]  The Conservatives win 318 seats in total, a net loss of 13. Although still the largest party in the House of Commons, they no longer have a parliamentary majority, resulting in a hung parliament. [ 132 ] In June 2017,  Theresa May (right)  signalled her intention to enter into a confidence-and-supply arrangement with  Arlene Foster (left)  of the  Democratic Unionist Party . 9 June: As leader of the largest party in the Commons, May is invited by the Queen to form a new government. She signals her intention to enter into a confidence-and-supply arrangement with the  Democratic Unionist Party  (DUP) of Northern Ireland, led by  Arlene Foster . [ 133 ] 19 June: Davis travels to Brussels for the first round of Brexit negotiations with Barnier. [ 134 ] 21 June: In the Queen's Speech, eight bills that prepare the UK for Brexit are announced. [ 135 ] 26 June: The  Conservative–DUP agreement  is finalised, with the DUP agreeing to support the Conservatives on legislation relating to security and Brexit. [ 136 ] 13 July: In Parliament, the government introduces the Great Repeal Bill (now called the  European Union (Withdrawal) Bill ) to the House of Commons. [ 137 ] 27 July: Rudd commissions the  Migration Advisory Committee  to produce a report analysing the social and economic contributions and costs of EU citizens in the UK. [ 138 ] 22 September: May delivers a speech from  Florence . She proposes a two-year \"transition\" period after Brexit, during which the current arrangements for market access will continue to apply. [ 139 ] An anti-Brexit protest in Manchester on 1 October 2017 [ 140 ] 1 October: An anti-Brexit march takes place outside the Conservative Party Conference in Manchester. Speeches are delivered by  Vince Cable , the leader of the Liberal Democrats, and the Conservative politician  Stephen Dorrell . [ 140 ] 8 December: The EU and UK publish a joint report on the progress made during the first round of negotiations, [ 141 ]  allowing them to move talks to the next stage. [ 142 ] 13 December: In the House of Commons, MPs vote on an amendment to the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill tabled by the MP  Dominic Grieve , which seeks to secure a \" meaningful vote \" on any withdrawal agreement. Eleven Conservative MPs vote in favour of the amendment, which passes by 309 votes to 305. It is May's first Commons defeat over Brexit legislation. [ 143 ] 15 December: The EU announces that \"sufficient progress\" has been made in the first phase of Brexit negotiations, and that talks can proceed to the second phase. [ 144 ] 17 February: Speaking at the  Munich Security Conference , May calls for continued co-operation on security after Brexit. [ 145 ] 20 February: Davis delivers a speech in Vienna, in which he pledges that Britain will keep co-operating with EU regulatory authorities in order to ensure a \"future economic partnership\". [ 146 ] 26 February: In a speech at  Coventry University , Corbyn confirms that Labour will support a customs union with the EU, and that his party will directly oppose May's refusal to enter one. [ 147 ] 28 February: The European Commission publish a 118-page proposed Brexit withdrawal agreement, which translates the joint report published on 8 December 2017 into a draft legal text. Speaking at  Prime Minister's Questions , May says that the Commission's proposed agreement would \"undermine the UK common market\". [ 148 ] 2 March: May gives a speech at  Mansion House, London , repeating that Britain will leave the single market and the customs union, and that the jurisdiction of the ECJ in the UK would end. Barnier welcomes this \"clarity\". [ 149 ] David Davis (left)  and  Michel Barnier (right)  announcing a \"broad agreement\" on the  Brexit withdrawal agreement  on 2 March 2018 [ 1 ] 19 March: In Brussels, Davis and Barnier announce that they have reached a \"broad agreement\" of the withdrawal agreement, and that a \"large part\" of it has been agreed. [ 1 ]  A draft version of the agreement is published. [ 150 ] 16 May: The European Union (Withdrawal) Bill enters its third reading at the House of Lords. [ 137 ]  The Lords propose 15 amendments to the bill. [ 151 ] 28 June: The bill is granted royal assent and becomes the  European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 . [ 137 ] 6 July: May chairs a meeting of her cabinet at  Chequers , the prime minister's country residence, to discuss and agree on a collective approach for future negotiations on Brexit. The agreement becomes known as the  Chequers plan . [ 152 ] 9 July:\n Davis resigns as Brexit secretary, followed by his deputy  Steve Baker . In his resignation letter, Davis criticises the Chequers plan, saying that it is \"certainly not returning control of our laws in any real sense\". [ 153 ]  May appoints  Dominic Raab  to replace him. [ 154 ] Johnson resigns as foreign secretary, stating in his letter than the Chequers plan \"sticks in the throat\". [ 155 ]  He is replaced by  Jeremy Hunt . [ 156 ] 20 July: As part of a two-day visit to Northern Ireland, May delivers a speech in Belfast calling for a new deal with the EU on the  Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border . [ 157 ] 24 July: The government publishes a white paper on how the withdrawal agreement will be put into law. [ 158 ] 23 August: Raab releases 25 \"technical notices\", which detail how individuals and businesses can prepare in the event that the UK leaves the EU without the withdrawal agreement being approved by both sides (known as a \" no-deal Brexit \"). [ 159 ] 19–20 September: Following a European Council meeting in  Salzburg , Tusk warns in a statement that the Chequers plan will not work as it \"risks undermining the single market\". [ 160 ] Chancellor Philip Hammond  holding up the  budget box  in  Downing Street  before delivering the  2018 budget  on 29 October [ 161 ] 29 October: In the  2018 budget , Hammond increases spending on preparations for Brexit by an additional £500 million. [ 161 ] 13 November: Using a  humble address , Labour tables a motion to force the government to publish the legal advice it has received on the withdrawal agreement before a Brexit deal is put to Parliament. After the DUP comes out in favour of the motion, ministers order Conservative MPs to abstain from voting on it, and it subsequently passes without a vote. [ 162 ] 14 November: The EU and UK negotiating teams agree on the draft text of the withdrawal agreement, which is published as a 585-page document. [ 163 ] 15 November: Four ministers, including Raab, resign from the government. Raab writes in his resignation letter that he \"cannot in good conscience\" support the agreement. [ 164 ] 16 November: May appoints  Steve Barclay  as the new Brexit secretary. [ 165 ] 25 November: EU leaders officially endorse the withdrawal agreement, with Juncker saying that it is \"the best deal possible\" and \"the only deal possible\". [ 166 ] 4 December: Five days of parliamentary debate on Brexit (scheduled for 4–6 and 10–11 December) begin. [ 167 ] 10 December: On the penultimate day of debate, May gives a statement to the House of Commons, stating that Parliament's first meaningful vote on the deal—scheduled for the following day—will be postponed so that she can seek \"further assurances\" from the EU. [ 168 ]  In a post on Twitter, Corbyn calls this a \"desperate step\". [ 169 ] 12 December:\n Graham Brady , chairman of the  1922 Committee , announces that he has received letters of no confidence in May from at least 48 Conservatives MPs, exceeding the threshold of 15% of all Conservative MPs. He declares that a  vote of no confidence  in May's leadership will be held between 18:00 and 20:00 that evening. [ 170 ] The confidence vote is held, with May winning by 200 to 117. [ 171 ] 9 January:\n The House of Commons begins a second five-day period of parliamentary debate on Brexit. [ 172 ] Grieve tables an amendment to a business motion saying that, if May loses the vote on her withdrawal agreement, she must return to the Commons with a new plan for Brexit within three working days, rather than the 21 days plus seven sitting days normally permitted. [ 173 ]  Grieve's amendment passes by 308 votes to 297. [ 174 ] 15 January:\n The first meaningful vote on the withdrawal agreement is held in the House of Commons. The government is defeated by 432 votes against to 202 in favour. With a margin of 230, it is the largest defeat of any government in the House of Commons. [ 175 ] Corbyn describes the defeat as \"catastrophic\", and tables a  vote of confidence in the government . [ 175 ] [ 176 ] 16 January: MPs vote in the confidence ballot brought by Corbyn. The DUP vote with the government, which wins by 325 to 306. [ 177 ] 21 January:\n May delivers a statement to the House of Commons on her government's approach to Brexit following the parliamentary defeat. [ 178 ] Speaking on the  BBC Two  documentary series  Inside Europe: Ten Years of Turmoil , Tusk claims that Cameron did not think he would need to hold the EU referendum, as he expected that, after the 2015 general election, he would enter into another coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, who would then block the poll. [ 179 ]  Tusk's claims are rejected on Twitter by  Craig Oliver , Cameron's former  Downing Street Director of Communications . [ 180 ] 29 January: The government tables a motion on its Brexit plans to the House of Commons, which votes on seven amendments to May's statement. Two amendments—one brought by Brady; the other by  Caroline Spelman —are passed. [ 181 ] 11 March: May travels to  Strasbourg  for a meeting on the withdrawal agreement with Juncker and Barnier. In a statement afterwards, she says that she has secured \"legally binding\" changes that \"strengthen and improve\" the Brexit deal. [ 182 ] 12 March: The House of Commons holds the second meaningful vote on the deal. MPs again reject the deal, this time by 391 votes against to 242 in favour, a majority of 149. [ 183 ] 13 March: Spelman's amendment to the government's Brexit plans—that the UK must not leave the EU without a deal—is debated by the House of Commons. MPs vote in favour of the amendment, thereby rejecting a no-deal Brexit, by 312 to 308. [ 184 ] 14 March: With the UK set to leave the EU on 29 March without a deal in place, MPs vote on an amended motion on whether Article 50 should be extended beyond 29 March. By 413 votes to 202, the motion passes. [ 185 ] 18 March: Citing a convention dating back to 1604,  John Bercow , the  speaker of the House of Commons , rules that the government cannot present the withdrawal agreement for a third meaningful vote without substantial changes to it first. [ 186 ] Theresa May 's letter to  Donald Tusk , requesting the first extension of the Article 50 period 20 March: May writes a letter to Tusk, requesting an extension of the Article 50 period until 30 June 2019. [ 187 ] 21 March: The European Council agree that the Article 50 period can be extended to 22 May if Parliament votes to accept the withdrawal agreement, but only to 12 April otherwise. [ 188 ] 23 March: A march organised by the group  People's Vote —who are campaigning for another referendum on Brexit—takes place in London. [ 189 ]  Researchers at  Manchester Metropolitan University  estimate the number in attendance to be between 312,000 and 400,000. [ 190 ] 27 March:\n Bercow selects eight Brexit plans from MPs that might win the support of the majority of the House of Commons. MPs debate and vote on all eight options in a series of \" indicative votes \", but each one is rejected by the House. [ 191 ] Speaking to the 1922 Committee, May promises to resign as Conservative leader and prime minister if MPs pass the withdrawal agreement. [ 192 ] 29 March:\n This is the day that the Article 50 period was originally planned to end and Brexit would take place. [ 193 ] Parliament votes for a third time on the Brexit deal. This time, the deal is rejected by 344 votes against to 286 in favour. [ 194 ] 1 April: Bercow selects another four possible Brexit plans from MPs, which are then debated and voted on. All four are defeated. [ 195 ] 2 April: In a televised address from 10 Downing Street, May reveals that she will ask for a further extension to Article 50, and offers to meet with Corbyn to get a deal through Parliament. Corbyn welcomes her attempt to \"reach out\". [ 196 ] 5 April: May writes to Tusk and requests that Brexit be delayed until 30 June. [ 197 ] 10 April: The European Council meet, and agree that the Article 50 period be extended to 31 October 2019, or the first day of the month after a withdrawal agreement is agreed by both the UK and the EU. The EU leaders stress that, if the UK is still a member between 23 and 26 May, then it will have to hold  elections to the European Parliament . [ 198 ] 7 May: With the bipartisan talks between the Conservatives and Labour having not yet reached an agreement,  David Lidington ,  minister for the Cabinet Office , confirms that Britain will participate in the European Parliament elections. [ 199 ] 17 May: Talks between the Conservatives and Labour break down without an agreement, as Labour withdraws from them. [ 200 ] 21 May: May unveils a new withdrawal agreement: a package of 10 commitments aimed at reaching a compromise in Parliament. [ 201 ] 23 May: The UK holds elections to the European Parliament. At 37.2%, turnout is the second-highest in any European election in the country. [ 202 ]  The Conservatives lose 15 seats with a vote share of 9.1%, [ 203 ]  making it their worst result in a national election since 1832. [ 204 ] May declaring her resignation as prime minister on 24 May 2019 [ 205 ] 24 May: May announces that she will resign as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party, effective 7 June, and that she will continue as  caretaker prime minister  until a new leader is chosen. [ 205 ] 31 May: An opinion poll of voting intentions by the market research firm  YouGov  puts the Liberal Democrats in first place with 24%. [ 206 ]  It is the first time in nine years that such a poll has not been topped by either the Conservatives or Labour. [ 207 ] 7 June: Nominations open at 10:00 in the leadership election to replace May. They close again at 17:00, with ten candidates—including Johnson, Hunt, Gove, Raab and Leadsom—having received enough endorsements to be placed on the first ballot. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] 20 June: Johnson and Hunt are the only two remaining candidates in the contest, with the rest having either been eliminated or withdrawn. The winner is set to be selected in a ballot by members of the Conservative Party. [ 210 ] 2 July: EU leaders elect  Charles Michel  as the new president of the European Council, replacing Tusk. [ 211 ] 16 July:  Ursula von der Leyen  is elected the new president of the European Commission. She replaces Juncker. [ 212 ] 18 July: MPs approve, with a majority of 41, an amendment to the  Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019  that blocks  suspension of Parliament  between 9 October and 18 December, unless a new  Northern Ireland Executive  is formed. [ 213 ] 23 July: The result of ballot of Conservative Party members is announced at the Queen Elizabeth II Centre. With 92,153 votes to Hunt's 46,656, Johnson is elected the new leader of the party. [ 214 ] Johnson entering 10 Downing Street for the first time as prime minister on 24 July 2019 [ 215 ] 24 July:\n May offers her resignation to the Queen, and recommends that she invite Johnson to form a new government. [ 216 ] The Queen asks Johnson to form a government in her name, and he officially becomes prime minister. [ 215 ] 25 July: Johnson appoints  his cabinet . Barclay remains as Brexit secretary, while Raab becomes foreign secretary. [ 217 ] Steve Barclay  signing an order to repeal the  European Communities Act 1972  on 18 August 2019 [ 218 ] 18 August: Barclay signs an order to repeal the European Communities Act 1972, ending all EU laws in the country when Britain leaves the union. Speaking afterwards, he describes the signing as a \"landmark moment\". [ 218 ] 28 August: Johnson asks the Queen to prorogue Parliament, suspending parliamentary business from 9 September to 14 October. [ 219 ]  The Queen approves this timetable at a meeting of the  Privy Council  at  Balmoral Castle . [ 220 ] 2 September: In response to the prorogation,  Hilary Benn  publishes a draft text of the  European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill , which will legislate that, if a withdrawal agreement is not passed by Parliament by 19 October, then the prime minister must seek an extension to the Article 50 period to 31 January 2020. [ 221 ] 3 September:\n Phillip Lee , a Conservative MP,  crosses the floor  to join the Liberal Democrats. In doing so, Johnson loses his majority in the House of Commons. [ 222 ] Conservative MP  Oliver Letwin  tables a motion for Benn's bill to be passed through each stage of the House of Commons the following day. The motion passes by 328 to 301, with 21 Conservative MPs voting to support it. [ 223 ] 4 September:\n 5 September: Answering a question during a  Q&A  at a police training college in  Wakefield , Johnson asserts that he would rather be \"dead in a ditch\" than request another extension to the Article 50 period. [ 227 ] 6 September: A panel of three senior judges in the High Court in England reject an appeal brought by Miller against the prorogation,  R (Miller) v The Prime Minister , and rule that the decision is not justiciable, i.e., it is a political question rather than a legal one. The court therefore declines to intervene. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] John Bercow  announcing his resignation as  speaker of the House of Commons  on 9 September 2019 [ 230 ] 9 September:\n Benn's bill achieves royal assent and becomes the  European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019 . [ 231 ] Bercow announces his intention to resign as speaker of the house either before or on 31 October, the day that Britain is due to leave the EU. [ 230 ] On the advice of Johnson, the Queen  prorogues  Parliament until the Queen's Speech on 14 October. [ 232 ] 11 September: In the case of  Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland , appeal court judges in Scotland rule that Johnson's decision to prorogue Parliament is unlawful. The government say that they are disappointed in the decision, and will appeal it in the Supreme Court. [ 233 ] 24 September: The Supreme Court delivers its verdict on the  Miller  and the  Cherry  cases. Sitting  en banc  for only the second time in the court's history, the judges unanimously reverse the High Court's decision, saying that Johnson's decision is justiciable. They also rule that the prorogation was \"unlawful, null and of no effect\", i.e., Parliament was never prorogued. [ 229 ] 25 September: Following the Supreme Court's verdict, MPs are recalled to the House of Commons. [ 234 ] 3 October: In the House of Commons, Johnson gives a statement on his proposals for a new withdrawal agreement. [ 235 ] 8 October: In anticipation of the UK leaving the EU without an agreement, the government publishes the \"No-Deal Readiness Report\", outlining its plans for a no-deal Brexit. [ 236 ] 10 October: After three hours of discussion at  Thornton Manor  in  Liverpool , Johnson and Irish  Taoiseach Leo Varadkar  release a joint statement agreeing on \"a pathway to a possible deal\". [ 237 ] 14 October: Parliament returns for the Queen's Speech, which includes seven Brexit-related bills. [ 238 ] 17 October: The UK and European Commission agree on a revised withdrawal agreement containing a new  protocol on Northern Ireland . Juncker recommends to EU leaders that the deal is endorsed. [ 239 ] MPs debate the renegotiated Brexit deal in a rare Saturday sitting on 19 October 2019 [ 240 ] 19 October:\n MPs debate the new Brexit deal in a rare Saturday sitting in the House of Commons. To insure against Britain leaving the EU before the withdrawal agreement is ratified, Letwin tables a motion to delay consideration of the agreement until the legislation to implement it has been passed. [ 240 ]  Letwin's amendment passes by 322 votes in favour to 306 against, requiring Johnson, under the Benn Act, to request another extension to the Article 50 period. [ 241 ] Johnson sends two letters to Tusk: an unsigned official request to delay Brexit until 31 January 2020, and a signed personal letter explaining his opposition to the delay. [ 242 ] 21 October: Bercow refuses a request from the government for a new vote on the withdrawal proposal, applying the convention that a motion that is the same \"in substance\" as an earlier one cannot be brought back during the course of a single parliamentary session. [ 243 ] 22 October: Speaking in the House of Commons, Johnson announces that the government will pause legislation related to the Brexit deal and will instead \"accelerate\" preparations for a no-deal Brexit. [ 244 ] 24 October: Johnson asks Corbyn in a letter to support a government motion for an early general election on 12 December. Corbyn insists that he would not support a general election until the possibility of a no-deal Brexit is removed first. [ 245 ] 28 October:\n Tusk confirms in a post on Twitter that the leaders of the EU nations have agreed to delay Brexit until 31 January 2020. [ 246 ] In the House of Commons, the government motion for an early general election on 12 December. Conservative MPs vote in favour, but Labour abstain, and the motion receives only 299 votes, fewer than the two-thirds threshold required under the  Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011  (434 votes). [ 247 ] 29 October: The government introduces the  Early Parliamentary General Election Bill  to set aside the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 and hold a general election on 12 December. MPs vote in favour of the bill by 438 to 20. [ 248 ] 31 October: The bill is given royal assent and becomes the  Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 . A general election will now be held on 12 December. [ 249 ] 4 November: Replacing Bercow,  Lindsay Hoyle  is elected the new speaker of the House of Commons. [ 250 ] 21 November: At an event at  Birmingham City University , Corbyn launches Labour's \"most radical\" manifesto in decades. [ 251 ]  On Brexit, the manifesto says that Labour would renegotiate a new Brexit deal by March and then put that deal to the public in a referendum within six months. [ 252 ] 24 November: Johnson unveils the Conservatives' manifesto at the Telford International Centre. He pledges that, if the Conservatives win a majority, he will bring the withdrawal agreement back to Parliament for a vote before Christmas and that the UK will leave the EU by 31 January 2020. [ 253 ] Corbyn presenting the leaked document from  HM Treasury  on 6 December 2019 [ 254 ] 6 December: Corbyn accuses Johnson of misrepresenting the impact of his Brexit agreement, as he reveals a leaked document from  HM Treasury  suggesting that prices will rise and businesses will struggle in Northern Ireland. [ 254 ] 11 December: At a  photo op  at a catering company in  Derby , Johnson removes a pie from an oven as a metaphor for the Conservatives' \"oven-ready\" Brexit deal. [ 255 ] 12 December: The  general election  is held. A total of 32,014,110 votes are cast for a turnout of 67.3%. [ 256 ]  The Conservatives win 365 seats, giving them a majority of 80 in the House of Commons. Labour win 203 seats, a net loss of 59. [ 257 ] 13 December: Following Labour's losses at the election, Corbyn reveals that he will stand down as party leader. [ 258 ] 20 December: MPs vote in the House of Commons on the  European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill , which would ratify the withdrawal agreement into law. With the Conservatives now having an 80-seat majority, the bill passes its second reading by 358 votes in favour to 234 against, setting Britain on course to leave the EU on 31 January 2020. [ 259 ] Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement on 24 January 2020 [ 264 ] 24 January: Von der Leyen and Michel sign the withdrawal agreement in the EU's  Europa building  in Brussels. The document is then delivered in a  diplomatic bag  to Johnson in 10 Downing Street, who also signs it. [ 264 ] 27 January: Johnson appoints  David Frost  to lead trade negotiation with the EU on his behalf. [ 265 ] 28 January:  Chris Pincher ,  Minister of State for Europe and the Americas , becomes the final UK minister to attend an EU meeting as he speaks at the  General Affairs Council  in Brussels. [ 266 ] 29 January: MEPs vote to ratify the withdrawal agreement by 621 votes in favour to 49 against. It is the final time that MEPs from the UK sit in the European Parliament. [ 267 ] 30 January: By responding via email to four  yes–no questions , the remaining members of the EU conclude the ratification of the withdrawal agreement. [ 268 ] Thousands gather in  Parliament Square  to mark the moment that the UK officially leaves the EU at 23:00 on 31 January 2020 [ 269 ] 31 January: The UK officially withdraws from the EU at 23:00 GMT. Thousands of Brexit supporters gather in  Parliament Square  to celebrate the moment. A transition period, where most EU laws will continue to be in force until 31 December, begins. [ 269 ] 2 March: Trade talks on the UK and EU's future relationship, led by Barnier and Frost, begin. [ 270 ] 12 March: As a result of the  COVID-19 pandemic , the UK and EU call off the second round of face-to-face trade talks, and decide instead to explore continuing the negotiations through  video conferencing . [ 271 ] 30 March: The  Withdrawal Agreement Joint Committee —a  joint committee  co-chaired by both the EU and UK, set up to implement the withdrawal agreement—meets for the first time. [ 272 ] 12 June: At a meeting of the joint committee, Gove formally confirms that the UK will not extend the transition period beyond 31 December. [ 273 ] 15 June: Johnson, von der Leyen, Michel and  President of the European Parliament David Sassoli  meet for high-level talks by video conference. In a joint statement afterwards, both sides agreed that the negotiations had been \"constructive\", but that \"new momentum\" was needed. [ 274 ] 8 September: Speaking in the House of Commons,  Brandon Lewis ,  Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , says that proposed legislation for the UK's internal market breaks international law \"in a very specific and limited way\". [ 275 ] 9 September: The proposed legislation—now called the  United Kingdom Internal Market Bill —is published. [ 276 ] 10 September: Following a meeting between Gove and European Commission Vice-President  Maroš Šefčovič , a statement from the European Commission warns that adopting the bill would violate the withdrawal agreement and break international law. [ 277 ] 16 September: Referencing the internal market bill in her first annual  State of the Union  address, von der Leyen warns the government against reneging on the withdrawal agreement, and says that it cannot be \"unilaterally changed, disregarded, disapplied\". [ 278 ] 29 September: The bill passes its third reading in House of Commons by 340 votes to 256. [ 279 ] 1 October: Speaking in Brussels, von der Leyen announces that the European Commission has launched legal action against the UK over the internal market bill by writing a letter of formal notice to the government, the first step in an infringement procedure. [ 280 ] 16 October: In a televised statement, Johnson warns that there will be no more trade negotiations unless there is \"fundamental change\" to the EU's approach, and that the UK should prepare for a no-deal Brexit. [ 281 ] 7 November: Johnson and von der Leyen agree to trade negotiations continuing into the following week, and promise to \"redouble\" the efforts to reach a deal. [ 282 ] 4 December: Barnier and Frost pause negotiations, saying that the conditions to reach an agreement have not been met. [ 283 ] Johnson speaking with  President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen  on 7 December 2020 [ 284 ] 7 December: Von der Leyen and Johnson speak by phone, then say afterwards that significant differences on three issues—fair-competition rules, fishing rights and the governance of future disputes—still remain in the way of a free trade deal. [ 284 ] 9 December: Johnson travels to Brussels for a three-hour working dinner with von der Leyen. The deadlock is not broken, but both sides agree to a final decision before a deadline of 13 December. [ 285 ] 13 December: Following a phone call between the pair, Johnson and von der Leyen say that negotiations will continue beyond the deadline. Johnson says that the two sides are \"very far apart on some key issues\", and that Britain should prepare for tariffs under  World Trade Organization  terms after the end of the transition period. [ 286 ] 17 December:\n Speaking on behalf of Johnson, a Downing Street spokeswoman says that it is very likely that a trade agreement will not be reached, as negotiations are in a \"serious situation\". [ 287 ] The United Kingdom Internal Market Bill achieves royal assent and becomes the  United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020 . [ 288 ] 24 December: The UK and EU reach an agreement on a post-Brexit free trade deal, called the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Although the text of the agreement has yet to be released, the deal has been agreed in principle, allowing goods to be sold without tariffs or quotas. Johnson hails the deal as \"fantastic news\". [ 289 ] [ 290 ] 26 December: The full text of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, running to more than 1,200 pages, is released. [ 291 ] 30 December: The government introduces a bill to Parliament to implement the trade deal, with the intention of its passing through all stages in one day. MPs in the House of Commons vote on the bill by 521 in favour to 78 against. [ 292 ] 31 December:\n Brexit has had lasting impacts on both the EU and UK, and will continue to for many years. [ 296 ] [ 297 ] [ 298 ]  The broad consensus of economists is that leaving the EU has had a substantially negative effect on the UK's economy. [ 2 ]  In a January 2021 survey of leading US and European economists, 86% expected that the UK's economy would be several percentage points smaller by 2030 than it would have been if it had remained in the bloc. [ 299 ]  Two years later, in February 2023, an analysis by  Bloomberg Economics  concluded that Brexit was costing the UK £100 billion a year in lost output, leaving the country's economy 4% smaller than it otherwise would have been. [ 3 ]  Similarly, the  Office for Budget Responsibility  has also forecasted that Brexit will cause Britain's economy to be 4% smaller, [ 4 ]  and exports and imports to be 15% lower. [ 300 ] As of 2023 [update] , public opinion of Brexit has also shifted. From 2016 to 2021, views within Britain remained relatively evenly split, with analysts attributing changing patterns to the declining population of elderly Brexit-supporting voters and an increasing number of younger Remain supporters reaching voting age. [ 2 ] [ 301 ]  From 2022 onwards, public opinion changed, with polling conducted by YouGov finding that the public felt that the UK was wrong to leave the EU by 56% to 32%, and that a quarter of Brexit supporters regretted their vote. [ 2 ] [ 302 ]  Among Leave voters who regretted their decision, the most common reasons were a feeling that things had gotten worse since the referendum, and concerns over the economy and  cost of living . [ 303 ]  In January 2023, a similar poll by  UnHerd  and  Focaldata  concluded that in all but three of Britain's 632 constituencies, a plurality of people agreed that the UK was wrong to leave the EU. [ 304 ] [ 305 ] In May 2025, a  new EU–UK deal  that addresses fishing rights, trade, defence and import–export conflicts was announced by von der Leyen and Prime Minister  Keir Starmer . [ 306 ]  The deal brings ties between the EU and the UK closer, with border checks dropped and EU access to UK fishing stock restored. Additionally, a new agreement meant that the UK could once again sell raw burgers and sausages back into the EU for the first time since Brexit. Defence ties were re-formalised, the ability to work and travel was restored, and the UK and EU linked their carbon markets to avoid taxes on carbon-intensive goods such as steel and cement travelling between the two blocs. [ 307 ] Similar timelines","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages)\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/wikipedia.png) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Timeline+of+Brexit \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Timeline+of+Brexit \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[2\\.1 2013](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#2013)\n  - [2\\.2 2014](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#2014)\n  - [2\\.3 2015](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#2015)\n  - [2\\.4 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#2016)\n- [3 Post-referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#Post-referendum)\n  Toggle Post-referendum subsection\n  - [3\\.1 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#2016_2)\n  - [3\\.2 2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#2017)\n  - [3\\.3 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#2018)\n  - [3\\.4 2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#2019)\n  - [3\\.5 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#2020)\n- [4 Transition period](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#Transition_period)\n  Toggle Transition period subsection\n  - [4\\.1 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#2020_2)\n- [5 Aftermath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#Aftermath)\n- [6 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#See_also)\n- [7 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#References)\n- [8 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Timeline of Brexit\n1 language\n\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chronologie_du_Brexit \"Chronologie du Brexit – French\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q85809648#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Timeline_of_Brexit \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Timeline_of_Brexit \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Timeline_of_Brexit \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&oldid=1301903312 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Timeline_of_Brexit&id=1301903312&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTimeline_of_Brexit)\n- [Download QR code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTimeline_of_Brexit)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q85809648 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[![This is a featured list. 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Click here for more information.\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Part of [a series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Brexit \"Category:Brexit\") of articles on |   |\n| [Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg\/120px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png) |   |\n| [Withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union \"Withdrawal from the European Union\") of the [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") from the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\")  [Glossary of terms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms \"Glossary of Brexit terms\") |   |\n| [Background](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Background \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [European Communities Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_Act_1972_\\(UK\\) \"European Communities Act 1972 (UK)\") [1975 EC membership referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum \"1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum\") [UK rebate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_rebate \"UK rebate\") [Bruges speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruges_speech \"Bruges speech\") [No. No. No.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._No._No._\\(Margaret_Thatcher\\) \"No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)\") [Maastricht Rebels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Rebels \"Maastricht Rebels\") [Black Wednesday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Wednesday \"Black Wednesday\") [European Union (Amendment) Act 2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_2008 \"European Union (Amendment) Act 2008\") [European Union Act 2011](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Act_2011 \"European Union Act 2011\") [UK opt-outs from EU legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation \"United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation\") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom\") [UK opinion polling on EU membership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union \"Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union\") Campaigns for a referendum [People's Pledge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Pledge \"People's Pledge\") [Labour for a Referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_for_a_Referendum \"Labour for a Referendum\") [Bloomberg speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_speech \"Bloomberg speech\") *[In or Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out \"The European Union: In or Out\")* [2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 \"European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14\") (unsuccessful) [2014 European Parliament election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") 2014 UK Parliament by-elections [Clacton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Clacton_by-election \"2014 Clacton by-election\") [Heywood and Middleton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election \"2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election\") [Rochester and Strood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election \"2014 Rochester and Strood by-election\") [2015 UK general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") [2015–16 EU membership renegotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") |   |\n| [2016 referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [EU Referendum Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 \"European Union Referendum Act 2015\") ([Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Act_2016_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)\")) [EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_\\(Date_of_Referendum_etc.\\)_Regulations_2016 \"European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016\") [EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_European_Union_Referendum_\\(Conduct\\)_Regulations_2016 \"The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016\") [Issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Endorsements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Opinion polling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [UK Government pro-EU leaflet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pro-EU_leaflet \"Pro-EU leaflet\") **[Campaigns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\")** **Leave campaigns** **[Vote Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vote_Leave \"Vote Leave\")** (official) [Business for Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_for_Britain \"Business for Britain\") [Conservatives for Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservatives_for_Britain \"Conservatives for Britain\") [BeLeave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BeLeave \"BeLeave\") [Leave.EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leave.EU \"Leave.EU\") [Bpoplive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bpoplive \"Bpoplive\") [The Freedom Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Freedom_Association \"The Freedom Association\") [Better Off Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Better_Off_Out \"Better Off Out\") [Grassroots Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grassroots_Out \"Grassroots Out\") [Labour Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Leave \"Labour Leave\") [Get Britain Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Get_Britain_Out \"Get Britain Out\") [Bruges Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruges_Group_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Bruges Group (United Kingdom)\") [Campaign for an Independent Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain \"Campaign for an Independent Britain\") *[Brexit: The Movie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit:_The_Movie \"Brexit: The Movie\")* **Remain campaigns** **[Britain Stronger in Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe \"Britain Stronger in Europe\")** (official) [Labour In for Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_In_for_Britain \"Labour In for Britain\") [European Movement UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Movement_UK \"European Movement UK\") [Britain in Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britain_in_Europe \"Britain in Europe\") [British Influence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Influence \"British Influence\") [Business for New Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_for_New_Europe \"Business for New Europe\") [Nucleus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nucleus_\\(advocacy_group\\) \"Nucleus (advocacy group)\") [Project Fear](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Fear \"Project Fear\") **Outcome** [Results](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Causes for result](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit \"Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit\") [International reactions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Immediate aftermath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [2016 Conservative Party election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2016 Conservative Party leadership election\") [2016 Labour Party election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\\(UK\\) \"2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)\") [2016 UKIP election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election \"July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election\") [Department for Exiting the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Department for Exiting the European Union\") [Department for International Trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_for_International_Trade \"Department for International Trade\") [Allegations of unlawful campaigning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum \"Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum\") [Alleged Russian interference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum \"Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum\") |   |\n| [Notice of withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\") [Article 50 process](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union \"Withdrawal from the European Union\") [*Miller* case (Article 50)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\") [EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\\)_Act_2017 \"European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017\") [Brexit plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_plan \"Brexit plan\") [Repeal Bill plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repeal_Bill_plan \"Repeal Bill plan\") [2017 UK general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2017 United Kingdom general election\") |   |\n| [Negotiations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\") Negotiation positions [EU negotiation mandate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit \"European Union negotiating directives for Brexit\") [Chequers agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chequers_agreement \"Chequers agreement\") Timeline: [2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017 \"Brexit negotiations in 2017\"), [2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 \"Brexit negotiations in 2018\"), [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 \"Brexit negotiations in 2019\") [2019 European Parliament election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") [2019 UK general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\") |   |\n| [Withdrawal agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Brexit withdrawal agreement\") [Brexit divorce bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_divorce_bill \"Brexit divorce bill\") [Fish for finance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_for_finance \"Fish for finance\") [Irish backstop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_backstop \"Irish backstop\") [No-deal Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-deal_Brexit \"No-deal Brexit\") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\") [Northern Ireland Protocol Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill \"Northern Ireland Protocol Bill\") [Windsor Framework](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsor_Framework \"Windsor Framework\") |   |\n| [Legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit \"Parliamentary votes on Brexit\") [Withdrawal Act 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2018 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018\") ([Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)\")) [Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018 \"Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018\") [Cooper–Letwin Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019\") [Benn Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_\\(No._2\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019\") [2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs \"2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs\") [Public Vote Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_\\(Public_Vote\\)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319 \"European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19\") (not passed) [Terms of Withdrawal Bills](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_\\(Referendum\\)_Bills \"Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills\") (not passed) [Scottish EU Continuity Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Legal_Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Bill \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill\") (blocked) [Withdrawal Agreement Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020\") ([Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)\")) [Scottish EU Continuity Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Act_2021 \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021\") [Internal Market Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 \"United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020\") [EU (Future Relationship) Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Future_Relationship\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020\") [Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retained_EU_Law_\\(Revocation_and_Reform\\)_Act_2023 \"Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023\") |   |\n| [Impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_Brexit \"Impact of Brexit\") [Impact on the Irish border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border \"Brexit and the Irish border\") [Good Friday Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Good_Friday_Agreement \"Good Friday Agreement\") [Impact on the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union \"Impact of Brexit on the European Union\") [Economic effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_effects_of_Brexit \"Economic effects of Brexit\") [Effects on Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar \"Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar\") [Scientific cooperation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology \"Brexit and arrangements for science and technology\") [Effects on popular culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_in_popular_culture \"Brexit in popular culture\") [Retained EU law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retained_EU_law_\\(UK_Law\\) \"Retained EU law (UK Law)\") [2021 Jersey dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Jersey_dispute \"2021 Jersey dispute\") |   |\n| [EU–UK relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union \"Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union\") [Relations pre- and post-Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations \"United Kingdom–European Union relations\") [EU–UK trade negotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU \"Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU\") [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") (TCA) [Partnership Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council \"EU–UK Partnership Council\") [Partnership Assembly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly \"EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly\") **Relations with EU member states** [Austria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Austria–United Kingdom relations\") [Belgium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Belgium–United Kingdom relations\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations\") [Croatia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croatia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Croatia–United Kingdom relations\") [Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Cyprus–United Kingdom relations\") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia \"Akrotiri and Dhekelia\") [Czech Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations\") [Denmark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Denmark–United Kingdom relations\") [Estonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estonia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Estonia–United Kingdom relations\") [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"France–United Kingdom relations\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Germany–United Kingdom relations\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greece%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Greece–United Kingdom relations\") [Hungary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hungary%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Hungary–United Kingdom relations\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Ireland–United Kingdom relations\") [Ireland–UK border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border \"Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border\") [British–Irish Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council \"British–Irish Council\") [North\/South Ministerial Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North\/South_Ministerial_Council \"North\/South Ministerial Council\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Italy–United Kingdom relations\") [Lithuania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Lithuania–United Kingdom relations\") [Malta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Malta–United Kingdom relations\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Netherlands–United Kingdom relations\") [Poland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Poland–United Kingdom relations\") [Portugal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Portugal–United Kingdom relations\") [Romania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Romania–United Kingdom relations\") [Slovakia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Slovakia–United Kingdom relations\") [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Spain–United Kingdom relations\") [Status of Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Status_of_Gibraltar \"Status of Gibraltar\") [Gibraltar–Spain border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border \"Gibraltar–Spain border\") [Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sweden%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Sweden–United Kingdom relations\") [Conjectured EEA membership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Membership_of_United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Economic_Area \"Membership of United Kingdom in the European Economic Area\") |   |\n| [Opposition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opposition_to_Brexit \"Opposition to Brexit\") [Post-referendum opinion polling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_\\(2016%E2%80%93present\\) \"Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016–present)\") New initiatives [Change Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Change_Britain \"Change Britain\") [More United](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/More_United \"More United\") [Open Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Britain \"Open Britain\") *[The New European](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_European \"The New European\")* [Unite to Remain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unite_to_Remain \"Unite to Remain\") [Led By Donkeys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Led_By_Donkeys \"Led By Donkeys\") [Revoke Article 50 petition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition \"Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition\") *[Postcards from the 48%](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postcards_from_the_48%25 \"Postcards from the 48%\")* [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum \"Proposed second Scottish independence referendum\") **Calls for a [second referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement\")** **[People's Vote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Vote \"People's Vote\")** [Britain for Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britain_for_Europe \"Britain for Europe\") [European Movement UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Movement_UK \"European Movement UK\") [For our Future's Sake](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/For_our_Future%27s_Sake \"For our Future's Sake\") [Healthier IN the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Healthier_IN_the_EU \"Healthier IN the EU\") [InFacts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/InFacts \"InFacts\") [Open Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Britain \"Open Britain\") [Our Future Our Choice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Our_Future_Our_Choice \"Our Future Our Choice\") [Scientists for EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientists_for_EU \"Scientists for EU\") Other organisations [Best for Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Best_for_Britain \"Best for Britain\") [Bollocks to Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bollocks_to_Brexit \"Bollocks to Brexit\") [Change UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Change_UK \"Change UK\") [Liberal Democrats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberal_Democrats_\\(UK\\)#Opposing_Brexit_\\(2015%E2%80%93present\\) \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") [Right to Vote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_to_Vote \"Right to Vote\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Bloomberg speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_speech \"Bloomberg speech\") | Jan 2013 |\n| [Referendum Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 \"European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14\") blocked | Jan 2014 |\n| [European Parliament election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") | May 2014 |\n| [2015 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") | May 2015 |\n| Renegotiation begins | Jun 2015 |\n| [Referendum Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 \"European Union Referendum Act 2015\") passed | Dec 2015 |\n| [Renegotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") concluded | Feb 2016 |\n| [Referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") held | Jun 2016 |\n| [David Cameron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") resigns as [PM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") | Jul 2016 |\n| [Theresa May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") [becomes PM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2016 Conservative Party leadership election\") | Jul 2016 |\n| [Article 50 judgement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\") | Jan 2017 |\n| [Brexit plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_plan \"Brexit plan\") presented | Feb 2017 |\n| [Notification Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\\)_Act_2017 \"European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017\") passed | Mar 2017 |\n| [Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\") invoked | Mar 2017 |\n| [Repeal Bill plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repeal_Bill_plan \"Repeal Bill plan\") presented | Mar 2017 |\n| [2017 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2017 United Kingdom general election\") | Jun 2017 |\n| [Brexit negotiations begin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\") | Jun 2017 |\n| [Withdrawal Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2018 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018\") passed | Jun 2018 |\n| [Chequers plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chequers_agreement \"Chequers agreement\") presented | Jul 2018 |\n| [Withdrawal agreement plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan \"Brexit withdrawal agreement plan\") presented | July 2018 |\n| [Withdrawal agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Brexit withdrawal agreement\") released | Nov 2018 |\n| [Scottish Continuity Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Legal_Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Bill_2018 \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018\") blocked | Dec 2018 |\n| [Meaningful votes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit \"Parliamentary votes on Brexit\") | Jan–Mar 2019 |\n| [Brexit delayed until 12 April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit#Vote_on_extending_Article_50_\\(14_March_2019\\) \"Parliamentary votes on Brexit\") | Mar 2019 |\n| [Cooper–Letwin Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019\") passed | Apr 2019 |\n| [Brexit delayed until 31 October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019#Motion_under_the_Act \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019\") | Apr 2019 |\n| [European Parliament election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") | May 2019 |\n| Theresa May resigns as [PM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") | Jul 2019 |\n| [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\") [becomes PM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2019 Conservative Party leadership election\") | Jul 2019 |\n| [Prorogation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_British_prorogation_controversy \"2019 British prorogation controversy\") and [annulment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland \"R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland\") | Aug–Sep 2019 |\n| [Benn Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_\\(No._2\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019\") passed | Sep 2019 |\n| Withdrawal agreement [revised](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019 \"Brexit withdrawal agreement\") | Oct 2019 |\n| [Brexit delayed until 31 January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_\\(No._2\\)_Act_2019#Outcome \"European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019\") | Oct 2019 |\n| [2019 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\") | Dec 2019 |\n| [Agreement Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020\") passed | Jan 2020 |\n| UK leaves the European Union | Jan 2020 |\n| Implementation period begins | Jan 2020 |\n| [UK–EU trade deal agreed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") | Dec 2020 |\n| [Future Relationship Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Future_Relationship\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020\") passed | Dec 2020 |\n| [Scottish Continuity Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Act_2021 \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021\") passed | Dec 2020 |\n| Implementation period ends | Dec 2020 |\n| New EU–UK relationship begins | Jan 2021 |\n| UK–EU trade deal ratified | Apr 2021 |\n| [Windsor Framework](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsor_Framework \"Windsor Framework\") released | Feb 2023 |\n| Windsor framework adopted | Mar 2023 |\n| ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/20px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [EU portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:European_Union \"Portal:European Union\") ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [UK portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:United_Kingdom \"Portal:United Kingdom\") |   |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Brexit_sidebar \"Template:Brexit sidebar\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Brexit_sidebar \"Template talk:Brexit sidebar\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Brexit_sidebar \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Brexit sidebar\") |   |\n\n[Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") was the [withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union \"Withdrawal from the European Union\") of the United Kingdom from the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") at 23:00 [GMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenwich_Mean_Time \"Greenwich Mean Time\") on 31 January 2020 (00:00 1 February 2020 [CET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_European_Time \"Central European Time\")). As of 2020[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit), the UK is the only member state to have left the EU. Britain [entered](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities \"Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities\") the predecessor to the EU, the [European Communities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities \"European Communities\") (EC), on 1 January 1973. Following this, [Eurosceptic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom\") groups grew in popularity in the UK, opposing aspects of both the EC and the EU. As Euroscepticism increased during the early 2010s, [Prime Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") [David Cameron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") delivered [a speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_speech \"Bloomberg speech\") in January 2013 at [Bloomberg London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_London \"Bloomberg London\"), in which he called for reform of the EU and promised an in–out referendum on the UK's membership if the [Conservative Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservative_Party_\\(UK\\) \"Conservative Party (UK)\") won a majority at the [2015 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\"). The Conservatives won 330 seats at the election, giving Cameron a majority of 12, and a bill to hold a referendum was introduced to [Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\") that month.\n\nIn February 2016, Cameron set the date of [the referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") to be 23 June that year, and a period of campaigning began. A total of 33,577,342 votes were cast in the poll, with 51.89% voting for Britain to leave the EU. Cameron announced his resignation as prime minister the next day, with [Theresa May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") taking over the position on 13 July. On 29 March the following year, May delivered a letter to [Donald Tusk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_Tusk \"Donald Tusk\"), the [President of the European Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_European_Council \"President of the European Council\"), which officially commenced the UK's withdrawal from the EU and began a two-year negotiating process.\n\n[Brexit negotiations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\") between the UK and the EU began in June 2017, and, by March the following year, a \"large part\" of the [withdrawal agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Brexit withdrawal agreement\") had been agreed.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Radosavljevic-1) On 25 November, the leaders of the remaining 27 EU countries officially endorsed the deal, with May putting it to Parliament in January 2019. The vote on the withdrawal agreement was defeated by 432 votes to 202, the biggest defeat of any government in the [House of Commons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Commons \"House of Commons\"). Two further votes on the deal—on 12 and 29 March—also resulted in large defeats for May.\n\nFollowing these defeats, on 24 May the Prime Minister announced her resignation. A [leadership contest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2019 Conservative Party leadership election\") began, which was won by [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\") on 24 July. With the Brexit deadlock still not broken, on 29 October the [Members of Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Member_of_Parliament_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\") (MPs) voted in favour of holding a general election on 12 December. The Conservative Party won 365 seats in the election, giving them a majority of 80 seats. With a majority in the House of Commons now, Johnson's withdrawal agreement was voted through Parliament, and the UK officially left the EU at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020. A [transition period](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Transition_period \"Brexit withdrawal agreement\")—in which Britain remained a part of the [European single market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_single_market \"European single market\") and the [European Union Customs Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Customs_Union \"European Union Customs Union\")—began, as did [negotiation on a new trade deal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU \"Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU\").\n\nAfter negotiations throughout 2020, the [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") was announced on 24 December, allowing goods to be sold between the two markets without tariffs or quotas. At 23:00 on 31 December 2020, the transition period ended, and the UK formally completed its separation from the EU. As of 2023[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit), the broad consensus of economists is that leaving the EU has had a substantially negative effect on the UK's economy, which is expected to be several percentage points smaller than it would have been if it had remained in the bloc.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Week_2-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Goncalves-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sleigh-4)\n\n## Background\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Background\")\\]\n\n### United Kingdom–European Union relations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: United Kingdom–European Union relations\")\\]\n\nMain article: [United Kingdom–European Union relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations \"United Kingdom–European Union relations\")\n\n[![Colour photograph of a copy of the Maastricht Treaty in the Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte in October 2019](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG\/330px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_\\(Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte;_Vertrag_von_Maastricht\\)_\\(cropped\\).JPG)\n\nThe [Maastricht Treaty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Treaty \"Maastricht Treaty\") *(pictured)*, signed on 7 February 1992, legally established the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\").[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Palmer,_John-5)\n\nThe UK entered the EC on 1 January 1973, following the ratification of the [Treaty of Accession 1972](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 \"Treaty of Accession 1972\"), signed by the Conservative Prime Minister [Edward Heath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Heath \"Edward Heath\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-OCarroll-6) Two years later, on 5 June 1975, a [national referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum \"1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum\") endorsed the UK's continued membership of the EC, with 67.23% voting that the country should remain in the EC.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hill-7) Over the following decades, [Eurosceptic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom\") attitudes began to develop within Britain's two main political parties, the Conservatives and the [Labour Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Party_\\(UK\\) \"Labour Party (UK)\"). In the [1983 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1983 United Kingdom general election\"), Labour's campaign manifesto vowed to withdraw from the EC within the lifetime of the following Parliament.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Clark-8) The manifesto was dubbed \"[the longest suicide note in history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_longest_suicide_note_in_history \"The longest suicide note in history\")\", and the election was won by the Conservatives, led by the incumbent prime minister, [Margaret Thatcher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\").[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hope-9) Thatcher continued to serve as prime minister until she resigned on 22 November 1990, amid divisions within the Conservative Party over the UK's involvement in Europe.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Kirkup-10) Two years later, the [Maastricht Treaty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Treaty \"Maastricht Treaty\") was signed by the 12 member states of the EC, including the UK, which began the formal establishment of the European Union.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Palmer,_John-5)\n\n### Political history of the United Kingdom (2005–13)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Political history of the United Kingdom (2005–13)\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_\\(1979%E2%80%93present\\) \"Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)\")\n\n[![Colour photograph of David Cameron and Nick Clegg standing behind podiums in February 2015](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4a\/PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg\/330px-PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg)\n\nPrime Minister [David Cameron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") *(left)* and Deputy Prime Minister [Nick Clegg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nick_Clegg \"Nick Clegg\") *(right)* in February 2015, during the period of the [Cameron–Clegg coalition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition \"Cameron–Clegg coalition\")\n\nOn 6 December 2005, David Cameron, the MP for [Witney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Witney_\\(UK_Parliament_constituency\\) \"Witney (UK Parliament constituency)\"), was elected as [leader of the Conservative Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_\\(UK\\) \"Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)\"), beating [David Davis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Davis_\\(British_politician\\) \"David Davis (British politician)\") in the final round.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_36-11) After serving as [leader of the opposition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leader_of_the_Opposition_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)\") for nearly five years, Cameron led his party into the [2010 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2010 United Kingdom general election\") on 6 May that year.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hough-12) The Conservatives gained 97 seats for a total of 307, making them the largest party in Parliament.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_17-13) Labour, who had been in government before the election, won 258 seats, while the [Liberal Democrats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberal_Democrats_\\(UK\\) \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\"), with 57 seats, were the third-largest party.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_17-13) With no single party having won enough seats to form a majority government, the country had its first [hung parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hung_parliament \"Hung parliament\") since 1974.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_37-14) All three leaders made statements offering openness to creating an administration with another party, and a series of negotiations began.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-CNN-15) Just after midnight on 12 May, the [Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservative%E2%80%93Liberal_Democrat_coalition_agreement \"Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement\") was approved, with Cameron as prime minister and [Nick Clegg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nick_Clegg \"Nick Clegg\"), the [leader of the Liberal Democrats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats \"Leader of the Liberal Democrats\"), as [deputy prime minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\").[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wintour_5-16)\n\nAs well as a new prime minister, the 2010 general election also saw a new generation of more Eurosceptic MPs elected to the UK government.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_38-17) On 24 October 2011, Cameron experienced the largest rebellion over European integration since [World War II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II \"World War II\") when 81 Conservative MPs voted in favour of a motion calling for a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Watt_1-18) Of these 81 MPs, 49 had been elected in 2010.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Redford-19) The previous month, a petition carrying over 100,000 signatures that also called for a referendum was delivered to [10 Downing Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/10_Downing_Street \"10 Downing Street\").[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_40-20) Faced with this growing Euroscepticism, on 23 January 2013, Cameron delivered the [Bloomberg speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_speech \"Bloomberg speech\") at Bloomberg London,[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_39-21) in which he promised an in–out referendum on EU membership if the Conservatives won a majority at the [2015 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\").[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wright,_Oliver-22)\n\n### *Brexit*\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Brexit\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Brexit § Terminology and etymology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit#Terminology_and_etymology \"Brexit\")\n\nThe word *[Brexit](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"wiktionary:Brexit\")* is a portmanteau of the phrase \"British exit\".[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Lewis-Hargreave-23) According to the *[Oxford English Dictionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_English_Dictionary \"Oxford English Dictionary\")*, the term was coined in a blog post on the website [Euractiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euractiv \"Euractiv\") by Peter Wilding, director of European policy at [BSkyB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BSkyB \"BSkyB\"), on 15 May 2012.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Tempest-24) Wilding coined *Brexit* to refer to the end of UK membership in the EU – by 2016, usage of the word had increased by 3,400% in one year.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Davis-25)\n\n## Pre-referendum\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Pre-referendum\")\\]\n\n### 2013\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: 2013\")\\]\n\nCameron delivering the [Bloomberg speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_speech \"Bloomberg speech\") on 23 January 2013, when an in–out referendum on EU membership was first promised[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wright,_Oliver-22)\n\n- 23 January: Cameron delivers the Bloomberg speech, covering the UK's future relationship with Europe. He calls for reform of the EU and promises an in–out referendum on the UK's membership of the EU if the Conservatives win a majority at the 2015 general election.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wright,_Oliver-22)\n- 15 April: The House of Commons votes on a [private member's bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Private_member%27s_bill \"Private member's bill\") expressing \"regret\" over the absence of an EU referendum in the [Queen's Speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Opening_of_Parliament \"State Opening of Parliament\"). The vote is defeated by 277 to 130, with 114 Conservative MPs voting to regret.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wintour_1-26)\n- 19 June: The [European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 \"European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14\")—a private member's bill seeking to enshrine into law Cameron's promise to hold a referendum—is introduced by the Conservative MP [James Wharton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Wharton,_Baron_Wharton_of_Yarm \"James Wharton, Baron Wharton of Yarm\").[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wintour_2-27)[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_1-28)\n- 5 July: The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 304 votes in favour to 0 against.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Grice_1-29)\n\n### 2014\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: 2014\")\\]\n\n- 31 January: Peers at the [House of Lords](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\") vote by 180 to 130 to end the debate of the European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14, which concludes its progress through Parliament. Cameron expresses disappointment at this defeat.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Craig,_Jon-30)\n- 12 March: [Ed Miliband](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ed_Miliband \"Ed Miliband\"), the [leader of the Labour Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_\\(UK\\) \"Leader of the Labour Party (UK)\"), rules out matching Cameron's pledge to hold a referendum on EU membership if his party wins a majority at the next general election. He states that Labour would only hold such a poll if there were a significant transfer of power from [Westminster](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Westminster \"Westminster\") to Brussels.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Savage_1-31)\n- 22 May: The UK holds [elections to the European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\"), electing 73 [Members of the European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Members_of_the_European_Parliament \"Members of the European Parliament\") (MEPs). Across England, Scotland and Wales, the Conservatives' share of the vote drops by 3.8 percentage points, losing them seven seats.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_12-32)\n- 12 June: Conservative MP [Bob Neill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bob_Neill \"Bob Neill\") announces that he will reintroduce Wharton's European Union (Referendum) Bill as a private member's bill.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Ship-33)\n- 28 October: The Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats fail to agree on the amount of parliamentary time to be allocated to Neill's bill. The bill's progress through Parliament is again brought to an end.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_4-34)\n- 19 December: The \"long campaign\" for the 2015 general election officially begins, limiting candidates' spending in their constituencies to £30,700 each.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Chakelian-35)\n\n### 2015\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: 2015\")\\]\n\n- 30 March: Cameron meets with Queen [Elizabeth II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elizabeth_II \"Elizabeth II\") at [Buckingham Palace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buckingham_Palace \"Buckingham Palace\") and informs her that the 55th UK Parliament is ready to be [dissolved](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom\").[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McSmith-36) The \"short campaign\" for the general election—scheduled to take place on 7 May—begins.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_6-37)\n- 12 April: In central London, Clegg launches his party's manifesto for the general election, which commits to maintaining the UK's membership of the EU.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_5-38)[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Keith-39)\n- 13 April: The Labour Party's manifesto is unveiled by Miliband at the [Old Granada Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_Granada_Studios \"Old Granada Studios\") in [Manchester](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manchester \"Manchester\"). It repeats Miliband's earlier pledge that, under a Labour government, powers would not be transferred to Brussels before an in–out referendum.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mason_1-40)\n- 14 April: Cameron launches the Conservative Party manifesto at an event in [Swindon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swindon \"Swindon\").[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Perraudin-41) The document promises \"real change\" in the UK's relationship with the EU, and commits to holding a referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Blick-42)\n\n[![Colour photograph of Ed Miliband speaking from behind a podium at Chatham House in April 2015](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d0\/Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg\/250px-Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg)\n\n[Labour Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Party_\\(UK\\) \"Labour Party (UK)\") leader [Ed Miliband](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ed_Miliband \"Ed Miliband\") criticised government foreign policy—including the handling of an EU referendum—in a speech on 24 April 2015.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Economist-43)\n\n- 24 April: At [Chatham House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chatham_House \"Chatham House\") in London, Miliband delivers a speech on Labour's foreign policy.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Economist-43) He describes the government's timetable for an in–out referendum as \"arbitrary\", and criticises their lack of strategy for renegotiating the UK's EU membership.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-LabourList-44)\n- 25 April: Writing for *[The Sunday Telegraph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Sunday_Telegraph \"The Sunday Telegraph\")*, Cameron reiterates his promise that, should the Conservatives win a majority, they will begin the process of renegotiating the UK's membership of the EU, and will draft a European Referendum Bill.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cameron,_David-45)[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Travis-46)\n- 7 May: The [2015 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") is held. The Conservative Party win 330 seats, giving Cameron a 12-seat overall majority in Parliament. Labour win 232 seats in total, a net loss of 26, while the Liberal Democrats win eight, a net loss of 49.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_11-47)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Osborn-48)\n- 8 May: Following Labour's and the Liberal Democrats' defeats at the election, both Miliband and Clegg resign as the leaders of their parties.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_7-49)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_8-50)\n- 27 May: A referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017 is included in the Queen's Speech.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_1-51)\n- 28 May: The [European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_Bill_2015%E2%80%9316 \"European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16\")—a bill that makes provision for a referendum in the UK to be held—is introduced by the Conservative MP [Philip Hammond](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philip_Hammond \"Philip Hammond\").[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_2-52)\n- 9 June:\n  - The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 544 votes in favour to 53 against.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_10-53)\n  - Nominations open for the [Labour Party leadership election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\\(UK\\) \"2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)\"), triggered by Miliband's resignation.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Payne-54)\n- 15 June: Nominations close for Labour's leadership election. Four MPs surpass the threshold of support required and are set to be placed on the ballot: [Andy Burnham](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Burnham \"Andy Burnham\"), [Yvette Cooper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yvette_Cooper \"Yvette Cooper\"), [Liz Kendall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liz_Kendall \"Liz Kendall\") and [Jeremy Corbyn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremy_Corbyn \"Jeremy Corbyn\").[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wintour_3-55)\n- 25–26 June: At a [European Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Council \"European Council\") meeting, Cameron [begins renegotiating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") Britain's EU membership with other EU leaders by setting out his plan to hold a referendum.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Faulconbridge-56)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-European_Council_1-57)\n\n[![Jeremy Corbyn's official photograph for Parliament](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d1\/Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2%2C_2020.jpg\/250px-Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2%2C_2020.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2,_2020.jpg)\n\n[Jeremy Corbyn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremy_Corbyn \"Jeremy Corbyn\") *(pictured in 2020)* was elected [leader of the Labour Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_\\(UK\\) \"Leader of the Labour Party (UK)\") on 12 September 2015.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mason_2-58)\n\n- 12 September: The results of Labour's leadership election are announced at a special conference at the [Queen Elizabeth II Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Centre \"Queen Elizabeth II Centre\") in Westminster.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Lowe-59) With 59.5% of the first-preference votes, Corbyn is elected leader of the Labour Party and becomes leader of the opposition.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mason_2-58)\n- 9 October: [Vote Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vote_Leave \"Vote Leave\"), a [cross-party](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/cross-party \"wiktionary:cross-party\") advocacy group campaigning for the UK to leave the EU, is launched.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Press_Association-60)\n- 12 October: [Britain Stronger in Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe \"Britain Stronger in Europe\"), a similar organisation advocating for Britain to remain, is launched.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-France_24_1-61)\n- 10 November: Cameron gives a speech on Europe at Chatham House, during which he repeats his commitment to holding a referendum before the end of 2017.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Dallison-62) He also sends a letter to [Donald Tusk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_Tusk \"Donald Tusk\"), the [President of the European Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_European_Council \"President of the European Council\"), setting out the four areas where he is seeking EU reform as part of his renegotiations: economic governance, competitiveness, sovereignty and immigration.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Traynor-63)\n- 17 December: The European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16 is given [royal assent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_assent#United_Kingdom \"Royal assent\") and becomes the [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 \"European Union Referendum Act 2015\"). By law, a referendum on membership in the EU is set to take place in the UK before the end of 2017.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_2-52)\n\n### 2016\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: 2016\")\\]\n\n- 10 January: In his annual new year interview on *[The Andrew Marr Show](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Andrew_Marr_Show \"The Andrew Marr Show\")*, Cameron vows that he will stay on as prime minister if the UK votes to leave the EU,[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Irish_Times-64) but states that his government has made no plans to deal with Brexit.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Savage_2-65)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Barker-66)\n- 19 February: Renegotiations on the UK's membership in the EU are concluded, with Cameron and Tusk signing a finalised deal. The changes will take effect following a vote to remain in the referendum.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-European_Council_2-67)\n- 20 February:\n  - Cameron announces that the referendum will be held on 23 June, and that he will be campaigning for Britain to remain.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_2-68)\n  - Six members of [Cameron's cabinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Cameron_ministry#Cabinet \"Second Cameron ministry\") declare that they will join Vote Leave and campaign for Brexit.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Watt_2-69)\n- 21 February: [Mayor of London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mayor_of_London \"Mayor of London\") Boris Johnson announces that he will advocate for the UK to leave the EU.[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Day-70)\n- 22 February: Speaking in the House of Commons, Cameron promises that, if the British people vote to leave, he will begin the process, i.e., by triggering [Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Article_50 \"Article 50\") of the EU's [Treaty of Lisbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Lisbon \"Treaty of Lisbon\"), \"straight away\".[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Masterman-71)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2c\/Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf\/page1-250px-Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf)\n\nThe [pro-EU leaflet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pro-EU_leaflet \"Pro-EU leaflet\"), sent to UK households by the British government in 2016[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Belam-72)\n\n- 11–13 April: A [pro-EU leaflet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pro-EU_leaflet \"Pro-EU leaflet\")—in which the government warns that Brexit will increase the [cost of living](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cost_of_living \"Cost of living\") and lead to a decade or more of uncertainty[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mayes-73)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_10-74)—is sent to households across England.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Belam-72)\n- 13 April: The [Electoral Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electoral_Commission_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)\") designates Vote Leave as the referendum's official campaign in favour of leaving the EU, while Britain Stronger in Europe is named as the official campaign in favour of remaining.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-James-75)\n- 15 April: The regulated campaigning period for the referendum begins. Over the next ten weeks, the two official campaigns may spend a maximum of £7 million.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-James-75)\n- 22 April: At a press conference in central London, [President of the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Barack Obama](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") warns that Britain will be at \"the back of the queue\" if the nation votes for Brexit.[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Palmer,_Doug-76)\n- 9 May: The pro-EU leaflet is sent to households in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sky_News_1-77)\n- 9 June: Six participants—including Johnson—take part in *The ITV Referendum Debate*, a live TV debate on Brexit, broadcast by [ITV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ITV_\\(TV_network\\) \"ITV (TV network)\").[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Withnall_1-78)\n- 12 June: In another interview on *The Andrew Marr Show*, Cameron repeats his commitment not to resign as prime minister even if he loses the referendum.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Withnall_2-79)\n- 16 June: [Jo Cox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jo_Cox \"Jo Cox\"), the MP for [Batley and Spen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batley_and_Spen \"Batley and Spen\"), is [murdered](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Murder_of_Jo_Cox \"Murder of Jo Cox\") by a far-right terrorist.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cobain-80) Out of respect for Cox, referendum campaigning is suspended across the UK.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_3-81)\n- 19 June: Campaigning for the referendum resumes.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hume_2-82)\n- 21 June: From [Wembley Arena](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wembley_Arena \"Wembley Arena\"), Johnson and another five campaigners participate in *EU Referendum: The Great Debate*, live on [BBC One](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_One \"BBC One\"). With 6,000 people in the audience, it is the largest televised debate on the issue.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Week_1-83)\n- 23 June: Polls open for the referendum at around 41,000 polling stations at 07:00 and close at 22:00.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cowburn_1-84) A total of 33,577,342 votes are cast, representing a turnout of 72.2% of registered voters.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Electoral_Commission-85)\n\n## Post-referendum\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Post-referendum\")\\]\n\n### 2016\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: 2016\")\\]\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg\/250px-David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg)\n\nCameron announcing his resignation as prime minister on 24 June 2016[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hughes-86)\n\n- 24 June:\n  - The votes are counted, and chief counting officer [Jenny Watson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jenny_Watson_\\(civil_servant\\) \"Jenny Watson (civil servant)\") delivers the final result from Manchester at 07:20 [BST](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Summer_Time \"British Summer Time\"): 16,141,241 votes (48.11%) to remain in the EU, and 17,410,742 (51.89%) to leave.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Waldie-87)\n  - Following the result of the referendum, the value of the [pound sterling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\") drops to its lowest level since 1985, and the [FTSE 100 Index](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FTSE_100_Index \"FTSE 100 Index\") begins the day by falling 8%.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_13-88)\n  - Stating that he does not believe that he should be \"the captain that steers \\[the\\] country to its next destination\", Cameron announces that he plans to resign as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party by October.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hughes-86)\n- 25 June: The UK's [European Commissioner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Commissioner \"European Commissioner\"), [Jonathan Hill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Oareford \"Jonathan Hill, Baron Hill of Oareford\"), announces his intention to stand down from the role.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_16-89)\n- 27 June: In Parliament, Cameron confirms that he will not invoke Article 50.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Chadwick-90)\n- 29 June: Nominations open for the [Conservative Party leadership election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2016 Conservative Party leadership election\") triggered by Cameron's resignation.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_1-91)\n- 30 June: Nominations for the leadership contest close. Johnson confirms that he will not stand.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hume_1-92) Five other MPs—Theresa May, [Andrea Leadsom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrea_Leadsom \"Andrea Leadsom\"), [Michael Gove](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Gove \"Michael Gove\"), [Stephen Crabb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Crabb \"Stephen Crabb\") and [Liam Fox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liam_Fox \"Liam Fox\")—achieve the level of support needed to be put on the first ballot.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_15-93)\n- 7 July: Only two nominees, May and Leadsom, now remain in the leadership race, with the rest having either withdrawn or been eliminated.[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Belfast_Telegraph-94)\n- 11 July: Leadsom withdraws from the contest early. As the only remaining candidate, May is named the new leader of the Conservative Party.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_18-95)\n- 13 July:\n  - Cameron tenders his resignation as prime minister to the Queen at Buckingham Palace.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_19-96)\n  - The Queen invites May to form a new government as Cameron's replacement. May builds [her cabinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_May_ministry#Cabinet \"First May ministry\"), appointing Hammond as [Chancellor of the Exchequer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer \"Chancellor of the Exchequer\"), [Amber Rudd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amber_Rudd \"Amber Rudd\") as [Home Secretary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_Secretary \"Home Secretary\"), Johnson as [Foreign Secretary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_Secretary_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)\") and Davis to the newly created post of [Brexit secretary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_secretary \"Brexit secretary\").[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_20-97)\n\n[![Colour photograph of Gina Miller speaking in Brighton in 2018](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/63\/Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg\/250px-Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg)\n\nThe [first legal challenge over Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\") was brought by the investment manager [Gina Miller](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gina_Miller \"Gina Miller\") *(pictured in 2018)*.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Gower-98)\n\n- 19 July:\n  - The first legal challenge over Brexit, *[R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\")*, is brought by investment manager [Gina Miller](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gina_Miller \"Gina Miller\") and hairdresser [Deir Dos Santos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deir_Dos_Santos \"Deir Dos Santos\"). The [High Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_Court_of_Justice \"High Court of Justice\") hears details of the case—which asks whether Parliament or the prime minister has the authority to begin the process of Britain withdrawing from the EU—in a preliminary hearing.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Gower-98)\n  - The government confirms that May will not start the formal process by officially invoking Article 50 before the end of the year.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Chaplain_1-99)\n- 27 July: [President of the European Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_European_Commission \"President of the European Commission\") [Jean-Claude Juncker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Juncker \"Jean-Claude Juncker\") appoints French politician [Michel Barnier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michel_Barnier \"Michel Barnier\") as the chief negotiator for the UK leaving the EU.[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-European_Commission-100)\n- 12 September: Cameron resigns as the MP for Witney, ending his political career.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reuters_1-101)\n- 2 October:\n  - The 2016 [Conservative Party Conference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservative_Party_Conference \"Conservative Party Conference\") begins in [Birmingham](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birmingham \"Birmingham\").[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_21-102) Speaking on *The Andrew Marr Show* ahead of the conference, May reveals that she will invoke Article 50 in the first quarter of 2017.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_9-103)\n  - In his opening speech at the conference, Davis announces that the government will repeal the [European Communities Act 1972](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_Act_1972_\\(UK\\) \"European Communities Act 1972 (UK)\"), the act that originally made legal provision for the UK's membership of the EEC.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_1-104)\n- 5 October: May gives her closing speech at the Conservative Party conference, during which she signals her intentions to control immigration from Europe and to leave the jurisdiction of the [European Court of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Court_of_Justice \"European Court of Justice\") (ECJ).[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McTague_1-105)\n- 10 October: From the [despatch box](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Despatch_box#British_parliamentary_boxes \"Despatch box\") in the House of Commons, Davis gives a speech to MPs assuring them that there would be \"only a considerable upside\" to Brexit, and that there would not be a downside.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Parker_1-106)\n- 2 November: The *[Collins English Dictionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collins_English_Dictionary \"Collins English Dictionary\")* selects *Brexit* as the [word of the year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Word_of_the_year#Collins_English_Dictionary \"Word of the year\") for 2016.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Flood-107)\n- 3 November: In the *Miller* case, a panel of three judges in the High Court find in the claimants' favour, and rules that the prime minister cannot decide to trigger Article 50 without a vote in Parliament first. The government indicates that it will appeal the decision at the [Supreme Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Supreme Court of the United Kingdom\").[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Murkens-108)\n- 4 November: Writing for the pro-Brexit newspaper the *[Daily Mail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daily_Mail \"Daily Mail\")*, political editor [James Slack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Slack \"James Slack\") calls the three judges \"[enemies of the people](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enemies_of_the_People_\\(headline\\) \"Enemies of the People (headline)\")\" in an article on the High Court's ruling. Slack's article draws more than 1,000 complaints to the [Independent Press Standards Organisation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation \"Independent Press Standards Organisation\").[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Jankowicz-109)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/81\/Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_%2831226228132%29.jpg\/250px-Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_%2831226228132%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_\\(31226228132\\).jpg)\n\n[Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\"), who supported [Vote Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vote_Leave \"Vote Leave\") during the referendum, speaking at [Chatham House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chatham_House \"Chatham House\") on 2 December 2016[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_22-110)\n\n- 2 December: At Chatham House, Johnson gives his first policy speech as foreign secretary, in which he sets out his vision for the UK after Brexit. He states that, after leaving the EU, the UK will not obstruct closer European defence co-operation.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_22-110)\n- 5–8 December: The Supreme Court convenes to hear the government's appeal against the High Court ruling. For the first time in the history of the court, all 11 judges sit *[en banc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/En_banc \"En banc\")* to hear the case.[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Holden-111)\n- 7 December: The House of Commons votes on a motion brought by the Labour Party committing the government to publishing its Brexit plan before it invokes Article 50, and also on an amendment added by May for Article 50 to be invoked before the end of March 2017. MPs vote by 461 to 89 in favour of May's amendment, and by 448 to 75 in favour of the amended motion.[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Johnston-112)\n\n### 2017\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: 2017\")\\]\n\n- 3 January: Urging in his resignation email for civil servants to challenge \"ill-founded arguments and muddled thinking\", [Ivan Rogers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivan_Rogers \"Ivan Rogers\") steps down from his role as [Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permanent_Representative_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union \"Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union\").[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_2-113)\n- 4 January: May appoints career diplomat [Tim Barrow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tim_Barrow \"Tim Barrow\") to replace Rogers.[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wintour_4-114)\n- 17 January: In a speech at [Lancaster House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lancaster_House \"Lancaster House\") in Westminster, May lays out her \"Plan for Britain\" following Brexit, including 12 negotiating priorities.[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Taylor-115) She rules out remaining in the single market or customs union.[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Henley_1-116)\n- 24 January: By a majority of 8 judges to 3, the Supreme Court dismiss the government's appeal of the *Miller* case, and rule that a vote in Parliament is required before Article 50 can be invoked.[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Bowcott-117)\n- 26 January: In Parliament, Davis introduces the [European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\\)_Bill \"European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill\"), a 137-word bill that can give May the power to formally begin the Brexit process by triggering Article 50. Corbyn says that he will instruct Labour MPs to support it.[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-King-118)\n- 1 February: The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 498 votes in favour to 114 against.[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_23-119)\n- 2 February: The government publishes its [Brexit plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_plan \"Brexit plan\") in a [white paper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_paper \"White paper\"), setting out its strategy for exiting the EU.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Henley_2-120)\n- 16 March: The bill receives royal assent and becomes the [European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\\)_Act_2017 \"European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017\").[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_3-121)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf\/page1-190px-Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf)\n\n[Theresa May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\")'s letter to [Donald Tusk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_Tusk \"Donald Tusk\"), [invoking Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\") and indicating the UK's intention to leave the EU\n\n- 29 March: In Brussels, Barrow hand delivers a letter from May to Tusk that [officially invokes Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\"). A two-year negotiating process begins, with the UK due to leave the EU on 29 March 2019.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Asthana-122) Speaking at a press conference immediately afterwards, Tusk says that there is \"no reason to pretend that this is a happy day\".[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_2-123)\n- 30 March: The government publishes the \"Great Repeal Bill\" white paper, laying out its plans for legislating on Brexit, including transferring EU regulations into UK legislation.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Walker_1-124)\n- 18 April: After chairing a meeting of her cabinet, May announces her intention to call a [snap general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snap_general_election \"Snap general election\") on 8 June.[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_24-125)\n- 19 April: In the House of Commons, MPs pass a motion for an early general election, providing the legal framework for one to be held on 8 June.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_25-126)\n- 16 May: The Labour Party launches its manifesto for the election, which includes accepting the referendum result.[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_26-127)\n- 18 May: The Conservatives publish their manifesto. The document repeats May's earlier commitment that the UK \"will no longer be members of the single market or customs union\",[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Blitz_1-128) and proposes new changes to social care: in the [means test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Means_test \"Means test\") for receiving free care in their own home, a person's property would be included as well as their savings and income.[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_27-129)\n- 22 May: Following a backlash to the proposed reforms, May announces an \"absolute limit\" on the amount of money that a person would have to pay for social care.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_28-130)\n- 8 June: The [general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2017 United Kingdom general election\") is held, with 32,204,184 votes being cast for a turnout of 68.7%.[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-House_of_Commons_Library_1-131) The Conservatives win 318 seats in total, a net loss of 13. Although still the largest party in the House of Commons, they no longer have a parliamentary majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Guardian_1-132)\n\n[![Colour photograph of Arlene Foster and Theresa May standing together outside Stormont Castle in June 2016](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ac\/Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg\/250px-Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg)\n\nIn June 2017, [Theresa May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") *(right)* signalled her intention to enter into a confidence-and-supply arrangement with [Arlene Foster](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arlene_Foster \"Arlene Foster\") *(left)* of the [Democratic Unionist Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Unionist_Party \"Democratic Unionist Party\").\n\n- 9 June: As leader of the largest party in the Commons, May is invited by the Queen to form a new government. She signals her intention to enter into a confidence-and-supply arrangement with the [Democratic Unionist Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Unionist_Party \"Democratic Unionist Party\") (DUP) of Northern Ireland, led by [Arlene Foster](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arlene_Foster \"Arlene Foster\").[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Woodcock-133)\n- 19 June: Davis travels to Brussels for the first round of Brexit negotiations with Barnier.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_29-134)\n- 21 June: In the Queen's Speech, eight bills that prepare the UK for Brexit are announced.[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Merrick_1-135)\n- 26 June: The [Conservative–DUP agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement \"Conservative–DUP agreement\") is finalised, with the DUP agreeing to support the Conservatives on legislation relating to security and Brexit.[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_30-136)\n- 13 July: In Parliament, the government introduces the Great Repeal Bill (now called the [European Union (Withdrawal) Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Bill \"European Union (Withdrawal) Bill\")) to the House of Commons.[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_4-137)\n- 27 July: Rudd commissions the [Migration Advisory Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Migration_Advisory_Committee \"Migration Advisory Committee\") to produce a report analysing the social and economic contributions and costs of EU citizens in the UK.[\\[138\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_5-138)\n- 22 September: May delivers a speech from [Florence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Florence \"Florence\"). She proposes a two-year \"transition\" period after Brexit, during which the current arrangements for market access will continue to apply.[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Henley_3-139)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/21\/Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference%2C_October_1%2C_2017_20.jpg\/250px-Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference%2C_October_1%2C_2017_20.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference,_October_1,_2017_20.jpg)\n\nAn anti-Brexit protest in Manchester on 1 October 2017[\\[140\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_57-140)\n\n- 1 October: An anti-Brexit march takes place outside the Conservative Party Conference in Manchester. Speeches are delivered by [Vince Cable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vince_Cable \"Vince Cable\"), the leader of the Liberal Democrats, and the Conservative politician [Stephen Dorrell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Dorrell \"Stephen Dorrell\").[\\[140\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_57-140)\n- 8 December: The EU and UK publish a joint report on the progress made during the first round of negotiations,[\\[141\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Huberty-141) allowing them to move talks to the next stage.[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_31-142)\n- 13 December: In the House of Commons, MPs vote on an amendment to the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill tabled by the MP [Dominic Grieve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominic_Grieve \"Dominic Grieve\"), which seeks to secure a \"[meaningful vote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meaningful_vote \"Meaningful vote\")\" on any withdrawal agreement. Eleven Conservative MPs vote in favour of the amendment, which passes by 309 votes to 305. It is May's first Commons defeat over Brexit legislation.[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_1-143)\n- 15 December: The EU announces that \"sufficient progress\" has been made in the first phase of Brexit negotiations, and that talks can proceed to the second phase.[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Randerson-144)\n\n### 2018\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: 2018\")\\]\n\n- 17 February: Speaking at the [Munich Security Conference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Munich_Security_Conference \"Munich Security Conference\"), May calls for continued co-operation on security after Brexit.[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Bennhold-145)\n- 20 February: Davis delivers a speech in Vienna, in which he pledges that Britain will keep co-operating with EU regulatory authorities in order to ensure a \"future economic partnership\".[\\[146\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Islam-146)\n- 26 February: In a speech at [Coventry University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coventry_University \"Coventry University\"), Corbyn confirms that Labour will support a customs union with the EU, and that his party will directly oppose May's refusal to enter one.[\\[147\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cooper_1-147)\n- 28 February: The European Commission publish a 118-page proposed Brexit withdrawal agreement, which translates the joint report published on 8 December 2017 into a draft legal text. Speaking at [Prime Minister's Questions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions \"Prime Minister's Questions\"), May says that the Commission's proposed agreement would \"undermine the UK common market\".[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Crisp_1-148)\n- 2 March: May gives a speech at [Mansion House, London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mansion_House,_London \"Mansion House, London\"), repeating that Britain will leave the single market and the customs union, and that the jurisdiction of the ECJ in the UK would end. Barnier welcomes this \"clarity\".[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Allegretti_1-149)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f5\/David_Davis_and_Michel_Barnier_Speech.jpg\/250px-David_Davis_and_Michel_Barnier_Speech.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:David_Davis_and_Michel_Barnier_Speech.jpg)\n\n[David Davis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Davis_\\(British_politician\\) \"David Davis (British politician)\") *(left)* and [Michel Barnier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michel_Barnier \"Michel Barnier\") *(right)* announcing a \"broad agreement\" on the [Brexit withdrawal agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Brexit withdrawal agreement\") on 2 March 2018[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Radosavljevic-1)\n\n- 19 March: In Brussels, Davis and Barnier announce that they have reached a \"broad agreement\" of the withdrawal agreement, and that a \"large part\" of it has been agreed.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Radosavljevic-1) A draft version of the agreement is published.[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_3-150)\n- 16 May: The European Union (Withdrawal) Bill enters its third reading at the House of Lords.[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_4-137) The Lords propose 15 amendments to the bill.[\\[151\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Jersey_Evening_Post_1-151)\n- 28 June: The bill is granted royal assent and becomes the [European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2018 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018\").[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_4-137)\n- 6 July: May chairs a meeting of her cabinet at [Chequers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chequers \"Chequers\"), the prime minister's country residence, to discuss and agree on a collective approach for future negotiations on Brexit. The agreement becomes known as the [Chequers plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chequers_plan \"Chequers plan\").[\\[152\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Walker_2-152)\n- 9 July:\n  - Davis resigns as Brexit secretary, followed by his deputy [Steve Baker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steve_Baker_\\(politician\\) \"Steve Baker (politician)\"). In his resignation letter, Davis criticises the Chequers plan, saying that it is \"certainly not returning control of our laws in any real sense\".[\\[153\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_2-153) May appoints [Dominic Raab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominic_Raab \"Dominic Raab\") to replace him.[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sabbagh-154)\n  - Johnson resigns as foreign secretary, stating in his letter than the Chequers plan \"sticks in the throat\".[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_3-155) He is replaced by [Jeremy Hunt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremy_Hunt \"Jeremy Hunt\").[\\[156\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-France_24_2-156)\n- 20 July: As part of a two-day visit to Northern Ireland, May delivers a speech in Belfast calling for a new deal with the EU on the [Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border \"Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border\").[\\[157\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-France_24_3-157)\n- 24 July: The government publishes a white paper on how the withdrawal agreement will be put into law.[\\[158\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_32-158)\n- 23 August: Raab releases 25 \"technical notices\", which detail how individuals and businesses can prepare in the event that the UK leaves the EU without the withdrawal agreement being approved by both sides (known as a \"[no-deal Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-deal_Brexit \"No-deal Brexit\")\").[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Young-159)\n- 19–20 September: Following a European Council meeting in [Salzburg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salzburg \"Salzburg\"), Tusk warns in a statement that the Chequers plan will not work as it \"risks undermining the single market\".[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_4-160)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/90\/Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg\/250px-Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg)\n\n[Chancellor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer \"Chancellor of the Exchequer\") [Philip Hammond](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philip_Hammond \"Philip Hammond\") holding up the [budget box](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Budget_box \"Budget box\") in [Downing Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Downing_Street \"Downing Street\") before delivering the [2018 budget](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_United_Kingdom_budget \"2018 United Kingdom budget\") on 29 October[\\[161\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Blitz_2-161)\n\n- 29 October: In the [2018 budget](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_United_Kingdom_budget \"2018 United Kingdom budget\"), Hammond increases spending on preparations for Brexit by an additional £500 million.[\\[161\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Blitz_2-161)\n- 13 November: Using a [humble address](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humble_address \"Humble address\"), Labour tables a motion to force the government to publish the legal advice it has received on the withdrawal agreement before a Brexit deal is put to Parliament. After the DUP comes out in favour of the motion, ministers order Conservative MPs to abstain from voting on it, and it subsequently passes without a vote.[\\[162\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_3-162)\n- 14 November: The EU and UK negotiating teams agree on the draft text of the withdrawal agreement, which is published as a 585-page document.[\\[163\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Henley_4-163)\n- 15 November: Four ministers, including Raab, resign from the government. Raab writes in his resignation letter that he \"cannot in good conscience\" support the agreement.[\\[164\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sky_News_2-164)\n- 16 November: May appoints [Steve Barclay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steve_Barclay \"Steve Barclay\") as the new Brexit secretary.[\\[165\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Dickson_1-165)\n- 25 November: EU leaders officially endorse the withdrawal agreement, with Juncker saying that it is \"the best deal possible\" and \"the only deal possible\".[\\[166\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_14-166)\n- 4 December: Five days of parliamentary debate on Brexit (scheduled for 4–6 and 10–11 December) begin.[\\[167\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sloat_1-167)\n- 10 December: On the penultimate day of debate, May gives a statement to the House of Commons, stating that Parliament's first meaningful vote on the deal—scheduled for the following day—will be postponed so that she can seek \"further assurances\" from the EU.[\\[168\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Dickson_2-168) In a post on Twitter, Corbyn calls this a \"desperate step\".[\\[169\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mcilkenny-169)\n- 12 December:\n  - [Graham Brady](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graham_Brady \"Graham Brady\"), chairman of the [1922 Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1922_Committee \"1922 Committee\"), announces that he has received letters of no confidence in May from at least 48 Conservatives MPs, exceeding the threshold of 15% of all Conservative MPs. He declares that a [vote of no confidence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vote_of_no_confidence \"Vote of no confidence\") in May's leadership will be held between 18:00 and 20:00 that evening.[\\[170\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Merrick_2-170)\n  - The confidence vote is held, with May winning by 200 to 117.[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_33-171)\n\n### 2019\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: 2019\")\\]\n\n- 9 January:\n  - The House of Commons begins a second five-day period of parliamentary debate on Brexit.[\\[172\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Gibraltar_Chronicle_1-172)\n  - Grieve tables an amendment to a business motion saying that, if May loses the vote on her withdrawal agreement, she must return to the Commons with a new plan for Brexit within three working days, rather than the 21 days plus seven sitting days normally permitted.[\\[173\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Buchan-173) Grieve's amendment passes by 308 votes to 297.[\\[174\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Holyrood_1-174)\n- 15 January:\n  - The first meaningful vote on the withdrawal agreement is held in the House of Commons. The government is defeated by 432 votes against to 202 in favour. With a margin of 230, it is the largest defeat of any government in the House of Commons.[\\[175\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_4-175)\n  - Corbyn describes the defeat as \"catastrophic\", and tables a [vote of confidence in the government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_vote_of_confidence_in_the_May_ministry \"2019 vote of confidence in the May ministry\").[\\[175\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_4-175)[\\[176\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_34-176)\n- 16 January: MPs vote in the confidence ballot brought by Corbyn. The DUP vote with the government, which wins by 325 to 306.[\\[177\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_35-177)\n- 21 January:\n  - May delivers a statement to the House of Commons on her government's approach to Brexit following the parliamentary defeat.[\\[178\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elbaum-178)\n  - Speaking on the [BBC Two](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_Two \"BBC Two\") documentary series *[Inside Europe: Ten Years of Turmoil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inside_Europe:_Ten_Years_of_Turmoil \"Inside Europe: Ten Years of Turmoil\")*, Tusk claims that Cameron did not think he would need to hold the EU referendum, as he expected that, after the 2015 general election, he would enter into another coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, who would then block the poll.[\\[179\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Simons-179) Tusk's claims are rejected on Twitter by [Craig Oliver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Craig_Oliver_\\(British_journalist\\) \"Craig Oliver (British journalist)\"), Cameron's former [Downing Street Director of Communications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Downing_Street_Director_of_Communications \"Downing Street Director of Communications\").[\\[180\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Boffey_1-180)\n- 29 January: The government tables a motion on its Brexit plans to the House of Commons, which votes on seven amendments to May's statement. Two amendments—one brought by Brady; the other by [Caroline Spelman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caroline_Spelman \"Caroline Spelman\")—are passed.[\\[181\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Walker_3-181)\n- 11 March: May travels to [Strasbourg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\") for a meeting on the withdrawal agreement with Juncker and Barnier. In a statement afterwards, she says that she has secured \"legally binding\" changes that \"strengthen and improve\" the Brexit deal.[\\[182\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Connolly-182)\n- 12 March: The House of Commons holds the second meaningful vote on the deal. MPs again reject the deal, this time by 391 votes against to 242 in favour, a majority of 149.[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Rayner_1-183)\n- 13 March: Spelman's amendment to the government's Brexit plans—that the UK must not leave the EU without a deal—is debated by the House of Commons. MPs vote in favour of the amendment, thereby rejecting a no-deal Brexit, by 312 to 308.[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Chaplain_2-184)\n- 14 March: With the UK set to leave the EU on 29 March without a deal in place, MPs vote on an amended motion on whether Article 50 should be extended beyond 29 March. By 413 votes to 202, the motion passes.[\\[185\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_5-185)\n- 18 March: Citing a convention dating back to 1604, [John Bercow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Bercow \"John Bercow\"), the [speaker of the House of Commons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)\"), rules that the government cannot present the withdrawal agreement for a third meaningful vote without substantial changes to it first.[\\[186\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Booth-186)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f4\/Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf\/page1-190px-Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf)\n\n[Theresa May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\")'s letter to [Donald Tusk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_Tusk \"Donald Tusk\"), requesting the first extension of the Article 50 period\n\n- 20 March: May writes a letter to Tusk, requesting an extension of the Article 50 period until 30 June 2019.[\\[187\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_5-187)\n- 21 March: The European Council agree that the Article 50 period can be extended to 22 May if Parliament votes to accept the withdrawal agreement, but only to 12 April otherwise.[\\[188\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-LBC_1-188)\n- 23 March: A march organised by the group [People's Vote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Vote \"People's Vote\")—who are campaigning for another referendum on Brexit—takes place in London.[\\[189\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Forrest-189) Researchers at [Manchester Metropolitan University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manchester_Metropolitan_University \"Manchester Metropolitan University\") estimate the number in attendance to be between 312,000 and 400,000.[\\[190\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stokel-Walker-190)\n- 27 March:\n  - Bercow selects eight Brexit plans from MPs that might win the support of the majority of the House of Commons. MPs debate and vote on all eight options in a series of \"[indicative votes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indicative_votes \"Indicative votes\")\", but each one is rejected by the House.[\\[191\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Maidment-191)\n  - Speaking to the 1922 Committee, May promises to resign as Conservative leader and prime minister if MPs pass the withdrawal agreement.[\\[192\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McTague_2-192)\n- 29 March:\n  - This is the day that the Article 50 period was originally planned to end and Brexit would take place.[\\[193\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_41-193)\n  - Parliament votes for a third time on the Brexit deal. This time, the deal is rejected by 344 votes against to 286 in favour.[\\[194\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Pickard-194)\n- 1 April: Bercow selects another four possible Brexit plans from MPs, which are then debated and voted on. All four are defeated.[\\[195\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mance-195)\n- 2 April: In a televised address from 10 Downing Street, May reveals that she will ask for a further extension to Article 50, and offers to meet with Corbyn to get a deal through Parliament. Corbyn welcomes her attempt to \"reach out\".[\\[196\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cooper_2-196)\n- 5 April: May writes to Tusk and requests that Brexit be delayed until 30 June.[\\[197\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Gibraltar_Chronicle_2-197)\n- 10 April: The European Council meet, and agree that the Article 50 period be extended to 31 October 2019, or the first day of the month after a withdrawal agreement is agreed by both the UK and the EU. The EU leaders stress that, if the UK is still a member between 23 and 26 May, then it will have to hold [elections to the European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\").[\\[198\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-European_Council_3-198)\n- 7 May: With the bipartisan talks between the Conservatives and Labour having not yet reached an agreement, [David Lidington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Lidington \"David Lidington\"), [minister for the Cabinet Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_for_the_Cabinet_Office \"Minister for the Cabinet Office\"), confirms that Britain will participate in the European Parliament elections.[\\[199\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Holyrood_2-199)\n- 17 May: Talks between the Conservatives and Labour break down without an agreement, as Labour withdraws from them.[\\[200\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-France_24_4-200)\n- 21 May: May unveils a new withdrawal agreement: a package of 10 commitments aimed at reaching a compromise in Parliament.[\\[201\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_6-201)\n- 23 May: The UK holds elections to the European Parliament. At 37.2%, turnout is the second-highest in any European election in the country.[\\[202\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sloat_2-202) The Conservatives lose 15 seats with a vote share of 9.1%,[\\[203\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Clarke-203) making it their worst result in a national election since 1832.[\\[204\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wilson-204)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg\/250px-Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg)\n\nMay declaring her resignation as prime minister on 24 May 2019[\\[205\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Langfitt-205)\n\n- 24 May: May announces that she will resign as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party, effective 7 June, and that she will continue as [caretaker prime minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caretaker_prime_minister \"Caretaker prime minister\") until a new leader is chosen.[\\[205\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Langfitt-205)\n- 31 May: An opinion poll of voting intentions by the market research firm [YouGov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouGov \"YouGov\") puts the Liberal Democrats in first place with 24%.[\\[206\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Read-206) It is the first time in nine years that such a poll has not been topped by either the Conservatives or Labour.[\\[207\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Schofield_1-207)\n- 7 June: Nominations open at 10:00 in the leadership election to replace May. They close again at 17:00, with ten candidates—including Johnson, Hunt, Gove, Raab and Leadsom—having received enough endorsements to be placed on the first ballot.[\\[208\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Dickson_3-208)[\\[209\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reuters_2-209)\n- 20 June: Johnson and Hunt are the only two remaining candidates in the contest, with the rest having either been eliminated or withdrawn. The winner is set to be selected in a ballot by members of the Conservative Party.[\\[210\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Rayner_2-210)\n- 2 July: EU leaders elect [Charles Michel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Michel \"Charles Michel\") as the new president of the European Council, replacing Tusk.[\\[211\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Jersey_Evening_Post_2-211)\n- 16 July: [Ursula von der Leyen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ursula_von_der_Leyen \"Ursula von der Leyen\") is elected the new president of the European Commission. She replaces Juncker.[\\[212\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Boffey_2-212)\n- 18 July: MPs approve, with a majority of 41, an amendment to the [Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_\\(Executive_Formation_etc\\)_Act_2019 \"Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019\") that blocks [suspension of Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Prorogation in the United Kingdom\") between 9 October and 18 December, unless a new [Northern Ireland Executive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Executive \"Northern Ireland Executive\") is formed.[\\[213\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_42-213)\n- 23 July: The result of ballot of Conservative Party members is announced at the Queen Elizabeth II Centre. With 92,153 votes to Hunt's 46,656, Johnson is elected the new leader of the party.[\\[214\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Yahoo-214)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e2\/New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg\/250px-New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg)\n\nJohnson entering 10 Downing Street for the first time as prime minister on 24 July 2019[\\[215\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reals-215)\n\n- 24 July:\n  - May offers her resignation to the Queen, and recommends that she invite Johnson to form a new government.[\\[216\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Associated_Press_1-216)\n  - The Queen asks Johnson to form a government in her name, and he officially becomes prime minister.[\\[215\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reals-215)\n- 25 July: Johnson appoints [his cabinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Johnson_ministry#Cabinet \"First Johnson ministry\"). Barclay remains as Brexit secretary, while Raab becomes foreign secretary.[\\[217\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_43-217)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e6\/Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg\/250px-Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg)\n\n[Steve Barclay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steve_Barclay \"Steve Barclay\") signing an order to repeal the [European Communities Act 1972](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_Act_1972_\\(UK\\) \"European Communities Act 1972 (UK)\") on 18 August 2019[\\[218\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-GBC-218)\n\n- 18 August: Barclay signs an order to repeal the European Communities Act 1972, ending all EU laws in the country when Britain leaves the union. Speaking afterwards, he describes the signing as a \"landmark moment\".[\\[218\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-GBC-218)\n- 28 August: Johnson asks the Queen to prorogue Parliament, suspending parliamentary business from 9 September to 14 October.[\\[219\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_4-219) The Queen approves this timetable at a meeting of the [Privy Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Privy_Council_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Privy Council (United Kingdom)\") at [Balmoral Castle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balmoral_Castle \"Balmoral Castle\").[\\[220\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_44-220)\n- 2 September: In response to the prorogation, [Hilary Benn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hilary_Benn \"Hilary Benn\") publishes a draft text of the [European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_\\(No._6\\)_Bill \"European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill\"), which will legislate that, if a withdrawal agreement is not passed by Parliament by 19 October, then the prime minister must seek an extension to the Article 50 period to 31 January 2020.[\\[221\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Craig,_Robert-221)\n- 3 September:\n  - [Phillip Lee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phillip_Lee_\\(politician\\) \"Phillip Lee (politician)\"), a Conservative MP, [crosses the floor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crosses_the_floor \"Crosses the floor\") to join the Liberal Democrats. In doing so, Johnson loses his majority in the House of Commons.[\\[222\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Merrick_3-222)\n  - Conservative MP [Oliver Letwin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oliver_Letwin \"Oliver Letwin\") tables a motion for Benn's bill to be passed through each stage of the House of Commons the following day. The motion passes by 328 to 301, with 21 Conservative MPs voting to support it.[\\[223\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Walker_4-223)\n- 4 September:\n  - Conservative [Chief Whip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_Whip \"Chief Whip\") [Mark Spencer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_Spencer_\\(British_politician\\) \"Mark Spencer (British politician)\") phones the 21 MPs who voted in favour of Letwin's motion to [suspend them from the Conservative Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs \"2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs\").[\\[224\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Morrison-224) Johnson now has a majority of minus 43.[\\[225\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Financial_Times-225)\n  - The European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill passes all its stages in the House of Commons. In its third reading, MPs vote in its favour by 327 to 299.[\\[226\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_45-226)\n- 5 September: Answering a question during a [Q\\&A](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Q_and_A#Noun \"wiktionary:Q and A\") at a police training college in [Wakefield](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wakefield \"Wakefield\"), Johnson asserts that he would rather be \"dead in a ditch\" than request another extension to the Article 50 period.[\\[227\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Schofield_2-227)\n- 6 September: A panel of three senior judges in the High Court in England reject an appeal brought by Miller against the prorogation, *[R (Miller) v The Prime Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_The_Prime_Minister \"R (Miller) v The Prime Minister\")*, and rule that the decision is not justiciable, i.e., it is a political question rather than a legal one. The court therefore declines to intervene.[\\[228\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Brenncke-228)[\\[229\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cameron,_David_R.-229)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/Bercow_Announces_Retirement_%28B%29.jpg\/250px-Bercow_Announces_Retirement_%28B%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bercow_Announces_Retirement_\\(B\\).jpg)\n\n[John Bercow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Bercow \"John Bercow\") announcing his resignation as [speaker of the House of Commons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)\") on 9 September 2019[\\[230\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cowburn_2-230)\n\n- 9 September:\n  - Benn's bill achieves royal assent and becomes the [European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_\\(No._2\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019\").[\\[231\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_5-231)\n  - Bercow announces his intention to resign as speaker of the house either before or on 31 October, the day that Britain is due to leave the EU.[\\[230\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cowburn_2-230)\n  - On the advice of Johnson, the Queen [prorogues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_British_prorogation_controversy \"2019 British prorogation controversy\") Parliament until the Queen's Speech on 14 October.[\\[232\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_46-232)\n- 11 September: In the case of *[Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland \"Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland\")*, appeal court judges in Scotland rule that Johnson's decision to prorogue Parliament is unlawful. The government say that they are disappointed in the decision, and will appeal it in the Supreme Court.[\\[233\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Fouzder-233)\n- 24 September: The Supreme Court delivers its verdict on the *Miller* and the *Cherry* cases. Sitting *en banc* for only the second time in the court's history, the judges unanimously reverse the High Court's decision, saying that Johnson's decision is justiciable. They also rule that the prorogation was \"unlawful, null and of no effect\", i.e., Parliament was never prorogued.[\\[229\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cameron,_David_R.-229)\n- 25 September: Following the Supreme Court's verdict, MPs are recalled to the House of Commons.[\\[234\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Kottasov%C3%A1-234)\n- 3 October: In the House of Commons, Johnson gives a statement on his proposals for a new withdrawal agreement.[\\[235\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Johnson-235)\n- 8 October: In anticipation of the UK leaving the EU without an agreement, the government publishes the \"No-Deal Readiness Report\", outlining its plans for a no-deal Brexit.[\\[236\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Lovegrove-236)\n- 10 October: After three hours of discussion at [Thornton Manor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thornton_Manor \"Thornton Manor\") in [Liverpool](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liverpool \"Liverpool\"), Johnson and Irish [Taoiseach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taoiseach \"Taoiseach\") [Leo Varadkar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leo_Varadkar \"Leo Varadkar\") release a joint statement agreeing on \"a pathway to a possible deal\".[\\[237\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Staunton-237)\n- 14 October: Parliament returns for the Queen's Speech, which includes seven Brexit-related bills.[\\[238\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_47-238)\n- 17 October: The UK and European Commission agree on a revised withdrawal agreement containing a new [protocol on Northern Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\"). Juncker recommends to EU leaders that the deal is endorsed.[\\[239\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reuters_3-239)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg\/250px-House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg)\n\nMPs debate the renegotiated Brexit deal in a rare Saturday sitting on 19 October 2019[\\[240\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_48-240)\n\n- 19 October:\n  - MPs debate the new Brexit deal in a rare Saturday sitting in the House of Commons. To insure against Britain leaving the EU before the withdrawal agreement is ratified, Letwin tables a motion to delay consideration of the agreement until the legislation to implement it has been passed.[\\[240\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_48-240) Letwin's amendment passes by 322 votes in favour to 306 against, requiring Johnson, under the Benn Act, to request another extension to the Article 50 period.[\\[241\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_6-241)\n  - Johnson sends two letters to Tusk: an unsigned official request to delay Brexit until 31 January 2020, and a signed personal letter explaining his opposition to the delay.[\\[242\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mason_3-242)\n- 21 October: Bercow refuses a request from the government for a new vote on the withdrawal proposal, applying the convention that a motion that is the same \"in substance\" as an earlier one cannot be brought back during the course of a single parliamentary session.[\\[243\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_49-243)\n- 22 October: Speaking in the House of Commons, Johnson announces that the government will pause legislation related to the Brexit deal and will instead \"accelerate\" preparations for a no-deal Brexit.[\\[244\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Ward-244)\n- 24 October: Johnson asks Corbyn in a letter to support a government motion for an early general election on 12 December. Corbyn insists that he would not support a general election until the possibility of a no-deal Brexit is removed first.[\\[245\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_50-245)\n- 28 October:\n  - Tusk confirms in a post on Twitter that the leaders of the EU nations have agreed to delay Brexit until 31 January 2020.[\\[246\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reuters_4-246)\n  - In the House of Commons, the government motion for an early general election on 12 December. Conservative MPs vote in favour, but Labour abstain, and the motion receives only 299 votes, fewer than the two-thirds threshold required under the [Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011 \"Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011\") (434 votes).[\\[247\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_51-247)\n- 29 October: The government introduces the [Early Parliamentary General Election Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_Parliamentary_General_Election_Bill \"Early Parliamentary General Election Bill\") to set aside the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 and hold a general election on 12 December. MPs vote in favour of the bill by 438 to 20.[\\[248\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_52-248)\n- 31 October: The bill is given royal assent and becomes the [Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_Parliamentary_General_Election_Act_2019 \"Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019\"). A general election will now be held on 12 December.[\\[249\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_6-249)\n- 4 November: Replacing Bercow, [Lindsay Hoyle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lindsay_Hoyle \"Lindsay Hoyle\") is elected the new speaker of the House of Commons.[\\[250\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Parker_2-250)\n- 21 November: At an event at [Birmingham City University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birmingham_City_University \"Birmingham City University\"), Corbyn launches Labour's \"most radical\" manifesto in decades.[\\[251\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_7-251) On Brexit, the manifesto says that Labour would renegotiate a new Brexit deal by March and then put that deal to the public in a referendum within six months.[\\[252\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-LBC_2-252)\n- 24 November: Johnson unveils the Conservatives' manifesto at the Telford International Centre. He pledges that, if the Conservatives win a majority, he will bring the withdrawal agreement back to Parliament for a vote before Christmas and that the UK will leave the EU by 31 January 2020.[\\[253\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Courea-253)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c5\/Revealing_Brexit_documents_%2849188329926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg\/250px-Revealing_Brexit_documents_%2849188329926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Revealing_Brexit_documents_\\(49188329926\\)_\\(cropped\\).jpg)\n\nCorbyn presenting the leaked document from [HM Treasury](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\") on 6 December 2019[\\[254\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_8-254)\n\n- 6 December: Corbyn accuses Johnson of misrepresenting the impact of his Brexit agreement, as he reveals a leaked document from [HM Treasury](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HM_Treasury \"HM Treasury\") suggesting that prices will rise and businesses will struggle in Northern Ireland.[\\[254\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_8-254)\n- 11 December: At a [photo op](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photo_op \"Photo op\") at a catering company in [Derby](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Derby \"Derby\"), Johnson removes a pie from an oven as a metaphor for the Conservatives' \"oven-ready\" Brexit deal.[\\[255\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Settle-255)\n- 12 December: The [general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\") is held. A total of 32,014,110 votes are cast for a turnout of 67.3%.[\\[256\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-House_of_Commons_Library_2-256) The Conservatives win 365 seats, giving them a majority of 80 in the House of Commons. Labour win 203 seats, a net loss of 59.[\\[257\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Associated_Press_2-257)\n- 13 December: Following Labour's losses at the election, Corbyn reveals that he will stand down as party leader.[\\[258\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Colson-258)\n- 20 December: MPs vote in the House of Commons on the [European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Bill \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill\"), which would ratify the withdrawal agreement into law. With the Conservatives now having an 80-seat majority, the bill passes its second reading by 358 votes in favour to 234 against, setting Britain on course to leave the EU on 31 January 2020.[\\[259\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_9-259)\n\n### 2020\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: 2020\")\\]\n\n- 8 January: Von der Leyen visits London, and warns at an event that the timeframe to achieve a post-Brexit trade deal is \"very, very tight\".[\\[260\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Amaro-260)\n- 9 January: The European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill passes its third reading by 330 votes in favour to 231 against.[\\[261\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_7-261)\n- 23 January:\n  - The bill receives royal assent and becomes the [European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020\").[\\[262\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_7-262)\n  - The [European Parliament Committee on Constitutional Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Constitutional_Affairs \"European Parliament Committee on Constitutional Affairs\") vote in favour of the withdrawal agreement by 23 votes to 3.[\\[263\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wishart-263)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg\/250px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg)\n\nJohnson signing the withdrawal agreement on 24 January 2020[\\[264\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Proctor-264)\n\n- 24 January: Von der Leyen and Michel sign the withdrawal agreement in the EU's [Europa building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Europa_building \"Europa building\") in Brussels. The document is then delivered in a [diplomatic bag](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diplomatic_bag \"Diplomatic bag\") to Johnson in 10 Downing Street, who also signs it.[\\[264\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Proctor-264)\n- 27 January: Johnson appoints [David Frost](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Frost,_Baron_Frost \"David Frost, Baron Frost\") to lead trade negotiation with the EU on his behalf.[\\[265\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mason_4-265)\n- 28 January: [Chris Pincher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chris_Pincher \"Chris Pincher\"), [Minister of State for Europe and the Americas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_of_State_for_Europe_and_the_Americas \"Minister of State for Europe and the Americas\"), becomes the final UK minister to attend an EU meeting as he speaks at the [General Affairs Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Affairs_Council \"General Affairs Council\") in Brussels.[\\[266\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_53-266)\n- 29 January: MEPs vote to ratify the withdrawal agreement by 621 votes in favour to 49 against. It is the final time that MEPs from the UK sit in the European Parliament.[\\[267\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Boffey_3-267)\n- 30 January: By responding via email to four [yes–no questions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yes%E2%80%93no_question \"Yes–no question\"), the remaining members of the EU conclude the ratification of the withdrawal agreement.[\\[268\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stevis-Gridneff-268)\n\n[![refer to caption](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/2\/20\/Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg\/250px-Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg)\n\nThousands gather in [Parliament Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliament_Square \"Parliament Square\") to mark the moment that the UK officially leaves the EU at 23:00 on 31 January 2020[\\[269\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_54-269)\n\n- 31 January: The UK officially withdraws from the EU at 23:00 GMT. Thousands of Brexit supporters gather in [Parliament Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliament_Square \"Parliament Square\") to celebrate the moment. A transition period, where most EU laws will continue to be in force until 31 December, begins.[\\[269\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_54-269)\n\n## Transition period\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Transition period\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Brexit withdrawal agreement § Transition period](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Transition_period \"Brexit withdrawal agreement\")\n\n### 2020\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: 2020\")\\]\n\n- 2 March: Trade talks on the UK and EU's future relationship, led by Barnier and Frost, begin.[\\[270\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Crisp_2-270)\n- 12 March: As a result of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), the UK and EU call off the second round of face-to-face trade talks, and decide instead to explore continuing the negotiations through [video conferencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_conferencing \"Video conferencing\").[\\[271\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Pylas-271)\n- 30 March: The [Withdrawal Agreement Joint Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Withdrawal_Agreement_Joint_Committee \"Withdrawal Agreement Joint Committee\")—a [joint committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_committee_\\(diplomatic\\) \"Joint committee (diplomatic)\") co-chaired by both the EU and UK, set up to implement the withdrawal agreement—meets for the first time.[\\[272\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wright,_Georgina-272)\n- 12 June: At a meeting of the joint committee, Gove formally confirms that the UK will not extend the transition period beyond 31 December.[\\[273\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McGuinness-273)\n- 15 June: Johnson, von der Leyen, Michel and [President of the European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_European_Parliament \"President of the European Parliament\") [David Sassoli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Sassoli \"David Sassoli\") meet for high-level talks by video conference. In a joint statement afterwards, both sides agreed that the negotiations had been \"constructive\", but that \"new momentum\" was needed.[\\[274\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Casalicchio-274)\n- 8 September: Speaking in the House of Commons, [Brandon Lewis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brandon_Lewis \"Brandon Lewis\"), [Secretary of State for Northern Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland \"Secretary of State for Northern Ireland\"), says that proposed legislation for the UK's internal market breaks international law \"in a very specific and limited way\".[\\[275\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reuters_5-275)\n- 9 September: The proposed legislation—now called the [United Kingdom Internal Market Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Bill \"United Kingdom Internal Market Bill\")—is published.[\\[276\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Culbertson-276)\n- 10 September: Following a meeting between Gove and European Commission Vice-President [Maroš Šefčovič](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D \"Maroš Šefčovič\"), a statement from the European Commission warns that adopting the bill would violate the withdrawal agreement and break international law.[\\[277\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-O'Reilly-277)\n- 16 September: Referencing the internal market bill in her first annual [State of the Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_of_the_Union_\\(European_Union\\) \"State of the Union (European Union)\") address, von der Leyen warns the government against reneging on the withdrawal agreement, and says that it cannot be \"unilaterally changed, disregarded, disapplied\".[\\[278\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_8-278)\n- 29 September: The bill passes its third reading in House of Commons by 340 votes to 256.[\\[279\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McDonald-279)\n- 1 October: Speaking in Brussels, von der Leyen announces that the European Commission has launched legal action against the UK over the internal market bill by writing a letter of formal notice to the government, the first step in an infringement procedure.[\\[280\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McGee-280)\n- 16 October: In a televised statement, Johnson warns that there will be no more trade negotiations unless there is \"fundamental change\" to the EU's approach, and that the UK should prepare for a no-deal Brexit.[\\[281\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Crisp_3-281)\n- 7 November: Johnson and von der Leyen agree to trade negotiations continuing into the following week, and promise to \"redouble\" the efforts to reach a deal.[\\[282\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Howie-282)\n- 4 December: Barnier and Frost pause negotiations, saying that the conditions to reach an agreement have not been met.[\\[283\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Lawless-283)\n\n[![Colour photograph of Boris Johnson speaking on the phone with Ursula von der Leyen](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2850691988901%29.jpg\/250px-Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2850691988901%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_\\(50691988901\\).jpg)\n\nJohnson speaking with [President of the European Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_European_Commission \"President of the European Commission\") [Ursula von der Leyen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ursula_von_der_Leyen \"Ursula von der Leyen\") on 7 December 2020[\\[284\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-284)\n\n- 7 December: Von der Leyen and Johnson speak by phone, then say afterwards that significant differences on three issues—fair-competition rules, fishing rights and the governance of future disputes—still remain in the way of a free trade deal.[\\[284\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-284)\n- 9 December: Johnson travels to Brussels for a three-hour working dinner with von der Leyen. The deadlock is not broken, but both sides agree to a final decision before a deadline of 13 December.[\\[285\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Williams-Grut-285)\n- 13 December: Following a phone call between the pair, Johnson and von der Leyen say that negotiations will continue beyond the deadline. Johnson says that the two sides are \"very far apart on some key issues\", and that Britain should prepare for tariffs under [World Trade Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\") terms after the end of the transition period.[\\[286\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Allegretti_2-286)\n- 17 December:\n  - Speaking on behalf of Johnson, a Downing Street spokeswoman says that it is very likely that a trade agreement will not be reached, as negotiations are in a \"serious situation\".[\\[287\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Demianyk_1-287)\n  - The United Kingdom Internal Market Bill achieves royal assent and becomes the [United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 \"United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020\").[\\[288\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_8-288)\n- 24 December: The UK and EU reach an agreement on a post-Brexit free trade deal, called the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Although the text of the agreement has yet to be released, the deal has been agreed in principle, allowing goods to be sold without tariffs or quotas. Johnson hails the deal as \"fantastic news\".[\\[289\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_55-289)[\\[290\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Boffey_4-290)\n- 26 December: The full text of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, running to more than 1,200 pages, is released.[\\[291\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Euractiv-291)\n- 30 December: The government introduces a bill to Parliament to implement the trade deal, with the intention of its passing through all stages in one day. MPs in the House of Commons vote on the bill by 521 in favour to 78 against.[\\[292\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Syal_1-292)\n- 31 December:\n  - The Queen grants royal assent to the bill at 00:35, and it becomes the [European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Future_Relationship\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020\"), 14 hours after it was introduced.[\\[293\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_9-293)[\\[294\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Syal_2-294)\n  - At 23:00, the UK formally completes its separation from the EU with the ending of the transition period.[\\[295\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_56-295)\n\n## Aftermath\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Aftermath\")\\]\n\nSee also: [Brexit § Impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit#Impact \"Brexit\"), and [Economic effects of Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_effects_of_Brexit \"Economic effects of Brexit\")\n\nBrexit has had lasting impacts on both the EU and UK, and will continue to for many years.[\\[296\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Chen-296)[\\[297\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Inman-297)[\\[298\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Dhingra-298) The broad consensus of economists is that leaving the EU has had a substantially negative effect on the UK's economy.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Week_2-2) In a January 2021 survey of leading US and European economists, 86% expected that the UK's economy would be several percentage points smaller by 2030 than it would have been if it had remained in the bloc.[\\[299\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Vaitilingam-299) Two years later, in February 2023, an analysis by [Bloomberg Economics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_Economics \"Bloomberg Economics\") concluded that Brexit was costing the UK £100 billion a year in lost output, leaving the country's economy 4% smaller than it otherwise would have been.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Goncalves-3) Similarly, the [Office for Budget Responsibility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility \"Office for Budget Responsibility\") has also forecasted that Brexit will cause Britain's economy to be 4% smaller,[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sleigh-4) and exports and imports to be 15% lower.[\\[300\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Grice_2-300)\n\nAs of 2023[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit), public opinion of Brexit has also shifted. From 2016 to 2021, views within Britain remained relatively evenly split, with analysts attributing changing patterns to the declining population of elderly Brexit-supporting voters and an increasing number of younger Remain supporters reaching voting age.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Week_2-2)[\\[301\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Frese-301) From 2022 onwards, public opinion changed, with polling conducted by YouGov finding that the public felt that the UK was wrong to leave the EU by 56% to 32%, and that a quarter of Brexit supporters regretted their vote.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Week_2-2)[\\[302\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Ashton-302) Among Leave voters who regretted their decision, the most common reasons were a feeling that things had gotten worse since the referendum, and concerns over the economy and [cost of living](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis \"2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis\").[\\[303\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sky_News_3-303) In January 2023, a similar poll by *[UnHerd](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UnHerd \"UnHerd\")* and [Focaldata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Focaldata&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Focaldata (page does not exist)\") concluded that in all but three of Britain's 632 constituencies, a plurality of people agreed that the UK was wrong to leave the EU.[\\[304\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Demianyk_2-304)[\\[305\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Withers-305)\n\nIn May 2025, a [new EU–UK deal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#2025_Summit \"United Kingdom–European Union relations\") that addresses fishing rights, trade, defence and import–export conflicts was announced by von der Leyen and Prime Minister [Keir Starmer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keir_Starmer \"Keir Starmer\").[\\[306\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_6-306) The deal brings ties between the EU and the UK closer, with border checks dropped and EU access to UK fishing stock restored. Additionally, a new agreement meant that the UK could once again sell raw burgers and sausages back into the EU for the first time since Brexit. Defence ties were re-formalised, the ability to work and travel was restored, and the UK and EU linked their carbon markets to avoid taxes on carbon-intensive goods such as steel and cement travelling between the two blocs.[\\[307\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Francis-307)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [Timeline of British history (1990–present)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_British_history_\\(1990%E2%80%93present\\) \"Timeline of British history (1990–present)\")\n- [Timeline of Partygate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Partygate \"Timeline of Partygate\") – a similar political timeline of the UK involving Johnson\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Radosavljevic_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Radosavljevic_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Radosavljevic_1-2)\n   Radosavljevic, Zoran (19 March 2018). [\"EU, UK make major breakthrough in Brexit talks\"](https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/uk-europe\/news\/eu-uk-make-major-breakthrough-in-brexit-talks\/). *[Euractiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euractiv \"Euractiv\")*. Brussels. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230225212323\/https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/uk-europe\/news\/eu-uk-make-major-breakthrough-in-brexit-talks\/) from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-The_Week_2_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-The_Week_2_2-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-The_Week_2_2-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-The_Week_2_2-3)\n   [\"The Brexit effect\"](https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/uk\/the-week\/20230217\/page\/11). *[The Week](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Week \"The Week\")* (1423). London: [Future](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Future_plc \"Future plc\"): 11. 18 February 2023. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230404165516\/https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/uk\/the-week\/20230217\/page\/11) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2016.\n   \n   (subscription required)\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Goncalves_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Goncalves_3-1)\n   Concalves, Pedro (1 February 2023). [\"Brexit 'costing the UK economy £100 billion' a year\"](https:\/\/uk.news.yahoo.com\/brexit-costing-the-uk-economy-%C2%A3100-billion-a-year-121554321.html). [Yahoo! News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo!_News \"Yahoo! News\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327115846\/https:\/\/uk.news.yahoo.com\/brexit-costing-the-uk-economy-%C2%A3100-billion-a-year-121554321.html) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Sleigh_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Sleigh_4-1)\n   Sleigh, Sophia (26 March 2023). [\"Brexit Reduces UK's Overall Output by 4% Compared to Remain, Expert Says\"](https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.co.uk\/entry\/brexit-reduces-uks-overall-output-by-4-compared-to-remain-obr-richard-hughes_uk_64200592e4b0ad12f348dce5). *[HuffPost UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HuffPost_UK \"HuffPost UK\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327054301\/https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.co.uk\/entry\/brexit-reduces-uks-overall-output-by-4-compared-to-remain-obr-richard-hughes_uk_64200592e4b0ad12f348dce5) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Palmer,_John_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Palmer,_John_5-1)\n   Palmer, John (7 February 1992). [\"Second treaty of Maastricht brings full union closer\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/feb\/09\/treaty-on-european-union-signed-in-maastricht-1992). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230328161324\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/feb\/09\/treaty-on-european-union-signed-in-maastricht-1992) from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-OCarroll_6-0)**\n   O'Carroll, Lisa (29 January 2020). [\"The highs and lows of Britain's 47 years in the EEC and EU\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/jan\/29\/the-highs-and-lows-of-britains-47-years-in-the-eec-and-eu). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230317100507\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/jan\/29\/the-highs-and-lows-of-britains-47-years-in-the-eec-and-eu) from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Hill_7-0)**\n   Hill, Timothy Martyn (25 May 2016). [\"Forecast error: European referenda, past and present\"](https:\/\/www.significancemagazine.com\/politics\/252-forecast-error-european-referenda-past-and-present). *[Significance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Significance_\\(magazine\\) \"Significance (magazine)\")*. London: [Oxford University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230329115547\/https:\/\/www.significancemagazine.com\/politics\/252-forecast-error-european-referenda-past-and-present) from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Clark_8-0)**\n   Clark, Neil (10 June 2008). [\"Not so suicidal after all\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2008\/jun\/10\/labour.margaretthatcher). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230328155435\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2008\/jun\/10\/labour.margaretthatcher) from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Hope_9-0)**\n   Hope, Christopher (3 March 2010). [\"Michael Foot: Labour's 1983 general election manifesto and 'the longest suicide in history'\"](https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/politics\/7362487\/Michael-Foot-Labours-1983-general-election-manifesto-and-the-longest-suicide-in-history.html). *[The Daily Telegraph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120522002854\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/politics\/7362487\/Michael-Foot-Labours-1983-general-election-manifesto-and-the-longest-suicide-in-history.html) from the original on 22 May 2012.\n   \n   (subscription required)\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Kirkup_10-0)**\n    Kirkup, James (8 April 2013). [\"Margaret Thatcher: Conflict over Europe led to final battle\"](https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/politics\/margaret-thatcher\/9980360\/Margaret-Thatcher-Conflict-over-Europe-led-to-final-battle.html). *[The Daily Telegraph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006035919\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/politics\/margaret-thatcher\/9980360\/Margaret-Thatcher-Conflict-over-Europe-led-to-final-battle.html) from the original on 6 October 2014.\n    \n    (subscription required)\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-BBC_News_36_11-0)**\n    [\"Cameron chosen as new Tory leader\"](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/4502652.stm). London: [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 6 December 2005. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230302224203\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/4502652.stm) from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Hough_12-0)**\n    Hough, Andrew (11 May 2010). [\"David Cameron becomes youngest Prime Minister in almost 200 years\"](https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/politics\/david-cameron\/7712545\/David-Cameron-becomes-youngest-Prime-Minister-in-almost-200-years.html). *[The Daily Telegraph](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230310145712\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/politics\/david-cameron\/7712545\/David-Cameron-becomes-youngest-Prime-Minister-in-almost-200-years.html) from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.\n    \n    (subscription required)\n13. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-BBC_News_17_13-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-BBC_News_17_13-1)\n    [\"Election 2010 – Results\"](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/shared\/election2010\/results\/). London: [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 7 May 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160423034121\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/shared\/election2010\/results\/) from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2023.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-BBC_News_37_14-0)**\n    [\"Election 2010: First hung parliament in UK for decades\"](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/8667071.stm). London: [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 7 May 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210610145528\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/8667071.stm) from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2023.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-CNN_15-0)**\n    [\"Political uncertainty in UK as rivals jostle for power\"](http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/europe\/05\/07\/uk.elections\/index.html). [CNN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNN \"CNN\"). 8 May 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230310152453\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/europe\/05\/07\/uk.elections\/index.html) from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Wintour_5_16-0)**\n    Wintour, Patrick (12 May 2010). [\"David Cameron and Nick Clegg lead coalition into power\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2010\/may\/12\/david-cameron-nick-clegg-coalition). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230310152452\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2010\/may\/12\/david-cameron-nick-clegg-coalition) from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-BBC_News_38_17-0)**\n    [\"Timeline: Campaigns for a European Union referendum\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-15390884). London: [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 21 May 2015. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191016205813\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-15390884) from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2023.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Watt_1_18-0)**\n    Watt, Nicholas (25 October 2011). [\"David Cameron rocked by record rebellion as Europe splits Tories again\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2011\/oct\/24\/david-cameron-tory-rebellion-europe). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230310152500\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2011\/oct\/24\/david-cameron-tory-rebellion-europe) from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Redford_19-0)**\n    Redford, Pete. [\"The EU Referendum rebellion has left David Cameron with little room to manoeuvre and is picking apart his liberal conservative project\"](https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/politicsandpolicy\/eu-rebellion-cameron\/). [London School of Economics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London_School_of_Economics \"London School of Economics\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230310152454\/https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/politicsandpolicy\/eu-rebellion-cameron\/) from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-BBC_News_40_20-0)**\n    [\"100,000 sign petition calling for EU referendum\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-14834871). London: [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 8 September 2011. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230310155854\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-14834871) from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-BBC_News_39_21-0)**\n    [\"David Cameron speech: UK and the EU\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-21013771). London: [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 23 January 2023. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230310153846\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-21013771) from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.\n22. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Wright,_Oliver_22-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Wright,_Oliver_22-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Wright,_Oliver_22-2)\n    Wright, Oliver; Cooper, Charlie (24 June 2016). [\"The speech that was the start of the end of David Cameron\"](https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/uk\/politics\/brexit-eu-referendum-david-cameron-resignation-announcement-2013-a7101281.html). *[The Independent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Independent \"The Independent\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190416172402\/https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/uk\/politics\/brexit-eu-referendum-david-cameron-resignation-announcement-2013-a7101281.html) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2023.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Lewis-Hargreave_23-0)**\n    Lewis-Hargreave, Sam (21 January 2019). [\"Is 'Brexit' the Worst Political Portmanteau in History?\"](https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.co.uk\/sam-lewishargreave\/is-brexit-the-worst-polit_b_10615036.html). *[HuffPost UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HuffPost_UK \"HuffPost UK\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230310155901\/https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.co.uk\/sam-lewishargreave\/is-brexit-the-worst-polit_b_10615036.html) from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Tempest_24-0)**\n    Tempest, Matthew (10 January 2017). 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Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n288. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-UK_Parliament_8_288-0)**\n     [\"United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020\"](https:\/\/bills.parliament.uk\/bills\/2775\/stages). London: [UK Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Parliament \"UK Parliament\"). 2020. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327105600\/https:\/\/bills.parliament.uk\/bills\/2775\/stages) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n289. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-BBC_News_55_289-0)**\n     [\"Brexit: Boris Johnson hails free trade deal with EU\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-55435930). London: [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 24 December 2020. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210430055606\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-55435930) from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n290. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Boffey_4_290-0)**\n     Boffey, Daniel; O'Carroll, Lisa (24 December 2020). [\"UK and EU agree Brexit trade deal\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/dec\/24\/uk-eu-agree-brexit-trade-deal-agreement). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201229024159\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/dec\/24\/uk-eu-agree-brexit-trade-deal-agreement) from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n291. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Euractiv_291-0)**\n     [\"Britain and EU release full text of post-Brexit trade deal\"](https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/uk-europe\/news\/britain-and-eu-release-full-text-of-post-brexit-trade-deal\/). *[Euractiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euractiv \"Euractiv\")*. Brussels. 26 December 2020. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327111945\/https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/uk-europe\/news\/britain-and-eu-release-full-text-of-post-brexit-trade-deal\/) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n292. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Syal_1_292-0)**\n     Syal, Rajeev (30 December 2020). [\"MPs pass Brexit trade deal by 521 votes to 73\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/dec\/30\/pm-hails-fantastic-new-relationship-at-start-of-brexit-deal-debate). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327111944\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/dec\/30\/pm-hails-fantastic-new-relationship-at-start-of-brexit-deal-debate) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n293. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-UK_Parliament_9_293-0)**\n     [\"European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020\"](https:\/\/bills.parliament.uk\/bills\/2817\/stages). London: [UK Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Parliament \"UK Parliament\"). 2020. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327111947\/https:\/\/bills.parliament.uk\/bills\/2817\/stages) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n294. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Syal_2_294-0)**\n     Syal, Rajeev (31 December 2020). [\"Boris Johnson's post-Brexit trade deal passes into UK law\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/dec\/31\/post-brexit-trade-deal-boris-johnson-thanks-mps-and-peers-for-passing-bill). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210102204036\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/dec\/31\/post-brexit-trade-deal-boris-johnson-thanks-mps-and-peers-for-passing-bill) from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n295. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-BBC_News_56_295-0)**\n     [\"Brexit: Johnson hails UK's 'freedom' moment as EU era draws to close\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-55497671). London: [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). 31 December 2020. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327080605\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-55497671) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n296. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Chen_296-0)**\n     Chen, Jiaqian; Ebeke, Christian; Lin, Li; Haonan, Qu; Siminitz, Jesse (10 August 2018). [\"The Long-Term Impact of Brexit on the European Union\"](https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Blogs\/Articles\/2018\/08\/10\/blog-the-long-term-impact-of-brexit-on-the-eu). Washington, D.C.: [International Monetary Fund](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327154739\/https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Blogs\/Articles\/2018\/08\/10\/blog-the-long-term-impact-of-brexit-on-the-eu) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n297. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Inman_297-0)**\n     Inman, Phillip (12 March 2021). [\"Massive drop in UK trade shows extent of Boris Johnson's Brexit own goal\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2021\/mar\/12\/boris-johnson-brexit-self-harm-economic-debacle-trade-drop). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327152432\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2021\/mar\/12\/boris-johnson-brexit-self-harm-economic-debacle-trade-drop) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n298. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Dhingra_298-0)**\n     Dhingra, Swati; Fry, Emily; Hale, Sophie; Jia, Ningyuan (24 June 2022). [\"Brexit will exacerbate long-term challenges facing the UK economy\"](https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/businessreview\/2022\/06\/24\/brexit-will-exacerbate-long-term-challenges-facing-the-uk-economy\/). [London School of Economics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London_School_of_Economics \"London School of Economics\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327152435\/https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/businessreview\/2022\/06\/24\/brexit-will-exacerbate-long-term-challenges-facing-the-uk-economy\/) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n299. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Vaitilingam_299-0)**\n     Vaitilingam, Romesh (25 January 2021). [\"After Brexit: the impacts on the UK and EU economies by 2030\"](https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/businessreview\/2021\/01\/25\/after-brexit-the-impacts-on-the-uk-and-eu-economies-by-2030\/). [London School of Economics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London_School_of_Economics \"London School of Economics\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230226213016\/https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/businessreview\/2021\/01\/25\/after-brexit-the-impacts-on-the-uk-and-eu-economies-by-2030\/) from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.\n300. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Grice_2_300-0)**\n     Grice, Andrew (13 May 2023). [\"Keir Starmer campaigned against Brexit and lost. Will 'Bregretful' voters now reward him?\"](https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/independentpremium\/voices\/keir-starmer-brexit-labour-b2337732.html). *[The Independent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Independent \"The Independent\")*. London. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230517004931\/https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/independentpremium\/voices\/keir-starmer-brexit-labour-b2337732.html) from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.\n     \n     (subscription required)\n301. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Frese_301-0)**\n     Frese, Joris; Härkönen, Juho; [Hix, Simon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Hix \"Simon Hix\") (2024). \"Brextinction? How cohort replacement has transformed support for Brexit\". *[European Journal of Political Research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Journal_of_Political_Research \"European Journal of Political Research\")*. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1111\/1475-6765.12745](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2F1475-6765.12745). [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[1814\/77582](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1814%2F77582).\n302. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Ashton_302-0)**\n     Ashton, Emily; Harris, Julian (12 January 2023). [\"London Mayor Khan Warns of 'Immense' Brexit Damage to City\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2023-01-12\/london-mayor-khan-warns-of-immense-brexit-damage-to-city). London: [Bloomberg News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\"). Retrieved 21 April 2023.\n     \n     (subscription required)\n303. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Sky_News_3_303-0)**\n     [\"Top reason for Leave voters changing minds on Brexit revealed\"](https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/politics-latest-labour-leader-keir-starmer-to-deliver-first-speech-of-2023-after-rishi-sunak-criticised-for-being-detached-from-reality-12593360?postid=5179708#liveblog-body). London: [Sky News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_News \"Sky News\"). 6 January 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.\n304. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Demianyk_2_304-0)**\n     Demianyk, Graeme (30 January 2023). [\"Almost All Constituencies Think Brexit Was a Mistake, Poll Shows\"](https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.co.uk\/entry\/brexit-was-a-mistake-poll_uk_63d7e898e4b01e92886c334e). *[HuffPost UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HuffPost_UK \"HuffPost UK\")*. London. Retrieved 21 April 2023.\n305. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Withers_305-0)**\n     Withers, Matt (30 January 2023). [\"Britain's wave of Bregret\"](https:\/\/www.theneweuropean.co.uk\/britains-wave-of-bregret\/). *[The New European](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_European \"The New European\")*. London. Retrieved 21 April 2023.\n306. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Elgot_6_306-0)**\n     Elgot, Jessica; O'Carroll, Lisa (19 May 2025). [\"EU reset deal puts Britain back on the world stage, says Keir Starmer\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2025\/may\/19\/keir-starmer-uk-eu-reset-deal-win-win). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. London. Retrieved 3 June 2025.\n307. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Francis_307-0)**\n     Francis, Sam (19 May 2025). [\"The new UK-EU deal at a glance\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/czdy3r6q9mgo). London: [BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\"). Retrieved 3 June 2025.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n**Similar timelines**\n\n- [\"Timeline of events in Britain's exit from the European Union\"](https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/europe-general-elections-elections-referendums-david-cameron-f673af169925d30e524169ef92c4f386) at [Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\")\n- [\"Brexit timeline\"](https:\/\/www.cer.eu\/brexit-timeline) at the [Centre for European Reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centre_for_European_Reform \"Centre for European Reform\")\n- [\"Brexit timeline: events leading to the UK's exit from the European Union\"](https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/CBP-7960\/CBP-7960.pdf) at the [House of Commons Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Commons_Library \"House of Commons Library\")\n- [\"Brexit timeline: Flashpoints from the 2016 referendum to leaving the EU in 2020\"](https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/uk\/politics\/brexit-timeline-events-uk-leave-eu-referendum-may-boris-parliament-a9310221.html) at *[The Independent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Independent \"The Independent\")*\n- [\"Timeline of Brexit and events leading to May's departure\"](https:\/\/vancouversun.com\/pmn\/news-pmn\/timeline-of-brexit-and-events-leading-to-mays-departure\/wcm\/eb24f977-d140-466b-9103-f00a05f07c3d) at the *[Vancouver Sun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vancouver_Sun \"Vancouver Sun\")*\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Brexit_topics \"Template:Brexit topics\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Brexit_topics \"Template talk:Brexit topics\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Brexit_topics \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Brexit topics\")[2016 UK European Union Membership referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") and [Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Renegotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") [Referendum results](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Invocation of Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\") [Negotiations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\") [Withdrawal agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Brexit withdrawal agreement\") [Northern Ireland protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_protocol \"Northern Ireland protocol\") [Trade negotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU \"Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU\") [Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") [Windsor Framework](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsor_Framework \"Windsor Framework\") [Timeline]() |   |\n| Referendum question | \"[Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015#Referendum_question \"European Union Referendum Act 2015\")\" |\n| Referendum legislation | [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 \"European Union Referendum Act 2015\") [Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Act_2016_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)\") [European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_\\(Date_of_Referendum_etc.\\)_Regulations_2016 \"European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016\") [The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_European_Union_Referendum_\\(Conduct\\)_Regulations_2016 \"The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016\") |\n| Background |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Treaties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaties_of_the_European_Union \"Treaties of the European Union\") | [Rome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Rome \"Treaty of Rome\") [1972 Accession Treaty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 \"Treaty of Accession 1972\") [Single European Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Single_European_Act \"Single European Act\") [Maastricht](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Treaty \"Maastricht Treaty\") [Amsterdam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Amsterdam \"Treaty of Amsterdam\") [Nice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Nice \"Treaty of Nice\") [European Constitution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe \"Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe\") [Lisbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Lisbon \"Treaty of Lisbon\") [UK opt-outs from EU legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation \"United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation\") |\n| [Legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union \"Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union\") | [European Communities Act 1972](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_Act_1972_\\(UK\\) \"European Communities Act 1972 (UK)\") Amendments: [1986](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_1986 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986\") [1993](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_1993 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993\") [1998](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_1998 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998\") [2002](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_2002 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002\") [2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_2008 \"European Union (Amendment) Act 2008\") [2011](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Act_2011 \"European Union Act 2011\") [European Economic Area Act 1993](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Economic_Area_Act_1993 \"European Economic Area Act 1993\") |\n| Proposed bills | [European Union Bill 2004–05](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005 \"European Union Bill 2004–2005\") [European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_Act_1972_\\(Repeal\\)_Bills \"European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills\") [European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 \"European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14\") |\n| Elections | [2014 European Parliament election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") [2015 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") |\n| By-elections | [2014 Clacton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Clacton_by-election \"2014 Clacton by-election\") [2014 Heywood and Middleton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election \"2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election\") [2014 Rochester and Strood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election \"2014 Rochester and Strood by-election\") |\n| Other | [UK accession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities \"Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities\") [1973 EC enlargement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities \"1973 enlargement of the European Communities\") [UK membership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union \"United Kingdom membership of the European Union\") [1975 EC membership referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum \"1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum\") [UK rebate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_rebate \"UK rebate\") [Bruges speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruges_speech \"Bruges speech\") [No. No. No.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._No._No._\\(Margaret_Thatcher\\) \"No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)\") [Black Wednesday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Wednesday \"Black Wednesday\") [EEA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Economic_Area \"European Economic Area\") [Maastricht Rebels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Rebels \"Maastricht Rebels\") *[The European Union: In or Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out \"The European Union: In or Out\")* [Bloomberg speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_speech \"Bloomberg speech\") [Russian interference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum \"Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum\") [Balance of Competences Review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balance_of_Competences_Review \"Balance of Competences Review\") [2015–16 renegotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom\") |\n| [Campaign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") | [Issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Opinion polling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Endorsements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Project Fear](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Fear \"Project Fear\") [Unlawful campaigning allegations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum \"Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum\") *[Brexit: The Movie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit:_The_Movie \"Brexit: The Movie\")* [Pro-EU leaflet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pro-EU_leaflet \"Pro-EU leaflet\") [Breaking Point (UKIP poster)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Breaking_Point_\\(UKIP_poster\\) \"Breaking Point (UKIP poster)\") |\n| Campaign organisations |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Remain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") | [Britain Stronger in Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe \"Britain Stronger in Europe\") (official campaign) [Labour In for Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_In_for_Britain \"Labour In for Britain\") |\n| Leave | [Vote Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vote_Leave \"Vote Leave\") (official campaign) [Vote Leave bus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vote_Leave_bus \"Vote Leave bus\") [Leave.EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leave.EU \"Leave.EU\") [BeLeave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BeLeave \"BeLeave\") [Grassroots Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grassroots_Out \"Grassroots Out\") [Labour Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Leave \"Labour Leave\") [Campaign for an Independent Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain \"Campaign for an Independent Britain\") [The Freedom Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Freedom_Association \"The Freedom Association\") [Better Off Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Better_Off_Out \"Better Off Out\") [Get Britain Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Get_Britain_Out \"Get Britain Out\") [Bruges Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruges_Group_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Bruges Group (United Kingdom)\") |\n| [Aftermath of referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Political party leadership elections | Conservative [2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2016 Conservative Party leadership election\") [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2019 Conservative Party leadership election\") [Scottish, February 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/February_2020_Scottish_Conservatives_leadership_election \"February 2020 Scottish Conservatives leadership election\") [Labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\\(UK\\) \"2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)\") [UKIP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election \"July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election\") |\n| [Opposition to Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opposition_to_Brexit \"Opposition to Brexit\") | [Proposed second referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement\") [People's Vote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Vote \"People's Vote\") [Petition to revoke Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition \"Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition\") [Led By Donkeys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Led_By_Donkeys \"Led By Donkeys\") [Bollocks to Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bollocks_to_Brexit \"Bollocks to Brexit\") |\n| Elections | [2017 local](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections \"2017 United Kingdom local elections\") [2017 general](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2017 United Kingdom general election\") [2018 local](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections \"2018 United Kingdom local elections\") [2019 local](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections \"2019 United Kingdom local elections\") [2019 European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") [Brexit Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_Party \"Brexit Party\") [2019 general](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\") |\n| By-elections | [2016 Witney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Witney_by-election \"2016 Witney by-election\") [2016 Richmond Park](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Richmond_Park_by-election \"2016 Richmond Park by-election\") [2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Sleaford_and_North_Hykeham_by-election \"2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election\") [2017 Copeland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_Copeland_by-election \"2017 Copeland by-election\") [2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_Stoke-on-Trent_Central_by-election \"2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election\") [2019 Peterborough](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Peterborough_by-election \"2019 Peterborough by-election\") [2019 Brecon and Radnorshire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Brecon_and_Radnorshire_by-election \"2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election\") |\n| Other | [International reactions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [March to Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/March_to_Leave \"March to Leave\") [Brexit Alliance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_Alliance \"Brexit Alliance\") [Blue Collar Conservativism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Collar_Conservativism \"Blue Collar Conservativism\") [Brexit Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_Party \"Brexit Party\") [Independent Alliance for Reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_Alliance_for_Reform \"Independent Alliance for Reform\") |\n| Brexit process | [*Miller I* case](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\") [Invocation of Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\") [Negotiations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\") [Brexit divorce bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_divorce_bill \"Brexit divorce bill\") [2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017 \"Brexit negotiations in 2017\") [2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 \"Brexit negotiations in 2018\") [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 \"Brexit negotiations in 2019\") [Withdrawal agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Brexit withdrawal agreement\") [Parliamentary votes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit \"Parliamentary votes on Brexit\") [No-deal Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-deal_Brexit \"No-deal Brexit\") [Operation Yellowhammer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Yellowhammer \"Operation Yellowhammer\") [Prorogation of Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_British_prorogation_controversy \"2019 British prorogation controversy\") [*Miller II \/ Cherry* case](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland \"R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland\") [Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU \"Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU\") [Fish for finance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_for_finance \"Fish for finance\") [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") |\n| [Impact of Brexit and potential effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_Brexit \"Impact of Brexit\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| on Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland | [2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2024_Northern_Ireland_Executive_formation \"2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation\") [Brexit and the Irish border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border \"Brexit and the Irish border\") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\") [proposed changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill \"Northern Ireland Protocol Bill\") [Irish Sea border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_Sea_border \"Irish Sea border\") [Windsor Framework](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsor_Framework \"Windsor Framework\") |\n| Other | [on Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar \"Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar\") [on the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union \"Impact of Brexit on the European Union\") [Science and technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology \"Brexit and arrangements for science and technology\") [Economic effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_effects_of_Brexit \"Economic effects of Brexit\") [EU–UK relations after Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union \"Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union\") |\n| Brexit legislation |   |\n|   |   |\n| White papers | [Brexit plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_plan \"Brexit plan\") [Repeal Bill plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repeal_Bill_plan \"Repeal Bill plan\") [Chequers plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chequers_plan \"Chequers plan\") [Brexit withdrawal agreement plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan \"Brexit withdrawal agreement plan\") |\n| Enacted | [Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\\)_Act_2017 \"European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017\") [Withdrawal Act 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2018 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018\") ([Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)\")) [Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018 \"Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018\") [Cooper–Letwin Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019\") [Benn Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_\\(No._2\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019\") [Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020\") ([Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)\")) [Internal Market Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 \"United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020\") [Future Relationship Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Future_Relationship\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020\") [UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Act_2020 \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020\") [Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retained_EU_Law_\\(Revocation_and_Reform\\)_Act_2023 \"Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023\") |\n| Proposed | [Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_\\(Referendum\\)_Bills \"Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills\") [UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Legal_Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Bill_2018 \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018\") [European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_\\(Public_Vote\\)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319 \"European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19\") |\n| Related | [Brexit 50p coin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_50p_coin \"Brexit 50p coin\") [Change Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Change_Britain \"Change Britain\") [Change UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Change_UK \"Change UK\") [Chaos with Ed Miliband](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chaos_with_Ed_Miliband \"Chaos with Ed Miliband\") [European Research Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Research_Group \"European Research Group\") \"[Enemies of the People](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enemies_of_the_People_\\(headline\\) \"Enemies of the People (headline)\")\" [Leave Means Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leave_Means_Leave \"Leave Means Leave\") [Led By Donkeys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Led_By_Donkeys \"Led By Donkeys\") [More United](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/More_United \"More United\") [Northern Future Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Future_Forum \"Northern Future Forum\") *[The New European](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_European \"The New European\")* [Open Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Britain \"Open Britain\") [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum \"Proposed second Scottish independence referendum\") [Reform UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reform_UK \"Reform UK\") [Rue du Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rue_du_Brexit \"Rue du Brexit\") [Terminology (Glossary)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms \"Glossary of Brexit terms\") [Tufton Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tufton_Street \"Tufton Street\") [United Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Ireland \"United Ireland\") [Voting pencil conspiracy theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory \"Voting pencil conspiracy theory\") [Retained EU law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retained_EU_law_\\(UK_Law\\) \"Retained EU law (UK Law)\") [2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_Diane_Abbott%E2%80%93David_Davis_controversy \"2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy\") |\n| [Media depictions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_in_popular_culture \"Brexit in popular culture\") | *[Remainiacs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Remainiacs \"Remainiacs\")*  (2017) *[Postcards from the 48%](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postcards_from_the_48%25 \"Postcards from the 48%\")* (2018) *[Not Tonight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Not_Tonight_\\(video_game\\) \"Not Tonight (video game)\")* (2018) *[Brexit: The Uncivil War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War \"Brexit: The Uncivil War\")* (2019) [@BorderIrish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BorderIrish \"BorderIrish\") (2018–2020) |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Brexit \"Category:Brexit\") |   |\n\n[Portals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals \"Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals\"):\n\n- ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:European_Union \"Portal:European Union\")\n- ![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9a\/Klepsydra-pt.svg\/20px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png) [Modern history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Modern_history \"Portal:Modern history\")\n- [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/0\/01\/A_coloured_voting_box.svg\/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) [Politics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Politics \"Portal:Politics\")\n- ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:United_Kingdom \"Portal:United Kingdom\")\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&oldid=1301903312>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Brexit \"Category:Brexit\")\n- [Political timelines of the United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Political_timelines_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Category:Political timelines of the United Kingdom\")\n- [2010s timelines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:2010s_timelines \"Category:2010s timelines\")\n- [2020 timelines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:2020_timelines \"Category:2020 timelines\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [Pages containing links to subscription-only content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content \"Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content\")\n- [Articles with short 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Boilerpipe Text	Brexit was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020 (00:00 1 February 2020 CET ). As of 2020 [update] , the UK is the only member state to have left the EU. Britain entered the predecessor to the EU, the European Communities (EC), on 1 January 1973. Following this, Eurosceptic groups grew in popularity in the UK, opposing aspects of both the EC and the EU. As Euroscepticism increased during the early 2010s, Prime Minister David Cameron delivered a speech in January 2013 at Bloomberg London , in which he called for reform of the EU and promised an in–out referendum on the UK's membership if the Conservative Party won a majority at the 2015 general election . The Conservatives won 330 seats at the election, giving Cameron a majority of 12, and a bill to hold a referendum was introduced to Parliament that month. In February 2016, Cameron set the date of the referendum to be 23 June that year, and a period of campaigning began. A total of 33,577,342 votes were cast in the poll, with 51.89% voting for Britain to leave the EU. Cameron announced his resignation as prime minister the next day, with Theresa May taking over the position on 13 July. On 29 March the following year, May delivered a letter to Donald Tusk , the President of the European Council , which officially commenced the UK's withdrawal from the EU and began a two-year negotiating process. Brexit negotiations between the UK and the EU began in June 2017, and, by March the following year, a "large part" of the withdrawal agreement had been agreed. [ 1 ] On 25 November, the leaders of the remaining 27 EU countries officially endorsed the deal, with May putting it to Parliament in January 2019. The vote on the withdrawal agreement was defeated by 432 votes to 202, the biggest defeat of any government in the House of Commons . Two further votes on the deal—on 12 and 29 March—also resulted in large defeats for May. Following these defeats, on 24 May the Prime Minister announced her resignation. A leadership contest began, which was won by Boris Johnson on 24 July. With the Brexit deadlock still not broken, on 29 October the Members of Parliament (MPs) voted in favour of holding a general election on 12 December. The Conservative Party won 365 seats in the election, giving them a majority of 80 seats. With a majority in the House of Commons now, Johnson's withdrawal agreement was voted through Parliament, and the UK officially left the EU at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020. A transition period —in which Britain remained a part of the European single market and the European Union Customs Union —began, as did negotiation on a new trade deal . After negotiations throughout 2020, the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement was announced on 24 December, allowing goods to be sold between the two markets without tariffs or quotas. At 23:00 on 31 December 2020, the transition period ended, and the UK formally completed its separation from the EU. As of 2023 [update] , the broad consensus of economists is that leaving the EU has had a substantially negative effect on the UK's economy, which is expected to be several percentage points smaller than it would have been if it had remained in the bloc. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] United Kingdom–European Union relations [ edit ] The Maastricht Treaty (pictured) , signed on 7 February 1992, legally established the European Union . [ 5 ] The UK entered the EC on 1 January 1973, following the ratification of the Treaty of Accession 1972 , signed by the Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath . [ 6 ] Two years later, on 5 June 1975, a national referendum endorsed the UK's continued membership of the EC, with 67.23% voting that the country should remain in the EC. [ 7 ] Over the following decades, Eurosceptic attitudes began to develop within Britain's two main political parties, the Conservatives and the Labour Party . In the 1983 general election , Labour's campaign manifesto vowed to withdraw from the EC within the lifetime of the following Parliament. [ 8 ] The manifesto was dubbed " the longest suicide note in history ", and the election was won by the Conservatives, led by the incumbent prime minister, Margaret Thatcher . [ 9 ] Thatcher continued to serve as prime minister until she resigned on 22 November 1990, amid divisions within the Conservative Party over the UK's involvement in Europe. [ 10 ] Two years later, the Maastricht Treaty was signed by the 12 member states of the EC, including the UK, which began the formal establishment of the European Union. [ 5 ] Political history of the United Kingdom (2005–13) [ edit ] Prime Minister David Cameron (left) and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg (right) in February 2015, during the period of the Cameron–Clegg coalition On 6 December 2005, David Cameron, the MP for Witney , was elected as leader of the Conservative Party , beating David Davis in the final round. [ 11 ] After serving as leader of the opposition for nearly five years, Cameron led his party into the 2010 general election on 6 May that year. [ 12 ] The Conservatives gained 97 seats for a total of 307, making them the largest party in Parliament. [ 13 ] Labour, who had been in government before the election, won 258 seats, while the Liberal Democrats , with 57 seats, were the third-largest party. [ 13 ] With no single party having won enough seats to form a majority government, the country had its first hung parliament since 1974. [ 14 ] All three leaders made statements offering openness to creating an administration with another party, and a series of negotiations began. [ 15 ] Just after midnight on 12 May, the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement was approved, with Cameron as prime minister and Nick Clegg , the leader of the Liberal Democrats , as deputy prime minister . [ 16 ] As well as a new prime minister, the 2010 general election also saw a new generation of more Eurosceptic MPs elected to the UK government. [ 17 ] On 24 October 2011, Cameron experienced the largest rebellion over European integration since World War II when 81 Conservative MPs voted in favour of a motion calling for a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU. [ 18 ] Of these 81 MPs, 49 had been elected in 2010. [ 19 ] The previous month, a petition carrying over 100,000 signatures that also called for a referendum was delivered to 10 Downing Street . [ 20 ] Faced with this growing Euroscepticism, on 23 January 2013, Cameron delivered the Bloomberg speech at Bloomberg London, [ 21 ] in which he promised an in–out referendum on EU membership if the Conservatives won a majority at the 2015 general election . [ 22 ] The word Brexit is a portmanteau of the phrase "British exit". [ 23 ] According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term was coined in a blog post on the website Euractiv by Peter Wilding, director of European policy at BSkyB , on 15 May 2012. [ 24 ] Wilding coined Brexit to refer to the end of UK membership in the EU – by 2016, usage of the word had increased by 3,400% in one year. [ 25 ] Cameron delivering the Bloomberg speech on 23 January 2013, when an in–out referendum on EU membership was first promised [ 22 ] 23 January: Cameron delivers the Bloomberg speech, covering the UK's future relationship with Europe. He calls for reform of the EU and promises an in–out referendum on the UK's membership of the EU if the Conservatives win a majority at the 2015 general election. [ 22 ] 15 April: The House of Commons votes on a private member's bill expressing "regret" over the absence of an EU referendum in the Queen's Speech . The vote is defeated by 277 to 130, with 114 Conservative MPs voting to regret. [ 26 ] 19 June: The European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14 —a private member's bill seeking to enshrine into law Cameron's promise to hold a referendum—is introduced by the Conservative MP James Wharton . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] 5 July: The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 304 votes in favour to 0 against. [ 29 ] 31 January: Peers at the House of Lords vote by 180 to 130 to end the debate of the European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14, which concludes its progress through Parliament. Cameron expresses disappointment at this defeat. [ 30 ] 12 March: Ed Miliband , the leader of the Labour Party , rules out matching Cameron's pledge to hold a referendum on EU membership if his party wins a majority at the next general election. He states that Labour would only hold such a poll if there were a significant transfer of power from Westminster to Brussels. [ 31 ] 22 May: The UK holds elections to the European Parliament , electing 73 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). Across England, Scotland and Wales, the Conservatives' share of the vote drops by 3.8 percentage points, losing them seven seats. [ 32 ] 12 June: Conservative MP Bob Neill announces that he will reintroduce Wharton's European Union (Referendum) Bill as a private member's bill. [ 33 ] 28 October: The Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats fail to agree on the amount of parliamentary time to be allocated to Neill's bill. The bill's progress through Parliament is again brought to an end. [ 34 ] 19 December: The "long campaign" for the 2015 general election officially begins, limiting candidates' spending in their constituencies to £30,700 each. [ 35 ] 30 March: Cameron meets with Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace and informs her that the 55th UK Parliament is ready to be dissolved . [ 36 ] The "short campaign" for the general election—scheduled to take place on 7 May—begins. [ 37 ] 12 April: In central London, Clegg launches his party's manifesto for the general election, which commits to maintaining the UK's membership of the EU. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] 13 April: The Labour Party's manifesto is unveiled by Miliband at the Old Granada Studios in Manchester . It repeats Miliband's earlier pledge that, under a Labour government, powers would not be transferred to Brussels before an in–out referendum. [ 40 ] 14 April: Cameron launches the Conservative Party manifesto at an event in Swindon . [ 41 ] The document promises "real change" in the UK's relationship with the EU, and commits to holding a referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017. [ 42 ] Labour Party leader Ed Miliband criticised government foreign policy—including the handling of an EU referendum—in a speech on 24 April 2015. [ 43 ] 24 April: At Chatham House in London, Miliband delivers a speech on Labour's foreign policy. [ 43 ] He describes the government's timetable for an in–out referendum as "arbitrary", and criticises their lack of strategy for renegotiating the UK's EU membership. [ 44 ] 25 April: Writing for The Sunday Telegraph , Cameron reiterates his promise that, should the Conservatives win a majority, they will begin the process of renegotiating the UK's membership of the EU, and will draft a European Referendum Bill. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] 7 May: The 2015 general election is held. The Conservative Party win 330 seats, giving Cameron a 12-seat overall majority in Parliament. Labour win 232 seats in total, a net loss of 26, while the Liberal Democrats win eight, a net loss of 49. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 8 May: Following Labour's and the Liberal Democrats' defeats at the election, both Miliband and Clegg resign as the leaders of their parties. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] 27 May: A referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017 is included in the Queen's Speech. [ 51 ] 28 May: The European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16 —a bill that makes provision for a referendum in the UK to be held—is introduced by the Conservative MP Philip Hammond . [ 52 ] 9 June: 15 June: Nominations close for Labour's leadership election. Four MPs surpass the threshold of support required and are set to be placed on the ballot: Andy Burnham , Yvette Cooper , Liz Kendall and Jeremy Corbyn . [ 55 ] 25–26 June: At a European Council meeting, Cameron begins renegotiating Britain's EU membership with other EU leaders by setting out his plan to hold a referendum. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Jeremy Corbyn (pictured in 2020) was elected leader of the Labour Party on 12 September 2015. [ 58 ] 12 September: The results of Labour's leadership election are announced at a special conference at the Queen Elizabeth II Centre in Westminster. [ 59 ] With 59.5% of the first-preference votes, Corbyn is elected leader of the Labour Party and becomes leader of the opposition. [ 58 ] 9 October: Vote Leave , a cross-party advocacy group campaigning for the UK to leave the EU, is launched. [ 60 ] 12 October: Britain Stronger in Europe , a similar organisation advocating for Britain to remain, is launched. [ 61 ] 10 November: Cameron gives a speech on Europe at Chatham House, during which he repeats his commitment to holding a referendum before the end of 2017. [ 62 ] He also sends a letter to Donald Tusk , the President of the European Council , setting out the four areas where he is seeking EU reform as part of his renegotiations: economic governance, competitiveness, sovereignty and immigration. [ 63 ] 17 December: The European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16 is given royal assent and becomes the European Union Referendum Act 2015 . By law, a referendum on membership in the EU is set to take place in the UK before the end of 2017. [ 52 ] 10 January: In his annual new year interview on The Andrew Marr Show , Cameron vows that he will stay on as prime minister if the UK votes to leave the EU, [ 64 ] but states that his government has made no plans to deal with Brexit. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] 19 February: Renegotiations on the UK's membership in the EU are concluded, with Cameron and Tusk signing a finalised deal. The changes will take effect following a vote to remain in the referendum. [ 67 ] 20 February: Cameron announces that the referendum will be held on 23 June, and that he will be campaigning for Britain to remain. [ 68 ] Six members of Cameron's cabinet declare that they will join Vote Leave and campaign for Brexit. [ 69 ] 21 February: Mayor of London Boris Johnson announces that he will advocate for the UK to leave the EU. [ 70 ] 22 February: Speaking in the House of Commons, Cameron promises that, if the British people vote to leave, he will begin the process, i.e., by triggering Article 50 of the EU's Treaty of Lisbon , "straight away". [ 71 ] The pro-EU leaflet , sent to UK households by the British government in 2016 [ 72 ] 11–13 April: A pro-EU leaflet —in which the government warns that Brexit will increase the cost of living and lead to a decade or more of uncertainty [ 73 ] [ 74 ] —is sent to households across England. [ 72 ] 13 April: The Electoral Commission designates Vote Leave as the referendum's official campaign in favour of leaving the EU, while Britain Stronger in Europe is named as the official campaign in favour of remaining. [ 75 ] 15 April: The regulated campaigning period for the referendum begins. Over the next ten weeks, the two official campaigns may spend a maximum of £7 million. [ 75 ] 22 April: At a press conference in central London, President of the United States Barack Obama warns that Britain will be at "the back of the queue" if the nation votes for Brexit. [ 76 ] 9 May: The pro-EU leaflet is sent to households in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. [ 77 ] 9 June: Six participants—including Johnson—take part in The ITV Referendum Debate , a live TV debate on Brexit, broadcast by ITV . [ 78 ] 12 June: In another interview on The Andrew Marr Show , Cameron repeats his commitment not to resign as prime minister even if he loses the referendum. [ 79 ] 16 June: Jo Cox , the MP for Batley and Spen , is murdered by a far-right terrorist. [ 80 ] Out of respect for Cox, referendum campaigning is suspended across the UK. [ 81 ] 19 June: Campaigning for the referendum resumes. [ 82 ] 21 June: From Wembley Arena , Johnson and another five campaigners participate in EU Referendum: The Great Debate , live on BBC One . With 6,000 people in the audience, it is the largest televised debate on the issue. [ 83 ] 23 June: Polls open for the referendum at around 41,000 polling stations at 07:00 and close at 22:00. [ 84 ] A total of 33,577,342 votes are cast, representing a turnout of 72.2% of registered voters. [ 85 ] Cameron announcing his resignation as prime minister on 24 June 2016 [ 86 ] 24 June: The votes are counted, and chief counting officer Jenny Watson delivers the final result from Manchester at 07:20 BST : 16,141,241 votes (48.11%) to remain in the EU, and 17,410,742 (51.89%) to leave. [ 87 ] Following the result of the referendum, the value of the pound sterling drops to its lowest level since 1985, and the FTSE 100 Index begins the day by falling 8%. [ 88 ] Stating that he does not believe that he should be "the captain that steers [the] country to its next destination", Cameron announces that he plans to resign as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party by October. [ 86 ] 25 June: The UK's European Commissioner , Jonathan Hill , announces his intention to stand down from the role. [ 89 ] 27 June: In Parliament, Cameron confirms that he will not invoke Article 50. [ 90 ] 29 June: Nominations open for the Conservative Party leadership election triggered by Cameron's resignation. [ 91 ] 30 June: Nominations for the leadership contest close. Johnson confirms that he will not stand. [ 92 ] Five other MPs—Theresa May, Andrea Leadsom , Michael Gove , Stephen Crabb and Liam Fox —achieve the level of support needed to be put on the first ballot. [ 93 ] 7 July: Only two nominees, May and Leadsom, now remain in the leadership race, with the rest having either withdrawn or been eliminated. [ 94 ] 11 July: Leadsom withdraws from the contest early. As the only remaining candidate, May is named the new leader of the Conservative Party. [ 95 ] 13 July: The first legal challenge over Brexit was brought by the investment manager Gina Miller (pictured in 2018) . [ 98 ] Boris Johnson , who supported Vote Leave during the referendum, speaking at Chatham House on 2 December 2016 [ 110 ] 2 December: At Chatham House, Johnson gives his first policy speech as foreign secretary, in which he sets out his vision for the UK after Brexit. He states that, after leaving the EU, the UK will not obstruct closer European defence co-operation. [ 110 ] 5–8 December: The Supreme Court convenes to hear the government's appeal against the High Court ruling. For the first time in the history of the court, all 11 judges sit en banc to hear the case. [ 111 ] 7 December: The House of Commons votes on a motion brought by the Labour Party committing the government to publishing its Brexit plan before it invokes Article 50, and also on an amendment added by May for Article 50 to be invoked before the end of March 2017. MPs vote by 461 to 89 in favour of May's amendment, and by 448 to 75 in favour of the amended motion. [ 112 ] Theresa May 's letter to Donald Tusk , invoking Article 50 and indicating the UK's intention to leave the EU 29 March: In Brussels, Barrow hand delivers a letter from May to Tusk that officially invokes Article 50 . A two-year negotiating process begins, with the UK due to leave the EU on 29 March 2019. [ 122 ] Speaking at a press conference immediately afterwards, Tusk says that there is "no reason to pretend that this is a happy day". [ 123 ] 30 March: The government publishes the "Great Repeal Bill" white paper, laying out its plans for legislating on Brexit, including transferring EU regulations into UK legislation. [ 124 ] 18 April: After chairing a meeting of her cabinet, May announces her intention to call a snap general election on 8 June. [ 125 ] 19 April: In the House of Commons, MPs pass a motion for an early general election, providing the legal framework for one to be held on 8 June. [ 126 ] 16 May: The Labour Party launches its manifesto for the election, which includes accepting the referendum result. [ 127 ] 18 May: The Conservatives publish their manifesto. The document repeats May's earlier commitment that the UK "will no longer be members of the single market or customs union", [ 128 ] and proposes new changes to social care: in the means test for receiving free care in their own home, a person's property would be included as well as their savings and income. [ 129 ] 22 May: Following a backlash to the proposed reforms, May announces an "absolute limit" on the amount of money that a person would have to pay for social care. [ 130 ] 8 June: The general election is held, with 32,204,184 votes being cast for a turnout of 68.7%. [ 131 ] The Conservatives win 318 seats in total, a net loss of 13. Although still the largest party in the House of Commons, they no longer have a parliamentary majority, resulting in a hung parliament. [ 132 ] In June 2017, Theresa May (right) signalled her intention to enter into a confidence-and-supply arrangement with Arlene Foster (left) of the Democratic Unionist Party . 9 June: As leader of the largest party in the Commons, May is invited by the Queen to form a new government. She signals her intention to enter into a confidence-and-supply arrangement with the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) of Northern Ireland, led by Arlene Foster . [ 133 ] 19 June: Davis travels to Brussels for the first round of Brexit negotiations with Barnier. [ 134 ] 21 June: In the Queen's Speech, eight bills that prepare the UK for Brexit are announced. [ 135 ] 26 June: The Conservative–DUP agreement is finalised, with the DUP agreeing to support the Conservatives on legislation relating to security and Brexit. [ 136 ] 13 July: In Parliament, the government introduces the Great Repeal Bill (now called the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill ) to the House of Commons. [ 137 ] 27 July: Rudd commissions the Migration Advisory Committee to produce a report analysing the social and economic contributions and costs of EU citizens in the UK. [ 138 ] 22 September: May delivers a speech from Florence . She proposes a two-year "transition" period after Brexit, during which the current arrangements for market access will continue to apply. [ 139 ] An anti-Brexit protest in Manchester on 1 October 2017 [ 140 ] 1 October: An anti-Brexit march takes place outside the Conservative Party Conference in Manchester. Speeches are delivered by Vince Cable , the leader of the Liberal Democrats, and the Conservative politician Stephen Dorrell . [ 140 ] 8 December: The EU and UK publish a joint report on the progress made during the first round of negotiations, [ 141 ] allowing them to move talks to the next stage. [ 142 ] 13 December: In the House of Commons, MPs vote on an amendment to the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill tabled by the MP Dominic Grieve , which seeks to secure a " meaningful vote " on any withdrawal agreement. Eleven Conservative MPs vote in favour of the amendment, which passes by 309 votes to 305. It is May's first Commons defeat over Brexit legislation. [ 143 ] 15 December: The EU announces that "sufficient progress" has been made in the first phase of Brexit negotiations, and that talks can proceed to the second phase. [ 144 ] 17 February: Speaking at the Munich Security Conference , May calls for continued co-operation on security after Brexit. [ 145 ] 20 February: Davis delivers a speech in Vienna, in which he pledges that Britain will keep co-operating with EU regulatory authorities in order to ensure a "future economic partnership". [ 146 ] 26 February: In a speech at Coventry University , Corbyn confirms that Labour will support a customs union with the EU, and that his party will directly oppose May's refusal to enter one. [ 147 ] 28 February: The European Commission publish a 118-page proposed Brexit withdrawal agreement, which translates the joint report published on 8 December 2017 into a draft legal text. Speaking at Prime Minister's Questions , May says that the Commission's proposed agreement would "undermine the UK common market". [ 148 ] 2 March: May gives a speech at Mansion House, London , repeating that Britain will leave the single market and the customs union, and that the jurisdiction of the ECJ in the UK would end. Barnier welcomes this "clarity". [ 149 ] David Davis (left) and Michel Barnier (right) announcing a "broad agreement" on the Brexit withdrawal agreement on 2 March 2018 [ 1 ] 19 March: In Brussels, Davis and Barnier announce that they have reached a "broad agreement" of the withdrawal agreement, and that a "large part" of it has been agreed. [ 1 ] A draft version of the agreement is published. [ 150 ] 16 May: The European Union (Withdrawal) Bill enters its third reading at the House of Lords. [ 137 ] The Lords propose 15 amendments to the bill. [ 151 ] 28 June: The bill is granted royal assent and becomes the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 . [ 137 ] 6 July: May chairs a meeting of her cabinet at Chequers , the prime minister's country residence, to discuss and agree on a collective approach for future negotiations on Brexit. The agreement becomes known as the Chequers plan . [ 152 ] 9 July: Davis resigns as Brexit secretary, followed by his deputy Steve Baker . In his resignation letter, Davis criticises the Chequers plan, saying that it is "certainly not returning control of our laws in any real sense". [ 153 ] May appoints Dominic Raab to replace him. [ 154 ] Johnson resigns as foreign secretary, stating in his letter than the Chequers plan "sticks in the throat". [ 155 ] He is replaced by Jeremy Hunt . [ 156 ] 20 July: As part of a two-day visit to Northern Ireland, May delivers a speech in Belfast calling for a new deal with the EU on the Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border . [ 157 ] 24 July: The government publishes a white paper on how the withdrawal agreement will be put into law. [ 158 ] 23 August: Raab releases 25 "technical notices", which detail how individuals and businesses can prepare in the event that the UK leaves the EU without the withdrawal agreement being approved by both sides (known as a " no-deal Brexit "). [ 159 ] 19–20 September: Following a European Council meeting in Salzburg , Tusk warns in a statement that the Chequers plan will not work as it "risks undermining the single market". [ 160 ] Chancellor Philip Hammond holding up the budget box in Downing Street before delivering the 2018 budget on 29 October [ 161 ] 29 October: In the 2018 budget , Hammond increases spending on preparations for Brexit by an additional £500 million. [ 161 ] 13 November: Using a humble address , Labour tables a motion to force the government to publish the legal advice it has received on the withdrawal agreement before a Brexit deal is put to Parliament. After the DUP comes out in favour of the motion, ministers order Conservative MPs to abstain from voting on it, and it subsequently passes without a vote. [ 162 ] 14 November: The EU and UK negotiating teams agree on the draft text of the withdrawal agreement, which is published as a 585-page document. [ 163 ] 15 November: Four ministers, including Raab, resign from the government. Raab writes in his resignation letter that he "cannot in good conscience" support the agreement. [ 164 ] 16 November: May appoints Steve Barclay as the new Brexit secretary. [ 165 ] 25 November: EU leaders officially endorse the withdrawal agreement, with Juncker saying that it is "the best deal possible" and "the only deal possible". [ 166 ] 4 December: Five days of parliamentary debate on Brexit (scheduled for 4–6 and 10–11 December) begin. [ 167 ] 10 December: On the penultimate day of debate, May gives a statement to the House of Commons, stating that Parliament's first meaningful vote on the deal—scheduled for the following day—will be postponed so that she can seek "further assurances" from the EU. [ 168 ] In a post on Twitter, Corbyn calls this a "desperate step". [ 169 ] 12 December: Graham Brady , chairman of the 1922 Committee , announces that he has received letters of no confidence in May from at least 48 Conservatives MPs, exceeding the threshold of 15% of all Conservative MPs. He declares that a vote of no confidence in May's leadership will be held between 18:00 and 20:00 that evening. [ 170 ] The confidence vote is held, with May winning by 200 to 117. [ 171 ] 9 January: The House of Commons begins a second five-day period of parliamentary debate on Brexit. [ 172 ] Grieve tables an amendment to a business motion saying that, if May loses the vote on her withdrawal agreement, she must return to the Commons with a new plan for Brexit within three working days, rather than the 21 days plus seven sitting days normally permitted. [ 173 ] Grieve's amendment passes by 308 votes to 297. [ 174 ] 15 January: The first meaningful vote on the withdrawal agreement is held in the House of Commons. The government is defeated by 432 votes against to 202 in favour. With a margin of 230, it is the largest defeat of any government in the House of Commons. [ 175 ] Corbyn describes the defeat as "catastrophic", and tables a vote of confidence in the government . [ 175 ] [ 176 ] 16 January: MPs vote in the confidence ballot brought by Corbyn. The DUP vote with the government, which wins by 325 to 306. [ 177 ] 21 January: May delivers a statement to the House of Commons on her government's approach to Brexit following the parliamentary defeat. [ 178 ] Speaking on the BBC Two documentary series Inside Europe: Ten Years of Turmoil , Tusk claims that Cameron did not think he would need to hold the EU referendum, as he expected that, after the 2015 general election, he would enter into another coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, who would then block the poll. [ 179 ] Tusk's claims are rejected on Twitter by Craig Oliver , Cameron's former Downing Street Director of Communications . [ 180 ] 29 January: The government tables a motion on its Brexit plans to the House of Commons, which votes on seven amendments to May's statement. Two amendments—one brought by Brady; the other by Caroline Spelman —are passed. [ 181 ] 11 March: May travels to Strasbourg for a meeting on the withdrawal agreement with Juncker and Barnier. In a statement afterwards, she says that she has secured "legally binding" changes that "strengthen and improve" the Brexit deal. [ 182 ] 12 March: The House of Commons holds the second meaningful vote on the deal. MPs again reject the deal, this time by 391 votes against to 242 in favour, a majority of 149. [ 183 ] 13 March: Spelman's amendment to the government's Brexit plans—that the UK must not leave the EU without a deal—is debated by the House of Commons. MPs vote in favour of the amendment, thereby rejecting a no-deal Brexit, by 312 to 308. [ 184 ] 14 March: With the UK set to leave the EU on 29 March without a deal in place, MPs vote on an amended motion on whether Article 50 should be extended beyond 29 March. By 413 votes to 202, the motion passes. [ 185 ] 18 March: Citing a convention dating back to 1604, John Bercow , the speaker of the House of Commons , rules that the government cannot present the withdrawal agreement for a third meaningful vote without substantial changes to it first. [ 186 ] Theresa May 's letter to Donald Tusk , requesting the first extension of the Article 50 period 20 March: May writes a letter to Tusk, requesting an extension of the Article 50 period until 30 June 2019. [ 187 ] 21 March: The European Council agree that the Article 50 period can be extended to 22 May if Parliament votes to accept the withdrawal agreement, but only to 12 April otherwise. [ 188 ] 23 March: A march organised by the group People's Vote —who are campaigning for another referendum on Brexit—takes place in London. [ 189 ] Researchers at Manchester Metropolitan University estimate the number in attendance to be between 312,000 and 400,000. [ 190 ] 27 March: Bercow selects eight Brexit plans from MPs that might win the support of the majority of the House of Commons. MPs debate and vote on all eight options in a series of " indicative votes ", but each one is rejected by the House. [ 191 ] Speaking to the 1922 Committee, May promises to resign as Conservative leader and prime minister if MPs pass the withdrawal agreement. [ 192 ] 29 March: This is the day that the Article 50 period was originally planned to end and Brexit would take place. [ 193 ] Parliament votes for a third time on the Brexit deal. This time, the deal is rejected by 344 votes against to 286 in favour. [ 194 ] 1 April: Bercow selects another four possible Brexit plans from MPs, which are then debated and voted on. All four are defeated. [ 195 ] 2 April: In a televised address from 10 Downing Street, May reveals that she will ask for a further extension to Article 50, and offers to meet with Corbyn to get a deal through Parliament. Corbyn welcomes her attempt to "reach out". [ 196 ] 5 April: May writes to Tusk and requests that Brexit be delayed until 30 June. [ 197 ] 10 April: The European Council meet, and agree that the Article 50 period be extended to 31 October 2019, or the first day of the month after a withdrawal agreement is agreed by both the UK and the EU. The EU leaders stress that, if the UK is still a member between 23 and 26 May, then it will have to hold elections to the European Parliament . [ 198 ] 7 May: With the bipartisan talks between the Conservatives and Labour having not yet reached an agreement, David Lidington , minister for the Cabinet Office , confirms that Britain will participate in the European Parliament elections. [ 199 ] 17 May: Talks between the Conservatives and Labour break down without an agreement, as Labour withdraws from them. [ 200 ] 21 May: May unveils a new withdrawal agreement: a package of 10 commitments aimed at reaching a compromise in Parliament. [ 201 ] 23 May: The UK holds elections to the European Parliament. At 37.2%, turnout is the second-highest in any European election in the country. [ 202 ] The Conservatives lose 15 seats with a vote share of 9.1%, [ 203 ] making it their worst result in a national election since 1832. [ 204 ] May declaring her resignation as prime minister on 24 May 2019 [ 205 ] 24 May: May announces that she will resign as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party, effective 7 June, and that she will continue as caretaker prime minister until a new leader is chosen. [ 205 ] 31 May: An opinion poll of voting intentions by the market research firm YouGov puts the Liberal Democrats in first place with 24%. [ 206 ] It is the first time in nine years that such a poll has not been topped by either the Conservatives or Labour. [ 207 ] 7 June: Nominations open at 10:00 in the leadership election to replace May. They close again at 17:00, with ten candidates—including Johnson, Hunt, Gove, Raab and Leadsom—having received enough endorsements to be placed on the first ballot. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] 20 June: Johnson and Hunt are the only two remaining candidates in the contest, with the rest having either been eliminated or withdrawn. The winner is set to be selected in a ballot by members of the Conservative Party. [ 210 ] 2 July: EU leaders elect Charles Michel as the new president of the European Council, replacing Tusk. [ 211 ] 16 July: Ursula von der Leyen is elected the new president of the European Commission. She replaces Juncker. [ 212 ] 18 July: MPs approve, with a majority of 41, an amendment to the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019 that blocks suspension of Parliament between 9 October and 18 December, unless a new Northern Ireland Executive is formed. [ 213 ] 23 July: The result of ballot of Conservative Party members is announced at the Queen Elizabeth II Centre. With 92,153 votes to Hunt's 46,656, Johnson is elected the new leader of the party. [ 214 ] Johnson entering 10 Downing Street for the first time as prime minister on 24 July 2019 [ 215 ] 24 July: May offers her resignation to the Queen, and recommends that she invite Johnson to form a new government. [ 216 ] The Queen asks Johnson to form a government in her name, and he officially becomes prime minister. [ 215 ] 25 July: Johnson appoints his cabinet . Barclay remains as Brexit secretary, while Raab becomes foreign secretary. [ 217 ] Steve Barclay signing an order to repeal the European Communities Act 1972 on 18 August 2019 [ 218 ] 18 August: Barclay signs an order to repeal the European Communities Act 1972, ending all EU laws in the country when Britain leaves the union. Speaking afterwards, he describes the signing as a "landmark moment". [ 218 ] 28 August: Johnson asks the Queen to prorogue Parliament, suspending parliamentary business from 9 September to 14 October. [ 219 ] The Queen approves this timetable at a meeting of the Privy Council at Balmoral Castle . [ 220 ] 2 September: In response to the prorogation, Hilary Benn publishes a draft text of the European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill , which will legislate that, if a withdrawal agreement is not passed by Parliament by 19 October, then the prime minister must seek an extension to the Article 50 period to 31 January 2020. [ 221 ] 3 September: Phillip Lee , a Conservative MP, crosses the floor to join the Liberal Democrats. In doing so, Johnson loses his majority in the House of Commons. [ 222 ] Conservative MP Oliver Letwin tables a motion for Benn's bill to be passed through each stage of the House of Commons the following day. The motion passes by 328 to 301, with 21 Conservative MPs voting to support it. [ 223 ] 4 September: 5 September: Answering a question during a Q&A at a police training college in Wakefield , Johnson asserts that he would rather be "dead in a ditch" than request another extension to the Article 50 period. [ 227 ] 6 September: A panel of three senior judges in the High Court in England reject an appeal brought by Miller against the prorogation, R (Miller) v The Prime Minister , and rule that the decision is not justiciable, i.e., it is a political question rather than a legal one. The court therefore declines to intervene. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] John Bercow announcing his resignation as speaker of the House of Commons on 9 September 2019 [ 230 ] 9 September: Benn's bill achieves royal assent and becomes the European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019 . [ 231 ] Bercow announces his intention to resign as speaker of the house either before or on 31 October, the day that Britain is due to leave the EU. [ 230 ] On the advice of Johnson, the Queen prorogues Parliament until the Queen's Speech on 14 October. [ 232 ] 11 September: In the case of Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland , appeal court judges in Scotland rule that Johnson's decision to prorogue Parliament is unlawful. The government say that they are disappointed in the decision, and will appeal it in the Supreme Court. [ 233 ] 24 September: The Supreme Court delivers its verdict on the Miller and the Cherry cases. Sitting en banc for only the second time in the court's history, the judges unanimously reverse the High Court's decision, saying that Johnson's decision is justiciable. They also rule that the prorogation was "unlawful, null and of no effect", i.e., Parliament was never prorogued. [ 229 ] 25 September: Following the Supreme Court's verdict, MPs are recalled to the House of Commons. [ 234 ] 3 October: In the House of Commons, Johnson gives a statement on his proposals for a new withdrawal agreement. [ 235 ] 8 October: In anticipation of the UK leaving the EU without an agreement, the government publishes the "No-Deal Readiness Report", outlining its plans for a no-deal Brexit. [ 236 ] 10 October: After three hours of discussion at Thornton Manor in Liverpool , Johnson and Irish Taoiseach Leo Varadkar release a joint statement agreeing on "a pathway to a possible deal". [ 237 ] 14 October: Parliament returns for the Queen's Speech, which includes seven Brexit-related bills. [ 238 ] 17 October: The UK and European Commission agree on a revised withdrawal agreement containing a new protocol on Northern Ireland . Juncker recommends to EU leaders that the deal is endorsed. [ 239 ] MPs debate the renegotiated Brexit deal in a rare Saturday sitting on 19 October 2019 [ 240 ] 19 October: MPs debate the new Brexit deal in a rare Saturday sitting in the House of Commons. To insure against Britain leaving the EU before the withdrawal agreement is ratified, Letwin tables a motion to delay consideration of the agreement until the legislation to implement it has been passed. [ 240 ] Letwin's amendment passes by 322 votes in favour to 306 against, requiring Johnson, under the Benn Act, to request another extension to the Article 50 period. [ 241 ] Johnson sends two letters to Tusk: an unsigned official request to delay Brexit until 31 January 2020, and a signed personal letter explaining his opposition to the delay. [ 242 ] 21 October: Bercow refuses a request from the government for a new vote on the withdrawal proposal, applying the convention that a motion that is the same "in substance" as an earlier one cannot be brought back during the course of a single parliamentary session. [ 243 ] 22 October: Speaking in the House of Commons, Johnson announces that the government will pause legislation related to the Brexit deal and will instead "accelerate" preparations for a no-deal Brexit. [ 244 ] 24 October: Johnson asks Corbyn in a letter to support a government motion for an early general election on 12 December. Corbyn insists that he would not support a general election until the possibility of a no-deal Brexit is removed first. [ 245 ] 28 October: Tusk confirms in a post on Twitter that the leaders of the EU nations have agreed to delay Brexit until 31 January 2020. [ 246 ] In the House of Commons, the government motion for an early general election on 12 December. Conservative MPs vote in favour, but Labour abstain, and the motion receives only 299 votes, fewer than the two-thirds threshold required under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (434 votes). [ 247 ] 29 October: The government introduces the Early Parliamentary General Election Bill to set aside the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 and hold a general election on 12 December. MPs vote in favour of the bill by 438 to 20. [ 248 ] 31 October: The bill is given royal assent and becomes the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 . A general election will now be held on 12 December. [ 249 ] 4 November: Replacing Bercow, Lindsay Hoyle is elected the new speaker of the House of Commons. [ 250 ] 21 November: At an event at Birmingham City University , Corbyn launches Labour's "most radical" manifesto in decades. [ 251 ] On Brexit, the manifesto says that Labour would renegotiate a new Brexit deal by March and then put that deal to the public in a referendum within six months. [ 252 ] 24 November: Johnson unveils the Conservatives' manifesto at the Telford International Centre. He pledges that, if the Conservatives win a majority, he will bring the withdrawal agreement back to Parliament for a vote before Christmas and that the UK will leave the EU by 31 January 2020. [ 253 ] Corbyn presenting the leaked document from HM Treasury on 6 December 2019 [ 254 ] 6 December: Corbyn accuses Johnson of misrepresenting the impact of his Brexit agreement, as he reveals a leaked document from HM Treasury suggesting that prices will rise and businesses will struggle in Northern Ireland. [ 254 ] 11 December: At a photo op at a catering company in Derby , Johnson removes a pie from an oven as a metaphor for the Conservatives' "oven-ready" Brexit deal. [ 255 ] 12 December: The general election is held. A total of 32,014,110 votes are cast for a turnout of 67.3%. [ 256 ] The Conservatives win 365 seats, giving them a majority of 80 in the House of Commons. Labour win 203 seats, a net loss of 59. [ 257 ] 13 December: Following Labour's losses at the election, Corbyn reveals that he will stand down as party leader. [ 258 ] 20 December: MPs vote in the House of Commons on the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill , which would ratify the withdrawal agreement into law. With the Conservatives now having an 80-seat majority, the bill passes its second reading by 358 votes in favour to 234 against, setting Britain on course to leave the EU on 31 January 2020. [ 259 ] Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement on 24 January 2020 [ 264 ] 24 January: Von der Leyen and Michel sign the withdrawal agreement in the EU's Europa building in Brussels. The document is then delivered in a diplomatic bag to Johnson in 10 Downing Street, who also signs it. [ 264 ] 27 January: Johnson appoints David Frost to lead trade negotiation with the EU on his behalf. [ 265 ] 28 January: Chris Pincher , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas , becomes the final UK minister to attend an EU meeting as he speaks at the General Affairs Council in Brussels. [ 266 ] 29 January: MEPs vote to ratify the withdrawal agreement by 621 votes in favour to 49 against. It is the final time that MEPs from the UK sit in the European Parliament. [ 267 ] 30 January: By responding via email to four yes–no questions , the remaining members of the EU conclude the ratification of the withdrawal agreement. [ 268 ] Thousands gather in Parliament Square to mark the moment that the UK officially leaves the EU at 23:00 on 31 January 2020 [ 269 ] 31 January: The UK officially withdraws from the EU at 23:00 GMT. Thousands of Brexit supporters gather in Parliament Square to celebrate the moment. A transition period, where most EU laws will continue to be in force until 31 December, begins. [ 269 ] 2 March: Trade talks on the UK and EU's future relationship, led by Barnier and Frost, begin. [ 270 ] 12 March: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic , the UK and EU call off the second round of face-to-face trade talks, and decide instead to explore continuing the negotiations through video conferencing . [ 271 ] 30 March: The Withdrawal Agreement Joint Committee —a joint committee co-chaired by both the EU and UK, set up to implement the withdrawal agreement—meets for the first time. [ 272 ] 12 June: At a meeting of the joint committee, Gove formally confirms that the UK will not extend the transition period beyond 31 December. [ 273 ] 15 June: Johnson, von der Leyen, Michel and President of the European Parliament David Sassoli meet for high-level talks by video conference. In a joint statement afterwards, both sides agreed that the negotiations had been "constructive", but that "new momentum" was needed. [ 274 ] 8 September: Speaking in the House of Commons, Brandon Lewis , Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , says that proposed legislation for the UK's internal market breaks international law "in a very specific and limited way". [ 275 ] 9 September: The proposed legislation—now called the United Kingdom Internal Market Bill —is published. [ 276 ] 10 September: Following a meeting between Gove and European Commission Vice-President Maroš Šefčovič , a statement from the European Commission warns that adopting the bill would violate the withdrawal agreement and break international law. [ 277 ] 16 September: Referencing the internal market bill in her first annual State of the Union address, von der Leyen warns the government against reneging on the withdrawal agreement, and says that it cannot be "unilaterally changed, disregarded, disapplied". [ 278 ] 29 September: The bill passes its third reading in House of Commons by 340 votes to 256. [ 279 ] 1 October: Speaking in Brussels, von der Leyen announces that the European Commission has launched legal action against the UK over the internal market bill by writing a letter of formal notice to the government, the first step in an infringement procedure. [ 280 ] 16 October: In a televised statement, Johnson warns that there will be no more trade negotiations unless there is "fundamental change" to the EU's approach, and that the UK should prepare for a no-deal Brexit. [ 281 ] 7 November: Johnson and von der Leyen agree to trade negotiations continuing into the following week, and promise to "redouble" the efforts to reach a deal. [ 282 ] 4 December: Barnier and Frost pause negotiations, saying that the conditions to reach an agreement have not been met. [ 283 ] Johnson speaking with President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen on 7 December 2020 [ 284 ] 7 December: Von der Leyen and Johnson speak by phone, then say afterwards that significant differences on three issues—fair-competition rules, fishing rights and the governance of future disputes—still remain in the way of a free trade deal. [ 284 ] 9 December: Johnson travels to Brussels for a three-hour working dinner with von der Leyen. The deadlock is not broken, but both sides agree to a final decision before a deadline of 13 December. [ 285 ] 13 December: Following a phone call between the pair, Johnson and von der Leyen say that negotiations will continue beyond the deadline. Johnson says that the two sides are "very far apart on some key issues", and that Britain should prepare for tariffs under World Trade Organization terms after the end of the transition period. [ 286 ] 17 December: Speaking on behalf of Johnson, a Downing Street spokeswoman says that it is very likely that a trade agreement will not be reached, as negotiations are in a "serious situation". [ 287 ] The United Kingdom Internal Market Bill achieves royal assent and becomes the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020 . [ 288 ] 24 December: The UK and EU reach an agreement on a post-Brexit free trade deal, called the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Although the text of the agreement has yet to be released, the deal has been agreed in principle, allowing goods to be sold without tariffs or quotas. Johnson hails the deal as "fantastic news". [ 289 ] [ 290 ] 26 December: The full text of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, running to more than 1,200 pages, is released. [ 291 ] 30 December: The government introduces a bill to Parliament to implement the trade deal, with the intention of its passing through all stages in one day. MPs in the House of Commons vote on the bill by 521 in favour to 78 against. [ 292 ] 31 December: Brexit has had lasting impacts on both the EU and UK, and will continue to for many years. [ 296 ] [ 297 ] [ 298 ] The broad consensus of economists is that leaving the EU has had a substantially negative effect on the UK's economy. [ 2 ] In a January 2021 survey of leading US and European economists, 86% expected that the UK's economy would be several percentage points smaller by 2030 than it would have been if it had remained in the bloc. [ 299 ] Two years later, in February 2023, an analysis by Bloomberg Economics concluded that Brexit was costing the UK £100 billion a year in lost output, leaving the country's economy 4% smaller than it otherwise would have been. [ 3 ] Similarly, the Office for Budget Responsibility has also forecasted that Brexit will cause Britain's economy to be 4% smaller, [ 4 ] and exports and imports to be 15% lower. [ 300 ] As of 2023 [update] , public opinion of Brexit has also shifted. From 2016 to 2021, views within Britain remained relatively evenly split, with analysts attributing changing patterns to the declining population of elderly Brexit-supporting voters and an increasing number of younger Remain supporters reaching voting age. [ 2 ] [ 301 ] From 2022 onwards, public opinion changed, with polling conducted by YouGov finding that the public felt that the UK was wrong to leave the EU by 56% to 32%, and that a quarter of Brexit supporters regretted their vote. [ 2 ] [ 302 ] Among Leave voters who regretted their decision, the most common reasons were a feeling that things had gotten worse since the referendum, and concerns over the economy and cost of living . [ 303 ] In January 2023, a similar poll by UnHerd and Focaldata concluded that in all but three of Britain's 632 constituencies, a plurality of people agreed that the UK was wrong to leave the EU. [ 304 ] [ 305 ] In May 2025, a new EU–UK deal that addresses fishing rights, trade, defence and import–export conflicts was announced by von der Leyen and Prime Minister Keir Starmer . [ 306 ] The deal brings ties between the EU and the UK closer, with border checks dropped and EU access to UK fishing stock restored. Additionally, a new agreement meant that the UK could once again sell raw burgers and sausages back into the EU for the first time since Brexit. Defence ties were re-formalised, the ability to work and travel was restored, and the UK and EU linked their carbon markets to avoid taxes on carbon-intensive goods such as steel and cement travelling between the two blocs. [ 307 ] Similar timelines
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[2\.1 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#2013) - [2\.2 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#2014) - [2\.3 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#2015) - [2\.4 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#2016) - [3 Post-referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#Post-referendum) Toggle Post-referendum subsection - [3\.1 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#2016_2) - [3\.2 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#2017) - [3\.3 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#2018) - [3\.4 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#2019) - [3\.5 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#2020) - [4 Transition period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#Transition_period) Toggle Transition period subsection - [4\.1 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#2020_2) - [5 Aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#Aftermath) - 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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Brexit "Category:Brexit") of articles on \| \| \| [Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") \| \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/120px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png) \| \| \| [Withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Withdrawal from the European Union") of the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") from the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Glossary of terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms "Glossary of Brexit terms") \| \| \| [Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Background "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [European Communities Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)") [1975 EC membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") [UK rebate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_rebate "UK rebate") [Bruges speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_speech "Bruges speech") [No. No. No.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._No._No._\(Margaret_Thatcher\) "No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)") [Maastricht Rebels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels "Maastricht Rebels") [Black Wednesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday "Black Wednesday") [European Union (Amendment) Act 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Amendment\)_Act_2008 "European Union (Amendment) Act 2008") [European Union Act 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011 "European Union Act 2011") [UK opt-outs from EU legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation "United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom") [UK opinion polling on EU membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union "Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union") Campaigns for a referendum [People's Pledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Pledge "People's Pledge") [Labour for a Referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_for_a_Referendum "Labour for a Referendum") [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") [In or Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out "The European Union: In or Out") [2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14") (unsuccessful) [2014 European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") 2014 UK Parliament by-elections [Clacton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election "2014 Clacton by-election") [Heywood and Middleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election "2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election") [Rochester and Strood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election "2014 Rochester and Strood by-election") [2015 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") [2015–16 EU membership renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") \| \| \| [2016 referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [EU Referendum Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Act_2016_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)")) [EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_\(Date_of_Referendum_etc.\)_Regulations_2016 "European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016") [EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_\(Conduct\)_Regulations_2016 "The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016") [Issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [UK Government pro-EU leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet") [Campaigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") Leave campaigns [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") (official) [Business for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_for_Britain "Business for Britain") [Conservatives for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatives_for_Britain "Conservatives for Britain") [BeLeave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeLeave "BeLeave") [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") [Bpoplive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bpoplive "Bpoplive") [The Freedom Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_Association "The Freedom Association") [Better Off Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Off_Out "Better Off Out") [Grassroots Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Out "Grassroots Out") [Labour Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Leave "Labour Leave") [Get Britain Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Britain_Out "Get Britain Out") [Bruges Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_Group_\(United_Kingdom\) "Bruges Group (United Kingdom)") [Campaign for an Independent Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain "Campaign for an Independent Britain") [Brexit: The Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie "Brexit: The Movie") Remain campaigns [Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe") (official) [Labour In for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain "Labour In for Britain") [European Movement UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement_UK "European Movement UK") [Britain in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_in_Europe "Britain in Europe") [British Influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Influence "British Influence") [Business for New Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_for_New_Europe "Business for New Europe") [Nucleus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_\(advocacy_group\) "Nucleus (advocacy group)") [Project Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fear "Project Fear") Outcome [Results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Causes for result](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit") [International reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Immediate aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [2016 Conservative Party election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") [2016 Labour Party election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") [2016 UKIP election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election") [Department for Exiting the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Department for Exiting the European Union") [Department for International Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_International_Trade "Department for International Trade") [Allegations of unlawful campaigning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum") [Alleged Russian interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum "Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum") \| \| \| [Notice of withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") [Article 50 process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Withdrawal from the European Union") [Miller case (Article 50)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union") [EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Act_2017 "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017") [Brexit plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_plan "Brexit plan") [Repeal Bill plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan "Repeal Bill plan") [2017 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") \| \| \| [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") Negotiation positions [EU negotiation mandate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit "European Union negotiating directives for Brexit") [Chequers agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers_agreement "Chequers agreement") Timeline: [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017 "Brexit negotiations in 2017"), [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 "Brexit negotiations in 2018"), [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 "Brexit negotiations in 2019") [2019 European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2019 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") \| \| \| [Withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") [Brexit divorce bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill "Brexit divorce bill") [Fish for finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_for_finance "Fish for finance") [Irish backstop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_backstop "Irish backstop") [No-deal Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit "No-deal Brexit") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol") [Northern Ireland Protocol Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill "Northern Ireland Protocol Bill") [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") \| \| \| [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") [Withdrawal Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)")) [Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018 "Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018") [Cooper–Letwin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") [Benn Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") [2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs "2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs") [Public Vote Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_\(Public_Vote\)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319 "European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19") (not passed) [Terms of Withdrawal Bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_\(Referendum\)_Bills "Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills") (not passed) [Scottish EU Continuity Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Legal_Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Bill "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill") (blocked) [Withdrawal Agreement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)")) [Scottish EU Continuity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Act_2021 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021") [Internal Market Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 "United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020") [EU (Future Relationship) Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Future_Relationship\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020") [Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_\(Revocation_and_Reform\)_Act_2023 "Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023") \| \| \| [Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit "Impact of Brexit") [Impact on the Irish border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border "Brexit and the Irish border") [Good Friday Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement "Good Friday Agreement") [Impact on the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union "Impact of Brexit on the European Union") [Economic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit "Economic effects of Brexit") [Effects on Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar "Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar") [Scientific cooperation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology "Brexit and arrangements for science and technology") [Effects on popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture "Brexit in popular culture") [Retained EU law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_law_\(UK_Law\) "Retained EU law (UK Law)") [2021 Jersey dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Jersey_dispute "2021 Jersey dispute") \| \| \| [EU–UK relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union "Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union") [Relations pre- and post-Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations "United Kingdom–European Union relations") [EU–UK trade negotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") (TCA) [Partnership Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council "EU–UK Partnership Council") [Partnership Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly "EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly") Relations with EU member states [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Austria–United Kingdom relations") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Belgium–United Kingdom relations") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Croatia–United Kingdom relations") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Cyprus–United Kingdom relations") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia "Akrotiri and Dhekelia") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Denmark–United Kingdom relations") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Estonia–United Kingdom relations") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "France–United Kingdom relations") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Germany–United Kingdom relations") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Greece–United Kingdom relations") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Hungary–United Kingdom relations") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Ireland–United Kingdom relations") [Ireland–UK border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border") [British–Irish Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council "British–Irish Council") [North/South Ministerial Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council "North/South Ministerial Council") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Italy–United Kingdom relations") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Lithuania–United Kingdom relations") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Malta–United Kingdom relations") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Netherlands–United Kingdom relations") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Poland–United Kingdom relations") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Portugal–United Kingdom relations") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Romania–United Kingdom relations") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Slovakia–United Kingdom relations") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Spain–United Kingdom relations") [Status of Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar "Status of Gibraltar") [Gibraltar–Spain border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border "Gibraltar–Spain border") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Sweden–United Kingdom relations") [Conjectured EEA membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Economic_Area "Membership of United Kingdom in the European Economic Area") \| \| \| [Opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit "Opposition to Brexit") [Post-referendum opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_\(2016%E2%80%93present\) "Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016–present)") New initiatives [Change Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_Britain "Change Britain") [More United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_United "More United") [Open Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Britain "Open Britain") [The New European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_European "The New European") [Unite to Remain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_to_Remain "Unite to Remain") [Led By Donkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys "Led By Donkeys") [Revoke Article 50 petition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition "Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition") [Postcards from the 48%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25 "Postcards from the 48%") [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum") Calls for a [second referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement") [People's Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Vote "People's Vote") [Britain for Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_for_Europe "Britain for Europe") [European Movement UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement_UK "European Movement UK") [For our Future's Sake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_our_Future%27s_Sake "For our Future's Sake") [Healthier IN the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthier_IN_the_EU "Healthier IN the EU") [InFacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InFacts "InFacts") [Open Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Britain "Open Britain") [Our Future Our Choice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Future_Our_Choice "Our Future Our Choice") [Scientists for EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientists_for_EU "Scientists for EU") Other organisations [Best for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_for_Britain "Best for Britain") [Bollocks to Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit "Bollocks to Brexit") [Change UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_UK "Change UK") [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\)#Opposing_Brexit_\(2015%E2%80%93present\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") [Right to Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_Vote "Right to Vote") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") \| Jan 2013 \| \| [Referendum Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14") blocked \| Jan 2014 \| \| [European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") \| May 2014 \| \| [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") \| May 2015 \| \| Renegotiation begins \| Jun 2015 \| \| [Referendum Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") passed \| Dec 2015 \| \| [Renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") concluded \| Feb 2016 \| \| [Referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") held \| Jun 2016 \| \| [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") resigns as [PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") \| Jul 2016 \| \| [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") [becomes PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") \| Jul 2016 \| \| [Article 50 judgement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union") \| Jan 2017 \| \| [Brexit plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_plan "Brexit plan") presented \| Feb 2017 \| \| [Notification Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Act_2017 "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017") passed \| Mar 2017 \| \| [Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") invoked \| Mar 2017 \| \| [Repeal Bill plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan "Repeal Bill plan") presented \| Mar 2017 \| \| [2017 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") \| Jun 2017 \| \| [Brexit negotiations begin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") \| Jun 2017 \| \| [Withdrawal Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018") passed \| Jun 2018 \| \| [Chequers plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers_agreement "Chequers agreement") presented \| Jul 2018 \| \| [Withdrawal agreement plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan "Brexit withdrawal agreement plan") presented \| July 2018 \| \| [Withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") released \| Nov 2018 \| \| [Scottish Continuity Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Legal_Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Bill_2018 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018") blocked \| Dec 2018 \| \| [Meaningful votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") \| Jan–Mar 2019 \| \| [Brexit delayed until 12 April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit#Vote_on_extending_Article_50_\(14_March_2019\) "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") \| Mar 2019 \| \| [Cooper–Letwin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") passed \| Apr 2019 \| \| [Brexit delayed until 31 October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019#Motion_under_the_Act "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") \| Apr 2019 \| \| [European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") \| May 2019 \| \| Theresa May resigns as [PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") \| Jul 2019 \| \| [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") [becomes PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2019 Conservative Party leadership election") \| Jul 2019 \| \| [Prorogation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy "2019 British prorogation controversy") and [annulment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland "R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland") \| Aug–Sep 2019 \| \| [Benn Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") passed \| Sep 2019 \| \| Withdrawal agreement [revised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019 "Brexit withdrawal agreement") \| Oct 2019 \| \| [Brexit delayed until 31 January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019#Outcome "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") \| Oct 2019 \| \| [2019 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") \| Dec 2019 \| \| [Agreement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020") passed \| Jan 2020 \| \| UK leaves the European Union \| Jan 2020 \| \| Implementation period begins \| Jan 2020 \| \| [UK–EU trade deal agreed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") \| Dec 2020 \| \| [Future Relationship Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Future_Relationship\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020") passed \| Dec 2020 \| \| [Scottish Continuity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Act_2021 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021") passed \| Dec 2020 \| \| Implementation period ends \| Dec 2020 \| \| New EU–UK relationship begins \| Jan 2021 \| \| UK–EU trade deal ratified \| Apr 2021 \| \| [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") released \| Feb 2023 \| \| Windsor framework adopted \| Mar 2023 \| \| ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/20px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [EU portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union "Portal:European Union") ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [UK portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom "Portal:United Kingdom") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brexit_sidebar "Template:Brexit sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_sidebar "Template talk:Brexit sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit sidebar") \| \| [Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") was the [withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Withdrawal from the European Union") of the United Kingdom from the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") at 23:00 [GMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time "Greenwich Mean Time") on 31 January 2020 (00:00 1 February 2020 [CET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time "Central European Time")). As of 2020[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit), the UK is the only member state to have left the EU. Britain [entered](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities "Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities") the predecessor to the EU, the [European Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities "European Communities") (EC), on 1 January 1973. Following this, [Eurosceptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom") groups grew in popularity in the UK, opposing aspects of both the EC and the EU. As Euroscepticism increased during the early 2010s, [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") delivered [a speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") in January 2013 at [Bloomberg London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_London "Bloomberg London"), in which he called for reform of the EU and promised an in–out referendum on the UK's membership if the [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)") won a majority at the [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election"). The Conservatives won 330 seats at the election, giving Cameron a majority of 12, and a bill to hold a referendum was introduced to [Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom") that month. In February 2016, Cameron set the date of [the referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") to be 23 June that year, and a period of campaigning began. A total of 33,577,342 votes were cast in the poll, with 51.89% voting for Britain to leave the EU. Cameron announced his resignation as prime minister the next day, with [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") taking over the position on 13 July. On 29 March the following year, May delivered a letter to [Donald Tusk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk"), the [President of the European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council "President of the European Council"), which officially commenced the UK's withdrawal from the EU and began a two-year negotiating process. [Brexit negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") between the UK and the EU began in June 2017, and, by March the following year, a "large part" of the [withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") had been agreed.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Radosavljevic-1) On 25 November, the leaders of the remaining 27 EU countries officially endorsed the deal, with May putting it to Parliament in January 2019. The vote on the withdrawal agreement was defeated by 432 votes to 202, the biggest defeat of any government in the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons "House of Commons"). Two further votes on the deal—on 12 and 29 March—also resulted in large defeats for May. Following these defeats, on 24 May the Prime Minister announced her resignation. A [leadership contest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2019 Conservative Party leadership election") began, which was won by [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") on 24 July. With the Brexit deadlock still not broken, on 29 October the [Members of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_\(United_Kingdom\) "Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)") (MPs) voted in favour of holding a general election on 12 December. The Conservative Party won 365 seats in the election, giving them a majority of 80 seats. With a majority in the House of Commons now, Johnson's withdrawal agreement was voted through Parliament, and the UK officially left the EU at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020. A [transition period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Transition_period "Brexit withdrawal agreement")—in which Britain remained a part of the [European single market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_single_market "European single market") and the [European Union Customs Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union "European Union Customs Union")—began, as did [negotiation on a new trade deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU"). After negotiations throughout 2020, the [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") was announced on 24 December, allowing goods to be sold between the two markets without tariffs or quotas. At 23:00 on 31 December 2020, the transition period ended, and the UK formally completed its separation from the EU. As of 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit), the broad consensus of economists is that leaving the EU has had a substantially negative effect on the UK's economy, which is expected to be several percentage points smaller than it would have been if it had remained in the bloc.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Week_2-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Goncalves-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sleigh-4) ## Background \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Background")\] ### United Kingdom–European Union relations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: United Kingdom–European Union relations")\] Main article: [United Kingdom–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations "United Kingdom–European Union relations") [![Colour photograph of a copy of the Maastricht Treaty in the Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte in October 2019](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_\(Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte;_Vertrag_von_Maastricht\)_\(cropped\).JPG) The [Maastricht Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") (pictured), signed on 7 February 1992, legally established the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Palmer,_John-5) The UK entered the EC on 1 January 1973, following the ratification of the [Treaty of Accession 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 "Treaty of Accession 1972"), signed by the Conservative Prime Minister [Edward Heath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Heath "Edward Heath").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-OCarroll-6) Two years later, on 5 June 1975, a [national referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") endorsed the UK's continued membership of the EC, with 67.23% voting that the country should remain in the EC.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hill-7) Over the following decades, [Eurosceptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom") attitudes began to develop within Britain's two main political parties, the Conservatives and the [Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)"). In the [1983 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election "1983 United Kingdom general election"), Labour's campaign manifesto vowed to withdraw from the EC within the lifetime of the following Parliament.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Clark-8) The manifesto was dubbed "[the longest suicide note in history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_longest_suicide_note_in_history "The longest suicide note in history")", and the election was won by the Conservatives, led by the incumbent prime minister, [Margaret Thatcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher "Margaret Thatcher").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hope-9) Thatcher continued to serve as prime minister until she resigned on 22 November 1990, amid divisions within the Conservative Party over the UK's involvement in Europe.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Kirkup-10) Two years later, the [Maastricht Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") was signed by the 12 member states of the EC, including the UK, which began the formal establishment of the European Union.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Palmer,_John-5) ### Political history of the United Kingdom (2005–13) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Political history of the United Kingdom (2005–13)")\] Main article: [Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_\(1979%E2%80%93present\) "Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)") [![Colour photograph of David Cameron and Nick Clegg standing behind podiums in February 2015](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg/330px-PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg) Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") (left) and Deputy Prime Minister [Nick Clegg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg") (right) in February 2015, during the period of the [Cameron–Clegg coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition "Cameron–Clegg coalition") On 6 December 2005, David Cameron, the MP for [Witney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witney_\(UK_Parliament_constituency\) "Witney (UK Parliament constituency)"), was elected as [leader of the Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)"), beating [David Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davis_\(British_politician\) "David Davis (British politician)") in the final round.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_36-11) After serving as [leader of the opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_\(United_Kingdom\) "Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)") for nearly five years, Cameron led his party into the [2010 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election "2010 United Kingdom general election") on 6 May that year.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hough-12) The Conservatives gained 97 seats for a total of 307, making them the largest party in Parliament.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_17-13) Labour, who had been in government before the election, won 258 seats, while the [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)"), with 57 seats, were the third-largest party.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_17-13) With no single party having won enough seats to form a majority government, the country had its first [hung parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliament "Hung parliament") since 1974.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_37-14) All three leaders made statements offering openness to creating an administration with another party, and a series of negotiations began.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-CNN-15) Just after midnight on 12 May, the [Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93Liberal_Democrat_coalition_agreement "Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement") was approved, with Cameron as prime minister and [Nick Clegg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg"), the [leader of the Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats "Leader of the Liberal Democrats"), as [deputy prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wintour_5-16) As well as a new prime minister, the 2010 general election also saw a new generation of more Eurosceptic MPs elected to the UK government.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_38-17) On 24 October 2011, Cameron experienced the largest rebellion over European integration since [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") when 81 Conservative MPs voted in favour of a motion calling for a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Watt_1-18) Of these 81 MPs, 49 had been elected in 2010.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Redford-19) The previous month, a petition carrying over 100,000 signatures that also called for a referendum was delivered to [10 Downing Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street "10 Downing Street").[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_40-20) Faced with this growing Euroscepticism, on 23 January 2013, Cameron delivered the [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") at Bloomberg London,[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_39-21) in which he promised an in–out referendum on EU membership if the Conservatives won a majority at the [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election").[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wright,_Oliver-22) ### Brexit \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Brexit")\] Main article: [Brexit § Terminology and etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit#Terminology_and_etymology "Brexit") The word [Brexit](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Brexit "wiktionary:Brexit") is a portmanteau of the phrase "British exit".[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Lewis-Hargreave-23) According to the [Oxford English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary"), the term was coined in a blog post on the website [Euractiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euractiv "Euractiv") by Peter Wilding, director of European policy at [BSkyB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSkyB "BSkyB"), on 15 May 2012.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Tempest-24) Wilding coined Brexit to refer to the end of UK membership in the EU – by 2016, usage of the word had increased by 3,400% in one year.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Davis-25) ## Pre-referendum \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Pre-referendum")\] ### 2013 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: 2013")\] Cameron delivering the [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") on 23 January 2013, when an in–out referendum on EU membership was first promised[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wright,_Oliver-22) - 23 January: Cameron delivers the Bloomberg speech, covering the UK's future relationship with Europe. He calls for reform of the EU and promises an in–out referendum on the UK's membership of the EU if the Conservatives win a majority at the 2015 general election.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wright,_Oliver-22) - 15 April: The House of Commons votes on a [private member's bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill "Private member's bill") expressing "regret" over the absence of an EU referendum in the [Queen's Speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament "State Opening of Parliament"). The vote is defeated by 277 to 130, with 114 Conservative MPs voting to regret.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wintour_1-26) - 19 June: The [European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14")—a private member's bill seeking to enshrine into law Cameron's promise to hold a referendum—is introduced by the Conservative MP [James Wharton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wharton,_Baron_Wharton_of_Yarm "James Wharton, Baron Wharton of Yarm").[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wintour_2-27)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_1-28) - 5 July: The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 304 votes in favour to 0 against.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Grice_1-29) ### 2014 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: 2014")\] - 31 January: Peers at the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") vote by 180 to 130 to end the debate of the European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14, which concludes its progress through Parliament. Cameron expresses disappointment at this defeat.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Craig,_Jon-30) - 12 March: [Ed Miliband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Miliband "Ed Miliband"), the [leader of the Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"), rules out matching Cameron's pledge to hold a referendum on EU membership if his party wins a majority at the next general election. He states that Labour would only hold such a poll if there were a significant transfer of power from [Westminster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster "Westminster") to Brussels.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Savage_1-31) - 22 May: The UK holds [elections to the European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom"), electing 73 [Members of the European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament "Members of the European Parliament") (MEPs). Across England, Scotland and Wales, the Conservatives' share of the vote drops by 3.8 percentage points, losing them seven seats.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_12-32) - 12 June: Conservative MP [Bob Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Neill "Bob Neill") announces that he will reintroduce Wharton's European Union (Referendum) Bill as a private member's bill.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Ship-33) - 28 October: The Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats fail to agree on the amount of parliamentary time to be allocated to Neill's bill. The bill's progress through Parliament is again brought to an end.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_4-34) - 19 December: The "long campaign" for the 2015 general election officially begins, limiting candidates' spending in their constituencies to £30,700 each.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Chakelian-35) ### 2015 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: 2015")\] - 30 March: Cameron meets with Queen [Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II "Elizabeth II") at [Buckingham Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace "Buckingham Palace") and informs her that the 55th UK Parliament is ready to be [dissolved](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McSmith-36) The "short campaign" for the general election—scheduled to take place on 7 May—begins.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_6-37) - 12 April: In central London, Clegg launches his party's manifesto for the general election, which commits to maintaining the UK's membership of the EU.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_5-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Keith-39) - 13 April: The Labour Party's manifesto is unveiled by Miliband at the [Old Granada Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Granada_Studios "Old Granada Studios") in [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"). It repeats Miliband's earlier pledge that, under a Labour government, powers would not be transferred to Brussels before an in–out referendum.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mason_1-40) - 14 April: Cameron launches the Conservative Party manifesto at an event in [Swindon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon "Swindon").[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Perraudin-41) The document promises "real change" in the UK's relationship with the EU, and commits to holding a referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Blick-42) [![Colour photograph of Ed Miliband speaking from behind a podium at Chatham House in April 2015](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg/250px-Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg) [Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)") leader [Ed Miliband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Miliband "Ed Miliband") criticised government foreign policy—including the handling of an EU referendum—in a speech on 24 April 2015.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Economist-43) - 24 April: At [Chatham House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_House "Chatham House") in London, Miliband delivers a speech on Labour's foreign policy.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Economist-43) He describes the government's timetable for an in–out referendum as "arbitrary", and criticises their lack of strategy for renegotiating the UK's EU membership.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-LabourList-44) - 25 April: Writing for [The Sunday Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph "The Sunday Telegraph"), Cameron reiterates his promise that, should the Conservatives win a majority, they will begin the process of renegotiating the UK's membership of the EU, and will draft a European Referendum Bill.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cameron,_David-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Travis-46) - 7 May: The [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") is held. The Conservative Party win 330 seats, giving Cameron a 12-seat overall majority in Parliament. Labour win 232 seats in total, a net loss of 26, while the Liberal Democrats win eight, a net loss of 49.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_11-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Osborn-48) - 8 May: Following Labour's and the Liberal Democrats' defeats at the election, both Miliband and Clegg resign as the leaders of their parties.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_7-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_8-50) - 27 May: A referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017 is included in the Queen's Speech.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_1-51) - 28 May: The [European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Bill_2015%E2%80%9316 "European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16")—a bill that makes provision for a referendum in the UK to be held—is introduced by the Conservative MP [Philip Hammond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hammond "Philip Hammond").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_2-52) - 9 June: - The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 544 votes in favour to 53 against.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_10-53) - Nominations open for the [Labour Party leadership election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)"), triggered by Miliband's resignation.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Payne-54) - 15 June: Nominations close for Labour's leadership election. Four MPs surpass the threshold of support required and are set to be placed on the ballot: [Andy Burnham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Burnham "Andy Burnham"), [Yvette Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvette_Cooper "Yvette Cooper"), [Liz Kendall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Kendall "Liz Kendall") and [Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wintour_3-55) - 25–26 June: At a [European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council "European Council") meeting, Cameron [begins renegotiating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") Britain's EU membership with other EU leaders by setting out his plan to hold a referendum.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Faulconbridge-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-European_Council_1-57) [![Jeremy Corbyn's official photograph for Parliament](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2%2C_2020.jpg/250px-Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2%2C_2020.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2,_2020.jpg) [Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn") (pictured in 2020) was elected [leader of the Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Leader of the Labour Party (UK)") on 12 September 2015.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mason_2-58) - 12 September: The results of Labour's leadership election are announced at a special conference at the [Queen Elizabeth II Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Centre "Queen Elizabeth II Centre") in Westminster.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Lowe-59) With 59.5% of the first-preference votes, Corbyn is elected leader of the Labour Party and becomes leader of the opposition.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mason_2-58) - 9 October: [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave"), a [cross-party](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cross-party "wiktionary:cross-party") advocacy group campaigning for the UK to leave the EU, is launched.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Press_Association-60) - 12 October: [Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe"), a similar organisation advocating for Britain to remain, is launched.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-France_24_1-61) - 10 November: Cameron gives a speech on Europe at Chatham House, during which he repeats his commitment to holding a referendum before the end of 2017.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Dallison-62) He also sends a letter to [Donald Tusk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk"), the [President of the European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council "President of the European Council"), setting out the four areas where he is seeking EU reform as part of his renegotiations: economic governance, competitiveness, sovereignty and immigration.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Traynor-63) - 17 December: The European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16 is given [royal assent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent#United_Kingdom "Royal assent") and becomes the [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015"). By law, a referendum on membership in the EU is set to take place in the UK before the end of 2017.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_2-52) ### 2016 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: 2016")\] - 10 January: In his annual new year interview on [The Andrew Marr Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andrew_Marr_Show "The Andrew Marr Show"), Cameron vows that he will stay on as prime minister if the UK votes to leave the EU,[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Irish_Times-64) but states that his government has made no plans to deal with Brexit.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Savage_2-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Barker-66) - 19 February: Renegotiations on the UK's membership in the EU are concluded, with Cameron and Tusk signing a finalised deal. The changes will take effect following a vote to remain in the referendum.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-European_Council_2-67) - 20 February: - Cameron announces that the referendum will be held on 23 June, and that he will be campaigning for Britain to remain.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_2-68) - Six members of [Cameron's cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry#Cabinet "Second Cameron ministry") declare that they will join Vote Leave and campaign for Brexit.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Watt_2-69) - 21 February: [Mayor of London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London "Mayor of London") Boris Johnson announces that he will advocate for the UK to leave the EU.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Day-70) - 22 February: Speaking in the House of Commons, Cameron promises that, if the British people vote to leave, he will begin the process, i.e., by triggering [Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_50 "Article 50") of the EU's [Treaty of Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon"), "straight away".[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Masterman-71) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf/page1-250px-Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf) The [pro-EU leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet"), sent to UK households by the British government in 2016[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Belam-72) - 11–13 April: A [pro-EU leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet")—in which the government warns that Brexit will increase the [cost of living](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_living "Cost of living") and lead to a decade or more of uncertainty[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mayes-73)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_10-74)—is sent to households across England.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Belam-72) - 13 April: The [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") designates Vote Leave as the referendum's official campaign in favour of leaving the EU, while Britain Stronger in Europe is named as the official campaign in favour of remaining.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-James-75) - 15 April: The regulated campaigning period for the referendum begins. Over the next ten weeks, the two official campaigns may spend a maximum of £7 million.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-James-75) - 22 April: At a press conference in central London, [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") warns that Britain will be at "the back of the queue" if the nation votes for Brexit.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Palmer,_Doug-76) - 9 May: The pro-EU leaflet is sent to households in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sky_News_1-77) - 9 June: Six participants—including Johnson—take part in The ITV Referendum Debate, a live TV debate on Brexit, broadcast by [ITV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_\(TV_network\) "ITV (TV network)").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Withnall_1-78) - 12 June: In another interview on The Andrew Marr Show, Cameron repeats his commitment not to resign as prime minister even if he loses the referendum.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Withnall_2-79) - 16 June: [Jo Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Cox "Jo Cox"), the MP for [Batley and Spen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batley_and_Spen "Batley and Spen"), is [murdered](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jo_Cox "Murder of Jo Cox") by a far-right terrorist.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cobain-80) Out of respect for Cox, referendum campaigning is suspended across the UK.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_3-81) - 19 June: Campaigning for the referendum resumes.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hume_2-82) - 21 June: From [Wembley Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena "Wembley Arena"), Johnson and another five campaigners participate in EU Referendum: The Great Debate, live on [BBC One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One "BBC One"). With 6,000 people in the audience, it is the largest televised debate on the issue.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Week_1-83) - 23 June: Polls open for the referendum at around 41,000 polling stations at 07:00 and close at 22:00.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cowburn_1-84) A total of 33,577,342 votes are cast, representing a turnout of 72.2% of registered voters.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Electoral_Commission-85) ## Post-referendum \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Post-referendum")\] ### 2016 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: 2016")\] [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg/250px-David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg) Cameron announcing his resignation as prime minister on 24 June 2016[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hughes-86) - 24 June: - The votes are counted, and chief counting officer [Jenny Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Watson_\(civil_servant\) "Jenny Watson (civil servant)") delivers the final result from Manchester at 07:20 [BST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time "British Summer Time"): 16,141,241 votes (48.11%) to remain in the EU, and 17,410,742 (51.89%) to leave.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Waldie-87) - Following the result of the referendum, the value of the [pound sterling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling") drops to its lowest level since 1985, and the [FTSE 100 Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100_Index "FTSE 100 Index") begins the day by falling 8%.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_13-88) - Stating that he does not believe that he should be "the captain that steers \[the\] country to its next destination", Cameron announces that he plans to resign as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party by October.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hughes-86) - 25 June: The UK's [European Commissioner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner "European Commissioner"), [Jonathan Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Oareford "Jonathan Hill, Baron Hill of Oareford"), announces his intention to stand down from the role.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_16-89) - 27 June: In Parliament, Cameron confirms that he will not invoke Article 50.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Chadwick-90) - 29 June: Nominations open for the [Conservative Party leadership election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") triggered by Cameron's resignation.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_1-91) - 30 June: Nominations for the leadership contest close. Johnson confirms that he will not stand.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Hume_1-92) Five other MPs—Theresa May, [Andrea Leadsom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom "Andrea Leadsom"), [Michael Gove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gove "Michael Gove"), [Stephen Crabb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crabb "Stephen Crabb") and [Liam Fox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Fox "Liam Fox")—achieve the level of support needed to be put on the first ballot.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_15-93) - 7 July: Only two nominees, May and Leadsom, now remain in the leadership race, with the rest having either withdrawn or been eliminated.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Belfast_Telegraph-94) - 11 July: Leadsom withdraws from the contest early. As the only remaining candidate, May is named the new leader of the Conservative Party.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_18-95) - 13 July: - Cameron tenders his resignation as prime minister to the Queen at Buckingham Palace.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_19-96) - The Queen invites May to form a new government as Cameron's replacement. May builds [her cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_May_ministry#Cabinet "First May ministry"), appointing Hammond as [Chancellor of the Exchequer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer "Chancellor of the Exchequer"), [Amber Rudd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Rudd "Amber Rudd") as [Home Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary "Home Secretary"), Johnson as [Foreign Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_\(United_Kingdom\) "Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)") and Davis to the newly created post of [Brexit secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_secretary "Brexit secretary").[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_20-97) [![Colour photograph of Gina Miller speaking in Brighton in 2018](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg/250px-Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg) The [first legal challenge over Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union") was brought by the investment manager [Gina Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Miller "Gina Miller") (pictured in 2018).[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Gower-98) - 19 July: - The first legal challenge over Brexit, [R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union"), is brought by investment manager [Gina Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Miller "Gina Miller") and hairdresser [Deir Dos Santos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Dos_Santos "Deir Dos Santos"). The [High Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice "High Court of Justice") hears details of the case—which asks whether Parliament or the prime minister has the authority to begin the process of Britain withdrawing from the EU—in a preliminary hearing.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Gower-98) - The government confirms that May will not start the formal process by officially invoking Article 50 before the end of the year.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Chaplain_1-99) - 27 July: [President of the European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission "President of the European Commission") [Jean-Claude Juncker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker "Jean-Claude Juncker") appoints French politician [Michel Barnier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Barnier "Michel Barnier") as the chief negotiator for the UK leaving the EU.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-European_Commission-100) - 12 September: Cameron resigns as the MP for Witney, ending his political career.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reuters_1-101) - 2 October: - The 2016 [Conservative Party Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference "Conservative Party Conference") begins in [Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham").[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_21-102) Speaking on The Andrew Marr Show ahead of the conference, May reveals that she will invoke Article 50 in the first quarter of 2017.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_9-103) - In his opening speech at the conference, Davis announces that the government will repeal the [European Communities Act 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)"), the act that originally made legal provision for the UK's membership of the EEC.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_1-104) - 5 October: May gives her closing speech at the Conservative Party conference, during which she signals her intentions to control immigration from Europe and to leave the jurisdiction of the [European Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice "European Court of Justice") (ECJ).[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McTague_1-105) - 10 October: From the [despatch box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despatch_box#British_parliamentary_boxes "Despatch box") in the House of Commons, Davis gives a speech to MPs assuring them that there would be "only a considerable upside" to Brexit, and that there would not be a downside.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Parker_1-106) - 2 November: The [Collins English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary "Collins English Dictionary") selects Brexit as the [word of the year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_the_year#Collins_English_Dictionary "Word of the year") for 2016.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Flood-107) - 3 November: In the Miller case, a panel of three judges in the High Court find in the claimants' favour, and rules that the prime minister cannot decide to trigger Article 50 without a vote in Parliament first. The government indicates that it will appeal the decision at the [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom").[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Murkens-108) - 4 November: Writing for the pro-Brexit newspaper the [Daily Mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail "Daily Mail"), political editor [James Slack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Slack "James Slack") calls the three judges "[enemies of the people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_\(headline\) "Enemies of the People (headline)")" in an article on the High Court's ruling. Slack's article draws more than 1,000 complaints to the [Independent Press Standards Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation "Independent Press Standards Organisation").[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Jankowicz-109) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_%2831226228132%29.jpg/250px-Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_%2831226228132%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_\(31226228132\).jpg) [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson"), who supported [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") during the referendum, speaking at [Chatham House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_House "Chatham House") on 2 December 2016[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_22-110) - 2 December: At Chatham House, Johnson gives his first policy speech as foreign secretary, in which he sets out his vision for the UK after Brexit. He states that, after leaving the EU, the UK will not obstruct closer European defence co-operation.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_22-110) - 5–8 December: The Supreme Court convenes to hear the government's appeal against the High Court ruling. For the first time in the history of the court, all 11 judges sit [en banc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_banc "En banc") to hear the case.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Holden-111) - 7 December: The House of Commons votes on a motion brought by the Labour Party committing the government to publishing its Brexit plan before it invokes Article 50, and also on an amendment added by May for Article 50 to be invoked before the end of March 2017. MPs vote by 461 to 89 in favour of May's amendment, and by 448 to 75 in favour of the amended motion.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Johnston-112) ### 2017 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: 2017")\] - 3 January: Urging in his resignation email for civil servants to challenge "ill-founded arguments and muddled thinking", [Ivan Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Rogers "Ivan Rogers") steps down from his role as [Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union "Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union").[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_2-113) - 4 January: May appoints career diplomat [Tim Barrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Barrow "Tim Barrow") to replace Rogers.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wintour_4-114) - 17 January: In a speech at [Lancaster House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_House "Lancaster House") in Westminster, May lays out her "Plan for Britain" following Brexit, including 12 negotiating priorities.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Taylor-115) She rules out remaining in the single market or customs union.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Henley_1-116) - 24 January: By a majority of 8 judges to 3, the Supreme Court dismiss the government's appeal of the Miller case, and rule that a vote in Parliament is required before Article 50 can be invoked.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Bowcott-117) - 26 January: In Parliament, Davis introduces the [European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Bill "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill"), a 137-word bill that can give May the power to formally begin the Brexit process by triggering Article 50. Corbyn says that he will instruct Labour MPs to support it.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-King-118) - 1 February: The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 498 votes in favour to 114 against.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_23-119) - 2 February: The government publishes its [Brexit plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_plan "Brexit plan") in a [white paper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_paper "White paper"), setting out its strategy for exiting the EU.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Henley_2-120) - 16 March: The bill receives royal assent and becomes the [European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Act_2017 "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017").[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_3-121) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf/page1-190px-Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf) [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May")'s letter to [Donald Tusk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk"), [invoking Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") and indicating the UK's intention to leave the EU - 29 March: In Brussels, Barrow hand delivers a letter from May to Tusk that [officially invokes Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union"). A two-year negotiating process begins, with the UK due to leave the EU on 29 March 2019.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Asthana-122) Speaking at a press conference immediately afterwards, Tusk says that there is "no reason to pretend that this is a happy day".[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_2-123) - 30 March: The government publishes the "Great Repeal Bill" white paper, laying out its plans for legislating on Brexit, including transferring EU regulations into UK legislation.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Walker_1-124) - 18 April: After chairing a meeting of her cabinet, May announces her intention to call a [snap general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_general_election "Snap general election") on 8 June.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_24-125) - 19 April: In the House of Commons, MPs pass a motion for an early general election, providing the legal framework for one to be held on 8 June.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_25-126) - 16 May: The Labour Party launches its manifesto for the election, which includes accepting the referendum result.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_26-127) - 18 May: The Conservatives publish their manifesto. The document repeats May's earlier commitment that the UK "will no longer be members of the single market or customs union",[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Blitz_1-128) and proposes new changes to social care: in the [means test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_test "Means test") for receiving free care in their own home, a person's property would be included as well as their savings and income.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_27-129) - 22 May: Following a backlash to the proposed reforms, May announces an "absolute limit" on the amount of money that a person would have to pay for social care.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_28-130) - 8 June: The [general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") is held, with 32,204,184 votes being cast for a turnout of 68.7%.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-House_of_Commons_Library_1-131) The Conservatives win 318 seats in total, a net loss of 13. Although still the largest party in the House of Commons, they no longer have a parliamentary majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Guardian_1-132) [![Colour photograph of Arlene Foster and Theresa May standing together outside Stormont Castle in June 2016](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg/250px-Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg) In June 2017, [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") (right) signalled her intention to enter into a confidence-and-supply arrangement with [Arlene Foster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Foster "Arlene Foster") (left) of the [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party"). - 9 June: As leader of the largest party in the Commons, May is invited by the Queen to form a new government. She signals her intention to enter into a confidence-and-supply arrangement with the [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") (DUP) of Northern Ireland, led by [Arlene Foster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Foster "Arlene Foster").[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Woodcock-133) - 19 June: Davis travels to Brussels for the first round of Brexit negotiations with Barnier.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_29-134) - 21 June: In the Queen's Speech, eight bills that prepare the UK for Brexit are announced.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Merrick_1-135) - 26 June: The [Conservative–DUP agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement "Conservative–DUP agreement") is finalised, with the DUP agreeing to support the Conservatives on legislation relating to security and Brexit.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_30-136) - 13 July: In Parliament, the government introduces the Great Repeal Bill (now called the [European Union (Withdrawal) Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Bill "European Union (Withdrawal) Bill")) to the House of Commons.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_4-137) - 27 July: Rudd commissions the [Migration Advisory Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Advisory_Committee "Migration Advisory Committee") to produce a report analysing the social and economic contributions and costs of EU citizens in the UK.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_5-138) - 22 September: May delivers a speech from [Florence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence "Florence"). She proposes a two-year "transition" period after Brexit, during which the current arrangements for market access will continue to apply.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Henley_3-139) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference%2C_October_1%2C_2017_20.jpg/250px-Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference%2C_October_1%2C_2017_20.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference,_October_1,_2017_20.jpg) An anti-Brexit protest in Manchester on 1 October 2017[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_57-140) - 1 October: An anti-Brexit march takes place outside the Conservative Party Conference in Manchester. Speeches are delivered by [Vince Cable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Cable "Vince Cable"), the leader of the Liberal Democrats, and the Conservative politician [Stephen Dorrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dorrell "Stephen Dorrell").[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_57-140) - 8 December: The EU and UK publish a joint report on the progress made during the first round of negotiations,[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Huberty-141) allowing them to move talks to the next stage.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_31-142) - 13 December: In the House of Commons, MPs vote on an amendment to the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill tabled by the MP [Dominic Grieve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Grieve "Dominic Grieve"), which seeks to secure a "[meaningful vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaningful_vote "Meaningful vote")" on any withdrawal agreement. Eleven Conservative MPs vote in favour of the amendment, which passes by 309 votes to 305. It is May's first Commons defeat over Brexit legislation.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_1-143) - 15 December: The EU announces that "sufficient progress" has been made in the first phase of Brexit negotiations, and that talks can proceed to the second phase.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Randerson-144) ### 2018 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: 2018")\] - 17 February: Speaking at the [Munich Security Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference "Munich Security Conference"), May calls for continued co-operation on security after Brexit.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Bennhold-145) - 20 February: Davis delivers a speech in Vienna, in which he pledges that Britain will keep co-operating with EU regulatory authorities in order to ensure a "future economic partnership".[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Islam-146) - 26 February: In a speech at [Coventry University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_University "Coventry University"), Corbyn confirms that Labour will support a customs union with the EU, and that his party will directly oppose May's refusal to enter one.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cooper_1-147) - 28 February: The European Commission publish a 118-page proposed Brexit withdrawal agreement, which translates the joint report published on 8 December 2017 into a draft legal text. Speaking at [Prime Minister's Questions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions "Prime Minister's Questions"), May says that the Commission's proposed agreement would "undermine the UK common market".[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Crisp_1-148) - 2 March: May gives a speech at [Mansion House, London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House,_London "Mansion House, London"), repeating that Britain will leave the single market and the customs union, and that the jurisdiction of the ECJ in the UK would end. Barnier welcomes this "clarity".[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Allegretti_1-149) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/David_Davis_and_Michel_Barnier_Speech.jpg/250px-David_Davis_and_Michel_Barnier_Speech.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Davis_and_Michel_Barnier_Speech.jpg) [David Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davis_\(British_politician\) "David Davis (British politician)") (left) and [Michel Barnier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Barnier "Michel Barnier") (right) announcing a "broad agreement" on the [Brexit withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") on 2 March 2018[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Radosavljevic-1) - 19 March: In Brussels, Davis and Barnier announce that they have reached a "broad agreement" of the withdrawal agreement, and that a "large part" of it has been agreed.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Radosavljevic-1) A draft version of the agreement is published.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_3-150) - 16 May: The European Union (Withdrawal) Bill enters its third reading at the House of Lords.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_4-137) The Lords propose 15 amendments to the bill.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Jersey_Evening_Post_1-151) - 28 June: The bill is granted royal assent and becomes the [European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018").[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_4-137) - 6 July: May chairs a meeting of her cabinet at [Chequers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers "Chequers"), the prime minister's country residence, to discuss and agree on a collective approach for future negotiations on Brexit. The agreement becomes known as the [Chequers plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers_plan "Chequers plan").[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Walker_2-152) - 9 July: - Davis resigns as Brexit secretary, followed by his deputy [Steve Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Baker_\(politician\) "Steve Baker (politician)"). In his resignation letter, Davis criticises the Chequers plan, saying that it is "certainly not returning control of our laws in any real sense".[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_2-153) May appoints [Dominic Raab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Raab "Dominic Raab") to replace him.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sabbagh-154) - Johnson resigns as foreign secretary, stating in his letter than the Chequers plan "sticks in the throat".[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_3-155) He is replaced by [Jeremy Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt "Jeremy Hunt").[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-France_24_2-156) - 20 July: As part of a two-day visit to Northern Ireland, May delivers a speech in Belfast calling for a new deal with the EU on the [Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border").[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-France_24_3-157) - 24 July: The government publishes a white paper on how the withdrawal agreement will be put into law.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_32-158) - 23 August: Raab releases 25 "technical notices", which detail how individuals and businesses can prepare in the event that the UK leaves the EU without the withdrawal agreement being approved by both sides (known as a "[no-deal Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit "No-deal Brexit")").[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Young-159) - 19–20 September: Following a European Council meeting in [Salzburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg "Salzburg"), Tusk warns in a statement that the Chequers plan will not work as it "risks undermining the single market".[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_4-160) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg/250px-Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg) [Chancellor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer "Chancellor of the Exchequer") [Philip Hammond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hammond "Philip Hammond") holding up the [budget box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_box "Budget box") in [Downing Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Street "Downing Street") before delivering the [2018 budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_budget "2018 United Kingdom budget") on 29 October[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Blitz_2-161) - 29 October: In the [2018 budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_budget "2018 United Kingdom budget"), Hammond increases spending on preparations for Brexit by an additional £500 million.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Blitz_2-161) - 13 November: Using a [humble address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble_address "Humble address"), Labour tables a motion to force the government to publish the legal advice it has received on the withdrawal agreement before a Brexit deal is put to Parliament. After the DUP comes out in favour of the motion, ministers order Conservative MPs to abstain from voting on it, and it subsequently passes without a vote.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_3-162) - 14 November: The EU and UK negotiating teams agree on the draft text of the withdrawal agreement, which is published as a 585-page document.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Henley_4-163) - 15 November: Four ministers, including Raab, resign from the government. Raab writes in his resignation letter that he "cannot in good conscience" support the agreement.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sky_News_2-164) - 16 November: May appoints [Steve Barclay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Barclay "Steve Barclay") as the new Brexit secretary.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Dickson_1-165) - 25 November: EU leaders officially endorse the withdrawal agreement, with Juncker saying that it is "the best deal possible" and "the only deal possible".[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_14-166) - 4 December: Five days of parliamentary debate on Brexit (scheduled for 4–6 and 10–11 December) begin.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sloat_1-167) - 10 December: On the penultimate day of debate, May gives a statement to the House of Commons, stating that Parliament's first meaningful vote on the deal—scheduled for the following day—will be postponed so that she can seek "further assurances" from the EU.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Dickson_2-168) In a post on Twitter, Corbyn calls this a "desperate step".[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mcilkenny-169) - 12 December: - [Graham Brady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Brady "Graham Brady"), chairman of the [1922 Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Committee "1922 Committee"), announces that he has received letters of no confidence in May from at least 48 Conservatives MPs, exceeding the threshold of 15% of all Conservative MPs. He declares that a [vote of no confidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence "Vote of no confidence") in May's leadership will be held between 18:00 and 20:00 that evening.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Merrick_2-170) - The confidence vote is held, with May winning by 200 to 117.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_33-171) ### 2019 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: 2019")\] - 9 January: - The House of Commons begins a second five-day period of parliamentary debate on Brexit.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Gibraltar_Chronicle_1-172) - Grieve tables an amendment to a business motion saying that, if May loses the vote on her withdrawal agreement, she must return to the Commons with a new plan for Brexit within three working days, rather than the 21 days plus seven sitting days normally permitted.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Buchan-173) Grieve's amendment passes by 308 votes to 297.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Holyrood_1-174) - 15 January: - The first meaningful vote on the withdrawal agreement is held in the House of Commons. The government is defeated by 432 votes against to 202 in favour. With a margin of 230, it is the largest defeat of any government in the House of Commons.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_4-175) - Corbyn describes the defeat as "catastrophic", and tables a [vote of confidence in the government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_vote_of_confidence_in_the_May_ministry "2019 vote of confidence in the May ministry").[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_4-175)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_34-176) - 16 January: MPs vote in the confidence ballot brought by Corbyn. The DUP vote with the government, which wins by 325 to 306.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_35-177) - 21 January: - May delivers a statement to the House of Commons on her government's approach to Brexit following the parliamentary defeat.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elbaum-178) - Speaking on the [BBC Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two "BBC Two") documentary series [Inside Europe: Ten Years of Turmoil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Europe:_Ten_Years_of_Turmoil "Inside Europe: Ten Years of Turmoil"), Tusk claims that Cameron did not think he would need to hold the EU referendum, as he expected that, after the 2015 general election, he would enter into another coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, who would then block the poll.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Simons-179) Tusk's claims are rejected on Twitter by [Craig Oliver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Oliver_\(British_journalist\) "Craig Oliver (British journalist)"), Cameron's former [Downing Street Director of Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Street_Director_of_Communications "Downing Street Director of Communications").[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Boffey_1-180) - 29 January: The government tables a motion on its Brexit plans to the House of Commons, which votes on seven amendments to May's statement. Two amendments—one brought by Brady; the other by [Caroline Spelman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Spelman "Caroline Spelman")—are passed.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Walker_3-181) - 11 March: May travels to [Strasbourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg "Strasbourg") for a meeting on the withdrawal agreement with Juncker and Barnier. In a statement afterwards, she says that she has secured "legally binding" changes that "strengthen and improve" the Brexit deal.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Connolly-182) - 12 March: The House of Commons holds the second meaningful vote on the deal. MPs again reject the deal, this time by 391 votes against to 242 in favour, a majority of 149.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Rayner_1-183) - 13 March: Spelman's amendment to the government's Brexit plans—that the UK must not leave the EU without a deal—is debated by the House of Commons. MPs vote in favour of the amendment, thereby rejecting a no-deal Brexit, by 312 to 308.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Chaplain_2-184) - 14 March: With the UK set to leave the EU on 29 March without a deal in place, MPs vote on an amended motion on whether Article 50 should be extended beyond 29 March. By 413 votes to 202, the motion passes.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_5-185) - 18 March: Citing a convention dating back to 1604, [John Bercow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bercow "John Bercow"), the [speaker of the House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_\(United_Kingdom\) "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)"), rules that the government cannot present the withdrawal agreement for a third meaningful vote without substantial changes to it first.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Booth-186) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf/page1-190px-Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf) [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May")'s letter to [Donald Tusk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tusk "Donald Tusk"), requesting the first extension of the Article 50 period - 20 March: May writes a letter to Tusk, requesting an extension of the Article 50 period until 30 June 2019.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_5-187) - 21 March: The European Council agree that the Article 50 period can be extended to 22 May if Parliament votes to accept the withdrawal agreement, but only to 12 April otherwise.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-LBC_1-188) - 23 March: A march organised by the group [People's Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Vote "People's Vote")—who are campaigning for another referendum on Brexit—takes place in London.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Forrest-189) Researchers at [Manchester Metropolitan University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University "Manchester Metropolitan University") estimate the number in attendance to be between 312,000 and 400,000.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stokel-Walker-190) - 27 March: - Bercow selects eight Brexit plans from MPs that might win the support of the majority of the House of Commons. MPs debate and vote on all eight options in a series of "[indicative votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative_votes "Indicative votes")", but each one is rejected by the House.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Maidment-191) - Speaking to the 1922 Committee, May promises to resign as Conservative leader and prime minister if MPs pass the withdrawal agreement.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McTague_2-192) - 29 March: - This is the day that the Article 50 period was originally planned to end and Brexit would take place.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_41-193) - Parliament votes for a third time on the Brexit deal. This time, the deal is rejected by 344 votes against to 286 in favour.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Pickard-194) - 1 April: Bercow selects another four possible Brexit plans from MPs, which are then debated and voted on. All four are defeated.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mance-195) - 2 April: In a televised address from 10 Downing Street, May reveals that she will ask for a further extension to Article 50, and offers to meet with Corbyn to get a deal through Parliament. Corbyn welcomes her attempt to "reach out".[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cooper_2-196) - 5 April: May writes to Tusk and requests that Brexit be delayed until 30 June.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Gibraltar_Chronicle_2-197) - 10 April: The European Council meet, and agree that the Article 50 period be extended to 31 October 2019, or the first day of the month after a withdrawal agreement is agreed by both the UK and the EU. The EU leaders stress that, if the UK is still a member between 23 and 26 May, then it will have to hold [elections to the European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom").[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-European_Council_3-198) - 7 May: With the bipartisan talks between the Conservatives and Labour having not yet reached an agreement, [David Lidington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lidington "David Lidington"), [minister for the Cabinet Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_the_Cabinet_Office "Minister for the Cabinet Office"), confirms that Britain will participate in the European Parliament elections.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Holyrood_2-199) - 17 May: Talks between the Conservatives and Labour break down without an agreement, as Labour withdraws from them.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-France_24_4-200) - 21 May: May unveils a new withdrawal agreement: a package of 10 commitments aimed at reaching a compromise in Parliament.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_6-201) - 23 May: The UK holds elections to the European Parliament. At 37.2%, turnout is the second-highest in any European election in the country.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sloat_2-202) The Conservatives lose 15 seats with a vote share of 9.1%,[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Clarke-203) making it their worst result in a national election since 1832.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wilson-204) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg/250px-Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg) May declaring her resignation as prime minister on 24 May 2019[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Langfitt-205) - 24 May: May announces that she will resign as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party, effective 7 June, and that she will continue as [caretaker prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_prime_minister "Caretaker prime minister") until a new leader is chosen.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Langfitt-205) - 31 May: An opinion poll of voting intentions by the market research firm [YouGov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouGov "YouGov") puts the Liberal Democrats in first place with 24%.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Read-206) It is the first time in nine years that such a poll has not been topped by either the Conservatives or Labour.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Schofield_1-207) - 7 June: Nominations open at 10:00 in the leadership election to replace May. They close again at 17:00, with ten candidates—including Johnson, Hunt, Gove, Raab and Leadsom—having received enough endorsements to be placed on the first ballot.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Dickson_3-208)[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reuters_2-209) - 20 June: Johnson and Hunt are the only two remaining candidates in the contest, with the rest having either been eliminated or withdrawn. The winner is set to be selected in a ballot by members of the Conservative Party.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Rayner_2-210) - 2 July: EU leaders elect [Charles Michel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michel "Charles Michel") as the new president of the European Council, replacing Tusk.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Jersey_Evening_Post_2-211) - 16 July: [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") is elected the new president of the European Commission. She replaces Juncker.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Boffey_2-212) - 18 July: MPs approve, with a majority of 41, an amendment to the [Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_\(Executive_Formation_etc\)_Act_2019 "Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019") that blocks [suspension of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom "Prorogation in the United Kingdom") between 9 October and 18 December, unless a new [Northern Ireland Executive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive "Northern Ireland Executive") is formed.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_42-213) - 23 July: The result of ballot of Conservative Party members is announced at the Queen Elizabeth II Centre. With 92,153 votes to Hunt's 46,656, Johnson is elected the new leader of the party.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Yahoo-214) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg/250px-New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg) Johnson entering 10 Downing Street for the first time as prime minister on 24 July 2019[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reals-215) - 24 July: - May offers her resignation to the Queen, and recommends that she invite Johnson to form a new government.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Associated_Press_1-216) - The Queen asks Johnson to form a government in her name, and he officially becomes prime minister.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reals-215) - 25 July: Johnson appoints [his cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry#Cabinet "First Johnson ministry"). Barclay remains as Brexit secretary, while Raab becomes foreign secretary.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_43-217) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg/250px-Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg) [Steve Barclay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Barclay "Steve Barclay") signing an order to repeal the [European Communities Act 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)") on 18 August 2019[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-GBC-218) - 18 August: Barclay signs an order to repeal the European Communities Act 1972, ending all EU laws in the country when Britain leaves the union. Speaking afterwards, he describes the signing as a "landmark moment".[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-GBC-218) - 28 August: Johnson asks the Queen to prorogue Parliament, suspending parliamentary business from 9 September to 14 October.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_4-219) The Queen approves this timetable at a meeting of the [Privy Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_\(United_Kingdom\) "Privy Council (United Kingdom)") at [Balmoral Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral_Castle "Balmoral Castle").[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_44-220) - 2 September: In response to the prorogation, [Hilary Benn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Benn "Hilary Benn") publishes a draft text of the [European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._6\)_Bill "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill"), which will legislate that, if a withdrawal agreement is not passed by Parliament by 19 October, then the prime minister must seek an extension to the Article 50 period to 31 January 2020.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Craig,_Robert-221) - 3 September: - [Phillip Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Lee_\(politician\) "Phillip Lee (politician)"), a Conservative MP, [crosses the floor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosses_the_floor "Crosses the floor") to join the Liberal Democrats. In doing so, Johnson loses his majority in the House of Commons.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Merrick_3-222) - Conservative MP [Oliver Letwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Letwin "Oliver Letwin") tables a motion for Benn's bill to be passed through each stage of the House of Commons the following day. The motion passes by 328 to 301, with 21 Conservative MPs voting to support it.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Walker_4-223) - 4 September: - Conservative [Chief Whip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Whip "Chief Whip") [Mark Spencer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Spencer_\(British_politician\) "Mark Spencer (British politician)") phones the 21 MPs who voted in favour of Letwin's motion to [suspend them from the Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs "2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs").[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Morrison-224) Johnson now has a majority of minus 43.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Financial_Times-225) - The European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill passes all its stages in the House of Commons. In its third reading, MPs vote in its favour by 327 to 299.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_45-226) - 5 September: Answering a question during a [Q\&A](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Q_and_A#Noun "wiktionary:Q and A") at a police training college in [Wakefield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield "Wakefield"), Johnson asserts that he would rather be "dead in a ditch" than request another extension to the Article 50 period.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Schofield_2-227) - 6 September: A panel of three senior judges in the High Court in England reject an appeal brought by Miller against the prorogation, [R (Miller) v The Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_The_Prime_Minister "R (Miller) v The Prime Minister"), and rule that the decision is not justiciable, i.e., it is a political question rather than a legal one. The court therefore declines to intervene.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Brenncke-228)[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cameron,_David_R.-229) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bercow_Announces_Retirement_%28B%29.jpg/250px-Bercow_Announces_Retirement_%28B%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bercow_Announces_Retirement_\(B\).jpg) [John Bercow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bercow "John Bercow") announcing his resignation as [speaker of the House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_\(United_Kingdom\) "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)") on 9 September 2019[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cowburn_2-230) - 9 September: - Benn's bill achieves royal assent and becomes the [European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019").[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_5-231) - Bercow announces his intention to resign as speaker of the house either before or on 31 October, the day that Britain is due to leave the EU.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cowburn_2-230) - On the advice of Johnson, the Queen [prorogues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy "2019 British prorogation controversy") Parliament until the Queen's Speech on 14 October.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_46-232) - 11 September: In the case of [Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland "Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland"), appeal court judges in Scotland rule that Johnson's decision to prorogue Parliament is unlawful. The government say that they are disappointed in the decision, and will appeal it in the Supreme Court.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Fouzder-233) - 24 September: The Supreme Court delivers its verdict on the Miller and the Cherry cases. Sitting en banc for only the second time in the court's history, the judges unanimously reverse the High Court's decision, saying that Johnson's decision is justiciable. They also rule that the prorogation was "unlawful, null and of no effect", i.e., Parliament was never prorogued.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Cameron,_David_R.-229) - 25 September: Following the Supreme Court's verdict, MPs are recalled to the House of Commons.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Kottasov%C3%A1-234) - 3 October: In the House of Commons, Johnson gives a statement on his proposals for a new withdrawal agreement.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Johnson-235) - 8 October: In anticipation of the UK leaving the EU without an agreement, the government publishes the "No-Deal Readiness Report", outlining its plans for a no-deal Brexit.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Lovegrove-236) - 10 October: After three hours of discussion at [Thornton Manor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Manor "Thornton Manor") in [Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"), Johnson and Irish [Taoiseach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") [Leo Varadkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Varadkar "Leo Varadkar") release a joint statement agreeing on "a pathway to a possible deal".[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Staunton-237) - 14 October: Parliament returns for the Queen's Speech, which includes seven Brexit-related bills.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_47-238) - 17 October: The UK and European Commission agree on a revised withdrawal agreement containing a new [protocol on Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol"). Juncker recommends to EU leaders that the deal is endorsed.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reuters_3-239) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg/250px-House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg) MPs debate the renegotiated Brexit deal in a rare Saturday sitting on 19 October 2019[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_48-240) - 19 October: - MPs debate the new Brexit deal in a rare Saturday sitting in the House of Commons. To insure against Britain leaving the EU before the withdrawal agreement is ratified, Letwin tables a motion to delay consideration of the agreement until the legislation to implement it has been passed.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_48-240) Letwin's amendment passes by 322 votes in favour to 306 against, requiring Johnson, under the Benn Act, to request another extension to the Article 50 period.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_6-241) - Johnson sends two letters to Tusk: an unsigned official request to delay Brexit until 31 January 2020, and a signed personal letter explaining his opposition to the delay.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mason_3-242) - 21 October: Bercow refuses a request from the government for a new vote on the withdrawal proposal, applying the convention that a motion that is the same "in substance" as an earlier one cannot be brought back during the course of a single parliamentary session.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_49-243) - 22 October: Speaking in the House of Commons, Johnson announces that the government will pause legislation related to the Brexit deal and will instead "accelerate" preparations for a no-deal Brexit.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Ward-244) - 24 October: Johnson asks Corbyn in a letter to support a government motion for an early general election on 12 December. Corbyn insists that he would not support a general election until the possibility of a no-deal Brexit is removed first.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_50-245) - 28 October: - Tusk confirms in a post on Twitter that the leaders of the EU nations have agreed to delay Brexit until 31 January 2020.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reuters_4-246) - In the House of Commons, the government motion for an early general election on 12 December. Conservative MPs vote in favour, but Labour abstain, and the motion receives only 299 votes, fewer than the two-thirds threshold required under the [Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011 "Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011") (434 votes).[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_51-247) - 29 October: The government introduces the [Early Parliamentary General Election Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Parliamentary_General_Election_Bill "Early Parliamentary General Election Bill") to set aside the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 and hold a general election on 12 December. MPs vote in favour of the bill by 438 to 20.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_52-248) - 31 October: The bill is given royal assent and becomes the [Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Parliamentary_General_Election_Act_2019 "Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019"). A general election will now be held on 12 December.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_6-249) - 4 November: Replacing Bercow, [Lindsay Hoyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Hoyle "Lindsay Hoyle") is elected the new speaker of the House of Commons.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Parker_2-250) - 21 November: At an event at [Birmingham City University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_University "Birmingham City University"), Corbyn launches Labour's "most radical" manifesto in decades.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_7-251) On Brexit, the manifesto says that Labour would renegotiate a new Brexit deal by March and then put that deal to the public in a referendum within six months.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-LBC_2-252) - 24 November: Johnson unveils the Conservatives' manifesto at the Telford International Centre. He pledges that, if the Conservatives win a majority, he will bring the withdrawal agreement back to Parliament for a vote before Christmas and that the UK will leave the EU by 31 January 2020.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Courea-253) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Revealing_Brexit_documents_%2849188329926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Revealing_Brexit_documents_%2849188329926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Revealing_Brexit_documents_\(49188329926\)_\(cropped\).jpg) Corbyn presenting the leaked document from [HM Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury") on 6 December 2019[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_8-254) - 6 December: Corbyn accuses Johnson of misrepresenting the impact of his Brexit agreement, as he reveals a leaked document from [HM Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury "HM Treasury") suggesting that prices will rise and businesses will struggle in Northern Ireland.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_8-254) - 11 December: At a [photo op](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_op "Photo op") at a catering company in [Derby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby "Derby"), Johnson removes a pie from an oven as a metaphor for the Conservatives' "oven-ready" Brexit deal.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Settle-255) - 12 December: The [general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") is held. A total of 32,014,110 votes are cast for a turnout of 67.3%.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-House_of_Commons_Library_2-256) The Conservatives win 365 seats, giving them a majority of 80 in the House of Commons. Labour win 203 seats, a net loss of 59.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Associated_Press_2-257) - 13 December: Following Labour's losses at the election, Corbyn reveals that he will stand down as party leader.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Colson-258) - 20 December: MPs vote in the House of Commons on the [European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Bill "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill"), which would ratify the withdrawal agreement into law. With the Conservatives now having an 80-seat majority, the bill passes its second reading by 358 votes in favour to 234 against, setting Britain on course to leave the EU on 31 January 2020.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stewart_9-259) ### 2020 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: 2020")\] - 8 January: Von der Leyen visits London, and warns at an event that the timeframe to achieve a post-Brexit trade deal is "very, very tight".[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Amaro-260) - 9 January: The European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill passes its third reading by 330 votes in favour to 231 against.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_7-261) - 23 January: - The bill receives royal assent and becomes the [European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020").[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_7-262) - The [European Parliament Committee on Constitutional Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Constitutional_Affairs "European Parliament Committee on Constitutional Affairs") vote in favour of the withdrawal agreement by 23 votes to 3.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wishart-263) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/250px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg) Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement on 24 January 2020[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Proctor-264) - 24 January: Von der Leyen and Michel sign the withdrawal agreement in the EU's [Europa building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_building "Europa building") in Brussels. The document is then delivered in a [diplomatic bag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_bag "Diplomatic bag") to Johnson in 10 Downing Street, who also signs it.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Proctor-264) - 27 January: Johnson appoints [David Frost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frost,_Baron_Frost "David Frost, Baron Frost") to lead trade negotiation with the EU on his behalf.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Mason_4-265) - 28 January: [Chris Pincher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pincher "Chris Pincher"), [Minister of State for Europe and the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe_and_the_Americas "Minister of State for Europe and the Americas"), becomes the final UK minister to attend an EU meeting as he speaks at the [General Affairs Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Affairs_Council "General Affairs Council") in Brussels.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_53-266) - 29 January: MEPs vote to ratify the withdrawal agreement by 621 votes in favour to 49 against. It is the final time that MEPs from the UK sit in the European Parliament.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Boffey_3-267) - 30 January: By responding via email to four [yes–no questions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question "Yes–no question"), the remaining members of the EU conclude the ratification of the withdrawal agreement.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Stevis-Gridneff-268) [![refer to caption](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg/250px-Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg) Thousands gather in [Parliament Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Square "Parliament Square") to mark the moment that the UK officially leaves the EU at 23:00 on 31 January 2020[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_54-269) - 31 January: The UK officially withdraws from the EU at 23:00 GMT. Thousands of Brexit supporters gather in [Parliament Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Square "Parliament Square") to celebrate the moment. A transition period, where most EU laws will continue to be in force until 31 December, begins.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_54-269) ## Transition period \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Transition period")\] Main article: [Brexit withdrawal agreement § Transition period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Transition_period "Brexit withdrawal agreement") ### 2020 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: 2020")\] - 2 March: Trade talks on the UK and EU's future relationship, led by Barnier and Frost, begin.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Crisp_2-270) - 12 March: As a result of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), the UK and EU call off the second round of face-to-face trade talks, and decide instead to explore continuing the negotiations through [video conferencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_conferencing "Video conferencing").[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Pylas-271) - 30 March: The [Withdrawal Agreement Joint Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_Agreement_Joint_Committee "Withdrawal Agreement Joint Committee")—a [joint committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_committee_\(diplomatic\) "Joint committee (diplomatic)") co-chaired by both the EU and UK, set up to implement the withdrawal agreement—meets for the first time.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Wright,_Georgina-272) - 12 June: At a meeting of the joint committee, Gove formally confirms that the UK will not extend the transition period beyond 31 December.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McGuinness-273) - 15 June: Johnson, von der Leyen, Michel and [President of the European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament "President of the European Parliament") [David Sassoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sassoli "David Sassoli") meet for high-level talks by video conference. In a joint statement afterwards, both sides agreed that the negotiations had been "constructive", but that "new momentum" was needed.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Casalicchio-274) - 8 September: Speaking in the House of Commons, [Brandon Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Lewis "Brandon Lewis"), [Secretary of State for Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland "Secretary of State for Northern Ireland"), says that proposed legislation for the UK's internal market breaks international law "in a very specific and limited way".[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Reuters_5-275) - 9 September: The proposed legislation—now called the [United Kingdom Internal Market Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Bill "United Kingdom Internal Market Bill")—is published.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Culbertson-276) - 10 September: Following a meeting between Gove and European Commission Vice-President [Maroš Šefčovič](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D "Maroš Šefčovič"), a statement from the European Commission warns that adopting the bill would violate the withdrawal agreement and break international law.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-O'Reilly-277) - 16 September: Referencing the internal market bill in her first annual [State of the Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union_\(European_Union\) "State of the Union (European Union)") address, von der Leyen warns the government against reneging on the withdrawal agreement, and says that it cannot be "unilaterally changed, disregarded, disapplied".[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-ITV_8-278) - 29 September: The bill passes its third reading in House of Commons by 340 votes to 256.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McDonald-279) - 1 October: Speaking in Brussels, von der Leyen announces that the European Commission has launched legal action against the UK over the internal market bill by writing a letter of formal notice to the government, the first step in an infringement procedure.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-McGee-280) - 16 October: In a televised statement, Johnson warns that there will be no more trade negotiations unless there is "fundamental change" to the EU's approach, and that the UK should prepare for a no-deal Brexit.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Crisp_3-281) - 7 November: Johnson and von der Leyen agree to trade negotiations continuing into the following week, and promise to "redouble" the efforts to reach a deal.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Howie-282) - 4 December: Barnier and Frost pause negotiations, saying that the conditions to reach an agreement have not been met.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Lawless-283) [![Colour photograph of Boris Johnson speaking on the phone with Ursula von der Leyen](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2850691988901%29.jpg/250px-Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2850691988901%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_\(50691988901\).jpg) Johnson speaking with [President of the European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission "President of the European Commission") [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") on 7 December 2020[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-284) - 7 December: Von der Leyen and Johnson speak by phone, then say afterwards that significant differences on three issues—fair-competition rules, fishing rights and the governance of future disputes—still remain in the way of a free trade deal.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-284) - 9 December: Johnson travels to Brussels for a three-hour working dinner with von der Leyen. The deadlock is not broken, but both sides agree to a final decision before a deadline of 13 December.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Williams-Grut-285) - 13 December: Following a phone call between the pair, Johnson and von der Leyen say that negotiations will continue beyond the deadline. Johnson says that the two sides are "very far apart on some key issues", and that Britain should prepare for tariffs under [World Trade Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization "World Trade Organization") terms after the end of the transition period.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Allegretti_2-286) - 17 December: - Speaking on behalf of Johnson, a Downing Street spokeswoman says that it is very likely that a trade agreement will not be reached, as negotiations are in a "serious situation".[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Demianyk_1-287) - The United Kingdom Internal Market Bill achieves royal assent and becomes the [United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 "United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020").[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_8-288) - 24 December: The UK and EU reach an agreement on a post-Brexit free trade deal, called the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Although the text of the agreement has yet to be released, the deal has been agreed in principle, allowing goods to be sold without tariffs or quotas. Johnson hails the deal as "fantastic news".[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_55-289)[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Boffey_4-290) - 26 December: The full text of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, running to more than 1,200 pages, is released.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Euractiv-291) - 30 December: The government introduces a bill to Parliament to implement the trade deal, with the intention of its passing through all stages in one day. MPs in the House of Commons vote on the bill by 521 in favour to 78 against.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Syal_1-292) - 31 December: - The Queen grants royal assent to the bill at 00:35, and it becomes the [European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Future_Relationship\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020"), 14 hours after it was introduced.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-UK_Parliament_9-293)[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Syal_2-294) - At 23:00, the UK formally completes its separation from the EU with the ending of the transition period.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-BBC_News_56-295) ## Aftermath \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Aftermath")\] See also: [Brexit § Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit#Impact "Brexit"), and [Economic effects of Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit "Economic effects of Brexit") Brexit has had lasting impacts on both the EU and UK, and will continue to for many years.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Chen-296)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Inman-297)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Dhingra-298) The broad consensus of economists is that leaving the EU has had a substantially negative effect on the UK's economy.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Week_2-2) In a January 2021 survey of leading US and European economists, 86% expected that the UK's economy would be several percentage points smaller by 2030 than it would have been if it had remained in the bloc.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Vaitilingam-299) Two years later, in February 2023, an analysis by [Bloomberg Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Economics "Bloomberg Economics") concluded that Brexit was costing the UK £100 billion a year in lost output, leaving the country's economy 4% smaller than it otherwise would have been.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Goncalves-3) Similarly, the [Office for Budget Responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility "Office for Budget Responsibility") has also forecasted that Brexit will cause Britain's economy to be 4% smaller,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sleigh-4) and exports and imports to be 15% lower.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Grice_2-300) As of 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit), public opinion of Brexit has also shifted. From 2016 to 2021, views within Britain remained relatively evenly split, with analysts attributing changing patterns to the declining population of elderly Brexit-supporting voters and an increasing number of younger Remain supporters reaching voting age.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Week_2-2)[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Frese-301) From 2022 onwards, public opinion changed, with polling conducted by YouGov finding that the public felt that the UK was wrong to leave the EU by 56% to 32%, and that a quarter of Brexit supporters regretted their vote.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-The_Week_2-2)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Ashton-302) Among Leave voters who regretted their decision, the most common reasons were a feeling that things had gotten worse since the referendum, and concerns over the economy and [cost of living](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis "2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis").[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Sky_News_3-303) In January 2023, a similar poll by [UnHerd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnHerd "UnHerd") and [Focaldata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focaldata&action=edit&redlink=1 "Focaldata (page does not exist)") concluded that in all but three of Britain's 632 constituencies, a plurality of people agreed that the UK was wrong to leave the EU.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Demianyk_2-304)[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Withers-305) In May 2025, a [new EU–UK deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#2025_Summit "United Kingdom–European Union relations") that addresses fishing rights, trade, defence and import–export conflicts was announced by von der Leyen and Prime Minister [Keir Starmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Starmer "Keir Starmer").[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Elgot_6-306) The deal brings ties between the EU and the UK closer, with border checks dropped and EU access to UK fishing stock restored. Additionally, a new agreement meant that the UK could once again sell raw burgers and sausages back into the EU for the first time since Brexit. Defence ties were re-formalised, the ability to work and travel was restored, and the UK and EU linked their carbon markets to avoid taxes on carbon-intensive goods such as steel and cement travelling between the two blocs.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_note-Francis-307) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Timeline of British history (1990–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history_\(1990%E2%80%93present\) "Timeline of British history (1990–present)") - [Timeline of Partygate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Partygate "Timeline of Partygate") – a similar political timeline of the UK involving Johnson ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: References")\] 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Radosavljevic_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Radosavljevic_1-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Radosavljevic_1-2) Radosavljevic, Zoran (19 March 2018). ["EU, UK make major breakthrough in Brexit talks"](https://www.euractiv.com/section/uk-europe/news/eu-uk-make-major-breakthrough-in-brexit-talks/). [Euractiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euractiv "Euractiv"). Brussels. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230225212323/https://www.euractiv.com/section/uk-europe/news/eu-uk-make-major-breakthrough-in-brexit-talks/) from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023. 2. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-The_Week_2_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-The_Week_2_2-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-The_Week_2_2-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-The_Week_2_2-3) ["The Brexit effect"](https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-week/20230217/page/11). [The Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week "The Week")* (1423). London: [Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc "Future plc"): 11. 18 February 2023. 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["EU reset deal puts Britain back on the world stage, says Keir Starmer"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2025/may/19/keir-starmer-uk-eu-reset-deal-win-win). [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian"). London. Retrieved 3 June 2025. 307. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit#cite_ref-Francis_307-0) Francis, Sam (19 May 2025). ["The new UK-EU deal at a glance"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czdy3r6q9mgo). London: [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"). Retrieved 3 June 2025. ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: External links")\] Similar timelines - ["Timeline of events in Britain's exit from the European Union"](https://apnews.com/article/europe-general-elections-elections-referendums-david-cameron-f673af169925d30e524169ef92c4f386) at [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") - ["Brexit timeline"](https://www.cer.eu/brexit-timeline) at the [Centre for European Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform "Centre for European Reform") - ["Brexit timeline: events leading to the UK's exit from the European Union"](https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7960/CBP-7960.pdf) at the [House of Commons Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_Library "House of Commons Library") - ["Brexit timeline: Flashpoints from the 2016 referendum to leaving the EU in 2020"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-timeline-events-uk-leave-eu-referendum-may-boris-parliament-a9310221.html) at [The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent") - ["Timeline of Brexit and events leading to May's departure"](https://vancouversun.com/pmn/news-pmn/timeline-of-brexit-and-events-leading-to-mays-departure/wcm/eb24f977-d140-466b-9103-f00a05f07c3d) at the [Vancouver Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Sun "Vancouver Sun") \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brexit_topics "Template:Brexit topics") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_topics "Template talk:Brexit topics") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_topics "Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit topics")[2016 UK European Union Membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") and [Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") [Referendum results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Invocation of Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") [Withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") [Northern Ireland protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_protocol "Northern Ireland protocol") [Trade negotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") [Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") [Timeline]() \| \| \| Referendum question \| "[Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015#Referendum_question "European Union Referendum Act 2015")" \| \| Referendum legislation \| [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Act_2016_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)") [European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_\(Date_of_Referendum_etc.\)_Regulations_2016 "European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016") [The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_\(Conduct\)_Regulations_2016 "The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016") \| \| Background \| \| \| \| \| \| [Treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union "Treaties of the European Union") \| [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome "Treaty of Rome") [1972 Accession Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 "Treaty of Accession 1972") [Single European Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_European_Act "Single European Act") [Maastricht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam "Treaty of Amsterdam") [Nice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice "Treaty of Nice") [European Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe") [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon") [UK opt-outs from EU legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation "United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation") \| \| [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union "Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union") \| [European Communities Act 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)") Amendments: [1986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1986 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986") [1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1993 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1998 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_2002 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Amendment\)_Act_2008 "European Union (Amendment) Act 2008") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011 "European Union Act 2011") [European Economic Area Act 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area_Act_1993 "European Economic Area Act 1993") \| \| Proposed bills \| [European Union Bill 2004–05](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005 "European Union Bill 2004–2005") [European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(Repeal\)_Bills "European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills") [European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14") \| \| Elections \| [2014 European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") \| \| By-elections \| [2014 Clacton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election "2014 Clacton by-election") [2014 Heywood and Middleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election "2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election") [2014 Rochester and Strood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election "2014 Rochester and Strood by-election") \| \| Other \| [UK 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[EEA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area "European Economic Area") [Maastricht Rebels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels "Maastricht Rebels") [The European Union: In or Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out "The European Union: In or Out") [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") [Russian interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum "Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum") [Balance of Competences Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review "Balance of Competences Review") [2015–16 renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom") \| \| [Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") \| [Issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Project Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fear "Project Fear") [Unlawful campaigning allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum") [Brexit: The Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie "Brexit: The Movie") [Pro-EU leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet") [Breaking Point (UKIP poster)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Point_\(UKIP_poster\) "Breaking Point (UKIP poster)") \| \| Campaign organisations \| \| \| \| \| \| [Remain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") \| [Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe") (official campaign) [Labour In for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain "Labour In for Britain") \| \| Leave \| [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") (official campaign) [Vote Leave bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave_bus "Vote Leave bus") [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") [BeLeave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeLeave "BeLeave") [Grassroots Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Out "Grassroots Out") [Labour Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Leave "Labour Leave") [Campaign for an Independent Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain "Campaign for an Independent Britain") [The Freedom Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_Association "The Freedom Association") [Better Off Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Off_Out "Better Off Out") [Get Britain Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Britain_Out "Get Britain Out") [Bruges Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_Group_\(United_Kingdom\) "Bruges Group (United Kingdom)") \| \| [Aftermath of referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") \| \| \| \| \| \| Political party leadership elections \| Conservative [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2019 Conservative Party leadership election") [Scottish, February 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2020_Scottish_Conservatives_leadership_election "February 2020 Scottish Conservatives leadership election") [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") [UKIP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election") \| \| [Opposition to Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit "Opposition to Brexit") \| [Proposed second referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement") [People's Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Vote "People's Vote") [Petition to revoke Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition "Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition") [Led By Donkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys "Led By Donkeys") [Bollocks to Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit "Bollocks to Brexit") \| \| Elections \| [2017 local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2017 United Kingdom local elections") [2017 general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") [2018 local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2018 United Kingdom local elections") [2019 local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2019 United Kingdom local elections") [2019 European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [Brexit Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_Party "Brexit Party") [2019 general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") \| \| By-elections \| [2016 Witney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Witney_by-election "2016 Witney by-election") [2016 Richmond Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Richmond_Park_by-election "2016 Richmond Park by-election") [2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sleaford_and_North_Hykeham_by-election "2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election") [2017 Copeland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Copeland_by-election "2017 Copeland by-election") [2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Stoke-on-Trent_Central_by-election "2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election") [2019 Peterborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Peterborough_by-election "2019 Peterborough by-election") [2019 Brecon and Radnorshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Brecon_and_Radnorshire_by-election "2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election") \| \| Other \| [International reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [March to Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_to_Leave "March to Leave") [Brexit Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_Alliance "Brexit Alliance") [Blue Collar Conservativism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism "Blue Collar Conservativism") [Brexit Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_Party "Brexit Party") [Independent Alliance for Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Alliance_for_Reform "Independent Alliance for Reform") \| \| Brexit process \| [Miller I case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union") [Invocation of Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") [Brexit divorce bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill "Brexit divorce bill") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017 "Brexit negotiations in 2017") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 "Brexit negotiations in 2018") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 "Brexit negotiations in 2019") [Withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") [Parliamentary votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") [No-deal Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit "No-deal Brexit") [Operation Yellowhammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yellowhammer "Operation Yellowhammer") [Prorogation of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy "2019 British prorogation controversy") [Miller II / Cherry case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland "R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland") [Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") [Fish for finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_for_finance "Fish for finance") [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") \| \| [Impact of Brexit and potential effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit "Impact of Brexit") \| \| \| \| \| \| on Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland \| [2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Northern_Ireland_Executive_formation "2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation") [Brexit and the Irish border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border "Brexit and the Irish border") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol") [proposed changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill "Northern Ireland Protocol Bill") [Irish Sea border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea_border "Irish Sea border") [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") \| \| Other \| [on Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar "Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar") [on the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union "Impact of Brexit on the European Union") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology "Brexit and arrangements for science and technology") [Economic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit "Economic effects of Brexit") [EU–UK relations after Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union "Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union") \| \| Brexit legislation \| \| \| \| \| \| White papers \| [Brexit plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_plan "Brexit plan") [Repeal Bill plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan "Repeal Bill plan") [Chequers plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers_plan "Chequers plan") [Brexit withdrawal agreement plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan "Brexit withdrawal agreement plan") \| \| Enacted \| [Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Act_2017 "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017") [Withdrawal Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)")) [Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018 "Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018") [Cooper–Letwin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") [Benn Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") [Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)")) [Internal Market Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 "United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020") [Future Relationship Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Future_Relationship\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020") [UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Act_2020 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020") [Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_\(Revocation_and_Reform\)_Act_2023 "Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023") \| \| Proposed \| [Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_\(Referendum\)_Bills "Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills") [UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Legal_Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Bill_2018 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018") [European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_\(Public_Vote\)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319 "European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19") \| \| Related \| [Brexit 50p coin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_50p_coin "Brexit 50p coin") [Change Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_Britain "Change Britain") [Change UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_UK "Change UK") [Chaos with Ed Miliband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_with_Ed_Miliband "Chaos with Ed Miliband") [European Research Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Group "European Research Group") "[Enemies of the People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_\(headline\) "Enemies of the People (headline)")" [Leave Means Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_Means_Leave "Leave Means Leave") [Led By Donkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys "Led By Donkeys") [More United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_United "More United") [Northern Future Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Future_Forum "Northern Future Forum") [The New European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_European "The New European") [Open Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Britain "Open Britain") [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum") [Reform UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_UK "Reform UK") [Rue du Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_du_Brexit "Rue du Brexit") [Terminology (Glossary)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms "Glossary of Brexit terms") [Tufton Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufton_Street "Tufton Street") [United Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ireland "United Ireland") [Voting pencil conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory "Voting pencil conspiracy theory") [Retained EU law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_law_\(UK_Law\) "Retained EU law (UK Law)") [2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Diane_Abbott%E2%80%93David_Davis_controversy "2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy") \| \| [Media depictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture "Brexit in popular culture") \| [Remainiacs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remainiacs "Remainiacs") (2017) [Postcards from the 48%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25 "Postcards from the 48%") (2018) [Not Tonight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Tonight_\(video_game\) "Not Tonight (video game)") (2018) [Brexit: The Uncivil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War "Brexit: The Uncivil War") (2019) [@BorderIrish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BorderIrish "BorderIrish") (2018–2020) \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Brexit "Category:Brexit") \| \| [Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"): - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union "Portal:European Union") - ![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/20px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png) [Modern history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Modern_history "Portal:Modern history") - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics "Portal:Politics") - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom "Portal:United Kingdom") ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&oldid=1301903312>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Brexit "Category:Brexit") - [Political timelines of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_timelines_of_the_United_Kingdom "Category:Political timelines of the United Kingdom") - [2010s timelines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2010s_timelines "Category:2010s timelines") - [2020 timelines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020_timelines "Category:2020 timelines") Hidden categories: - [Pages containing links to subscription-only content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content "Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content") - [Articles with short 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