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| Boilerpipe Text | "Tesla Motors" redirects here. For electric motors invented by Nikola Tesla, see
Induction motor
and
AC motor
.
Tesla, Inc.
Gigafactory Texas
, Tesla's
headquarters
, just outside of
Austin, Texas
Formerly
Tesla Motors, Inc. (2003â2017)
Company type
Public
Traded as
Nasdaq
:Â
TSLA
Nasdaq-100
component
S&P 100
component
S&P 500
component
ISIN
US88160R1014
Industry
Automotive
Renewable energy
Founded
July 1, 2003
; 22 years ago
in
San Carlos, California
, US
Founders
Martin Eberhard
Marc Tarpenning
(See
§ Founding
)
Headquarters
Austin, Texas
,
US
Number of locations
1,359 sales, service, and delivery centers
7,791
Supercharger
stations
[
1
]
Area served
East Asia
Europe
Middle East
North America
Oceania
Southeast Asia
Indian Subcontinent
Key people
Elon Musk
(
CEO
)
Robyn Denholm
(
chair
)
Products
Cybertruck
Megapack
Model 3
Model Y
Powerwall
Semi
Solar Panels
Solar Roof
Production output
1.66Â million vehicles (2025)
46.7Â GWh battery energy storage systems (2025)
Services
Charging
insurance
maintenance
Revenue
US$
94.83Â billion
(2025)
Operating income
US$4.36Â billion
(2025)
Net income
US$3.79Â billion
(2025)
Total assets
US$137.8Â billion
(2025)
Total equity
US$82.14Â billion
(2025)
Owner
Elon Musk (13%)
[
2
]
Number of employees
134,785 (2025)
Subsidiaries
Tesla Automation
Tesla Energy
ASN
394161
Website
tesla.com
Footnotes / references
Financials as of December 31, 2025
.
References:
[
3
]
Tesla, Inc.
(
TEZ
-lÉ
or
TESS
-lÉ
[
a
]
) is an American multinational
automotive
and
clean energy
company. Headquartered in
Austin, Texas
, it designs, manufactures, and sells
battery electric vehicles
(BEVs), stationary battery
energy storage
devices from home to
grid-scale
,
solar panels
and
solar shingles
, and related products and services.
The company was incorporated in July 2003 by
Martin Eberhard
and
Marc Tarpenning
as
Tesla Motors
. Its name is a tribute to the inventor and electrical engineer
Nikola Tesla
. In February 2004,
Elon Musk
led Tesla's first funding round and became the company's chairman, subsequently claiming to be a co-founder; in 2008, he was named
chief executive officer
. The company began production of its first car model, the
Roadster
sports car, in 2008; the
Model S
sedan in 2012; the
Model X
SUV in 2015; the
Model 3
sedan in 2017; the
Model Y
crossover in 2020; the
Tesla Semi
truck in 2022; and the
Cybertruck
pickup truck in 2023.
Tesla is one of the
world's most valuable companies in terms of market capitalization
. Starting in July 2020, it has been the world's most valuable automaker. From October 2021 to March 2022, Tesla was a
US$1 trillion company
, the sixth US company to reach that valuation. In 2023, the company was ranked 69th in the
Forbes
Global 2000
.
[
5
]
In 2024, the company led the battery electric vehicle market, with 17.6% share.
Tesla exceeded $1 trillion in market capitalization again between November 2024
[
6
]
and February 2025,
[
7
]
and since May 2025.
[
8
]
In November 2025, Tesla approved a pay package worth $1 trillion for Musk, which he is to receive over 10 years if he meets specific goals.
[
9
]
By the end of 2025, the company lost its status as world's leading manufacturer of electric vehicles.
[
10
]
Tesla has been the subject of lawsuits, boycotts, government scrutiny, and journalistic
criticism
, stemming from allegations of multiple cases of
whistleblower
retaliation, worker rights violations such as sexual harassment and
anti-union activities
, safety defects leading to dozens of recalls, the lack of a
public relations
department, and controversial statements from Musk, including
overpromising
on the company's
driving assist
technology and product release timelines.
History
Founding (2003â2004)
The company was incorporated as Tesla Motors, Inc., on July 1, 2003, by
Martin Eberhard
and
Marc Tarpenning
.
[
11
]
[
12
]
They served as
chief executive officer
and
chief financial officer
, respectively.
[
13
]
Eberhard said that he wanted to build "a car manufacturer that is also a technology company", with its core technologies as "the battery, the computer software, and the proprietary motor".
[
14
]
Ian Wright joined Eberhard and Tarpenning a few months later.
[
11
]
In February 2004, the company raised US$7.5Â million (equivalent to $12.8Â million in 2025) in
series A funding
, including $6.5Â million (equivalent to $11.1Â million in 2025) from Elon Musk, who had received $176Â million from the sale of his interest in
PayPal
two years earlier.
[
15
]
Musk became the chairman of the board of directors and the largest shareholder of Tesla.
[
16
]
[
17
]
[
13
]
J. B. Straubel
joined Tesla in May 2004 as
chief technical officer
.
[
18
]
A lawsuit settlement agreed to by Eberhard and Tesla in September 2009 allows all five â Eberhard, Tarpenning, Wright, Musk, and Straubel â to call themselves co-founders.
[
19
]
Roadster (2005â2009)
Elon Musk took an active role within the company, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.
[
20
]
The company's strategy was to start with a premium sports car aimed at
early adopters
and then move into more mainstream vehicles, including sedans and affordable compacts.
[
21
]
In February 2005, Musk led Tesla's Series B
venture capital funding
round of $13Â million, which added
Valor Equity Partners
to the funding team.
[
22
]
[
17
]
Musk co-led the third, $40Â million round in May 2006 which saw investment from prominent entrepreneurs including
Google
co-founders
Sergey Brin
and
Larry Page
, and former
eBay
president
Jeff Skoll
.
[
23
]
A fourth round worth $45Â million in May 2007 brought the total private financing investment to over $105Â million.
[
23
]
In August 2007, Eberhard was asked by the board, led by Musk, to step down as CEO.
[
24
]
Eberhard then took the title of "President of Technology" before ultimately leaving the company in January 2008. Co-founder Marc Tarpenning, who served as the Vice President of Electrical Engineering of the company, also left the company in January 2008.
[
25
]
In August 2007, Michael Marks was brought in as interim CEO, and in December 2007,
Ze'ev Drori
became CEO and president.
[
26
]
Musk succeeded Drori as CEO in October 2008.
[
26
]
In June 2009, Eberhard filed a lawsuit against Musk for allegedly forcing him out.
[
27
]
The case was dismissed in August 2009.
[
28
]
Tesla began production of the Roadster in 2008 inside the service bays of a former
Chevrolet
dealership in Menlo Park.
[
29
]
[
30
]
By January 2009, Tesla had raised $187Â million and delivered 147 cars. Musk had contributed $70Â million of his money to the company.
[
31
]
In June 2009, Tesla was approved to receive $465Â million in interest-bearing loans from the
United States Department of Energy
. The funding, part of the $8Â billion
Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program
, supported the engineering and production of the Model S sedan, as well as the development of commercial powertrain technology.
[
32
]
Tesla repaid the loan in May 2013, with $12Â million in interest.
[
33
]
[
34
]
IPO, Model S, and Model X (2010â2015)
First deliveries of Model S at the
Tesla Fremont Factory
in California, in June 2012
In May 2010, Tesla purchased the
NUMMI
plant in
Fremont, California
, from Toyota for $42Â million.
[
35
]
On June 29, 2010, the company went public via an
initial public offering
(IPO), the first American car company to do so since the
Ford Motor Company
had its IPO in 1956.
[
36
]
The company issued 13.3Â million shares of common stock at a price of $17 per share at its opening on the
NASDAQ
, raising $226Â million.
[
37
]
In October 2010, Tesla opened the
Tesla Factory
to start production of the
Model S
.
[
38
]
In January 2012, Tesla ceased production of the Roadster, and in June 2012, the company launched its second car, the Model S luxury sedan.
[
39
]
The Model S won several automotive awards during 2012 and 2013, including the 2013
Motor Trend Car of the Year
,
[
40
]
and became the first electric car to top the monthly sales ranking of a country, when it topped the Norwegian new car sales list in September 2013.
[
41
]
The Model S was also the best-selling plug-in electric car worldwide for the years 2015 and 2016.
[
42
]
On July 15, 2013, Tesla became a
NASDAQ-100
company.
[
43
]
Tesla announced the
Tesla Autopilot
, a driver-assistance system, in 2014. In September that year, all Tesla cars started shipping with sensors and software to support the feature, with what would later be called "hardware version 1".
[
44
]
Tesla entered the energy storage market, unveiling its
Tesla Powerwall
(home) and
Tesla Powerpack
(business) battery packs in April 2015.
[
45
]
The company received orders valued at $800Â million within a week of the unveiling.
[
46
]
Tesla began shipping its third vehicle, the luxury SUV
Tesla Model X
, in September 2015, which had 25,000 pre-orders at the time.
[
47
]
[
48
]
SolarCity and Model 3 (2016â2018)
Tesla entered the solar installation business in November 2016 with the purchase of
SolarCity
, in an all-stock $2.6Â billion deal.
[
49
]
The business was merged with Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division to form the
Tesla Energy
subsidiary.
[
50
]
The deal was controversial because at the time of the acquisition, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues of which Tesla's shareholders were not informed.
[
51
]
In February 2017, Tesla Motors changed its name to Tesla, Inc., to better reflect the scope of its expanded business.
[
52
]
Jon McNeill
, Teslaâs president of global sales, delivery and service, assumed responsibility for government relations in 2017.
[
53
]
He later wrote
The Algorithm
, which includes a discussion of Tesla.
[
53
]
Tesla unveiled its first mass-market vehicle in April 2016, the Model 3 sedan. The Model 3 was less expensive than Tesla's previous three vehicles, and within a week, the company received over 325,000 paid reservations.
[
54
]
To speed up production and control costs, Tesla invested heavily in robotics and automation to assemble the Model 3, but the robotics actually slowed the production of the vehicles.
[
55
]
This led to significant delays and production problems, a period which the company described as "production hell".
[
56
]
[
57
]
By the end of 2018, the production problems had been overcome, and the Model 3 became the world's best-selling electric car from 2018 to 2021.
[
58
]
[
59
]
This period of "production hell" put significant financial pressure on Tesla, and during this time it became one of the most
shorted
companies in the stock market. On August 8, 2018, amid the financial issues, Musk posted on social media that he was considering taking Tesla private.
[
60
]
[
61
]
The plan did not materialize and gave rise to much controversy and many lawsuits including a
securities fraud charge from the SEC
, which would force Musk to pay a $20 million fine and step down as the company's chairman, although he was allowed to remain the CEO.
[
citation needed
]
Global expansion and Model Y (2019âpresent)
From July 2019 to June 2020, Tesla reported four consecutive profitable quarters for the first time, which made it eligible for inclusion in the
S&P 500
.
[
62
]
During 2020, its share price increased 740%,
[
63
]
and by December 14, 2020, its market capitalization was more than the next nine largest automakers combined,
[
64
]
and it became the sixth most valuable company in the US.
[
65
]
Tesla was added to the S&P index on December 21, 2020;
[
66
]
it was the most valuable company ever added, and was the sixth-largest member of the index immediately after it was added.
[
66
]
[
67
]
It became the sixth US company to reach $1 trillion in market capitalization in October 2021.
[
68
]
Tesla introduced its second mass-market vehicle in March 2019, the Model Y
mid-size crossover SUV
, based on the Model 3.
[
69
]
[
70
]
Deliveries started in March 2020.
[
71
]
During this period, Tesla invested heavily in expanding its production capacity, opening three new Gigafactories in quick succession. Construction of
Gigafactory Shanghai
started in January 2019, as the first automobile factory in China fully owned by a foreign company (not a joint venture).
[
72
]
The factory's first production vehicle, a Model 3, rolled out in December, less than one year after groundbreaking.
[
73
]
Gigafactory Berlin
broke ground in February 2020,
[
74
]
and its production of the Model Y began in March 2022.
[
75
]
Gigafactory Texas
broke ground in June 2020,
[
76
]
and its production of the Model Y began in April 2022.
[
77
]
In March 2023, Tesla announced plans for a
Gigafactory Mexico
to open in 2025,
[
78
]
but its groundbreaking has been delayed.
[
citation needed
]
At the beginning of the
COVID-19 pandemic
, Tesla closed the Fremont Factory in March 2020 due to California state and
Alameda county
COVID restrictions.
[
79
]
When California lifted restrictions, but the county did not, Tesla sued the county, and restarted production on May 11, 2020.
[
80
]
The county lifted restrictions on May 13, 2020, and Tesla dropped its lawsuit.
[
81
]
After the dispute with county officials, on December 1, 2021, Tesla moved its legal headquarters to Gigafactory Texas.
[
82
]
[
83
]
However, Tesla continued to use its former headquarters building in Palo Alto, and over the next two years significantly expanded its footprint in California. The company opened its Megafactory to build Megapack batteries in Lathrop, California in 2022,
[
84
]
and announced in February 2023 that it would establish a large global engineering headquarters in Palo Alto, moving into a corporate campus once owned by
Hewlett Packard
.
[
85
]
In early 2021, Tesla became a major investor in
bitcoin
, acquiring $1.5Â billion of the
cryptocurrency
,
[
86
]
and on March 24, 2021, the company started accepting bitcoin as a form of payment for US vehicle purchases.
[
87
]
However, after 49 days, the company ended bitcoin payments over concerns that the production of bitcoin was contributing to the consumption of fossil fuels, against the company's mission of encouraging the transition to sustainable energy.
[
88
]
After the announcement, the price of bitcoin dropped around 12%.
[
89
]
Musk later noted that Tesla would resume bitcoin payments if there was confirmation of at least 50% clean energy usage by bitcoin miners. Despite later reaching this milestone, Tesla did not return to accepting bitcoin.
[
90
]
By July 2022 Tesla had sold about 75% of its bitcoin holdings at a loss, citing that the cryptocurrency was hurting the company's profitability.
[
91
]
Between May 2023 and February 2024, almost all major North America EV manufacturers announced plans to switch to Tesla's
North American Charging Standard
adapters on their EVs by 2025, which is expected to be a stable source of recurring revenue for Tesla.
[
92
]
In November, Tesla started shipping the Cybertruck, produced from Gigafactory Texas.
[
93
]
In April 2024, the company announced it was laying off 10% of its employees.
[
94
]
In June, the company moved its incorporation from Delaware to Texas.
[
95
]
In October, the company unveiled a concept version of two
autonomous
vehicles â the
Cybercab
and
Robovan
â and detailed that both would be an integral part of a Tesla
ridehailing service
called the
Tesla Network
,
[
96
]
[
97
]
a future service they had previously teased in 2019.
[
98
]
In December 2024, a
Delaware
court rejected Musk's $56 billion pay package from Tesla, ruling that it was not properly approved by the company's board. The decision arose from a lawsuit by Tesla shareholders who claimed the compensation was excessive and not aligned with performance metrics.
[
99
]
By February 2025, Tesla saw large decreases in its stock price and sales across Europe widely attributed to
Musk's political advocacy
and embrace of
far-right politics
.
[
100
]
Polling found that Musk's ties to United States President
Donald Trump
and his
Department of Government Efficiency
were strongly correlated to decreasing views of Tesla,
[
101
]
[
102
]
and triggered
multiple protests
, vandalism, gunfire, and arson at Tesla stores and charging stations.
[
103
]
[
104
]
By March 7, Tesla's stock had decreased every week for seven straight weeks since Musk joined the Trump administration, making it the longest losing streak for Tesla in 15 years as a public company.
[
105
]
On March 29, over 200 protests against Tesla were held worldwide.
[
106
]
In July 2025, Tesla released a software update adding the
artificial intelligence
(AI) chatbot
Grok
to its vehicles. While the update provides in-car chatbot functionality, it does not give Grok control over vehicle functions.
[
107
]
The same month, Tesla opened its first showroom in
India
at the
Bandra-Kurla Complex
in
Mumbai
, showcasing the
Model Y
as its debut offering.
[
108
]
[
109
]
In August, Tesla integrated
Deepseek
and
Bytedance
's Doubao AIs into Chinese models. Unlike vehicles equipped with Grok, AI in Tesla's Chinese vehicles may be used to control vehicle functions, as well as act as a chatbot.
[
110
]
[
111
]
In December 2025, Tesla's UK registrations fell by more than 29% year-on-year. UK sales also fell by 8.9% year-on-year.
[
112
]
In January 2026, the title of world's largest battery electric vehicle manufacturer was lost to Chinese competitor
BYD
after full year 2025 deliveries were reported by both companies (2,256,714 vs 1,636,129 BEV sales).
[
113
]
On January 28, 2026, Musk stated that Tesla would discontinue the Model S and Model X in the second quarter of 2026 to focus on manufacturing the Optimus robot.
[
114
]
In March 2026, Elon Musk unveiled a joint project between Tesla and xAI. The project pairs xAI's Grok
large language model
, acting as a high-level navigator with a Tesla-developed AI agent that processes real-time computer screen video and keyboard and mouse actions.
[
115
]
On March 21, 2026, SpaceX announced the project to build
Terafab
, a joint project with Tesla,
SpaceX
and
xAI
, to build a large
semiconductor
fabrication project centering on the construction of a vertically integrated "mega-fab" designed to produce more than one
terawatt
(one trillion watts) of
artificial intelligence
compute capacity per year, encompassing advanced
logic chips
,
memory modules
, and
packaging
technologies.
[
116
]
[
117
]
[
118
]
Automotive products
As of April 2026
, Tesla offers five vehicle models: Model 3, Model Y, Semi, Cybertruck, and Cybercab. Tesla no longer sold three vehicle models, the
first-generation Tesla Roadster
, Model S, and Model X. Tesla has announced plans for a
second-generation Roadster
, along with future vehicles such as the Robovan.
Available products
Model 3
Tesla Model 3
The Model 3 is a
mid-size car
with a
fastback
body style and either a dual-motor, all-wheel drive layout or a rear-motor,
rear-wheel drive
layout. The vehicle was designed to be more affordable than the luxury Model S sedan. A prototype Model 3 was first shown in 2016 and within a week, the company received over 325,000 paid reservations.
[
54
]
Deliveries started in July 2017.
[
119
]
The Model 3 ranked as the world's best-selling electric car from 2018 to 2021,
[
120
]
[
59
]
[
121
]
and cumulative sales passed 1Â million in June 2021.
[
122
]
The vehicle has seen one major design refresh in September 2023 which revised the exterior and interior.
[
citation needed
]
Model Y
Tesla Model Y
The Model Y is a
mid-size crossover SUV
offered in 5- and 7-passenger configurations with a singleâmotor, rear-wheel drive or a dual-motor, all-wheel drive layout. The vehicle was designed to be more affordable than the luxury Model X SUV. A prototype Model Y was first shown in March 2019,
[
69
]
and deliveries started in March 2020.
[
71
]
The Model Y shared around 75 percent of its content with the Model 3.
[
70
]
In the first quarter of 2023, the Model Y outsold the
Toyota Corolla
to become the world's best-selling car, the first electric vehicle to claim the title.
[
123
]
Semi
Tesla Semi prototype
The Tesla Semi is a
Class 8
semi-truck
by Tesla, Inc., with a tri-motor, rear-wheel drive layout. Tesla states that the Semi has approximately three times the power of a typical diesel semi truck, and a range of 500 miles (800Â km).
[
124
]
Two prototype trucks were first shown in November 2017 and initial deliveries were made to
PepsiCo
on December 1, 2022.
[
125
]
Tesla stated in April 2024 that it plans full production in late 2025.
[
126
]
Cybertruck
Tesla Cybertruck
The Cybertruck is a full-sized
pickup truck
. First announced in November 2019, pilot production began in July 2023, after being pushed back multiple times, and deliveries began on November 30, 2023. Three models are offered: rear-wheel drive, dual-motor all-wheel drive, and trimotor all-wheel drive, with
EPA range
estimates of 320â340 miles (510â550Â km), depending on the model. The truck's exterior design, made from flat sheets of unpainted stainless steel, earned a notably polarizing reception from the media.
[
127
]
[
128
]
[
129
]
Tesla initially planned for Cybertruck production capacity of more than 250,000 units, but as of 2025 the company is only selling around 20,000 units per year.
[
130
]
Cybercab
Tesla Cybercab prototype
The Tesla Cybercab is a
two-passenger
battery-electric
self-driving car
under development by Tesla. It is expected to be part of the Tesla Robotaxi service.
[
citation needed
]
A
concept
version of the Cybercab was unveiled in October 2024, with 20 prototypes providing short rides to attendees of the announcement event. The concept vehicle had no steering wheel or pedals.
[
131
]
[
132
]
The production of Cybercab is planned to be fully
autonomous
and to be released before 2027.
[
citation needed
]
Concept vehicles
Roadster (second generation)
Tesla Roadster prototype
On November 16, 2017, Tesla unveiled the second generation Roadster with a purported range of 620 miles (1,000Â km) with a 200-kilowatt-hour (720Â MJ) battery pack that would achieve 0â60 miles per hour (0â97Â km/h) in 1.9 seconds; and 0â100Â mph (0â161Â km/h) in 4.2 seconds,
[
133
]
and a top speed over 250Â mph (400Â km/h). A "
SpaceX
Package" would include
cold-gas thrusters
.
[
134
]
The vehicle would have three electric motors, allowing
all-wheel drive
and
torque vectoring
during cornering.
[
134
]
The base price was set at $200,000.
[
134
]
Initially scheduled to ship in 2020, the vehicle has been repeatedly delayed. In July 2024, Musk said that the Roadster should enter production in 2025.
[
135
]
The set date for the start of production is now 2027.
[
citation needed
]
Tesla next-generation vehicle
The
Tesla next-generation vehicle
is an announced battery electric platform. It would become the third
platform
for the company. Vehicles based on this platform are not expected before 2025.
[
136
]
In July 2024, Musk said that the platform should be expected to become available in the first half of 2025.
[
135
]
Robovan
The Tesla Robovan is an
electric
autonomous
van
planned for future development by Tesla.
[
137
]
Announced in October 2024, the vehicle is being designed to carry up to 20 passengers.
[
97
]
Discontinued vehicles
Roadster (first generation)
The original Roadster
The first generation Tesla Roadster
[
138
]
was a two-seat sports car, rebuilt from the
Lotus Elise
chassis.
[
139
]
It was produced from 2008 to 2012. The Roadster was the first highway-legal serial production electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells, and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 200 miles (320Â km) per charge.
[
citation needed
]
Model S
Tesla Model S
The Model S is a
full-size car
sedan with a
liftback
body style and a dual motor,
all-wheel drive
layout. Development of the Model S began before 2007, and deliveries started in June 2012. The Model S has seen two major design refreshes, first in April 2016, which introduced a new front-end design, and again in June 2021, which revised the interior. The Model S was the top-selling plug-in electric car worldwide in 2015 and 2016. More than 250,000 vehicles have been sold as of December 2018
(when Tesla merged production numbers for the Model S and Model X).
[
citation needed
]
Model X
Tesla Model X
The Model X is a
mid-size luxury crossover SUV
offered in 5-, 6-, and 7-passenger configurations with either a dual- or trimotor, all-wheel drive layout. The rear passenger doors open vertically with an articulating "
falcon-wing
" design. A prototype Model X was first shown in February 2012, and deliveries started in September 2015.
[
140
]
The Model X shares around 30 percent of its content with the Model S. The vehicle has seen one major design refresh in June 2021 which revised the interior.
[
citation needed
]
Discontinued vehicle features
As of January 22, 2026, Tesla has officially discontinued its basic Autopilot driver-assistance feature for new vehicles in the United States and Canada, replacing it with only Traffic Aware Cruise Control as the standard safety system. The move is part of a broader shift toward its more advanced Full Self-Driving (FSD) system, which is available only as a monthly subscription as of February 14, 2026.
[
141
]
Services
Connectivity services
Tesla cars come with "Standard Connectivity", which provides
navigation
using a cellular connection. For a fee, Tesla offers a subscription to "Premium Connectivity", which adds
live traffic
and
satellite maps
to navigation, internet browsing, and media streaming.
[
142
]
Vehicle servicing
Tesla's strategy is to service its vehicles first through remote diagnosis and repair. If a problem cannot be resolved remotely, Tesla dispatches a mobile technician or directs customers to a company-owned service center.
[
143
]
[
144
]
As of October 2024
, the company operates 1,306 retail stores, galleries, service, delivery and body shop locations globally.
[
145
]
Tesla has said that it does not want to make a profit on vehicle servicing, which has traditionally been a large profit center for most auto dealerships.
[
146
]
In 2016, Tesla recommended having any Tesla car inspected every 12,500 miles or once a year, whichever comes first. In early 2019, the manual was changed to say: "your Tesla does not require annual maintenance and regular fluid changes," and instead it recommends periodic servicing of the brake fluid, air conditioning, tires, and air filters.
[
147
]
Charging services
Supercharger network
Supercharger is the branding used by Tesla for its high-voltage direct current
fast chargers
.
[
citation needed
]
Tesla Supercharger station in
Wittenburg
, Germany
The Supercharger network was introduced on September 24, 2012, as the Tesla
Model S
entered production, with six stations in California. As of November 2025
, Tesla operates a network of about 7,900 Supercharger stations with over 75,000 connectors worldwide. The majority are located in three regions: Asia Pacific (3,000 stations), North America (3,000), and Europe (1,500). Superchargers can currently output as much as 500Â
kilowatts
 (kW).
Destination charging location network
"Destination Charger" in North America
Tesla also has a network of "Destination Chargers", slower than Superchargers and intended for locations where customers are expected to park and stay for several hours, such as hotels, restaurants, or shopping centers. Unlike the Supercharger network, Tesla does not own the destination chargers; instead, property owners set up the devices and set pricing.
[
148
]
When the network first launched in 2014, Tesla provided free charging equipment and covered installation costs.
[
citation needed
]
One of the largest providers is hotel chain
Hilton Worldwide
which in 2023 announced an agreement with Tesla to install 20,000 chargers across 2,000 of its properties in North America by 2025.
[
149
]
Insurance services
Tesla has offered its own
vehicle insurance in the United States
since 2017 and has been acting as an independent insurance producer since 2021 as Tesla Insurance Services, Inc. It was introduced after the
American Automobile Association
(AAA), a major insurance carrier, raised rates for Tesla owners in June 2017 after a report concluded that the automaker's vehicles crashed more often and were pricier to repair than comparable vehicles.
[
150
]
A study in 2018 based on data from the
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
confirmed the findings.
[
151
]
The company says that it uniquely understands its vehicles, technology, and repair costs, and can eliminate traditional insurance carriers' additional charges.
[
152
]
In states where allowed, the company uses individual vehicle data to offer personalized pricing that can increase or decrease in cost based on the prior month's driving safety score.
[
153
]
As of January 2023
, Tesla offers insurance in the US states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Virginia.
[
154
]
The company also offers insurance for non-Tesla vehicles owned by Tesla owners.
[
152
]
Robotaxi
Robotaxi is a ride-hailing service launched by Tesla in 2025. It currently operates in
Austin, Texas
. Robotaxis currently rely on human supervisors, with the intent of eventually allowing for fully autonomous rides.
[
155
]
[
156
]
Energy products
Two Tesla Powerwall 2 home energy storage devices from Tesla Energy
Tesla subsidiary Tesla Energy develops, builds, sells, and installs
solar energy generation
systems and battery energy storage products (as well as related products and services) to residential, commercial, and industrial customers. The subsidiary was created by the merger of Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division with SolarCity, a solar energy company that Tesla acquired in 2016.
[
157
]
In 2023, the company deployed 14.7 gigawatt-hours of battery energy storage products, an increase of 125% over 2022, but only deployed solar energy systems capable of generating 223
megawatts
, a decrease of 36% over 2022.
[
158
]
Tesla Energy products include solar panels (built by other companies for Tesla), the
Tesla Solar Roof
(a
solar shingle
system), and the Tesla Solar Inverter. Storage products include the
Powerwall
(a
home energy storage
device) and the
Megapack
(a large-scale energy storage system).
[
159
]
[
160
]
[
161
]
For large-scale customers, Tesla Energy operates an online platform which allows for automated, real-time power trading, demand forecasting and product control.
[
162
]
[
163
]
[
164
]
In March 2021, the company said its online products were managing over 1.2Â GWh of storage.
[
165
]
For home customers, the company operates a virtual power company in Texas called Tesla Electric, which utilizes the company's online platforms to manage customers Powerwall devices, discharging them into the grid to sell power when prices are high, earning money for customers.
[
166
]
[
167
]
Business strategy
Robotic
manufacturing of the Model S at the
Tesla Factory
in
Fremont, California
At the time of Tesla's founding in 2003, electric vehicles were costly.
[
168
]
In 2006, Musk stated that Tesla's strategy was to first produce high-price, low-volume vehicles, such as sports cars, for which customers are less sensitive to price. This would allow them to progressively bring down the cost of batteries, which in turn would allow them to offer cheaper and higher volume cars.
[
21
]
[
169
]
Tesla's first vehicle, the Roadster, was low-volume (fewer than 2,500 were produced) and priced at over $100,000. The next models, the Model S and Model X, are more affordable but still luxury vehicles. The Model 3 and the Model Y, are priced still lower, and aimed at a higher volume market,
[
170
]
[
171
]
selling over 100,000 vehicles each quarter. Tesla continuously updates the hardware of its cars rather than waiting for a new model year, unlike nearly every other car manufacturer.
[
172
]
Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised
dealerships
to sell vehicles. Instead, the company
sells vehicles directly
through its website and a network of company-owned stores.
[
173
]
[
174
]
The company is the first automaker in the United States to sell cars directly to consumers since the widespread adoption of the franchised dealer model.
[
175
]
[
176
]
Some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. In these areas, Tesla has locations that it calls
galleries
that the company says "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."
[
177
]
[
178
]
In total, Tesla operates nearly 400 stores and galleries in more than 35 countries.
[
179
]
These locations are typically located in retail shopping districts, inside shopping malls, or other high-traffic areas,
[
174
]
instead of near other auto dealerships.
[
180
]
[
181
]
[
182
]
Analysts describe Tesla as vertically integrated, given how it develops many components in-house, such as batteries, motors, and software.
[
183
]
The practice of vertical integration is rare in the automotive industry, where companies typically
outsource
80% of components to suppliers and focus on engine manufacturing and final assembly.
[
184
]
[
185
]
[
186
]
Tesla generally allows its competitors to license its technology, stating that it wants to help its competitors accelerate the world's use of sustainable energy.
[
187
]
Licensing agreements include provisions whereby the recipient agrees not to file patent suits against Tesla, or to copy its designs directly.
[
188
]
Tesla retains control of its other intellectual property, such as trademarks and
trade secrets
to prevent direct copying of its technology.
[
189
]
On April 15, 2024, Tesla secured a deal with Tata Electronics to supply semiconductor chips, marking a significant step in Tesla's expansion into India's automotive market.
[
190
]
On May 2, 2024, Tesla announced that it had abandoned its plan for next-generation gigacasting, a cutting-edge manufacturing technique. Initially aiming to revolutionize production and reduce costs, Tesla has now opted for its more proven method of casting vehicle underbodies in three pieces. This strategic shift reflects the company's focus on self-driving vehicles and adjusting to market challenges.
[
191
]
Technology
Tesla is highly vertically integrated and develops many components in-house, such as batteries, motors, and software.
[
183
]
Batteries
Tesla vehicle
chassis
used in
Model S
and
X
, with the battery visible
Comparison of Tesla's three cylindrical battery cell form factors
As of 2023
, Tesla uses four different
battery cell
form factors:
18650
,
2170
,
4680
, and prismatic.
[
192
]
[
193
]
[
194
]
Tesla purchases these batteries from three suppliers,
CATL
,
LG Energy Solution
, and
Panasonic
, the latter of which has co-located some of its battery production inside Tesla's Gigafactory Nevada. Tesla is also currently building out the capacity to produce its own batteries.
[
citation needed
]
Tesla batteries sit under the vehicle floor to save interior space. Tesla uses a multipart aluminum and titanium protection system to protect the battery from road debris or vehicle crashes.
[
195
]
Business analysis company
BloombergNEF
estimated Tesla's battery pack cost in 2021 at $112 per
kilowatt-hour
(kWh), versus an industry average of $132 per kWh.
[
196
]
18650
Tesla was the first automaker to use cylindrical
lithium-ion battery
cells. When it built the
first generation Roadster
, it used off-the-shelf 18650-type (18Â mm diameter, 65Â mm height) cylindrical batteries that were already used for other consumer electronics. The cells provided an engineering challenge because each has a relatively low capacity, so thousands needed to be bundled together in a battery pack. Electrical and thermal management also proved to be a challenge, requiring liquid cooling and an
intumescent
fire prevention chemical.
[
197
]
However, the decision turned out to be pragmatic because there was already a mature manufacturing process that could produce a high volume of the cells at a consistent quality. Although the 18650-type cells are the oldest technology, they are used in the Model S and X vehicles. Tesla sources these batteries with a
nickel-cobalt-aluminum
(NCA) cathode chemistry from Panasonic's factories in Japan.
[
192
]
2170
The next battery type to be used was the 2170-type (21Â mm diameter, 70Â mm height) cylindrical cell. The larger size was optimized for electric cars, allowing for a higher capacity per cell and a lower number of cells per battery pack. The 2170 was introduced for the Model 3 and Y vehicles.
[
192
]
For vehicles built at the Tesla Fremont Factory, the company sources 2170-type batteries with a nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode chemistry from Panasonic's production line at Gigafactory Nevada.
[
198
]
In January 2021, Panasonic had the capacity to produce 39 GWh per year of battery cells there.
[
199
]
Tesla Energy also uses 2170 cells in its Powerwall home energy storage product.
[
citation needed
]
For vehicles made at Gigafactory Shanghai and Gigafactory Berlin, batteries with a
nickel-cobalt-manganese
(NMC) cathode chemistry are sourced from LG Energy Solution's factories in China.
[
192
]
4680
Tesla's latest cylindrical cell design is the 4680-type (46Â mm diameter, 80Â mm height) introduced in 2021. The battery was developed in-house by Tesla and is physically 5 times bigger than the 2170-type, again allowing for a higher capacity per cell and a lower number of cells per battery pack.
[
200
]
[
201
]
Currently, Tesla builds the 4680 cells itself and has not disclosed the cathode chemistry, though several independent analyses have indicated that it utilizes a nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC811) chemistry.
[
202
]
[
203
]
[
204
]
The company has already opened production lines in Fremont, California, and plans to open lines inside Gigafactory Nevada and Gigafactory Texas. The 4680 cells are used in the Model Y and Cybertruck built at Gigafactory Texas.
[
192
]
Prismatic
Tesla also uses prismatic (rectangular) cells in many entry-level Model 3 and Model Y vehicles.
[
192
]
The prismatic cells are a
lithium iron phosphate battery
(LFP or
LiFePO
4
), which is a less energy-dense type, but does not contain any nickel or cobalt, which makes it less expensive to produce.
[
205
]
Tesla sources these batteries from CATL's factories in China. As of April 2022
, nearly half of Tesla's vehicle production used prismatic cells.
[
206
]
Tesla Energy also uses prismatic cells in its Megapack grid-scale energy storage product.
[
207
]
Research
Tesla invests in
lithium-ion battery
research. In 2016, the company established a 5-year battery research and development partnership at
Dalhousie University
in Nova Scotia, Canada, with lead researcher
Jeff Dahn
.
[
208
]
Tesla acquired Maxwell Technologies for over $200 million
[
209
]
â and sold in 2021.
[
210
]
It also acquired Hibar Systems.
[
211
]
[
212
]
Tesla purchased several battery manufacturing patent applications from Springpower International, a small Canadian battery company.
[
213
]
[
214
]
Lithium Refinement
In 2023 Tesla broke ground on a $375 million lithium refining facility near
Robstown
, Texas in the US.
[
215
]
The plant's process will eliminate the use of
sulfuric acid
in lithium processing, thereby eliminating the associated
sodium sulfate
waste product.
[
215
]
Local concerns have been raised over the plant's water usage with initial estimates of 400,000 US gal (1,500,000 L; 330,000 imp gal) per day for normal operation, rising to a peak usage estimate of 8,000,000 US gal (30,000,000 L; 6,700,000 imp gal) per day.
[
216
]
Software
Tesla uses
over-the-air updates
to deliver updates to vehicles, adding features or fixing problems.
[
217
]
This is enabled by tight integration between a few powerful onboard computers, compared to the way automakers had previously handled technology, by purchasing off-the-shelf electronic components for each subsystem that typically could not interface at the software level.
[
218
]
The system has also allowed Tesla to control which features customers have access to. For example, for ease of assembly, all Model 3 vehicles were built with heated rear seats, but only customers who purchased a premium interior could turn them on. However, Tesla has allowed customers who didn't pay for a premium interior to purchase access to the heated rear seats.
[
219
]
Tesla uses a similar software lock feature for Enhanced Autopilot and Full-Self Driving features, even though all vehicles are equipped with the computers and cameras necessary to enable those features.
[
220
]
Motors
Tesla makes two kinds of electric motors: an
induction motor
, and an
internal permanent magnet
(IPM) motor with
synchronous reluctance motor
(SynRM) characteristics.
[
citation needed
]
The older design is a
three-phase
four-pole
alternating current
induction motor (also called an asynchronous motor) with a copper
rotor
(which inspired the Tesla logo).
[
221
]
These motors use
electromagnetic induction
, by varying magnetic field to produce torque. Induction motors are used as the rear motor in the Model S and Model X, as the front motor in the Model 3 and Model Y, and were used in the first-generation Roadster.
[
citation needed
]
Since the introduction of the Model 3 in 2017, Tesla has also been building IPM-SynRM motors. These motors use an iron
rotor
, with slots cut into the metal where magnets are inserted in the internal core. As an IPM motor, it produces excellent starting torque; however, performance declines at high speeds due to
counter-electromotive forces
. For high-speed operation, Tesla engineers used iron's reluctance property, which allows it to spin in synchronization with the magnetic field of the
stator
if channels are cut into the core. These channels were also an ideal internal location for the permanent magnets to be mounted.
[
222
]
[
223
]
The IPM-SynRM motor is currently used as the rear motor in the Model 3 and Model Y, the front motor of 2019-onward versions of the Model S and X, and are expected to be used in the Tesla Semi.
[
224
]
North American Charging Standard
The
North American Charging Standard
(NACS) is an electric vehicle charging connector system developed by Tesla. It has been used on all North American market Tesla vehicles since 2012 and was opened for use by other manufacturers in 2022. Since then, nearly every other vehicle manufacturer has announced that starting from 2025, their electric vehicles sold in North America will be equipped with the NACS charge port. Several electric vehicles charging network operators and equipment manufacturers have also announced plans to add NACS connectors.
[
225
]
"Autopilot" and "Full Self-Driving (Supervised)"
Tesla Autopilot in operation, 2017
Tesla Autopilot
is an
advanced driver-assistance system
(ADAS) developed by Tesla, Inc. that provides partial vehicle automation, corresponding to
Level 2
automation as defined by
SAE International
. All Tesla vehicles produced after April 2019 include Autopilot, which features
autosteer
and
traffic-aware cruise control
. As of February 2026, customers can subscribe to an optional Level 2 package called "Full Self-Driving (Supervised)", also known as "FSD", which adds semi-autonomous navigation on nearly all roads,
self-parking
, and the ability to summon the car from a parking space. In January 2026,
MotorTrend
said FSD was the best ADAS on the market.
[
226
]
Since 2013, Tesla CEO
Elon Musk
has
repeatedly predicted
that the company would achieve fully autonomous driving (SAE
Level 5
) within one to three years, but these goals are still to be met. The branding of Full Self-Driving has drawn criticism for potentially misleading consumers. Tesla vehicles currently operate at Level 2 automation, which requires continuous driver supervision and does not constitute "full"
self-driving
capability. Previously, the Autopilot branding was also criticized for similar reasons, despite the fact that no
autopilot
system in aircraft rendered them fully autonomous.
Tesla claims that its driver-assistance features improve safety and reduce accidents caused by driver fatigue or inattention. However, collisions and fatalities involving Autopilot have attracted scrutiny from media and regulators. Industry experts and safety advocates have raised concerns about the deployment of the software to the general public, calling the practice risky and potentially irresponsible.
On March 19, 2026, the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
stated that Full-Self Driving system fails to detect hazards in low-visibility conditions.
[
227
]
[
228
]
[
229
]
[
230
]
[
231
]
[
citation needed
]
Glass
In November 2016, the company announced the Tesla Glass technology group. The group produced the roof glass for the Tesla Model 3. It also produces the glass used in the
Tesla Solar Roof
's
solar shingles
.
[
232
]
Robotics
In preparation for Model 3 production, Tesla heavily invested in robotics and automation for vehicle assembly, and between 2015 and 2017, the company purchased several companies involved in automation and robotics including Compass Automation,
[
233
]
Grohmann Automation,
[
234
]
Perbix Machine Company, and Riviera Tool and Die.
[
235
]
Musk later said that the robotics slowed production of the vehicles.
[
55
]
Subsequently, Tesla shifted towards using massive casting machines, known as
Giga Presses
. These machines streamline production by creating large, single-piece underbodies, leading to reductions in production time, labor costs, factory footprint, and the number of welding robots.
[
236
]
[
237
]
Critics note that reducing the number of components makes the vehicles harder or more expensive to repair after an accident.
[
238
]
The company has been developing a
humanoid robot
called
Optimus
since 2022. Musk has stated that Optimus leverages the same core software powering Tesla's Full Self-Driving technology and has suggested that it could be used within Tesla's factories to mitigate labor shortages through the automation of repetitive tasks.
[
239
]
On January 28, 2026, Tesla announced it would stop manufacturing the Model S and Model X to focus efforts on Optimus. The goal is to produce 1 million robots per year at the Fremont facility.
[
240
]
Facilities
The company operates seven large factories and about a dozen smaller factories around the world. As of December 2024
, the company also operates more than 1,350 retail stores, galleries, service, delivery, and body shop locations globally.
[
241
]
Primary facilities operated by Tesla
Opened
Name
City
Country
Employees
Products
Ref.
2010
Tesla Fremont Factory
Fremont, California
United States
22,000
Model S
,
Model X
,
Model 3
,
Model Y
[
35
]
[
242
]
[
243
]
2016
Gigafactory Nevada
Storey County, Nevada
United States
7,000
Batteries,
Powerwall
,
Semi
[
244
]
[
245
]
[
246
]
2017
Gigafactory New York
Buffalo, New York
United States
1,500
Solar Roof
,
Supercharger
[
247
]
[
248
]
2019
Gigafactory Shanghai
Shanghai
China
20,000
Model 3, Model Y, Supercharger
[
249
]
[
250
]
2022
Gigafactory Berlin
GrĂźnheide
Germany
10,000
Model Y
[
251
]
[
252
]
[
253
]
2022
Gigafactory Texas
Austin, Texas
United States
12,000
Model Y,
Cybertruck
[
254
]
[
255
]
[
256
]
North America
New
Tesla Model S
cars at the
Tesla Fremont Factory
in 2012
Tesla was founded in
San Carlos, California
in 2003.
[
257
]
In 2008, the company opened its first production facility at a former
Chevrolet
dealership in
Menlo Park, California
. The original roadster was assembled inside the service bays until 2012 and used the company's showroom as a retail store.
[
30
]
Another retail store was opened in Los Angeles the same year.
[
258
]
In 2010, Tesla moved its corporate headquarters and opened a powertrain development facility in
Palo Alto
.
[
259
]
Tesla's first major assembly plant occupies the former
NUMMI
plant in Fremont, California, known as the
Tesla Fremont Factory
. The factory was originally opened by
General Motors
in 1962, and then operated by NUMMI, a joint venture of GM and
Toyota
from 1984.
[
260
]
The joint venture ended when
GM entered bankruptcy
in 2009. In 2010, Toyota agreed to sell the plant to Tesla at a significant discount.
[
35
]
Gigafactory Nevada
in 2019
Tesla's first purpose-built facility was opened in Nevada in 2016.
Gigafactory Nevada
produces the Powerwall,
[
244
]
battery cells in partnership with Panasonic,
[
261
]
Model 3 drivetrains,
[
262
]
and the Tesla Semi.
[
263
]
The factory received substantial subsidies (
abatements
and
credits
) from the local and state government, that, in exchange for opening in their jurisdiction, allowed Tesla to operate essentially tax-free for 10 years,
[
264
]
later extended to 20 years in exchange for expanding the factory to add a production line for the Tesla Semi and add additional battery manufacturing capacity.
[
263
]
As part of the acquisition of SolarCity in 2016, Tesla gained control of
Gigafactory New York
in Buffalo on the site of a former
Republic Steel
plant. The state of New York spent cash to build and equip the factory through the
Buffalo Billion
program.
[
265
]
[
266
]
In 2017, the factory started production of the
Tesla Solar Roof
,
[
247
]
but faced multiple production challenges. Since 2020, Tesla has also assembled Superchargers in New York. The plant has been criticized for offering little economic benefit for the state funding.
[
267
]
In 2018, Tesla assembled
tension fabric buildings
at the
Fremont
plant to meet production goals of 5,000 cars produced a month. The structure was assembled in two weeks and measured 53 feet high, 150 feet wide, and 900 feet long.
[
268
]
Gigafactory Texas
in 2022
On July 23, 2020, Tesla picked Austin, Texas, as the site of its fifth Gigafactory, since then known as
Gigafactory Texas
.
[
269
]
Giga Texas is the only factory that produces the Tesla Cybertruck and produces Model Y cars for the Eastern United States. On December 1, 2021, Tesla announced it relocated its legal headquarters from Palo Alto to the Gigafactory Texas site in Austin.
[
270
]
However, Tesla has retained the Palo Alto building. On April 7, 2022, Tesla celebrated the opening of Gigafactory Texas in a public event.
[
77
]
Tesla acquired a former
JC Penney
distribution center near
Lathrop, California
in 2021 to build the "Megafactory" to manufacture the
Megapack
, the company's large-scale energy storage product.
[
271
]
[
272
]
The location opened in 2022.
Tesla announced in February it would open a new global engineering headquarters in Palo Alto, moving into a corporate campus once owned by
Hewlett Packard
, located a couple of miles from Tesla's former headquarters building.
[
85
]
Tesla has announced plans to open a
Gigafactory Mexico
, the company's sixth Gigafactory, near
Monterrey
, Mexico. However, as of July 2024
, the company had placed construction on hold until after the
2024 United States presidential election
because former President Trump has pledged to add tariffs on cars made in Mexico.
[
273
]
[
needs update
]
Europe
Gigafactory Berlin in July 2023
Tesla opened its first European store in June 2009 in
London
.
[
274
]
Tesla's European headquarters are in
the Netherlands
,
[
275
]
part of a group of
Tesla facilities in Tilburg
, including the company's European Distribution Centre.
[
276
]
In late 2016, Tesla acquired German engineering firm
Grohmann Engineering
as a new division dedicated to helping Tesla increase the automation and effectiveness of its manufacturing process.
[
277
]
After winding down existing contracts with other manufacturers, the renamed
Tesla Automation
now works exclusively on Tesla projects and is expanding its operations in Germany through the acquisition of other manufacturing specialists.
[
278
]
Tesla announced its plans to build a car and battery factory in Europe in 2016.
[
279
]
Several countries campaigned to be the host,
[
280
]
and eventually Germany was chosen in November 2019.
[
281
]
On March 22, 2022, Tesla's first European Gigafactory named
Gigafactory Berlin
[
282
]
[
283
]
opened with planned capacity to produce 500,000 electric vehicles annually as well as batteries for the cars.
[
283
]
Asia
Tesla store in Tokyo, the first in Asia
[
284
]
Tesla opened its first showroom in
Asia
in
Tokyo
, Japan, in October 2010.
[
285
]
In July 2018, Tesla signed an agreement with Chinese authorities to build a factory in
Shanghai
, China, which was Tesla's first Gigafactory outside the United States.
[
286
]
The factory building was finished in August 2019, and the initial
Tesla Model 3s
were in production from Gigafactory Shanghai in October 2019.
[
249
]
In 2024, China accounted for 21% of Tesla sales revenue, and was the second-largest market for Tesla after the United States, which accounted for 48% of its sales.
[
287
]
Tesla also sold 37% of its cars in China in 2024.
[
288
]
Tesla expressed interest in 2023 in expanding to India and perhaps building a future Gigafactory in the country.
[
289
]
The company established a legal presence in the nation in 2021 and plans to open an office in
Pune
starting in October 2023.
[
290
]
Partners
Panasonic
Panasonic
Energy president Naoto Noguchi presents Tesla executive
J. B. Straubel
with
lithium-ion cells
.
In January 2010, Tesla and battery cell maker
Panasonic
announced that they would together develop
nickel-based
lithium-ion battery
cells for electric vehicles.
[
291
]
Beginning in 2010, Panasonic invested $30Â million for a multi-year collaboration on new battery cells designed specifically for electric vehicles.
[
292
]
In July 2014, Panasonic reached a basic agreement with Tesla to participate in battery production at Giga Nevada.
[
293
]
Tesla and Panasonic also collaborated on the manufacturing and production of photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules at the Giga New York factory in Buffalo, New York.
[
247
]
The partnership started in mid-2017 and ended in early 2020, before Panasonic exited the solar business entirely in January 2021.
[
294
]
[
295
]
In March 2021, the outgoing CEO of Panasonic stated that the company plans to reduce its reliance on Tesla as its battery partnership evolves.
[
296
]
Other current partners
Tesla has long-term contracts in place for
lithium
supply. In September 2020, Tesla signed a sales agreement with
Piedmont Lithium
to buy high-purity lithium ore for up to ten years,
[
297
]
specifically to supply "
spodumene
concentrate from Piedmont's North Carolina
mineral deposit
".
[
298
]
In 2022, Tesla contracted for 110,000 tonnes of
spodumene
concentrate over four years from the
Core Lithium
's lithium mine in the
Northern Territory
of Australia.
[
299
]
Tesla also has a range of minor partnerships, for instance, working with
Airbnb
and hotel chains to install destination chargers at selected locations.
[
300
]
Another minor partnership would include Tesla's partnership with insurance company,
Lemonade
, to launch an autonomous car insurance.
[
301
]
Former partners
Daimler
The
Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive
used a Tesla-supplied battery pack.
[
302
]
Daimler
and Tesla began working together in late 2007. On May 19, 2009, Daimler bought a stake of less than 10% in Tesla for a reported $50Â million.
[
303
]
[
304
]
As part of the collaboration, Herbert Kohler, vice-president of E-Drive and Future Mobility at Daimler, took a Tesla board seat.
[
305
]
On July 13, 2009, Daimler sold 40% of its acquisition to Aabar, an investment company controlled by the
International Petroleum Investment Company
owned by the government of
Abu Dhabi
.
[
306
]
In October 2014, Daimler sold its remaining holdings for a reported $780Â million.
[
307
]
Tesla supplied battery packs for
Freightliner Trucks
in 2010.
[
308
]
[
309
]
The company also built electric-powertrain components for the
Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell
, with 500 cars planned to be built for trial in Europe beginning in September 2011.
[
310
]
[
311
]
Tesla produced and co-developed the
Mercedes-Benz B250e
's powertrain, which ended production in 2017.
[
312
]
The electric motor was rated 134Â hp (100Â kW) and 230 pound force-feet (310Â Nâ
m), with a 36Â kWh (130Â MJ) battery. The vehicle had a driving range of 200Â km (124Â mi) with a top speed of 150Â km/h (93Â mph).
[
313
]
Daimler division
Smart
produced the
Smart ED2
cars from 2009 to 2012 which had a 14-kilowatt-hour (50Â MJ)
lithium-ion battery
from Tesla.
[
314
]
[
315
]
Toyota
Toyota RAV4 EV
, which used a Tesla-supplied battery and
powertrain
components
In May 2010, Tesla and
Toyota
announced a deal in which Tesla purchased the former
NUMMI
factory from Toyota for $42Â million, Toyota purchased $50Â million in Tesla stock, and the two companies collaborated on an electric vehicle.
[
35
]
In July 2010, the companies announced they would work together on a second generation
Toyota RAV4 EV
.
[
316
]
The vehicle was unveiled at the October 2010
Los Angeles Auto Show
and 35 pilot vehicles were built for a demonstration and evaluation program that ran through 2011. Tesla supplied the lithium metal-oxide battery and other powertrain components
[
317
]
[
318
]
based on components from the Roadster.
[
319
]
The production version was unveiled in August 2012, using battery pack, electronics, and powertrain components from the Tesla Model S sedan (also launched in 2012).
[
320
]
The RAV4 EV had a limited production run which resulted in just under 3,000 vehicles being produced, before it was discontinued in 2014.
[
321
]
[
322
]
According to Bloomberg News, the partnership between Tesla and Toyota was "marred by clashes between engineers".
[
323
]
Toyota engineers rejected designs that Tesla had proposed for an enclosure to protect the RAV4 EV's battery pack. Toyota took over responsibility for the enclosure's design and strengthened it. In 2014, Tesla ended up adding a titanium plate to protect the Model S sedan's battery after some debris-related crashes led to cars catching fire.
[
323
]
[
195
]
On June 5, 2017, Toyota announced that it had sold all of its shares in Tesla and halted the partnership.
[
324
]
[
325
]
Mobileye
Initial versions of Autopilot were developed in partnership with
Mobileye
beginning in 2014.
[
326
]
Mobileye ended the partnership on July 26, 2016, citing "disagreements about how the technology was deployed".
[
327
]
Lawsuits and controversies
Failed lawsuit alleging unfair review
In 2008, Tesla provided two Roadsters to the British entertainment car-testing television programme
Top Gear
for testing, apparently confusing it with another programme, and suggesting "Matt and Alex could even take the Tesla for a spin and test it out, reaffirming its virtues?" Top Gear tested the car as a performance sports carâin a format designed for humour and entertainment, not an unbiased review about its intended purposeâand made some criticisms of its use as such, though full of praise for its performance and handling on the track. Tesla was incensed about what it considered unfair criticism. For example, the test affirmed that
in the performance tests they ran
the battery charge would have lasted for 55 miles, a figure that actually came from Tesla. Tesla said that the figure was untrue and libelous as the car's mileage
in normal use
was claimed to be 211, which they sued, and lost.
[
328
]
[
329
]
In 2025, when Tesla was the subject of protests and vandalism in response to Elon Musk's political activities with the Trump government, former Top Gear presenter
Jeremy Clarkson
published gloating remarks, saying that the vandalism was "not funny. But also, it's kinda hilarious. Especially if you're me."
[
330
]
Sexual harassment
In 2021, seven women came forward with claims of having faced sexual harassment and discrimination while working at Tesla's Fremont factory.
[
331
]
They accused the company of facilitating a culture of rampant sexual harassment. The women said they were consistently subjected to catcalling, unwanted advances, unwanted touching, and discrimination while at work. "I was so tired of the unwanted attention and the males gawking at me, I proceeded to create barriers around me just so I could get some relief," Brooks told
The Washington Post
. "That was something I felt necessary just so I can do my job." Stories range from intimate groping to being called out to the parking lot for sex.
[
332
]
Women feared calling Human Resources for help, as their supervisors were often participants.
[
333
]
Musk himself is not indicted, but most of the women pressing charges believe their abuse is connected to the behavior of Musk as CEO. They cite his crude remarks about women's bodies, wisecracks about starting a university that abbreviated to "T.IT.S.", and his generally dismissive attitude towards reporting sexual harassment.
[
334
]
"What we're addressing for each of the lawsuits is just a shocking pattern of rampant harassment that exists at Tesla," said attorney David A. Lowe.
[
333
]
In 2017, another woman had accused Tesla of very similar behavior and was subsequently fired. In a statement to the Guardian, Tesla confirmed the company had terminated her employment, saying it had thoroughly investigated the employee's allegations with the help of "a neutral, third-party expert" and concluded her complaints were unmerited.
[
335
]
In May 2022, a California judge ruled that the sexual harassment lawsuit could move to court, rejecting Tesla's request for closed-door arbitration.
[
336
]
Labor disputes
Valentine's Day
union drive at
Giga New York
in 2023
Tesla has had labor disputes
in the United States, Germany and Sweden, including an ongoing
strike
in Sweden. Tesla, Inc., an American
electric car
and
solar panel
manufacturer, has more than 140,000 workers employed across its global operations as of January 2024.
[
337
]
Tesla CEO
Elon Musk
has expressed his
opposition to unions
on
Twitter
(now called X). The
National Labor Relations Board
held that one
tweet
was unlawful, but was overturned by a
federal appeals court
.
[
338
]
All
unionization
efforts at the
Tesla Fremont Factory
and
Gigafactory New York
in the United States have been unsuccessful.
[
339
]
In Germany,
Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg
and
Tesla Automation
have elected
works councils
, but they have not signed
collective bargaining agreements
with the German trade union
IG Metall
.
[
340
]
[
341
]
The Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg works council is divided into pro-union and anti-union factions.
[
342
]
In Sweden, mechanics who are members of the trade union
IF Metall
have been on strike since October 27, 2023, making it the longest strike in Sweden since 1938.
[
343
]
The strike has since spread, with other
Swedish, Danish and Norwegian unions
calling for
solidarity strikes
.
[
344
]
Accidents, repairs, and safety violations
In June 2016, the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA) took issue with Tesla's use of
nondisclosure agreements
(NDAs) regarding customer repairs
[
345
]
and, in October 2021, the NHTSA formally asked Tesla to explain its NDA policy regarding customers invited into the FSD Beta.
[
346
]
Tesla has used NDAs on multiple occasions with both employees
[
347
]
and customers
[
348
]
to allegedly prevent possible negative coverage.
[
349
]
[
350
]
From 2014 to 2018, Tesla's Fremont Factory had three times as many
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) violations as the ten largest US auto plants combined.
[
351
]
An investigation by the
Reveal
podcast alleged that Tesla "failed to report some of its serious injuries on legally mandated reports" to downplay the extent of injuries.
[
352
]
In January 2019, former Tesla security manager Sean Gouthro filed a whistleblower complaint alleging that the company had hacked employees' phones and spied on them, while also failing to report illegal activities to the authorities and shareholders.
[
353
]
[
354
]
[
355
]
Several legal cases have revolved around alleged whistleblower retaliation by Tesla. These include the dismissal of Tesla safety official Carlos Ramirez
[
356
]
[
357
]
and Tesla security employee Karl Hansen.
[
358
]
In 2020, the court ordered Hansen's case to
arbitration
.
[
359
]
In June 2022, the arbitrator filed an
unopposed motion
with the court stating Hansen "has failed to establish the claims⌠Accordingly, his claims are denied, and he shall take nothing".
[
360
]
The California Civil Rights Department filed a suit in 2022 alleging "a pattern of racial harassment and bias" at the Tesla Fremont factory. As of April 2023,
the department is also conducting a probe of the factory based on a 2021 complaint and claims that Tesla has been obstructing the investigation.
[
361
]
According to
Jalopnik
, a 2024 study by
iSeeCars
found that Tesla had the highest fatal crash rate of any automaker in the United States.
[
362
]
A 2025 lawsuit in California alleged that Tesla odometers were falsely exaggerating their readings to prematurely void their warranty.
[
363
]
In 2025 in the US, Tesla faced a new federal investigation into possible safety defects in its FSD system. This followed 44 separate incident reports where Tesla drivers said the system caused them to commit safety violations, such as driving through red traffic lights.
[
364
]
Fraud allegations
There have been numerous concerns about Tesla's financial reporting. In 2013,
Bloomberg News
questioned whether Tesla's financial reporting violated
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
(GAAP) reporting standards.
[
365
]
Fortune
accused Tesla in 2016 of using
creative accounting
to show positive cash flow and quarterly profits.
[
366
]
In 2018, analysts expressed concerns over Tesla's accounts receivable balance.
[
367
]
In September 2019, the SEC questioned Tesla CFO
Zach Kirkhorn
about Tesla's warranty reserves and lease accounting.
[
368
]
In a letter to his clients, hedge fund manager
David Einhorn
, whose firm suffered losses from its short position against Tesla that quarter, accused Musk in November 2019 of "significant fraud",
[
369
]
[
370
]
and publicly questioned Tesla's accounting practices, telling Musk that he was "beginning to wonder whether your accounts receivable exist."
[
371
]
From 2012 to 2014, Tesla earned more than $295Â million in
Zero Emission Vehicle
credits for a battery-swapping technology that was never made available to customers.
[
372
]
Staff at
California Air Resources Board
were concerned that Tesla was "gaming" the battery swap subsidies and in 2013 recommended eliminating the credits.
[
373
]
A consolidated shareholders lawsuit alleges that Musk knew SolarCity was going broke before the acquisition, that he and the Tesla board overpaid for SolarCity, ignored their conflicts of interest and breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the deal, and failed to disclose "troubling facts" essential to an analysis of the proposed acquisition.
[
374
]
The members of the board settled in 2020, leaving Musk as the only defendant.
[
375
]
In April 2022, the
Delaware Court of Chancery
ruled in favor of Musk,
[
376
]
[
377
]
and its ruling was upheld by the
Delaware Supreme Court
in June 2023.
[
378
]
In August 2018, Musk tweeted, "Am considering taking Tesla private at $420. Funding secured."
[
379
]
The tweet caused the stock to initially rise, but then drop when it was revealed to be false.
[
380
]
[
381
]
[
382
]
Musk settled fraud charges with the US
Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) over his false statements in September 2018. According to the terms of the settlement, Musk agreed to have his tweets reviewed by Tesla's in-house counsel, he was removed from his chairman role at Tesla temporarily, and two new independent directors were appointed to the company's board.
[
383
]
Tesla and Musk also paid civil penalties of $20Â million each.
[
383
]
A civil
class-action
shareholder lawsuit over Musk's statements and other derivative lawsuits were also filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board of directors, as then constituted, regarding claims and actions made that were associated with potentially going private.
[
384
]
[
385
]
In February 2023, a California jury unanimously found Musk and Tesla not liable in the class-action lawsuit.
[
386
]
In September 2018, Tesla disclosed that it was under investigation by the US
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) regarding its Model 3 production figures.
[
387
]
Authorities were investigating whether the company misled investors and made projections about its Model 3 production that it knew would be impossible to meet.
[
387
]
A stockholder class action lawsuit against Tesla related to Model 3 production numbers (unrelated to the FBI investigation) was dismissed in March 2019.
[
388
]
[
389
]
[
390
]
In May 2024, Reuters reported that US federal prosecutors were investigating whether the company committed securities or wire fraud by "misleading investors and consumers" about Autopilot and Full Self-Driving.
[
391
]
Tesla US dealership disputes
Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised
auto dealerships
to sell vehicles and instead directly sells vehicles through its website and a network of company-owned stores. In some areas, Tesla operates locations called "galleries" which "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."
[
177
]
This is because some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. Dealership associations have filed lawsuits to prevent direct sales. These associations argued that the franchise system protects consumers by encouraging dealers to compete, lowering the price a customer pays. They also claimed that direct sales would allow manufacturers to undersell their dealers.
[
180
]
The United States
Federal Trade Commission
ultimately disproved the associations' claims and recommended allowing direct manufacturer sale, which they concluded would save consumers 8% in average vehicle price.
[
392
]
[
393
]
[
394
]
Tesla has also lobbied state governments for the right to directly sell cars.
[
395
]
The company has argued that directly operating stores improves consumer education about electric vehicles,
[
177
]
because dealerships would sell both Tesla and gas-powered vehicles. Doing this, according to the company, would then set up a
conflict of interest
for the dealers since properly advertising the benefits of an electric car would disparage the gas-powered vehicles, creating a disincentive to dealership EV sales.
[
180
]
Musk himself further contended that dealers would have a disincentive to sell electric vehicles because they require less maintenance and therefore would reduce after-sales service revenue, a large profit center for most dealerships.
[
146
]
Intellectual property
Tesla has sued former employees for stealing company information, including those who left to work for a rival such as
XPeng
and
Zoox
.
[
396
]
For example, Guangzhi Cao, a Tesla engineer, was accused of uploading
Tesla Autopilot
source code to his
iCloud
account,
[
397
]
and Alex Khatilov was accused of downloading files related to its Warp Drive software to his personal
Dropbox
account.
[
398
]
Misappropriation
In 2018, a
class action
was filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board, alleging they breached their
fiduciary
duties by approving Musk's stock-based compensation plan.
[
385
]
Musk received the first portion of his stock options payout, worth more than $700Â million, in May 2020.
[
399
]
In July 2023, Tesla board members returned $735 million to the company to settle a claim from a 2020 lawsuit alleging misappropriation of 11 million stock options granted to Elon Musk, Kimbal Musk, Larry Ellison, and others from 2017 to 2020.
[
400
]
Environmental violations
In 2019, the
United States Environmental Protection Agency
fined Tesla for hazardous waste violations that occurred in 2017.
[
401
]
In June 2019, Tesla began negotiating penalties for 19 environmental violations from the
Bay Area Air Quality Management District
;
[
402
]
the violations took place around Tesla Fremont's paint shop, where there had been at least four fires between 2014 and 2019.
[
403
]
Environmental violations and permit deviations at Tesla's Fremont Factory increased from 2018 to 2019 with the production ramp of the Model 3.
[
404
]
In June 2018, Tesla employee
Martin Tripp
leaked information that Tesla was scrapping or reworking up to 40% of its raw materials at the Nevada Gigafactory.
[
405
]
After Tesla fired him for the leak, Tripp filed a lawsuit and claimed Tesla's security team gave police a false tip that he was planning a mass shooting at the Nevada factory.
[
406
]
[
353
]
The court ruled in Tesla's favor on September 17, 2020.
[
407
]
[
408
]
In January 2024, 25 California counties sued Tesla, accusing the company of violating state health and safety codes by illegally disposing of hazardous waste. Later that week, the case was settled on the conditions that Tesla pay US$1.5 million and admit to acting "intentionally" and "negligently". Moreover, Tesla also agreed to train its employees on hazardous waste disposal and to have 10 percent of Tesla's facilities audited for waste disposal for the next 5 years.
[
409
]
[
410
]
[
411
]
Property damage
In August 2019,
Walmart
filed a multi-million-dollar lawsuit against Tesla, claiming that Tesla's "negligent installation and maintenance" of solar panels caused roof fires at seven Walmart stores dating back to 2012.
[
412
]
Walmart settled with Tesla in November 2019; the terms of the settlement were not disclosed.
[
413
]
In April 2021, a Norwegian judge found Tesla guilty of throttling charging speed through a 2019 over-the-air software update, after they failed to respond to the lawsuit. The 30 customers who were part of the lawsuit were awarded 136,000 Norwegian kroner each ($16,000).
[
414
]
[
415
]
Racism
Tesla has faced numerous complaints regarding workplace harassment and racial discrimination,
[
416
]
[
417
]
with one former Tesla worker who attempted to sue the employer describing it as "a hotbed of racist behavior."
[
418
]
As of December 2021, three percent of leadership at the company were African-American.
[
419
]
A former Black worker described the work environment at Tesla's
Buffalo
plant as a "very racist place."
[
420
]
Tesla and SpaceX's treatment of
Juneteenth
in 2020 also came under fire.
[
421
]
Approximately 100 former employees have submitted signed statements alleging that the company discriminates specifically against African Americans and "allows a racist environment in its factories."
[
422
]
Few of these cases against Tesla ever make it to trial as most employees are made to sign
arbitration agreements
.
[
423
]
Employees are afterwards required to resolve such disputes out of court, and behind closed doors.
[
citation needed
]
Fremont, California, plant
According to the state's Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the
Fremont
factory is a racially segregated place where Black employees claim they are given the most menial
[
416
]
and physically demanding work.
[
424
]
The accusations of racism culminated in February 2022 with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing suing Tesla for "discriminating against its Black workers."
[
425
]
In July 2021, former employee Melvin Berry received $1Â million in his discrimination case in arbitration against the company after he claimed he was referred to by the
n-word
and forced to work longer hours at the Fremont plant.
[
426
]
In October 2021, a jury verdict in the
Owen Diaz vs. Tesla
trial awarded the plaintiff $137Â million in damages after he had faced racial harassment at Tesla's Fremont facility during 2015â2016.
[
427
]
[
428
]
In a blog, Tesla stressed that Diaz was never "really" a Tesla worker, and that most uttering of the n-word were expressed in a friendly manner.
[
429
]
[
430
]
In April 2022, federal judge
William Orrick
upheld the jury finding of Tesla's liability but reduced the total damage down to $15Â million.
[
431
]
Diaz was given a two-week deadline to decide if he would collect the damages. In June 2022, Diaz announced that he would be rejecting the $15Â million award, opening the door for a new trial.
[
432
]
In April 2023, Diaz was awarded $3.2 million in the new trial.
[
433
]
COVID-19 pandemic
Tesla's initial response to the
COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
has been the subject of considerable criticism. Musk had sought to exempt the Tesla Fremont factory in Alameda County, California, from the government's stay-at-home orders. In an
earnings call
in April, he was heard calling the public health orders "fascist".
[
434
]
He had also called the public's response to the pandemic "dumb" and had said online that there would be zero cases by April.
[
435
]
In May 2020, while
Alameda County
officials were negotiating with the company to reopen the
Fremont Factory
on the 18th, Musk defied local government orders by restarting production on the 11th.
[
436
]
[
437
]
[
438
]
Tesla also sued Alameda County, questioning the legality of the orders, but backed down after the Fremont Factory was given approval to reopen.
[
439
]
[
440
]
In June 2020, Tesla published a detailed plan for bringing employees back to work and keeping them safe,
[
441
]
However, some employees still expressed concern for their health.
[
442
]
In May 2020, Musk told workers that they could stay home if they felt uncomfortable coming back to work.
[
443
]
But in June, Tesla dismissed an employee who criticized the company for taking inadequate safety measures to protect workers from the coronavirus at the Fremont Factory.
[
444
]
Three more employees at Tesla's Fremont Factory claimed they were laid off for staying home out of fear of catching COVID-19. This was subsequently denied by Tesla, which even stated that the employees were still on the payroll.
[
445
]
COVID-19 cases at the factory grew from 10 in May 2020 to 125 in December 2020, with about 450 total cases in that time out of the approximately 10,000 workers at the plant (4.5%).
[
434
]
[
446
]
In China, Tesla had what one executive described as "not a green light from the government to get back to work â but a flashing-sirens police escort."
[
447
]
Tesla enjoyed special treatment and strong government support in China, including
tax breaks
, cheap financing, and assistance in building its
Giga Shanghai
factory at breakneck speeds.
[
447
]
Musk has praised China's way of doing things, a controversial stance due to deteriorating
USâChinese relations
, the
persecution of Uyghurs in China
, and alleged human rights abuses in Hong Kong.
[
447
]
Right to repair
In March 2023, a class action antitrust lawsuit was filed against Tesla by Virginia M. Lambrix in San Francisco, alleging that the company unlawfully monopolized the market for maintenance and repair of its vehicles in violation of the
Sherman Act
and California
antitrust law
, as a result of which owners were "forced to pay supracompetitive prices and suffer exorbitant wait times" for maintenance services and repair parts.
[
448
]
[
449
]
The lawsuit was later combined with four other similar suits.
[
450
]
[
451
]
While six out of eight alleged antitrust violations were dismissed, in June 2024 US District Judge
Trina Thompson
allowed two claims to proceed, including alleged violations of California's Cartwright Act and Unfair Competition Law (UCL), with the court finding evidence of a repairs monopoly in Tesla's designing of its vehicles to require diagnostic and software updates that only the company could provide, and evidence of a parts monopoly in Tesla's restricting
original equipment manufacturers
from selling "to anyone other than Tesla."
[
450
]
[
451
]
TeslaTakedown protests
In February 2025, numerous planned protests occurred outside of Tesla showrooms and service centers throughout the US. The protests were in response to Musk's contentious actions as leader of the
Department of Government Efficiency
(DOGE) at the beginning of Donald Trump's second term as US president.
[
452
]
[
453
]
Lawsuits against Tesla critics and vehicle malfunction complainants in China
On February 12, 2025, the
Associated Press
reported that in China, Tesla had sued six car owners, six or more bloggers, and two media outlets for
defamation
since 2021. The car owners had complained publicly about Tesla's quality and accidents caused by major mechanical malfunctions, like brake failure. The bloggers and media outlets had written critically about the company. As of the date of publication, the Associated Press reported that Tesla had won 11 verdicts, two judgments were on appeal, and one had been settled outside court.
[
454
]
Criticism
Data privacy
A Tesla vehicle was only the second product ever reviewed by the
Mozilla Foundation
that failed all of their privacy criteria.
[
455
]
[
456
]
A Tesla owner filed a lawsuit in 2023 following a
Reuters
report that Tesla employees shared "highly invasive videos and images recorded by customers' car cameras" with one another.
[
457
]
Internal data troves shared with various international government agencies and news organizations by former employee and
whistleblower
Lukasz Krupski in late 2023 implicated Tesla in "serious data protection lapse[s]."
[
458
]
The data Krupski retrieved included "information about current and former Tesla staff, including passport numbers, medical details and salaries" and was readily available on internal systems that most employees had access to.
[
459
]
As of November 2023, the Data Protection Authority in the Netherlands was investigating whether Tesla's alleged lack of internal security violated privacy laws.
[
460
]
Short sellers
TSLAQ
is a collective of Tesla skeptics and
short-sellers
who are vocally critical of Tesla and aim to "shape [the] perception [of Tesla] and move its stock."
[
461
]
In January 2020, 20% of Tesla stock was shorted, the highest at that time of any stock in the US equity markets.
[
462
]
By early 2021, according to CNN, short sellers had lost $40Â billion during 2020 as the stock price climbed much higher.
[
463
]
Michael Burry
, a short seller portrayed in
The Big Short
, had shorted Tesla previously via his firm
Scion Asset Management
, but removed his position in October 2021.
[
464
]
Tesla's mission
According to automotive journalist Jamie Kitman, when multiple CEOs of major automotive manufacturers approached Tesla for EV technology that Musk had claimed the company was willing to share, they instead were offered the opportunity to buy regulatory credits from the company. This suggested, according to Kitman, that "the company may not be as eager for the electric revolution to occur as it claims."
[
465
]
Giga New York audit
In 2020, the
New York State Comptroller
released an audit of the
Giga New York
factory project, concluding that it presented many red flags, including a lack of basic
due diligence
and that the factory itself produced only $0.54 in economic benefits for every $1 spent by the state.
[
466
]
[
467
]
[
468
]
Delays
Musk has been criticized for repeatedly pushing out both production and release dates of products.
[
469
]
[
470
]
By one count in 2016, Musk had missed 20 projections.
[
471
]
In October 2017, Musk predicted that Model 3 production would be 5,000 units per week by December.
[
472
]
A month later, he revised that target to "sometime in March" 2018.
[
473
]
Delivery dates for the Model 3 were delayed as well.
[
474
]
Other projects like converting supercharger stations to be
solar-powered
have also lagged projections.
[
475
]
Musk responded in late 2018: "punctuality is not my strong suit...I never made a mass-produced car. How am I supposed to know with precision when it's gonna get done?"
[
476
]
Accolades
In 2019, Model 3 earned the Top Safety Pick+ Award from the
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
.
[
477
]
In 2022, Model Y has received the highest safety score of any car analyzed under
Euro NCAP
.
[
478
]
In 2022, Tesla won
S&P Global
Automotive Loyalty Awards in 7 categories.
[
479
]
In 2025,
TIME
magazine named Model S as one of the best inventions of the past 25 years, praising it as a "game-changing advance for electric vehicles".
[
480
]
Motor Trend
has shortlisted Cybertruck for the magazine's 2025 Truck of the Year, praising its
steer-by-wire
system and other tech, but criticizing "the design's many compromises".
[
481
]
Vehicle product issues
Recalls
On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 (~70%) of the 76,000 vehicles it sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes which could become stuck and "prevent the vehicles from moving".
[
482
]
[
483
]
On March 29, 2018, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 123,000 Model S cars built before April 2016 due to
corrosion
-susceptible
power steering
bolts, which could fail and require the driver to use "increased force" to control the vehicle.
[
484
]
In October 2020, Tesla initiated a recall of nearly 50,000 Model X and Y vehicles throughout China for suspension issues.
[
485
]
Soon after in November, the
NHTSA
announced it had opened its investigation into 115,000 Tesla cars regarding "front suspension safety issues", citing specifically 2015â2017 Model S and 2016â2017 Model X years. Cases of the "whompy wheel" phenomenon, which also included Model X and the occasional Model 3 cars, have been documented through 2020.
[
486
]
[
487
]
In February 2021, Tesla was required by the NHTSA to recall 135,000 Model S and Model X vehicles built from 2012 to 2018 due to using a
flash memory
device that was rated to last only 5 to 6 years.
[
488
]
The problem was related to touchscreen failures that could possibly affect the rearview camera, safety systems, Autopilot and other features.
[
489
]
[
490
]
The underlying technical reason is that the car writes a large amount of
syslog
content to the device, wearing it out prematurely.
[
491
]
Also in February 2021, the German Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) ordered Tesla to recall 12,300 Model X cars because of "body mouldings problems".
[
492
]
[
493
]
In June 2021, Tesla recalled 5,974 electric vehicles due to worries that brake caliper bolts might become loose, which could lead to loss of tire pressure, increasing the chance of a crash.
[
494
]
On December 30, 2021, Tesla announced that they are recalling more than 475,000 US model vehicles. This included 356,309 Model 3 Tesla vehicles from 2017 to 2020 due to rear-view camera issues and a further 119,009 Tesla Model S vehicles due to potential problems with the trunk or boot. The Model S recall includes vehicles manufactured between 2014 and 2021. Around 1% of recalled Model 3s may have a defective rear-view camera, and around 14% of recalled Model S may have the defect. The recall was not linked to a contemporaneous issue regarding the "Passenger Play" feature, which allowed games to be played on the touchscreen while the car is in motion.
[
495
]
After an investigation was launched by the NHTSA covering 585,000 vehicles, Tesla agreed to make changes where the feature would be locked and unusable while the car is moving.
[
496
]
In September 2022, Tesla announced that they are recalling almost 1.1Â million US model vehicles because the automatic window reversal system might not react correctly after detecting an obstruction, increasing the risk of injury.
[
497
]
[
498
]
In response,
[
clarification needed
]
Tesla announced an over-the-air software fix.
[
498
]
In February 2023, Tesla recalled its FSD software following a recommendation from NHTSA; the recall applied to approximately 360,000 cars.
[
499
]
NHTSA found that FSD caused "unreasonable risk" when used on city streets.
[
500
]
In March 2023, about 3,500 Model Y Teslas were recalled for a bolting issue concerning the cars' second-row seats.
[
501
]
In December 2023, following a 2-year investigation by the
NHTSA
,
[
502
]
Tesla issued a wider recall on all vehicles equipped with any version of Autosteer, including 2012â2023 Model S; 2016â2023 Model X; 2017â2023 Model 3; and 2020â2023 Model Y, covering 2,031,220 vehicles in total.
[
503
]
The NHTSA concluded that Autosteer's controls were not sufficient to prevent misuse and did not ensure that the drivers maintained "continuous and sustained responsibility for vehicle operation" and states that affected vehicles will receive an over-the-air software remedy.
[
503
]
[
504
]
Fires
Tesla customers have reported the company as being "slow" to address how their cars can ignite.
[
505
]
In 2013, a Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit metal debris on a highway in
Kent, Washington
. Tesla confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and was caused by the impact of an object.
[
506
]
As a result of this and other incidents, Tesla announced its decision to extend its current vehicle warranty to cover fire damage.
[
507
]
In March 2014, the NHTSA announced that it had closed the investigation into whether the Model S was prone to catch fire, after Tesla said it would provide more protection to its battery packs.
[
508
]
All Model S cars manufactured after March 6, 2014, have had the 0.25-inch (6.4Â mm) aluminum shield over the battery pack replaced with a new three-layer shield.
[
509
]
In October 2019, the NHTSA opened an investigation into possible battery defects in Tesla's Model S and X vehicles from 2012 to 2019 that could cause "non-crash" fires.
[
510
]
[
511
]
[
512
]
Autopilot crashes
A Model S driver died in a collision with a tractor-trailer in 2016, while the vehicle was in Autopilot mode; the driver is believed to be the first person to have died in a Tesla vehicle in Autopilot.
[
513
]
[
514
]
The NHTSA investigated the accident but found no safety-related defect trend.
[
515
]
In March 2018, a driver of a Tesla Model X was killed in a crash. Investigators say that the driver of the vehicle had his car in 'self-driving' mode and was using his phone to play games when the vehicle collided with the barrier in the middle of the freeway. Through investigation, the NTSB found that the Tesla malfunctioned due to the system being confused by an exit on the freeway.
[
516
]
According to a document released in June 2021, the NHTSA has initiated at least 30 investigations into Tesla crashes that were believed to involve the use of Autopilot, with some
involving fatalities
.
[
517
]
[
518
]
In early September 2021, the NHTSA updated the list with an additional fatality incident
[
519
]
and ordered Tesla to hand over all extensive
[
clarification needed
]
data pertaining to US cars with Autopilot to determine if there is a safety defect that leads Tesla cars to collide with first-responder vehicles.
[
519
]
[
520
]
[
521
]
In late September 2021, Tesla released an over-the-air software update to detect emergency lights at night.
[
522
]
In October 2021, the NHTSA asked Tesla why it did not issue a recall when it sent out that update.
[
523
]
In June 2022, the NHTSA said it would expand its probe, extending it to 830,000 cars from all current Tesla models. The probe was moved up from the
Preliminary Evaluation
level to
Engineering Analysis
. The regulator cited the reason for the expansion as the need to "explore the degree to which Autopilot and associated Tesla systems may exacerbate human factors or behavioral safety risks by undermining the effectiveness of the driver's supervision."
[
524
]
A safety test conducted by the Dawn Project in August 2022 demonstrated that a test driver using the beta version of Full Self-Driving repeatedly hit a child-sized mannequin in its path,
[
525
]
but there has been controversy over its conclusions.
[
526
]
Several Tesla owners responded by conducting their own, independent tests using children; NHTSA released a statement warning against the practice.
[
527
]
In 2025, the California DMV filed a lawsuit against Tesla, claiming it had misled drivers about its vehicles' self-driving capabilities. The DMV sought to suspend Tesla's sales and manufacturing in the state of California for a minimum of 30 days.
[
528
]
[
529
]
Software hacking
In August 2015, two researchers said they were able to take control of a Tesla Model S by hacking into the car's entertainment system.
[
530
]
The hack required the researchers to physically access the car.
[
531
]
Tesla issued a
security update
for the Model S the day after the exploit was announced.
[
532
]
In September 2016, researchers at
Tencent
's Keen Security Lab demonstrated a remote attack on a Tesla Model S and controlled the vehicle in both Parking and Driving Mode without physical access. They were able to compromise the automotive networking bus (
CAN bus
) when the vehicle's web browser was used while the vehicle was connected to a malicious Wi-Fi hotspot.
[
533
]
This was the first case of a remote control exploit demonstrated on a Tesla. The vulnerability was disclosed to Tesla under their
bug bounty program
and patched within 10 days, before the exploit was made public.
[
534
]
Tencent also hacked the doors of a Model X in 2017.
[
535
]
In January 2018, security researchers informed Tesla that an
Amazon Web Services
account of theirs could be accessed directly from the Internet and that the account had been exploited for
cryptocurrency mining
. Tesla responded by securing the compromised system, rewarding the security researchers financially via their bug bounty program, and stating that the compromise did not violate customer privacy, nor vehicle safety or security.
[
536
]
[
537
]
Later in 2019, Tesla awarded a car and $375,000 to
ethical hackers
during a
Pwn2Own
Model 3 hacking event.
[
538
]
In June 2022, Martin Herfurt, a security researcher in Austria, discovered that changes made to make Tesla vehicles easier to start with
NFC
cards also allowed for pairing new keys to the vehicle, allowing an attacker to enroll their keys to a vehicle.
[
539
]
Phantom braking
This section needs to be
updated
.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
August 2025
)
In February 2022, Tesla drivers reported a surge in "phantom braking" events when using Tesla Autopilot, which coincides with the automaker's removal of radar as a supplemental sensor in May 2021.
[
540
]
In response, NHTSA opened an investigation the same month.
[
541
]
In August 2022, a consumer class action was filed alleging that the Autopilot system in Tesla cars "contains a hazardous defect which causes the vehicle to suddenly and unintentionally brake".
[
542
]
[
543
]
In November 2024, Tesla failed to persuade a
US District Judge
to dismiss the lawsuit.
[
544
]
The next court date is January 7, 2025.
[
544
]
In May 2023, German business newspaper
Handelsblatt
published a series of articles based on a trove of internal Tesla data submitted to them from informants.
[
545
]
The 100 gigabytes of data "contain[ed] over 1,000 accident reports involving phantom braking or unintended acceleration" as well as complaints about Tesla Autopilot.
[
546
]
Dutch authorities
responded by saying they were investigating the company for possible data privacy violations.
[
547
]
In February 2025, a German court declared Tesla Autopilot defective for normal use due to phantom braking issues.
[
548
]
In February 2025, a group of Australian buyers sued Tesla with a
class action
over multiple issues like battery range, driving assistance, and phantom braking.
[
549
]
Driving range performance
Tesla has received thousands of complaints from owners that the driving ranges of their vehicles did not meet the ranges advertised by Tesla or the projections of in-dash range meters. When service centers were overwhelmed with appointments to take care of these issues, Tesla established a diversion team to cancel as many appointments as possible. Customers were told that remote diagnostics had determined there was no problem, and their appointments were canceled. The company has been fined by South Korean regulators for its exaggerated range estimates.
[
550
]
Vehicle sales
In 2024, Tesla ranked as the world's best-selling
battery electric
passenger car manufacturer, with a market share of 17.6%.
[
551
]
Tesla reported 2023 vehicle deliveries of 1.8 million units, up 38% from 2022.
[
552
]
[
553
]
In March 2024, Tesla produced its six millionth car.
[
554
]
In Q4 2023, Tesla's competitor
BYD
, a chinese EV company, took over the top spot for EVs shipped, but Tesla regained the title in Q1 2024.
[
555
]
On January 2, 2026, BYD became the bestselling electric vehicle maker across the globe and surpassed Tesla as the largest EV maker.
[
556
]
Tesla sells the most vehicles in the US (674,000+ in 2023) and has received $11.4 billion in regulatory credits from federal and state governments. The federal government previously provided a $7500 rebate to customers.
[
557
]
[
558
]
[
559
]
Tesla received around $426 million from the Chinese government for cars manufactured at its Shanghai facility.
[
560
]
Germany was Tesla's third-largest market in 2023, selling 63,682 units. Germany ended its EV subsidy program in December 2023. Under the program, a
âŹ6,750
discount was provided with Tesla paying
âŹ2,250
. Tesla announced it would cover the entire discount going forward.
[
561
]
In 2023, over 63,000 Teslas were sold in France with customers receiving up to
âŹ7,000
via the bonus ĂŠcologique. The government decreased the budget for EV aid from
âŹ1.5 billion
to
âŹ700 million
in 2024.
[
562
]
Canada was in Tesla's top five markets in 2023 with over 52,000 vehicles sold. In 2025, Tesla was accused of having "a run on the bank" when it sold a historic 8,600 vehicles in 72 hours before Canada's EV rebate program's funds were depleted. Tesla claimed 4000 vehicles alone were sold over one weekend in Quebec City.
[
563
]
[
564
]
The Government of Canada announced on March 25, 2025, that it had suspended the rebates and was investigating. The government also declared Tesla would be ineligible for any future rebates as long as the US tariffs on Canadian products continued.
[
565
]
Musk has stated he is against government subsidies but will take them if they are available.
[
566
]
Sales have been negatively impacted by Musk's actions during the
second Trump presidency
.
[
567
]
[
568
]
Tesla sales have decreased worldwide (the most in countries like France, Germany, the UK, Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands)
[
569
]
[
570
]
with his vocal support for far-right parties such as
Reform UK
[
571
]
and
AfD
[
572
]
in Germany along with his
Nazi salute controversy
leading to boycotts of his products and Tesla vehicles being nicknamed
Swasticars
, a
portmanteau
of
swastika
and
car
.
[
579
]
German sales fell 76% in February 2025 compared to February 2024.
[
580
]
[
581
]
Tesla's shares dropped over 9 percent after its sales in the EU and UK declined by nearly half in January 2025, bringing its valuation below $1 trillion for the first time since November 2024. While European electric car sales surged, Tesla struggled against rising competition, particularly from Chinese automakers.
[
582
]
In May 2025, it was reported that the company's sales in Europe declined every month since the start of the year, including in April where sales dropped 49 percent to 7,261 from 14,228 in April 2024.
[
583
]
As of May 2025, the company has a 0.7 percent market share in Europe, down from 1.3 percent a year ago.
[
583
]
Production and sales by quarter
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
3 2012
4
1
2 2013
3
4
1
2 2014
3
4
1
2 2015
3
4
1
2 2016
3
4
1
2 2017
3
4
1
2 2018
3
4
1
2 2019
3
4
1
2 2020
3
4
1
2 2021
3
4
1
2 2022
3
4
1
2 2023
3
4
1
2 2024
3
4
1
2 2025
3
4
1 2026
Â
Model S
Â
Model X
Â
Model S/X
Â
Models Other Than 3/Y
Â
Model 3
Â
Model 3/Y
Tesla deliveries vary significantly by month due to regional issues such as availability of
car carriers
and registration. On March 9, 2020, the company produced its 1Â millionth electric car, becoming the first
auto manufacturer
to achieve such a milestone.
[
584
]
In the third quarter of 2021, Tesla sold its 2 millionth electric car, becoming the first auto manufacturer to achieve such a milestone.
[
585
]
In the first quarter of 2023, the Model Y became the world's best-selling car, surpassing the Toyota Corolla.
[
586
]
Finances
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
2009
2012
2015
2018
2021
2024
Revenue
Net loss / profit
Tesla financial performance (in Billion USD)
For the fiscal (and calendar) year 2021, Tesla reported a net income of $5.52Â billion.
[
587
]
The annual revenue was $53.8Â billion, an increase of 71% over the previous fiscal year.
[
587
]
Sales by business (2024)
[
588
]
Business
Sales in billion $
Share
Automotive
87.6
89.7%
Energy Generation and Storage
10.1
10.3%
Sales by region (2024)
[
588
]
Region
Sales in billion $
Share
United States
47.7
48.9%
Other countries
29.0
29.7%
China
20.9
21.4%
Of the revenue number in 2021, $314Â million came from selling regulatory credits to other automakers to meet government pollution standards. That number has been a smaller percentage of revenue for multiple quarters.
[
587
]
Tesla ended 2021 with $17.6 billion of cash on hand, down $1.8 billion from the end of 2020.
[
177
]
:â31â
In February 2021, a
10-K
filing revealed that Tesla had invested some $1.5Â billion in the cryptocurrency bitcoin, and the company indicated it would soon accept bitcoin as a form of payment.
[
86
]
Critics then pointed out how investing in cryptocurrency can run counter to Tesla's environmental goals.
[
589
]
[
590
]
Tesla made more profit from the 2021 investment than the profit from selling cars in 2020, due to the Bitcoin price increase after the investment was announced.
[
591
]
[
592
]
The quarter ending June 2021 was the first time Tesla made a profit independent of Bitcoin and regulatory credits.
[
593
]
Between 2015 and 2024, a third of Tesla's profits came from government climate credits.
[
594
]
The key trends for Tesla are (as at the financial year ending December 31):
Year
Revenue
(US$ m)
Net income
(US$ m)
Total assets
(US$ m)
Employees
Ref.
2005
0
â12
8
2006
0
â30
44
70
[
595
]
[
596
]
2007
0
â78
34
268
2008
15
â83
52
252
2009
112
â56
130
514
2010
117
â154
386
899
[
596
]
2011
204
â254
713
1,417
[
596
]
2012
413
â396
1,114
2,914
[
596
]
2013
2,013
â74
2,417
5,859
[
596
]
2014
3,198
â294
5,831
10,161
[
596
]
2015
4,046
â889
8,068
13,058
[
596
]
2016
7,000
â675
22,664
17,782
[
596
]
2017
11,759
â1,962
28,655
37,543
[
596
]
2018
21,461
â976
29,740
48,817
[
596
]
2019
24,578
â862
34,309
48,016
[
596
]
2020
31,536
721
52,148
70,757
[
596
]
2021
53,823
5,519
62,131
99,290
[
596
]
2022
81,462
12,556
82,338
127,855
[
596
]
2023
96,773
14,997
106,618
140,473
[
596
]
2024
97,690
7,091
122,070
125,665
[
596
]
2025
94,827
3,794
137,806
134,785
[
596
]
Corporate affairs
List of chief executives
Martin Eberhard (2004â2007)
Ze'ev Drori (2007â2008)
[
13
]
[
597
]
Elon Musk (since October 2008)
[
598
]
List of board chairs
Elon Musk (2004â2018)
[
599
]
Robyn Denholm
(since November 2018)
[
598
]
Board of directors
Tesla has received criticism that its board lacks enough independent directors. In an April 2017 public letter, a group of influential Tesla investors, including the
California State Teachers' Retirement System
, asked Tesla to add two new independent directors to its board "who do not have any ties" with Musk,
[
600
]
writing that "five of six current non-executive directors have professional or personal ties to Mr. Musk that could put at risk their ability to exercise independent judgement."
[
601
]
Tesla's directors at the time included Brad Buss, who served as chief financial officer at SolarCity;
Steve Jurvetson
, a venture capitalist who also sits on the board of SpaceX;
[
602
]
Elon Musk's brother,
Kimbal
; and
Ira Ehrenpreis
and
Antonio Gracias
, both of whom also invested in SpaceX.
[
603
]
The letter called for a more independent board that could put a check on
groupthink
.
[
601
]
At first Musk responded on Twitter, writing that the investors "should buy Ford stock" because "their governance is amazing."
[
601
]
Two days later, he promised he would add two independent board members;
[
604
]
Kathleen Wilson-Thompson
and
Larry Ellison
were added at the end of 2018.
[
605
]
Ellison stepped down in August 2022.
[
606
]
Former Tesla CTO
J. B. Straubel
, who left the company in 2019, was elected to the board in 2023.
[
607
]
Another criticism of the board composition is that most of the independent directors lack automotive industry experience.
[
608
]
The exception is Robyn Denholm who served in finance and corporate reporting roles at
Toyota Australia
from 1989 to 1996.
[
609
]
Other previous board members include businessman
Steve Westly
; Daimler executive Herbert Kohler;
[
305
]
CEO and Chairman of
Johnson Publishing Company
Linda Johnson Rice;
[
610
]
and
United Nations Special Envoy
on Innovative Finance and Sustainable Investments
Hiromichi Mizuno
.
[
611
]
[
612
]
As of May 2023
, the board members are:
[
598
]
Joined
Name
Titles
Independent
Ref.
2014
Robyn Denholm
Chair (since November 2018); former CFO and Head of Strategy at
Telstra
Yes
[
613
]
[
609
]
2004
Elon Musk
CEO,
product architect
, former chair; founder, CEO and CTO of SpaceX
No
[
18
]
2004
Kimbal Musk
SpaceX board member
No
[
614
]
[
615
]
2007
Ira Ehrenpreis
General Partner at Technology Partners
Disputed
[
616
]
[
610
]
[
600
]
2017
James Murdoch
Former CEO of
21st Century Fox
Yes
[
610
]
2018
Kathleen Wilson-Thompson
Global head of Human Resources of
Walgreens Boots Alliance
Yes
[
602
]
2022
Joe Gebbia
Co-founder, board member, and advisor of
Airbnb
Yes
[
617
]
[
618
]
2023
J. B. Straubel
Founder and CEO of
Redwood Materials
; former CTO of Tesla
Disputed
[
607
]
[
619
]
Ownership structure
The 10 largest shareholders of Tesla in March 2024 were:
[
588
]
Shareholder name
Percentage
Elon Musk
12.9%
The Vanguard Group
7.2%
BlackRock
4.5%
State Street Corporation
3.4%
Geode Capital Management
1.7%
Capital Research & Management (World Investors)
1.3%
BlackRock Life
1.2%
Eaton Vance
1.0%
Norges Bank
1.0%
Fidelity Investments
0.9%
Others
64.9%
See also
List of automobile manufacturers of the United States
List of Easter eggs in Tesla products
List of production battery electric vehicles
Plug-in electric vehicles in California
Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States
Notes
^
According to company representatives, both pronunciations are correct,
[
4
]
though
Nikola Tesla
's surname is properly pronounced
TESS-lÉ
.
References
^
"Supercharger deployment charts"
.
Supercharge.info
. Retrieved
January 27,
2025
.
^
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^
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.
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^
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.
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. April 12, 2017
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^
Rai, Sonam; Klayman, Ben (December 28, 2018).
"Tesla names close Musk friend Larry Ellison to board"
.
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September 5,
2022
.
^
Ponciano, Jonathan (June 10, 2022).
"Tesla Files For Another Stock SplitâReveals Billionaire Larry Ellison To Leave Board"
.
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.
^
a
b
Hull, Dana; O'Kane, Sean (May 16, 2023).
"Tesla Investors Elect Former Executive JB Straubel to Board"
.
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.
{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
)
^
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"Tesla's biggest investor says the company's chairwoman gives Elon Musk 'emotional' support so he can focus on leading the company"
.
Business Insider
. Retrieved
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.
^
a
b
Holland, Maximilian (November 8, 2018).
"More Background On New Tesla Chair Robyn Denholm"
.
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. Retrieved
March 9,
2020
.
^
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^
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"Tesla director Hiro Mizuno picked as UN sustainable investment envoy"
.
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^
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.
Bloomberg.com
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April 29,
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.
^
Kolodny, Lora (November 8, 2018).
"Robyn Denholm replaces Elon Musk as Tesla's board chair"
. CNBC
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.
^
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.
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^
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.
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^
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"Elon's Enablers: Tesla's Submissive Board May Be As Big A Risk As An Erratic CEO"
.
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February 22,
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.
^
Nishant, Niket; Sriram, Akash (September 28, 2022).
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.
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.
^
Korosec, Kirsten (September 28, 2022).
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.
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^
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. Reuters.
Sources
Vance, Ashlee
(2015).
Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
. New York: HarperCollins.
ISBN
Â
978-0062301239
.
OCLC
Â
881436803
.
Further reading
Higgins, Tim (2021).
Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century
. Doubleday.
ISBN
Â
978-0385545464
.
McKenzie, Hamish (2018).
Insane Mode: How Elon Musk's Tesla Sparked an Electric Revolution to End the Age of Oil
. New York: Dutton.
ISBN
Â
978-1101985953
.
Niedermeyer, Edward (2019).
Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors
. Dallas: BenBella.
ISBN
Â
978-1948836326
.
OCLC
Â
1089841254
.
External links
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.)
- [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#History)
Toggle History subsection
- [1\.1 Founding (2003â2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Founding_\(2003%E2%80%932004\))
- [1\.2 Roadster (2005â2009)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Roadster_\(2005%E2%80%932009\))
- [1\.3 IPO, Model S, and Model X (2010â2015)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#IPO,_Model_S,_and_Model_X_\(2010%E2%80%932015\))
- [1\.4 SolarCity and Model 3 (2016â2018)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#SolarCity_and_Model_3_\(2016%E2%80%932018\))
- [1\.5 Global expansion and Model Y (2019âpresent)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Global_expansion_and_Model_Y_\(2019%E2%80%93present\))
- [2 Automotive products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Automotive_products)
Toggle Automotive products subsection
- [2\.1 Available products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Available_products)
- [2\.1.1 Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Model_3)
- [2\.1.2 Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Model_Y)
- [2\.1.3 Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Semi)
- [2\.1.4 Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Cybertruck)
- [2\.1.5 Cybercab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Cybercab)
- [2\.2 Concept vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Concept_vehicles)
- [2\.2.1 Roadster (second generation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Roadster_\(second_generation\))
- [2\.2.2 Tesla next-generation vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Tesla_next-generation_vehicle)
- [2\.2.3 Robovan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Robovan)
- [2\.3 Discontinued vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Discontinued_vehicles)
- [2\.3.1 Roadster (first generation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Roadster_\(first_generation\))
- [2\.3.2 Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Model_S)
- [2\.3.3 Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Model_X)
- [2\.4 Discontinued vehicle features](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Discontinued_vehicle_features)
- [3 Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Services)
Toggle Services subsection
- [3\.1 Connectivity services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Connectivity_services)
- [3\.2 Vehicle servicing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Vehicle_servicing)
- [3\.3 Charging services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Charging_services)
- [3\.3.1 Supercharger network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Supercharger_network)
- [3\.3.2 Destination charging location network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Destination_charging_location_network)
- [3\.4 Insurance services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Insurance_services)
- [3\.5 Robotaxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Robotaxi)
- [4 Energy products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Energy_products)
- [5 Business strategy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Business_strategy)
- [6 Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Technology)
Toggle Technology subsection
- [6\.1 Batteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Batteries)
- [6\.1.1 18650](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#18650)
- [6\.1.2 2170](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#2170)
- [6\.1.3 4680](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#4680)
- [6\.1.4 Prismatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Prismatic)
- [6\.1.5 Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Research)
- [6\.1.6 Lithium Refinement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Lithium_Refinement)
- [6\.2 Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Software)
- [6\.3 Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Motors)
- [6\.4 North American Charging Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#North_American_Charging_Standard)
- [6\.5 "Autopilot" and "Full Self-Driving (Supervised)"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#"Autopilot"_and_"Full_Self-Driving_\(Supervised\)")
- [6\.6 Glass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Glass)
- [6\.7 Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Robotics)
- [7 Facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Facilities)
Toggle Facilities subsection
- [7\.1 North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#North_America)
- [7\.2 Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Europe)
- [7\.3 Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Asia)
- [8 Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Partners)
Toggle Partners subsection
- [8\.1 Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Panasonic)
- [8\.2 Other current partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Other_current_partners)
- [8\.3 Former partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Former_partners)
- [8\.3.1 Daimler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Daimler)
- [8\.3.2 Toyota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Toyota)
- [8\.3.3 Mobileye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Mobileye)
- [9 Lawsuits and controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Lawsuits_and_controversies)
Toggle Lawsuits and controversies subsection
- [9\.1 Failed lawsuit alleging unfair review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Failed_lawsuit_alleging_unfair_review)
- [9\.2 Sexual harassment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Sexual_harassment)
- [9\.3 Labor disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Labor_disputes)
- [9\.4 Accidents, repairs, and safety violations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Accidents,_repairs,_and_safety_violations)
- [9\.5 Fraud allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Fraud_allegations)
- [9\.6 Tesla US dealership disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Tesla_US_dealership_disputes)
- [9\.7 Intellectual property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Intellectual_property)
- [9\.8 Misappropriation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Misappropriation)
- [9\.9 Environmental violations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Environmental_violations)
- [9\.10 Property damage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Property_damage)
- [9\.11 Racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Racism)
- [9\.11.1 Fremont, California, plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Fremont,_California,_plant)
- [9\.12 COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#COVID-19_pandemic)
- [9\.13 Right to repair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Right_to_repair)
- [9\.14 TeslaTakedown protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#TeslaTakedown_protests)
- [9\.15 Lawsuits against Tesla critics and vehicle malfunction complainants in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Lawsuits_against_Tesla_critics_and_vehicle_malfunction_complainants_in_China)
- [10 Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Criticism)
Toggle Criticism subsection
- [10\.1 Data privacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Data_privacy)
- [10\.2 Short sellers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Short_sellers)
- [10\.3 Tesla's mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Tesla's_mission)
- [10\.4 Giga New York audit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Giga_New_York_audit)
- [10\.5 Delays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Delays)
- [11 Accolades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Accolades)
- [12 Vehicle product issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Vehicle_product_issues)
Toggle Vehicle product issues subsection
- [12\.1 Recalls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Recalls)
- [12\.2 Fires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Fires)
- [12\.3 Autopilot crashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Autopilot_crashes)
- [12\.4 Software hacking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Software_hacking)
- [12\.5 Phantom braking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Phantom_braking)
- [12\.6 Driving range performance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Driving_range_performance)
- [13 Vehicle sales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Vehicle_sales)
Toggle Vehicle sales subsection
- [13\.1 Production and sales by quarter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Production_and_sales_by_quarter)
- [14 Finances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Finances)
- [15 Corporate affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Corporate_affairs)
Toggle Corporate affairs subsection
- [15\.1 List of chief executives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#List_of_chief_executives)
- [15\.2 List of board chairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#List_of_board_chairs)
- [15\.3 Board of directors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Board_of_directors)
- [15\.4 Ownership structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Ownership_structure)
- [16 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#See_also)
- [17 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Notes)
- [18 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#References)
- [19 Sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Sources)
- [20 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Further_reading)
- [21 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Tesla, Inc.
101 languages
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ŮŘŞŮعز â Arabic")
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ŮŘŞŮعز â Egyptian Arabic")
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ŰŘŞŰعز â Central Kurdish")
- [ÄeĹĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(americk%C3%A1_firma\) "Tesla (americkĂĄ firma) â Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(cwmni_ceir\) "Tesla (cwmni ceir) â Welsh")
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- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(enpresa\) "Tesla (enpresa) â Basque")
- [ŮاعسŰ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7 "Ř´ŘąÚŠŘŞ ŘŞŘłŮا â Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(yritys\) "Tesla (yritys) â Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(automobile\) "Tesla (automobile) â French")
- [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Inc. "Tesla Inc. â Northern Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Motors "Tesla Motors â Irish")
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- [ĺŽ˘ĺŽśčŞ / Hak-kâ-ngĂŽ](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla "Tesla â Hakka Chinese")
- [ע×ר×ת](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%94_\(%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94\) "×ץ×× (××ר×) â Hebrew")
- [चिनŕĽŕ¤ŚŕĽ](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8 "ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤¸ŕĽŕ¤˛ŕ¤ž ऎŕĽŕ¤ŕ¤°ŕĽŕ¤¸ â Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(tvrtka\) "Tesla (tvrtka) â Croatian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Hungarian")
- [ŐŐĄŐľŐĽÖŐĽŐś](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1 "ŐŐĽŐ˝ŐŹŐĄ â Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Indonesian")
- [Ăslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(azienda\) "Tesla (azienda) â Italian")
- [ćĽćŹčŞ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9_\(%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE\) "ăăšăŠ (äźç¤ž) â Japanese")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Javanese")
- [áĽáá ááŁáá](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Georgian")
- [ŇаСаŇŃĐ°](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Kazakh")
- [ŕ˛ŕ˛¨ŕłŕ˛¨ŕ˛Ą](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D "ŕ˛ŕłŕ˛¸ŕłŕ˛˛ŕ˛ž ŕ˛ŕ˛ŕ˛ŕł â Kannada")
- [íęľě´](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC_\(%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85\) "í
ěŹëź (기ě
) â Korean")
- [KurdĂŽ](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Kurdish")
- [LĂŤtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Luxembourgish")
- [LingĂĄla](https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla "Tesla â Lingala")
- [ຼາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2_\(%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94\) "ŕťŕşŕşŞŕş°ŕşĽŕş˛ (ŕşŕťŕşĽŕş´ŕşŞŕşąŕş) â Lao")
- [LietuviĹł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Lithuanian")
- [LatvieĹĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(uz%C5%86%C4%93mums\) "Tesla (uzĹÄmums) â Latvian")
- [ĐакодОнŃки](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla "Tesla â Macedonian")
- [എലയഞളŕ´](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D "ŕ´ŕľŕ´¸ŕľâലഞ ŕ´Žŕľŕ´ŕľŕ´ŕľŕ´´ŕľâസྠâ Malayalam")
- [ĐОнгОН](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0 "ТоŃНа â Mongolian")
- [ऎरञठŕĽ](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE "ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤¸ŕĽŕ¤˛ŕ¤ž â Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Malay")
- [नŕĽŕ¤Şŕ¤žŕ¤˛ŕĽ](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95. "ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤¸ŕĽŕ¤˛ŕ¤ž, ŕ¤ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤. â Nepali")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmĂĽl](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(selskap\) "Tesla (selskap) â Norwegian BokmĂĽl")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Occitan")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(ameryka%C5%84skie_przedsi%C4%99biorstwo\) "Tesla (amerykaĹskie przedsiÄbiorstwo) â Polish")
- [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(Meison_vitur%C3%ACstica\) "Tesla (Meison viturĂŹstica) â Piedmontese")
- [ŮžŮ؏ابŰ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%88 "ŮšŰŘłŮا اŮڊاعٞŮŘąŰŮšÚ â Western Punjabi")
- [ŮžÚŘŞŮ](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%B1%D8%B2 "ŘŞŘłŮا Ů
Ůٟعز â Pashto")
- [PortuguĂŞs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Quechua")
- [RomânÄ](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Romanian")
- [Đ ŃŃŃкиК](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla "Tesla â Russian")
- [ĐĄĐ°Ń
Đ° ŃŃНа](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Motors "Tesla Motors â Yakut")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Inc. "Tesla Inc. â Sicilian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Motors "Tesla Motors â Scots")
- [ŘłŮÚŮ](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86 "Ů˝ŮŘłŮا اŮڪاعٞŮŘąŮŘ´Ů â Sindhi")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Simple English")
- [SlovenÄina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(automobilka\) "Tesla (automobilka) â Slovak")
- [SlovenĹĄÄina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Motors "Tesla Motors â Slovenian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Albanian")
- [ĐĄŃĐżŃки / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(f%C3%B6retag\) "Tesla (fĂśretag) â Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Swahili")
- [ę ę ¤ę ę ę ¤](https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%90%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%8D%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%A3_%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%A5%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%99%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%98%EA%A0%A4 "ę ę Śę ę ę Ł ę ę Ľę ę ę ę Łę ę ¤ â Sylheti")
- [தமிழŕŻ](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D "ŕŽŕŻŕŽ¸ŕŻŕŽ˛ŕŽž மŕŻŕŽŕŻŕŽŕŽžŕŽ°ŕŻŕŽ¸ŕŻ â Tamil")
- [ТОҡикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla "Tesla â Tajik")
- [ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2_\(%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97\) "ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ (ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸) â Thai")
- [TĂźrkmençe](https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla "Tesla â Turkmen")
- [TĂźrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(%C5%9Firket\) "Tesla (Ĺirket) â Turkish")
- [ТаŃĐ°ŃŃĐ° / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Inc. "Tesla Inc. â Tatar")
- [ŘŚŰŮŘşŰŘąÚŰ / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7 "ŘŞŰŘłŮŮا â Uyghur")
- [ĐŁĐşŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃŃка](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla "Tesla â Ukrainian")
- [اعدŮ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%88 "ŮšŰŘłŮا اŮڊاعٞŮŘąŰŮšÚ â Urdu")
- [OĘťzbekcha / ŃСйокŃĐ°](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(kompaniya\) "Tesla (kompaniya) â Uzbek")
- [Tiáşżng Viáťt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc. â Vietnamese")
- [ĺ´čŻ](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%EF%BC%89 "çšćŻćďźĺ
Źĺ¸ďź â Wu")
- [××Ö´××׊](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A2 "×עץ×ע â Yiddish")
- [éŠĺčŞ / Bân-lâm-gĂ](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(kong-si\) "Tesla (kong-si) â Minnan")
- [精čŞ](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 "Teslaĺ
Źĺ¸ â Cantonese")
- [ä¸ć](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 "çšćŻćĺ
Źĺ¸ â Chinese")
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[Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [30°13â˛N 97°37â˛Wďťż / ďťż30\.22°N 97.62°Wďťż / 30\.22; -97.62](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tesla,_Inc.¶ms=30.22_N_97.62_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi "This article is semi-protected due to vandalism")
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American electric vehicle and clean energy company
"Tesla Motors" redirects here. For electric motors invented by Nikola Tesla, see [Induction motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor "Induction motor") and [AC motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_motor "AC motor").
"Tesla (company)" redirects here. For the electrotechnical company, see [Tesla a.s.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_a.s. "Tesla a.s.") For other uses, see [Tesla (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(disambiguation\) "Tesla (disambiguation)").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Motors.svg) | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gigafactory_Texas_Building_1_June_2022.jpg)[Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas"), Tesla's [headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters "Headquarters"), just outside of [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas") | |
| Formerly | Tesla Motors, Inc. (2003â2017) |
| Company type | [Public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company") |
| [Traded as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") | [Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq"): [TSLA](https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/tsla) [Nasdaq-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq-100 "Nasdaq-100") component [S\&P 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_100 "S&P 100") component [S\&P 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500 "S&P 500") component |
| [ISIN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number "International Securities Identification Number") | [US88160R1014](https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=US88160R1014) |
| Industry | [Automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive "Automotive") [Renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_industry "Renewable energy industry") |
| Founded | July 1, 2003; 22 years ago (2003-07-01) in [San Carlos, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos,_California "San Carlos, California"), US |
| Founders | [Martin Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard "Martin Eberhard") [Marc Tarpenning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning "Marc Tarpenning") (See [§ Founding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Founding_\(2003%E2%80%932004\))) |
| Headquarters | [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas"), US |
| Number of locations |  1,359 sales, service, and delivery centers  7,791 [Supercharger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger "Tesla Supercharger") stations[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-supercharge.info_charts-1) |
| Area served | East Asia Europe Middle East North America Oceania Southeast Asia Indian Subcontinent |
| Key people | [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") ([CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO "CEO")) [Robyn Denholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Denholm "Robyn Denholm") ([chair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_\(officer\) "Chair (officer)")) |
| Products | [Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybertruck "Cybertruck") [Megapack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapack "Megapack") [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_3 "Model 3") [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") [Powerwall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall "Tesla Powerwall") [Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Semi "Tesla Semi") [Solar Panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_solar_panels "Tesla solar panels") [Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof") |
| Production output |  1.66 million vehicles (2025)  46.7 GWh battery energy storage systems (2025) |
| Services | [Charging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger "Tesla Supercharger") [insurance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Insurance) [maintenance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Vehicle_servicing) |
| Revenue |  [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")94\.83 billion (2025) |
| [Operating income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes "Earnings before interest and taxes") |  US\$4.36 billion (2025) |
| [Net income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_income "Net income") |  US\$3.79 billion (2025) |
| [Total assets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset "Asset") |  US\$137.8 billion (2025) |
| [Total equity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_\(finance\) "Equity (finance)") |  US\$82.14 billion (2025) |
| Owner | Elon Musk (13%)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-2) |
| Number of employees |  134,785 (2025) |
| [Subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") | [Tesla Automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Automation "Tesla Automation") [Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy") |
| [ASN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_System_Number "Autonomous System Number") | [394161](https://bgp.tools/as/394161) |
| Website | [tesla.com](https://www.tesla.com/) |
| **Footnotes / references** Financials as of December 31, 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit). References:[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-10K_2025-3) | |
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|---|---|
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| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_-_54820081119_\(cropped\).jpg) | This article is part of a series about[Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") |
| Personal [Awards and honors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk "List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk") [Business career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Elon_Musk "Business career of Elon Musk") [Views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk") [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_family "Musk family") [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_of_Elon_Musk "International relations of Elon Musk") [Legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Elon_Musk "Legal affairs of Elon Musk") [Public image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Elon_Musk "Public image of Elon Musk") [Texas Institute of Technology and Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science "Texas Institute of Technology and Science") [Wealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk "Wealth of Elon Musk") [Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_Foundation "Musk Foundation") Companies [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2") [X.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com_\(bank\) "X.com (bank)") [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") [Starlink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink "Starlink") [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)") [X Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corp. "X Corp.") [Twitter under Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk "Twitter under Elon Musk") [acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk") [investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC_investigation_into_the_acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "SEC investigation into the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk") [Tesla, Inc.]() [SolarCity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity "SolarCity") [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI") [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink") [The Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company "The Boring Company") [Terafab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terafab "Terafab") [Thud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thud_\(media_company\) "Thud (media company)") Politics [Activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk") [America PAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_PAC "America PAC") [America Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Party "America Party") [Building America's Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_America%27s_Future "Building America's Future") [Dept. of Govt. Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") [Salute controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy "Elon Musk salute controversy") [Trade unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions "Elon Musk and trade unions") [Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_and_trade_unions "Tesla and trade unions") [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Elon_Musk "Protests against Elon Musk") [Tesla Takedown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Takedown "Tesla Takedown") [vandalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tesla_vandalism "2025 Tesla vandalism") [Trump feud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Musk_feud "TrumpâMusk feud") In the arts and media [*Character Limit*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_Limit:_How_Elon_Musk_Destroyed_Twitter "Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter") [*Elon Musk* by Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk:_Tesla,_SpaceX,_and_the_Quest_for_a_Fantastic_Future "Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future") [Elon Musk's Crash Course](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Crash_Course "Elon Musk's Crash Course") [*Elon Musk* by Isaacson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_\(Isaacson_book\) "Elon Musk (Isaacson book)") [Filmography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_filmography "Elon Musk filmography") [*Ludicrous*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludicrous:_The_Unvarnished_Story_of_Tesla_Motors "Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors") *[Make America Wait Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Wait_Again "Make America Wait Again")* "[The Musk Who Fell to Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musk_Who_Fell_to_Earth "The Musk Who Fell to Earth")" [*Musk* (film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_\(film\) "Musk (film)") [*Power Play*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Play:_Tesla,_Elon_Musk,_and_the_Bet_of_the_Century "Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century") *[Return to Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Space "Return to Space")* *[Revenge of the Electric Car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car "Revenge of the Electric Car")* *[The Space Barons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Barons "The Space Barons")* | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Elon_Musk_series "Template:Elon Musk series") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Elon_Musk_series "Template talk:Elon Musk series") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elon_Musk_series "Special:EditPage/Template:Elon Musk series") | |
**Tesla, Inc.** ([/ËtÉzlÉ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English") [*TEZ\-lÉ*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key") or [/ËtÉslÉ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English") [â](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_\(eng\)-Flame,_not_lame-Tesla,_Inc..wav "File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Tesla, Inc..wav") [*TESS\-lÉ*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-5)) is an American multinational [automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive "Automotive") and [clean energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_energy "Clean energy") company. Headquartered in [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas"), it designs, manufactures, and sells [battery electric vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle "Battery electric vehicle") (BEVs), stationary battery [energy storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage "Energy storage") devices from home to [grid-scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-scale_storage "Grid-scale storage"), [solar panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel") and [solar shingles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_shingles "Solar shingles"), and related products and services.
The company was incorporated in July 2003 by [Martin Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard "Martin Eberhard") and [Marc Tarpenning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning "Marc Tarpenning") as **Tesla Motors**. Its name is a tribute to the inventor and electrical engineer [Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "Nikola Tesla"). In February 2004, [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") led Tesla's first funding round and became the company's chairman, subsequently claiming to be a co-founder; in 2008, he was named [chief executive officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer"). The company began production of its first car model, the [Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)") sports car, in 2008; the [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_S "Model S") sedan in 2012; the [Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X") SUV in 2015; the [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_3 "Model 3") sedan in 2017; the [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") crossover in 2020; the [Tesla Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Semi "Tesla Semi") truck in 2022; and the [Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybertruck "Cybertruck") pickup truck in 2023.
Tesla is one of the [world's most valuable companies in terms of market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization "List of public corporations by market capitalization"). Starting in July 2020, it has been the world's most valuable automaker. From October 2021 to March 2022, Tesla was a [US\$1 trillion company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillion_dollar_company "Trillion dollar company"), the sixth US company to reach that valuation. In 2023, the company was ranked 69th in the [*Forbes* Global 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000 "Forbes Global 2000").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-6) In 2024, the company led the battery electric vehicle market, with 17.6% share.
Tesla exceeded \$1 trillion in market capitalization again between November 2024[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-7) and February 2025,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-8) and since May 2025.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-9) In November 2025, Tesla approved a pay package worth \$1 trillion for Musk, which he is to receive over 10 years if he meets specific goals.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-$1_trillion_package_approved-10) By the end of 2025, the company lost its status as world's leading manufacturer of electric vehicles.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-11)
Tesla has been the subject of lawsuits, boycotts, government scrutiny, and journalistic [criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc. "Criticism of Tesla, Inc."), stemming from allegations of multiple cases of [whistleblower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower "Whistleblower") retaliation, worker rights violations such as sexual harassment and [anti-union activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_and_unions "Tesla and unions"), safety defects leading to dozens of recalls, the lack of a [public relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") department, and controversial statements from Musk, including [overpromising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Elon_Musk%27s_FSD_predictions "List of Elon Musk's FSD predictions") on the company's [driving assist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system "Advanced driver-assistance system") technology and product release timelines.
## History
Main article: [History of Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tesla,_Inc. "History of Tesla, Inc.")
### Founding (2003â2004)
The company was incorporated as Tesla Motors, Inc., on July 1, 2003, by [Martin Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard "Martin Eberhard") and [Marc Tarpenning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning "Marc Tarpenning").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015152-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-13) They served as [chief executive officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer") and [chief financial officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_financial_officer "Chief financial officer"), respectively.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-timelinefacts-14) Eberhard said that he wanted to build "a car manufacturer that is also a technology company", with its core technologies as "the battery, the computer software, and the proprietary motor".[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-15)
Ian Wright joined Eberhard and Tarpenning a few months later.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015152-12) In February 2004, the company raised US\$7.5 million (equivalent to \$12.8 million in 2025) in [series A funding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_A_funding "Series A funding"), including \$6.5 million (equivalent to \$11.1 million in 2025) from Elon Musk, who had received \$176 million from the sale of his interest in [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") two years earlier.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015116-16) Musk became the chairman of the board of directors and the largest shareholder of Tesla.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015154-17)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TC_history_2014-18)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-timelinefacts-14) [J. B. Straubel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Straubel "J. B. Straubel") joined Tesla in May 2004 as [chief technical officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technical_officer "Chief technical officer").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015155-19)
A lawsuit settlement agreed to by Eberhard and Tesla in September 2009 allows all five â Eberhard, Tarpenning, Wright, Musk, and Straubel â to call themselves co-founders.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-20)
### Roadster (2005â2009)
Main article: [Tesla Roadster (first generation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)")
Elon Musk took an active role within the company, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-21) The company's strategy was to start with a premium sports car aimed at [early adopters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_adopter "Early adopter") and then move into more mainstream vehicles, including sedans and affordable compacts.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MasterPlan-22)
In February 2005, Musk led Tesla's Series B [venture capital funding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital_funding "Venture capital funding") round of \$13 million, which added [Valor Equity Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valor_Equity_Partners "Valor Equity Partners") to the funding team.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-23)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TC_history_2014-18) Musk co-led the third, \$40 million round in May 2006 which saw investment from prominent entrepreneurs including [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google") co-founders [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") and [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page"), and former [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") president [Jeff Skoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Skoll "Jeff Skoll").[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GreenGiants-24) A fourth round worth \$45 million in May 2007 brought the total private financing investment to over \$105 million.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GreenGiants-24)
In August 2007, Eberhard was asked by the board, led by Musk, to step down as CEO.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-25) Eberhard then took the title of "President of Technology" before ultimately leaving the company in January 2008. Co-founder Marc Tarpenning, who served as the Vice President of Electrical Engineering of the company, also left the company in January 2008.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-26) In August 2007, Michael Marks was brought in as interim CEO, and in December 2007, [Ze'ev Drori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%27ev_Drori "Ze'ev Drori") became CEO and president.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-the-origin-27) Musk succeeded Drori as CEO in October 2008.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-the-origin-27) In June 2009, Eberhard filed a lawsuit against Musk for allegedly forcing him out.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-28) The case was dismissed in August 2009.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-29)
Tesla began production of the Roadster in 2008 inside the service bays of a former [Chevrolet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") dealership in Menlo Park.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-30)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-inmenlo-Gulker-31) By January 2009, Tesla had raised \$187 million and delivered 147 cars. Musk had contributed \$70 million of his money to the company.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-32)
In June 2009, Tesla was approved to receive \$465 million in interest-bearing loans from the [United States Department of Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy"). The funding, part of the \$8 billion [Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Vehicles_Manufacturing_Loan_Program "Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program"), supported the engineering and production of the Model S sedan, as well as the development of commercial powertrain technology.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-33) Tesla repaid the loan in May 2013, with \$12 million in interest.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-34)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-35)
### IPO, Model S, and Model X (2010â2015)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_S_first_deliveries.jpg)
First deliveries of Model S at the [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory") in California, in June 2012
In May 2010, Tesla purchased the [NUMMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMMI "NUMMI") plant in [Fremont, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California"), from Toyota for \$42 million.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Future-36) On June 29, 2010, the company went public via an [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO), the first American car company to do so since the [Ford Motor Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") had its IPO in 1956.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-37) The company issued 13.3 million shares of common stock at a price of \$17 per share at its opening on the [NASDAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ "NASDAQ"), raising \$226 million.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-38)
In October 2010, Tesla opened the [Tesla Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Factory "Tesla Factory") to start production of the [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-39) In January 2012, Tesla ceased production of the Roadster, and in June 2012, the company launched its second car, the Model S luxury sedan.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-40) The Model S won several automotive awards during 2012 and 2013, including the 2013 [Motor Trend Car of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend_Car_of_the_Year "Motor Trend Car of the Year"),[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Award2013-41) and became the first electric car to top the monthly sales ranking of a country, when it topped the Norwegian new car sales list in September 2013.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Voelcker-42) The Model S was also the best-selling plug-in electric car worldwide for the years 2015 and 2016.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-43)
On July 15, 2013, Tesla became a [NASDAQ-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ-100 "NASDAQ-100") company.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-44)
Tesla announced the [Tesla Autopilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot "Tesla Autopilot"), a driver-assistance system, in 2014. In September that year, all Tesla cars started shipping with sensors and software to support the feature, with what would later be called "hardware version 1".[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-45)
Tesla entered the energy storage market, unveiling its [Tesla Powerwall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall "Tesla Powerwall") (home) and [Tesla Powerpack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerpack "Tesla Powerpack") (business) battery packs in April 2015.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-46) The company received orders valued at \$800 million within a week of the unveiling.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-47)
Tesla began shipping its third vehicle, the luxury SUV [Tesla Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X"), in September 2015, which had 25,000 pre-orders at the time.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-48)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-49)
### SolarCity and Model 3 (2016â2018)
Tesla entered the solar installation business in November 2016 with the purchase of [SolarCity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity "SolarCity"), in an all-stock \$2.6 billion deal.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-50) The business was merged with Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division to form the [Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy") subsidiary.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-51) The deal was controversial because at the time of the acquisition, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues of which Tesla's shareholders were not informed.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-solarsue-52) In February 2017, Tesla Motors changed its name to Tesla, Inc., to better reflect the scope of its expanded business.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-53) [Jon McNeill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_McNeill "Jon McNeill"), Teslaâs president of global sales, delivery and service, assumed responsibility for government relations in 2017.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bostonglobe2026-54) He later wrote *The Algorithm*, which includes a discussion of Tesla.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bostonglobe2026-54)
Tesla unveiled its first mass-market vehicle in April 2016, the Model 3 sedan. The Model 3 was less expensive than Tesla's previous three vehicles, and within a week, the company received over 325,000 paid reservations.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hull_2016-55) To speed up production and control costs, Tesla invested heavily in robotics and automation to assemble the Model 3, but the robotics actually slowed the production of the vehicles.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-King_2018-56) This led to significant delays and production problems, a period which the company described as "production hell".[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-57)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-58) By the end of 2018, the production problems had been overcome, and the Model 3 became the world's best-selling electric car from 2018 to 2021.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-The-Verge-2019-02-22-60)
This period of "production hell" put significant financial pressure on Tesla, and during this time it became one of the most [shorted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorted "Shorted") companies in the stock market. On August 8, 2018, amid the financial issues, Musk posted on social media that he was considering taking Tesla private.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-62) The plan did not materialize and gave rise to much controversy and many lawsuits including a [securities fraud charge from the SEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#SEC_and_shareholder_lawsuits_regarding_tweets "Elon Musk"), which would force Musk to pay a \$20 million fine and step down as the company's chairman, although he was allowed to remain the CEO.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### Global expansion and Model Y (2019âpresent)
From July 2019 to June 2020, Tesla reported four consecutive profitable quarters for the first time, which made it eligible for inclusion in the [S\&P 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500 "S&P 500").[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-63) During 2020, its share price increased 740%,[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-64) and by December 14, 2020, its market capitalization was more than the next nine largest automakers combined,[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-65) and it became the sixth most valuable company in the US.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-66) Tesla was added to the S\&P index on December 21, 2020;[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GuardianSP500-67) it was the most valuable company ever added, and was the sixth-largest member of the index immediately after it was added.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GuardianSP500-67)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-68) It became the sixth US company to reach \$1 trillion in market capitalization in October 2021.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-69)
Tesla introduced its second mass-market vehicle in March 2019, the Model Y [mid-size crossover SUV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_\(automobile\) "Crossover (automobile)"), based on the Model 3.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-electrek-2019-03-14-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:3-71) Deliveries started in March 2020.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Dow_2020-72)
During this period, Tesla invested heavily in expanding its production capacity, opening three new Gigafactories in quick succession. Construction of [Gigafactory Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Shanghai "Gigafactory Shanghai") started in January 2019, as the first automobile factory in China fully owned by a foreign company (not a joint venture).[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-73) The factory's first production vehicle, a Model 3, rolled out in December, less than one year after groundbreaking.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-74) [Gigafactory Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg "Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg") broke ground in February 2020,[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-75) and its production of the Model Y began in March 2022.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-dw.com-76) [Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas") broke ground in June 2020,[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lambert_2020-07-25-77) and its production of the Model Y began in April 2022.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-auto1-78) In March 2023, Tesla announced plans for a [Gigafactory Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Mexico "Gigafactory Mexico") to open in 2025,[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-79) but its groundbreaking has been delayed.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
At the beginning of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), Tesla closed the Fremont Factory in March 2020 due to California state and [Alameda county](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_county "Alameda county") COVID restrictions.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-80) When California lifted restrictions, but the county did not, Tesla sued the county, and restarted production on May 11, 2020.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-81) The county lifted restrictions on May 13, 2020, and Tesla dropped its lawsuit.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-82) After the dispute with county officials, on December 1, 2021, Tesla moved its legal headquarters to Gigafactory Texas.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-83)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Castillo-2021-84) However, Tesla continued to use its former headquarters building in Palo Alto, and over the next two years significantly expanded its footprint in California. The company opened its Megafactory to build Megapack batteries in Lathrop, California in 2022,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-85) and announced in February 2023 that it would establish a large global engineering headquarters in Palo Alto, moving into a corporate campus once owned by [Hewlett Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Inc. "HP Inc.").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-LA-Times-2023-02-23-86)
In early 2021, Tesla became a major investor in [bitcoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin "Bitcoin"), acquiring \$1.5 billion of the [cryptocurrency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency "Cryptocurrency"),[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bb20210208-87) and on March 24, 2021, the company started accepting bitcoin as a form of payment for US vehicle purchases.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-88) However, after 49 days, the company ended bitcoin payments over concerns that the production of bitcoin was contributing to the consumption of fossil fuels, against the company's mission of encouraging the transition to sustainable energy.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-89) After the announcement, the price of bitcoin dropped around 12%.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-90) Musk later noted that Tesla would resume bitcoin payments if there was confirmation of at least 50% clean energy usage by bitcoin miners. Despite later reaching this milestone, Tesla did not return to accepting bitcoin.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-91) By July 2022 Tesla had sold about 75% of its bitcoin holdings at a loss, citing that the cryptocurrency was hurting the company's profitability.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-92)
Between May 2023 and February 2024, almost all major North America EV manufacturers announced plans to switch to Tesla's [North American Charging Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Charging_Standard "North American Charging Standard") adapters on their EVs by 2025, which is expected to be a stable source of recurring revenue for Tesla.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:12-93) In November, Tesla started shipping the Cybertruck, produced from Gigafactory Texas.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-94)
In April 2024, the company announced it was laying off 10% of its employees.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-95) In June, the company moved its incorporation from Delaware to Texas.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-96) In October, the company unveiled a concept version of two [autonomous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot "Autonomous robot") vehicles â the [Cybercab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercab "Cybercab") and [Robovan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robovan "Robovan") â and detailed that both would be an integral part of a Tesla [ridehailing service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridehailing_service "Ridehailing service") called the [Tesla Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Network "Tesla Network"),[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bb20241011-97)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-verge20241010-98) a future service they had previously teased in 2019.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-trati20190422-99)
In December 2024, a [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware "Delaware") court rejected Musk's \$56 billion pay package from Tesla, ruling that it was not properly approved by the company's board. The decision arose from a lawsuit by Tesla shareholders who claimed the compensation was excessive and not aligned with performance metrics.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-100)
By February 2025, Tesla saw large decreases in its stock price and sales across Europe widely attributed to [Musk's political advocacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk") and embrace of [far-right politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics "Far-right politics").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-101) Polling found that Musk's ties to United States President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") and his [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") were strongly correlated to decreasing views of Tesla,[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-102)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-103) and triggered [multiple protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Takedown "Tesla Takedown"), vandalism, gunfire, and arson at Tesla stores and charging stations.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-104)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-105) By March 7, Tesla's stock had decreased every week for seven straight weeks since Musk joined the Trump administration, making it the longest losing streak for Tesla in 15 years as a public company.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-106) On March 29, over 200 protests against Tesla were held worldwide.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-107)
In July 2025, Tesla released a software update adding the [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI) chatbot [Grok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_\(chatbot\) "Grok (chatbot)") to its vehicles. While the update provides in-car chatbot functionality, it does not give Grok control over vehicle functions.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-108) The same month, Tesla opened its first showroom in [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") at the [Bandra-Kurla Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandra-Kurla_Complex "Bandra-Kurla Complex") in [Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), showcasing the [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") as its debut offering.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-109)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-110) In August, Tesla integrated [Deepseek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepseek "Deepseek") and [Bytedance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytedance "Bytedance")'s Doubao AIs into Chinese models. Unlike vehicles equipped with Grok, AI in Tesla's Chinese vehicles may be used to control vehicle functions, as well as act as a chatbot.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-111)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-112)
In December 2025, Tesla's UK registrations fell by more than 29% year-on-year. UK sales also fell by 8.9% year-on-year.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-113)
In January 2026, the title of world's largest battery electric vehicle manufacturer was lost to Chinese competitor [BYD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Company "BYD Company") after full year 2025 deliveries were reported by both companies (2,256,714 vs 1,636,129 BEV sales).[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-114)
On January 28, 2026, Musk stated that Tesla would discontinue the Model S and Model X in the second quarter of 2026 to focus on manufacturing the Optimus robot.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-115)
In March 2026, Elon Musk unveiled a joint project between Tesla and xAI. The project pairs xAI's Grok [large language model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model "Large language model"), acting as a high-level navigator with a Tesla-developed AI agent that processes real-time computer screen video and keyboard and mouse actions.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-116)
On March 21, 2026, SpaceX announced the project to build [Terafab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terafab "Terafab"), a joint project with Tesla, [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") and [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)"), to build a large [semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_industry "Semiconductor industry") fabrication project centering on the construction of a vertically integrated "mega-fab" designed to produce more than one [terawatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terawatt "Terawatt") (one trillion watts) of [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") compute capacity per year, encompassing advanced [logic chips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit"), [memory modules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory "Computer memory"), and [packaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-chip_module "Multi-chip module") technologies.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-th20260322-117)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-sx20260321-118)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bi20260321-119)
## Automotive products
As of April 2026[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit), Tesla offers five vehicle models: Model 3, Model Y, Semi, Cybertruck, and Cybercab. Tesla no longer sold three vehicle models, the [first-generation Tesla Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)"), Model S, and Model X. Tesla has announced plans for a [second-generation Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(second_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (second generation)"), along with future vehicles such as the Robovan.
### Available products
#### Model 3
Main article: [Tesla Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_3_\(2023\)_IMG_9488_\(cropped\).jpg)
Tesla Model 3
The Model 3 is a [mid-size car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-size_car "Mid-size car") with a [fastback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastback "Fastback") body style and either a dual-motor, all-wheel drive layout or a rear-motor, [rear-wheel drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive "Rear-wheel drive") layout. The vehicle was designed to be more affordable than the luxury Model S sedan. A prototype Model 3 was first shown in 2016 and within a week, the company received over 325,000 paid reservations.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hull_2016-55) Deliveries started in July 2017.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla4Q2016final-120) The Model 3 ranked as the world's best-selling electric car from 2018 to 2021,[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Top20Global2020-121)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-The-Verge-2019-02-22-60)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-122) and cumulative sales passed 1 million in June 2021.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-1miModel3-123) The vehicle has seen one major design refresh in September 2023 which revised the exterior and interior.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Model Y
Main article: [Tesla Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_Y_\(2025\)_MYLE_Festival_2025_DSC_9565.jpg)
Tesla Model Y
The Model Y is a [mid-size crossover SUV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_\(automobile\) "Crossover (automobile)") offered in 5- and 7-passenger configurations with a singleâmotor, rear-wheel drive or a dual-motor, all-wheel drive layout. The vehicle was designed to be more affordable than the luxury Model X SUV. A prototype Model Y was first shown in March 2019,[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-electrek-2019-03-14-70) and deliveries started in March 2020.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Dow_2020-72) The Model Y shared around 75 percent of its content with the Model 3.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:3-71) In the first quarter of 2023, the Model Y outsold the [Toyota Corolla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla "Toyota Corolla") to become the world's best-selling car, the first electric vehicle to claim the title.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-124)
#### Semi
Main article: [Tesla Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Semi "Tesla Semi")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Tesla_Semi_Truck_\(40705940423\).jpg)
Tesla Semi prototype
The Tesla Semi is a [Class 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_classification#Class_8 "Truck classification") [semi-truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-truck "Semi-truck") by Tesla, Inc., with a tri-motor, rear-wheel drive layout. Tesla states that the Semi has approximately three times the power of a typical diesel semi truck, and a range of 500 miles (800 km).[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-yahooNews20221205-125) Two prototype trucks were first shown in November 2017 and initial deliveries were made to [PepsiCo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo "PepsiCo") on December 1, 2022.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-engadget20221202-126) Tesla stated in April 2024 that it plans full production in late 2025.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-127)
#### Cybertruck
Main article: [Tesla Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybertruck "Tesla Cybertruck")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Tesla_Cybertruck_Foundation_Series_IMG_0576.jpg)
Tesla Cybertruck
The Cybertruck is a full-sized [pickup truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck "Pickup truck"). First announced in November 2019, pilot production began in July 2023, after being pushed back multiple times, and deliveries began on November 30, 2023. Three models are offered: rear-wheel drive, dual-motor all-wheel drive, and trimotor all-wheel drive, with [EPA range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car_EPA_fuel_economy "Electric car EPA fuel economy") estimates of 320â340 miles (510â550 km), depending on the model. The truck's exterior design, made from flat sheets of unpainted stainless steel, earned a notably polarizing reception from the media.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-128)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-129)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-130) Tesla initially planned for Cybertruck production capacity of more than 250,000 units, but as of 2025 the company is only selling around 20,000 units per year.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-131)
#### Cybercab
Main article: [Tesla Cybercab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybercab "Tesla Cybercab")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Cybercab_-_Berlin_2024.jpg)
Tesla Cybercab prototype
The Tesla Cybercab is a [two-passenger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-passenger_car "Two-passenger car") battery-electric [self-driving car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car "Self-driving car") under development by Tesla. It is expected to be part of the Tesla Robotaxi service.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
A [concept](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_car "Concept car") version of the Cybercab was unveiled in October 2024, with 20 prototypes providing short rides to attendees of the announcement event. The concept vehicle had no steering wheel or pedals.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-yahoo20241011-132)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-wired20241010-133)
The production of Cybercab is planned to be fully [autonomous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot "Autonomous robot") and to be released before 2027.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### Concept vehicles
#### Roadster (second generation)
Main article: [Tesla Roadster (second generation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(second_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (second generation)")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NextGenTeslaRoadster_\(cropped\).jpg)
Tesla Roadster prototype
On November 16, 2017, Tesla unveiled the second generation Roadster with a purported range of 620 miles (1,000 km) with a 200-kilowatt-hour (720 MJ) battery pack that would achieve 0â60 miles per hour (0â97 km/h) in 1.9 seconds; and 0â100 mph (0â161 km/h) in 4.2 seconds,[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-134) and a top speed over 250 mph (400 km/h). A "[SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") Package" would include [cold-gas thrusters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_gas_thruster "Cold gas thruster").[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Gibbs-135) The vehicle would have three electric motors, allowing [all-wheel drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-wheel_drive "All-wheel drive") and [torque vectoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_vectoring "Torque vectoring") during cornering.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Gibbs-135) The base price was set at \$200,000.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Gibbs-135) Initially scheduled to ship in 2020, the vehicle has been repeatedly delayed. In July 2024, Musk said that the Roadster should enter production in 2025.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lassa_2024-136) The set date for the start of production is now 2027.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Tesla next-generation vehicle
Main article: [Tesla next-generation vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_next-generation_vehicle "Tesla next-generation vehicle")
The [Tesla next-generation vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_next-generation_vehicle "Tesla next-generation vehicle") is an announced battery electric platform. It would become the third [platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_platform "Car platform") for the company. Vehicles based on this platform are not expected before 2025.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-forbes20230107-137) In July 2024, Musk said that the platform should be expected to become available in the first half of 2025.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lassa_2024-136)
#### Robovan
Main article: [Tesla Robovan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robovan "Tesla Robovan")
The Tesla Robovan is an [electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") [autonomous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot "Autonomous robot") [van](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van "Van") planned for future development by Tesla.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-tc20241010-138) Announced in October 2024, the vehicle is being designed to carry up to 20 passengers.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-verge20241010-98)
### Discontinued vehicles
#### Roadster (first generation)
Main article: [Tesla Roadster (first generation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-2012_Tesla_Roadster_convertible_\(24365020656\).jpg)
The original Roadster
The first generation Tesla Roadster[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Sales0611-139) was a two-seat sports car, rebuilt from the [Lotus Elise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Elise "Lotus Elise") chassis.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-140) It was produced from 2008 to 2012. The Roadster was the first highway-legal serial production electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells, and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 200 miles (320 km) per charge.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Model S
Main article: [Tesla Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Tesla_Model_S_75D.jpg)
Tesla Model S
The Model S is a [full-size car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-size_car "Full-size car") sedan with a [liftback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liftback "Liftback") body style and a dual motor, [all-wheel drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-wheel_drive "All-wheel drive") layout. Development of the Model S began before 2007, and deliveries started in June 2012. The Model S has seen two major design refreshes, first in April 2016, which introduced a new front-end design, and again in June 2021, which revised the interior. The Model S was the top-selling plug-in electric car worldwide in 2015 and 2016. More than 250,000 vehicles have been sold as of December 2018[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit) (when Tesla merged production numbers for the Model S and Model X).\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Model X
Main article: [Tesla Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_X_100D_1X7A6736.jpg)
Tesla Model X
The Model X is a [mid-size luxury crossover SUV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_\(automobile\) "Crossover (automobile)") offered in 5-, 6-, and 7-passenger configurations with either a dual- or trimotor, all-wheel drive layout. The rear passenger doors open vertically with an articulating "[falcon-wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon-wing_door "Falcon-wing door")" design. A prototype Model X was first shown in February 2012, and deliveries started in September 2015.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cnbc20150903-141) The Model X shares around 30 percent of its content with the Model S. The vehicle has seen one major design refresh in June 2021 which revised the interior.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### Discontinued vehicle features
As of January 22, 2026, Tesla has officially discontinued its basic Autopilot driver-assistance feature for new vehicles in the United States and Canada, replacing it with only Traffic Aware Cruise Control as the standard safety system. The move is part of a broader shift toward its more advanced Full Self-Driving (FSD) system, which is available only as a monthly subscription as of February 14, 2026.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-142)
## Services
### Connectivity services
Tesla cars come with "Standard Connectivity", which provides [navigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system "Automotive navigation system") using a cellular connection. For a fee, Tesla offers a subscription to "Premium Connectivity", which adds [live traffic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_reporting "Traffic reporting") and [satellite maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_map "Satellite map") to navigation, internet browsing, and media streaming.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-electrek_connectivity_2019-143)
### Vehicle servicing
Tesla's strategy is to service its vehicles first through remote diagnosis and repair. If a problem cannot be resolved remotely, Tesla dispatches a mobile technician or directs customers to a company-owned service center.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-144)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-145) As of October 2024[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit), the company operates 1,306 retail stores, galleries, service, delivery and body shop locations globally.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Q3_2024_Shareholder_Deck-146) Tesla has said that it does not want to make a profit on vehicle servicing, which has traditionally been a large profit center for most auto dealerships.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Yarrow_2014-147)
In 2016, Tesla recommended having any Tesla car inspected every 12,500 miles or once a year, whichever comes first. In early 2019, the manual was changed to say: "your Tesla does not require annual maintenance and regular fluid changes," and instead it recommends periodic servicing of the brake fluid, air conditioning, tires, and air filters.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Dent-2019-148)
### Charging services
#### Supercharger network
Main article: [Tesla Supercharger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger "Tesla Supercharger")
Supercharger is the branding used by Tesla for its high-voltage direct current [fast chargers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_charger "Fast charger").\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wittenburg_-_Supercharger_-_2021.jpg)
Tesla Supercharger station in [Wittenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenburg "Wittenburg"), Germany
The Supercharger network was introduced on September 24, 2012, as the Tesla [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") entered production, with six stations in California. As of November 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit), Tesla operates a network of about 7,900 Supercharger stations with over 75,000 connectors worldwide. The majority are located in three regions: Asia Pacific (3,000 stations), North America (3,000), and Europe (1,500). Superchargers can currently output as much as 500 [kilowatts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatts "Kilowatts") (kW).
#### Destination charging location network
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TeslaDestinationCharger.jpg)
"Destination Charger" in North America
Tesla also has a network of "Destination Chargers", slower than Superchargers and intended for locations where customers are expected to park and stay for several hours, such as hotels, restaurants, or shopping centers. Unlike the Supercharger network, Tesla does not own the destination chargers; instead, property owners set up the devices and set pricing.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-149) When the network first launched in 2014, Tesla provided free charging equipment and covered installation costs.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] One of the largest providers is hotel chain [Hilton Worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide "Hilton Worldwide") which in 2023 announced an agreement with Tesla to install 20,000 chargers across 2,000 of its properties in North America by 2025.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-150)
### Insurance services
Tesla has offered its own [vehicle insurance in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_insurance_in_the_United_States "Vehicle insurance in the United States") since 2017 and has been acting as an independent insurance producer since 2021 as Tesla Insurance Services, Inc. It was introduced after the [American Automobile Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association "American Automobile Association") (AAA), a major insurance carrier, raised rates for Tesla owners in June 2017 after a report concluded that the automaker's vehicles crashed more often and were pricier to repair than comparable vehicles.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Glon-2017-151) A study in 2018 based on data from the [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety "Insurance Institute for Highway Safety") confirmed the findings.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-reuters1-152)
The company says that it uniquely understands its vehicles, technology, and repair costs, and can eliminate traditional insurance carriers' additional charges.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla_Insurance_Support-153) In states where allowed, the company uses individual vehicle data to offer personalized pricing that can increase or decrease in cost based on the prior month's driving safety score.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Sully-2020-154)
As of January 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit), Tesla offers insurance in the US states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Virginia.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-155) The company also offers insurance for non-Tesla vehicles owned by Tesla owners.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla_Insurance_Support-153)
### Robotaxi
Main article: [Tesla Robotaxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi "Tesla Robotaxi")
Robotaxi is a ride-hailing service launched by Tesla in 2025. It currently operates in [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas"). Robotaxis currently rely on human supervisors, with the intent of eventually allowing for fully autonomous rides.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-156)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-157)
## Energy products
Main article: [Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnstone_000178_172617_517894_4578_\(36736411886\).jpg)
Two Tesla Powerwall 2 home energy storage devices from Tesla Energy
Tesla subsidiary Tesla Energy develops, builds, sells, and installs [solar energy generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics "Photovoltaics") systems and battery energy storage products (as well as related products and services) to residential, commercial, and industrial customers. The subsidiary was created by the merger of Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division with SolarCity, a solar energy company that Tesla acquired in 2016.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Desjardins_2018-158) In 2023, the company deployed 14.7 gigawatt-hours of battery energy storage products, an increase of 125% over 2022, but only deployed solar energy systems capable of generating 223 [megawatts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt "Megawatt"), a decrease of 36% over 2022.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-159)
Tesla Energy products include solar panels (built by other companies for Tesla), the [Tesla Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof") (a [solar shingle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_shingle "Solar shingle") system), and the Tesla Solar Inverter. Storage products include the [Powerwall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall "Tesla Powerwall") (a [home energy storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage "Home energy storage") device) and the [Megapack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapack "Megapack") (a large-scale energy storage system).[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hanley_2016-160)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Solar_Reviews_2021-161)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Debord_20152-162)
For large-scale customers, Tesla Energy operates an online platform which allows for automated, real-time power trading, demand forecasting and product control.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-163)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-164)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-165) In March 2021, the company said its online products were managing over 1.2 GWh of storage.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-166) For home customers, the company operates a virtual power company in Texas called Tesla Electric, which utilizes the company's online platforms to manage customers Powerwall devices, discharging them into the grid to sell power when prices are high, earning money for customers.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-167)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-168)
## Business strategy
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_auto_bots.jpg)
[Robotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robot "Industrial robot") manufacturing of the Model S at the [Tesla Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Factory "Tesla Factory") in [Fremont, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California")
At the time of Tesla's founding in 2003, electric vehicles were costly.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-169) In 2006, Musk stated that Tesla's strategy was to first produce high-price, low-volume vehicles, such as sports cars, for which customers are less sensitive to price. This would allow them to progressively bring down the cost of batteries, which in turn would allow them to offer cheaper and higher volume cars.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MasterPlan-22)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bbweek20070730-170) Tesla's first vehicle, the Roadster, was low-volume (fewer than 2,500 were produced) and priced at over \$100,000. The next models, the Model S and Model X, are more affordable but still luxury vehicles. The Model 3 and the Model Y, are priced still lower, and aimed at a higher volume market,[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-171)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-172) selling over 100,000 vehicles each quarter. Tesla continuously updates the hardware of its cars rather than waiting for a new model year, unlike nearly every other car manufacturer.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-173)
Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised [dealerships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealerships "Dealerships") to sell vehicles. Instead, the company [sells vehicles directly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-consumer_automobile_selling_in_the_United_States "Direct-to-consumer automobile selling in the United States") through its website and a network of company-owned stores.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-174)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-7Reasons-175) The company is the first automaker in the United States to sell cars directly to consumers since the widespread adoption of the franchised dealer model.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-176)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-177) Some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. In these areas, Tesla has locations that it calls *galleries* that the company says "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-10K_2021-178)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-179) In total, Tesla operates nearly 400 stores and galleries in more than 35 countries.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-180) These locations are typically located in retail shopping districts, inside shopping malls, or other high-traffic areas,[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-7Reasons-175) instead of near other auto dealerships.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bypass-181)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-182)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-183)
Analysts describe Tesla as vertically integrated, given how it develops many components in-house, such as batteries, motors, and software.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-gs2016-02-26-184) The practice of vertical integration is rare in the automotive industry, where companies typically *outsource* 80% of components to suppliers and focus on engine manufacturing and final assembly.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-185)[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-186)[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-187)
Tesla generally allows its competitors to license its technology, stating that it wants to help its competitors accelerate the world's use of sustainable energy.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-188) Licensing agreements include provisions whereby the recipient agrees not to file patent suits against Tesla, or to copy its designs directly.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-189) Tesla retains control of its other intellectual property, such as trademarks and [trade secrets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret "Trade secret") to prevent direct copying of its technology.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-190)
On April 15, 2024, Tesla secured a deal with Tata Electronics to supply semiconductor chips, marking a significant step in Tesla's expansion into India's automotive market.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-191)
On May 2, 2024, Tesla announced that it had abandoned its plan for next-generation gigacasting, a cutting-edge manufacturing technique. Initially aiming to revolutionize production and reduce costs, Tesla has now opted for its more proven method of casting vehicle underbodies in three pieces. This strategic shift reflects the company's focus on self-driving vehicles and adjusting to market challenges.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-192)
## Technology
Tesla is highly vertically integrated and develops many components in-house, such as batteries, motors, and software.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-gs2016-02-26-184)
### Batteries
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_chassis,_Sydney_-_Martin_Place,_2017_\(01\).jpg)
Tesla vehicle [chassis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis "Chassis") used in [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_S "Model S") and [X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X"), with the battery visible
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_4680_2170_18650_batteries.svg)
Comparison of Tesla's three cylindrical battery cell form factors
As of 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit), Tesla uses four different [battery cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_cell "Battery cell") form factors: [18650](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18650 "18650"), [2170](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2170_battery "2170 battery"), [4680](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4680_battery "4680 battery"), and prismatic.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-194)[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-195)
Tesla purchases these batteries from three suppliers, [CATL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATL "CATL"), [LG Energy Solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Energy_Solution "LG Energy Solution"), and [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic"), the latter of which has co-located some of its battery production inside Tesla's Gigafactory Nevada. Tesla is also currently building out the capacity to produce its own batteries.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Tesla batteries sit under the vehicle floor to save interior space. Tesla uses a multipart aluminum and titanium protection system to protect the battery from road debris or vehicle crashes.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-model-s-titanium-196)
Business analysis company [BloombergNEF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BloombergNEF "BloombergNEF") estimated Tesla's battery pack cost in 2021 at \$112 per [kilowatt-hour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt-hour "Kilowatt-hour") (kWh), versus an industry average of \$132 per kWh.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-197)
#### 18650
Tesla was the first automaker to use cylindrical [lithium-ion battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") cells. When it built the [first generation Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)"), it used off-the-shelf 18650-type (18 mm diameter, 65 mm height) cylindrical batteries that were already used for other consumer electronics. The cells provided an engineering challenge because each has a relatively low capacity, so thousands needed to be bundled together in a battery pack. Electrical and thermal management also proved to be a challenge, requiring liquid cooling and an [intumescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intumescent "Intumescent") fire prevention chemical.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-gcr2013-06-198) However, the decision turned out to be pragmatic because there was already a mature manufacturing process that could produce a high volume of the cells at a consistent quality. Although the 18650-type cells are the oldest technology, they are used in the Model S and X vehicles. Tesla sources these batteries with a [nickel-cobalt-aluminum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_nickel_cobalt_aluminium_oxides "Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides") (NCA) cathode chemistry from Panasonic's factories in Japan.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193)
#### 2170
The next battery type to be used was the 2170-type (21 mm diameter, 70 mm height) cylindrical cell. The larger size was optimized for electric cars, allowing for a higher capacity per cell and a lower number of cells per battery pack. The 2170 was introduced for the Model 3 and Y vehicles.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193)
For vehicles built at the Tesla Fremont Factory, the company sources 2170-type batteries with a nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode chemistry from Panasonic's production line at Gigafactory Nevada.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-199) In January 2021, Panasonic had the capacity to produce 39 GWh per year of battery cells there.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-200) Tesla Energy also uses 2170 cells in its Powerwall home energy storage product.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
For vehicles made at Gigafactory Shanghai and Gigafactory Berlin, batteries with a [nickel-cobalt-manganese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_nickel_manganese_cobalt_oxides "Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides") (NMC) cathode chemistry are sourced from LG Energy Solution's factories in China.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193)
#### 4680
Tesla's latest cylindrical cell design is the 4680-type (46 mm diameter, 80 mm height) introduced in 2021. The battery was developed in-house by Tesla and is physically 5 times bigger than the 2170-type, again allowing for a higher capacity per cell and a lower number of cells per battery pack.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-201)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-202) Currently, Tesla builds the 4680 cells itself and has not disclosed the cathode chemistry, though several independent analyses have indicated that it utilizes a nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC811) chemistry.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-203)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-204)[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-205) The company has already opened production lines in Fremont, California, and plans to open lines inside Gigafactory Nevada and Gigafactory Texas. The 4680 cells are used in the Model Y and Cybertruck built at Gigafactory Texas.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193)
#### Prismatic
Tesla also uses prismatic (rectangular) cells in many entry-level Model 3 and Model Y vehicles.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193) The prismatic cells are a [lithium iron phosphate battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery "Lithium iron phosphate battery") (LFP or LiFePO
4), which is a less energy-dense type, but does not contain any nickel or cobalt, which makes it less expensive to produce.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-206) Tesla sources these batteries from CATL's factories in China. As of April 2022[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit), nearly half of Tesla's vehicle production used prismatic cells.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-207) Tesla Energy also uses prismatic cells in its Megapack grid-scale energy storage product.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-208)
#### Research
Tesla invests in [lithium-ion battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") research. In 2016, the company established a 5-year battery research and development partnership at [Dalhousie University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie_University "Dalhousie University") in Nova Scotia, Canada, with lead researcher [Jeff Dahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Dahn "Jeff Dahn").[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-209) Tesla acquired Maxwell Technologies for over \$200 million[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-210) â and sold in 2021.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-211) It also acquired Hibar Systems.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-212)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-213) Tesla purchased several battery manufacturing patent applications from Springpower International, a small Canadian battery company.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-214)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-215)
#### Lithium Refinement
In 2023 Tesla broke ground on a \$375 million lithium refining facility near [Robstown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robstown "Robstown"), Texas in the US.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lithium_refining_2025-216) The plant's process will eliminate the use of [sulfuric acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid "Sulfuric acid") in lithium processing, thereby eliminating the associated [sodium sulfate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate "Sodium sulfate") waste product.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lithium_refining_2025-216) Local concerns have been raised over the plant's water usage with initial estimates of 400,000 US gal (1,500,000 L; 330,000 imp gal) per day for normal operation, rising to a peak usage estimate of 8,000,000 US gal (30,000,000 L; 6,700,000 imp gal) per day.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-217)
### Software
Tesla uses [over-the-air updates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_update "Over-the-air update") to deliver updates to vehicles, adding features or fixing problems.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-218) This is enabled by tight integration between a few powerful onboard computers, compared to the way automakers had previously handled technology, by purchasing off-the-shelf electronic components for each subsystem that typically could not interface at the software level.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-219)
The system has also allowed Tesla to control which features customers have access to. For example, for ease of assembly, all Model 3 vehicles were built with heated rear seats, but only customers who purchased a premium interior could turn them on. However, Tesla has allowed customers who didn't pay for a premium interior to purchase access to the heated rear seats.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-220) Tesla uses a similar software lock feature for Enhanced Autopilot and Full-Self Driving features, even though all vehicles are equipped with the computers and cameras necessary to enable those features.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-221)
### Motors
Tesla makes two kinds of electric motors: an [induction motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor "Induction motor"), and an [internal permanent magnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_magnet_motor "Permanent magnet motor") (IPM) motor with [synchronous reluctance motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_reluctance_motor "Synchronous reluctance motor") (SynRM) characteristics.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
The older design is a [three-phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase "Three-phase") four-pole [alternating current](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current "Alternating current") induction motor (also called an asynchronous motor) with a copper [rotor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_\(electric\) "Rotor (electric)") (which inspired the Tesla logo).[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-222) These motors use [electromagnetic induction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction "Electromagnetic induction"), by varying magnetic field to produce torque. Induction motors are used as the rear motor in the Model S and Model X, as the front motor in the Model 3 and Model Y, and were used in the first-generation Roadster.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Since the introduction of the Model 3 in 2017, Tesla has also been building IPM-SynRM motors. These motors use an iron [rotor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_\(electric\) "Rotor (electric)"), with slots cut into the metal where magnets are inserted in the internal core. As an IPM motor, it produces excellent starting torque; however, performance declines at high speeds due to [counter-electromotive forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-electromotive_force "Counter-electromotive force"). For high-speed operation, Tesla engineers used iron's reluctance property, which allows it to spin in synchronization with the magnetic field of the [stator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stator "Stator") if channels are cut into the core. These channels were also an ideal internal location for the permanent magnets to be mounted.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-223)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-224) The IPM-SynRM motor is currently used as the rear motor in the Model 3 and Model Y, the front motor of 2019-onward versions of the Model S and X, and are expected to be used in the Tesla Semi.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-225)
### North American Charging Standard
Main article: [North American Charging Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Charging_Standard "North American Charging Standard")
The [North American Charging Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Charging_Standard "North American Charging Standard") (NACS) is an electric vehicle charging connector system developed by Tesla. It has been used on all North American market Tesla vehicles since 2012 and was opened for use by other manufacturers in 2022. Since then, nearly every other vehicle manufacturer has announced that starting from 2025, their electric vehicles sold in North America will be equipped with the NACS charge port. Several electric vehicles charging network operators and equipment manufacturers have also announced plans to add NACS connectors.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-226)
### "Autopilot" and "Full Self-Driving (Supervised)"
This section is an excerpt from [Tesla Autopilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot "Tesla Autopilot").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_Autopilot&action=edit)\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Autopilot_Engaged_in_Model_X.jpg)
Tesla Autopilot in operation, 2017
[Tesla Autopilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot "Tesla Autopilot") is an [advanced driver-assistance system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system "Advanced driver-assistance system") (ADAS) developed by Tesla, Inc. that provides partial vehicle automation, corresponding to [Level 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car#Level_2 "Self-driving car") automation as defined by [SAE International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_International "SAE International"). All Tesla vehicles produced after April 2019 include Autopilot, which features [autosteer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_centering "Lane centering") and [traffic-aware cruise control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control "Adaptive cruise control"). As of February 2026, customers can subscribe to an optional Level 2 package called "Full Self-Driving (Supervised)", also known as "FSD", which adds semi-autonomous navigation on nearly all roads, [self-parking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-parking "Self-parking"), and the ability to summon the car from a parking space. In January 2026, [MotorTrend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MotorTrend "MotorTrend") said FSD was the best ADAS on the market.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-227)
Since 2013, Tesla CEO [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") has [repeatedly predicted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_predictions_for_autonomous_Tesla_vehicles_by_Elon_Musk "List of predictions for autonomous Tesla vehicles by Elon Musk") that the company would achieve fully autonomous driving (SAE [Level 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car#Level_5 "Self-driving car")) within one to three years, but these goals are still to be met. The branding of Full Self-Driving has drawn criticism for potentially misleading consumers. Tesla vehicles currently operate at Level 2 automation, which requires continuous driver supervision and does not constitute "full" [self-driving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car "Self-driving car") capability. Previously, the Autopilot branding was also criticized for similar reasons, despite the fact that no [autopilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilot "Autopilot") system in aircraft rendered them fully autonomous.
Tesla claims that its driver-assistance features improve safety and reduce accidents caused by driver fatigue or inattention. However, collisions and fatalities involving Autopilot have attracted scrutiny from media and regulators. Industry experts and safety advocates have raised concerns about the deployment of the software to the general public, calling the practice risky and potentially irresponsible.
On March 19, 2026, the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") stated that Full-Self Driving system fails to detect hazards in low-visibility conditions.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-228)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-229)[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-230)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-231)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-232)
\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### Glass
In November 2016, the company announced the Tesla Glass technology group. The group produced the roof glass for the Tesla Model 3. It also produces the glass used in the [Tesla Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof")'s [solar shingles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_shingle "Solar shingle").[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-233)
### Robotics
In preparation for Model 3 production, Tesla heavily invested in robotics and automation for vehicle assembly, and between 2015 and 2017, the company purchased several companies involved in automation and robotics including Compass Automation,[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-electrek_compass-234) Grohmann Automation,[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-biz_in_2017-235) Perbix Machine Company, and Riviera Tool and Die.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-DetroitFP_2015-236) Musk later said that the robotics slowed production of the vehicles.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-King_2018-56)
Subsequently, Tesla shifted towards using massive casting machines, known as [Giga Presses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga_Press "Giga Press"). These machines streamline production by creating large, single-piece underbodies, leading to reductions in production time, labor costs, factory footprint, and the number of welding robots.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-237)[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-238) Critics note that reducing the number of components makes the vehicles harder or more expensive to repair after an accident.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-p747-239)
The company has been developing a [humanoid robot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robot "Humanoid robot") called [Optimus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_\(robot\) "Optimus (robot)") since 2022. Musk has stated that Optimus leverages the same core software powering Tesla's Full Self-Driving technology and has suggested that it could be used within Tesla's factories to mitigate labor shortages through the automation of repetitive tasks.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-240)
On January 28, 2026, Tesla announced it would stop manufacturing the Model S and Model X to focus efforts on Optimus. The goal is to produce 1 million robots per year at the Fremont facility.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-241)
## Facilities
See also: [List of Tesla factories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tesla_factories "List of Tesla factories")
The company operates seven large factories and about a dozen smaller factories around the world. As of December 2024[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit), the company also operates more than 1,350 retail stores, galleries, service, delivery, and body shop locations globally.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Q4_2024_Shareholder_Deck-242)
| Opened | Name | City | Country | Employees | Products | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory") | [Fremont, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California") | United States | 22,000 | [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S"), [Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X"), [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3"), [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") | [\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Future-36)[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TC_staff_2020-243)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-244) |
| 2016 | [Gigafactory Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Nevada "Gigafactory Nevada") | [Storey County, Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storey_County,_Nevada "Storey County, Nevada") | United States | 7,000 | Batteries, [Powerwall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall "Tesla Powerwall"), [Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Semi "Tesla Semi") | [\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Powerwall-245)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-usatoday_giganevada_2019-246)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-247) |
| 2017 | [Gigafactory New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") | [Buffalo, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York "Buffalo, New York") | United States | 1,500 | [Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof"), [Supercharger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger "Tesla Supercharger") | [\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-UpAndRunning-248)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-CT_giga2_2020-249) |
| 2019 | [Gigafactory Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Shanghai "Gigafactory Shanghai") | [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai") | China | 20,000 | Model 3, Model Y, Supercharger | [\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cnbc20191023-250)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-251) |
| 2022 | [Gigafactory Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg "Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg") | [GrĂźnheide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnheide "GrĂźnheide") | Germany | 10,000 | Model Y | [\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-252)[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-253)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-IEVS_berlin_2021-254) |
| 2022 | [Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas") | [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas") | United States | 12,000 | Model Y, [Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybertruck "Cybertruck") | [\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-255)[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Vorrath-256)[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-257) |
### North America
Main articles: [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory"), [Gigafactory Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Nevada "Gigafactory Nevada"), [Gigafactory New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York"), [Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas"), and [Gigafactory Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Mexico "Gigafactory Mexico")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Teslas_at_the_factory.jpg)
New [Tesla Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") cars at the [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory") in 2012
Tesla was founded in [San Carlos, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos,_California "San Carlos, California") in 2003.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-258) In 2008, the company opened its first production facility at a former [Chevrolet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") dealership in [Menlo Park, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California"). The original roadster was assembled inside the service bays until 2012 and used the company's showroom as a retail store.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-inmenlo-Gulker-31) Another retail store was opened in Los Angeles the same year.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-259) In 2010, Tesla moved its corporate headquarters and opened a powertrain development facility in [Palo Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto "Palo Alto").[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-260)
Tesla's first major assembly plant occupies the former [NUMMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMMI "NUMMI") plant in Fremont, California, known as the [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory"). The factory was originally opened by [General Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") in 1962, and then operated by NUMMI, a joint venture of GM and [Toyota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") from 1984.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-261) The joint venture ended when [GM entered bankruptcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization "General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization") in 2009. In 2010, Toyota agreed to sell the plant to Tesla at a significant discount.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Future-36)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Gigafactory_1_-_December_2019.jpg)
[Gigafactory Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Nevada "Gigafactory Nevada") in 2019
Tesla's first purpose-built facility was opened in Nevada in 2016. [Gigafactory Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Nevada "Gigafactory Nevada") produces the Powerwall,[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Powerwall-245) battery cells in partnership with Panasonic,[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-262) Model 3 drivetrains,[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-263) and the Tesla Semi.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hidalgo_March_2,_20232-264) The factory received substantial subsidies ([abatements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_abatement "Tax abatement") and [credits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit "Tax credit")) from the local and state government, that, in exchange for opening in their jurisdiction, allowed Tesla to operate essentially tax-free for 10 years,[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-265) later extended to 20 years in exchange for expanding the factory to add a production line for the Tesla Semi and add additional battery manufacturing capacity.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hidalgo_March_2,_20232-264)
As part of the acquisition of SolarCity in 2016, Tesla gained control of [Gigafactory New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") in Buffalo on the site of a former [Republic Steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Steel "Republic Steel") plant. The state of New York spent cash to build and equip the factory through the [Buffalo Billion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Billion "Buffalo Billion") program.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-266)[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-267) In 2017, the factory started production of the [Tesla Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof"),[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-UpAndRunning-248) but faced multiple production challenges. Since 2020, Tesla has also assembled Superchargers in New York. The plant has been criticized for offering little economic benefit for the state funding.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Bykowicz_&_Mann_2023-268)
In 2018, Tesla assembled [tension fabric buildings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_fabric_building "Tension fabric building") at the [Fremont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California") plant to meet production goals of 5,000 cars produced a month. The structure was assembled in two weeks and measured 53 feet high, 150 feet wide, and 900 feet long.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-clearspan.com-269)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gigafactory_Texas_Building_1_June_2022.jpg)
[Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas") in 2022
On July 23, 2020, Tesla picked Austin, Texas, as the site of its fifth Gigafactory, since then known as [Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas").[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-electrek_texas_2021-270) Giga Texas is the only factory that produces the Tesla Cybertruck and produces Model Y cars for the Eastern United States. On December 1, 2021, Tesla announced it relocated its legal headquarters from Palo Alto to the Gigafactory Texas site in Austin.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-271) However, Tesla has retained the Palo Alto building. On April 7, 2022, Tesla celebrated the opening of Gigafactory Texas in a public event.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-auto1-78)
Tesla acquired a former [JC Penney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Penney "JC Penney") distribution center near [Lathrop, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathrop,_California "Lathrop, California") in 2021 to build the "Megafactory" to manufacture the [Megapack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapack "Megapack"), the company's large-scale energy storage product.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MR_Bulletin-272)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lathrop_MF-273) The location opened in 2022.
Tesla announced in February it would open a new global engineering headquarters in Palo Alto, moving into a corporate campus once owned by [Hewlett Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Inc. "HP Inc."), located a couple of miles from Tesla's former headquarters building.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-LA-Times-2023-02-23-86)
Tesla has announced plans to open a [Gigafactory Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Mexico "Gigafactory Mexico"), the company's sixth Gigafactory, near [Monterrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey "Monterrey"), Mexico. However, as of July 2024[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit), the company had placed construction on hold until after the [2024 United States presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election") because former President Trump has pledged to add tariffs on cars made in Mexico.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-274)\[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\]
### Europe
Main articles: [Tesla facilities in Tilburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_facilities_in_Tilburg "Tesla facilities in Tilburg"), [Tesla Automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Automation "Tesla Automation"), and [Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg "Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Gigafactory_4_DJI_20230728123435.JPG)
Gigafactory Berlin in July 2023
Tesla opened its first European store in June 2009 in [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London").[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-275) Tesla's European headquarters are in [the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands "The Netherlands"),[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-276) part of a group of [Tesla facilities in Tilburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_facilities_in_Tilburg "Tesla facilities in Tilburg"), including the company's European Distribution Centre.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-277)
In late 2016, Tesla acquired German engineering firm [Grohmann Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grohmann_Engineering "Grohmann Engineering") as a new division dedicated to helping Tesla increase the automation and effectiveness of its manufacturing process.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-278) After winding down existing contracts with other manufacturers, the renamed [Tesla Automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Automation "Tesla Automation") now works exclusively on Tesla projects and is expanding its operations in Germany through the acquisition of other manufacturing specialists.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-279)
Tesla announced its plans to build a car and battery factory in Europe in 2016.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-280) Several countries campaigned to be the host,[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-281) and eventually Germany was chosen in November 2019.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-282) On March 22, 2022, Tesla's first European Gigafactory named [Gigafactory Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg "Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg")[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-283)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Graupner-2022-284) opened with planned capacity to produce 500,000 electric vehicles annually as well as batteries for the cars.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Graupner-2022-284)
### Asia
Main article: [Gigafactory Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Shanghai "Gigafactory Shanghai")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Tokyo_2011.JPG)
Tesla store in Tokyo, the first in Asia[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-285)
Tesla opened its first showroom in [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia "Asia") in [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), Japan, in October 2010.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-286)
In July 2018, Tesla signed an agreement with Chinese authorities to build a factory in [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai"), China, which was Tesla's first Gigafactory outside the United States.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-287) The factory building was finished in August 2019, and the initial [Tesla Model 3s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") were in production from Gigafactory Shanghai in October 2019.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cnbc20191023-250) In 2024, China accounted for 21% of Tesla sales revenue, and was the second-largest market for Tesla after the United States, which accounted for 48% of its sales.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-288) Tesla also sold 37% of its cars in China in 2024.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-289)
Tesla expressed interest in 2023 in expanding to India and perhaps building a future Gigafactory in the country.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-290) The company established a legal presence in the nation in 2021 and plans to open an office in [Pune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune "Pune") starting in October 2023.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-291)
## Partners
### Panasonic
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Panasonic.jpg)
[Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") Energy president Naoto Noguchi presents Tesla executive [J. B. Straubel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Straubel "J. B. Straubel") with [lithium-ion cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_cells "Lithium-ion cells").
In January 2010, Tesla and battery cell maker [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") announced that they would together develop [nickel-based](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel#Applications "Nickel") [lithium-ion battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") cells for electric vehicles.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-292) Beginning in 2010, Panasonic invested \$30 million for a multi-year collaboration on new battery cells designed specifically for electric vehicles.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-293) In July 2014, Panasonic reached a basic agreement with Tesla to participate in battery production at Giga Nevada.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-294) Tesla and Panasonic also collaborated on the manufacturing and production of photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules at the Giga New York factory in Buffalo, New York.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-UpAndRunning-248) The partnership started in mid-2017 and ended in early 2020, before Panasonic exited the solar business entirely in January 2021.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-295)[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Reuters-2021-296)
In March 2021, the outgoing CEO of Panasonic stated that the company plans to reduce its reliance on Tesla as its battery partnership evolves.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-297)
### Other current partners
Tesla has long-term contracts in place for [lithium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium "Lithium") supply. In September 2020, Tesla signed a sales agreement with [Piedmont Lithium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Lithium "Piedmont Lithium") to buy high-purity lithium ore for up to ten years,[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-mining20200928-298) specifically to supply "[spodumene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodumene "Spodumene") concentrate from Piedmont's North Carolina [mineral deposit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_deposit "Mineral deposit")".[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-299) In 2022, Tesla contracted for 110,000 tonnes of [spodumene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodumene "Spodumene") concentrate over four years from the [Core Lithium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Lithium "Core Lithium")'s lithium mine in the [Northern Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory "Northern Territory") of Australia.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-pvmag20221013-300)
Tesla also has a range of minor partnerships, for instance, working with [Airbnb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb "Airbnb") and hotel chains to install destination chargers at selected locations.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-301) Another minor partnership would include Tesla's partnership with insurance company, [Lemonade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade,_Inc. "Lemonade, Inc."), to launch an autonomous car insurance.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-302)
### Former partners
#### Daimler
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Mercedes-Benz_B-Class_Electric_Drive_Electric_Art_Premium_Front.jpg)
The [Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_B-Class_Electric_Drive "Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive") used a Tesla-supplied battery pack.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-303)
[Daimler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG "Daimler AG") and Tesla began working together in late 2007. On May 19, 2009, Daimler bought a stake of less than 10% in Tesla for a reported \$50 million.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-techcrunch1-304)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-305) As part of the collaboration, Herbert Kohler, vice-president of E-Drive and Future Mobility at Daimler, took a Tesla board seat.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TN_BOD_2012-306) On July 13, 2009, Daimler sold 40% of its acquisition to Aabar, an investment company controlled by the [International Petroleum Investment Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Petroleum_Investment_Company "International Petroleum Investment Company") owned by the government of [Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi "Abu Dhabi").[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-307) In October 2014, Daimler sold its remaining holdings for a reported \$780 million.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-308)
Tesla supplied battery packs for [Freightliner Trucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightliner_Trucks "Freightliner Trucks") in 2010.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-309)[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-310) The company also built electric-powertrain components for the [Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class_E-Cell "Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell"), with 500 cars planned to be built for trial in Europe beginning in September 2011.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-311)[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-312) Tesla produced and co-developed the [Mercedes-Benz B250e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_B-Class_Electric_Drive "Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive")'s powertrain, which ended production in 2017.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-313) The electric motor was rated 134 hp (100 kW) and 230 pound force-feet (310 Nâ
m), with a 36 kWh (130 MJ) battery. The vehicle had a driving range of 200 km (124 mi) with a top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph).[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-314) Daimler division [Smart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_\(marque\) "Smart (marque)") produced the [Smart ED2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_electric_drive "Smart electric drive") cars from 2009 to 2012 which had a 14-kilowatt-hour (50 MJ) [lithium-ion battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") from Tesla.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-315)[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-316)
#### Toyota
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_RAV4_EV_WAS_2012_0791.JPG)
[Toyota RAV4 EV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV "Toyota RAV4 EV"), which used a Tesla-supplied battery and [powertrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powertrain "Powertrain") components
In May 2010, Tesla and [Toyota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") announced a deal in which Tesla purchased the former [NUMMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMMI "NUMMI") factory from Toyota for \$42 million, Toyota purchased \$50 million in Tesla stock, and the two companies collaborated on an electric vehicle.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Future-36)
In July 2010, the companies announced they would work together on a second generation [Toyota RAV4 EV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV "Toyota RAV4 EV").[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-317) The vehicle was unveiled at the October 2010 [Los Angeles Auto Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Auto_Show "Los Angeles Auto Show") and 35 pilot vehicles were built for a demonstration and evaluation program that ran through 2011. Tesla supplied the lithium metal-oxide battery and other powertrain components[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-318)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-319) based on components from the Roadster.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-320)
The production version was unveiled in August 2012, using battery pack, electronics, and powertrain components from the Tesla Model S sedan (also launched in 2012).[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-321) The RAV4 EV had a limited production run which resulted in just under 3,000 vehicles being produced, before it was discontinued in 2014.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-322)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-323)
According to Bloomberg News, the partnership between Tesla and Toyota was "marred by clashes between engineers".[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Circuited-324) Toyota engineers rejected designs that Tesla had proposed for an enclosure to protect the RAV4 EV's battery pack. Toyota took over responsibility for the enclosure's design and strengthened it. In 2014, Tesla ended up adding a titanium plate to protect the Model S sedan's battery after some debris-related crashes led to cars catching fire.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Circuited-324)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-model-s-titanium-196) On June 5, 2017, Toyota announced that it had sold all of its shares in Tesla and halted the partnership.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-325)[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-326)
#### Mobileye
Initial versions of Autopilot were developed in partnership with [Mobileye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobileye "Mobileye") beginning in 2014.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-327) Mobileye ended the partnership on July 26, 2016, citing "disagreements about how the technology was deployed".[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-328)
## Lawsuits and controversies
Main articles: [List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lawsuits_involving_Tesla,_Inc. "List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.") and [Criticism of Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc. "Criticism of Tesla, Inc.")
### Failed lawsuit alleging unfair review
In 2008, Tesla provided two Roadsters to the British entertainment car-testing television programme *[Top Gear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_\(2002_TV_series\) "Top Gear (2002 TV series)")* for testing, apparently confusing it with another programme, and suggesting "Matt and Alex could even take the Tesla for a spin and test it out, reaffirming its virtues?" Top Gear tested the car as a performance sports carâin a format designed for humour and entertainment, not an unbiased review about its intended purposeâand made some criticisms of its use as such, though full of praise for its performance and handling on the track. Tesla was incensed about what it considered unfair criticism. For example, the test affirmed that *in the performance tests they ran* the battery charge would have lasted for 55 miles, a figure that actually came from Tesla. Tesla said that the figure was untrue and libelous as the car's mileage *in normal use* was claimed to be 211, which they sued, and lost.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-329)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-330)
In 2025, when Tesla was the subject of protests and vandalism in response to Elon Musk's political activities with the Trump government, former Top Gear presenter [Jeremy Clarkson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson "Jeremy Clarkson") published gloating remarks, saying that the vandalism was "not funny. But also, it's kinda hilarious. Especially if you're me."[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-331)
### Sexual harassment
In 2021, seven women came forward with claims of having faced sexual harassment and discrimination while working at Tesla's Fremont factory.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-332) They accused the company of facilitating a culture of rampant sexual harassment. The women said they were consistently subjected to catcalling, unwanted advances, unwanted touching, and discrimination while at work. "I was so tired of the unwanted attention and the males gawking at me, I proceeded to create barriers around me just so I could get some relief," Brooks told *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. "That was something I felt necessary just so I can do my job." Stories range from intimate groping to being called out to the parking lot for sex.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-333)
Women feared calling Human Resources for help, as their supervisors were often participants.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Siddiqui-2021b-334) Musk himself is not indicted, but most of the women pressing charges believe their abuse is connected to the behavior of Musk as CEO. They cite his crude remarks about women's bodies, wisecracks about starting a university that abbreviated to "T.IT.S.", and his generally dismissive attitude towards reporting sexual harassment.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-335) "What we're addressing for each of the lawsuits is just a shocking pattern of rampant harassment that exists at Tesla," said attorney David A. Lowe.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Siddiqui-2021b-334) In 2017, another woman had accused Tesla of very similar behavior and was subsequently fired. In a statement to the Guardian, Tesla confirmed the company had terminated her employment, saying it had thoroughly investigated the employee's allegations with the help of "a neutral, third-party expert" and concluded her complaints were unmerited.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-336)
In May 2022, a California judge ruled that the sexual harassment lawsuit could move to court, rejecting Tesla's request for closed-door arbitration.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-337)
### Labor disputes
Main article: [Tesla and unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_and_unions "Tesla and unions")
This section is an excerpt from [Elon Musk and trade unions § Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions#Tesla "Elon Musk and trade unions").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions&action=edit)\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_workers_united.jpg)
[Valentine's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day "Valentine's Day") union drive at [Giga New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") in 2023
[Tesla has had labor disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_and_unions "Tesla and unions") in the United States, Germany and Sweden, including an ongoing [strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action "Strike action") in Sweden. Tesla, Inc., an American [electric car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car "Electric car") and [solar panel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel") manufacturer, has more than 140,000 workers employed across its global operations as of January 2024.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_10K_2022-338) Tesla CEO [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") has expressed his [opposition to unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_busting "Union busting") on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") (now called X). The [National Labor Relations Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board "National Labor Relations Board") held that one [tweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_\(social_media\) "Tweet (social media)") was unlawful, but was overturned by a [federal appeals court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit").[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_ap20241029-339) All [unionization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionization "Unionization") efforts at the [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory") and [Gigafactory New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") in the United States have been unsuccessful.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_:13-340) In Germany, [Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg "Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg") and [Tesla Automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Automation "Tesla Automation") have elected [works councils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_council "Works council"), but they have not signed [collective bargaining agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_agreement "Collective agreement") with the German trade union [IG Metall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Metall "IG Metall").[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-341)[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-342) The Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg works council is divided into pro-union and anti-union factions.[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_:15-343) In Sweden, mechanics who are members of the trade union [IF Metall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Metall "IF Metall") have been on strike since October 27, 2023, making it the longest strike in Sweden since 1938.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_:10-344) The strike has since spread, with other [Swedish, Danish and Norwegian unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Nordic_Trade_Unions "Council of Nordic Trade Unions") calling for [solidarity strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_action "Solidarity action").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_:0-345)
### Accidents, repairs, and safety violations
In June 2016, the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") (NHTSA) took issue with Tesla's use of [nondisclosure agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondisclosure_agreements "Nondisclosure agreements") (NDAs) regarding customer repairs[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-346) and, in October 2021, the NHTSA formally asked Tesla to explain its NDA policy regarding customers invited into the FSD Beta.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-347) Tesla has used NDAs on multiple occasions with both employees[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-348) and customers[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-349) to allegedly prevent possible negative coverage.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-350)[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-351)
From 2014 to 2018, Tesla's Fremont Factory had three times as many [Occupational Safety and Health Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration "Occupational Safety and Health Administration") (OSHA) violations as the ten largest US auto plants combined.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-352) An investigation by the [Reveal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reveal_\(podcast\) "Reveal (podcast)") podcast alleged that Tesla "failed to report some of its serious injuries on legally mandated reports" to downplay the extent of injuries.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Evans-Perry-2018-353)
In January 2019, former Tesla security manager Sean Gouthro filed a whistleblower complaint alleging that the company had hacked employees' phones and spied on them, while also failing to report illegal activities to the authorities and shareholders.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-O'Kane-2019-354)[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-355)[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-356) Several legal cases have revolved around alleged whistleblower retaliation by Tesla. These include the dismissal of Tesla safety official Carlos Ramirez[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-357)[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-358) and Tesla security employee Karl Hansen.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-359) In 2020, the court ordered Hansen's case to [arbitration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration_in_the_United_States "Arbitration in the United States").[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-360) In June 2022, the arbitrator filed an [unopposed motion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_\(legal\) "Motion (legal)") with the court stating Hansen "has failed to establish the claims⌠Accordingly, his claims are denied, and he shall take nothing".[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-361)
The California Civil Rights Department filed a suit in 2022 alleging "a pattern of racial harassment and bias" at the Tesla Fremont factory. As of April 2023,[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit) the department is also conducting a probe of the factory based on a 2021 complaint and claims that Tesla has been obstructing the investigation.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-362)
According to *Jalopnik*, a 2024 study by *iSeeCars* found that Tesla had the highest fatal crash rate of any automaker in the United States.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-363)
A 2025 lawsuit in California alleged that Tesla odometers were falsely exaggerating their readings to prematurely void their warranty.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-364)
In 2025 in the US, Tesla faced a new federal investigation into possible safety defects in its FSD system. This followed 44 separate incident reports where Tesla drivers said the system caused them to commit safety violations, such as driving through red traffic lights.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-365)
### Fraud allegations
There have been numerous concerns about Tesla's financial reporting. In 2013, *Bloomberg News* questioned whether Tesla's financial reporting violated [Generally Accepted Accounting Principles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles_\(United_States\) "Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States)") (GAAP) reporting standards.[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hiltzikh-2013-366) *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")* accused Tesla in 2016 of using [creative accounting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_accounting "Creative accounting") to show positive cash flow and quarterly profits.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-367) In 2018, analysts expressed concerns over Tesla's accounts receivable balance.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-368) In September 2019, the SEC questioned Tesla CFO [Zach Kirkhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Kirkhorn "Zach Kirkhorn") about Tesla's warranty reserves and lease accounting.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-369) In a letter to his clients, hedge fund manager [David Einhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Einhorn_\(hedge_fund_manager\) "David Einhorn (hedge fund manager)"), whose firm suffered losses from its short position against Tesla that quarter, accused Musk in November 2019 of "significant fraud",[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-370)[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-371) and publicly questioned Tesla's accounting practices, telling Musk that he was "beginning to wonder whether your accounts receivable exist."[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-372)
From 2012 to 2014, Tesla earned more than \$295 million in [Zero Emission Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Emission_Vehicle "Zero Emission Vehicle") credits for a battery-swapping technology that was never made available to customers.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-373) Staff at [California Air Resources Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board "California Air Resources Board") were concerned that Tesla was "gaming" the battery swap subsidies and in 2013 recommended eliminating the credits.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-374)
A consolidated shareholders lawsuit alleges that Musk knew SolarCity was going broke before the acquisition, that he and the Tesla board overpaid for SolarCity, ignored their conflicts of interest and breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the deal, and failed to disclose "troubling facts" essential to an analysis of the proposed acquisition.[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Mitchell-2019-375) The members of the board settled in 2020, leaving Musk as the only defendant.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-reuters_solarcitylawsuit_2020-376) In April 2022, the [Delaware Court of Chancery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Court_of_Chancery "Delaware Court of Chancery") ruled in favor of Musk,[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-377)[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-378) and its ruling was upheld by the [Delaware Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court "Delaware Supreme Court") in June 2023.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-379)
In August 2018, Musk tweeted, "Am considering taking Tesla private at \$420. Funding secured."[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-380) The tweet caused the stock to initially rise, but then drop when it was revealed to be false.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-381)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-382)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Mitchell-2020-383) Musk settled fraud charges with the US [Securities and Exchange Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "Securities and Exchange Commission") (SEC) over his false statements in September 2018. According to the terms of the settlement, Musk agreed to have his tweets reviewed by Tesla's in-house counsel, he was removed from his chairman role at Tesla temporarily, and two new independent directors were appointed to the company's board.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-secured-384) Tesla and Musk also paid civil penalties of \$20 million each.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-secured-384) A civil [class-action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-action "Class-action") shareholder lawsuit over Musk's statements and other derivative lawsuits were also filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board of directors, as then constituted, regarding claims and actions made that were associated with potentially going private.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-385)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC_file-386) In February 2023, a California jury unanimously found Musk and Tesla not liable in the class-action lawsuit.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-387)
In September 2018, Tesla disclosed that it was under investigation by the US [Federal Bureau of Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation") (FBI) regarding its Model 3 production figures.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Viswanatha-2018-388) Authorities were investigating whether the company misled investors and made projections about its Model 3 production that it knew would be impossible to meet.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Viswanatha-2018-388) A stockholder class action lawsuit against Tesla related to Model 3 production numbers (unrelated to the FBI investigation) was dismissed in March 2019.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-389)[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-390)[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-391)
In May 2024, Reuters reported that US federal prosecutors were investigating whether the company committed securities or wire fraud by "misleading investors and consumers" about Autopilot and Full Self-Driving.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-392)
### Tesla US dealership disputes
See also: [Tesla US dealership disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_US_dealership_disputes "Tesla US dealership disputes")
Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised [auto dealerships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_dealership "Auto dealership") to sell vehicles and instead directly sells vehicles through its website and a network of company-owned stores. In some areas, Tesla operates locations called "galleries" which "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-10K_2021-178) This is because some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. Dealership associations have filed lawsuits to prevent direct sales. These associations argued that the franchise system protects consumers by encouraging dealers to compete, lowering the price a customer pays. They also claimed that direct sales would allow manufacturers to undersell their dealers.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bypass-181) The United States [Federal Trade Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission "Federal Trade Commission") ultimately disproved the associations' claims and recommended allowing direct manufacturer sale, which they concluded would save consumers 8% in average vehicle price.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lao-Feinstein-2015-393)[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Read-2015-394)[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Bodisch-2009-395)
Tesla has also lobbied state governments for the right to directly sell cars.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TechCrunch-2021-396) The company has argued that directly operating stores improves consumer education about electric vehicles,[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-10K_2021-178) because dealerships would sell both Tesla and gas-powered vehicles. Doing this, according to the company, would then set up a [conflict of interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest "Conflict of interest") for the dealers since properly advertising the benefits of an electric car would disparage the gas-powered vehicles, creating a disincentive to dealership EV sales.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bypass-181) Musk himself further contended that dealers would have a disincentive to sell electric vehicles because they require less maintenance and therefore would reduce after-sales service revenue, a large profit center for most dealerships.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Yarrow_2014-147)
### Intellectual property
Tesla has sued former employees for stealing company information, including those who left to work for a rival such as [XPeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPeng "XPeng") and [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox_\(company\) "Zoox (company)").[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-397) For example, Guangzhi Cao, a Tesla engineer, was accused of uploading [Tesla Autopilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot "Tesla Autopilot") source code to his [iCloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICloud "ICloud") account,[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-398) and Alex Khatilov was accused of downloading files related to its Warp Drive software to his personal [Dropbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox "Dropbox") account.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-399)
### Misappropriation
In 2018, a [class action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action "Class action") was filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board, alleging they breached their [fiduciary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary "Fiduciary") duties by approving Musk's stock-based compensation plan.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC_file-386) Musk received the first portion of his stock options payout, worth more than \$700 million, in May 2020.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-400)
In July 2023, Tesla board members returned \$735 million to the company to settle a claim from a 2020 lawsuit alleging misappropriation of 11 million stock options granted to Elon Musk, Kimbal Musk, Larry Ellison, and others from 2017 to 2020.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-401)
### Environmental violations
In 2019, the [United States Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency") fined Tesla for hazardous waste violations that occurred in 2017.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-402) In June 2019, Tesla began negotiating penalties for 19 environmental violations from the [Bay Area Air Quality Management District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Air_Quality_Management_District "Bay Area Air Quality Management District");[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-403) the violations took place around Tesla Fremont's paint shop, where there had been at least four fires between 2014 and 2019.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Niedermeyer-2019-404) Environmental violations and permit deviations at Tesla's Fremont Factory increased from 2018 to 2019 with the production ramp of the Model 3.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-405)
In June 2018, Tesla employee [Martin Tripp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Tripp "Martin Tripp") leaked information that Tesla was scrapping or reworking up to 40% of its raw materials at the Nevada Gigafactory.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Robinson-2019-406) After Tesla fired him for the leak, Tripp filed a lawsuit and claimed Tesla's security team gave police a false tip that he was planning a mass shooting at the Nevada factory.[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-407)[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-O'Kane-2019-354) The court ruled in Tesla's favor on September 17, 2020.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-408)[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-409)
In January 2024, 25 California counties sued Tesla, accusing the company of violating state health and safety codes by illegally disposing of hazardous waste. Later that week, the case was settled on the conditions that Tesla pay US\$1.5 million and admit to acting "intentionally" and "negligently". Moreover, Tesla also agreed to train its employees on hazardous waste disposal and to have 10 percent of Tesla's facilities audited for waste disposal for the next 5 years.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-410)[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-411)[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-412)
### Property damage
In August 2019, [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") filed a multi-million-dollar lawsuit against Tesla, claiming that Tesla's "negligent installation and maintenance" of solar panels caused roof fires at seven Walmart stores dating back to 2012.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-413) Walmart settled with Tesla in November 2019; the terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-414)
In April 2021, a Norwegian judge found Tesla guilty of throttling charging speed through a 2019 over-the-air software update, after they failed to respond to the lawsuit. The 30 customers who were part of the lawsuit were awarded 136,000 Norwegian kroner each (\$16,000).[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Porterfield-2021-415)[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-416)
### Racism
Tesla has faced numerous complaints regarding workplace harassment and racial discrimination,[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-NYTimes-30Nov18-417)[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-418) with one former Tesla worker who attempted to sue the employer describing it as "a hotbed of racist behavior."[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-419) As of December 2021, three percent of leadership at the company were African-American.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-420) A former Black worker described the work environment at Tesla's [Buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York "Buffalo, New York") plant as a "very racist place."[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-421) Tesla and SpaceX's treatment of [Juneteenth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth "Juneteenth") in 2020 also came under fire.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-422) Approximately 100 former employees have submitted signed statements alleging that the company discriminates specifically against African Americans and "allows a racist environment in its factories."[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-423)
Few of these cases against Tesla ever make it to trial as most employees are made to sign [arbitration agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration "Arbitration").[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-424) Employees are afterwards required to resolve such disputes out of court, and behind closed doors.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Fremont, California, plant
According to the state's Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the [Fremont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California") factory is a racially segregated place where Black employees claim they are given the most menial[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-NYTimes-30Nov18-417) and physically demanding work.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Wiessner-2022-425) The accusations of racism culminated in February 2022 with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing suing Tesla for "discriminating against its Black workers."[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-426)
In July 2021, former employee Melvin Berry received \$1 million in his discrimination case in arbitration against the company after he claimed he was referred to by the [n-word](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-word "N-word") and forced to work longer hours at the Fremont plant.[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-427)
In October 2021, a jury verdict in the *[Owen Diaz vs. Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Diaz_vs._Tesla "Owen Diaz vs. Tesla")* trial awarded the plaintiff \$137 million in damages after he had faced racial harassment at Tesla's Fremont facility during 2015â2016.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-428)[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-429) In a blog, Tesla stressed that Diaz was never "really" a Tesla worker, and that most uttering of the n-word were expressed in a friendly manner.[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-430)[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kolodny-2021-431) In April 2022, federal judge [William Orrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Orrick_III "William Orrick III") upheld the jury finding of Tesla's liability but reduced the total damage down to \$15 million.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-432) Diaz was given a two-week deadline to decide if he would collect the damages. In June 2022, Diaz announced that he would be rejecting the \$15 million award, opening the door for a new trial.[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-433) In April 2023, Diaz was awarded \$3.2 million in the new trial.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-434)
### COVID-19 pandemic
Tesla's initial response to the [COVID-19 pandemic in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") has been the subject of considerable criticism. Musk had sought to exempt the Tesla Fremont factory in Alameda County, California, from the government's stay-at-home orders. In an [earnings call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_call "Earnings call") in April, he was heard calling the public health orders "fascist".[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Siddiqui-2021a-435) He had also called the public's response to the pandemic "dumb" and had said online that there would be zero cases by April.[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-436) In May 2020, while [Alameda County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County "Alameda County") officials were negotiating with the company to reopen the [Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Factory "Fremont Factory") on the 18th, Musk defied local government orders by restarting production on the 11th.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-437)[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-438)[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:4-439) Tesla also sued Alameda County, questioning the legality of the orders, but backed down after the Fremont Factory was given approval to reopen.[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-440)[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cnbc20200613-441) In June 2020, Tesla published a detailed plan for bringing employees back to work and keeping them safe,[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-442) However, some employees still expressed concern for their health.[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cnbc20200612-443)
In May 2020, Musk told workers that they could stay home if they felt uncomfortable coming back to work.[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-444) But in June, Tesla dismissed an employee who criticized the company for taking inadequate safety measures to protect workers from the coronavirus at the Fremont Factory.[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-445) Three more employees at Tesla's Fremont Factory claimed they were laid off for staying home out of fear of catching COVID-19. This was subsequently denied by Tesla, which even stated that the employees were still on the payroll.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-446) COVID-19 cases at the factory grew from 10 in May 2020 to 125 in December 2020, with about 450 total cases in that time out of the approximately 10,000 workers at the plant (4.5%).[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Siddiqui-2021a-435)[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-447)
In China, Tesla had what one executive described as "not a green light from the government to get back to work â but a flashing-sirens police escort."[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Campbell-2021a-448) Tesla enjoyed special treatment and strong government support in China, including [tax breaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_break "Tax break"), cheap financing, and assistance in building its [Giga Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga_Shanghai "Giga Shanghai") factory at breakneck speeds.[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Campbell-2021a-448) Musk has praised China's way of doing things, a controversial stance due to deteriorating [USâChinese relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=US%E2%80%93Chinese_relations&action=edit&redlink=1 "USâChinese relations (page does not exist)"), the [persecution of Uyghurs in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China "Persecution of Uyghurs in China"), and alleged human rights abuses in Hong Kong.[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Campbell-2021a-448)
### Right to repair
In March 2023, a class action antitrust lawsuit was filed against Tesla by Virginia M. Lambrix in San Francisco, alleging that the company unlawfully monopolized the market for maintenance and repair of its vehicles in violation of the [Sherman Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act "Sherman Act") and California [antitrust law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law "United States antitrust law"), as a result of which owners were "forced to pay supracompetitive prices and suffer exorbitant wait times" for maintenance services and repair parts.[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-449)[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-450) The lawsuit was later combined with four other similar suits.[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:02-451)[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:13-452)
While six out of eight alleged antitrust violations were dismissed, in June 2024 US District Judge [Trina Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trina_Thompson "Trina Thompson") allowed two claims to proceed, including alleged violations of California's Cartwright Act and Unfair Competition Law (UCL), with the court finding evidence of a repairs monopoly in Tesla's designing of its vehicles to require diagnostic and software updates that only the company could provide, and evidence of a parts monopoly in Tesla's restricting [original equipment manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer "Original equipment manufacturer") from selling "to anyone other than Tesla."[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:02-451)[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:13-452)
### TeslaTakedown protests
Main article: [Tesla Takedown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Takedown "Tesla Takedown")
In February 2025, numerous planned protests occurred outside of Tesla showrooms and service centers throughout the US. The protests were in response to Musk's contentious actions as leader of the [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") (DOGE) at the beginning of Donald Trump's second term as US president.[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-453)[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-454)
### Lawsuits against Tesla critics and vehicle malfunction complainants in China
On February 12, 2025, the [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reported that in China, Tesla had sued six car owners, six or more bloggers, and two media outlets for [defamation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation "Defamation") since 2021. The car owners had complained publicly about Tesla's quality and accidents caused by major mechanical malfunctions, like brake failure. The bloggers and media outlets had written critically about the company. As of the date of publication, the Associated Press reported that Tesla had won 11 verdicts, two judgments were on appeal, and one had been settled outside court.[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-455)
## Criticism
Main article: [Criticism of Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc. "Criticism of Tesla, Inc.")
### Data privacy
A Tesla vehicle was only the second product ever reviewed by the [Mozilla Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation "Mozilla Foundation") that failed all of their privacy criteria.[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-456)[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-457)
A Tesla owner filed a lawsuit in 2023 following a [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters") report that Tesla employees shared "highly invasive videos and images recorded by customers' car cameras" with one another.[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-458)
Internal data troves shared with various international government agencies and news organizations by former employee and [whistleblower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower "Whistleblower") Lukasz Krupski in late 2023 implicated Tesla in "serious data protection lapse\[s\]."[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-459) The data Krupski retrieved included "information about current and former Tesla staff, including passport numbers, medical details and salaries" and was readily available on internal systems that most employees had access to.[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-460) As of November 2023, the Data Protection Authority in the Netherlands was investigating whether Tesla's alleged lack of internal security violated privacy laws.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-461)
### Short sellers
[TSLAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSLAQ "TSLAQ") is a collective of Tesla skeptics and [short-sellers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-sellers "Short-sellers") who are vocally critical of Tesla and aim to "shape \[the\] perception \[of Tesla\] and move its stock."[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-462) In January 2020, 20% of Tesla stock was shorted, the highest at that time of any stock in the US equity markets.[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-463) By early 2021, according to CNN, short sellers had lost \$40 billion during 2020 as the stock price climbed much higher.[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-464) [Michael Burry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Burry "Michael Burry"), a short seller portrayed in *[The Big Short](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Short_\(film\) "The Big Short (film)")*, had shorted Tesla previously via his firm [Scion Asset Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scion_Asset_Management "Scion Asset Management"), but removed his position in October 2021.[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-465)
### Tesla's mission
According to automotive journalist Jamie Kitman, when multiple CEOs of major automotive manufacturers approached Tesla for EV technology that Musk had claimed the company was willing to share, they instead were offered the opportunity to buy regulatory credits from the company. This suggested, according to Kitman, that "the company may not be as eager for the electric revolution to occur as it claims."[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-466)
### Giga New York audit
In 2020, the [New York State Comptroller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Comptroller "New York State Comptroller") released an audit of the [Giga New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga_New_York "Giga New York") factory project, concluding that it presented many red flags, including a lack of basic [due diligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_diligence "Due diligence") and that the factory itself produced only \$0.54 in economic benefits for every \$1 spent by the state.[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-467)[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-468)[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-469)
### Delays
Musk has been criticized for repeatedly pushing out both production and release dates of products.[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-470)[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-471) By one count in 2016, Musk had missed 20 projections.[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-472) In October 2017, Musk predicted that Model 3 production would be 5,000 units per week by December.[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-473) A month later, he revised that target to "sometime in March" 2018.[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-WP_production-hell-474) Delivery dates for the Model 3 were delayed as well.[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-475) Other projects like converting supercharger stations to be [solar-powered](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-power "Solar-power") have also lagged projections.[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-476) Musk responded in late 2018: "punctuality is not my strong suit...I never made a mass-produced car. How am I supposed to know with precision when it's gonna get done?"[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-477)
## Accolades
In 2019, Model 3 earned the Top Safety Pick+ Award from the [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety "Insurance Institute for Highway Safety").[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-478) In 2022, Model Y has received the highest safety score of any car analyzed under [Euro NCAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_NCAP "Euro NCAP").[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-479)
In 2022, Tesla won [S\&P Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_Global "S&P Global") Automotive Loyalty Awards in 7 categories.[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-480)
In 2025, [TIME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME "TIME") magazine named Model S as one of the best inventions of the past 25 years, praising it as a "game-changing advance for electric vehicles".[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-481)
*[Motor Trend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend "Motor Trend")* has shortlisted Cybertruck for the magazine's 2025 Truck of the Year, praising its [steer-by-wire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steer-by-wire "Steer-by-wire") system and other tech, but criticizing "the design's many compromises".[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-482)
## Vehicle product issues
### Recalls
On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 (~70%) of the 76,000 vehicles it sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes which could become stuck and "prevent the vehicles from moving".[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-483)[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-484) On March 29, 2018, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 123,000 Model S cars built before April 2016 due to [corrosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion "Corrosion")\-susceptible [power steering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_steering "Power steering") bolts, which could fail and require the driver to use "increased force" to control the vehicle.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-485)
In October 2020, Tesla initiated a recall of nearly 50,000 Model X and Y vehicles throughout China for suspension issues.[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-486) Soon after in November, the [NHTSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHTSA "NHTSA") announced it had opened its investigation into 115,000 Tesla cars regarding "front suspension safety issues", citing specifically 2015â2017 Model S and 2016â2017 Model X years. Cases of the "whompy wheel" phenomenon, which also included Model X and the occasional Model 3 cars, have been documented through 2020.[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-487)[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-488)
In February 2021, Tesla was required by the NHTSA to recall 135,000 Model S and Model X vehicles built from 2012 to 2018 due to using a [flash memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory "Flash memory") device that was rated to last only 5 to 6 years.[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-489) The problem was related to touchscreen failures that could possibly affect the rearview camera, safety systems, Autopilot and other features.[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-490)[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-491) The underlying technical reason is that the car writes a large amount of [syslog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslog "Syslog") content to the device, wearing it out prematurely.[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-492)
Also in February 2021, the German Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) ordered Tesla to recall 12,300 Model X cars because of "body mouldings problems".[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-493)[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-494)
In June 2021, Tesla recalled 5,974 electric vehicles due to worries that brake caliper bolts might become loose, which could lead to loss of tire pressure, increasing the chance of a crash.[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-495)
On December 30, 2021, Tesla announced that they are recalling more than 475,000 US model vehicles. This included 356,309 Model 3 Tesla vehicles from 2017 to 2020 due to rear-view camera issues and a further 119,009 Tesla Model S vehicles due to potential problems with the trunk or boot. The Model S recall includes vehicles manufactured between 2014 and 2021. Around 1% of recalled Model 3s may have a defective rear-view camera, and around 14% of recalled Model S may have the defect. The recall was not linked to a contemporaneous issue regarding the "Passenger Play" feature, which allowed games to be played on the touchscreen while the car is in motion.[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-496) After an investigation was launched by the NHTSA covering 585,000 vehicles, Tesla agreed to make changes where the feature would be locked and unusable while the car is moving.[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-497)
In September 2022, Tesla announced that they are recalling almost 1.1 million US model vehicles because the automatic window reversal system might not react correctly after detecting an obstruction, increasing the risk of injury.[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-498)[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Root-2022-499) In response,\[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] Tesla announced an over-the-air software fix.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Root-2022-499)
In February 2023, Tesla recalled its FSD software following a recommendation from NHTSA; the recall applied to approximately 360,000 cars.[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-500) NHTSA found that FSD caused "unreasonable risk" when used on city streets.[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-501) In March 2023, about 3,500 Model Y Teslas were recalled for a bolting issue concerning the cars' second-row seats.[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-502)
In December 2023, following a 2-year investigation by the [NHTSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHTSA "NHTSA"),[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-503) Tesla issued a wider recall on all vehicles equipped with any version of Autosteer, including 2012â2023 Model S; 2016â2023 Model X; 2017â2023 Model 3; and 2020â2023 Model Y, covering 2,031,220 vehicles in total.[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-NHTSA_23V-838-504) The NHTSA concluded that Autosteer's controls were not sufficient to prevent misuse and did not ensure that the drivers maintained "continuous and sustained responsibility for vehicle operation" and states that affected vehicles will receive an over-the-air software remedy.[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-NHTSA_23V-838-504)[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-505)
### Fires
See also: [Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents § Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle_fire_incidents#Tesla "Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents")
Tesla customers have reported the company as being "slow" to address how their cars can ignite.[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-506) In 2013, a Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit metal debris on a highway in [Kent, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Washington "Kent, Washington"). Tesla confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and was caused by the impact of an object.[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-507) As a result of this and other incidents, Tesla announced its decision to extend its current vehicle warranty to cover fire damage.[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-508) In March 2014, the NHTSA announced that it had closed the investigation into whether the Model S was prone to catch fire, after Tesla said it would provide more protection to its battery packs.[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-509) All Model S cars manufactured after March 6, 2014, have had the 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) aluminum shield over the battery pack replaced with a new three-layer shield.[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-510) In October 2019, the NHTSA opened an investigation into possible battery defects in Tesla's Model S and X vehicles from 2012 to 2019 that could cause "non-crash" fires.[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-511)[\[511\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-512)[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-513)
### Autopilot crashes
See also: [List of Tesla Autopilot crashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tesla_Autopilot_crashes "List of Tesla Autopilot crashes")
A Model S driver died in a collision with a tractor-trailer in 2016, while the vehicle was in Autopilot mode; the driver is believed to be the first person to have died in a Tesla vehicle in Autopilot.[\[513\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-514)[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-515) The NHTSA investigated the accident but found no safety-related defect trend.[\[515\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-516) In March 2018, a driver of a Tesla Model X was killed in a crash. Investigators say that the driver of the vehicle had his car in 'self-driving' mode and was using his phone to play games when the vehicle collided with the barrier in the middle of the freeway. Through investigation, the NTSB found that the Tesla malfunctioned due to the system being confused by an exit on the freeway.[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-517)
According to a document released in June 2021, the NHTSA has initiated at least 30 investigations into Tesla crashes that were believed to involve the use of Autopilot, with some [involving fatalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot#Fatal_crashes "Tesla Autopilot").[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-518)[\[518\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-519) In early September 2021, the NHTSA updated the list with an additional fatality incident[\[519\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-auto-520) and ordered Tesla to hand over all extensive\[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] data pertaining to US cars with Autopilot to determine if there is a safety defect that leads Tesla cars to collide with first-responder vehicles.[\[519\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-auto-520)[\[520\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-521)[\[521\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-522) In late September 2021, Tesla released an over-the-air software update to detect emergency lights at night.[\[522\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-523) In October 2021, the NHTSA asked Tesla why it did not issue a recall when it sent out that update.[\[523\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-524) In June 2022, the NHTSA said it would expand its probe, extending it to 830,000 cars from all current Tesla models. The probe was moved up from the *Preliminary Evaluation* level to *Engineering Analysis*. The regulator cited the reason for the expansion as the need to "explore the degree to which Autopilot and associated Tesla systems may exacerbate human factors or behavioral safety risks by undermining the effectiveness of the driver's supervision."[\[524\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-525)
A safety test conducted by the Dawn Project in August 2022 demonstrated that a test driver using the beta version of Full Self-Driving repeatedly hit a child-sized mannequin in its path,[\[525\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-526) but there has been controversy over its conclusions.[\[526\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-527) Several Tesla owners responded by conducting their own, independent tests using children; NHTSA released a statement warning against the practice.[\[527\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-528)
In 2025, the California DMV filed a lawsuit against Tesla, claiming it had misled drivers about its vehicles' self-driving capabilities. The DMV sought to suspend Tesla's sales and manufacturing in the state of California for a minimum of 30 days.[\[528\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-529)[\[529\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-530)
### Software hacking
In August 2015, two researchers said they were able to take control of a Tesla Model S by hacking into the car's entertainment system.[\[530\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-531) The hack required the researchers to physically access the car.[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-532) Tesla issued a [security update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_\(computing\) "Patch (computing)") for the Model S the day after the exploit was announced.[\[532\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-533)
In September 2016, researchers at [Tencent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent "Tencent")'s Keen Security Lab demonstrated a remote attack on a Tesla Model S and controlled the vehicle in both Parking and Driving Mode without physical access. They were able to compromise the automotive networking bus ([CAN bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus "CAN bus")) when the vehicle's web browser was used while the vehicle was connected to a malicious Wi-Fi hotspot.[\[533\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-534) This was the first case of a remote control exploit demonstrated on a Tesla. The vulnerability was disclosed to Tesla under their [bug bounty program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_bounty_program "Bug bounty program") and patched within 10 days, before the exploit was made public.[\[534\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-535) Tencent also hacked the doors of a Model X in 2017.[\[535\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-536)
In January 2018, security researchers informed Tesla that an [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") account of theirs could be accessed directly from the Internet and that the account had been exploited for [cryptocurrency mining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_mining "Cryptocurrency mining"). Tesla responded by securing the compromised system, rewarding the security researchers financially via their bug bounty program, and stating that the compromise did not violate customer privacy, nor vehicle safety or security.[\[536\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-537)[\[537\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-538) Later in 2019, Tesla awarded a car and \$375,000 to [ethical hackers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat_\(computer_security\) "White hat (computer security)") during a [Pwn2Own](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwn2Own "Pwn2Own") Model 3 hacking event.[\[538\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-539)
In June 2022, Martin Herfurt, a security researcher in Austria, discovered that changes made to make Tesla vehicles easier to start with [NFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication "Near-field communication") cards also allowed for pairing new keys to the vehicle, allowing an attacker to enroll their keys to a vehicle.[\[539\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-540)
### Phantom braking
| | |
|---|---|
|  | This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(August 2025)* |
In February 2022, Tesla drivers reported a surge in "phantom braking" events when using Tesla Autopilot, which coincides with the automaker's removal of radar as a supplemental sensor in May 2021.[\[540\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-541) In response, NHTSA opened an investigation the same month.[\[541\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-542) In August 2022, a consumer class action was filed alleging that the Autopilot system in Tesla cars "contains a hazardous defect which causes the vehicle to suddenly and unintentionally brake".[\[542\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-543)[\[543\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-544) In November 2024, Tesla failed to persuade a [US District Judge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_District_Judge "US District Judge") to dismiss the lawsuit.[\[544\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:0-545) The next court date is January 7, 2025.[\[544\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:0-545)
In May 2023, German business newspaper *[Handelsblatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelsblatt "Handelsblatt")* published a series of articles based on a trove of internal Tesla data submitted to them from informants.[\[545\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-546) The 100 gigabytes of data "contain\[ed\] over 1,000 accident reports involving phantom braking or unintended acceleration" as well as complaints about Tesla Autopilot.[\[546\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-547) [Dutch authorities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Data_Protection_Authority "Dutch Data Protection Authority") responded by saying they were investigating the company for possible data privacy violations.[\[547\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-548)
In February 2025, a German court declared Tesla Autopilot defective for normal use due to phantom braking issues.[\[548\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-549)
In February 2025, a group of Australian buyers sued Tesla with a [class action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action "Class action") over multiple issues like battery range, driving assistance, and phantom braking.[\[549\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-550)
### Driving range performance
Tesla has received thousands of complaints from owners that the driving ranges of their vehicles did not meet the ranges advertised by Tesla or the projections of in-dash range meters. When service centers were overwhelmed with appointments to take care of these issues, Tesla established a diversion team to cancel as many appointments as possible. Customers were told that remote diagnostics had determined there was no problem, and their appointments were canceled. The company has been fined by South Korean regulators for its exaggerated range estimates.[\[550\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-551)
## Vehicle sales
In 2024, Tesla ranked as the world's best-selling [battery electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle "Battery electric vehicle") passenger car manufacturer, with a market share of 17.6%.[\[551\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-552) Tesla reported 2023 vehicle deliveries of 1.8 million units, up 38% from 2022.[\[552\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-553)[\[553\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-554) In March 2024, Tesla produced its six millionth car.[\[554\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-555) In Q4 2023, Tesla's competitor [BYD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Auto "BYD Auto"), a chinese EV company, took over the top spot for EVs shipped, but Tesla regained the title in Q1 2024.[\[555\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-556) On January 2, 2026, BYD became the bestselling electric vehicle maker across the globe and surpassed Tesla as the largest EV maker.[\[556\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-557)
Tesla sells the most vehicles in the US (674,000+ in 2023) and has received \$11.4 billion in regulatory credits from federal and state governments. The federal government previously provided a \$7500 rebate to customers.[\[557\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-558)[\[558\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-559)[\[559\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-560) Tesla received around \$426 million from the Chinese government for cars manufactured at its Shanghai facility.[\[560\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-561) Germany was Tesla's third-largest market in 2023, selling 63,682 units. Germany ended its EV subsidy program in December 2023. Under the program, a âŹ6,750 discount was provided with Tesla paying âŹ2,250. Tesla announced it would cover the entire discount going forward.[\[561\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-562) In 2023, over 63,000 Teslas were sold in France with customers receiving up to âŹ7,000 via the bonus ĂŠcologique. The government decreased the budget for EV aid from âŹ1.5 billion to âŹ700 million in 2024.[\[562\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-563) Canada was in Tesla's top five markets in 2023 with over 52,000 vehicles sold. In 2025, Tesla was accused of having "a run on the bank" when it sold a historic 8,600 vehicles in 72 hours before Canada's EV rebate program's funds were depleted. Tesla claimed 4000 vehicles alone were sold over one weekend in Quebec City.[\[563\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-564)[\[564\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-565) The Government of Canada announced on March 25, 2025, that it had suspended the rebates and was investigating. The government also declared Tesla would be ineligible for any future rebates as long as the US tariffs on Canadian products continued.[\[565\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-566) Musk has stated he is against government subsidies but will take them if they are available.[\[566\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-567)
Sales have been negatively impacted by Musk's actions during the [second Trump presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_presidency "Second Trump presidency").[\[567\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-568)[\[568\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-569) Tesla sales have decreased worldwide (the most in countries like France, Germany, the UK, Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands)[\[569\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-570)[\[570\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-571) with his vocal support for far-right parties such as [Reform UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_UK "Reform UK")[\[571\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-572) and [AfD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfD "AfD")[\[572\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-573) in Germany along with his [Nazi salute controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy "Elon Musk salute controversy") leading to boycotts of his products and Tesla vehicles being nicknamed **Swasticars**, a [portmanteau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") of *[swastika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika "Swastika")* and *car*.[\[579\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-580) German sales fell 76% in February 2025 compared to February 2024.[\[580\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-581)[\[581\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-582)
Tesla's shares dropped over 9 percent after its sales in the EU and UK declined by nearly half in January 2025, bringing its valuation below \$1 trillion for the first time since November 2024. While European electric car sales surged, Tesla struggled against rising competition, particularly from Chinese automakers.[\[582\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-583) In May 2025, it was reported that the company's sales in Europe declined every month since the start of the year, including in April where sales dropped 49 percent to 7,261 from 14,228 in April 2024.[\[583\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:1-584) As of May 2025, the company has a 0.7 percent market share in Europe, down from 1.3 percent a year ago.[\[583\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:1-584)
### Production and sales by quarter
See also: [History of Tesla, Inc. § Timeline of production and sales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tesla,_Inc.#Timeline_of_production_and_sales "History of Tesla, Inc.")
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
3 2012
4
1
2 2013
3
4
1
2 2014
3
4
1
2 2015
3
4
1
2 2016
3
4
1
2 2017
3
4
1
2 2018
3
4
1
2 2019
3
4
1
2 2020
3
4
1
2 2021
3
4
1
2 2022
3
4
1
2 2023
3
4
1
2 2024
3
4
1
2 2025
3
4
1 2026
- Model S
- Model X
- Model S/X
- Models Other Than 3/Y
- Model 3
- Model 3/Y
Tesla deliveries vary significantly by month due to regional issues such as availability of [car carriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_carrier "Car carrier") and registration. On March 9, 2020, the company produced its 1 millionth electric car, becoming the first [auto manufacturer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_manufacturer "Auto manufacturer") to achieve such a milestone.[\[584\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-1million-585) In the third quarter of 2021, Tesla sold its 2 millionth electric car, becoming the first auto manufacturer to achieve such a milestone.[\[585\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-586) In the first quarter of 2023, the Model Y became the world's best-selling car, surpassing the Toyota Corolla.[\[586\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-587)
## Finances
\-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
2009
2012
2015
2018
2021
2024
Revenue
Net loss / profit
View [chart definition](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:Template_bar.chart "c:Data:Template bar.chart").
Tesla financial performance (in Billion USD)
For the fiscal (and calendar) year 2021, Tesla reported a net income of \$5.52 billion.[\[587\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-588) The annual revenue was \$53.8 billion, an increase of 71% over the previous fiscal year.[\[587\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-588)
| Business | Sales in billion \$ | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Automotive | 87\.6 | 89\.7% |
| Energy Generation and Storage | 10\.1 | 10\.3% |
| Region | Sales in billion \$ | Share |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 47\.7 | 48\.9% |
| Other countries | 29\.0 | 29\.7% |
| China | 20\.9 | 21\.4% |
Of the revenue number in 2021, \$314 million came from selling regulatory credits to other automakers to meet government pollution standards. That number has been a smaller percentage of revenue for multiple quarters.[\[587\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-588)
Tesla ended 2021 with \$17.6 billion of cash on hand, down \$1.8 billion from the end of 2020.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-10K_2021-178): 31
In February 2021, a [10-K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_10-K "Form 10-K") filing revealed that Tesla had invested some \$1.5 billion in the cryptocurrency bitcoin, and the company indicated it would soon accept bitcoin as a form of payment.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bb20210208-87) Critics then pointed out how investing in cryptocurrency can run counter to Tesla's environmental goals.[\[589\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-590)[\[590\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-591) Tesla made more profit from the 2021 investment than the profit from selling cars in 2020, due to the Bitcoin price increase after the investment was announced.[\[591\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-592)[\[592\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-593)
The quarter ending June 2021 was the first time Tesla made a profit independent of Bitcoin and regulatory credits.[\[593\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-594) Between 2015 and 2024, a third of Tesla's profits came from government climate credits.[\[594\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-595)
The key trends for Tesla are (as at the financial year ending December 31):
| Year | Revenue (US\$ m) | Net income (US\$ m) | Total assets (US\$ m) | Employees | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 0 | â12 | 8 | | |
| 2006 | 0 | â30 | 44 | 70 | [\[595\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-596)[\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2007 | 0 | â78 | 34 | 268 | |
| 2008 | 15 | â83 | 52 | 252 | |
| 2009 | 112 | â56 | 130 | 514 | |
| 2010 | 117 | â154 | 386 | 899 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2011 | 204 | â254 | 713 | 1,417 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2012 | 413 | â396 | 1,114 | 2,914 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2013 | 2,013 | â74 | 2,417 | 5,859 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2014 | 3,198 | â294 | 5,831 | 10,161 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2015 | 4,046 | â889 | 8,068 | 13,058 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2016 | 7,000 | â675 | 22,664 | 17,782 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2017 | 11,759 | â1,962 | 28,655 | 37,543 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2018 | 21,461 | â976 | 29,740 | 48,817 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2019 | 24,578 | â862 | 34,309 | 48,016 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2020 | 31,536 | 721 | 52,148 | 70,757 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2021 | 53,823 | 5,519 | 62,131 | 99,290 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2022 | 81,462 | 12,556 | 82,338 | 127,855 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2023 | 96,773 | 14,997 | 106,618 | 140,473 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2024 | 97,690 | 7,091 | 122,070 | 125,665 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2025 | 94,827 | 3,794 | 137,806 | 134,785 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
## Corporate affairs
### List of chief executives
1. Martin Eberhard (2004â2007)
2. Ze'ev Drori (2007â2008)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-timelinefacts-14)[\[597\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-598)
3. Elon Musk (since October 2008)[\[598\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MSJ-Markets-2022-599)
### List of board chairs
1. Elon Musk (2004â2018)[\[599\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-600)
2. [Robyn Denholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Denholm "Robyn Denholm") (since November 2018)[\[598\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MSJ-Markets-2022-599)
### Board of directors
Tesla has received criticism that its board lacks enough independent directors. In an April 2017 public letter, a group of influential Tesla investors, including the [California State Teachers' Retirement System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Teachers%27_Retirement_System "California State Teachers' Retirement System"), asked Tesla to add two new independent directors to its board "who do not have any ties" with Musk,[\[600\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Independent-601) writing that "five of six current non-executive directors have professional or personal ties to Mr. Musk that could put at risk their ability to exercise independent judgement."[\[601\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-USA-Today-2017-04-12-602) Tesla's directors at the time included Brad Buss, who served as chief financial officer at SolarCity; [Steve Jurvetson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jurvetson "Steve Jurvetson"), a venture capitalist who also sits on the board of SpaceX;[\[602\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-BI_BOD_2018-603) Elon Musk's brother, [Kimbal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbal "Kimbal"); and [Ira Ehrenpreis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ira_Ehrenpreis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ira Ehrenpreis (page does not exist)") and [Antonio Gracias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gracias "Antonio Gracias"), both of whom also invested in SpaceX.[\[603\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-604) The letter called for a more independent board that could put a check on [groupthink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink "Groupthink").[\[601\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-USA-Today-2017-04-12-602) At first Musk responded on Twitter, writing that the investors "should buy Ford stock" because "their governance is amazing."[\[601\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-USA-Today-2017-04-12-602) Two days later, he promised he would add two independent board members;[\[604\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-605) [Kathleen Wilson-Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Wilson-Thompson "Kathleen Wilson-Thompson") and [Larry Ellison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ellison "Larry Ellison") were added at the end of 2018.[\[605\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-606) Ellison stepped down in August 2022.[\[606\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-607) Former Tesla CTO [J. B. Straubel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Straubel "J. B. Straubel"), who left the company in 2019, was elected to the board in 2023.[\[607\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-jb-board-608)
Another criticism of the board composition is that most of the independent directors lack automotive industry experience.[\[608\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-609) The exception is Robyn Denholm who served in finance and corporate reporting roles at [Toyota Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Australia "Toyota Australia") from 1989 to 1996.[\[609\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cleantech_denholm_2018-610)
Other previous board members include businessman [Steve Westly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Westly "Steve Westly"); Daimler executive Herbert Kohler;[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TN_BOD_2012-306) CEO and Chairman of [Johnson Publishing Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Publishing_Company "Johnson Publishing Company") Linda Johnson Rice;[\[610\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GTM_BOD_2019-611) and [United Nations Special Envoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Envoy_of_the_Secretary-General "Special Envoy of the Secretary-General") on Innovative Finance and Sustainable Investments [Hiromichi Mizuno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiromichi_Mizuno "Hiromichi Mizuno").[\[611\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-612)[\[612\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-613)
As of May 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla,_Inc.&action=edit), the board members are:[\[598\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MSJ-Markets-2022-599)
| Joined | Name | Titles | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_director "Independent director") | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | [Robyn Denholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Denholm "Robyn Denholm") | Chair (since November 2018); former CFO and Head of Strategy at [Telstra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstra "Telstra") | Yes | [\[613\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-614)[\[609\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cleantech_denholm_2018-610) |
| 2004 | [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") | CEO, [product architect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_product_officer "Chief product officer"), former chair; founder, CEO and CTO of SpaceX | No | [\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015155-19) |
| 2004 | [Kimbal Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbal_Musk "Kimbal Musk") | SpaceX board member | No | [\[614\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-615)[\[615\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-616) |
| 2007 | [Ira Ehrenpreis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ira_Ehrenpreis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ira Ehrenpreis (page does not exist)") | General Partner at Technology Partners | Disputed | [\[616\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-617)[\[610\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GTM_BOD_2019-611)[\[600\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Independent-601) |
| 2017 | [James Murdoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murdoch "James Murdoch") | Former CEO of [21st Century Fox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Fox "21st Century Fox") | Yes | [\[610\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GTM_BOD_2019-611) |
| 2018 | [Kathleen Wilson-Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Wilson-Thompson "Kathleen Wilson-Thompson") | Global head of Human Resources of [Walgreens Boots Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgreens_Boots_Alliance "Walgreens Boots Alliance") | Yes | [\[602\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-BI_BOD_2018-603) |
| 2022 | [Joe Gebbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gebbia "Joe Gebbia") | Co-founder, board member, and advisor of [Airbnb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb "Airbnb") | Yes | [\[617\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-618)[\[618\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-619) |
| 2023 | [J. B. Straubel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Straubel "J. B. Straubel") | Founder and CEO of [Redwood Materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_Materials "Redwood Materials"); former CTO of Tesla | Disputed | [\[607\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-jb-board-608)[\[619\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-620) |
### Ownership structure
The 10 largest shareholders of Tesla in March 2024 were:[\[588\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:5-589)
| Shareholder name | Percentage |
|---|---|
| [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") | 12\.9% |
| [The Vanguard Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group "The Vanguard Group") | 7\.2% |
| [BlackRock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock "BlackRock") | 4\.5% |
| [State Street Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_Corporation "State Street Corporation") | 3\.4% |
| [Geode Capital Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geode_Capital_Management "Geode Capital Management") | 1\.7% |
| [Capital Research & Management (World Investors)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Group_Companies "Capital Group Companies") | 1\.3% |
| [BlackRock Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock "BlackRock") | 1\.2% |
| [Eaton Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Vance "Eaton Vance") | 1\.0% |
| [Norges Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norges_Bank "Norges Bank") | 1\.0% |
| [Fidelity Investments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity_Investments "Fidelity Investments") | 0\.9% |
| Others | 64\.9% |
## See also
- [List of automobile manufacturers of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States "List of automobile manufacturers of the United States")
- [List of Easter eggs in Tesla products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Easter_eggs_in_Tesla_products "List of Easter eggs in Tesla products")
- [List of production battery electric vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_production_battery_electric_vehicles "List of production battery electric vehicles")
- [Plug-in electric vehicles in California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_California "Plug-in electric vehicles in California")
- [Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States "Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States")
## Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-5)** According to company representatives, both pronunciations are correct,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-4) though [Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "Nikola Tesla")'s surname is properly pronounced *TESS-lÉ*.
## References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-supercharge.info_charts_1-0)**
["Supercharger deployment charts"](https://supercharge.info/charts). *Supercharge.info*. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-2)**
Ewing, Jack (January 16, 2024). ["Musk Demands Bigger Stake in Tesla as Price for A.I. Work"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/business/tesla-elon-musk-stock.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240229082500/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/business/tesla-elon-musk-stock.html) from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-10K_2025_3-0)**
["Annual report Form 10-K 2025 Tesla Inc"](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828026003952/tsla-20251231.htm). January 29, 2026. Retrieved January 30, 2026.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-4)**
["What's the correct way to pronounce 'Tesla'? We asked"](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/whats-correct-way-pronounce-tesla-asked-181021888.html). Yahoo! Finance. July 13, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211006032013/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/whats-correct-way-pronounce-tesla-asked-181021888.html) from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-6)**
Schifrin, Matt; Murphy, Andrea (June 6, 2024). ["The Global 2000 2023"](https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=51d599675ac0). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240129031905/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5ab07e5ac0) from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-7)**
Cunningham, Doug (November 8, 2024). ["Tesla regains \$1 trillion in market capitalization in post-election surge"](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2024/11/08/Tesla-trillion-dollar-Musk-Trump/6721731085202/). *UPI*. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-8)**
Dey, Esha (February 26, 2025). ["Telsa Market Value Slips Below \$1 Trillion as Europe Sales Sink"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-02-25/tesla-market-value-slips-below-1-trillion-as-europe-sales-sink). *Bloomberg*. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-9)**
Denning, Liam (May 12, 2025). ["Tesla's Trillion-Dollar Market Value Is Fueled by Amnesia"](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2025-05-12/tesla-s-trillion-dollar-market-value-is-fueled-by-amnesia). *Bloomberg*. Retrieved September 23, 2025.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-$1_trillion_package_approved_10-0)**
Isidore, Chris (November 6, 2025). ["Tesla approves Elon Musk's \$1 trillion pay package"](https://us.cnn.com/2025/11/06/business/musk-trillion-dollar-pay-package-vote). *CNN*. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-11)**
Raposas, Rachel (January 2, 2026). ["Tesla Dethroned as World's Biggest Electric Car Maker Following Elon Musk Backlash"](https://people.com/tesla-dethroned-as-worlds-biggest-electric-car-maker-following-elon-musk-backlash-11878573). *People*. Retrieved January 3, 2026.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015152_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015152_12-1) [Vance 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#CITEREFVance2015), p. 152.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-13)**
Kay, Grace. ["Ousted Tesla cofounder Martin Eberhard sounds off on Elon Musk, how the company has changed, and the EV wars"](https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-cofounder-martin-eberhard-interview-history-elon-musk-ev-market-2023-2). *Business Insider*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230728202545/https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-cofounder-martin-eberhard-interview-history-elon-musk-ev-market-2023-2) from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-timelinefacts_14-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-timelinefacts_14-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-timelinefacts_14-2)
Reed, Eric (February 4, 2020). ["History of Tesla: Timeline and Facts"](https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-tesla-15088992). *[TheStreet.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheStreet.com "TheStreet.com")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211220161321/https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-tesla-15088992) from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-15)**
["Tesla: A Carmaker With Silicon Valley Spark"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-07-29/tesla-a-carmaker-with-silicon-valley-spark). *Bloomberg.com*. July 30, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015116_16-0)** [Vance 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#CITEREFVance2015), p. 116.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015154_17-0)** [Vance 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#CITEREFVance2015), p. 154.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-TC_history_2014_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-TC_history_2014_18-1)
Burns, Matt (October 8, 2014). ["A Brief History of Tesla"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150717064829/https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/#/slide2). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. Archived from [the original](https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/) on July 17, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015. "Tesla was founded not by Elon Musk, but rather by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning in July 2003. The two bootstrapped the fledgling auto company until [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") led the company's US\$7.5 million Series A financing round in February 2004."
18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015155_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015155_19-1) [Vance 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#CITEREFVance2015), p. 155.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-20)**
LaMonica, Martin (September 21, 2009). ["Tesla Motors founders: Now there are five"](https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-founders-now-there-are-five/). [CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201115134134/https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-founders-now-there-are-five/) from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-21)**
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578. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-579)**
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579. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-580)** According to multiple sources:[\[573\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-574)[\[574\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-575)[\[575\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-576)[\[576\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-577)[\[577\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-578)[\[578\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-579)
580. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-581)**
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581. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-582)**
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583. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-:1_584-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-:1_584-1)
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584. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-1million_585-0)**
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585. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-586)**
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587. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_588-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_588-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_588-2)
["Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2021 Update"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240113135400/https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/static/WIIG2L_TSLA_Q4_2021_Update_O7MYNE.pdf?xseo=&response-content-disposition=inline&filename=%22tsla-q4-and-fy-2021-update.pdf%22) (PDF). Palo Alto: Tesla. January 26, 2022. Archived from [the original](https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/static/WIIG2L_TSLA_Q4_2021_Update_O7MYNE.pdf?xseo=&response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%22tsla-q4-and-fy-2021-update.pdf%22) (PDF) on January 13, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
See table "Operational Summary" pp. 7 and 8 for revised and final production and sales numbers.
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596. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-11) [***m***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-12) [***n***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-13) [***o***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-14) [***p***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-15) [***q***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-16)
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597. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-598)**
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598. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-MSJ-Markets-2022_599-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-MSJ-Markets-2022_599-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-MSJ-Markets-2022_599-2)
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600. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-Independent_601-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-Independent_601-1)
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602. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-BI_BOD_2018_603-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-BI_BOD_2018_603-1)
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606. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-607)**
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607. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-jb-board_608-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-jb-board_608-1)
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`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
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## Sources
- [Vance, Ashlee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlee_Vance "Ashlee Vance") (2015). *Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future*. New York: HarperCollins. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0062301239](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062301239 "Special:BookSources/978-0062301239")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [881436803](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881436803).
## Further reading
- Higgins, Tim (2021). *[Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Play:_Tesla,_Elon_Musk,_and_the_Bet_of_the_Century "Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century")*. Doubleday.
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0385545464](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385545464 "Special:BookSources/978-0385545464")
.
- McKenzie, Hamish (2018). *Insane Mode: How Elon Musk's Tesla Sparked an Electric Revolution to End the Age of Oil*. New York: Dutton. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1101985953](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101985953 "Special:BookSources/978-1101985953")
.
- Niedermeyer, Edward (2019). *[Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludicrous:_The_Unvarnished_Story_of_Tesla_Motors "Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors")*. Dallas: BenBella.
[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1948836326](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1948836326 "Special:BookSources/978-1948836326")
.
[OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1089841254](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089841254).
## External links
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Tesla, Inc.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tesla,_Inc. "commons:Category:Tesla, Inc.").
- [Official website](https://www.tesla.com/) [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478214#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- [Tesla, Inc.](https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary?id=D000057516) on [OpenSecrets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSecrets "OpenSecrets"), a website that tracks and publishes data on campaign finance and lobbying [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478214#P4691 "Edit this at Wikidata")
- Business data for Tesla, Inc.:
- [Google](https://www.google.com/finance/quote/TSLA)
- [Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/TSLA.OQ)
- [SEC filings](https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1318605)
- [Yahoo\!](https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/TSLA)
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tesla,_Inc. "Template:Tesla, Inc.") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tesla,_Inc. "Template talk:Tesla, Inc.") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tesla,_Inc. "Special:EditPage/Template:Tesla, Inc.")[Tesla, Inc.]() | |
|---|---|
| [Electric vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") | |
| | |
| Current | [Cybercab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybercab "Tesla Cybercab") [Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybertruck "Tesla Cybertruck") [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") [Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Semi "Tesla Semi") |
| Future | [Cyberquad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cyberquad "Tesla Cyberquad") [Roadster (2nd gen)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(second_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (second generation)") [Robovan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robovan "Tesla Robovan") [Tesla next-generation vehicle platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_next-generation_vehicle_platform "Tesla next-generation vehicle platform") |
| Discontinued | [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") [Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X") [Roadster (1st gen)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)") |
| Joint projects | [Cyberquad for Kids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cyberquad "Tesla Cyberquad") Mercedes [A-Class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_A-Class_E-Cell "Mercedes A-Class E-Cell") [B-Class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_B-Class_Electric_Drive "Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive") [Smart Fortwo ED](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_electric_drive#Second_generation "Smart electric drive") [Toyota RAV4 EV (2nd gen.)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV#Second_generation "Toyota RAV4 EV") |
| [Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy") | |
| | |
| Charging | [Megacharger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Megacharger "Tesla Megacharger") [North American Charging Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Charging_Standard "North American Charging Standard") (NACS) [Supercharger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger "Tesla Supercharger") |
| Storage | [Megapack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Megapack "Tesla Megapack") [Powerwall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall "Tesla Powerwall") [Powerpack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerpack "Tesla Powerpack") (discontinued) |
| Solar | [Solar panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_solar_panels "Tesla solar panels") [Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof") |
| [Artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") | |
| | |
| [Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics "Robotics") | [Optimus (robot)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_\(robot\) "Optimus (robot)") |
| [Supercomputers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer "Supercomputer") | [Tesla Dojo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Dojo "Tesla Dojo") |
| [ADAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system "Advanced driver-assistance system") | [Tesla Autopilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot "Tesla Autopilot") ([Tesla Autopilot hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot_hardware "Tesla Autopilot hardware")) |
| [Factories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tesla_factories "List of Tesla factories") | [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg "Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg") [Fremont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory") *[Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Mexico "Gigafactory Mexico") (future)* [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Nevada "Gigafactory Nevada") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Shanghai "Gigafactory Shanghai") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas") [Tilburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_facilities_in_Tilburg "Tesla facilities in Tilburg") |
| People | |
| | |
| Executives | [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") (CEO) [Robyn Denholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Denholm "Robyn Denholm") (Chair) [Vaibhav Taneja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaibhav_Taneja "Vaibhav Taneja") (CFO) [Tom Zhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Zhu "Tom Zhu") (SVP of automotive) |
| Others | [Franz von Holzhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Holzhausen "Franz von Holzhausen") (Chief Designer) [Joe Gebbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gebbia "Joe Gebbia") (board) [James Murdoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murdoch "James Murdoch") (board) [Kimbal Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbal_Musk "Kimbal Musk") (board) [J. B. Straubel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Straubel "J. B. Straubel") (board, co-founder) [Kathleen Wilson-Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Wilson-Thompson "Kathleen Wilson-Thompson") (board) |
| Former | [Deepak Ahuja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Ahuja "Deepak Ahuja") (two-time CFO) [Drew Baglino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Baglino "Drew Baglino") (SVP of engineering) [Ze'ev Drori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%27ev_Drori "Ze'ev Drori") (CEO) [Martin Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard "Martin Eberhard") (co-founder, CEO) [Larry Ellison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ellison "Larry Ellison") (board) [Steve Jurvetson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jurvetson "Steve Jurvetson") (board) [Andrej Karpathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Karpathy "Andrej Karpathy") (AI) [Zach Kirkhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Kirkhorn "Zach Kirkhorn") (CFO) [Arnnon Geshuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnnon_Geshuri "Arnnon Geshuri") (HR) [JĂŠrĂ´me Guillen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Guillen "Jerome Guillen") (automotive) [Jim Keller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Keller_\(engineer\) "Jim Keller (engineer)") (Autopilot) [Chris Lattner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lattner "Chris Lattner") (Autopilot) [Hiromichi Mizuno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiromichi_Mizuno "Hiromichi Mizuno") (board) [Marc Tarpenning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning "Marc Tarpenning") (co-founder, CFO) [Jay Vijayan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Vijayan "Jay Vijayan") (CIO) |
| Controversies | [Criticism of Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc. "Criticism of Tesla, Inc.") [Dealership disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_US_dealership_disputes "Tesla US dealership disputes") [Everyone Hates Elon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone_Hates_Elon "Everyone Hates Elon") [Lawsuits (list)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lawsuits_involving_Tesla,_Inc. "List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.") *[Diaz v. Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaz_v._Tesla,_Inc. "Diaz v. Tesla, Inc.")* [List of Tesla Autopilot crashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tesla_Autopilot_crashes "List of Tesla Autopilot crashes") [Tesla Takedown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Takedown "Tesla Takedown") [TSLAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSLAQ "TSLAQ") [Vandalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tesla_vandalism "2025 Tesla vandalism") |
| Related | [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tesla,_Inc. "History of Tesla, Inc.") [DeepScale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepScale "DeepScale") [Easter eggs in products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Easter_eggs_in_Tesla_products "List of Easter eggs in Tesla products") [Giga Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga_Press "Giga Press") [Hibar Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibar_Systems "Hibar Systems") [Hornsdale Power Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsdale_Power_Reserve "Hornsdale Power Reserve") [Maxwell Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Technologies "Maxwell Technologies") (divested) [SolarCity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity "SolarCity") (merged into Tesla Energy) [Tesla Automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Automation "Tesla Automation") [Tesla battery station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_battery_station "Tesla battery station") [Tesla Roadster in space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster "Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster") [Tesla Robotaxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Robotaxi "Tesla Robotaxi") [Tesla and unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_and_trade_unions "Tesla and trade unions") [Tesla Diner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Diner "Tesla Diner") [Zep Solar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zep_Solar "Zep Solar") (merged into Tesla Energy) [Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "Nikola Tesla") (namesake) [Terafab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terafab "Terafab") |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tesla,_Inc. "Category:Tesla, Inc.") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tesla_timeline "Template:Tesla timeline") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tesla_timeline "Template talk:Tesla timeline") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tesla_timeline "Special:EditPage/Template:Tesla timeline")[Tesla](), car timeline, 2008âpresent | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Type** | 2000s | 2010s | 2020s | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| [Sports car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_car "Sports car") | [Roadster (Gen 1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)") | | | [Roadster (Gen 2)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(second_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (second generation)") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| [Mid-size car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-size_car "Mid-size car") | | | [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") | [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| [Full-size car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-size_car "Full-size car") | | | [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") | [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") | [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") | [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| [Crossover SUV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_\(automobile\) "Crossover (automobile)") | | | [Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X") | [Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X") | [Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X") | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") | [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | [Model Y L](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| [Pickup truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck "Pickup truck") | | | | [Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Cybertruck "Tesla Cybertruck") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| [Heavy-duty truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy-duty_truck "Heavy-duty truck") | | | | [Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Semi "Tesla Semi") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| [Robotaxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotaxi "Robotaxi") | | | | [Cybercab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercab "Cybercab") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Elon_Musk "Template:Elon Musk") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Elon_Musk "Template talk:Elon Musk") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elon_Musk "Special:EditPage/Template:Elon Musk")[Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") | | |
|---|---|---|
| Main | [Awards and honors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk "List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk") [Business career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Elon_Musk "Business career of Elon Musk") [Filmography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_filmography "Elon Musk filmography") [Legal affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Elon_Musk "Legal affairs of Elon Musk") [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_of_Elon_Musk "International relations of Elon Musk") [Political activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk") [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Elon_Musk "Protests against Elon Musk") [Tesla Takedown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Takedown "Tesla Takedown") [Public image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Elon_Musk "Public image of Elon Musk") [Views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk "Views of Elon Musk") [Wealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk "Wealth of Elon Musk") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_2015.jpg) |
| Companies | [Zip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2 "Zip2") [X.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.com_\(bank\) "X.com (bank)") [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") ([Starlink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink "Starlink")) [Tesla, Inc.]() [Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy") [Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc. "Criticism of Tesla, Inc.") [TSLAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSLAQ "TSLAQ") [lawsuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lawsuits_involving_Tesla,_Inc. "List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.") [trade unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_and_trade_unions "Tesla and trade unions") [vandalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tesla_vandalism "2025 Tesla vandalism") [OpenAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI") [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink") [The Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company "The Boring Company") [Boring test tunnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_test_tunnel "Boring test tunnel") [Dubai Loop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Loop "Dubai Loop") [Music City Loop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_City_Loop "Music City Loop") [Vegas Loop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegas_Loop "Vegas Loop") [SolarCity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity "SolarCity") [Thud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thud_\(media_company\) "Thud (media company)") [X Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corp. "X Corp.") [Twitter, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter,_Inc. "Twitter, Inc.") [X/Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_\(social_network\) "X (social network)") [Twitter under Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk "Twitter under Elon Musk") [Acquisition of Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk "Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk") [Twitter Files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_Files "Twitter Files") [December 2022 suspensions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2022_Twitter_suspensions "December 2022 Twitter suspensions") [Block in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_of_Twitter_in_Brazil "Blocking of Twitter in Brazil") [lawsuits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lawsuits_involving_X_Corp. "List of lawsuits involving X Corp.") [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)") [Grok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_\(chatbot\) "Grok (chatbot)") [sexual deepfake scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_sexual_deepfake_scandal "Grok sexual deepfake scandal") [Grokipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grokipedia "Grokipedia") [Colossus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_\(supercomputer\) "Colossus (supercomputer)") [Terafab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terafab "Terafab") | |
| Organizations | [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") | |
| Politics | [America PAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_PAC "America PAC") [DOGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_to_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Response to the Department of Government Efficiency") ["Fork in the Road" memo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_U.S._federal_deferred_resignation_program "2025 U.S. federal deferred resignation program") [Salute controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy "Elon Musk salute controversy") [RBG PAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBG_PAC "RBG PAC") [Views on trade unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions "Elon Musk and trade unions") [City of Starbase Incorporation election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Starbase_Incorporation_election "City of Starbase Incorporation election") [Donald Trump feud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Musk_feud "TrumpâMusk feud") [America Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Party "America Party") | |
| Depictions | *[Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk:_Tesla,_SpaceX,_and_the_Quest_for_a_Fantastic_Future "Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future")* (2015) "[The Musk Who Fell to Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musk_Who_Fell_to_Earth "The Musk Who Fell to Earth")" (2015) *[The Space Barons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Barons "The Space Barons")* (2018) *[Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludicrous:_The_Unvarnished_Story_of_Tesla_Motors "Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors")* (2019) "[One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Crew_over_the_Crewcoo%27s_Morty "One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty")" (2019) *[Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Play:_Tesla,_Elon_Musk,_and_the_Bet_of_the_Century "Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century")* (2021) *[Return to Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Space "Return to Space")* (2022) *[Elon Musk's Crash Course](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Crash_Course "Elon Musk's Crash Course")* (2022) [*Elon Musk*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_\(Isaacson_book\) "Elon Musk (Isaacson book)") (2023) *[Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_\(film\) "Musk (film)")* (TBA) | |
| People | | |
| | | |
| [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_family "Musk family") | [Justine Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Musk "Justine Musk") (first wife) [Talulah Riley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talulah_Riley "Talulah Riley") (second wife) [Vivian Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Wilson "Vivian Wilson") (daughter) [Maye Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maye_Musk "Maye Musk") (mother) [Errol Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Musk "Errol Musk") (father) [Kimbal Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbal_Musk "Kimbal Musk") (brother) [Tosca Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca_Musk "Tosca Musk") (sister) [Joshua N. Haldeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_N._Haldeman "Joshua N. Haldeman") (grandfather) [Lyndon Rive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Rive "Lyndon Rive") (cousin) | |
| Partners | [Grimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes "Grimes") [Shivon Zilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivon_Zilis "Shivon Zilis") [Ashley St. Clair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_St._Clair "Ashley St. Clair") | |
| Related | [Astra Nova School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Nova_School "Astra Nova School") [Billionaire space race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billionaire_space_race "Billionaire space race") [Boca Chica (Texas)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Chica_\(Texas\) "Boca Chica (Texas)") [Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk%27s_Tesla_Roadster "Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster") [ElonJet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElonJet "ElonJet") [Hyperloop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop "Hyperloop") [Snailbrook, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snailbrook,_Texas "Snailbrook, Texas") [Texas Institute of Technology and Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science "Texas Institute of Technology and Science") [Starbase, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbase,_Texas "Starbase, Texas") [List of people named in the Epstein files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_named_in_the_Epstein_files "List of people named in the Epstein files") | |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Elon_Musk "Category:Elon Musk") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nikola_Tesla "Template:Nikola Tesla") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nikola_Tesla "Template talk:Nikola Tesla") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nikola_Tesla "Special:EditPage/Template:Nikola Tesla")[Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "Nikola Tesla") | | |
|---|---|---|
| Career and inventions | [Patents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nikola_Tesla_patents "List of Nikola Tesla patents") [Plasma lamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_lamp "Plasma lamp") [plasma globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_globe "Plasma globe") [Polyphase system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_system "Polyphase system") [Alternating-current commutatorless induction motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor "Induction motor") [Tesla Experimental Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Experimental_Station "Tesla Experimental Station") [Teleforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleforce "Teleforce") [Telegeodynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegeodynamics "Telegeodynamics") [Tesla coil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil "Tesla coil") [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Tesla_coil "History of the Tesla coil") [Wireless power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer#Tesla "Wireless power transfer") [Resonant inductive coupling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_inductive_coupling#History "Resonant inductive coupling") [Radio control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_control "Radio control") [Tesla turbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_turbine "Tesla turbine") [Tesla's oscillator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla%27s_oscillator "Tesla's oscillator") [Tesla valve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_valve "Tesla valve") [Three-phase electric power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power "Three-phase electric power") [Wardenclyffe Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower "Wardenclyffe Tower") [Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Electric_Light_and_Manufacturing "Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla-bulb.jpg) |
| Writings | *[The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inventions,_Researches,_and_Writings_of_Nikola_Tesla "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla")* *[Colorado Springs Notes, 1899â1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Notes,_1899%E2%80%931900 "Colorado Springs Notes, 1899â1900")* "[Fragments of Olympian Gossip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragments_of_Olympian_Gossip "Fragments of Olympian Gossip")" *[My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Inventions:_The_Autobiography_of_Nikola_Tesla "My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla")* | |
| Other | [War of the currents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_currents "War of the currents") [Westinghouse Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation "Westinghouse Electric Corporation") [World Wireless System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wireless_System "World Wireless System") [In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_in_popular_culture "Nikola Tesla in popular culture") | |
| Related | [Nikola Tesla Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Museum "Nikola Tesla Museum") [Nikola Tesla Memorial Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Memorial_Center "Nikola Tesla Memorial Center") [Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Science_Center_at_Wardenclyffe "Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe") [IEEE Nikola Tesla Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Nikola_Tesla_Award "IEEE Nikola Tesla Award") [Tesla Satellite Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Satellite_Award "Nikola Tesla Satellite Award") [Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Nikola_Tesla_Airport "Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport") [New Yorker Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorker_Hotel "New Yorker Hotel") *[The Secret of Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_Nikola_Tesla "The Secret of Nikola Tesla")* (1980 film) *[Tesla â Lightning in His Hand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_%E2%80%93_Lightning_in_His_Hand "Tesla â Lightning in His Hand")* (2003 opera) *[The Prestige](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prestige "The Prestige")* (2006 film) *[Tower to the People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_to_the_People "Tower to the People")* (2015 documentary) *[Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(2016_film\) "Tesla (2016 film)")* (2016 film) *[The Tesla World Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tesla_World_Light "The Tesla World Light")* (2017 film) *[The Current War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Current_War "The Current War")* (2019 film) "[Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla%27s_Night_of_Terror "Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror")" (2020 TV episode) *[Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(2020_film\) "Tesla (2020 film)")* (2020 film) *[Tesla: Man Out of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla:_Man_Out_of_Time "Tesla: Man Out of Time")* *[Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard:_The_Life_and_Times_of_Nikola_Tesla "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla")* *[The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Invented_the_Twentieth_Century "The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century")* [Boat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_of_the_Mist "Maid of the Mist") [SI derived unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(unit\) "Tesla (unit)") [Lunar crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_\(crater\) "Tesla (crater)") [Asteroid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2244_Tesla "2244 Tesla") [Tesla, Inc.]() | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Silicon_Valley "Template:Silicon Valley") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Silicon_Valley "Template talk:Silicon Valley") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silicon_Valley "Special:EditPage/Template:Silicon Valley")[Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley") | |
|---|---|
| Cities | [Belmont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont,_California "Belmont, California") [Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell,_California "Campbell, California") [Cupertino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino,_California "Cupertino, California") [East Palo Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Palo_Alto,_California "East Palo Alto, California") [Fremont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California") [Los Altos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos,_California "Los Altos, California") [Los Altos Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos_Hills,_California "Los Altos Hills, California") [Los Gatos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California "Los Gatos, California") [Menlo Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California") [Milpitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milpitas,_California "Milpitas, California") [Morgan Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Hill,_California "Morgan Hill, California") [Mountain View](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California "Mountain View, California") [Newark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_California "Newark, California") [Palo Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California "Palo Alto, California") [Redwood City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_City,_California "Redwood City, California") [San Carlos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos,_California "San Carlos, California") [San Jose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California "San Jose, California") [San Mateo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo,_California "San Mateo, California") [Santa Clara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California "Santa Clara, California") [Saratoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga,_California "Saratoga, California") [Sunnyvale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California "Sunnyvale, California") [Woodside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside,_California "Woodside, California") |
| Higher education | [CaĂąada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ada_College "CaĂąada College") [Carnegie Mellon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_Silicon_Valley "Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley") [De Anza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Anza_College "De Anza College") [Evergreen Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Valley_College "Evergreen Valley College") [Foothill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_College "Foothill College") [International Technological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Technological_University "International Technological University") [Menlo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_College "Menlo College") [Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_College_\(California\) "Mission College (California)") [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hispanic_University "National Hispanic University") [Ohlone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone_College "Ohlone College") [San Francisco Bay University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_University "San Francisco Bay University") [San JosĂŠ City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_City_College "San Jose City College") [San JosĂŠ State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_University "San Jose State University") [Santa Clara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_University "Santa Clara University") [Silicon Valley University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley_University "Silicon Valley University") [Stanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") [University of Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley "University of Silicon Valley") |
| [Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Silicon_Valley "Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley") (extant, subsidiaries, and defunct) | [3Com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Com "3Com") [Access Systems Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Systems_Americas "Access Systems Americas") [Actuate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuate_Corporation "Actuate Corporation") [Adaptec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptec "Adaptec") [Adobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Inc. "Adobe Inc.") [AMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD "AMD") [Agilent Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_Technologies "Agilent Technologies") [Altera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altera "Altera") [Amdahl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation "Amdahl Corporation") [Ampex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampex "Ampex") [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Applied Materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Materials "Applied Materials") [Aricent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aricent "Aricent") [Asus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asus "Asus") [Atari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari "Atari") [Atmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel "Atmel") [Autodesk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk "Autodesk") [Avaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya "Avaya") [BEA Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEA_Systems "BEA Systems") [Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_\(company\) "Box (company)") [Brocade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocade_Communications_Systems "Brocade Communications Systems") [BusinessObjects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessObjects "BusinessObjects") [Capcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom "Capcom") [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco") [Computer Literacy Bookshops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Literacy_Bookshops "Computer Literacy Bookshops") [Cypress Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor "Cypress Semiconductor") [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") [Electronic Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts "Electronic Arts") [Foundry Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry_Networks "Foundry Networks") [Fry's Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry%27s_Electronics "Fry's Electronics") [Fujitsu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu "Fujitsu") [Gaia Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_Online "Gaia Online") [Geeknet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeknet "Geeknet") [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google") [Hewlett-Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard "Hewlett-Packard") [HGST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGST "HGST") [IETF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force "Internet Engineering Task Force") [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") [Internet Systems Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium "Internet Systems Consortium") [Intuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuit "Intuit") [Juniper Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_Networks "Juniper Networks") [Knight Ridder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Ridder "Knight Ridder") [LinkedIn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn") [Logitech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logitech "Logitech") [LSI Logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSI_Logic "LSI Logic") [Magellan Navigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellan_Navigation "Magellan Navigation") [Marvell Technology Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group "Marvell Technology Group") [Maxtor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxtor "Maxtor") [McAfee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee "McAfee") [Memorex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorex "Memorex") [Meta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Platforms "Meta Platforms") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Mozilla Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation "Mozilla Corporation") [National Semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Semiconductor "National Semiconductor") [Netscape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape "Netscape") [NetApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetApp "NetApp") [Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix,_Inc. "Netflix, Inc.") [NeXT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT "NeXT") [Nintendo of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo#United_States "Nintendo") [Nortel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel "Nortel") [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia") [Opera Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Software "Opera Software") [Oppo Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppo_Digital "Oppo Digital") [Oracle Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation") [Palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm,_Inc. "Palm, Inc.") [Palo Alto Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Networks "Palo Alto Networks") [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [Pinterest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinterest "Pinterest") [Playdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playdom "Playdom") [Rambus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus "Rambus") [Redback Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redback_Networks "Redback Networks") [Reputation.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation.com "Reputation.com") [Roku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roku,_Inc. "Roku, Inc.") [SAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP "SAP") [SanDisk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SanDisk "SanDisk") [Silicon Graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics "Silicon Graphics") [Silicon Image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Image "Silicon Image") [Solectron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solectron "Solectron") [Sony Interactive Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment "Sony Interactive Entertainment") [SRI International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_International "SRI International") [Sun Microsystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems") [Symyx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symyx_Technologies "Symyx Technologies") [Synopsys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopsys "Synopsys") [Taligent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taligent "Taligent") [Tesla]() [TiVo Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiVo_Corporation "TiVo Corporation") [Uber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber "Uber") [Verisign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisign "Verisign") [Veritas Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritas_Technologies "Veritas Technologies") [VMware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMware "VMware") [Webex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webex "Webex") [WhatsApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp "WhatsApp") [Xilinx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilinx "Xilinx") [Yahoo\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Inc._\(1995%E2%80%932017\) "Yahoo! Inc. (1995â2017)") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PayPal_Mafia "Template:PayPal Mafia") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:PayPal_Mafia "Template talk:PayPal Mafia") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PayPal_Mafia "Special:EditPage/Template:PayPal Mafia")[PayPal Mafia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal_Mafia "PayPal Mafia") | |
|---|---|
| Individuals | [Peter Thiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel "Peter Thiel") [Reid Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman "Reid Hoffman") [Max Levchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Levchin "Max Levchin") [Ken Howery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Howery "Ken Howery") [Luke Nosek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Nosek "Luke Nosek") [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") [Steve Chen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Chen "Steve Chen") [Keith Rabois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Rabois "Keith Rabois") [Chad Hurley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Hurley "Chad Hurley") [Roelof Botha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roelof_Botha "Roelof Botha") [Jawed Karim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawed_Karim "Jawed Karim") [Yishan Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishan_Wong "Yishan Wong") [Eric M. Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_M._Jackson "Eric M. Jackson") [David O. Sacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O._Sacks "David O. Sacks") [Premal Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premal_Shah "Premal Shah") [Russel Simmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russel_Simmons "Russel Simmons") [Jeremy Stoppelman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Stoppelman "Jeremy Stoppelman") |
| Companies founded or co-founded | [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [LinkedIn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn "LinkedIn") [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") [Yelp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelp "Yelp") [Geni.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geni.com "Geni.com") [Yammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yammer "Yammer") [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") [Tesla, Inc.]() [Palantir Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palantir_Technologies "Palantir Technologies") [Kiva.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiva_\(organization\) "Kiva (organization)") [Affirm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirm_\(company\) "Affirm (company)") [The Boring Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company "The Boring Company") [Neuralink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink "Neuralink") |
| Investments | [Friendster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendster "Friendster") [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") [Powerset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerset_\(company\) "Powerset (company)") [Six Apart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Apart "Six Apart") [Zynga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zynga "Zynga") [IronPort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IronPort "IronPort") [Flickr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr "Flickr") [Digg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digg "Digg") [Grockit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grockit "Grockit") [Ooma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooma "Ooma") [Quantcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast "Quantcast") [RapLeaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapLeaf "RapLeaf") [SmartDrive Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartDrive_Systems "SmartDrive Systems") [Wise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_\(company\) "Wise (company)") [Ping.fm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping.fm "Ping.fm") [Nanosolar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanosolar "Nanosolar") [Knewton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knewton "Knewton") [Kongregate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregate "Kongregate") [Last.fm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last.fm "Last.fm") [TokBox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TokBox "TokBox") [Xoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoom_\(web_hosting\) "Xoom (web hosting)") [Joost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost "Joost") |
| Funds | [Founders Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_Fund "Founders Fund") [Clarium Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarium_Capital "Clarium Capital") [Greylock Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylock_Partners "Greylock Partners") [Sequoia Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital "Sequoia Capital") [Valar Ventures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valar_Ventures "Valar Ventures") [Thiel Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiel_Capital "Thiel Capital") [Mithril Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithril_Capital "Mithril Capital") [Khosla Ventures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosla_Ventures "Khosla Ventures") |
| Other | *[The PayPal Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_PayPal_Wars "The PayPal Wars")* *[Thank You for Smoking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_You_for_Smoking_\(film\) "Thank You for Smoking (film)")* *[The Stanford Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stanford_Review "The Stanford Review")* |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nasdaq-100 "Template:Nasdaq-100") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nasdaq-100 "Template talk:Nasdaq-100") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nasdaq-100 "Special:EditPage/Template:Nasdaq-100")Companies of the [Nasdaq-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq-100 "Nasdaq-100") index |
|---|
| [Adobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Inc. "Adobe Inc.") [ADP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_\(company\) "ADP (company)") [AMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD "AMD") [Airbnb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb "Airbnb") [Alnylam Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnylam_Pharmaceuticals "Alnylam Pharmaceuticals") [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") [AEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Electric_Power "American Electric Power") [Amgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen "Amgen") [Analog Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices "Analog Devices") [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Applied Materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Materials "Applied Materials") [AppLovin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppLovin "AppLovin") [Arm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_Holdings "Arm Holdings") [ASML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASML_Holding "ASML Holding") [Atlassian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlassian "Atlassian") [Autodesk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk "Autodesk") [Axon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_Enterprise "Axon Enterprise") [Baker Hughes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Hughes "Baker Hughes") [Booking Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booking_Holdings "Booking Holdings") [Broadcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom "Broadcom") [Cadence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems "Cadence Design Systems") [Charter Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Communications "Charter Communications") [Cintas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintas "Cintas") [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco") [Coca-Cola Europacific Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_Europacific_Partners "Coca-Cola Europacific Partners") [Cognizant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognizant "Cognizant") [Comcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast "Comcast") [Constellation Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_Energy "Constellation Energy") [Copart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copart "Copart") [CoStar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoStar_Group "CoStar Group") [Costco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco "Costco") [CrowdStrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrowdStrike "CrowdStrike") [CSX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Corporation "CSX Corporation") [Datadog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datadog "Datadog") [Dexcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexcom "Dexcom") [Diamondback Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondback_Energy "Diamondback Energy") [DoorDash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoorDash "DoorDash") [Electronic Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts "Electronic Arts") [Exelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exelon "Exelon") [Fastenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastenal "Fastenal") [Ferrovial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovial "Ferrovial") [Fortinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortinet "Fortinet") [GE HealthCare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_HealthCare "GE HealthCare") [Gilead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences "Gilead Sciences") [Honeywell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell "Honeywell") [Idexx Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idexx_Laboratories "Idexx Laboratories") [Insmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insmed&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insmed (page does not exist)") [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") [Intuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuit "Intuit") [Intuitive Surgical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical "Intuitive Surgical") [Keurig Dr Pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurig_Dr_Pepper "Keurig Dr Pepper") [KLA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLA_Corporation "KLA Corporation") [Kraft Heinz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Heinz "Kraft Heinz") [Lam Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Research "Lam Research") [Linde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linde_plc "Linde plc") [Marriott International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International "Marriott International") [Marvell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell_Technology "Marvell Technology") [Mercado Libre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercado_Libre "Mercado Libre") [Meta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Platforms "Meta Platforms") [Microchip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology "Microchip Technology") [Micron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_Technology "Micron Technology") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [MicroStrategy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroStrategy "MicroStrategy") [Mondelez International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondelez_International "Mondelez International") [Monolithic Power Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_Power_Systems "Monolithic Power Systems") [Monster Beverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Beverage "Monster Beverage") [Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix,_Inc. "Netflix, Inc.") [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia") [NXP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors "NXP Semiconductors") [O'Reilly Auto Parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts "O'Reilly Auto Parts") [Old Dominion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Freight_Line "Old Dominion Freight Line") [Paccar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar "Paccar") [Palantir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palantir "Palantir") [Palo Alto Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Networks "Palo Alto Networks") [Paychex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paychex "Paychex") [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [PDD Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinduoduo "Pinduoduo") [PepsiCo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo "PepsiCo") [Qualcomm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm "Qualcomm") [Regeneron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals "Regeneron Pharmaceuticals") [Roper Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roper_Technologies "Roper Technologies") [Ross Stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Stores "Ross Stores") [Seagate Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagate_Technology "Seagate Technology") [Shopify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopify "Shopify") [Starbucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks "Starbucks") [Synopsys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopsys "Synopsys") [Take-Two Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-Two_Interactive "Take-Two Interactive") [T-Mobile US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US "T-Mobile US") [Tesla]() [Texas Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments") [Thomson Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters "Thomson Reuters") [Verisk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisk_Analytics "Verisk Analytics") [Vertex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_Pharmaceuticals "Vertex Pharmaceuticals") [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") [Warner Bros. Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery "Warner Bros. Discovery") [Western Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Digital "Western Digital") [Workday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workday,_Inc. "Workday, Inc.") [Xcel Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy "Xcel Energy") [Zscaler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zscaler "Zscaler") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:S%26P_500_companies "Template:S&P 500 companies") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:S%26P_500_companies "Template talk:S&P 500 companies") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:S%26P_500_companies "Special:EditPage/Template:S&P 500 companies")[S\&P 500 companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S%26P_500_companies "List of S&P 500 companies") | |
|---|---|
| Energy | [APA Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_Corporation "APA Corporation") [Baker Hughes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Hughes "Baker Hughes") [Chevron Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation "Chevron Corporation") [ConocoPhillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConocoPhillips "ConocoPhillips") [Coterra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coterra "Coterra") [Devon Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Energy "Devon Energy") [Diamondback Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondback_Energy "Diamondback Energy") [EOG Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOG_Resources "EOG Resources") [EQT Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQT_Corporation "EQT Corporation") [Expand Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expand_Energy "Expand Energy") [ExxonMobil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil "ExxonMobil") [Halliburton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton") [Kinder Morgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinder_Morgan "Kinder Morgan") [Marathon Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum "Marathon Petroleum") [Occidental Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum "Occidental Petroleum") [Oneok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneok "Oneok") [Phillips 66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_66 "Phillips 66") [SLB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLB "SLB") [Targa Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targa_Resources "Targa Resources") [Texas Pacific Land Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Pacific_Land_Corporation "Texas Pacific Land Corporation") [Valero Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valero_Energy "Valero Energy") [Williams Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Companies "Williams Companies") |
| Materials | [Air Products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Products "Air Products") [Albemarle Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_Corporation "Albemarle Corporation") [Amcor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amcor "Amcor") [Avery Dennison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Dennison "Avery Dennison") [Ball Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_Corporation "Ball Corporation") [CF Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Industries "CF Industries") [Corteva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteva "Corteva") [CRH plc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRH_plc "CRH plc") [Dow Chemical Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company "Dow Chemical Company") [DuPont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont "DuPont") [Ecolab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolab "Ecolab") [Freeport-McMoRan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan "Freeport-McMoRan") [International Flavors & Fragrances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Flavors_%26_Fragrances "International Flavors & Fragrances") [International Paper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paper "International Paper") [Linde plc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linde_plc "Linde plc") [LyondellBasell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LyondellBasell "LyondellBasell") [Martin Marietta Materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Marietta_Materials "Martin Marietta Materials") [Newmont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmont "Newmont") [Nucor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucor "Nucor") [Packaging Corporation of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging_Corporation_of_America "Packaging Corporation of America") [PPG Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_Industries "PPG Industries") [Sherwin-Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwin-Williams "Sherwin-Williams") [Smurfit Westrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurfit_Westrock "Smurfit Westrock") [Steel Dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Dynamics "Steel Dynamics") [Vulcan Materials Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Materials_Company "Vulcan Materials Company") |
| Industrials | [3M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M "3M") [A. O. Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Smith "A. O. Smith") [Allegion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegion "Allegion") [Ametek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ametek "Ametek") [Automatic Data Processing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_\(company\) "ADP (company)") [Axon Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_Enterprise "Axon Enterprise") [Boeing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing "Boeing") [Broadridge Financial Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadridge_Financial_Solutions "Broadridge Financial Solutions") [Builders FirstSource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builders_FirstSource "Builders FirstSource") [C.H. Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.H._Robinson "C.H. Robinson") [Carrier Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Global "Carrier Global") [Caterpillar Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") [Cintas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintas "Cintas") [Comfort Systems USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_Systems_USA "Comfort Systems USA") [Copart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copart "Copart") [CSX Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Corporation "CSX Corporation") [Cummins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins "Cummins") [Deere & Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere "John Deere") [Delta Air Lines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") [Dover Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Corporation "Dover Corporation") [Eaton Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation "Eaton Corporation") [Emcor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emcor "Emcor") [Emerson Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Electric "Emerson Electric") [Equifax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equifax "Equifax") [Expeditors International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditors_International "Expeditors International") [Fastenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastenal "Fastenal") [FedEx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx "FedEx") [Fortive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortive "Fortive") [GE Aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Aerospace "GE Aerospace") [GE Vernova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Vernova "GE Vernova") [Generac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generac "Generac") [General Dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics "General Dynamics") [Honeywell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell "Honeywell") [Howmet Aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howmet_Aerospace "Howmet Aerospace") [Hubbell Incorporated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbell_Incorporated "Hubbell Incorporated") [Huntington Ingalls Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Ingalls_Industries "Huntington Ingalls Industries") [IDEX Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEX_Corporation "IDEX Corporation") [Illinois Tool Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Tool_Works "Illinois Tool Works") [Ingersoll Rand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand "Ingersoll Rand") [J. B. Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Hunt "J. B. Hunt") [Jacobs Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_Solutions "Jacobs Solutions") [Johnson Controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Controls "Johnson Controls") [L3Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3Harris "L3Harris") [Leidos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidos "Leidos") [Lennox International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox_International "Lennox International") [Lockheed Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin "Lockheed Martin") [Masco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masco "Masco") [Nordson Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordson_Corporation "Nordson Corporation") [Norfolk Southern Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway "Norfolk Southern Railway") [Northrop Grumman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman "Northrop Grumman") [Old Dominion Freight Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Freight_Line "Old Dominion Freight Line") [Otis Worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Worldwide "Otis Worldwide") [Paccar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar "Paccar") [Parker Hannifin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Hannifin "Parker Hannifin") [Paychex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paychex "Paychex") [Pentair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentair "Pentair") [Quanta Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Services "Quanta Services") [RTX Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTX_Corporation "RTX Corporation") [Republic Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Services "Republic Services") [Rockwell Automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Automation "Rockwell Automation") [Rollins, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollins,_Inc. "Rollins, Inc.") [Snap-on](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap-on "Snap-on") [Southwest Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines "Southwest Airlines") [Stanley Black & Decker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Black_%26_Decker "Stanley Black & Decker") [Textron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textron "Textron") [Trane Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trane_Technologies "Trane Technologies") [TransDigm Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransDigm_Group "TransDigm Group") [Uber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber "Uber") [Union Pacific Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Corporation "Union Pacific Corporation") [United Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines "United Airlines") [United Parcel Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service "United Parcel Service") [United Rentals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Rentals "United Rentals") [Veralto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veralto "Veralto") [Verisk Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisk_Analytics "Verisk Analytics") [Vertiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertiv "Vertiv") [W. W. Grainger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Grainger "W. W. Grainger") [Wabtec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabtec "Wabtec") [Waste Management, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Management,_Inc. "Waste Management, Inc.") [Xylem Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem_Inc. "Xylem Inc.") |
| Consumer discretionary | [Airbnb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb "Airbnb") [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)") [Aptiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptiv "Aptiv") [AutoZone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoZone "AutoZone") [Best Buy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy") [Booking Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booking_Holdings "Booking Holdings") [Carnival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_Corporation_%26_plc "Carnival Corporation & plc") [Carvana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvana "Carvana") [Chipotle Mexican Grill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipotle_Mexican_Grill "Chipotle Mexican Grill") [Darden Restaurants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darden_Restaurants "Darden Restaurants") [Deckers Brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deckers_Brands "Deckers Brands") [Domino's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%27s "Domino's") [DoorDash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoorDash "DoorDash") [D. R. Horton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._R._Horton "D. R. Horton") [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") [Expedia Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia_Group "Expedia Group") [Ford Motor Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") [Garmin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin "Garmin") [General Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") [Genuine Parts Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuine_Parts_Company "Genuine Parts Company") [Hasbro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro "Hasbro") [Hilton Worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide "Hilton Worldwide") [Home Depot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Depot "Home Depot") [Las Vegas Sands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sands "Las Vegas Sands") [Lennar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennar "Lennar") [Lowe's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe%27s "Lowe's") [Lululemon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lululemon "Lululemon") [Marriott International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International "Marriott International") [McDonald's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s "McDonald's") [MGM Resorts International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International "MGM Resorts International") [Nike, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc. "Nike, Inc.") [Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Cruise_Line_Holdings "Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings") [NVR, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVR,_Inc. "NVR, Inc.") [O'Reilly Auto Parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts "O'Reilly Auto Parts") [Pool Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_Corporation "Pool Corporation") [PulteGroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PulteGroup "PulteGroup") [Ralph Lauren Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation "Ralph Lauren Corporation") [Ross Stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Stores "Ross Stores") [Royal Caribbean Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_Group "Royal Caribbean Group") [Starbucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks "Starbucks") [Tapestry, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapestry,_Inc. "Tapestry, Inc.") [Tesla, Inc.]() [TJX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJX "TJX") [Tractor Supply Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_Supply_Company "Tractor Supply Company") [Ulta Beauty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulta_Beauty "Ulta Beauty") [Williams-Sonoma, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams-Sonoma,_Inc. "Williams-Sonoma, Inc.") [Wynn Resorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynn_Resorts "Wynn Resorts") [Yum! Brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum!_Brands "Yum! Brands") |
| Consumer staples | [Altria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altria "Altria") [Archer Daniels Midland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_Daniels_Midland "Archer Daniels Midland") [Brown-Forman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-Forman "Brown-Forman") [Bunge Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunge_Global "Bunge Global") [Campbell's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell%27s "Campbell's") [Casey's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey%27s "Casey's") [Church & Dwight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_%26_Dwight "Church & Dwight") [Clorox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorox "Clorox") [The Coca-Cola Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company "The Coca-Cola Company") [Colgate-Palmolive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive "Colgate-Palmolive") [Conagra Brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conagra_Brands "Conagra Brands") [Constellation Brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_Brands "Constellation Brands") [Costco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco "Costco") [Dollar General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General "Dollar General") [Dollar Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Tree "Dollar Tree") [The EstĂŠe Lauder Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies "The EstĂŠe Lauder Companies") [General Mills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Mills "General Mills") [The Hershey Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hershey_Company "The Hershey Company") [Hormel Foods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormel_Foods "Hormel Foods") [Kenvue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenvue "Kenvue") [Keurig Dr Pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurig_Dr_Pepper "Keurig Dr Pepper") [Kimberly-Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly-Clark "Kimberly-Clark") [Kraft Heinz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Heinz "Kraft Heinz") [Kroger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroger "Kroger") [McCormick & Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick_%26_Company "McCormick & Company") [Molson Coors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molson_Coors "Molson Coors") [Mondelez International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondelez_International "Mondelez International") [Monster Beverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Beverage "Monster Beverage") [PepsiCo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo "PepsiCo") [Philip Morris International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_International "Philip Morris International") [Procter & Gamble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble "Procter & Gamble") [The J.M. Smucker Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J.M._Smucker_Company "The J.M. Smucker Company") [Sysco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysco "Sysco") [Target Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") [Tyson Foods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Foods "Tyson Foods") [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") |
| Health Care | [Abbott Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories "Abbott Laboratories") [AbbVie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbbVie "AbbVie") [Agilent Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_Technologies "Agilent Technologies") [Align Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Align_Technology "Align Technology") [Amgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen "Amgen") [Baxter International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter_International "Baxter International") [Becton Dickinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD_\(company\) "BD (company)") [Bio-Techne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-Techne "Bio-Techne") [Biogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogen "Biogen") [Boston Scientific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Scientific "Boston Scientific") [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Myers_Squibb "Bristol Myers Squibb") [Cardinal Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Health "Cardinal Health") [Cencora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cencora "Cencora") [Centene Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centene_Corporation "Centene Corporation") [Charles River Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River_Laboratories "Charles River Laboratories") [The Cigna Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cigna_Group "The Cigna Group") [Cooper Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cooper_Companies "The Cooper Companies") [CVS Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVS_Health "CVS Health") [Danaher Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaher_Corporation "Danaher Corporation") [DaVita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaVita "DaVita") [Dexcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexcom "Dexcom") [Edwards Lifesciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Lifesciences "Edwards Lifesciences") [Elevance Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevance_Health "Elevance Health") [GE HealthCare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_HealthCare "GE HealthCare") [Gilead Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences "Gilead Sciences") [HCA Healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCA_Healthcare "HCA Healthcare") [Henry Schein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Schein "Henry Schein") [Humana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humana "Humana") [Idexx Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idexx_Laboratories "Idexx Laboratories") [Incyte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incyte "Incyte") [Insulet Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulet_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insulet Corporation (page does not exist)") [Intuitive Surgical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical "Intuitive Surgical") [IQVIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQVIA "IQVIA") [Johnson & Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson "Johnson & Johnson") [Labcorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labcorp "Labcorp") [Eli Lilly and Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company "Eli Lilly and Company") [McKesson Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKesson_Corporation "McKesson Corporation") [Medtronic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medtronic "Medtronic") [Merck & Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co. "Merck & Co.") [Mettler Toledo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mettler_Toledo "Mettler Toledo") [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna "Moderna") [Pfizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer "Pfizer") [Quest Diagnostics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Diagnostics "Quest Diagnostics") [Regeneron Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals "Regeneron Pharmaceuticals") [ResMed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResMed "ResMed") [Revvity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revvity "Revvity") [Solventum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventum "Solventum") [Steris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steris "Steris") [Stryker Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker_Corporation "Stryker Corporation") [Thermo Fisher Scientific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific "Thermo Fisher Scientific") [UnitedHealth Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group "UnitedHealth Group") [Universal Health Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Health_Services "Universal Health Services") [Vertex Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_Pharmaceuticals "Vertex Pharmaceuticals") [Viatris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viatris "Viatris") [Waters Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waters_Corporation "Waters Corporation") [West Pharmaceutical Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pharmaceutical_Services "West Pharmaceutical Services") [Zimmer Biomet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmer_Biomet "Zimmer Biomet") [Zoetis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis "Zoetis") |
| Financials | [Aflac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflac "Aflac") [Allstate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allstate "Allstate") [American Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Express "American Express") [American International Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group "American International Group") [Ameriprise Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriprise_Financial "Ameriprise Financial") [Aon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aon_\(company\) "Aon (company)") [Apollo Global Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Global_Management "Apollo Global Management") [Arch Capital Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Capital_Group "Arch Capital Group") [Ares Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_Management "Ares Management") [Arthur J. Gallagher & Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_J._Gallagher_%26_Co. "Arthur J. Gallagher & Co.") [Assurant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurant "Assurant") [Bank of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America "Bank of America") [Berkshire Hathaway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway "Berkshire Hathaway") [BlackRock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock "BlackRock") [Blackstone Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_Inc. "Blackstone Inc.") [Block, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block,_Inc. "Block, Inc.") [BNY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNY "BNY") [Brown & Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_%26_Brown "Brown & Brown") [Capital One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One "Capital One") [Cboe Global Markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cboe_Global_Markets "Cboe Global Markets") [Charles Schwab Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Corporation "Charles Schwab Corporation") [Chubb Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubb_Limited "Chubb Limited") [Cincinnati Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Financial "Cincinnati Financial") [Citigroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup "Citigroup") [Citizens Financial Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Financial_Group "Citizens Financial Group") [CME Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CME_Group "CME Group") [Coinbase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinbase "Coinbase") [Corpay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpay "Corpay") [Erie Indemnity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Insurance_Group "Erie Insurance Group") [Everest Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Group "Everest Group") [FactSet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactSet "FactSet") [FIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_\(company\) "FIS (company)") [Fifth Third Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Third_Bank "Fifth Third Bank") [Fiserv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_\(company\) "FIS (company)") [Franklin Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Templeton "Franklin Templeton") [Global Payments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Payments "Global Payments") [Globe Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Life "Globe Life") [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs") [The Hartford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hartford "The Hartford") [Huntington Bancshares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Bancshares "Huntington Bancshares") [Interactive Brokers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Brokers "Interactive Brokers") [Intercontinental Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange "Intercontinental Exchange") [Invesco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invesco "Invesco") [Jack Henry & Associates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Henry_%26_Associates "Jack Henry & Associates") [JPMorgan Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase") [KeyBank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KeyBank "KeyBank") [KKR & Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKR_%26_Co. "KKR & Co.") [Loews Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loews_Corporation "Loews Corporation") [M\&T Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26T_Bank "M&T Bank") [Marsh McLennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_McLennan "Marsh McLennan") [Mastercard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastercard "Mastercard") [MetLife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetLife "MetLife") [Moody's Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody%27s_Corporation "Moody's Corporation") [Morgan Stanley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley") [MSCI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSCI "MSCI") [Nasdaq, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq,_Inc. "Nasdaq, Inc.") [Northern Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Trust "Northern Trust") [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [PNC Financial Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services "PNC Financial Services") [Principal Financial Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Financial_Group "Principal Financial Group") [Progressive Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Corporation "Progressive Corporation") [Prudential Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Financial "Prudential Financial") [Raymond James Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_James_Financial "Raymond James Financial") [Regions Financial Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation "Regions Financial Corporation") [Robinhood Markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinhood_Markets "Robinhood Markets") [S\&P Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_Global "S&P Global") [State Street Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_Corporation "State Street Corporation") [Synchrony Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrony_Financial "Synchrony Financial") [T. Rowe Price](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Rowe_Price "T. Rowe Price") [The Travelers Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Travelers_Companies "The Travelers Companies") [Truist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truist "Truist") [U.S. Bancorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bancorp "U.S. Bancorp") [Visa Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc. "Visa Inc.") [W. R. Berkley Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._R._Berkley_Corporation "W. R. Berkley Corporation") [Wells Fargo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo "Wells Fargo") [Willis Towers Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Towers_Watson "Willis Towers Watson") |
| Information technology | [Accenture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accenture "Accenture") [Adobe Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Inc. "Adobe Inc.") [Akamai Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies "Akamai Technologies") [AMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD "AMD") [Amphenol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphenol "Amphenol") [Analog Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices "Analog Devices") [Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Applied Materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Materials "Applied Materials") [AppLovin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppLovin "AppLovin") [Arista Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Networks "Arista Networks") [Autodesk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk "Autodesk") [Broadcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom "Broadcom") [Cadence Design Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems "Cadence Design Systems") [CDW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDW "CDW") [Ciena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciena "Ciena") [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco") [Cognizant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognizant "Cognizant") [Coherent Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_Corp. "Coherent Corp.") [Corning Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning_Inc. "Corning Inc.") [CrowdStrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrowdStrike "CrowdStrike") [Datadog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datadog "Datadog") [Dell Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Technologies "Dell Technologies") [EPAM Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPAM_Systems "EPAM Systems") [F5, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F5,_Inc. "F5, Inc.") [FICO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FICO "FICO") [First Solar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar "First Solar") [Fortinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortinet "Fortinet") [Gartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner "Gartner") [Gen Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_Digital "Gen Digital") [GoDaddy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoDaddy "GoDaddy") [Hewlett Packard Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise "Hewlett Packard Enterprise") [HP Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Inc. "HP Inc.") [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM") [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") [Intuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuit "Intuit") [Jabil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabil "Jabil") [Keysight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keysight "Keysight") [KLA Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLA_Corporation "KLA Corporation") [Lam Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Research "Lam Research") [Lumentum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumentum "Lumentum") [Microchip Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology "Microchip Technology") [Micron Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_Technology "Micron Technology") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Monolithic Power Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_Power_Systems "Monolithic Power Systems") [Motorola Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Solutions "Motorola Solutions") [NetApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetApp "NetApp") [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia") [NXP Semiconductors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors "NXP Semiconductors") [onsemi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsemi "Onsemi") [Oracle Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation") [Palantir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palantir "Palantir") [Palo Alto Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Networks "Palo Alto Networks") [PTC Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTC_Inc. "PTC Inc.") [Qualcomm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm "Qualcomm") [Qnity Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qnity_Electronics "Qnity Electronics") [Roper Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roper_Technologies "Roper Technologies") [Salesforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce "Salesforce") [Sandisk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandisk "Sandisk") [Seagate Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagate_Technology "Seagate Technology") [ServiceNow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ServiceNow "ServiceNow") [Skyworks Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyworks_Solutions "Skyworks Solutions") [Supermicro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermicro "Supermicro") [Synopsys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopsys "Synopsys") [TE Connectivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TE_Connectivity "TE Connectivity") [Teledyne Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledyne_Technologies "Teledyne Technologies") [Teradyne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teradyne "Teradyne") [Texas Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments") [Trimble Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimble_Inc. "Trimble Inc.") [Tyler Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Technologies "Tyler Technologies") [Verisign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisign "Verisign") [Western Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Digital "Western Digital") [Workday, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workday,_Inc. "Workday, Inc.") [Zebra Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_Technologies "Zebra Technologies") |
| Communication services | [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") [AT\&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T "AT&T") [Charter Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Communications "Charter Communications") [Comcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast "Comcast") [EchoStar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EchoStar "EchoStar") [Electronic Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts "Electronic Arts") [Fox Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Corporation "Fox Corporation") [Live Nation Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment "Live Nation Entertainment") [Meta Platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Platforms "Meta Platforms") [Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") [News Corp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corp "News Corp") [Omnicom Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnicom_Group "Omnicom Group") [Paramount Skydance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Skydance "Paramount Skydance") [T-Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US "T-Mobile US") [Take-Two Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-Two_Interactive "Take-Two Interactive") [TKO Group Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKO_Group_Holdings "TKO Group Holdings") [The Trade Desk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trade_Desk "The Trade Desk") [Verizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon "Verizon") [The Walt Disney Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company "The Walt Disney Company") [Warner Bros. Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery "Warner Bros. Discovery") |
| Real estate | [Alexandria Real Estate Equities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Real_Estate_Equities "Alexandria Real Estate Equities") [American Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Tower "American Tower") [AvalonBay Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AvalonBay_Communities "AvalonBay Communities") [BXP, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BXP,_Inc. "BXP, Inc.") [Camden Property Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Property_Trust "Camden Property Trust") [CBRE Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBRE_Group "CBRE Group") [CoStar Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoStar_Group "CoStar Group") [Crown Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Castle "Crown Castle") [Digital Realty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Realty "Digital Realty") [Equinix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinix "Equinix") [Equity Residential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_Residential "Equity Residential") [Essex Property Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Property_Trust "Essex Property Trust") [Extra Space Storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_Space_Storage "Extra Space Storage") [Federal Realty Investment Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Realty_Investment_Trust "Federal Realty Investment Trust") [Healthpeak Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthpeak_Properties "Healthpeak Properties") [Host Hotels & Resorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Hotels_%26_Resorts "Host Hotels & Resorts") [Invitation Homes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_Homes "Invitation Homes") [Iron Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Mountain_\(company\) "Iron Mountain (company)") [Kimco Realty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimco_Realty "Kimco Realty") [Mid-America Apartment Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-America_Apartment_Communities "Mid-America Apartment Communities") [Prologis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologis "Prologis") [Public Storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Storage "Public Storage") [Realty Income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realty_Income "Realty Income") [Regency Centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Centers "Regency Centers") [SBA Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBA_Communications "SBA Communications") [Simon Property Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Property_Group "Simon Property Group") [UDR, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDR,_Inc. "UDR, Inc.") [Ventas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventas_\(company\) "Ventas (company)") [Vici Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vici_Properties "Vici Properties") [Welltower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welltower "Welltower") [Weyerhaeuser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyerhaeuser "Weyerhaeuser") |
| Utilities | [AES Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_Corporation "AES Corporation") [Alliant Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliant_Energy "Alliant Energy") [Ameren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameren "Ameren") [American Electric Power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Electric_Power "American Electric Power") [American Water Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Water_Works "American Water Works") [Atmos Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_Energy "Atmos Energy") [CenterPoint Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenterPoint_Energy "CenterPoint Energy") [CMS Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMS_Energy "CMS Energy") [Consolidated Edison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Edison "Consolidated Edison") [Constellation Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_Energy "Constellation Energy") [Dominion Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Energy "Dominion Energy") [DTE Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTE_Energy "DTE Energy") [Duke Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Energy "Duke Energy") [Edison International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_International "Edison International") [Entergy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entergy "Entergy") [Evergy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergy "Evergy") [Eversource Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eversource_Energy "Eversource Energy") [Exelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exelon "Exelon") [FirstEnergy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FirstEnergy "FirstEnergy") [NextEra Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NextEra_Energy "NextEra Energy") [NiSource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiSource "NiSource") [NRG Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRG_Energy "NRG Energy") [Pacific Gas and Electric Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company "Pacific Gas and Electric Company") [Pinnacle West Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle_West_Capital "Pinnacle West Capital") [PPL Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPL_Corporation "PPL Corporation") [Public Service Enterprise Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Service_Enterprise_Group "Public Service Enterprise Group") [Sempra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempra "Sempra") [Southern Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Company "Southern Company") [Vistra Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistra_Corp. "Vistra Corp.") [WEC Energy Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEC_Energy_Group "WEC Energy Group") [Xcel Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy "Xcel Energy") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States "Template:Automotive industry in the United States") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States "Template talk:Automotive industry in the United States") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States "Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry in the United States")[Automotive industry in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States "Automotive industry in the United States") | |
|---|---|
| [Automotive industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry "Automotive industry") [Economy of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States "Economy of the United States") [Transportation in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States "Transportation in the United States") | |
| Vehicle manufacturers and brands | |
| | |
| Current ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States "List of automobile manufacturers of the United States")) | [AGCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGCO "AGCO") [Challenger Tractor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_Tractor "Challenger Tractor") [Massey Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Ferguson "Massey Ferguson") [AM General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_General "AM General") [Anteros Coachworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteros_Coachworks "Anteros Coachworks") [Amp Electric Vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhorse_Group "Workhorse Group") [Arcimoto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcimoto "Arcimoto") [Armour Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Runner "Rhino Runner") [ATK motorcycles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATK_motorcycles "ATK motorcycles") [Autocar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_Company "Autocar Company") [Blue Bird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bird_Corporation "Blue Bird Corporation") [Callaway Cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaway_Cars "Callaway Cars") [Caterpillar Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") [Czinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czinger "Czinger") [Chenowth Racing Products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Patrol_Vehicle "Desert Patrol Vehicle") [Environmental Performance Vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Vehicles "Environmental Performance Vehicles") [Equus Automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_Bass_770 "Equus Bass 770") [Forest River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_River_\(company\) "Forest River (company)") [Champion Bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Bus_Incorporated "Champion Bus Incorporated") [Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Industries "Collins Industries") [ElDorado National](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElDorado_\(bus_manufacturer\) "ElDorado (bus manufacturer)") [Glaval Bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaval_Bus "Glaval Bus") [Starcraft Bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starcraft_Bus "Starcraft Bus") **[Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company")** [Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Company "Lincoln Motor Company") [SVT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Vehicle_Team "Special Vehicle Team") [General Dynamics Land Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_Land_Systems "General Dynamics Land Systems") **[General Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors")** [Buick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick "Buick") [Cadillac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac "Cadillac") [Cadillac V series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_V_series "Cadillac V series") [Chevrolet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") [Chevrolet Performance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Performance "Chevrolet Performance") [GMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_\(marque\) "GMC (marque)") [Gillig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillig "Gillig") [Growler Manufacturing and Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growler_Manufacturing_and_Engineering "Growler Manufacturing and Engineering") [Harley-Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson "Harley-Davidson") [Ingersoll Rand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand "Ingersoll Rand") [Club Car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Car "Club Car") [HDT Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Search_and_Rescue_Tactical_Vehicle "Storm Search and Rescue Tactical Vehicle") [HME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HME,_Incorporated "HME, Incorporated") [International Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motors "International Motors") [IC Bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC_Bus "IC Bus") [John Deere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere "John Deere") [Karma Automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_Automotive "Karma Automotive") [Laffite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffite_X-Road "Laffite X-Road") [Lenco Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenco_BearCat "Lenco BearCat") [Lockheed Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin "Lockheed Martin") [Lucid Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_Motors "Lucid Motors") [Mack Trucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Trucks "Mack Trucks") [Millennium Luxury Coaches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Luxury_Coaches "Millennium Luxury Coaches") [Morgan Olson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Olson "Morgan Olson") [Motor Coach Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Coach_Industries "Motor Coach Industries") [Oshkosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_Corporation "Oshkosh Corporation") [Pierce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Manufacturing "Pierce Manufacturing") [Paccar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar "Paccar") [Kenworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenworth "Kenworth") [Peterbilt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterbilt "Peterbilt") [Panoz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz "Panoz") [Phoenix Motorcars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Motorcars "Phoenix Motorcars") [Polaris Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_Industries "Polaris Industries") [Global Electric Motorcars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Electric_Motorcars "Global Electric Motorcars") [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Motorcycle "Indian Motorcycle") [Victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Motorcycles "Victory Motorcycles") [REV Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REV_Group "REV Group") [Fleetwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Enterprises "Fleetwood Enterprises") [Holiday Rambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Rambler "Holiday Rambler") [Laymor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Industries "Collins Industries") [Wheeled Coach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeled_Coach "Wheeled Coach") [Rezvani Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezvani_Motors "Rezvani Motors") [Rivian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivian "Rivian") [Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Cameron_Glickenhaus "Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus") [SSC North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSC_North_America "SSC North America") [Superformance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superformance "Superformance") [Telo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telo_Trucks "Telo Trucks") [Tesla]() [Textron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textron "Textron") [Arctic Cat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Cat "Arctic Cat") [E-Z-Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Z-Go "E-Z-Go") [Cushman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushman_\(company\) "Cushman (company)") [Trans Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Tech "Trans Tech") [Ultimaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilimaster_Corporation "Utilimaster Corporation") [VIA Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_Motors "VIA Motors") [VLF Automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLF_Automotive "VLF Automotive") [Xos, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xos,_Inc. "Xos, Inc.") [Zero Motorcycles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Motorcycles "Zero Motorcycles") |
| Foreign subsidiaries | [BMW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_in_the_United_States "BMW in the United States") [Daimler Truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Truck_North_America "Daimler Truck North America") [Honda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Honda_Motor_Company "American Honda Motor Company") [Acura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acura "Acura") [Hyundai Motor Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group "Hyundai Motor Group") [Hyundai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_America "Hyundai Motor America") [Kia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_America "Kia America") [Mazda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_North_American_Operations "Mazda North American Operations") [Mercedes-Benz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_USA "Mercedes-Benz USA") [Mitsubishi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_North_America "Mitsubishi Motors North America") [Nissan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_USA "Nissan USA") [Infiniti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti "Infiniti") [Seres Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seres_Group "Seres Group") [Seres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seres_\(automobiles\) "Seres (automobiles)") **[Stellantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler "Chrysler")**1 [Chrysler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_\(brand\) "Chrysler (brand)") [Dodge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge "Dodge") [Jeep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep "Jeep") [Ram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Trucks "Ram Trucks") [Subaru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_of_America "Subaru of America") [Toyota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_North_America "Toyota Motor North America") [Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Engineering_%26_Manufacturing_North_America "Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America") [Volkswagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_of_America "Volkswagen Group of America") |
| Defunct / former 2 | [Allis-Chalmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allis-Chalmers "Allis-Chalmers") [American Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Austin_Car_Company "American Austin Car Company") [American Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kurrent "The Kurrent") [American LaFrance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_LaFrance "American LaFrance") [American Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation "American Motors Corporation") [Hudson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Motor_Car_Company "Hudson Motor Car Company") [Essex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_\(automobile\) "Essex (automobile)") [Terraplane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraplane "Terraplane") [Nash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Motors "Nash Motors") [Rambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambler_\(automobile\) "Rambler (automobile)") [Armor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor_Holdings "Armor Holdings") [Armored](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Motor_Car_Company "Armored Motor Car Company") [Auburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Automobile "Auburn Automobile") [Aurica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurica_Motors "Aurica Motors") [Autoette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoette "Autoette") [Avanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanti_\(car\) "Avanti (car)") [Avery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Company "Avery Company") [BMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Manufacturing_Company "Best Manufacturing Company") [Boulder Electric Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_Electric_Vehicle "Boulder Electric Vehicle") [Canoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoo "Canoo") [Carbon Motors Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Motors_Corporation "Carbon Motors Corporation") [Checker Motors Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checker_Motors_Corporation "Checker Motors Corporation") [Clydesdale Motor Truck Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydesdale_Motor_Truck_Company "Clydesdale Motor Truck Company") [Coda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_Automotive "Coda Automotive")2 [Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_\(automobile_company\) "Commonwealth (automobile company)") [Cord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_\(automobile\) "Cord (automobile)") [Case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Corporation "Case Corporation") [CNH Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNH_Global "CNH Global") [Cycle-Scoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle-Scoot "Cycle-Scoot") [DeLorean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLorean_Motor_Company "DeLorean Motor Company") [Diamond-Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond-Star_Motors "Diamond-Star Motors") [Duesenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesenberg "Duesenberg") [Durant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durant_Motors "Durant Motors") [Flint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_\(automobile\) "Flint (automobile)") [Locomobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomobile_Company_of_America "Locomobile Company of America") [Mason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_Truck "Mason Truck") [Rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_\(automobile\) "Rugby (automobile)") [Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_\(automobile\) "Star (automobile)") [Eagle Bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Bus "Eagle Bus") [Excalibur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur_\(automobile\) "Excalibur (automobile)") [Fiberfab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberfab "Fiberfab") [Fitch Four Drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitch_Four_Drive "Fitch Four Drive") [Fisker Automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisker_Automotive "Fisker Automotive") [Fisker Coachbuild](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisker_Coachbuild "Fisker Coachbuild") [Force Protection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Protection_Inc "Force Protection Inc") Ford [Continental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Mark_II "Continental Mark II") [Edsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel "Edsel") [Mercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_\(automobile\) "Mercury (automobile)") [FMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMC_Corporation "FMC Corporation")2 General Motors [Cartercar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartercar "Cartercar") [Elmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_\(automobile\) "Elmore (automobile)") [GM Diesel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Diesel_Division "General Motors Diesel Division") [Geo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_\(automobile\) "Geo (automobile)") [LaSalle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle_\(automobile\) "LaSalle (automobile)") [Marquette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_\(automobile\) "Marquette (automobile)") [McLaughlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaughlin_Motor_Car_Company "McLaughlin Motor Car Company") [Oakland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Motor_Car_Company "Oakland Motor Car Company") [Oldsmobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile "Oldsmobile") [Pontiac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_\(automobile\) "Pontiac (automobile)") [Saturn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Corporation "Saturn Corporation") [Scripps-Booth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps-Booth "Scripps-Booth") [Sheridan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_\(automobile\) "Sheridan (automobile)") [Viking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_\(automobile\) "Viking (automobile)") [Yellow Coach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Coach_Manufacturing_Company "Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company") [Goshen Coach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshen_Coach "Goshen Coach") [Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Vehicles "Green Vehicles") [GreenTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GreenTech_Automotive "GreenTech Automotive") [Grumman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman "Grumman") [Henney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henney_Kilowatt "Henney Kilowatt") [International Harvester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Harvester "International Harvester") [Jeffery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery_\(automobile\) "Jeffery (automobile)") [Kaiser-Frazer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser-Frazer "Kaiser-Frazer") [Allstate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allstate_\(automobile\) "Allstate (automobile)") [Frazer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazer_\(automobile\) "Frazer (automobile)") [Henry J](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J "Henry J") Kaiser [Willys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys "Willys") [Local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Motors "Local Motors") [Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_Motor_Works "Marathon Motor Works") [Marmon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmon_Motor_Car_Company "Marmon Motor Car Company") [Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_\(automobile\) "Roosevelt (automobile)") [Marvel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_\(automobile\) "Marvel (automobile)") [Matbro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matbro "Matbro") [Mercer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_\(automobile\) "Mercer (automobile)") [Monaco Coach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco_Coach_Corporation "Monaco Coach Corporation") [Mosler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosler_Automotive "Mosler Automotive") [MotoCzysz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MotoCzysz "MotoCzysz") [Muntz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntz_Car_Company "Muntz Car Company") [New United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMMI "NUMMI") [North American Bus Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Bus_Industries "North American Bus Industries") [Oliver Farm Equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Farm_Equipment_Company "Oliver Farm Equipment Company") [Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard "Packard") [Peerless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerless_Motor_Company "Peerless Motor Company") [Pierce-Arrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce-Arrow_Motor_Car_Company "Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company") [Proterra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterra_\(bus_manufacturer\) "Proterra (bus manufacturer)") [Sebring Vanguard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebring_Vanguard "Sebring Vanguard") Stellantis [Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_\(automobile\) "Eagle (automobile)") [Plymouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_\(automobile\) "Plymouth (automobile)") [Sterling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Trucks "Sterling Trucks") [Studebaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studebaker "Studebaker") [Erskine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_\(automobile\) "Erskine (automobile)") [Rockne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockne "Rockne") [Stutz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stutz_Motor_Company "Stutz Motor Company") [Scion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scion_\(automobile\) "Scion (automobile)") [Twentieth Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Motor_Car_Corporation "Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation") [United Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Defense "United Defense") [VPG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Production_Group "Vehicle Production Group") [Visionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionary_Vehicles "Visionary Vehicles") [VL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VL_Automotive "VL Automotive") [White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Motor_Company "White Motor Company") [Wildfire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire_\(motor_company\) "Wildfire (motor company)") [ZAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZAP_\(motor_company\) "ZAP (motor company)") [Zimmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmer_\(automobile\) "Zimmer (automobile)") |
| Concept and pre-production | [Alpha Motor Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Motor_Corporation "Alpha Motor Corporation") [Aptera Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptera_Motors "Aptera Motors") [Bollinger Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollinger_Motors "Bollinger Motors") [Commuter Cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_Cars "Commuter Cars") [Elio Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Motors "Elio Motors") [Faraday Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_Future "Faraday Future") [Fisker Inc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisker_Inc "Fisker Inc") [Lordstown Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordstown_Motors "Lordstown Motors") [Myers Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers_Motors "Myers Motors") [Nikola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Corporation "Nikola Corporation") [Scout Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_Motors "Scout Motors") [Slate Auto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_Auto "Slate Auto") [Trion Supercars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trion_Supercars "Trion Supercars") |
| Factories | |
| | |
| Active | [BMW Spartanburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_in_the_United_States "BMW in the United States") [Chrysler (list)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chrysler_factories#Current_factories "List of Chrysler factories") [Ford (list)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ford_factories#Current_production_facilities "List of Ford factories") [General Motors (list)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Motors_factories#Current_factories "List of General Motors factories") [Honda (list)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Honda_assembly_plants "List of Honda assembly plants") [Hyundai (Alabama)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama "Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama") [Hyundai Metaplant (Georgia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group_Metaplant_America "Hyundai Motor Group Metaplant America") [Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kia_design_and_manufacturing_facilities#Kia_Motors_Manufacturing_Georgia_\(KMMG\) "List of Kia design and manufacturing facilities") [Mercedes-Benz (Alabama)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_U.S._International "Mercedes-Benz U.S. International") [Subaru (Indiana)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_of_Indiana_Automotive "Subaru of Indiana Automotive") [Tesla (list)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tesla_factories "List of Tesla factories") [Volkswagen (Chattanooga)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant "Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant") |
| Defunct | [Chrysler (list)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chrysler_factories#Current_factories "List of Chrysler factories") [Ford (list)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ford_factories#Former_production_facilities "List of Ford factories") [General Motors (list)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Motors_factories#Closed_or_sold_Factories "List of General Motors factories") [Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard_Automotive_Plant "Packard Automotive Plant") [Volkswagen (Westmoreland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Westmoreland_Assembly "Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly") |
| Auto component makers and [performance car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_car "Performance car") modders | [Allison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Transmission "Allison Transmission") [American Expedition Vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Expedition_Vehicles "American Expedition Vehicles") [Aptiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptiv "Aptiv") [BFGoodrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFGoodrich "BFGoodrich") [BorgWarner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BorgWarner "BorgWarner") [Callaway Cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaway_Cars "Callaway Cars") [Caterpillar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc "Caterpillar Inc") [Cummins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins "Cummins") [Brammo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brammo "Brammo") [Detroit Diesel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Diesel "Detroit Diesel") [Eaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation "Eaton Corporation") [Firestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company "Firestone Tire and Rubber Company") [General Tire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Tire "General Tire") [Goodyear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company "Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company") [Cooper Tire & Rubber Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Tire_%26_Rubber_Company "Cooper Tire & Rubber Company") [Hennessey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennessey_Performance_Engineering "Hennessey Performance Engineering") [Ingersoll Rand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand "Ingersoll Rand") [Legacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Classic_Trucks "Legacy Classic Trucks") [Lingenfelter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingenfelter_Performance_Engineering "Lingenfelter Performance Engineering") [Nexteer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexteer_Automotive "Nexteer Automotive") [Remy International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remy_International "Remy International") [Saleen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleen "Saleen") [Shelby American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_American "Shelby American") [SRT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_and_Racing_Technology "Street and Racing Technology") [Timken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timken_Company "Timken Company") [Uniroyal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniroyal "Uniroyal") [Torrington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrington_Company "Torrington Company") [Visteon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visteon "Visteon") |
| Design studios | [Calty Design Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calty_Design_Research "Calty Design Research") [Designworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designworks "Designworks") [Rezvani Automotive Designs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezvani_Motors "Rezvani Motors") [Wheego Electric Cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheego_Electric_Cars "Wheego Electric Cars") |
| By state | [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Massachusetts "Automotive industry in Massachusetts") |
| Related topics | [AAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association "American Automobile Association") [Chicago Auto Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Auto_Show "Chicago Auto Show") [Interstate Highway System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System "Interstate Highway System") [List of automobiles manufactured in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_the_United_States "List of automobiles manufactured in the United States") [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") [New York International Auto Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_International_Auto_Show "New York International Auto Show") [North American International Auto Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show "North American International Auto Show") [SAE International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_International "SAE International") |
| 1 Non-U.S. based parent company that owns subsidiaries headquartered in U.S. 2 Company still exists but is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business "[Big 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_\(automobile_manufacturers\) "Big Three (automobile manufacturers)")" in **bold**  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States "Category:Automotive industry in the United States") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg "Portal") [Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cars "Portal:Cars") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States "Template:Trucking industry in the United States") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States "Template talk:Trucking industry in the United States") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States "Special:EditPage/Template:Trucking industry in the United States")[Trucking industry in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States "Trucking industry in the United States") | |
|---|---|
| Regulated by the [Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Motor_Carrier_Safety_Administration "Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration") [Economy of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States "Economy of the United States") | |
| Regulations | [Commercial driver's license](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_driver%27s_license "Commercial driver's license") [Electronic on-board recorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_on-board_recorder "Electronic on-board recorder") [Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bridge_Gross_Weight_Formula "Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula") [Hours of service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hours_of_service "Hours of service") [International Registration Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Registration_Plan "International Registration Plan") [Motor Carrier Act of 1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Carrier_Act_of_1980 "Motor Carrier Act of 1980") [Motor carrier safety rating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_carrier_safety_rating "Motor carrier safety rating") [National Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Network "National Network") |
| Manufacturers | |
| | |
| Trucks | [AM General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_General "AM General") *[American LaFrance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_LaFrance "American LaFrance")* [Autocar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_Company "Autocar Company") *[Bering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Truck "Bering Truck")* [Bremach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremach "Bremach") *[Brockway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockway_Motor_Company "Brockway Motor Company")* [BYD Auto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Auto "BYD Auto") [Caterpillar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") *[Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Motor_Truck_Company "Chase Motor Truck Company")* [Chevrolet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") [CCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_Carrier_Company "Crane Carrier Company") [CNH Industrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNH_Industrial "CNH Industrial") *[Dart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_\(commercial_vehicle\) "Dart (commercial vehicle)")* *[Diamond Reo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Reo_Trucks "Diamond Reo Trucks")* *[Diamond T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_T "Diamond T")* *[Reo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Motor_Car_Company "Reo Motor Car Company")* [Dina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DINA_SA "DINA SA") [Dodge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge "Dodge") [Freightliner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightliner_Trucks "Freightliner Trucks") [Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") [GMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_\(marque\) "GMC (marque)") *[Hayes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_Manufacturing_Company "Hayes Manufacturing Company")* [Fuso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuso_Trucks_America "Fuso Trucks America") [Hino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_Motors "Hino Motors") [Hyundai Motor America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_America "Hyundai Motor America") [Hyzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyzon_Motors "Hyzon Motors") [International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motors "International Motors") [Isuzu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu "Isuzu") *[Marmon-Herrington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmon-Herrington "Marmon-Herrington")* [Mercedes-Benz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz "Mercedes-Benz") *[Moreland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreland_Motor_Truck_Company "Moreland Motor Truck Company")* [Mack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Trucks "Mack Trucks") [Nissan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") [Oshkosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_Corporation "Oshkosh Corporation") [Paccar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar "Paccar") [Kenworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenworth "Kenworth") [Peterbilt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterbilt "Peterbilt") [Ram Trucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Trucks "Ram Trucks") *[Selden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selden_Motor_Vehicle_Company "Selden Motor Vehicle Company")* *[Schacht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schacht_\(automobile\) "Schacht (automobile)")* [Shyft Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyft_Group "Shyft Group") [Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Electric_Vehicles "Smith Electric Vehicles") [Spartan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan_Motors "Spartan Motors") *[Sterling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Trucks "Sterling Trucks")* [Tesla]() [Tiger Truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Truck "Tiger Truck") [Toyota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") *[Traffic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_Motor_Truck_Corporation "Traffic Motor Truck Corporation")* [UD Trucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Trucks "UD Trucks") [VIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_Motors "VIA Motors") [Volvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Trucks "Volvo Trucks") *[Ward LaFrance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_LaFrance "Ward LaFrance")* [Western Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Star_Trucks "Western Star Trucks") *[White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Motor_Company "White Motor Company")* [Workhorse Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhorse_Group "Workhorse Group") |
| Engines | [Caterpillar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") [Cummins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins "Cummins") [Detroit Diesel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Diesel "Detroit Diesel") [Mack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Trucks "Mack Trucks") [MaxxForce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motors "International Motors") [Mercedes-Benz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz "Mercedes-Benz") [Paccar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar "Paccar") [Volvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Trucks "Volvo Trucks") |
| Trailers | [Daseke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daseke "Daseke") [Fontaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmon_Group "Marmon Group") [Fruehauf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruehauf "Fruehauf") [Great Dane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dane_Trailers "Great Dane Trailers") [Hyundai Translead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company "Hyundai Motor Company") [Lufkin Trailers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufkin_Industries "Lufkin Industries") [Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_Trailer_Manufacturing_Company "Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company") [Vanguard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_International_Marine_Containers "China International Marine Containers") [Wabash National](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_National "Wabash National") [Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Trailer_Company "Wilson Trailer Company") |
| Motor carriers | |
| | |
| [Truckload](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckload_shipping "Truckload shipping") | [Amazon Freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Freight "Amazon Freight") [Averitt Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averitt_Express "Averitt Express") [C. R. England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._R._England "C. R. England") *[Celadon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celadon_Group "Celadon Group")* [CFI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_Freighters,_Inc. "Contract Freighters, Inc.") [Covenant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_Logistics "Covenant Logistics") [Crete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete_Carrier_Corporation "Crete Carrier Corporation") [CRST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRST "CRST") [FFE Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFE_Transportation "FFE Transportation") [Heartland Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_Express "Heartland Express") [J. B. Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Hunt "J. B. Hunt") [Knight-Swift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight-Swift "Knight-Swift") [Landstar System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landstar_System "Landstar System") [Marten Transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten_Transport "Marten Transport") [PAM Transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAM_Transport "PAM Transport") [Patriot Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Transportation "Patriot Transportation") [Prime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Inc. "Prime Inc.") [Roehl Transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roehl_Transport "Roehl Transport") [Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_National "Schneider National") [Swift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Transportation "Swift Transportation") [U.S. Xpress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Xpress "U.S. Xpress") [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Enterprises "Werner Enterprises") [Western Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Express,_Inc. "Western Express, Inc.") |
| [Less than truckload](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less-than-truckload_shipping "Less-than-truckload shipping") (LTL) | [ABF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABF_Freight_System "ABF Freight System") [Amazon Freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Freight "Amazon Freight") [Averitt Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averitt_Express "Averitt Express") *[Con-way Freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con-way_Freight "Con-way Freight")* *[Consolidated Freightways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Freightways "Consolidated Freightways")* [Estes Express Lines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Express_Lines "Estes Express Lines") [FedEx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx "FedEx") *[New England Motor Freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Motor_Freight "New England Motor Freight")* [Old Dominion Freight Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Freight_Line "Old Dominion Freight Line") [R+L Carriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%2BL_Carriers "R+L Carriers") [Saia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saia "Saia") [Southeastern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Freight_Lines "Southeastern Freight Lines") [TForce Freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TForce_Freight "TForce Freight") [XPO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPO,_Inc. "XPO, Inc.") *[Yellow Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Corporation "Yellow Corporation")* |
| [Third-party logistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_logistics "Third-party logistics") | *[Access America Transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_America_Transport "Access America Transport")* [Amazon Freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Freight "Amazon Freight") [American Lamprecht Transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Lamprecht_Transport "American Lamprecht Transport") [C.H. Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.H._Robinson "C.H. Robinson") [Freightquote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightquote "Freightquote") [CaseStack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CaseStack "CaseStack") [Ryder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder "Ryder") [Total Quality Logistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Quality_Logistics "Total Quality Logistics") [Trailer Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_Bridge "Trailer Bridge") [Trucker Path](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucker_Path "Trucker Path") [XPO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPO,_Inc. "XPO, Inc.") |
| [Parcel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_delivery "Package delivery") | |
| | |
| National | [DHL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHL "DHL") [FedEx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx "FedEx") [UPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service "United Parcel Service") [United States Postal Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service") |
| Regional | [GLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLS_Group "GLS Group") [LSO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSO_\(company\) "LSO (company)") [OnTrac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OnTrac "OnTrac") (LaserShip) |
| [Movers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_company "Moving company") | [Allied](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Van_Lines "Allied Van Lines") [Atlas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Van_Lines "Atlas Van Lines") [Bekins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekins_Van_Lines "Bekins Van Lines") [Gentle Giant Moving Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle_Giant_Moving_Company "Gentle Giant Moving Company") [Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Van_Lines "Global Van Lines") [Interstate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Van_Lines "Interstate Van Lines") [Mayflower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Transit "Mayflower Transit") [National](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Van_Lines "National Van Lines") [North American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Van_Lines "North American Van Lines") [PODS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PODS_\(company\) "PODS (company)") [Two Men and a Truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Men_and_a_Truck "Two Men and a Truck") [United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Van_Lines "United Van Lines") [Wheaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_World_Wide_Moving "Wheaton World Wide Moving") |
| [Truck stops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_stop "Truck stop") | [BETO Junction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BETO_Junction "BETO Junction") [Bowlin Travel Centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowlin_Travel_Centers "Bowlin Travel Centers") [Dixie Travel Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Travel_Plaza "Dixie Travel Plaza") [Iowa 80](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_80 "Iowa 80") [Love's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s "Love's") [Pilot Flying J](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Flying_J "Pilot Flying J") [Road Ranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Ranger "Road Ranger") [Roady's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roady%27s_Truck_Stops "Roady's Truck Stops") [TravelCenters of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TravelCenters_of_America "TravelCenters of America") [Town Pump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Pump "Town Pump") |
| People | [Frederick W. Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Smith "Frederick W. Smith") [Iyman Faris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyman_Faris "Iyman Faris") [J. Harwood Cochrane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Harwood_Cochrane "J. Harwood Cochrane") [Jimmy Hoffa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa "Jimmy Hoffa") [John Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Bryan_Hunt "Johnnie Bryan Hunt") [Keith Jesperson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Hunter_Jesperson "Keith Hunter Jesperson") [Kelly Reno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Reno "Kelly Reno") [Reginald Denny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Reginald_Denny "Attack on Reginald Denny") |
| Organizations | [American Moving & Storage Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Moving_%26_Storage_Association "American Moving & Storage Association") [American Trucking Associations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Trucking_Associations "American Trucking Associations") [DAT Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAT_Solutions "DAT Solutions") (Dial-A-Truck) [International Brotherhood of Teamsters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters "International Brotherhood of Teamsters") [National Motor Freight Classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Motor_Freight_Classification "National Motor Freight Classification") [National Motor Freight Traffic Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Motor_Freight_Traffic_Association "National Motor Freight Traffic Association") [National Private Truck Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Private_Truck_Council "National Private Truck Council") [SmartWay Transport Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartWay_Transport_Partnership "SmartWay Transport Partnership") |
| [Glossary of the American trucking industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_American_trucking_industry "Glossary of the American trucking industry") | |
| [Popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_American_culture "Trucking industry in American culture") | |
| | |
| Film | *[Black Dog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dog_\(1998_film\) "Black Dog (1998 film)")* *[Breakdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdown_\(1997_film\) "Breakdown (1997 film)")* *[Breaker! Breaker\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaker!_Breaker! "Breaker! Breaker!")* *[Convoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_\(1978_film\) "Convoy (1978 film)")* *[Duel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel_\(1971_film\) "Duel (1971 film)")* *[F.I.S.T.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.I.S.T._\(film\) "F.I.S.T. (film)")* *[High-Ballin'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Ballin%27 "High-Ballin'")* *[Joy Ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Ride_\(2001_film\) "Joy Ride (2001 film)")* *[Maximum Overdrive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_Overdrive "Maximum Overdrive")* *[Over The Top](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Top_\(1987_film\) "Over the Top (1987 film)")* *[Smokey & the Bandit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey_%26_the_Bandit "Smokey & the Bandit")* *[They Drive by Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Drive_by_Night "They Drive by Night")* *[The Gang's All Here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gang%27s_All_Here_\(1941_film\) "The Gang's All Here (1941 film)")* *[The Great Smokey Roadblock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Smokey_Roadblock "The Great Smokey Roadblock")* *[Trucker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucker_\(film\) "Trucker (film)")* *[White Line Fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Line_Fever_\(film\) "White Line Fever (film)")* *[Hoffa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffa_\(film\) "Hoffa (film)")* |
| Television | *[American Loggers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Loggers "American Loggers")* *[American Trucker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Trucker "American Trucker")* *[B. J. and the Bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._and_the_Bear "B. J. and the Bear")* *[Ice Road Truckers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Road_Truckers "Ice Road Truckers")* *[Movin' On](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movin%27_On_\(TV_series\) "Movin' On (TV series)")* *[Trick My Truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_My_Truck "Trick My Truck")* |
| Music | [A Tombstone Every Mile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tombstone_Every_Mile "A Tombstone Every Mile") [Big Wheels in the Moonlight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Wheels_in_the_Moonlight "Big Wheels in the Moonlight") [Bonnie Jean (Little Sister)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Jean_\(Little_Sister\) "Bonnie Jean (Little Sister)") [Convoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_\(song\) "Convoy (song)") [Drivin' My Life Away](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivin%27_My_Life_Away "Drivin' My Life Away") [East Bound and Down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bound_and_Down "East Bound and Down") [Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteen_Wheels_and_a_Dozen_Roses "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses") [Giddyup Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giddyup_Go "Giddyup Go") [Girl on the Billboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_on_the_Billboard "Girl on the Billboard") [Movin' On](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movin%27_On_\(Merle_Haggard_song\) "Movin' On (Merle Haggard song)") [Papa Loved Mama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Loved_Mama "Papa Loved Mama") [Phantom 309](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_309 "Phantom 309") [Roll On Big Mama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_On_Big_Mama "Roll On Big Mama") [Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_On_\(Eighteen_Wheeler\) "Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)") [Six Days on the Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Days_on_the_Road "Six Days on the Road") [Teddy Bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Bear_\(Red_Sovine_song\) "Teddy Bear (Red Sovine song)") [The White Knight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Knight_\(Cledus_Maggard_song\) "The White Knight (Cledus Maggard song)") |
| Radio | [Citizens band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_band_radio "Citizens band radio") [Dale Sommers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Sommers "Dale Sommers") [Red Eye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Eye_Radio "Red Eye Radio") ([Bill Mack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mack_\(songwriter\) "Bill Mack (songwriter)")) [Road Dog Trucking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Dog_Trucking "Road Dog Trucking") ([Dave Nemo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Nemo "Dave Nemo")) |
| Video games | *[18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Wheeler:_American_Pro_Trucker "18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker")* *[18 Wheels of Steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Wheels_of_Steel "18 Wheels of Steel")* *[American Truck Simulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Truck_Simulator "American Truck Simulator")* *[Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Rigs:_Over_the_Road_Racing "Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing")* *[Rig 'n' Roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_%27n%27_Roll "Rig 'n' Roll")* |
| [The Rolling Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Memorial "The Rolling Memorial") | |
| *italics* = Defunct company | |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478214#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000449079987) [2](https://isni.org/isni/0000000480590900) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/128492563) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/111610105X) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1917360) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014027514) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kv20191038193&CON_LNG=ENG) [2](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kv20191038192&CON_LNG=ENG) [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12062327) [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810554047605606) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007334027305171) |
| Other | [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/f173f5db-151a-482c-af4e-2b2785e9e151) |
[30°13â˛N 97°37â˛Wďťż / ďťż30\.22°N 97.62°Wďťż / 30\.22; -97.62](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tesla,_Inc.¶ms=30.22_N_97.62_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA)
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Tesla, Inc.
101 languages
[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.) |
| Readable Markdown | "Tesla Motors" redirects here. For electric motors invented by Nikola Tesla, see [Induction motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor "Induction motor") and [AC motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_motor "AC motor").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Motors.svg) | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gigafactory_Texas_Building_1_June_2022.jpg)[Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas"), Tesla's [headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters "Headquarters"), just outside of [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas") | |
| Formerly | Tesla Motors, Inc. (2003â2017) |
| Company type | [Public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company") |
| [Traded as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") | [Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq"): [TSLA](https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/tsla) [Nasdaq-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq-100 "Nasdaq-100") component [S\&P 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_100 "S&P 100") component [S\&P 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500 "S&P 500") component |
| [ISIN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number "International Securities Identification Number") | [US88160R1014](https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=US88160R1014) |
| Industry | [Automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive "Automotive") [Renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_industry "Renewable energy industry") |
| Founded | July 1, 2003; 22 years ago in [San Carlos, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos,_California "San Carlos, California"), US |
| Founders | [Martin Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard "Martin Eberhard") [Marc Tarpenning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning "Marc Tarpenning") (See [§ Founding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Founding_\(2003%E2%80%932004\))) |
| Headquarters | [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas"), US |
| Number of locations |  1,359 sales, service, and delivery centers  7,791 [Supercharger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger "Tesla Supercharger") stations[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-supercharge.info_charts-1) |
| Area served | East Asia Europe Middle East North America Oceania Southeast Asia Indian Subcontinent |
| Key people | [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") ([CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO "CEO")) [Robyn Denholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Denholm "Robyn Denholm") ([chair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_\(officer\) "Chair (officer)")) |
| Products | [Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybertruck "Cybertruck") [Megapack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapack "Megapack") [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_3 "Model 3") [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") [Powerwall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall "Tesla Powerwall") [Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Semi "Tesla Semi") [Solar Panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_solar_panels "Tesla solar panels") [Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof") |
| Production output |  1.66 million vehicles (2025)  46.7 GWh battery energy storage systems (2025) |
| Services | [Charging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger "Tesla Supercharger") [insurance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Insurance) [maintenance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#Vehicle_servicing) |
| Revenue |  [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")94\.83 billion (2025) |
| [Operating income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes "Earnings before interest and taxes") |  US\$4.36 billion (2025) |
| [Net income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_income "Net income") |  US\$3.79 billion (2025) |
| [Total assets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset "Asset") |  US\$137.8 billion (2025) |
| [Total equity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_\(finance\) "Equity (finance)") |  US\$82.14 billion (2025) |
| Owner | Elon Musk (13%)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-2) |
| Number of employees |  134,785 (2025) |
| [Subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") | [Tesla Automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Automation "Tesla Automation") [Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy") |
| [ASN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_System_Number "Autonomous System Number") | [394161](https://bgp.tools/as/394161) |
| Website | [tesla.com](https://www.tesla.com/) |
| **Footnotes / references** Financials as of December 31, 2025. References:[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-10K_2025-3) | |
**Tesla, Inc.** ( [*TEZ\-lÉ*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key") or [*TESS\-lÉ*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key "Help:Pronunciation respelling key")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-5)) is an American multinational [automotive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive "Automotive") and [clean energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_energy "Clean energy") company. Headquartered in [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas"), it designs, manufactures, and sells [battery electric vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle "Battery electric vehicle") (BEVs), stationary battery [energy storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage "Energy storage") devices from home to [grid-scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-scale_storage "Grid-scale storage"), [solar panels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel") and [solar shingles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_shingles "Solar shingles"), and related products and services.
The company was incorporated in July 2003 by [Martin Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard "Martin Eberhard") and [Marc Tarpenning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning "Marc Tarpenning") as **Tesla Motors**. Its name is a tribute to the inventor and electrical engineer [Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "Nikola Tesla"). In February 2004, [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") led Tesla's first funding round and became the company's chairman, subsequently claiming to be a co-founder; in 2008, he was named [chief executive officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer"). The company began production of its first car model, the [Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)") sports car, in 2008; the [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_S "Model S") sedan in 2012; the [Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X") SUV in 2015; the [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_3 "Model 3") sedan in 2017; the [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") crossover in 2020; the [Tesla Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Semi "Tesla Semi") truck in 2022; and the [Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybertruck "Cybertruck") pickup truck in 2023.
Tesla is one of the [world's most valuable companies in terms of market capitalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization "List of public corporations by market capitalization"). Starting in July 2020, it has been the world's most valuable automaker. From October 2021 to March 2022, Tesla was a [US\$1 trillion company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillion_dollar_company "Trillion dollar company"), the sixth US company to reach that valuation. In 2023, the company was ranked 69th in the [*Forbes* Global 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000 "Forbes Global 2000").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-6) In 2024, the company led the battery electric vehicle market, with 17.6% share.
Tesla exceeded \$1 trillion in market capitalization again between November 2024[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-7) and February 2025,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-8) and since May 2025.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-9) In November 2025, Tesla approved a pay package worth \$1 trillion for Musk, which he is to receive over 10 years if he meets specific goals.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-$1_trillion_package_approved-10) By the end of 2025, the company lost its status as world's leading manufacturer of electric vehicles.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-11)
Tesla has been the subject of lawsuits, boycotts, government scrutiny, and journalistic [criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc. "Criticism of Tesla, Inc."), stemming from allegations of multiple cases of [whistleblower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower "Whistleblower") retaliation, worker rights violations such as sexual harassment and [anti-union activities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_and_unions "Tesla and unions"), safety defects leading to dozens of recalls, the lack of a [public relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") department, and controversial statements from Musk, including [overpromising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Elon_Musk%27s_FSD_predictions "List of Elon Musk's FSD predictions") on the company's [driving assist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system "Advanced driver-assistance system") technology and product release timelines.
History
Founding (2003â2004)
The company was incorporated as Tesla Motors, Inc., on July 1, 2003, by [Martin Eberhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard "Martin Eberhard") and [Marc Tarpenning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning "Marc Tarpenning").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015152-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-13) They served as [chief executive officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer") and [chief financial officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_financial_officer "Chief financial officer"), respectively.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-timelinefacts-14) Eberhard said that he wanted to build "a car manufacturer that is also a technology company", with its core technologies as "the battery, the computer software, and the proprietary motor".[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-15)
Ian Wright joined Eberhard and Tarpenning a few months later.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015152-12) In February 2004, the company raised US\$7.5 million (equivalent to \$12.8 million in 2025) in [series A funding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_A_funding "Series A funding"), including \$6.5 million (equivalent to \$11.1 million in 2025) from Elon Musk, who had received \$176 million from the sale of his interest in [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") two years earlier.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015116-16) Musk became the chairman of the board of directors and the largest shareholder of Tesla.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015154-17)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TC_history_2014-18)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-timelinefacts-14) [J. B. Straubel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Straubel "J. B. Straubel") joined Tesla in May 2004 as [chief technical officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technical_officer "Chief technical officer").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015155-19)
A lawsuit settlement agreed to by Eberhard and Tesla in September 2009 allows all five â Eberhard, Tarpenning, Wright, Musk, and Straubel â to call themselves co-founders.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-20)
Roadster (2005â2009)
Elon Musk took an active role within the company, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-21) The company's strategy was to start with a premium sports car aimed at [early adopters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_adopter "Early adopter") and then move into more mainstream vehicles, including sedans and affordable compacts.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MasterPlan-22)
In February 2005, Musk led Tesla's Series B [venture capital funding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital_funding "Venture capital funding") round of \$13 million, which added [Valor Equity Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valor_Equity_Partners "Valor Equity Partners") to the funding team.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-23)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TC_history_2014-18) Musk co-led the third, \$40 million round in May 2006 which saw investment from prominent entrepreneurs including [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google") co-founders [Sergey Brin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin "Sergey Brin") and [Larry Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page "Larry Page"), and former [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") president [Jeff Skoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Skoll "Jeff Skoll").[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GreenGiants-24) A fourth round worth \$45 million in May 2007 brought the total private financing investment to over \$105 million.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GreenGiants-24)
In August 2007, Eberhard was asked by the board, led by Musk, to step down as CEO.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-25) Eberhard then took the title of "President of Technology" before ultimately leaving the company in January 2008. Co-founder Marc Tarpenning, who served as the Vice President of Electrical Engineering of the company, also left the company in January 2008.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-26) In August 2007, Michael Marks was brought in as interim CEO, and in December 2007, [Ze'ev Drori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%27ev_Drori "Ze'ev Drori") became CEO and president.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-the-origin-27) Musk succeeded Drori as CEO in October 2008.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-the-origin-27) In June 2009, Eberhard filed a lawsuit against Musk for allegedly forcing him out.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-28) The case was dismissed in August 2009.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-29)
Tesla began production of the Roadster in 2008 inside the service bays of a former [Chevrolet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") dealership in Menlo Park.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-30)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-inmenlo-Gulker-31) By January 2009, Tesla had raised \$187 million and delivered 147 cars. Musk had contributed \$70 million of his money to the company.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-32)
In June 2009, Tesla was approved to receive \$465 million in interest-bearing loans from the [United States Department of Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy"). The funding, part of the \$8 billion [Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Vehicles_Manufacturing_Loan_Program "Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program"), supported the engineering and production of the Model S sedan, as well as the development of commercial powertrain technology.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-33) Tesla repaid the loan in May 2013, with \$12 million in interest.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-34)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-35)
IPO, Model S, and Model X (2010â2015)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_S_first_deliveries.jpg)
First deliveries of Model S at the [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory") in California, in June 2012
In May 2010, Tesla purchased the [NUMMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMMI "NUMMI") plant in [Fremont, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California"), from Toyota for \$42 million.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Future-36) On June 29, 2010, the company went public via an [initial public offering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") (IPO), the first American car company to do so since the [Ford Motor Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") had its IPO in 1956.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-37) The company issued 13.3 million shares of common stock at a price of \$17 per share at its opening on the [NASDAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ "NASDAQ"), raising \$226 million.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-38)
In October 2010, Tesla opened the [Tesla Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Factory "Tesla Factory") to start production of the [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-39) In January 2012, Tesla ceased production of the Roadster, and in June 2012, the company launched its second car, the Model S luxury sedan.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-40) The Model S won several automotive awards during 2012 and 2013, including the 2013 [Motor Trend Car of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend_Car_of_the_Year "Motor Trend Car of the Year"),[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Award2013-41) and became the first electric car to top the monthly sales ranking of a country, when it topped the Norwegian new car sales list in September 2013.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Voelcker-42) The Model S was also the best-selling plug-in electric car worldwide for the years 2015 and 2016.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-43)
On July 15, 2013, Tesla became a [NASDAQ-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ-100 "NASDAQ-100") company.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-44)
Tesla announced the [Tesla Autopilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot "Tesla Autopilot"), a driver-assistance system, in 2014. In September that year, all Tesla cars started shipping with sensors and software to support the feature, with what would later be called "hardware version 1".[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-45)
Tesla entered the energy storage market, unveiling its [Tesla Powerwall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall "Tesla Powerwall") (home) and [Tesla Powerpack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerpack "Tesla Powerpack") (business) battery packs in April 2015.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-46) The company received orders valued at \$800 million within a week of the unveiling.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-47)
Tesla began shipping its third vehicle, the luxury SUV [Tesla Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X"), in September 2015, which had 25,000 pre-orders at the time.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-48)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-49)
SolarCity and Model 3 (2016â2018)
Tesla entered the solar installation business in November 2016 with the purchase of [SolarCity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity "SolarCity"), in an all-stock \$2.6 billion deal.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-50) The business was merged with Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division to form the [Tesla Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Energy "Tesla Energy") subsidiary.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-51) The deal was controversial because at the time of the acquisition, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues of which Tesla's shareholders were not informed.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-solarsue-52) In February 2017, Tesla Motors changed its name to Tesla, Inc., to better reflect the scope of its expanded business.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-53) [Jon McNeill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_McNeill "Jon McNeill"), Teslaâs president of global sales, delivery and service, assumed responsibility for government relations in 2017.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bostonglobe2026-54) He later wrote *The Algorithm*, which includes a discussion of Tesla.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bostonglobe2026-54)
Tesla unveiled its first mass-market vehicle in April 2016, the Model 3 sedan. The Model 3 was less expensive than Tesla's previous three vehicles, and within a week, the company received over 325,000 paid reservations.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hull_2016-55) To speed up production and control costs, Tesla invested heavily in robotics and automation to assemble the Model 3, but the robotics actually slowed the production of the vehicles.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-King_2018-56) This led to significant delays and production problems, a period which the company described as "production hell".[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-57)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-58) By the end of 2018, the production problems had been overcome, and the Model 3 became the world's best-selling electric car from 2018 to 2021.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-The-Verge-2019-02-22-60)
This period of "production hell" put significant financial pressure on Tesla, and during this time it became one of the most [shorted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorted "Shorted") companies in the stock market. On August 8, 2018, amid the financial issues, Musk posted on social media that he was considering taking Tesla private.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-62) The plan did not materialize and gave rise to much controversy and many lawsuits including a [securities fraud charge from the SEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk#SEC_and_shareholder_lawsuits_regarding_tweets "Elon Musk"), which would force Musk to pay a \$20 million fine and step down as the company's chairman, although he was allowed to remain the CEO.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Global expansion and Model Y (2019âpresent)
From July 2019 to June 2020, Tesla reported four consecutive profitable quarters for the first time, which made it eligible for inclusion in the [S\&P 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500 "S&P 500").[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-63) During 2020, its share price increased 740%,[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-64) and by December 14, 2020, its market capitalization was more than the next nine largest automakers combined,[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-65) and it became the sixth most valuable company in the US.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-66) Tesla was added to the S\&P index on December 21, 2020;[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GuardianSP500-67) it was the most valuable company ever added, and was the sixth-largest member of the index immediately after it was added.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GuardianSP500-67)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-68) It became the sixth US company to reach \$1 trillion in market capitalization in October 2021.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-69)
Tesla introduced its second mass-market vehicle in March 2019, the Model Y [mid-size crossover SUV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_\(automobile\) "Crossover (automobile)"), based on the Model 3.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-electrek-2019-03-14-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:3-71) Deliveries started in March 2020.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Dow_2020-72)
During this period, Tesla invested heavily in expanding its production capacity, opening three new Gigafactories in quick succession. Construction of [Gigafactory Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Shanghai "Gigafactory Shanghai") started in January 2019, as the first automobile factory in China fully owned by a foreign company (not a joint venture).[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-73) The factory's first production vehicle, a Model 3, rolled out in December, less than one year after groundbreaking.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-74) [Gigafactory Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg "Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg") broke ground in February 2020,[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-75) and its production of the Model Y began in March 2022.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-dw.com-76) [Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas") broke ground in June 2020,[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lambert_2020-07-25-77) and its production of the Model Y began in April 2022.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-auto1-78) In March 2023, Tesla announced plans for a [Gigafactory Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Mexico "Gigafactory Mexico") to open in 2025,[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-79) but its groundbreaking has been delayed.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
At the beginning of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), Tesla closed the Fremont Factory in March 2020 due to California state and [Alameda county](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_county "Alameda county") COVID restrictions.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-80) When California lifted restrictions, but the county did not, Tesla sued the county, and restarted production on May 11, 2020.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-81) The county lifted restrictions on May 13, 2020, and Tesla dropped its lawsuit.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-82) After the dispute with county officials, on December 1, 2021, Tesla moved its legal headquarters to Gigafactory Texas.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-83)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Castillo-2021-84) However, Tesla continued to use its former headquarters building in Palo Alto, and over the next two years significantly expanded its footprint in California. The company opened its Megafactory to build Megapack batteries in Lathrop, California in 2022,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-85) and announced in February 2023 that it would establish a large global engineering headquarters in Palo Alto, moving into a corporate campus once owned by [Hewlett Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Inc. "HP Inc.").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-LA-Times-2023-02-23-86)
In early 2021, Tesla became a major investor in [bitcoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin "Bitcoin"), acquiring \$1.5 billion of the [cryptocurrency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency "Cryptocurrency"),[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bb20210208-87) and on March 24, 2021, the company started accepting bitcoin as a form of payment for US vehicle purchases.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-88) However, after 49 days, the company ended bitcoin payments over concerns that the production of bitcoin was contributing to the consumption of fossil fuels, against the company's mission of encouraging the transition to sustainable energy.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-89) After the announcement, the price of bitcoin dropped around 12%.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-90) Musk later noted that Tesla would resume bitcoin payments if there was confirmation of at least 50% clean energy usage by bitcoin miners. Despite later reaching this milestone, Tesla did not return to accepting bitcoin.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-91) By July 2022 Tesla had sold about 75% of its bitcoin holdings at a loss, citing that the cryptocurrency was hurting the company's profitability.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-92)
Between May 2023 and February 2024, almost all major North America EV manufacturers announced plans to switch to Tesla's [North American Charging Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Charging_Standard "North American Charging Standard") adapters on their EVs by 2025, which is expected to be a stable source of recurring revenue for Tesla.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:12-93) In November, Tesla started shipping the Cybertruck, produced from Gigafactory Texas.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-94)
In April 2024, the company announced it was laying off 10% of its employees.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-95) In June, the company moved its incorporation from Delaware to Texas.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-96) In October, the company unveiled a concept version of two [autonomous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot "Autonomous robot") vehicles â the [Cybercab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercab "Cybercab") and [Robovan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robovan "Robovan") â and detailed that both would be an integral part of a Tesla [ridehailing service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridehailing_service "Ridehailing service") called the [Tesla Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Network "Tesla Network"),[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bb20241011-97)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-verge20241010-98) a future service they had previously teased in 2019.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-trati20190422-99)
In December 2024, a [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware "Delaware") court rejected Musk's \$56 billion pay package from Tesla, ruling that it was not properly approved by the company's board. The decision arose from a lawsuit by Tesla shareholders who claimed the compensation was excessive and not aligned with performance metrics.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-100)
By February 2025, Tesla saw large decreases in its stock price and sales across Europe widely attributed to [Musk's political advocacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk "Political activities of Elon Musk") and embrace of [far-right politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics "Far-right politics").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-101) Polling found that Musk's ties to United States President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") and his [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") were strongly correlated to decreasing views of Tesla,[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-102)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-103) and triggered [multiple protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Takedown "Tesla Takedown"), vandalism, gunfire, and arson at Tesla stores and charging stations.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-104)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-105) By March 7, Tesla's stock had decreased every week for seven straight weeks since Musk joined the Trump administration, making it the longest losing streak for Tesla in 15 years as a public company.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-106) On March 29, over 200 protests against Tesla were held worldwide.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-107)
In July 2025, Tesla released a software update adding the [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI) chatbot [Grok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_\(chatbot\) "Grok (chatbot)") to its vehicles. While the update provides in-car chatbot functionality, it does not give Grok control over vehicle functions.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-108) The same month, Tesla opened its first showroom in [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") at the [Bandra-Kurla Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandra-Kurla_Complex "Bandra-Kurla Complex") in [Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), showcasing the [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") as its debut offering.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-109)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-110) In August, Tesla integrated [Deepseek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepseek "Deepseek") and [Bytedance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytedance "Bytedance")'s Doubao AIs into Chinese models. Unlike vehicles equipped with Grok, AI in Tesla's Chinese vehicles may be used to control vehicle functions, as well as act as a chatbot.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-111)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-112)
In December 2025, Tesla's UK registrations fell by more than 29% year-on-year. UK sales also fell by 8.9% year-on-year.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-113)
In January 2026, the title of world's largest battery electric vehicle manufacturer was lost to Chinese competitor [BYD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Company "BYD Company") after full year 2025 deliveries were reported by both companies (2,256,714 vs 1,636,129 BEV sales).[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-114)
On January 28, 2026, Musk stated that Tesla would discontinue the Model S and Model X in the second quarter of 2026 to focus on manufacturing the Optimus robot.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-115)
In March 2026, Elon Musk unveiled a joint project between Tesla and xAI. The project pairs xAI's Grok [large language model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model "Large language model"), acting as a high-level navigator with a Tesla-developed AI agent that processes real-time computer screen video and keyboard and mouse actions.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-116)
On March 21, 2026, SpaceX announced the project to build [Terafab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terafab "Terafab"), a joint project with Tesla, [SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") and [xAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAI_\(company\) "XAI (company)"), to build a large [semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_industry "Semiconductor industry") fabrication project centering on the construction of a vertically integrated "mega-fab" designed to produce more than one [terawatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terawatt "Terawatt") (one trillion watts) of [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") compute capacity per year, encompassing advanced [logic chips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit"), [memory modules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory "Computer memory"), and [packaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-chip_module "Multi-chip module") technologies.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-th20260322-117)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-sx20260321-118)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bi20260321-119)
Automotive products
As of April 2026, Tesla offers five vehicle models: Model 3, Model Y, Semi, Cybertruck, and Cybercab. Tesla no longer sold three vehicle models, the [first-generation Tesla Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)"), Model S, and Model X. Tesla has announced plans for a [second-generation Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(second_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (second generation)"), along with future vehicles such as the Robovan.
Available products
Model 3
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_3_\(2023\)_IMG_9488_\(cropped\).jpg)
Tesla Model 3
The Model 3 is a [mid-size car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-size_car "Mid-size car") with a [fastback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastback "Fastback") body style and either a dual-motor, all-wheel drive layout or a rear-motor, [rear-wheel drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive "Rear-wheel drive") layout. The vehicle was designed to be more affordable than the luxury Model S sedan. A prototype Model 3 was first shown in 2016 and within a week, the company received over 325,000 paid reservations.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hull_2016-55) Deliveries started in July 2017.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla4Q2016final-120) The Model 3 ranked as the world's best-selling electric car from 2018 to 2021,[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Top20Global2020-121)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-The-Verge-2019-02-22-60)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-122) and cumulative sales passed 1 million in June 2021.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-1miModel3-123) The vehicle has seen one major design refresh in September 2023 which revised the exterior and interior.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Model Y
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_Y_\(2025\)_MYLE_Festival_2025_DSC_9565.jpg)
Tesla Model Y
The Model Y is a [mid-size crossover SUV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_\(automobile\) "Crossover (automobile)") offered in 5- and 7-passenger configurations with a singleâmotor, rear-wheel drive or a dual-motor, all-wheel drive layout. The vehicle was designed to be more affordable than the luxury Model X SUV. A prototype Model Y was first shown in March 2019,[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-electrek-2019-03-14-70) and deliveries started in March 2020.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Dow_2020-72) The Model Y shared around 75 percent of its content with the Model 3.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:3-71) In the first quarter of 2023, the Model Y outsold the [Toyota Corolla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla "Toyota Corolla") to become the world's best-selling car, the first electric vehicle to claim the title.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-124)
Semi
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Tesla_Semi_Truck_\(40705940423\).jpg)
Tesla Semi prototype
The Tesla Semi is a [Class 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_classification#Class_8 "Truck classification") [semi-truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-truck "Semi-truck") by Tesla, Inc., with a tri-motor, rear-wheel drive layout. Tesla states that the Semi has approximately three times the power of a typical diesel semi truck, and a range of 500 miles (800 km).[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-yahooNews20221205-125) Two prototype trucks were first shown in November 2017 and initial deliveries were made to [PepsiCo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo "PepsiCo") on December 1, 2022.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-engadget20221202-126) Tesla stated in April 2024 that it plans full production in late 2025.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-127)
Cybertruck
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Tesla_Cybertruck_Foundation_Series_IMG_0576.jpg)
Tesla Cybertruck
The Cybertruck is a full-sized [pickup truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck "Pickup truck"). First announced in November 2019, pilot production began in July 2023, after being pushed back multiple times, and deliveries began on November 30, 2023. Three models are offered: rear-wheel drive, dual-motor all-wheel drive, and trimotor all-wheel drive, with [EPA range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car_EPA_fuel_economy "Electric car EPA fuel economy") estimates of 320â340 miles (510â550 km), depending on the model. The truck's exterior design, made from flat sheets of unpainted stainless steel, earned a notably polarizing reception from the media.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-128)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-129)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-130) Tesla initially planned for Cybertruck production capacity of more than 250,000 units, but as of 2025 the company is only selling around 20,000 units per year.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-131)
Cybercab
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Cybercab_-_Berlin_2024.jpg)
Tesla Cybercab prototype
The Tesla Cybercab is a [two-passenger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-passenger_car "Two-passenger car") battery-electric [self-driving car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car "Self-driving car") under development by Tesla. It is expected to be part of the Tesla Robotaxi service.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
A [concept](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_car "Concept car") version of the Cybercab was unveiled in October 2024, with 20 prototypes providing short rides to attendees of the announcement event. The concept vehicle had no steering wheel or pedals.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-yahoo20241011-132)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-wired20241010-133)
The production of Cybercab is planned to be fully [autonomous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot "Autonomous robot") and to be released before 2027.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Concept vehicles
Roadster (second generation)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NextGenTeslaRoadster_\(cropped\).jpg)
Tesla Roadster prototype
On November 16, 2017, Tesla unveiled the second generation Roadster with a purported range of 620 miles (1,000 km) with a 200-kilowatt-hour (720 MJ) battery pack that would achieve 0â60 miles per hour (0â97 km/h) in 1.9 seconds; and 0â100 mph (0â161 km/h) in 4.2 seconds,[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-134) and a top speed over 250 mph (400 km/h). A "[SpaceX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX "SpaceX") Package" would include [cold-gas thrusters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_gas_thruster "Cold gas thruster").[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Gibbs-135) The vehicle would have three electric motors, allowing [all-wheel drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-wheel_drive "All-wheel drive") and [torque vectoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_vectoring "Torque vectoring") during cornering.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Gibbs-135) The base price was set at \$200,000.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Gibbs-135) Initially scheduled to ship in 2020, the vehicle has been repeatedly delayed. In July 2024, Musk said that the Roadster should enter production in 2025.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lassa_2024-136) The set date for the start of production is now 2027.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Tesla next-generation vehicle
The [Tesla next-generation vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_next-generation_vehicle "Tesla next-generation vehicle") is an announced battery electric platform. It would become the third [platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_platform "Car platform") for the company. Vehicles based on this platform are not expected before 2025.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-forbes20230107-137) In July 2024, Musk said that the platform should be expected to become available in the first half of 2025.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lassa_2024-136)
Robovan
The Tesla Robovan is an [electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") [autonomous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot "Autonomous robot") [van](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van "Van") planned for future development by Tesla.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-tc20241010-138) Announced in October 2024, the vehicle is being designed to carry up to 20 passengers.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-verge20241010-98)
Discontinued vehicles
Roadster (first generation)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-2012_Tesla_Roadster_convertible_\(24365020656\).jpg)
The original Roadster
The first generation Tesla Roadster[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Sales0611-139) was a two-seat sports car, rebuilt from the [Lotus Elise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Elise "Lotus Elise") chassis.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-140) It was produced from 2008 to 2012. The Roadster was the first highway-legal serial production electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells, and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 200 miles (320 km) per charge.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Model S
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Tesla_Model_S_75D.jpg)
Tesla Model S
The Model S is a [full-size car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-size_car "Full-size car") sedan with a [liftback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liftback "Liftback") body style and a dual motor, [all-wheel drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-wheel_drive "All-wheel drive") layout. Development of the Model S began before 2007, and deliveries started in June 2012. The Model S has seen two major design refreshes, first in April 2016, which introduced a new front-end design, and again in June 2021, which revised the interior. The Model S was the top-selling plug-in electric car worldwide in 2015 and 2016. More than 250,000 vehicles have been sold as of December 2018 (when Tesla merged production numbers for the Model S and Model X).\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Model X
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_X_100D_1X7A6736.jpg)
Tesla Model X
The Model X is a [mid-size luxury crossover SUV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_\(automobile\) "Crossover (automobile)") offered in 5-, 6-, and 7-passenger configurations with either a dual- or trimotor, all-wheel drive layout. The rear passenger doors open vertically with an articulating "[falcon-wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon-wing_door "Falcon-wing door")" design. A prototype Model X was first shown in February 2012, and deliveries started in September 2015.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cnbc20150903-141) The Model X shares around 30 percent of its content with the Model S. The vehicle has seen one major design refresh in June 2021 which revised the interior.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Discontinued vehicle features
As of January 22, 2026, Tesla has officially discontinued its basic Autopilot driver-assistance feature for new vehicles in the United States and Canada, replacing it with only Traffic Aware Cruise Control as the standard safety system. The move is part of a broader shift toward its more advanced Full Self-Driving (FSD) system, which is available only as a monthly subscription as of February 14, 2026.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-142)
Services
Connectivity services
Tesla cars come with "Standard Connectivity", which provides [navigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system "Automotive navigation system") using a cellular connection. For a fee, Tesla offers a subscription to "Premium Connectivity", which adds [live traffic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_reporting "Traffic reporting") and [satellite maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_map "Satellite map") to navigation, internet browsing, and media streaming.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-electrek_connectivity_2019-143)
Vehicle servicing
Tesla's strategy is to service its vehicles first through remote diagnosis and repair. If a problem cannot be resolved remotely, Tesla dispatches a mobile technician or directs customers to a company-owned service center.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-144)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-145) As of October 2024, the company operates 1,306 retail stores, galleries, service, delivery and body shop locations globally.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Q3_2024_Shareholder_Deck-146) Tesla has said that it does not want to make a profit on vehicle servicing, which has traditionally been a large profit center for most auto dealerships.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Yarrow_2014-147)
In 2016, Tesla recommended having any Tesla car inspected every 12,500 miles or once a year, whichever comes first. In early 2019, the manual was changed to say: "your Tesla does not require annual maintenance and regular fluid changes," and instead it recommends periodic servicing of the brake fluid, air conditioning, tires, and air filters.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Dent-2019-148)
Charging services
Supercharger network
Supercharger is the branding used by Tesla for its high-voltage direct current [fast chargers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_charger "Fast charger").\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wittenburg_-_Supercharger_-_2021.jpg)
Tesla Supercharger station in [Wittenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenburg "Wittenburg"), Germany
The Supercharger network was introduced on September 24, 2012, as the Tesla [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") entered production, with six stations in California. As of November 2025, Tesla operates a network of about 7,900 Supercharger stations with over 75,000 connectors worldwide. The majority are located in three regions: Asia Pacific (3,000 stations), North America (3,000), and Europe (1,500). Superchargers can currently output as much as 500 [kilowatts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatts "Kilowatts") (kW).
Destination charging location network
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TeslaDestinationCharger.jpg)
"Destination Charger" in North America
Tesla also has a network of "Destination Chargers", slower than Superchargers and intended for locations where customers are expected to park and stay for several hours, such as hotels, restaurants, or shopping centers. Unlike the Supercharger network, Tesla does not own the destination chargers; instead, property owners set up the devices and set pricing.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-149) When the network first launched in 2014, Tesla provided free charging equipment and covered installation costs.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] One of the largest providers is hotel chain [Hilton Worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide "Hilton Worldwide") which in 2023 announced an agreement with Tesla to install 20,000 chargers across 2,000 of its properties in North America by 2025.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-150)
Insurance services
Tesla has offered its own [vehicle insurance in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_insurance_in_the_United_States "Vehicle insurance in the United States") since 2017 and has been acting as an independent insurance producer since 2021 as Tesla Insurance Services, Inc. It was introduced after the [American Automobile Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association "American Automobile Association") (AAA), a major insurance carrier, raised rates for Tesla owners in June 2017 after a report concluded that the automaker's vehicles crashed more often and were pricier to repair than comparable vehicles.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Glon-2017-151) A study in 2018 based on data from the [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety "Insurance Institute for Highway Safety") confirmed the findings.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-reuters1-152)
The company says that it uniquely understands its vehicles, technology, and repair costs, and can eliminate traditional insurance carriers' additional charges.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla_Insurance_Support-153) In states where allowed, the company uses individual vehicle data to offer personalized pricing that can increase or decrease in cost based on the prior month's driving safety score.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Sully-2020-154)
As of January 2023, Tesla offers insurance in the US states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Virginia.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-155) The company also offers insurance for non-Tesla vehicles owned by Tesla owners.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla_Insurance_Support-153)
Robotaxi
Robotaxi is a ride-hailing service launched by Tesla in 2025. It currently operates in [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas"). Robotaxis currently rely on human supervisors, with the intent of eventually allowing for fully autonomous rides.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-156)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-157)
Energy products
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnstone_000178_172617_517894_4578_\(36736411886\).jpg)
Two Tesla Powerwall 2 home energy storage devices from Tesla Energy
Tesla subsidiary Tesla Energy develops, builds, sells, and installs [solar energy generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics "Photovoltaics") systems and battery energy storage products (as well as related products and services) to residential, commercial, and industrial customers. The subsidiary was created by the merger of Tesla's existing battery energy storage products division with SolarCity, a solar energy company that Tesla acquired in 2016.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Desjardins_2018-158) In 2023, the company deployed 14.7 gigawatt-hours of battery energy storage products, an increase of 125% over 2022, but only deployed solar energy systems capable of generating 223 [megawatts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt "Megawatt"), a decrease of 36% over 2022.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-159)
Tesla Energy products include solar panels (built by other companies for Tesla), the [Tesla Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof") (a [solar shingle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_shingle "Solar shingle") system), and the Tesla Solar Inverter. Storage products include the [Powerwall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall "Tesla Powerwall") (a [home energy storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage "Home energy storage") device) and the [Megapack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapack "Megapack") (a large-scale energy storage system).[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hanley_2016-160)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Solar_Reviews_2021-161)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Debord_20152-162)
For large-scale customers, Tesla Energy operates an online platform which allows for automated, real-time power trading, demand forecasting and product control.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-163)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-164)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-165) In March 2021, the company said its online products were managing over 1.2 GWh of storage.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-166) For home customers, the company operates a virtual power company in Texas called Tesla Electric, which utilizes the company's online platforms to manage customers Powerwall devices, discharging them into the grid to sell power when prices are high, earning money for customers.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-167)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-168)
Business strategy
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_auto_bots.jpg)
[Robotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robot "Industrial robot") manufacturing of the Model S at the [Tesla Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Factory "Tesla Factory") in [Fremont, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California")
At the time of Tesla's founding in 2003, electric vehicles were costly.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-169) In 2006, Musk stated that Tesla's strategy was to first produce high-price, low-volume vehicles, such as sports cars, for which customers are less sensitive to price. This would allow them to progressively bring down the cost of batteries, which in turn would allow them to offer cheaper and higher volume cars.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MasterPlan-22)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bbweek20070730-170) Tesla's first vehicle, the Roadster, was low-volume (fewer than 2,500 were produced) and priced at over \$100,000. The next models, the Model S and Model X, are more affordable but still luxury vehicles. The Model 3 and the Model Y, are priced still lower, and aimed at a higher volume market,[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-171)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-172) selling over 100,000 vehicles each quarter. Tesla continuously updates the hardware of its cars rather than waiting for a new model year, unlike nearly every other car manufacturer.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-173)
Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised [dealerships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealerships "Dealerships") to sell vehicles. Instead, the company [sells vehicles directly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-consumer_automobile_selling_in_the_United_States "Direct-to-consumer automobile selling in the United States") through its website and a network of company-owned stores.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-174)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-7Reasons-175) The company is the first automaker in the United States to sell cars directly to consumers since the widespread adoption of the franchised dealer model.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-176)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-177) Some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. In these areas, Tesla has locations that it calls *galleries* that the company says "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-10K_2021-178)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-179) In total, Tesla operates nearly 400 stores and galleries in more than 35 countries.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-180) These locations are typically located in retail shopping districts, inside shopping malls, or other high-traffic areas,[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-7Reasons-175) instead of near other auto dealerships.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bypass-181)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-182)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-183)
Analysts describe Tesla as vertically integrated, given how it develops many components in-house, such as batteries, motors, and software.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-gs2016-02-26-184) The practice of vertical integration is rare in the automotive industry, where companies typically *outsource* 80% of components to suppliers and focus on engine manufacturing and final assembly.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-185)[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-186)[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-187)
Tesla generally allows its competitors to license its technology, stating that it wants to help its competitors accelerate the world's use of sustainable energy.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-188) Licensing agreements include provisions whereby the recipient agrees not to file patent suits against Tesla, or to copy its designs directly.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-189) Tesla retains control of its other intellectual property, such as trademarks and [trade secrets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret "Trade secret") to prevent direct copying of its technology.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-190)
On April 15, 2024, Tesla secured a deal with Tata Electronics to supply semiconductor chips, marking a significant step in Tesla's expansion into India's automotive market.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-191)
On May 2, 2024, Tesla announced that it had abandoned its plan for next-generation gigacasting, a cutting-edge manufacturing technique. Initially aiming to revolutionize production and reduce costs, Tesla has now opted for its more proven method of casting vehicle underbodies in three pieces. This strategic shift reflects the company's focus on self-driving vehicles and adjusting to market challenges.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-192)
Technology
Tesla is highly vertically integrated and develops many components in-house, such as batteries, motors, and software.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-gs2016-02-26-184)
Batteries
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_chassis,_Sydney_-_Martin_Place,_2017_\(01\).jpg)
Tesla vehicle [chassis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis "Chassis") used in [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_S "Model S") and [X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X"), with the battery visible
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_4680_2170_18650_batteries.svg)
Comparison of Tesla's three cylindrical battery cell form factors
As of 2023, Tesla uses four different [battery cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_cell "Battery cell") form factors: [18650](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18650 "18650"), [2170](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2170_battery "2170 battery"), [4680](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4680_battery "4680 battery"), and prismatic.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-194)[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-195)
Tesla purchases these batteries from three suppliers, [CATL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATL "CATL"), [LG Energy Solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Energy_Solution "LG Energy Solution"), and [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic"), the latter of which has co-located some of its battery production inside Tesla's Gigafactory Nevada. Tesla is also currently building out the capacity to produce its own batteries.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Tesla batteries sit under the vehicle floor to save interior space. Tesla uses a multipart aluminum and titanium protection system to protect the battery from road debris or vehicle crashes.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-model-s-titanium-196)
Business analysis company [BloombergNEF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BloombergNEF "BloombergNEF") estimated Tesla's battery pack cost in 2021 at \$112 per [kilowatt-hour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt-hour "Kilowatt-hour") (kWh), versus an industry average of \$132 per kWh.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-197)
18650
Tesla was the first automaker to use cylindrical [lithium-ion battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") cells. When it built the [first generation Roadster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_\(first_generation\) "Tesla Roadster (first generation)"), it used off-the-shelf 18650-type (18 mm diameter, 65 mm height) cylindrical batteries that were already used for other consumer electronics. The cells provided an engineering challenge because each has a relatively low capacity, so thousands needed to be bundled together in a battery pack. Electrical and thermal management also proved to be a challenge, requiring liquid cooling and an [intumescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intumescent "Intumescent") fire prevention chemical.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-gcr2013-06-198) However, the decision turned out to be pragmatic because there was already a mature manufacturing process that could produce a high volume of the cells at a consistent quality. Although the 18650-type cells are the oldest technology, they are used in the Model S and X vehicles. Tesla sources these batteries with a [nickel-cobalt-aluminum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_nickel_cobalt_aluminium_oxides "Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides") (NCA) cathode chemistry from Panasonic's factories in Japan.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193)
2170
The next battery type to be used was the 2170-type (21 mm diameter, 70 mm height) cylindrical cell. The larger size was optimized for electric cars, allowing for a higher capacity per cell and a lower number of cells per battery pack. The 2170 was introduced for the Model 3 and Y vehicles.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193)
For vehicles built at the Tesla Fremont Factory, the company sources 2170-type batteries with a nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode chemistry from Panasonic's production line at Gigafactory Nevada.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-199) In January 2021, Panasonic had the capacity to produce 39 GWh per year of battery cells there.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-200) Tesla Energy also uses 2170 cells in its Powerwall home energy storage product.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
For vehicles made at Gigafactory Shanghai and Gigafactory Berlin, batteries with a [nickel-cobalt-manganese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_nickel_manganese_cobalt_oxides "Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides") (NMC) cathode chemistry are sourced from LG Energy Solution's factories in China.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193)
4680
Tesla's latest cylindrical cell design is the 4680-type (46 mm diameter, 80 mm height) introduced in 2021. The battery was developed in-house by Tesla and is physically 5 times bigger than the 2170-type, again allowing for a higher capacity per cell and a lower number of cells per battery pack.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-201)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-202) Currently, Tesla builds the 4680 cells itself and has not disclosed the cathode chemistry, though several independent analyses have indicated that it utilizes a nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC811) chemistry.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-203)[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-204)[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-205) The company has already opened production lines in Fremont, California, and plans to open lines inside Gigafactory Nevada and Gigafactory Texas. The 4680 cells are used in the Model Y and Cybertruck built at Gigafactory Texas.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193)
Prismatic
Tesla also uses prismatic (rectangular) cells in many entry-level Model 3 and Model Y vehicles.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kane_2022-193) The prismatic cells are a [lithium iron phosphate battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery "Lithium iron phosphate battery") (LFP or LiFePO
4), which is a less energy-dense type, but does not contain any nickel or cobalt, which makes it less expensive to produce.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-206) Tesla sources these batteries from CATL's factories in China. As of April 2022, nearly half of Tesla's vehicle production used prismatic cells.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-207) Tesla Energy also uses prismatic cells in its Megapack grid-scale energy storage product.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-208)
Research
Tesla invests in [lithium-ion battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") research. In 2016, the company established a 5-year battery research and development partnership at [Dalhousie University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie_University "Dalhousie University") in Nova Scotia, Canada, with lead researcher [Jeff Dahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Dahn "Jeff Dahn").[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-209) Tesla acquired Maxwell Technologies for over \$200 million[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-210) â and sold in 2021.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-211) It also acquired Hibar Systems.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-212)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-213) Tesla purchased several battery manufacturing patent applications from Springpower International, a small Canadian battery company.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-214)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-215)
Lithium Refinement
In 2023 Tesla broke ground on a \$375 million lithium refining facility near [Robstown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robstown "Robstown"), Texas in the US.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lithium_refining_2025-216) The plant's process will eliminate the use of [sulfuric acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid "Sulfuric acid") in lithium processing, thereby eliminating the associated [sodium sulfate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate "Sodium sulfate") waste product.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lithium_refining_2025-216) Local concerns have been raised over the plant's water usage with initial estimates of 400,000 US gal (1,500,000 L; 330,000 imp gal) per day for normal operation, rising to a peak usage estimate of 8,000,000 US gal (30,000,000 L; 6,700,000 imp gal) per day.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-217)
Software
Tesla uses [over-the-air updates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_update "Over-the-air update") to deliver updates to vehicles, adding features or fixing problems.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-218) This is enabled by tight integration between a few powerful onboard computers, compared to the way automakers had previously handled technology, by purchasing off-the-shelf electronic components for each subsystem that typically could not interface at the software level.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-219)
The system has also allowed Tesla to control which features customers have access to. For example, for ease of assembly, all Model 3 vehicles were built with heated rear seats, but only customers who purchased a premium interior could turn them on. However, Tesla has allowed customers who didn't pay for a premium interior to purchase access to the heated rear seats.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-220) Tesla uses a similar software lock feature for Enhanced Autopilot and Full-Self Driving features, even though all vehicles are equipped with the computers and cameras necessary to enable those features.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-221)
Motors
Tesla makes two kinds of electric motors: an [induction motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor "Induction motor"), and an [internal permanent magnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_magnet_motor "Permanent magnet motor") (IPM) motor with [synchronous reluctance motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_reluctance_motor "Synchronous reluctance motor") (SynRM) characteristics.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
The older design is a [three-phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase "Three-phase") four-pole [alternating current](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current "Alternating current") induction motor (also called an asynchronous motor) with a copper [rotor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_\(electric\) "Rotor (electric)") (which inspired the Tesla logo).[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-222) These motors use [electromagnetic induction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction "Electromagnetic induction"), by varying magnetic field to produce torque. Induction motors are used as the rear motor in the Model S and Model X, as the front motor in the Model 3 and Model Y, and were used in the first-generation Roadster.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Since the introduction of the Model 3 in 2017, Tesla has also been building IPM-SynRM motors. These motors use an iron [rotor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_\(electric\) "Rotor (electric)"), with slots cut into the metal where magnets are inserted in the internal core. As an IPM motor, it produces excellent starting torque; however, performance declines at high speeds due to [counter-electromotive forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-electromotive_force "Counter-electromotive force"). For high-speed operation, Tesla engineers used iron's reluctance property, which allows it to spin in synchronization with the magnetic field of the [stator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stator "Stator") if channels are cut into the core. These channels were also an ideal internal location for the permanent magnets to be mounted.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-223)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-224) The IPM-SynRM motor is currently used as the rear motor in the Model 3 and Model Y, the front motor of 2019-onward versions of the Model S and X, and are expected to be used in the Tesla Semi.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-225)
North American Charging Standard
The [North American Charging Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Charging_Standard "North American Charging Standard") (NACS) is an electric vehicle charging connector system developed by Tesla. It has been used on all North American market Tesla vehicles since 2012 and was opened for use by other manufacturers in 2022. Since then, nearly every other vehicle manufacturer has announced that starting from 2025, their electric vehicles sold in North America will be equipped with the NACS charge port. Several electric vehicles charging network operators and equipment manufacturers have also announced plans to add NACS connectors.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-226)
"Autopilot" and "Full Self-Driving (Supervised)"
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Autopilot_Engaged_in_Model_X.jpg)
Tesla Autopilot in operation, 2017
[Tesla Autopilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot "Tesla Autopilot") is an [advanced driver-assistance system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system "Advanced driver-assistance system") (ADAS) developed by Tesla, Inc. that provides partial vehicle automation, corresponding to [Level 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car#Level_2 "Self-driving car") automation as defined by [SAE International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_International "SAE International"). All Tesla vehicles produced after April 2019 include Autopilot, which features [autosteer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_centering "Lane centering") and [traffic-aware cruise control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control "Adaptive cruise control"). As of February 2026, customers can subscribe to an optional Level 2 package called "Full Self-Driving (Supervised)", also known as "FSD", which adds semi-autonomous navigation on nearly all roads, [self-parking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-parking "Self-parking"), and the ability to summon the car from a parking space. In January 2026, [MotorTrend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MotorTrend "MotorTrend") said FSD was the best ADAS on the market.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-227)
Since 2013, Tesla CEO [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") has [repeatedly predicted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_predictions_for_autonomous_Tesla_vehicles_by_Elon_Musk "List of predictions for autonomous Tesla vehicles by Elon Musk") that the company would achieve fully autonomous driving (SAE [Level 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car#Level_5 "Self-driving car")) within one to three years, but these goals are still to be met. The branding of Full Self-Driving has drawn criticism for potentially misleading consumers. Tesla vehicles currently operate at Level 2 automation, which requires continuous driver supervision and does not constitute "full" [self-driving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car "Self-driving car") capability. Previously, the Autopilot branding was also criticized for similar reasons, despite the fact that no [autopilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilot "Autopilot") system in aircraft rendered them fully autonomous.
Tesla claims that its driver-assistance features improve safety and reduce accidents caused by driver fatigue or inattention. However, collisions and fatalities involving Autopilot have attracted scrutiny from media and regulators. Industry experts and safety advocates have raised concerns about the deployment of the software to the general public, calling the practice risky and potentially irresponsible.
On March 19, 2026, the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") stated that Full-Self Driving system fails to detect hazards in low-visibility conditions.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-228)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-229)[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-230)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-231)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-232)
\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Glass
In November 2016, the company announced the Tesla Glass technology group. The group produced the roof glass for the Tesla Model 3. It also produces the glass used in the [Tesla Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof")'s [solar shingles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_shingle "Solar shingle").[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-233)
Robotics
In preparation for Model 3 production, Tesla heavily invested in robotics and automation for vehicle assembly, and between 2015 and 2017, the company purchased several companies involved in automation and robotics including Compass Automation,[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-electrek_compass-234) Grohmann Automation,[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-biz_in_2017-235) Perbix Machine Company, and Riviera Tool and Die.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-DetroitFP_2015-236) Musk later said that the robotics slowed production of the vehicles.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-King_2018-56)
Subsequently, Tesla shifted towards using massive casting machines, known as [Giga Presses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga_Press "Giga Press"). These machines streamline production by creating large, single-piece underbodies, leading to reductions in production time, labor costs, factory footprint, and the number of welding robots.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-237)[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-238) Critics note that reducing the number of components makes the vehicles harder or more expensive to repair after an accident.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-p747-239)
The company has been developing a [humanoid robot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robot "Humanoid robot") called [Optimus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_\(robot\) "Optimus (robot)") since 2022. Musk has stated that Optimus leverages the same core software powering Tesla's Full Self-Driving technology and has suggested that it could be used within Tesla's factories to mitigate labor shortages through the automation of repetitive tasks.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-240)
On January 28, 2026, Tesla announced it would stop manufacturing the Model S and Model X to focus efforts on Optimus. The goal is to produce 1 million robots per year at the Fremont facility.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-241)
Facilities
The company operates seven large factories and about a dozen smaller factories around the world. As of December 2024, the company also operates more than 1,350 retail stores, galleries, service, delivery, and body shop locations globally.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Q4_2024_Shareholder_Deck-242)
| Opened | Name | City | Country | Employees | Products | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory") | [Fremont, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California") | United States | 22,000 | [Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S"), [Model X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X"), [Model 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3"), [Model Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") | [\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Future-36)[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TC_staff_2020-243)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-244) |
| 2016 | [Gigafactory Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Nevada "Gigafactory Nevada") | [Storey County, Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storey_County,_Nevada "Storey County, Nevada") | United States | 7,000 | Batteries, [Powerwall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Powerwall "Tesla Powerwall"), [Semi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Semi "Tesla Semi") | [\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Powerwall-245)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-usatoday_giganevada_2019-246)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-247) |
| 2017 | [Gigafactory New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") | [Buffalo, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York "Buffalo, New York") | United States | 1,500 | [Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof"), [Supercharger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger "Tesla Supercharger") | [\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-UpAndRunning-248)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-CT_giga2_2020-249) |
| 2019 | [Gigafactory Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Shanghai "Gigafactory Shanghai") | [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai") | China | 20,000 | Model 3, Model Y, Supercharger | [\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cnbc20191023-250)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-251) |
| 2022 | [Gigafactory Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg "Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg") | [GrĂźnheide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnheide "GrĂźnheide") | Germany | 10,000 | Model Y | [\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-252)[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-253)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-IEVS_berlin_2021-254) |
| 2022 | [Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas") | [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas") | United States | 12,000 | Model Y, [Cybertruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybertruck "Cybertruck") | [\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-255)[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Vorrath-256)[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-257) |
North America
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Teslas_at_the_factory.jpg)
New [Tesla Model S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") cars at the [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory") in 2012
Tesla was founded in [San Carlos, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos,_California "San Carlos, California") in 2003.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-258) In 2008, the company opened its first production facility at a former [Chevrolet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") dealership in [Menlo Park, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California "Menlo Park, California"). The original roadster was assembled inside the service bays until 2012 and used the company's showroom as a retail store.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-inmenlo-Gulker-31) Another retail store was opened in Los Angeles the same year.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-259) In 2010, Tesla moved its corporate headquarters and opened a powertrain development facility in [Palo Alto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto "Palo Alto").[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-260)
Tesla's first major assembly plant occupies the former [NUMMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMMI "NUMMI") plant in Fremont, California, known as the [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory"). The factory was originally opened by [General Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") in 1962, and then operated by NUMMI, a joint venture of GM and [Toyota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") from 1984.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-261) The joint venture ended when [GM entered bankruptcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization "General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization") in 2009. In 2010, Toyota agreed to sell the plant to Tesla at a significant discount.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Future-36)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Gigafactory_1_-_December_2019.jpg)
[Gigafactory Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Nevada "Gigafactory Nevada") in 2019
Tesla's first purpose-built facility was opened in Nevada in 2016. [Gigafactory Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Nevada "Gigafactory Nevada") produces the Powerwall,[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Powerwall-245) battery cells in partnership with Panasonic,[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-262) Model 3 drivetrains,[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-263) and the Tesla Semi.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hidalgo_March_2,_20232-264) The factory received substantial subsidies ([abatements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_abatement "Tax abatement") and [credits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit "Tax credit")) from the local and state government, that, in exchange for opening in their jurisdiction, allowed Tesla to operate essentially tax-free for 10 years,[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-265) later extended to 20 years in exchange for expanding the factory to add a production line for the Tesla Semi and add additional battery manufacturing capacity.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hidalgo_March_2,_20232-264)
As part of the acquisition of SolarCity in 2016, Tesla gained control of [Gigafactory New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") in Buffalo on the site of a former [Republic Steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Steel "Republic Steel") plant. The state of New York spent cash to build and equip the factory through the [Buffalo Billion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Billion "Buffalo Billion") program.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-266)[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-267) In 2017, the factory started production of the [Tesla Solar Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof "Tesla Solar Roof"),[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-UpAndRunning-248) but faced multiple production challenges. Since 2020, Tesla has also assembled Superchargers in New York. The plant has been criticized for offering little economic benefit for the state funding.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Bykowicz_&_Mann_2023-268)
In 2018, Tesla assembled [tension fabric buildings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_fabric_building "Tension fabric building") at the [Fremont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California") plant to meet production goals of 5,000 cars produced a month. The structure was assembled in two weeks and measured 53 feet high, 150 feet wide, and 900 feet long.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-clearspan.com-269)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gigafactory_Texas_Building_1_June_2022.jpg)
[Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas") in 2022
On July 23, 2020, Tesla picked Austin, Texas, as the site of its fifth Gigafactory, since then known as [Gigafactory Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Texas "Gigafactory Texas").[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-electrek_texas_2021-270) Giga Texas is the only factory that produces the Tesla Cybertruck and produces Model Y cars for the Eastern United States. On December 1, 2021, Tesla announced it relocated its legal headquarters from Palo Alto to the Gigafactory Texas site in Austin.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-271) However, Tesla has retained the Palo Alto building. On April 7, 2022, Tesla celebrated the opening of Gigafactory Texas in a public event.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-auto1-78)
Tesla acquired a former [JC Penney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Penney "JC Penney") distribution center near [Lathrop, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathrop,_California "Lathrop, California") in 2021 to build the "Megafactory" to manufacture the [Megapack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapack "Megapack"), the company's large-scale energy storage product.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MR_Bulletin-272)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lathrop_MF-273) The location opened in 2022.
Tesla announced in February it would open a new global engineering headquarters in Palo Alto, moving into a corporate campus once owned by [Hewlett Packard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Inc. "HP Inc."), located a couple of miles from Tesla's former headquarters building.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-LA-Times-2023-02-23-86)
Tesla has announced plans to open a [Gigafactory Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Mexico "Gigafactory Mexico"), the company's sixth Gigafactory, near [Monterrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey "Monterrey"), Mexico. However, as of July 2024, the company had placed construction on hold until after the [2024 United States presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election") because former President Trump has pledged to add tariffs on cars made in Mexico.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-274)\[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\]
Europe
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Gigafactory_4_DJI_20230728123435.JPG)
Gigafactory Berlin in July 2023
Tesla opened its first European store in June 2009 in [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London").[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-275) Tesla's European headquarters are in [the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands "The Netherlands"),[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-276) part of a group of [Tesla facilities in Tilburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_facilities_in_Tilburg "Tesla facilities in Tilburg"), including the company's European Distribution Centre.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-277)
In late 2016, Tesla acquired German engineering firm [Grohmann Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grohmann_Engineering "Grohmann Engineering") as a new division dedicated to helping Tesla increase the automation and effectiveness of its manufacturing process.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-278) After winding down existing contracts with other manufacturers, the renamed [Tesla Automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Automation "Tesla Automation") now works exclusively on Tesla projects and is expanding its operations in Germany through the acquisition of other manufacturing specialists.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-279)
Tesla announced its plans to build a car and battery factory in Europe in 2016.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-280) Several countries campaigned to be the host,[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-281) and eventually Germany was chosen in November 2019.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-282) On March 22, 2022, Tesla's first European Gigafactory named [Gigafactory Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg "Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg")[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-283)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Graupner-2022-284) opened with planned capacity to produce 500,000 electric vehicles annually as well as batteries for the cars.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Graupner-2022-284)
Asia
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Tokyo_2011.JPG)
Tesla store in Tokyo, the first in Asia[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-285)
Tesla opened its first showroom in [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia "Asia") in [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), Japan, in October 2010.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-286)
In July 2018, Tesla signed an agreement with Chinese authorities to build a factory in [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai"), China, which was Tesla's first Gigafactory outside the United States.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-287) The factory building was finished in August 2019, and the initial [Tesla Model 3s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") were in production from Gigafactory Shanghai in October 2019.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cnbc20191023-250) In 2024, China accounted for 21% of Tesla sales revenue, and was the second-largest market for Tesla after the United States, which accounted for 48% of its sales.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-288) Tesla also sold 37% of its cars in China in 2024.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-289)
Tesla expressed interest in 2023 in expanding to India and perhaps building a future Gigafactory in the country.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-290) The company established a legal presence in the nation in 2021 and plans to open an office in [Pune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune "Pune") starting in October 2023.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-291)
Partners
Panasonic
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Panasonic.jpg)
[Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") Energy president Naoto Noguchi presents Tesla executive [J. B. Straubel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Straubel "J. B. Straubel") with [lithium-ion cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_cells "Lithium-ion cells").
In January 2010, Tesla and battery cell maker [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") announced that they would together develop [nickel-based](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel#Applications "Nickel") [lithium-ion battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") cells for electric vehicles.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-292) Beginning in 2010, Panasonic invested \$30 million for a multi-year collaboration on new battery cells designed specifically for electric vehicles.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-293) In July 2014, Panasonic reached a basic agreement with Tesla to participate in battery production at Giga Nevada.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-294) Tesla and Panasonic also collaborated on the manufacturing and production of photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules at the Giga New York factory in Buffalo, New York.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-UpAndRunning-248) The partnership started in mid-2017 and ended in early 2020, before Panasonic exited the solar business entirely in January 2021.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-295)[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Reuters-2021-296)
In March 2021, the outgoing CEO of Panasonic stated that the company plans to reduce its reliance on Tesla as its battery partnership evolves.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-297)
Other current partners
Tesla has long-term contracts in place for [lithium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium "Lithium") supply. In September 2020, Tesla signed a sales agreement with [Piedmont Lithium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Lithium "Piedmont Lithium") to buy high-purity lithium ore for up to ten years,[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-mining20200928-298) specifically to supply "[spodumene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodumene "Spodumene") concentrate from Piedmont's North Carolina [mineral deposit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_deposit "Mineral deposit")".[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-299) In 2022, Tesla contracted for 110,000 tonnes of [spodumene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodumene "Spodumene") concentrate over four years from the [Core Lithium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Lithium "Core Lithium")'s lithium mine in the [Northern Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory "Northern Territory") of Australia.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-pvmag20221013-300)
Tesla also has a range of minor partnerships, for instance, working with [Airbnb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb "Airbnb") and hotel chains to install destination chargers at selected locations.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-301) Another minor partnership would include Tesla's partnership with insurance company, [Lemonade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade,_Inc. "Lemonade, Inc."), to launch an autonomous car insurance.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-302)
Former partners
Daimler
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Mercedes-Benz_B-Class_Electric_Drive_Electric_Art_Premium_Front.jpg)
The [Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_B-Class_Electric_Drive "Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive") used a Tesla-supplied battery pack.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-303)
[Daimler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG "Daimler AG") and Tesla began working together in late 2007. On May 19, 2009, Daimler bought a stake of less than 10% in Tesla for a reported \$50 million.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-techcrunch1-304)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-305) As part of the collaboration, Herbert Kohler, vice-president of E-Drive and Future Mobility at Daimler, took a Tesla board seat.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TN_BOD_2012-306) On July 13, 2009, Daimler sold 40% of its acquisition to Aabar, an investment company controlled by the [International Petroleum Investment Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Petroleum_Investment_Company "International Petroleum Investment Company") owned by the government of [Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi "Abu Dhabi").[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-307) In October 2014, Daimler sold its remaining holdings for a reported \$780 million.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-308)
Tesla supplied battery packs for [Freightliner Trucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightliner_Trucks "Freightliner Trucks") in 2010.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-309)[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-310) The company also built electric-powertrain components for the [Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class_E-Cell "Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-Cell"), with 500 cars planned to be built for trial in Europe beginning in September 2011.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-311)[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-312) Tesla produced and co-developed the [Mercedes-Benz B250e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_B-Class_Electric_Drive "Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive")'s powertrain, which ended production in 2017.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-313) The electric motor was rated 134 hp (100 kW) and 230 pound force-feet (310 Nâ
m), with a 36 kWh (130 MJ) battery. The vehicle had a driving range of 200 km (124 mi) with a top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph).[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-314) Daimler division [Smart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_\(marque\) "Smart (marque)") produced the [Smart ED2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_electric_drive "Smart electric drive") cars from 2009 to 2012 which had a 14-kilowatt-hour (50 MJ) [lithium-ion battery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") from Tesla.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-315)[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-316)
Toyota
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_RAV4_EV_WAS_2012_0791.JPG)
[Toyota RAV4 EV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV "Toyota RAV4 EV"), which used a Tesla-supplied battery and [powertrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powertrain "Powertrain") components
In May 2010, Tesla and [Toyota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") announced a deal in which Tesla purchased the former [NUMMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMMI "NUMMI") factory from Toyota for \$42 million, Toyota purchased \$50 million in Tesla stock, and the two companies collaborated on an electric vehicle.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Future-36)
In July 2010, the companies announced they would work together on a second generation [Toyota RAV4 EV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV "Toyota RAV4 EV").[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-317) The vehicle was unveiled at the October 2010 [Los Angeles Auto Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Auto_Show "Los Angeles Auto Show") and 35 pilot vehicles were built for a demonstration and evaluation program that ran through 2011. Tesla supplied the lithium metal-oxide battery and other powertrain components[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-318)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-319) based on components from the Roadster.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-320)
The production version was unveiled in August 2012, using battery pack, electronics, and powertrain components from the Tesla Model S sedan (also launched in 2012).[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-321) The RAV4 EV had a limited production run which resulted in just under 3,000 vehicles being produced, before it was discontinued in 2014.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-322)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-323)
According to Bloomberg News, the partnership between Tesla and Toyota was "marred by clashes between engineers".[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Circuited-324) Toyota engineers rejected designs that Tesla had proposed for an enclosure to protect the RAV4 EV's battery pack. Toyota took over responsibility for the enclosure's design and strengthened it. In 2014, Tesla ended up adding a titanium plate to protect the Model S sedan's battery after some debris-related crashes led to cars catching fire.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Circuited-324)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-model-s-titanium-196) On June 5, 2017, Toyota announced that it had sold all of its shares in Tesla and halted the partnership.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-325)[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-326)
Mobileye
Initial versions of Autopilot were developed in partnership with [Mobileye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobileye "Mobileye") beginning in 2014.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-327) Mobileye ended the partnership on July 26, 2016, citing "disagreements about how the technology was deployed".[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-328)
Lawsuits and controversies
Failed lawsuit alleging unfair review
In 2008, Tesla provided two Roadsters to the British entertainment car-testing television programme *[Top Gear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_\(2002_TV_series\) "Top Gear (2002 TV series)")* for testing, apparently confusing it with another programme, and suggesting "Matt and Alex could even take the Tesla for a spin and test it out, reaffirming its virtues?" Top Gear tested the car as a performance sports carâin a format designed for humour and entertainment, not an unbiased review about its intended purposeâand made some criticisms of its use as such, though full of praise for its performance and handling on the track. Tesla was incensed about what it considered unfair criticism. For example, the test affirmed that *in the performance tests they ran* the battery charge would have lasted for 55 miles, a figure that actually came from Tesla. Tesla said that the figure was untrue and libelous as the car's mileage *in normal use* was claimed to be 211, which they sued, and lost.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-329)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-330)
In 2025, when Tesla was the subject of protests and vandalism in response to Elon Musk's political activities with the Trump government, former Top Gear presenter [Jeremy Clarkson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson "Jeremy Clarkson") published gloating remarks, saying that the vandalism was "not funny. But also, it's kinda hilarious. Especially if you're me."[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-331)
Sexual harassment
In 2021, seven women came forward with claims of having faced sexual harassment and discrimination while working at Tesla's Fremont factory.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-332) They accused the company of facilitating a culture of rampant sexual harassment. The women said they were consistently subjected to catcalling, unwanted advances, unwanted touching, and discrimination while at work. "I was so tired of the unwanted attention and the males gawking at me, I proceeded to create barriers around me just so I could get some relief," Brooks told *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. "That was something I felt necessary just so I can do my job." Stories range from intimate groping to being called out to the parking lot for sex.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-333)
Women feared calling Human Resources for help, as their supervisors were often participants.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Siddiqui-2021b-334) Musk himself is not indicted, but most of the women pressing charges believe their abuse is connected to the behavior of Musk as CEO. They cite his crude remarks about women's bodies, wisecracks about starting a university that abbreviated to "T.IT.S.", and his generally dismissive attitude towards reporting sexual harassment.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-335) "What we're addressing for each of the lawsuits is just a shocking pattern of rampant harassment that exists at Tesla," said attorney David A. Lowe.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Siddiqui-2021b-334) In 2017, another woman had accused Tesla of very similar behavior and was subsequently fired. In a statement to the Guardian, Tesla confirmed the company had terminated her employment, saying it had thoroughly investigated the employee's allegations with the help of "a neutral, third-party expert" and concluded her complaints were unmerited.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-336)
In May 2022, a California judge ruled that the sexual harassment lawsuit could move to court, rejecting Tesla's request for closed-door arbitration.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-337)
Labor disputes
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_workers_united.jpg)
[Valentine's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day "Valentine's Day") union drive at [Giga New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") in 2023
[Tesla has had labor disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_and_unions "Tesla and unions") in the United States, Germany and Sweden, including an ongoing [strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action "Strike action") in Sweden. Tesla, Inc., an American [electric car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car "Electric car") and [solar panel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel "Solar panel") manufacturer, has more than 140,000 workers employed across its global operations as of January 2024.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_10K_2022-338) Tesla CEO [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") has expressed his [opposition to unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_busting "Union busting") on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") (now called X). The [National Labor Relations Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board "National Labor Relations Board") held that one [tweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_\(social_media\) "Tweet (social media)") was unlawful, but was overturned by a [federal appeals court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit "United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit").[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_ap20241029-339) All [unionization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionization "Unionization") efforts at the [Tesla Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory "Tesla Fremont Factory") and [Gigafactory New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York "Gigafactory New York") in the United States have been unsuccessful.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_:13-340) In Germany, [Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg "Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg") and [Tesla Automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Automation "Tesla Automation") have elected [works councils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_council "Works council"), but they have not signed [collective bargaining agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_agreement "Collective agreement") with the German trade union [IG Metall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Metall "IG Metall").[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-341)[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-342) The Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg works council is divided into pro-union and anti-union factions.[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_:15-343) In Sweden, mechanics who are members of the trade union [IF Metall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Metall "IF Metall") have been on strike since October 27, 2023, making it the longest strike in Sweden since 1938.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_:10-344) The strike has since spread, with other [Swedish, Danish and Norwegian unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Nordic_Trade_Unions "Council of Nordic Trade Unions") calling for [solidarity strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_action "Solidarity action").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Elon_Musk_and_trade_unions_:0-345)
Accidents, repairs, and safety violations
In June 2016, the [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") (NHTSA) took issue with Tesla's use of [nondisclosure agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondisclosure_agreements "Nondisclosure agreements") (NDAs) regarding customer repairs[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-346) and, in October 2021, the NHTSA formally asked Tesla to explain its NDA policy regarding customers invited into the FSD Beta.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-347) Tesla has used NDAs on multiple occasions with both employees[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-348) and customers[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-349) to allegedly prevent possible negative coverage.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-350)[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-351)
From 2014 to 2018, Tesla's Fremont Factory had three times as many [Occupational Safety and Health Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration "Occupational Safety and Health Administration") (OSHA) violations as the ten largest US auto plants combined.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-352) An investigation by the [Reveal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reveal_\(podcast\) "Reveal (podcast)") podcast alleged that Tesla "failed to report some of its serious injuries on legally mandated reports" to downplay the extent of injuries.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Evans-Perry-2018-353)
In January 2019, former Tesla security manager Sean Gouthro filed a whistleblower complaint alleging that the company had hacked employees' phones and spied on them, while also failing to report illegal activities to the authorities and shareholders.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-O'Kane-2019-354)[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-355)[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-356) Several legal cases have revolved around alleged whistleblower retaliation by Tesla. These include the dismissal of Tesla safety official Carlos Ramirez[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-357)[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-358) and Tesla security employee Karl Hansen.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-359) In 2020, the court ordered Hansen's case to [arbitration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration_in_the_United_States "Arbitration in the United States").[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-360) In June 2022, the arbitrator filed an [unopposed motion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_\(legal\) "Motion (legal)") with the court stating Hansen "has failed to establish the claims⌠Accordingly, his claims are denied, and he shall take nothing".[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-361)
The California Civil Rights Department filed a suit in 2022 alleging "a pattern of racial harassment and bias" at the Tesla Fremont factory. As of April 2023, the department is also conducting a probe of the factory based on a 2021 complaint and claims that Tesla has been obstructing the investigation.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-362)
According to *Jalopnik*, a 2024 study by *iSeeCars* found that Tesla had the highest fatal crash rate of any automaker in the United States.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-363)
A 2025 lawsuit in California alleged that Tesla odometers were falsely exaggerating their readings to prematurely void their warranty.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-364)
In 2025 in the US, Tesla faced a new federal investigation into possible safety defects in its FSD system. This followed 44 separate incident reports where Tesla drivers said the system caused them to commit safety violations, such as driving through red traffic lights.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-365)
Fraud allegations
There have been numerous concerns about Tesla's financial reporting. In 2013, *Bloomberg News* questioned whether Tesla's financial reporting violated [Generally Accepted Accounting Principles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles_\(United_States\) "Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States)") (GAAP) reporting standards.[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Hiltzikh-2013-366) *[Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_\(magazine\) "Fortune (magazine)")* accused Tesla in 2016 of using [creative accounting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_accounting "Creative accounting") to show positive cash flow and quarterly profits.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-367) In 2018, analysts expressed concerns over Tesla's accounts receivable balance.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-368) In September 2019, the SEC questioned Tesla CFO [Zach Kirkhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Kirkhorn "Zach Kirkhorn") about Tesla's warranty reserves and lease accounting.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-369) In a letter to his clients, hedge fund manager [David Einhorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Einhorn_\(hedge_fund_manager\) "David Einhorn (hedge fund manager)"), whose firm suffered losses from its short position against Tesla that quarter, accused Musk in November 2019 of "significant fraud",[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-370)[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-371) and publicly questioned Tesla's accounting practices, telling Musk that he was "beginning to wonder whether your accounts receivable exist."[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-372)
From 2012 to 2014, Tesla earned more than \$295 million in [Zero Emission Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Emission_Vehicle "Zero Emission Vehicle") credits for a battery-swapping technology that was never made available to customers.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-373) Staff at [California Air Resources Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board "California Air Resources Board") were concerned that Tesla was "gaming" the battery swap subsidies and in 2013 recommended eliminating the credits.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-374)
A consolidated shareholders lawsuit alleges that Musk knew SolarCity was going broke before the acquisition, that he and the Tesla board overpaid for SolarCity, ignored their conflicts of interest and breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the deal, and failed to disclose "troubling facts" essential to an analysis of the proposed acquisition.[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Mitchell-2019-375) The members of the board settled in 2020, leaving Musk as the only defendant.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-reuters_solarcitylawsuit_2020-376) In April 2022, the [Delaware Court of Chancery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Court_of_Chancery "Delaware Court of Chancery") ruled in favor of Musk,[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-377)[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-378) and its ruling was upheld by the [Delaware Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court "Delaware Supreme Court") in June 2023.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-379)
In August 2018, Musk tweeted, "Am considering taking Tesla private at \$420. Funding secured."[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-380) The tweet caused the stock to initially rise, but then drop when it was revealed to be false.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-381)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-382)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Mitchell-2020-383) Musk settled fraud charges with the US [Securities and Exchange Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission "Securities and Exchange Commission") (SEC) over his false statements in September 2018. According to the terms of the settlement, Musk agreed to have his tweets reviewed by Tesla's in-house counsel, he was removed from his chairman role at Tesla temporarily, and two new independent directors were appointed to the company's board.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-secured-384) Tesla and Musk also paid civil penalties of \$20 million each.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-secured-384) A civil [class-action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-action "Class-action") shareholder lawsuit over Musk's statements and other derivative lawsuits were also filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board of directors, as then constituted, regarding claims and actions made that were associated with potentially going private.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-385)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC_file-386) In February 2023, a California jury unanimously found Musk and Tesla not liable in the class-action lawsuit.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-387)
In September 2018, Tesla disclosed that it was under investigation by the US [Federal Bureau of Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation") (FBI) regarding its Model 3 production figures.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Viswanatha-2018-388) Authorities were investigating whether the company misled investors and made projections about its Model 3 production that it knew would be impossible to meet.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Viswanatha-2018-388) A stockholder class action lawsuit against Tesla related to Model 3 production numbers (unrelated to the FBI investigation) was dismissed in March 2019.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-389)[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-390)[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-391)
In May 2024, Reuters reported that US federal prosecutors were investigating whether the company committed securities or wire fraud by "misleading investors and consumers" about Autopilot and Full Self-Driving.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-392)
Tesla US dealership disputes
Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised [auto dealerships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_dealership "Auto dealership") to sell vehicles and instead directly sells vehicles through its website and a network of company-owned stores. In some areas, Tesla operates locations called "galleries" which "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-10K_2021-178) This is because some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. Dealership associations have filed lawsuits to prevent direct sales. These associations argued that the franchise system protects consumers by encouraging dealers to compete, lowering the price a customer pays. They also claimed that direct sales would allow manufacturers to undersell their dealers.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bypass-181) The United States [Federal Trade Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission "Federal Trade Commission") ultimately disproved the associations' claims and recommended allowing direct manufacturer sale, which they concluded would save consumers 8% in average vehicle price.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Lao-Feinstein-2015-393)[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Read-2015-394)[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Bodisch-2009-395)
Tesla has also lobbied state governments for the right to directly sell cars.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TechCrunch-2021-396) The company has argued that directly operating stores improves consumer education about electric vehicles,[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-10K_2021-178) because dealerships would sell both Tesla and gas-powered vehicles. Doing this, according to the company, would then set up a [conflict of interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest "Conflict of interest") for the dealers since properly advertising the benefits of an electric car would disparage the gas-powered vehicles, creating a disincentive to dealership EV sales.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bypass-181) Musk himself further contended that dealers would have a disincentive to sell electric vehicles because they require less maintenance and therefore would reduce after-sales service revenue, a large profit center for most dealerships.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Yarrow_2014-147)
Intellectual property
Tesla has sued former employees for stealing company information, including those who left to work for a rival such as [XPeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPeng "XPeng") and [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox_\(company\) "Zoox (company)").[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-397) For example, Guangzhi Cao, a Tesla engineer, was accused of uploading [Tesla Autopilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot "Tesla Autopilot") source code to his [iCloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICloud "ICloud") account,[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-398) and Alex Khatilov was accused of downloading files related to its Warp Drive software to his personal [Dropbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox "Dropbox") account.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-399)
Misappropriation
In 2018, a [class action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action "Class action") was filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board, alleging they breached their [fiduciary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary "Fiduciary") duties by approving Musk's stock-based compensation plan.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC_file-386) Musk received the first portion of his stock options payout, worth more than \$700 million, in May 2020.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-400)
In July 2023, Tesla board members returned \$735 million to the company to settle a claim from a 2020 lawsuit alleging misappropriation of 11 million stock options granted to Elon Musk, Kimbal Musk, Larry Ellison, and others from 2017 to 2020.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-401)
Environmental violations
In 2019, the [United States Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency "United States Environmental Protection Agency") fined Tesla for hazardous waste violations that occurred in 2017.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-402) In June 2019, Tesla began negotiating penalties for 19 environmental violations from the [Bay Area Air Quality Management District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Air_Quality_Management_District "Bay Area Air Quality Management District");[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-403) the violations took place around Tesla Fremont's paint shop, where there had been at least four fires between 2014 and 2019.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Niedermeyer-2019-404) Environmental violations and permit deviations at Tesla's Fremont Factory increased from 2018 to 2019 with the production ramp of the Model 3.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-405)
In June 2018, Tesla employee [Martin Tripp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Tripp "Martin Tripp") leaked information that Tesla was scrapping or reworking up to 40% of its raw materials at the Nevada Gigafactory.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Robinson-2019-406) After Tesla fired him for the leak, Tripp filed a lawsuit and claimed Tesla's security team gave police a false tip that he was planning a mass shooting at the Nevada factory.[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-407)[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-O'Kane-2019-354) The court ruled in Tesla's favor on September 17, 2020.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-408)[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-409)
In January 2024, 25 California counties sued Tesla, accusing the company of violating state health and safety codes by illegally disposing of hazardous waste. Later that week, the case was settled on the conditions that Tesla pay US\$1.5 million and admit to acting "intentionally" and "negligently". Moreover, Tesla also agreed to train its employees on hazardous waste disposal and to have 10 percent of Tesla's facilities audited for waste disposal for the next 5 years.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-410)[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-411)[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-412)
Property damage
In August 2019, [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") filed a multi-million-dollar lawsuit against Tesla, claiming that Tesla's "negligent installation and maintenance" of solar panels caused roof fires at seven Walmart stores dating back to 2012.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-413) Walmart settled with Tesla in November 2019; the terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-414)
In April 2021, a Norwegian judge found Tesla guilty of throttling charging speed through a 2019 over-the-air software update, after they failed to respond to the lawsuit. The 30 customers who were part of the lawsuit were awarded 136,000 Norwegian kroner each (\$16,000).[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Porterfield-2021-415)[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-416)
Racism
Tesla has faced numerous complaints regarding workplace harassment and racial discrimination,[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-NYTimes-30Nov18-417)[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-418) with one former Tesla worker who attempted to sue the employer describing it as "a hotbed of racist behavior."[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-419) As of December 2021, three percent of leadership at the company were African-American.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-420) A former Black worker described the work environment at Tesla's [Buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York "Buffalo, New York") plant as a "very racist place."[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-421) Tesla and SpaceX's treatment of [Juneteenth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth "Juneteenth") in 2020 also came under fire.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-422) Approximately 100 former employees have submitted signed statements alleging that the company discriminates specifically against African Americans and "allows a racist environment in its factories."[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-423)
Few of these cases against Tesla ever make it to trial as most employees are made to sign [arbitration agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration "Arbitration").[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-424) Employees are afterwards required to resolve such disputes out of court, and behind closed doors.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Fremont, California, plant
According to the state's Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the [Fremont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California "Fremont, California") factory is a racially segregated place where Black employees claim they are given the most menial[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-NYTimes-30Nov18-417) and physically demanding work.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Wiessner-2022-425) The accusations of racism culminated in February 2022 with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing suing Tesla for "discriminating against its Black workers."[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-426)
In July 2021, former employee Melvin Berry received \$1 million in his discrimination case in arbitration against the company after he claimed he was referred to by the [n-word](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-word "N-word") and forced to work longer hours at the Fremont plant.[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-427)
In October 2021, a jury verdict in the *[Owen Diaz vs. Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Diaz_vs._Tesla "Owen Diaz vs. Tesla")* trial awarded the plaintiff \$137 million in damages after he had faced racial harassment at Tesla's Fremont facility during 2015â2016.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-428)[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-429) In a blog, Tesla stressed that Diaz was never "really" a Tesla worker, and that most uttering of the n-word were expressed in a friendly manner.[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-430)[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Kolodny-2021-431) In April 2022, federal judge [William Orrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Orrick_III "William Orrick III") upheld the jury finding of Tesla's liability but reduced the total damage down to \$15 million.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-432) Diaz was given a two-week deadline to decide if he would collect the damages. In June 2022, Diaz announced that he would be rejecting the \$15 million award, opening the door for a new trial.[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-433) In April 2023, Diaz was awarded \$3.2 million in the new trial.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-434)
COVID-19 pandemic
Tesla's initial response to the [COVID-19 pandemic in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") has been the subject of considerable criticism. Musk had sought to exempt the Tesla Fremont factory in Alameda County, California, from the government's stay-at-home orders. In an [earnings call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_call "Earnings call") in April, he was heard calling the public health orders "fascist".[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Siddiqui-2021a-435) He had also called the public's response to the pandemic "dumb" and had said online that there would be zero cases by April.[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-436) In May 2020, while [Alameda County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County "Alameda County") officials were negotiating with the company to reopen the [Fremont Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Factory "Fremont Factory") on the 18th, Musk defied local government orders by restarting production on the 11th.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-437)[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-438)[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:4-439) Tesla also sued Alameda County, questioning the legality of the orders, but backed down after the Fremont Factory was given approval to reopen.[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-440)[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cnbc20200613-441) In June 2020, Tesla published a detailed plan for bringing employees back to work and keeping them safe,[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-442) However, some employees still expressed concern for their health.[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cnbc20200612-443)
In May 2020, Musk told workers that they could stay home if they felt uncomfortable coming back to work.[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-444) But in June, Tesla dismissed an employee who criticized the company for taking inadequate safety measures to protect workers from the coronavirus at the Fremont Factory.[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-445) Three more employees at Tesla's Fremont Factory claimed they were laid off for staying home out of fear of catching COVID-19. This was subsequently denied by Tesla, which even stated that the employees were still on the payroll.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-446) COVID-19 cases at the factory grew from 10 in May 2020 to 125 in December 2020, with about 450 total cases in that time out of the approximately 10,000 workers at the plant (4.5%).[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Siddiqui-2021a-435)[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-447)
In China, Tesla had what one executive described as "not a green light from the government to get back to work â but a flashing-sirens police escort."[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Campbell-2021a-448) Tesla enjoyed special treatment and strong government support in China, including [tax breaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_break "Tax break"), cheap financing, and assistance in building its [Giga Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga_Shanghai "Giga Shanghai") factory at breakneck speeds.[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Campbell-2021a-448) Musk has praised China's way of doing things, a controversial stance due to deteriorating [USâChinese relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=US%E2%80%93Chinese_relations&action=edit&redlink=1 "USâChinese relations (page does not exist)"), the [persecution of Uyghurs in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China "Persecution of Uyghurs in China"), and alleged human rights abuses in Hong Kong.[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Campbell-2021a-448)
Right to repair
In March 2023, a class action antitrust lawsuit was filed against Tesla by Virginia M. Lambrix in San Francisco, alleging that the company unlawfully monopolized the market for maintenance and repair of its vehicles in violation of the [Sherman Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act "Sherman Act") and California [antitrust law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law "United States antitrust law"), as a result of which owners were "forced to pay supracompetitive prices and suffer exorbitant wait times" for maintenance services and repair parts.[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-449)[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-450) The lawsuit was later combined with four other similar suits.[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:02-451)[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:13-452)
While six out of eight alleged antitrust violations were dismissed, in June 2024 US District Judge [Trina Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trina_Thompson "Trina Thompson") allowed two claims to proceed, including alleged violations of California's Cartwright Act and Unfair Competition Law (UCL), with the court finding evidence of a repairs monopoly in Tesla's designing of its vehicles to require diagnostic and software updates that only the company could provide, and evidence of a parts monopoly in Tesla's restricting [original equipment manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer "Original equipment manufacturer") from selling "to anyone other than Tesla."[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:02-451)[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:13-452)
TeslaTakedown protests
In February 2025, numerous planned protests occurred outside of Tesla showrooms and service centers throughout the US. The protests were in response to Musk's contentious actions as leader of the [Department of Government Efficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency "Department of Government Efficiency") (DOGE) at the beginning of Donald Trump's second term as US president.[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-453)[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-454)
Lawsuits against Tesla critics and vehicle malfunction complainants in China
On February 12, 2025, the [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") reported that in China, Tesla had sued six car owners, six or more bloggers, and two media outlets for [defamation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation "Defamation") since 2021. The car owners had complained publicly about Tesla's quality and accidents caused by major mechanical malfunctions, like brake failure. The bloggers and media outlets had written critically about the company. As of the date of publication, the Associated Press reported that Tesla had won 11 verdicts, two judgments were on appeal, and one had been settled outside court.[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-455)
Criticism
Data privacy
A Tesla vehicle was only the second product ever reviewed by the [Mozilla Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation "Mozilla Foundation") that failed all of their privacy criteria.[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-456)[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-457)
A Tesla owner filed a lawsuit in 2023 following a [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters") report that Tesla employees shared "highly invasive videos and images recorded by customers' car cameras" with one another.[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-458)
Internal data troves shared with various international government agencies and news organizations by former employee and [whistleblower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower "Whistleblower") Lukasz Krupski in late 2023 implicated Tesla in "serious data protection lapse\[s\]."[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-459) The data Krupski retrieved included "information about current and former Tesla staff, including passport numbers, medical details and salaries" and was readily available on internal systems that most employees had access to.[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-460) As of November 2023, the Data Protection Authority in the Netherlands was investigating whether Tesla's alleged lack of internal security violated privacy laws.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-461)
Short sellers
[TSLAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSLAQ "TSLAQ") is a collective of Tesla skeptics and [short-sellers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-sellers "Short-sellers") who are vocally critical of Tesla and aim to "shape \[the\] perception \[of Tesla\] and move its stock."[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-462) In January 2020, 20% of Tesla stock was shorted, the highest at that time of any stock in the US equity markets.[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-463) By early 2021, according to CNN, short sellers had lost \$40 billion during 2020 as the stock price climbed much higher.[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-464) [Michael Burry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Burry "Michael Burry"), a short seller portrayed in *[The Big Short](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Short_\(film\) "The Big Short (film)")*, had shorted Tesla previously via his firm [Scion Asset Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scion_Asset_Management "Scion Asset Management"), but removed his position in October 2021.[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-465)
Tesla's mission
According to automotive journalist Jamie Kitman, when multiple CEOs of major automotive manufacturers approached Tesla for EV technology that Musk had claimed the company was willing to share, they instead were offered the opportunity to buy regulatory credits from the company. This suggested, according to Kitman, that "the company may not be as eager for the electric revolution to occur as it claims."[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-466)
Giga New York audit
In 2020, the [New York State Comptroller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Comptroller "New York State Comptroller") released an audit of the [Giga New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga_New_York "Giga New York") factory project, concluding that it presented many red flags, including a lack of basic [due diligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_diligence "Due diligence") and that the factory itself produced only \$0.54 in economic benefits for every \$1 spent by the state.[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-467)[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-468)[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-469)
Delays
Musk has been criticized for repeatedly pushing out both production and release dates of products.[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-470)[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-471) By one count in 2016, Musk had missed 20 projections.[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-472) In October 2017, Musk predicted that Model 3 production would be 5,000 units per week by December.[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-473) A month later, he revised that target to "sometime in March" 2018.[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-WP_production-hell-474) Delivery dates for the Model 3 were delayed as well.[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-475) Other projects like converting supercharger stations to be [solar-powered](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-power "Solar-power") have also lagged projections.[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-476) Musk responded in late 2018: "punctuality is not my strong suit...I never made a mass-produced car. How am I supposed to know with precision when it's gonna get done?"[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-477)
Accolades
In 2019, Model 3 earned the Top Safety Pick+ Award from the [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety "Insurance Institute for Highway Safety").[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-478) In 2022, Model Y has received the highest safety score of any car analyzed under [Euro NCAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_NCAP "Euro NCAP").[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-479)
In 2022, Tesla won [S\&P Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_Global "S&P Global") Automotive Loyalty Awards in 7 categories.[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-480)
In 2025, [TIME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME "TIME") magazine named Model S as one of the best inventions of the past 25 years, praising it as a "game-changing advance for electric vehicles".[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-481)
*[Motor Trend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend "Motor Trend")* has shortlisted Cybertruck for the magazine's 2025 Truck of the Year, praising its [steer-by-wire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steer-by-wire "Steer-by-wire") system and other tech, but criticizing "the design's many compromises".[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-482)
Vehicle product issues
Recalls
On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 (~70%) of the 76,000 vehicles it sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes which could become stuck and "prevent the vehicles from moving".[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-483)[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-484) On March 29, 2018, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 123,000 Model S cars built before April 2016 due to [corrosion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion "Corrosion")\-susceptible [power steering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_steering "Power steering") bolts, which could fail and require the driver to use "increased force" to control the vehicle.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-485)
In October 2020, Tesla initiated a recall of nearly 50,000 Model X and Y vehicles throughout China for suspension issues.[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-486) Soon after in November, the [NHTSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHTSA "NHTSA") announced it had opened its investigation into 115,000 Tesla cars regarding "front suspension safety issues", citing specifically 2015â2017 Model S and 2016â2017 Model X years. Cases of the "whompy wheel" phenomenon, which also included Model X and the occasional Model 3 cars, have been documented through 2020.[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-487)[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-488)
In February 2021, Tesla was required by the NHTSA to recall 135,000 Model S and Model X vehicles built from 2012 to 2018 due to using a [flash memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory "Flash memory") device that was rated to last only 5 to 6 years.[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-489) The problem was related to touchscreen failures that could possibly affect the rearview camera, safety systems, Autopilot and other features.[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-490)[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-491) The underlying technical reason is that the car writes a large amount of [syslog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslog "Syslog") content to the device, wearing it out prematurely.[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-492)
Also in February 2021, the German Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) ordered Tesla to recall 12,300 Model X cars because of "body mouldings problems".[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-493)[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-494)
In June 2021, Tesla recalled 5,974 electric vehicles due to worries that brake caliper bolts might become loose, which could lead to loss of tire pressure, increasing the chance of a crash.[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-495)
On December 30, 2021, Tesla announced that they are recalling more than 475,000 US model vehicles. This included 356,309 Model 3 Tesla vehicles from 2017 to 2020 due to rear-view camera issues and a further 119,009 Tesla Model S vehicles due to potential problems with the trunk or boot. The Model S recall includes vehicles manufactured between 2014 and 2021. Around 1% of recalled Model 3s may have a defective rear-view camera, and around 14% of recalled Model S may have the defect. The recall was not linked to a contemporaneous issue regarding the "Passenger Play" feature, which allowed games to be played on the touchscreen while the car is in motion.[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-496) After an investigation was launched by the NHTSA covering 585,000 vehicles, Tesla agreed to make changes where the feature would be locked and unusable while the car is moving.[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-497)
In September 2022, Tesla announced that they are recalling almost 1.1 million US model vehicles because the automatic window reversal system might not react correctly after detecting an obstruction, increasing the risk of injury.[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-498)[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Root-2022-499) In response,\[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] Tesla announced an over-the-air software fix.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Root-2022-499)
In February 2023, Tesla recalled its FSD software following a recommendation from NHTSA; the recall applied to approximately 360,000 cars.[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-500) NHTSA found that FSD caused "unreasonable risk" when used on city streets.[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-501) In March 2023, about 3,500 Model Y Teslas were recalled for a bolting issue concerning the cars' second-row seats.[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-502)
In December 2023, following a 2-year investigation by the [NHTSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHTSA "NHTSA"),[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-503) Tesla issued a wider recall on all vehicles equipped with any version of Autosteer, including 2012â2023 Model S; 2016â2023 Model X; 2017â2023 Model 3; and 2020â2023 Model Y, covering 2,031,220 vehicles in total.[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-NHTSA_23V-838-504) The NHTSA concluded that Autosteer's controls were not sufficient to prevent misuse and did not ensure that the drivers maintained "continuous and sustained responsibility for vehicle operation" and states that affected vehicles will receive an over-the-air software remedy.[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-NHTSA_23V-838-504)[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-505)
Fires
Tesla customers have reported the company as being "slow" to address how their cars can ignite.[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-506) In 2013, a Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit metal debris on a highway in [Kent, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Washington "Kent, Washington"). Tesla confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and was caused by the impact of an object.[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-507) As a result of this and other incidents, Tesla announced its decision to extend its current vehicle warranty to cover fire damage.[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-508) In March 2014, the NHTSA announced that it had closed the investigation into whether the Model S was prone to catch fire, after Tesla said it would provide more protection to its battery packs.[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-509) All Model S cars manufactured after March 6, 2014, have had the 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) aluminum shield over the battery pack replaced with a new three-layer shield.[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-510) In October 2019, the NHTSA opened an investigation into possible battery defects in Tesla's Model S and X vehicles from 2012 to 2019 that could cause "non-crash" fires.[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-511)[\[511\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-512)[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-513)
Autopilot crashes
A Model S driver died in a collision with a tractor-trailer in 2016, while the vehicle was in Autopilot mode; the driver is believed to be the first person to have died in a Tesla vehicle in Autopilot.[\[513\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-514)[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-515) The NHTSA investigated the accident but found no safety-related defect trend.[\[515\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-516) In March 2018, a driver of a Tesla Model X was killed in a crash. Investigators say that the driver of the vehicle had his car in 'self-driving' mode and was using his phone to play games when the vehicle collided with the barrier in the middle of the freeway. Through investigation, the NTSB found that the Tesla malfunctioned due to the system being confused by an exit on the freeway.[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-517)
According to a document released in June 2021, the NHTSA has initiated at least 30 investigations into Tesla crashes that were believed to involve the use of Autopilot, with some [involving fatalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot#Fatal_crashes "Tesla Autopilot").[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-518)[\[518\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-519) In early September 2021, the NHTSA updated the list with an additional fatality incident[\[519\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-auto-520) and ordered Tesla to hand over all extensive\[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] data pertaining to US cars with Autopilot to determine if there is a safety defect that leads Tesla cars to collide with first-responder vehicles.[\[519\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-auto-520)[\[520\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-521)[\[521\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-522) In late September 2021, Tesla released an over-the-air software update to detect emergency lights at night.[\[522\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-523) In October 2021, the NHTSA asked Tesla why it did not issue a recall when it sent out that update.[\[523\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-524) In June 2022, the NHTSA said it would expand its probe, extending it to 830,000 cars from all current Tesla models. The probe was moved up from the *Preliminary Evaluation* level to *Engineering Analysis*. The regulator cited the reason for the expansion as the need to "explore the degree to which Autopilot and associated Tesla systems may exacerbate human factors or behavioral safety risks by undermining the effectiveness of the driver's supervision."[\[524\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-525)
A safety test conducted by the Dawn Project in August 2022 demonstrated that a test driver using the beta version of Full Self-Driving repeatedly hit a child-sized mannequin in its path,[\[525\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-526) but there has been controversy over its conclusions.[\[526\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-527) Several Tesla owners responded by conducting their own, independent tests using children; NHTSA released a statement warning against the practice.[\[527\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-528)
In 2025, the California DMV filed a lawsuit against Tesla, claiming it had misled drivers about its vehicles' self-driving capabilities. The DMV sought to suspend Tesla's sales and manufacturing in the state of California for a minimum of 30 days.[\[528\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-529)[\[529\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-530)
Software hacking
In August 2015, two researchers said they were able to take control of a Tesla Model S by hacking into the car's entertainment system.[\[530\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-531) The hack required the researchers to physically access the car.[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-532) Tesla issued a [security update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_\(computing\) "Patch (computing)") for the Model S the day after the exploit was announced.[\[532\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-533)
In September 2016, researchers at [Tencent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent "Tencent")'s Keen Security Lab demonstrated a remote attack on a Tesla Model S and controlled the vehicle in both Parking and Driving Mode without physical access. They were able to compromise the automotive networking bus ([CAN bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus "CAN bus")) when the vehicle's web browser was used while the vehicle was connected to a malicious Wi-Fi hotspot.[\[533\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-534) This was the first case of a remote control exploit demonstrated on a Tesla. The vulnerability was disclosed to Tesla under their [bug bounty program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_bounty_program "Bug bounty program") and patched within 10 days, before the exploit was made public.[\[534\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-535) Tencent also hacked the doors of a Model X in 2017.[\[535\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-536)
In January 2018, security researchers informed Tesla that an [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") account of theirs could be accessed directly from the Internet and that the account had been exploited for [cryptocurrency mining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_mining "Cryptocurrency mining"). Tesla responded by securing the compromised system, rewarding the security researchers financially via their bug bounty program, and stating that the compromise did not violate customer privacy, nor vehicle safety or security.[\[536\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-537)[\[537\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-538) Later in 2019, Tesla awarded a car and \$375,000 to [ethical hackers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat_\(computer_security\) "White hat (computer security)") during a [Pwn2Own](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwn2Own "Pwn2Own") Model 3 hacking event.[\[538\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-539)
In June 2022, Martin Herfurt, a security researcher in Austria, discovered that changes made to make Tesla vehicles easier to start with [NFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication "Near-field communication") cards also allowed for pairing new keys to the vehicle, allowing an attacker to enroll their keys to a vehicle.[\[539\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-540)
Phantom braking
| | |
|---|---|
|  | This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(August 2025)* |
In February 2022, Tesla drivers reported a surge in "phantom braking" events when using Tesla Autopilot, which coincides with the automaker's removal of radar as a supplemental sensor in May 2021.[\[540\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-541) In response, NHTSA opened an investigation the same month.[\[541\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-542) In August 2022, a consumer class action was filed alleging that the Autopilot system in Tesla cars "contains a hazardous defect which causes the vehicle to suddenly and unintentionally brake".[\[542\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-543)[\[543\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-544) In November 2024, Tesla failed to persuade a [US District Judge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_District_Judge "US District Judge") to dismiss the lawsuit.[\[544\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:0-545) The next court date is January 7, 2025.[\[544\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:0-545)
In May 2023, German business newspaper *[Handelsblatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelsblatt "Handelsblatt")* published a series of articles based on a trove of internal Tesla data submitted to them from informants.[\[545\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-546) The 100 gigabytes of data "contain\[ed\] over 1,000 accident reports involving phantom braking or unintended acceleration" as well as complaints about Tesla Autopilot.[\[546\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-547) [Dutch authorities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Data_Protection_Authority "Dutch Data Protection Authority") responded by saying they were investigating the company for possible data privacy violations.[\[547\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-548)
In February 2025, a German court declared Tesla Autopilot defective for normal use due to phantom braking issues.[\[548\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-549)
In February 2025, a group of Australian buyers sued Tesla with a [class action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action "Class action") over multiple issues like battery range, driving assistance, and phantom braking.[\[549\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-550)
Driving range performance
Tesla has received thousands of complaints from owners that the driving ranges of their vehicles did not meet the ranges advertised by Tesla or the projections of in-dash range meters. When service centers were overwhelmed with appointments to take care of these issues, Tesla established a diversion team to cancel as many appointments as possible. Customers were told that remote diagnostics had determined there was no problem, and their appointments were canceled. The company has been fined by South Korean regulators for its exaggerated range estimates.[\[550\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-551)
Vehicle sales
In 2024, Tesla ranked as the world's best-selling [battery electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle "Battery electric vehicle") passenger car manufacturer, with a market share of 17.6%.[\[551\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-552) Tesla reported 2023 vehicle deliveries of 1.8 million units, up 38% from 2022.[\[552\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-553)[\[553\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-554) In March 2024, Tesla produced its six millionth car.[\[554\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-555) In Q4 2023, Tesla's competitor [BYD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Auto "BYD Auto"), a chinese EV company, took over the top spot for EVs shipped, but Tesla regained the title in Q1 2024.[\[555\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-556) On January 2, 2026, BYD became the bestselling electric vehicle maker across the globe and surpassed Tesla as the largest EV maker.[\[556\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-557)
Tesla sells the most vehicles in the US (674,000+ in 2023) and has received \$11.4 billion in regulatory credits from federal and state governments. The federal government previously provided a \$7500 rebate to customers.[\[557\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-558)[\[558\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-559)[\[559\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-560) Tesla received around \$426 million from the Chinese government for cars manufactured at its Shanghai facility.[\[560\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-561) Germany was Tesla's third-largest market in 2023, selling 63,682 units. Germany ended its EV subsidy program in December 2023. Under the program, a âŹ6,750 discount was provided with Tesla paying âŹ2,250. Tesla announced it would cover the entire discount going forward.[\[561\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-562) In 2023, over 63,000 Teslas were sold in France with customers receiving up to âŹ7,000 via the bonus ĂŠcologique. The government decreased the budget for EV aid from âŹ1.5 billion to âŹ700 million in 2024.[\[562\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-563) Canada was in Tesla's top five markets in 2023 with over 52,000 vehicles sold. In 2025, Tesla was accused of having "a run on the bank" when it sold a historic 8,600 vehicles in 72 hours before Canada's EV rebate program's funds were depleted. Tesla claimed 4000 vehicles alone were sold over one weekend in Quebec City.[\[563\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-564)[\[564\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-565) The Government of Canada announced on March 25, 2025, that it had suspended the rebates and was investigating. The government also declared Tesla would be ineligible for any future rebates as long as the US tariffs on Canadian products continued.[\[565\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-566) Musk has stated he is against government subsidies but will take them if they are available.[\[566\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-567)
Sales have been negatively impacted by Musk's actions during the [second Trump presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Trump_presidency "Second Trump presidency").[\[567\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-568)[\[568\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-569) Tesla sales have decreased worldwide (the most in countries like France, Germany, the UK, Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands)[\[569\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-570)[\[570\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-571) with his vocal support for far-right parties such as [Reform UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_UK "Reform UK")[\[571\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-572) and [AfD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfD "AfD")[\[572\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-573) in Germany along with his [Nazi salute controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy "Elon Musk salute controversy") leading to boycotts of his products and Tesla vehicles being nicknamed **Swasticars**, a [portmanteau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") of *[swastika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika "Swastika")* and *car*.[\[579\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-580) German sales fell 76% in February 2025 compared to February 2024.[\[580\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-581)[\[581\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-582)
Tesla's shares dropped over 9 percent after its sales in the EU and UK declined by nearly half in January 2025, bringing its valuation below \$1 trillion for the first time since November 2024. While European electric car sales surged, Tesla struggled against rising competition, particularly from Chinese automakers.[\[582\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-583) In May 2025, it was reported that the company's sales in Europe declined every month since the start of the year, including in April where sales dropped 49 percent to 7,261 from 14,228 in April 2024.[\[583\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:1-584) As of May 2025, the company has a 0.7 percent market share in Europe, down from 1.3 percent a year ago.[\[583\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:1-584)
Production and sales by quarter
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
3 2012
4
1
2 2013
3
4
1
2 2014
3
4
1
2 2015
3
4
1
2 2016
3
4
1
2 2017
3
4
1
2 2018
3
4
1
2 2019
3
4
1
2 2020
3
4
1
2 2021
3
4
1
2 2022
3
4
1
2 2023
3
4
1
2 2024
3
4
1
2 2025
3
4
1 2026
- Model S
- Model X
- Model S/X
- Models Other Than 3/Y
- Model 3
- Model 3/Y
Tesla deliveries vary significantly by month due to regional issues such as availability of [car carriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_carrier "Car carrier") and registration. On March 9, 2020, the company produced its 1 millionth electric car, becoming the first [auto manufacturer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_manufacturer "Auto manufacturer") to achieve such a milestone.[\[584\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-1million-585) In the third quarter of 2021, Tesla sold its 2 millionth electric car, becoming the first auto manufacturer to achieve such a milestone.[\[585\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-586) In the first quarter of 2023, the Model Y became the world's best-selling car, surpassing the Toyota Corolla.[\[586\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-587)
Finances
\-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 Revenue Net loss / profit
Tesla financial performance (in Billion USD)
For the fiscal (and calendar) year 2021, Tesla reported a net income of \$5.52 billion.[\[587\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-588) The annual revenue was \$53.8 billion, an increase of 71% over the previous fiscal year.[\[587\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-588)
| Business | Sales in billion \$ | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Automotive | 87\.6 | 89\.7% |
| Energy Generation and Storage | 10\.1 | 10\.3% |
| Region | Sales in billion \$ | Share |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 47\.7 | 48\.9% |
| Other countries | 29\.0 | 29\.7% |
| China | 20\.9 | 21\.4% |
Of the revenue number in 2021, \$314 million came from selling regulatory credits to other automakers to meet government pollution standards. That number has been a smaller percentage of revenue for multiple quarters.[\[587\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-588)
Tesla ended 2021 with \$17.6 billion of cash on hand, down \$1.8 billion from the end of 2020.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-10K_2021-178): 31
In February 2021, a [10-K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_10-K "Form 10-K") filing revealed that Tesla had invested some \$1.5 billion in the cryptocurrency bitcoin, and the company indicated it would soon accept bitcoin as a form of payment.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-bb20210208-87) Critics then pointed out how investing in cryptocurrency can run counter to Tesla's environmental goals.[\[589\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-590)[\[590\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-591) Tesla made more profit from the 2021 investment than the profit from selling cars in 2020, due to the Bitcoin price increase after the investment was announced.[\[591\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-592)[\[592\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-593)
The quarter ending June 2021 was the first time Tesla made a profit independent of Bitcoin and regulatory credits.[\[593\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-594) Between 2015 and 2024, a third of Tesla's profits came from government climate credits.[\[594\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-595)
The key trends for Tesla are (as at the financial year ending December 31):
| Year | Revenue (US\$ m) | Net income (US\$ m) | Total assets (US\$ m) | Employees | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 0 | â12 | 8 | | |
| 2006 | 0 | â30 | 44 | 70 | [\[595\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-596)[\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2007 | 0 | â78 | 34 | 268 | |
| 2008 | 15 | â83 | 52 | 252 | |
| 2009 | 112 | â56 | 130 | 514 | |
| 2010 | 117 | â154 | 386 | 899 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2011 | 204 | â254 | 713 | 1,417 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2012 | 413 | â396 | 1,114 | 2,914 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2013 | 2,013 | â74 | 2,417 | 5,859 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2014 | 3,198 | â294 | 5,831 | 10,161 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2015 | 4,046 | â889 | 8,068 | 13,058 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2016 | 7,000 | â675 | 22,664 | 17,782 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2017 | 11,759 | â1,962 | 28,655 | 37,543 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2018 | 21,461 | â976 | 29,740 | 48,817 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2019 | 24,578 | â862 | 34,309 | 48,016 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2020 | 31,536 | 721 | 52,148 | 70,757 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2021 | 53,823 | 5,519 | 62,131 | 99,290 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2022 | 81,462 | 12,556 | 82,338 | 127,855 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2023 | 96,773 | 14,997 | 106,618 | 140,473 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2024 | 97,690 | 7,091 | 122,070 | 125,665 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
| 2025 | 94,827 | 3,794 | 137,806 | 134,785 | [\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-SEC-597) |
Corporate affairs
List of chief executives
1. Martin Eberhard (2004â2007)
2. Ze'ev Drori (2007â2008)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-timelinefacts-14)[\[597\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-598)
3. Elon Musk (since October 2008)[\[598\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MSJ-Markets-2022-599)
List of board chairs
1. Elon Musk (2004â2018)[\[599\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-600)
2. [Robyn Denholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Denholm "Robyn Denholm") (since November 2018)[\[598\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MSJ-Markets-2022-599)
Board of directors
Tesla has received criticism that its board lacks enough independent directors. In an April 2017 public letter, a group of influential Tesla investors, including the [California State Teachers' Retirement System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Teachers%27_Retirement_System "California State Teachers' Retirement System"), asked Tesla to add two new independent directors to its board "who do not have any ties" with Musk,[\[600\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Independent-601) writing that "five of six current non-executive directors have professional or personal ties to Mr. Musk that could put at risk their ability to exercise independent judgement."[\[601\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-USA-Today-2017-04-12-602) Tesla's directors at the time included Brad Buss, who served as chief financial officer at SolarCity; [Steve Jurvetson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jurvetson "Steve Jurvetson"), a venture capitalist who also sits on the board of SpaceX;[\[602\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-BI_BOD_2018-603) Elon Musk's brother, [Kimbal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbal "Kimbal"); and [Ira Ehrenpreis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ira_Ehrenpreis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ira Ehrenpreis (page does not exist)") and [Antonio Gracias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gracias "Antonio Gracias"), both of whom also invested in SpaceX.[\[603\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-604) The letter called for a more independent board that could put a check on [groupthink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink "Groupthink").[\[601\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-USA-Today-2017-04-12-602) At first Musk responded on Twitter, writing that the investors "should buy Ford stock" because "their governance is amazing."[\[601\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-USA-Today-2017-04-12-602) Two days later, he promised he would add two independent board members;[\[604\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-605) [Kathleen Wilson-Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Wilson-Thompson "Kathleen Wilson-Thompson") and [Larry Ellison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ellison "Larry Ellison") were added at the end of 2018.[\[605\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-606) Ellison stepped down in August 2022.[\[606\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-607) Former Tesla CTO [J. B. Straubel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Straubel "J. B. Straubel"), who left the company in 2019, was elected to the board in 2023.[\[607\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-jb-board-608)
Another criticism of the board composition is that most of the independent directors lack automotive industry experience.[\[608\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-609) The exception is Robyn Denholm who served in finance and corporate reporting roles at [Toyota Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Australia "Toyota Australia") from 1989 to 1996.[\[609\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cleantech_denholm_2018-610)
Other previous board members include businessman [Steve Westly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Westly "Steve Westly"); Daimler executive Herbert Kohler;[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-TN_BOD_2012-306) CEO and Chairman of [Johnson Publishing Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Publishing_Company "Johnson Publishing Company") Linda Johnson Rice;[\[610\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GTM_BOD_2019-611) and [United Nations Special Envoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Envoy_of_the_Secretary-General "Special Envoy of the Secretary-General") on Innovative Finance and Sustainable Investments [Hiromichi Mizuno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiromichi_Mizuno "Hiromichi Mizuno").[\[611\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-612)[\[612\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-613)
As of May 2023, the board members are:[\[598\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-MSJ-Markets-2022-599)
| Joined | Name | Titles | [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_director "Independent director") | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | [Robyn Denholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Denholm "Robyn Denholm") | Chair (since November 2018); former CFO and Head of Strategy at [Telstra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstra "Telstra") | Yes | [\[613\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-614)[\[609\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-cleantech_denholm_2018-610) |
| 2004 | [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") | CEO, [product architect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_product_officer "Chief product officer"), former chair; founder, CEO and CTO of SpaceX | No | [\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVance2015155-19) |
| 2004 | [Kimbal Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbal_Musk "Kimbal Musk") | SpaceX board member | No | [\[614\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-615)[\[615\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-616) |
| 2007 | [Ira Ehrenpreis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ira_Ehrenpreis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ira Ehrenpreis (page does not exist)") | General Partner at Technology Partners | Disputed | [\[616\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-617)[\[610\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GTM_BOD_2019-611)[\[600\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-Independent-601) |
| 2017 | [James Murdoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murdoch "James Murdoch") | Former CEO of [21st Century Fox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Fox "21st Century Fox") | Yes | [\[610\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-GTM_BOD_2019-611) |
| 2018 | [Kathleen Wilson-Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Wilson-Thompson "Kathleen Wilson-Thompson") | Global head of Human Resources of [Walgreens Boots Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgreens_Boots_Alliance "Walgreens Boots Alliance") | Yes | [\[602\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-BI_BOD_2018-603) |
| 2022 | [Joe Gebbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gebbia "Joe Gebbia") | Co-founder, board member, and advisor of [Airbnb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb "Airbnb") | Yes | [\[617\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-618)[\[618\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-619) |
| 2023 | [J. B. Straubel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Straubel "J. B. Straubel") | Founder and CEO of [Redwood Materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_Materials "Redwood Materials"); former CTO of Tesla | Disputed | [\[607\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-jb-board-608)[\[619\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-620) |
Ownership structure
The 10 largest shareholders of Tesla in March 2024 were:[\[588\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-:5-589)
| Shareholder name | Percentage |
|---|---|
| [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") | 12\.9% |
| [The Vanguard Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group "The Vanguard Group") | 7\.2% |
| [BlackRock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock "BlackRock") | 4\.5% |
| [State Street Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_Corporation "State Street Corporation") | 3\.4% |
| [Geode Capital Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geode_Capital_Management "Geode Capital Management") | 1\.7% |
| [Capital Research & Management (World Investors)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Group_Companies "Capital Group Companies") | 1\.3% |
| [BlackRock Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock "BlackRock") | 1\.2% |
| [Eaton Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Vance "Eaton Vance") | 1\.0% |
| [Norges Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norges_Bank "Norges Bank") | 1\.0% |
| [Fidelity Investments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity_Investments "Fidelity Investments") | 0\.9% |
| Others | 64\.9% |
See also
- [List of automobile manufacturers of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States "List of automobile manufacturers of the United States")
- [List of Easter eggs in Tesla products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Easter_eggs_in_Tesla_products "List of Easter eggs in Tesla products")
- [List of production battery electric vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_production_battery_electric_vehicles "List of production battery electric vehicles")
- [Plug-in electric vehicles in California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_California "Plug-in electric vehicles in California")
- [Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States "Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States")
Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-5)** According to company representatives, both pronunciations are correct,[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_note-4) though [Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "Nikola Tesla")'s surname is properly pronounced *TESS-lÉ*.
References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-supercharge.info_charts_1-0)**
["Supercharger deployment charts"](https://supercharge.info/charts). *Supercharge.info*. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-2)**
Ewing, Jack (January 16, 2024). ["Musk Demands Bigger Stake in Tesla as Price for A.I. Work"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/business/tesla-elon-musk-stock.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240229082500/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/business/tesla-elon-musk-stock.html) from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-10K_2025_3-0)**
["Annual report Form 10-K 2025 Tesla Inc"](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828026003952/tsla-20251231.htm). January 29, 2026. Retrieved January 30, 2026.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-4)**
["What's the correct way to pronounce 'Tesla'? We asked"](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/whats-correct-way-pronounce-tesla-asked-181021888.html). Yahoo! Finance. July 13, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211006032013/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/whats-correct-way-pronounce-tesla-asked-181021888.html) from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-6)**
Schifrin, Matt; Murphy, Andrea (June 6, 2024). ["The Global 2000 2023"](https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=51d599675ac0). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240129031905/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5ab07e5ac0) from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-7)**
Cunningham, Doug (November 8, 2024). ["Tesla regains \$1 trillion in market capitalization in post-election surge"](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2024/11/08/Tesla-trillion-dollar-Musk-Trump/6721731085202/). *UPI*. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
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Dey, Esha (February 26, 2025). ["Telsa Market Value Slips Below \$1 Trillion as Europe Sales Sink"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-02-25/tesla-market-value-slips-below-1-trillion-as-europe-sales-sink). *Bloomberg*. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-9)**
Denning, Liam (May 12, 2025). ["Tesla's Trillion-Dollar Market Value Is Fueled by Amnesia"](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2025-05-12/tesla-s-trillion-dollar-market-value-is-fueled-by-amnesia). *Bloomberg*. Retrieved September 23, 2025.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-$1_trillion_package_approved_10-0)**
Isidore, Chris (November 6, 2025). ["Tesla approves Elon Musk's \$1 trillion pay package"](https://us.cnn.com/2025/11/06/business/musk-trillion-dollar-pay-package-vote). *CNN*. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-11)**
Raposas, Rachel (January 2, 2026). ["Tesla Dethroned as World's Biggest Electric Car Maker Following Elon Musk Backlash"](https://people.com/tesla-dethroned-as-worlds-biggest-electric-car-maker-following-elon-musk-backlash-11878573). *People*. Retrieved January 3, 2026.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015152_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015152_12-1) [Vance 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#CITEREFVance2015), p. 152.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-13)**
Kay, Grace. ["Ousted Tesla cofounder Martin Eberhard sounds off on Elon Musk, how the company has changed, and the EV wars"](https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-cofounder-martin-eberhard-interview-history-elon-musk-ev-market-2023-2). *Business Insider*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230728202545/https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-cofounder-martin-eberhard-interview-history-elon-musk-ev-market-2023-2) from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-timelinefacts_14-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-timelinefacts_14-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-timelinefacts_14-2)
Reed, Eric (February 4, 2020). ["History of Tesla: Timeline and Facts"](https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-tesla-15088992). *[TheStreet.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheStreet.com "TheStreet.com")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211220161321/https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-tesla-15088992) from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-15)**
["Tesla: A Carmaker With Silicon Valley Spark"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-07-29/tesla-a-carmaker-with-silicon-valley-spark). *Bloomberg.com*. July 30, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015116_16-0)** [Vance 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#CITEREFVance2015), p. 116.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015154_17-0)** [Vance 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#CITEREFVance2015), p. 154.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-TC_history_2014_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-TC_history_2014_18-1)
Burns, Matt (October 8, 2014). ["A Brief History of Tesla"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150717064829/https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/#/slide2). *[TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")*. Archived from [the original](https://techcrunch.com/gallery/a-brief-history-of-tesla/) on July 17, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015. "Tesla was founded not by Elon Musk, but rather by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning in July 2003. The two bootstrapped the fledgling auto company until [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk "Elon Musk") led the company's US\$7.5 million Series A financing round in February 2004."
18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015155_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVance2015155_19-1) [Vance 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#CITEREFVance2015), p. 155.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-20)**
LaMonica, Martin (September 21, 2009). ["Tesla Motors founders: Now there are five"](https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-founders-now-there-are-five/). [CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201115134134/https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-founders-now-there-are-five/) from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-21)**
Mitchell, Russ (July 30, 2021). ["Review: A deep new history of Tesla takes the shine off Elon Musk"](https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2021-07-30/power-play-tesla-book-review). *[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210802080819/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2021-07-30/power-play-tesla-book-review) from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
21. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-MasterPlan_22-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-MasterPlan_22-1)
Musk, Elon (August 2, 2006). ["The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me) No. 124"](https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me). *tesla.com*. Tesla Motors. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100802142703/http://www.teslamotors.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me) from the original on August 2, 2010.
\[*[self-published source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\]
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-23)**
Weinstock, Suzanne (January 5, 2013). ["Venture-backed Tesla cuts costs"](https://www.privateequityinternational.com/venture-backed-tesla-cuts-costs/). *Private Equity International*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210816094912/https://www.privateequityinternational.com/venture-backed-tesla-cuts-costs/) from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
23. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-GreenGiants_24-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-GreenGiants_24-1)
Williams, E. Freya (2015). *Green Giants: How Smart Companies Turn Sustainability into Billion-Dollar Businesses*. New York: [Amacom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amacom "Amacom"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8144-3614-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8144-3614-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8144-3614-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [911179554](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/911179554).
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-25)**
Kanellos, Michael (August 13, 2007). ["Tesla CEO steps down as possible delays loom"](https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-ceo-steps-down-as-possible-delays-loom/). [CNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET "CNET"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210821142628/https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-ceo-steps-down-as-possible-delays-loom/) from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-26)**
["Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning \| American entrepreneurs"](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Eberhard-and-Marc-Tarpenning). *[EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica "EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica")*. September 18, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190218075931/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Eberhard-and-Marc-Tarpenning) from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-the-origin_27-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-the-origin_27-1)
Baer, Drake (November 11, 2014). ["The Making Of Tesla: Invention, Betrayal, And The Birth Of The Roadster"](https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-the-origin-story-2014-10). *[Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180711152847/http://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-the-origin-story-2014-10) from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-28)**
Squatriglia, Chuck (June 11, 2009). ["Tesla's Founder Sues Tesla's CEO"](https://www.wired.com/2009/06/eberhard/). *[Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)")*.
28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-29)**
["Case CIV484400; Martin Eberhard vs. Elon Musk"](https://odyportal-ext.sanmateocourt.org/Portal-External/). *Superior Court of California, County of San Mateo*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240103174133/https://odyportal-ext.sanmateocourt.org/portal-external) from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-30)**
Ramey, Jay (November 27, 2017). ["The first Tesla Roadster: A look back at the early adopter's electric car"](https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a1835876/first-tesla-roadster-look-back-early-adopters-electric-car/). *[Autoweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoweek "Autoweek")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210806001336/https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a1835876/first-tesla-roadster-look-back-early-adopters-electric-car/) from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
30. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-inmenlo-Gulker_31-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-inmenlo-Gulker_31-1)
Gulker, Chris (September 28, 2010). ["Menlo Park's only auto factory assembles \$100,000 cars"](https://inmenlo.com/2010/09/28/menlo-parks-only-auto-factory-assembles-100000-cars/). *InMenlo*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210802184111/https://inmenlo.com/2010/09/28/menlo-parks-only-auto-factory-assembles-100000-cars/) from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
31. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-32)**
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Lea, Robert (May 27, 2025). ["Tesla sales down 49% across Europe in April"](https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/tesla-sales-drop-38-percent-across-europe-nd5757f2b). *www.thetimes.com*. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
584. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-1million_585-0)**
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585. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-586)**
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586. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-587)**
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587. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_588-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_588-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_588-2)
["Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2021 Update"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240113135400/https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/static/WIIG2L_TSLA_Q4_2021_Update_O7MYNE.pdf?xseo=&response-content-disposition=inline&filename=%22tsla-q4-and-fy-2021-update.pdf%22) (PDF). Palo Alto: Tesla. January 26, 2022. Archived from [the original](https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/static/WIIG2L_TSLA_Q4_2021_Update_O7MYNE.pdf?xseo=&response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%22tsla-q4-and-fy-2021-update.pdf%22) (PDF) on January 13, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
See table "Operational Summary" pp. 7 and 8 for revised and final production and sales numbers.
588. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-:5_589-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-:5_589-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-:5_589-2)
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596. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-10) [***l***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-11) [***m***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-12) [***n***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-13) [***o***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-14) [***p***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-15) [***q***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-SEC_597-16)
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597. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-598)**
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598. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-MSJ-Markets-2022_599-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-MSJ-Markets-2022_599-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-MSJ-Markets-2022_599-2)
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599. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-600)**
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600. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-Independent_601-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-Independent_601-1)
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601. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-USA-Today-2017-04-12_602-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-USA-Today-2017-04-12_602-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-USA-Today-2017-04-12_602-2)
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602. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-BI_BOD_2018_603-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-BI_BOD_2018_603-1)
Rapier, Graham. ["Tesla has named two new board members â here's the full list of company directors"](https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-board-of-directors-full-list-elon-musk-chairman-replacement-2018-8). *Business Insider*. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
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604. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-605)**
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605. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-606)**
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606. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-607)**
Ponciano, Jonathan (June 10, 2022). ["Tesla Files For Another Stock SplitâReveals Billionaire Larry Ellison To Leave Board"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2022/06/10/tesla-files-for-another-stock-split-reveals-billionaire-larry-ellison-to-leave-board/). *Forbes*. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
607. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-jb-board_608-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-jb-board_608-1)
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`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
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609. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-cleantech_denholm_2018_610-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-cleantech_denholm_2018_610-1)
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610. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-GTM_BOD_2019_611-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-GTM_BOD_2019_611-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-GTM_BOD_2019_611-2)
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612. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.#cite_ref-613)**
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Sources
- [Vance, Ashlee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlee_Vance "Ashlee Vance") (2015). *Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future*. New York: HarperCollins. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0062301239](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062301239 "Special:BookSources/978-0062301239")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [881436803](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881436803).
Further reading
- Higgins, Tim (2021). *[Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Play:_Tesla,_Elon_Musk,_and_the_Bet_of_the_Century "Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century")*. Doubleday. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0385545464](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385545464 "Special:BookSources/978-0385545464")
.
- McKenzie, Hamish (2018). *Insane Mode: How Elon Musk's Tesla Sparked an Electric Revolution to End the Age of Oil*. New York: Dutton. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1101985953](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101985953 "Special:BookSources/978-1101985953")
.
- Niedermeyer, Edward (2019). *[Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludicrous:_The_Unvarnished_Story_of_Tesla_Motors "Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors")*. Dallas: BenBella. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1948836326](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1948836326 "Special:BookSources/978-1948836326")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1089841254](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089841254).
External links
[30°13â˛N 97°37â˛Wďťż / ďťż30\.22°N 97.62°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tesla,_Inc.¶ms=30.22_N_97.62_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA) |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. s443 |