🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa082)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web","crawl_time":1773221351,"first_indexed_time":1376200599,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Template:Cite web - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"This template is used on\napproximately 5,300,000 pages, or roughly 8% of all pages\n.\nTo avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's\n\/sandbox\nor\n\/testcases\nsubpages, or in your own\nuser subpage\n. The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the\ntalk page\nbefore implementing them.\nThis template is used by the standard installation of\nAutoWikiBrowser\n(AWB). If you are planning to make any major changes to this template, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please notify AWB's users and maintainers beforehand at\nWikipedia talk:AWB\nas a courtesy.\nThis template is used by one or more\nbots\n.\nIf you intend to change this template in any significant way, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please inform the bot operators. Thank you. The relevant bots are:\nKiranBOT\nCitation Style 1\ntemplates\n{{\nCite arXiv\n}}\narXiv\npreprints\n{{\nCite AV media\n}}\naudio and visual media\n{{\nCite AV media notes\n}}\nAV media liner notes\n{{\nCite bioRxiv\n}}\nbioRxiv\npreprints\n{{\nCite book\n}}\nbooks and chapters\n{{\nCite CiteSeerX\n}}\nCiteSeerX\npapers\n{{\nCite conference\n}}\nconference papers\n{{\nCite document\n}}\nshort, stand-alone, offline documents\n{{\nCite encyclopedia\n}}\nedited collections\n{{\nCite episode\n}}\nradio or TV episodes\n{{\nCite interview\n}}\ninterviews\n{{\nCite journal\n}}\nacademic journals\n{{\nCite magazine\n}}\nmagazines, periodicals\n{{\nCite mailing list\n}}\npublic mailing lists\n{{\nCite map\n}}\nmaps\n{{\nCite medRxiv\n}}\nmedRxiv\npreprints\n{{\nCite news\n}}\nnews articles\n{{\nCite newsgroup\n}}\nonline newsgroups\n{{\nCite podcast\n}}\npodcasts\n{{\nCite press release\n}}\npress releases\n{{\nCite report\n}}\nreports\n{{\nCite serial\n}}\naudio or video serials\n{{\nCite sign\n}}\nsigns, plaques\n{{\nCite speech\n}}\nspeeches\n{{\nCite SSRN\n}}\nSSRN\npapers\n{{\nCite tech report\n}}\ntechnical reports\n{{\nCite thesis\n}}\ntheses\n{{\nCite web\n}}\nweb sources not covered by the above\nSee also\nSpecific-source templates\nCitation Style 1 wrapper templates\nv\nt\ne\nThis\nCitation Style 1\ntemplate is used to create\ncitations\nfor web sources that are not characterized by another\nCS1\ntemplate. Do not use this template in the \"\nExternal links\n\" section of articles.\nUsage\nCopy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as\n|isbn=\nhave upper-case aliases like\n|ISBN=\n, which are acceptable for use). Use the \"|\" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then\npurge\nthe page.\nMost-commonly-used parameters in horizontal format\nTo cite a web page with a credited author\n{{\ncite web\n|\nlast\n=\n|\nfirst\n=\n|\ndate\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n}}\nTo cite a web page with no credited author\n{{\ncite web\n|\nauthor\n=\n\n|\ndate\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n}}\nTo cite an online web page that has been archived\n{{\ncite web\n|\nlast\n=\n|\nfirst\n=\n|\ndate\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\nurl-status\n=\n|\narchive-url\n=\n|\narchive-date\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n}}\nTo cite a web page written in a foreign language\n{{\ncite web\n|\nlast\n=\n|\nfirst\n=\n|\ndate\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\ntrans-title\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nlanguage\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n}}\nTo cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription\n{{\ncite web\n|\nlast1\n=\n|\nfirst1\n=\n|\nlast2\n=\n|\nfirst2\n=\n|\ndate\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\nurl-access\n=\n|\ntrans-title\n=\n|\nformat\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nlanguage\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\nurl-status\n=\n|\narchive-url\n=\n|\narchive-date\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n|\nvia\n=\n|\nquote\n=\n}}\nFull parameter set in horizontal format\n{{\ncite web\n|\nlast1\n=\n|\nfirst1\n=\n|\nauthor-link1\n=\n|\nlast2\n=\n|\nfirst2\n=\n|\nauthor-link2\n=\n|\ndisplay-authors\n=\n|\nauthor-mask1\n=\n|\nauthor-mask2\n=\n|\ncollaboration\n=\n|\ndf\n=\n|\ndate\n=\n|\nyear\n=\n|\norig-date\n=\n|\norig-year\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\neditor-last1\n=\n|\neditor-first1\n=\n|\neditor-link1\n=\n|\neditor-last2\n=\n|\neditor-first2\n=\n|\neditor-link2\n=\n|\ndisplay-editors\n=\n|\neditor-mask1\n=\n|\neditor-mask2\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nscript-title\n=\n|\ntitle-link\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\nurl-access\n=\n|\ntrans-title\n=\n|\nformat\n=\n|\ndepartment\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nscript-website\n=\n|\ntrans-website\n=\n|\ntype\n=\n|\nseries\n=\n|\nlanguage\n=\n|\ninterviewer-last1\n=\n|\ninterviewer-first1\n=\n|\ninterviewer-link1\n=\n|\ninterviewer-last2\n=\n|\ninterviewer-first2\n=\n|\ninterviewer-link2\n=\n|\ndisplay-interviewers\n=\n|\ninterviewer-mask1\n=\n|\ninterviewer-mask2\n=\n|\ntranslator-last1\n=\n|\ntranslator-first1\n=\n|\ntranslator-link1\n=\n|\ntranslator-last2\n=\n|\ntranslator-first2\n=\n|\ntranslator-link2\n=\n|\ndisplay-translators\n=\n|\ntranslator-mask1\n=\n|\ntranslator-mask2\n=\n|\nothers\n=\n|\nname-list-style\n=\n|\nedition\n=\n|\npublication-place\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\npublication-date\n=\n|\nagency\n=\n|\nminutes\n=\n|\ntime-caption\n=\n|\ntime\n=\n|\npage\n=\n|\npages\n=\n|\nat\n=\n|\nno-pp\n=\n|\narxiv\n=\n|\nasin\n=\n|\nasin-tld\n=\n|\nbibcode\n=\n|\nbibcode-access\n=\n|\nbiorxiv\n=\n|\nciteseerx\n=\n|\ndoi\n=\n|\ndoi-access\n=\n|\ndoi-broken-date\n=\n|\neissn\n=\n|\nhdl\n=\n|\nhdl-access\n=\n|\nisbn\n=\n|\nismn\n=\n|\nissn\n=\n|\njfm\n=\n|\njstor\n=\n|\njstor-access\n=\n|\nlccn\n=\n|\nmedrxiv\n=\n|\nmr\n=\n|\noclc\n=\n|\nol\n=\n|\nol-access\n=\n|\nosti\n=\n|\nosti-access\n=\n|\npmc\n=\n|\npmc-embargo-date\n=\n|\npmid\n=\n|\nrfc\n=\n|\nsbn\n=\n|\nssrn\n=\n|\ns2cid\n=\n|\ns2cid-access\n=\n|\nzbl\n=\n|\nid\n=\n|\nurl-status\n=\n|\narchive-url\n=\n|\narchive-format\n=\n|\narchive-date\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n|\nvia\n=\n|\nquote-page\n=\n|\nquote-pages\n=\n|\nquote\n=\n|\nscript-quote\n=\n|\ntrans-quote\n=\n|\nmode\n=\n|\nref\n=\n|\npostscript\n=\n}}\nMost-commonly-used parameters in vertical format\nTo cite a web page with a credited author\n{{\ncite web\n|\nlast\n=\n|\nfirst\n=\n|\ndate\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n}}\nTo cite a web page with no credited author\n{{\ncite web\n|\nauthor\n=\n\n|\ndate\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n}}\nTo cite a web page article that has been archived\n{{\ncite web\n|\nlast\n=\n|\nfirst\n=\n|\ndate\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\nurl-status\n=\n|\narchive-url\n=\n|\narchive-date\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n}}\nTo cite a web page written in a foreign language\n{{\ncite web\n|\nlast\n=\n|\nfirst\n=\n|\ndate\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\ntrans-title\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nlanguage\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n}}\nTo cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription\n{{\ncite web\n|\nlast1\n=\n|\nfirst1\n=\n|\nlast2\n=\n|\nfirst2\n=\n|\ndate\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\nurl-access\n=\n|\ntrans-title\n=\n|\nformat\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nlanguage\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\nurl-status\n=\n|\narchive-url\n=\n|\narchive-date\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n|\nvia\n=\n|\nquote\n=\n}}\nFull parameter set in vertical format\nParameters\nPrerequisites\nBrief instructions \/ notes\nVertical list\nlast1\nAuthor's last name or single name author. Don't link.\n{{\ncite web\n|\nlast1\n=\n|\nfirst1\n=\n|\nauthor-link1\n=\n|\nlast2\n=\n|\nfirst2\n=\n|\nauthor-link2\n=\n|\ndisplay-authors\n=\n|\nauthor-mask1\n=\n|\nauthor-mask2\n=\n|\ncollaboration\n=\n|\ndf\n=\n|\ndate\n=\n|\nyear\n=\n|\norig-date\n=\n|\norig-year\n=\n|\nlocation\n=\n|\neditor-last1\n=\n|\neditor-first1\n=\n|\neditor-link1\n=\n|\neditor-last2\n=\n|\neditor-first2\n=\n|\neditor-link2\n=\n|\ndisplay-editors\n=\n|\neditor-mask1\n=\n|\neditor-mask2\n=\n|\ntitle\n=\n|\nscript-title\n=\n|\ntitle-link\n=\n|\nurl\n=\n|\nurl-access\n=\n|\ntrans-title\n=\n|\nformat\n=\n|\ndepartment\n=\n|\nwebsite\n=\n|\nscript-website\n=\n|\ntrans-website\n=\n|\ntype\n=\n|\nseries\n=\n|\nlanguage\n=\n|\ninterviewer-last1\n=\n|\ninterviewer-first1\n=\n|\ninterviewer-link1\n=\n|\ninterviewer-last2\n=\n|\ninterviewer-first2\n=\n|\ninterviewer-link2\n=\n|\ndisplay-interviewers\n=\n|\ninterviewer-mask1\n=\n|\ninterviewer-mask2\n=\n|\ntranslator-last1\n=\n|\ntranslator-first1\n=\n|\ntranslator-link1\n=\n|\ntranslator-last2\n=\n|\ntranslator-first2\n=\n|\ntranslator-link2\n=\n|\ndisplay-translators\n=\n|\ntranslator-mask1\n=\n|\ntranslator-mask2\n=\n|\nothers\n=\n|\nname-list-style\n=\n|\nedition\n=\n|\npublication-place\n=\n|\npublisher\n=\n|\npublication-date\n=\n|\nagency\n=\n|\nminutes\n=\n|\ntime-caption\n=\n|\ntime\n=\n|\npage\n=\n|\npages\n=\n|\nat\n=\n|\nno-pp\n=\n|\narxiv\n=\n|\nasin\n=\n|\nasin-tld\n=\n|\nbibcode\n=\n|\nbibcode-access\n=\n|\nbiorxiv\n=\n|\nciteseerx\n=\n|\ndoi\n=\n|\ndoi-access\n=\n|\ndoi-broken-date\n=\n|\neissn\n=\n|\nhdl\n=\n|\nhdl-access\n=\n|\nisbn\n=\n|\nismn\n=\n|\nissn\n=\n|\njfm\n=\n|\njstor\n=\n|\njstor-access\n=\n|\nlccn\n=\n|\nmedrxiv\n=\n|\nmr\n=\n|\noclc\n=\n|\nol\n=\n|\nol-access\n=\n|\nosti\n=\n|\nosti-access\n=\n|\npmc\n=\n|\npmc-embargo-date\n=\n|\npmid\n=\n|\nrfc\n=\n|\nsbn\n=\n|\nssrn\n=\n|\ns2cid\n=\n|\ns2cid-access\n=\n|\nzbl\n=\n|\nid\n=\n|\nurl-status\n=\n|\narchive-url\n=\n|\narchive-format\n=\n|\narchive-date\n=\n|\naccess-date\n=\n|\nvia\n=\n|\nquote-page\n=\n|\nquote-pages\n=\n|\nquote\n=\n|\nscript-quote\n=\n|\ntrans-quote\n=\n|\nmode\n=\n|\nref\n=\n|\npostscript\n=\n}}\nfirst1\nlast1\nAuthor's first name. Don't link.\nauthor-link1\nlast1\nTitle of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.\nlast2\nlast1\nLike\nlast1\n, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar:\nlast3\n, etc.\nfirst2\nlast2\nLike\nfirst1\n, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar:\nfirst3\n, etc.\nauthor-link2\nlast2\nLike\nauthor-link1\n, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar:\nauthor-link3\n, etc.\ndisplay-authors\nlast1\nNumber (number of authors displayed) or\netal\n(more authors)\nauthor-mask1\nlast1\nSee\nDisplay options\nbelow; not for lists of cited works\nauthor-mask2\nlast2\ncollaboration\nlast1\ndf\ndate\nyear\norig-date\ndate\nor\nyear\norig-year\ndate\nor\nyear\nlocation\npublisher\ncan be used for written-at location when\npublication-place\nis used for publication place\neditor-last1\nLike\nlast1\n, but for editor. Don't link.\neditor-first1\neditor-last1\nLike\nfirst1\n, but for editor. Don't link.\neditor-link1\neditor-last1\nLike\nauthor-link1\n, but for editor. Don't link.\neditor-last2\neditor-last1\nLike\nlast1\n, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar:\neditor-last3\n, etc.\neditor-first2\neditor-last2\nLike\nfirst1\n, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar:\neditor-first3\n, etc.\neditor-link2\neditor-last2\nLike\nauthor-link1\n, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar:\neditor-link3\n, etc.\ndisplay-editors\neditor-last1\nLike\ndisplay-authors\n, but for editors\neditor-mask1\neditor-last1\nSee\nDisplay options\nbelow; not for lists of cited works\neditor-mask2\neditor-last2\ntitle\nThis parameter is required.\nscript-title\ntitle-link\ntitle\nor\nscript-title\nName of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if\nurl\nis provided\nurl\ntitle\nor\nscript-title\nThis parameter is required. Do not use if\ntitle-link\nis provided\nurl-access\nurl\ntrans-title\ntitle\nor\nscript-title\nformat\nurl\ndepartment\nwebsite\nscript-website\ntrans-website\nwebsite\nor\nscript-website\ntype\nseries\nlanguage\ninterviewer-last1\nLike\nlast1\n, but for interviewer. Don't link.\ninterviewer-first1\ninterviewer-last1\nLike\nfirst1\n, but for interviewer. Don't link.\ninterviewer-link1\ninterviewer-last1\nLike\nauthor-link1\n, but for interviewer. Don't link.\ninterviewer-last2\ninterviewer-last1\nLike\nlast1\n, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar:\ninterviewer-last3\n, etc.\ninterviewer-first2\ninterviewer-last2\nLike\nfirst1\n, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar:\ninterviewer-first3\n, etc.\ninterviewer-link2\ninterviewer-last2\nLike\nauthor-link1\n, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar:\ninterviewer-link3\n, etc.\ndisplay-interviewers\ninterviewer-last1\nLike\ndisplay-authors\n, but for interviewers\ninterviewer-mask1\ninterviewer-last1\nSee\nDisplay options\nbelow; not for lists of cited works\ninterviewer-mask2\ninterviewer-last2\ntranslator-last1\nLike\nlast1\n, but for translator. Don't link.\ntranslator-first1\ntranslator-last1\nLike\nfirst1\n, but for translator. Don't link.\ntranslator-link1\ntranslator-last1\nLike\nauthor-link1\n, but for translator. Don't link.\ntranslator-last2\ntranslator-last1\nLike\nlast1\n, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar:\ntranslator-last3\n, etc.\ntranslator-first2\ntranslator-last2\nLike\nfirst1\n, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar:\ntranslator-first3\n, etc.\ntranslator-link2\ntranslator-last2\nLike\nauthor-link1\n, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar:\ntranslator-link3\n, etc.\ndisplay-translators\ntranslator-last1\nLike\ndisplay-authors\n, but for translators\ntranslator-mask1\ntranslator-last1\nSee\nDisplay options\nbelow; not for lists of cited works\ntranslator-mask2\ntranslator-last2\nothers\nname-list-style\nlast2\nSet to\namp\nor\nampersand\nto separate the last author with\n\"\n&\n\"\n; set to\nand\nto separate with\n\"\nand\n\"\nedition\npublication-place\npublisher\npublisher\npublication-date\nagency\nminutes\ntime-caption\ntime\ntime\npage\nchoose one:\npage\n,\npages\n, or\nat\npages\nchoose one:\npage\n,\npages\n, or\nat\n. Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text.\nat\nchoose one:\npage\n,\npages\n, or\nat\nno-pp\npage\nor\npages\nset to \"yes\" to suppress the \"p.\" or \"pp.\" before page numbers\narxiv\nasin\nasin-tld\nasin\nbibcode\nbiorxiv\nbiorxiv-access\nbiorxiv\nciteseerx\ndoi\ndoi-access\ndoi\ndoi-broken-date\ndoi\neissn\nhdl\nhdl-access\nhdl\nisbn\nismn\nissn\njfm\njstor\njstor-access\njstor\nlccn\nmedrxiv\nmr\noclc\nol\nol-access\nol\nosti\nosti-access\nosti\npmc\npmc-embargo-date\npmc\npmid\nrfc\nsbn\nssrn\ns2cid\ns2cid-access\ns2cid\nzbl\nid\nurl-status\narchive-url\narchive-url\narchive-date\n,\nurl\narchive-format\narchive-url\narchive-date\narchive-url\naccess-date\nurl\nvia\nquote-page\nchoose one:\nquote-page\n,\nquote-pages\nquote-pages\nchoose one:\nquote-page\n,\nquote-pages\n. Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages.\nquote\nscript-quote\ntrans-quote\nmode\ncs1\nor\ncs2\nref\npostscript\nIf a field name is listed in the\nPrerequisites\ncolumn, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.\nChoosing between\nTemplate:cite web\nand\nTemplate:cite news\nPreviously, editors had to decide whether to use\n{{\ncite web\n}}\nor\n{{cite news}}\nbased on these templates' features. In 2014, however,\nmost of\nthe differences between the two templates were eliminated.\nAs of\n29 July 2016\n,\n{{cite web}}\nand\n{{cite news}}\nhave the following differences:\n{{Cite news}}\ncan be used for\noffline\n(paper) sources whereas\n{{cite web}}\ngenerates a missing URL error when no URL is provided\n{{Cite news}}\naccepts\n|issue=\nand\n|volume=\nparameters while\n{{cite web}}\ndoes not (see\nHelp:Citation Style 1 § Pages\n,\nHelp talk:Citation Style 1\/Archive 10 § |volume=, |issue=, |page(s)= and cite magazine\nand\n{{\ncite magazine\n}}\n.)\nBut, given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same:\nExamples\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=April 30, 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\nDoe, John (April 30, 2005).\n\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"\n.\nEncyclopedia of Things\n. Open Publishing\n. Retrieved\nMarch 8,\n2026\n.\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|date=30 April 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\nDoe, John (30 April 2005).\n\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"\n.\nEncyclopedia of Things\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2026\n.\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|date=2005-04-30\n|access-date=2026-03-08}}\nDoe, John (2005-04-30).\n\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"\n. Retrieved\n2026-03-08\n.\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\nDoe, John.\n\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2026\n.\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|access-date=2026-03-08}}\n\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"\n. Retrieved\n2026-03-08\n.\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/operations.nfl.com\/the-rules\/nfl-rules-digest\/\n|title=NFL Rules Digest\n|website=NFL Football Operations\n|publisher=[[National Football League]]\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\n\"NFL Rules Digest\"\n.\nNFL Football Operations\n.\nNational Football League\n. Retrieved\nMarch 8,\n2026\n.\nUsing \"format=\"\nWhen this template detects a link whose URL includes an\nextension\nof \".pdf\" or \".PDF\", typical of\nPDF\nfiles, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if\n|format=PDF\nhad been specified, which displays \" (PDF)\" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit\n|format=PDF\nparameter would be redundant, so it\nis not\nrecommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. (\nref\n))\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.indiapost.gov.in\/MBE\/DOP_PDFFiles\/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf\n|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control\n|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n\"List of psychotropic substances under international control\"\n(PDF)\n. International Narcotics Control Board\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2026\n.\nIf the link is to a PDF file that\nis not\nautomatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter\n|format=PDF\n, which displays \" (PDF)\" after the link (but no PDF icon).\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.sample.com\/somePDFdocument.000\n|title=Some PDF Document\n|publisher=Sample Int'l\n|format=PDF\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n\"Some PDF Document\"\n(PDF)\n. Sample Int'l\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2026\n.\nFor links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an\n.odt\nfile, you may add the parameter\n|format=ODT\n, which displays \" (ODT)\" after the link.\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.sample.com\/someODTdocument.odt\n|title=Some ODT Document\n|publisher=Sample Int'l\n|format=ODT\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n\"Some ODT Document\"\n(ODT)\n. Sample Int'l\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2026\n.\nForeign-language and translated title\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Honi soit qui mal y pense\n|last=Joliet\n|first=François\n|date=30 April 2005\n|access-date=8 March 2026\n|language=fr\n|trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}}\nJoliet, François (30 April 2005).\n\"Honi soit qui mal y pense\"\n[Shame on those who think evil of it] (in French)\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2026\n.\nUsing author-link\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|author-link=John Doe\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=April 30, 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\nDoe, John\n(April 30, 2005).\n\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"\n.\nEncyclopedia of Things\n. Open Publishing\n. Retrieved\nMarch 8,\n2026\n.\nMultiple authors\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Our Favourite Things\n|last1=Doe\n|first1=John\n|last2=Smith\n|first2=Peter\n|last3=Smythe\n|first3=Jim\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=30 April 2005\n|website=Encyclopaedia of Things\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\nDoe, John; Smith, Peter; Smythe, Jim (30 April 2005).\n\"Our Favourite Things\"\n.\nEncyclopaedia of Things\n. Open Publishing\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2026\n.\nNo author\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Index of Sharp Things\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=2005-04-30\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=2026-03-08}}\n\"Index of Sharp Things\"\n.\nEncyclopedia of Things\n. Open Publishing. 2005-04-30\n. Retrieved\n2026-03-08\n.\nNo author, no publisher\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Index of Sharp Things\n|date=30 April 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n\"Index of Sharp Things\"\n.\nEncyclopedia of Things\n. 30 April 2005\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2026\n.\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Index of Sharp Things\n|date=April 30, 2005\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\n\"Index of Sharp Things\"\n. April 30, 2005\n. Retrieved\nMarch 8,\n2026\n.\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.incb.org\/documents\/Psychotropics\/forms\/greenlist\/2024\/2311984R.pdf\n|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control\n|date=December 2023\n|access-date=2026-03-08\n|language=ru}}\n\"List of psychotropic substances under international control\"\n(PDF)\n(in Russian). December 2023\n. Retrieved\n2026-03-08\n.\nUsing \"archive-url\" and \"archive-date\" (and optionally \"url-status\") for webpages that have been archived\nBy default, if \"archive-url\" is used, the parameter\n|url-status=dead\nis assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version:\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.incb.org\/pdf\/e\/list\/green.pdf\n|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control\n|date=2005-04-30\n|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board\n|access-date=2026-03-08\n|archive-url=https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050907150136\/https:\/\/www.incb.org\/pdf\/e\/list\/green.pdf\n|archive-date=2005-09-07}}\n\"List of psychotropic substances under international control\"\n(PDF)\n. International Narcotics Control Board. 2005-04-30. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 2005-09-07\n. Retrieved\n2026-03-08\n.\nWhen\n|url-status=live\nis specified, the resulting main link is to the original page:\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/heat-vision\/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572\n|title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)\n|website=The Hollywood Reporter\n|date=September 18, 2015\n|access-date=September 21, 2015\n|url-status=live\n|archive-url=https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151022181821\/https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/heat-vision\/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572\n|archive-date=October 22, 2015}}\n\"DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)\"\n.\nThe Hollywood Reporter\n. September 18, 2015.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 22, 2015\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 21,\n2015\n.\nWith\n|url-status=unfit\nor\nusurped\n, the original is not linked at all:\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/global\/stations\/03772.html\n|title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)\n|publisher=The Weather Underground\n|access-date=8 March 2026\n|url-status=unfit |archive-url=https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110522171657\/https:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/global\/stations\/03772.html |archive-date=22 May 2011}}\n\"London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)\"\n. The Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2026\n.\nUsing \"quote\"\n{{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.webexhibits.org\/daylightsaving\/c.html\n|title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea\n|website=WebExhibits\n|date=2008\n|access-date=8 March 2026\n|quote=...&nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&nbsp;...'}}\n\"Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea\"\n.\nWebExhibits\n. 2008\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2026\n.\n... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'\nParameters\nSyntax\nNested parameters rely on their parent parameters:\nparent\nOR:\nparent2\n—may be used instead of\nparent\nchild\n—may be used with\nparent\n(and is ignored if\nparent\nis not used)\nOR:\nchild2\n—may be used instead of\nchild\n(and is ignored if\nparent2\nis not used)\nWhere aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.\nBy default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).\nCOinS\nThis template embeds\nCOinS\nmetadata in the HTML output, allowing\nreference management software\nto retrieve bibliographic metadata.\nSee\nWikipedia:COinS\n.\nAs a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:\nuse\n|date=27 September 2007\nnot\n|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)\nUse of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example\n&nbsp;\n,\n&ndash;\n, or\n&#160;\n, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.\nCOinS metadata is created for these parameters\nNote: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the\nUsage\nsection near the top of this documentation page.\n|periodical=\n,\n|journal=\n,\n|newspaper=\n,\n|magazine=\n,\n|work=\n,\n|website=\n,\n|encyclopedia=\n,\n|encyclopaedia=\n,\n|dictionary=\n|chapter=\n,\n|script-chapter=\n,\n|contribution=\n,\n|script-contribution=\n,\n|entry=\n,\n|script-entry=\n,\n|article=\n,\n|script-article=\n,\n|section=\n,\n|script-section=\n|title=\n,\n|script-title=\n,\n|book-title=\n|publication-place=\n,\n|place=\n,\n|location=\n|date=\n,\n|year=\n,\n|publication-date=\n|series=\n,\n|version=\n|volume=\n,\n|issue=\n,\n|number=\n|page=\n,\n|pages=\n,\n|at=\n,\n|quote-page=\n,\n|quote-pages=\n|edition=\n|publisher=\n,\n|institution=\n|url=\n,\n|chapter-url=\n,\n|contribution-url=\n,\n|section-url=\n|author-last=\n,\n|author-last#=\n,\n|author#-last=\n,\n|author-surname=\n,\n|author-surname#=\n,\n|author#-surname=\n,\n|last=\n,\n|last#=\n,\n|surname=\n,\n|surname#=\n,\n|author=\n,\n|author#=\n,\n|subject=\n,\n|subject#=\n,\n|host=\n,\n|host#=\n|author-first=\n,\n|author-first#=\n,\n|author#-first=\n,\n|author-given=\n,\n|author-given#=\n,\n|author#-given=\n,\n|first=\n,\n|first#=\n,\n|given=\n,\n|given#=\n|degree=\n|arxiv=\n,\n|bibcode=\n,\n|biorxiv=\n,\n|citeseerx=\n,\n|doi=\n,\n|eissn=\n,\n|eprint=\n,\n|hdl=\n,\n|isbn=\n,\n|issn=\n,\n|jfm=\n,\n|jstor=\n,\n|lccn=\n,\n|message-id=\n,\n|mr=\n,\n|oclc=\n,\n|osti=\n,\n|pmc=\n,\n|pmid=\n,\n|rfc=\n,\n|ssrn=\n,\n|s2cid=\n,\n|zbl=\nWhat's new\nWhat's new or changed recently\nParameter\nDescription\nDate\nN\/A\nDeprecated\nDeprecated CS1\/CS2 parameters\nDeprecated parameter\nReplace with\nDate\nnone deprecated at present\nRecently removed CS1\/CS2 parameters\nRemoved parameter\nReplace with\nDate\nNote\n|authors=\n|last\nn\n=\n\/\n|first\nn\n=\n,\n|author\nn\n=\n,\n|vauthors=\nAugust 2024\nDescription\nAuthors\nlast\n: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use\nauthor-link\ninstead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use\nlast\nor one of its aliases (e.g.\n|author=Bono\n). Aliases:\nsurname\n,\nauthor\n,\nlast1\n,\nsurname1\n,\nauthor1\n.\nauthor\n: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of\n|first=\nand\n|last=\n. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author.  Supports\naccept-this-as-written markup\n. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata.\nfirst\n: Given or first names of author; for example:\nFirstname Middlename\nor\nFirstname M.\nor\nFirstname M. Sr.\nDo not wikilink—use\nauthor-link\ninstead. Aliases:\ngiven\n,\nfirst1\n,\ngiven1\n. Requires\nlast\n; first name will not display if\nlast\nis empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with\nMOS:JRSR\nand use honorifics (including\nDr.\n,\nSir\n, and similar) only in accordance with\nMOS:HON\n.\nOR: for multiple authors, use\nlast1\n,\nfirst1\nthrough\nlast\nn\n,\nfirst\nn\n, where\nn\nis any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each\nfirst\nn\nrequires a corresponding\nlast\nn\n, but not the other way around).\nSee the\ndisplay\nparameters to change how many authors are displayed.\nAliases:\nsurname1\n,\ngiven1\nthrough\nsurname\nn\n,\ngiven\nn\n, or\nauthor1\nthrough\nauthor\nn\n.  For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use\n|first1=...\n|last1=...\n|author2=...\n.\nauthor-link\n: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases:\nauthor-link1\n,\nauthor1-link\n,\nauthorlink\n.\nOR: for multiple authors, use\nauthor-link1\nthrough\nauthor-link\nn\n. Aliases:\nauthor1-link\nthrough\nauthor\nn\n-link\n.\nname-list-style\n: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to\namp\n,\nampersand\n, or\n&\n, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to\nand\n, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to\nvanc\ndisplays name lists in\nVancouver style\nwhen the lists use the\nlast\n\/\nfirst\nforms of name parameters.\nvauthors\n: comma-separated list of author names in\nVancouver style\n; enclose corporate or institutional author names in\ndoubled parentheses\n. End with etal if appropriate:\n|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal\nauthor-link\nand\nauthor-mask\nmay be used for the individual names in\n|vauthors=\nas described above\nauthors\n: deprecated\nFree-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of\nlast\n.\ntranslator-last\n: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use\ntranslator-link\ninstead. Aliases:\ntranslator-surname\n,\ntranslator1\n,\ntranslator1-last\n,\ntranslator-last1\n.  Supports\naccept-this-as-written markup\n.\ntranslator-first\n: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use\ntranslator-link\ninstead. Aliases:\ntranslator-given\n,\ntranslator1-first\n,\ntranslator-first1\n.\nOR: for multiple translators, use\ntranslator-last1\n,\ntranslator-first1\nthrough\ntranslator-last\nn\n,\ntranslator-first\nn\n, where\nn\nis any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each\ntranslator-first\nn\nrequires a corresponding\ntranslator-last\nn\n, but not the other way around). Aliases:\ntranslator1-last\n,\ntranslator1-first\nthrough\ntranslator\nn\n-last\n,\ntranslator\nn\n-first\n, or\ntranslator1\nthrough\ntranslator\nn\n.\ntranslator-link\n: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases:\ntranslator-link1\n,\ntranslator1-link\n.\nOR: for multiple translators, use\ntranslator-link1\nthrough\ntranslator-link\nn\n. Aliases:\ntranslator1-link\nthrough\ntranslator\nn\n-link\n.\ncollaboration\n: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires\nauthor\n,\nlast\n, or\nvauthors\nlisting one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends \"et al.\" to author name-list.\nothers\n: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write\nIllustrated by John Smith\n.\nNote: When using\nshortened footnotes\nor\nparenthetical referencing\nstyles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.\nDate\n\"Wikipedia:Undated\" redirects here. For undated signatures, see\nTemplate:Undated\n.\ndate\n: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.\n[\ndate 1\n]\nDo not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher.\nFor acceptable date formats, see\nHelp:Citation Style 1 § Dates\n.\nShortened footnotes\ntarget full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate\n{{\nsfn\n}}\nlinks to multiple works by the same author in the same year,\n[more]\nunless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case,\nyear\nor\nref\nis required to disambiguate the link targets.\nFor approximate year, precede with \"\nc.\n\", like this:\n|date=c. 1900\n.\nFor no date, or \"undated\", use\n|date=n.d.\nThe date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a\ncreated\nor\nupdated\ndate; a comment for editors such as\ndate=2021-12-25|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01\ncan be added.\nAutomatic date formatting\n:\nCitation Style 1\nand\n2\ntemplates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as\n|date=\n,\n|publication-date=\n,\n|access-date=\n,\n|archive-date=\n, etc.) except for\n|orig-date=\nin the style specified by the article's\n{{\nuse dmy dates\n}}\nor\n{{\nuse mdy dates\n}}\ntemplate.  See those templates' documentation for details.\nyear\n: Year of publication. The more flexible\n|date=\nparameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the\n|date=\nparameter, unless\nboth\nof the following conditions are met:\nShortened footnotes\ntarget multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a\nCITEREF\ndisambiguator\n, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)\nThe\n|date=\nformat is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)\norig-date\n: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the\ndate\n(or\nyear\n). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example:\n|orig-date=First published 1859\nor\n|orig-date=Composed 1904\n. As\n|orig-date=\ndoes not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by\n|df=\n(or, if it exists in the article, by\n|cs1-dates=\nof a\n{{\nuse dmy dates\n}}\nor\n{{\nuse mdy dates\n}}\ntemplate), or as used in the\n|date=\nparameter. Alias:\norig-year\ndf\n: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:\ndmy\n– set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;\nmdy\n– as above for month day, year format\nymd\n– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD\ndmy-all\n– set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;\nmdy-all\n– as above for month day, year format\nymd-all\n– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD\n^\nPublication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.\nSee\nMOS:DATEUNIFY\n.\nEditors\neditor-last\n: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use\neditor-link\ninstead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use\neditor-last\nto include the same format as the source. Aliases:\neditor-last1\n,\neditor1-last\n,\neditor-surname\n,\neditor-surname1\n,\neditor1-surname\n,\neditor\n,\neditor1\n.\neditor\n: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor.  Supports\naccept-this-as-written markup\n.\neditor-first\n: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example:\nFirstname Middlename\nor\nFirstname M.\nor\nDr. Firstname M., Sr.\nDo not wikilink—use\neditor-link\ninstead. Aliases:\neditor-first1\n,\neditor1-first\n,\neditor-given\n,\neditor-given1\n,\neditor1-given\n.\nOR: for multiple editors, use\neditor-last1\n,\neditor-first1\nthrough\neditor-last\nn\n,\neditor-first\nn\n(Aliases:\neditor\nn\n-last\n,\neditor-surname\nn\nor\neditor\nn\n-surname\n;\neditor\nn\n-first\n,\neditor-given\nn\nor\neditor\nn\n-given\n;\neditor\nn\n). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use\n|editor-first1=...\n|editor-last1=...\n|editor2=...\n.\neditor-link\n: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases:\neditor-link1\n.\nOR: for multiple editors, use\neditor-link1\nthrough\neditor-link\nn\n(alias\neditor\nn\n-link\n).\nname-list-style\n: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to\namp\n,\nampersand\n, or\n&\n, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to\nand\n, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to\nvanc\ndisplays name lists in\nVancouver style\nwhen the lists use the\nlast\n\/\nfirst\nforms of name parameters.\nveditors\n: comma separated list of editor names in\nVancouver style\n; enclose corporate or institutional names in\ndoubled parentheses\n. End with etal if appropriate:\n|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal\neditor-link\nn\nand\neditor-mask\nn\nmay be used for the individual names in\n|veditors=\n, as described above\nDisplay:\nUse\ndisplay-editors\nto control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when \"et al.\" is included.\nIf authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then \"In\" and the editors, then the main work.\nIf no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by \"ed.\"; multiple editors are followed by \"eds.\"\nTitle\n(See also\nHelp:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters\n.)\ntitle\n: Title of source page on website. Displays in quotation marks. For titles containing quotation marks, convert regular quotation marks (\n\"\n) to single quotation marks (\n'\n). See\nMOS:QINQ\nfor guidance in more complex situations. If\nscript-title\nis defined, use\ntitle\nto hold a\nRomanization\n(if available) of the title in\nscript-title\n.\nscript-title\n: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in\ntitle\n(if present). Must be prefixed with one of the\nsupported language codes\nto help browsers properly display the script:\n... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...\ntrans-title\n: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after\ntitle\n. Use of the\nlanguage\nparameter is recommended.\nTitles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded.\nnewline\n[\n]\n|\nspace\n&#91;\n&#93;\n&#124;\n{{bracket|text}}\n{{pipe}}\n–\nsee also\nHelp:Table § Rendering pipe itself\nThis parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into\nCategory:Articles with incorrect citation syntax\n. Set\n|no-tracking=true\nto disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated.\nwebsite\n: Title of website (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name); may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases:\nwork\ntype\n: Provides additional information about the media type of the source.  May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword\nnone\ncan be used to disable the display of a type. Examples:\nThesis\n,\nBooklet\n,\nAccepted manuscript\n,\nCD liner\n,\nPress release\n. Alias:\nmedium\n.\nlanguage\n: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the\nISO 639\nlanguage code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples:\n|language=ru\n;\n|lang=fr, pt-br\n;\n|lang=Russian\n;\n|language=French, Portuguese\n.\nSee the list of supported codes and names\n. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with \"in\" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of\nCategory:CS1 foreign language sources\n. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g.\nespagnol\nat a French-language wiki instead of the English word \"Spanish\".  Aliases:\nlang\nURL\nurl\n: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by\ntitle\ncan be found. Cannot be used if\ntitle\nis wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.\n#ixzz2rBr3aO94\nor\n?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=...\n.\nFor linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see\nWP:PAGELINKS\n.\nDo not link to any commercial booksellers, such as\nAmazon\n; use\n|isbn=\nor\n|oclc=\nto provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.\naccess-date\n: Full date when the content pointed to by\nurl\nwas last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires\nurl\n; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.\n[\ndate 1\n]\nNot required for linked documents that do not change.\nFor example,\naccess-date\nis required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see\nWP:CITEWEB\n. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that\naccess-date\nis the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See\n\"Automatic date formatting\"\nabove for details about interaction with\n{{\nuse dmy dates\n}}\nand\n{{\nuse mdy dates\n}}\n. Can be\nhidden or styled\nby registered editors. Alias:\naccessdate\n.\narchive-url\n: The URL of an\narchived\nsnapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as\nInternet Archive\n(see\nHelp:Using the Wayback Machine\n)\n; requires\narchive-date\nand\nurl\n. By default (overridden by\n|url-status=live\n) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias:\narchiveurl\n.\narchive-date\n: Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text \"archived from the original on\". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.\n[\ndate 1\n]\nDo not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See\n\"Automatic date formatting\"\nabove for details about interaction with\n{{\nuse dmy dates\n}}\nand\n{{\nuse mdy dates\n}}\n. Alias:\narchivedate\n.\nurl-status\n: A control parameter to select one of\n|url=\nor\n|archive-url=\nto link\n|title=\n; requires\nurl\nand\narchive-url\n.  Use\n{{\ndead link\n}}\nto mark dead\n|url=\nwhen there is no\n|archive-url=\n.\nAccepts multiple keywords:\ndead\n– (default condition when\n|url-status=\nomitted or empty) selects\n|archive-url=\nlive\n– selects\n|url=\n; used when\n|url=\nis preemptively archived with\n|archive-url=\ndeviated\n– selects\n|archive-url=\n; used when\n|url=\nis still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article\nunfit\n– selects\n|archive-url=\n; used when\n|url=\nlinks to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable\npage\n; links to\n|url=\nare suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead\nusurpation\nor\nblacklist\n. Bot help is available at\nWP:URLREQ\nusurped\n– selects\n|archive-url=\n; used when the\ndomain\nin\n|url=\nno longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to\n|url=\nare suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at\nWP:URLREQ\nbot: unknown\n– Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in\nCategory:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown\nwhen this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.\narchive-format\n: File format of the work referred to by\narchive-url\n; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the\nexternal link icon\n(except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include\nalt text\n; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired.  (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add \"(PDF)\" as descriptive text.)\nSee\nUsing |format=\nurl-access\n:\nSee\nAccess indicators discussion\nformat\n: File format of the work referred to by\nurl\n; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after\ntitle\n. (For media format, use\ntype\n.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the\nexternal link icon\n(except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include\nalt text\n; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add \"(PDF)\" as descriptive text.)\nSee\nUsing |format=\nURLs must begin with a supported\nURI scheme\n.\nhttp:\/\/\nand\nhttps:\/\/\nwill be supported by all browsers; however,\nftp:\/\/\n,\ngopher:\/\/\n,\nirc:\/\/\n,\nircs:\/\/\n,\nmailto:\nand\nnews:\nmay require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided.\nIPv6\nhost-names are currently not supported.\nIf URLs in\ncitation template parameters\ncontain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be\npercent-encoded\n. For example, a space must be replaced by\n%20\n. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:\nCharacter\nspace\n\"\n'\n<\n>\n[\n]\n{\n|\n}\nEncoding\n%20\n%22\n%27\n%3C\n%3E\n%5B\n%5D\n%7B\n%7C\n%7D\nSingle apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.\n^\na\nb\nAccess-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.\nSee\nMOS:DATEUNIFY\n.\nWebsite\nwork\n(required by\n{{\ncite journal\n}}\nand\n{{\ncite magazine\n}}\n): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in\nitalics\n. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If\nscript-work\nis defined, use\nwork\nto hold a\nRomanization\n(if available) of the title in\nscript-work\n. Aliases:\njournal\n,\nnewspaper\n,\nmagazine\n,\nperiodical\n,\nwebsite\n. Use\nLatin script\n. For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard\nRomanization\nin this field.\nscript-work\n: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in\nwork\n(if present).  Must be prefixed with one of the\nsupported language codes\nto help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases:\nscript-journal\n,\nscript-newspaper\n,\nscript-magazine\n,\nscript-periodical\n,\nscript-website\n.\ntrans-work\n: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after\nwork\nor\nscript-work\n.  Aliases:\ntrans-journal\n,\ntrans-newspaper\n,\ntrans-magazine\n,\ntrans-periodical\n,\ntrans-website\n.\n... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ...\ndepartment\n: Title of a regular department,\ncolumn\n, or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include \"Communication\", \"Editorial\", \"Letter to the Editor\", and \"Review\". Displays after\ntitle\nand is in plain text.\nWhen set,\nwork\nchanges the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:\ntitle\nis not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.\nchapter\ndoes not display (and will produce an error message).\nEdition, series\nedition\n: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: \"2nd\", \"Revised\", and so forth. Appends the string \" ed.\" after the field, so\n|edition=2nd\nproduces \"2nd ed.\" Does not display if a periodical field is defined.\nseries\nor\nversion\n: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.\nPublisher\npublisher\n: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked\n[\n1\n]\nif relevant. The\npublisher\nis the\ncompany\n,\norganization\nor other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state\n|publisher=self-published\n.\n[\n2\n]\nDo\nnot\nuse the\npublisher\nparameter for the name of a\nwork\n(e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as \"Ltd\", \"Inc.\", or \"GmbH\" are not usually included. This parameter is most commonly used for books, and rarely for websites or periodicals (although it may be used instead of\nwork\nin some cases). Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes\nThe New York Times\nnewspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after\ntitle\n.\nplace\n: For news stories with a\ndateline\n, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias:\nlocation\npublication-place\n: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example,\nThe Boston Globe\n,\nThe Times of India\n. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of\npublication-place\n,\nplace\n, or\nlocation\nis defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if\npublication-place\nand\nplace\nor\nlocation\nare defined, then\nplace\nor\nlocation\nis shown before the title prefixed with \"written at\" and\npublication-place\nis shown after the title.\npublication-date\n: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If\ndate\n(or\nyear\n) is also defined and is different, then\npublication-date\ndisplays preceded by \"published\" and enclosed in parentheses, following\npublisher\n. If\ndate\n(or\nyear\n) is not defined,\npublication-date\nis displayed as\ndate\n. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.\nvia\n: Name of the content deliverer (if\ndifferent\nfrom\npublisher\n).\nvia\nis not a replacement for\npublisher\n, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the article is attributed to a different publication (e.g. in\nYahoo News\n) but cannot be traced, when the content deliverer (e.g.\nNewsBank\n) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (e.g.\nEBSCO\nhost\n), or if the deliverer requests attribution.\nSee the\naccess level\nparameters to display access restrictions, and the\nagency\nparameters if the original source is a news agency or wire service.\nagency\n: The\nnews agency\n(wire service) that provided the content; examples:\nAssociated Press\n,\nReuters\n,\nAgence France-Presse\n. Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use\nwork\nor\npublisher\n. May be wikilinked if relevant.\nIn-source locations\nminutes\n: Time the event occurs in the source; followed by \"minutes in\".\nOR:\ntime\n: Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text \"Event occurs at\".\ntime-caption\n: Changes the default text displayed before\ntime\n.\npage\n: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either\n|page=\nor\n|pages=\n, but not both. Displays preceded by\np.\nunless\n|no-pp=yes\n. If hyphenated, use\n{{\nhyphen\n}}\nto indicate this is intentional (e.g.\n|page=3{{hyphen}}12\n), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert\n|page=3-12\nto\n|pages=3{{ndash}}12\n. Alias:\np\n.\nOR:\npages\n: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either\n|page=\nor\n|pages=\n, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by\npp.\nunless\n|no-pp=yes\n.\nHyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use\ndouble parentheses\nto tell the template to display the value of\n|pages=\nwithout processing it, and use\n{{\nhyphen\n}}\nto indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:\n|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))\n. Alternatively, use\n|at=\n, like this:\n|at=pp. 3-1&ndash;3-15\n. Alias:\npp\n.\nno-pp\n: Set to\nyes\n,\ny\n, or\ntrue\nto suppress the\np.\nor\npp.\nnotations where this is inappropriate; for example, where\n|page=Front cover\nor\n|pages=\npassim\n.\nOR:\nat\n: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by\n|page=\nor\n|pages=\n. Use only one of\n|page=\n,\n|pages=\n, or\n|at=\n.\nExamples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.\nFor\n|quote-page=\nand\n|quote-pages=\nused in conjunction with\n|quote=\n, see\nhere\n.\nIdentifiers\nNot to be confused with\n§ Anchor\n.\nid\n: A\nunique identifier\n, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an\nexternal link template\nas applicable. For example,\n|id=NCJ 122967\nwill append \"NCJ 122967\" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as\n|id={{NCJ|122967}}\nto append\nNCJ\n \n122967\ninstead.\nThe following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and\/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g.\n|rfc=822\nor\n|pmc=345678\n.\narxiv\n:\narXiv\nidentifier\n; for example:\n|arxiv=hep-th\/9205027\n(before April 2007) or\n|arxiv=0706.0001\n(April 2007 – December 2014) or\n|arxiv=1501.00001\n(since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like \".pdf\" or \".html\".  Aliases:\neprint\n.\nasin\n:\nAmazon Standard Identification Number\n; if first character of\nasin\nvalue is a digit, use\nisbn\n. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example\n|asin=B00005N5PF\n.  Aliases:\nASIN\n.\nasin-tld\n: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:\nae\n,\nau\n,\nbr\n,\nca\n,\ncn\n,\nde\n,\nes\n,\nfr\n,\nin\n,\nit\n,\njp\n,\nmx\n,\nnl\n,\npl\n,\nsa\n,\nse\n,\nsg\n,\ntr\n,\nuk\n.  Aliases: none.\nbibcode\n:\nbibcode\n; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example:\n1974AJ.....79..819H\n.  Aliases: none.\nbiorxiv\n:\nbioRxiv\nid, as in the entire DOI (e.g.\n10.1101\/078733\nfor\nhttp:\/\/biorxiv.org\/content\/early\/2016\/10\/01\/078733\nor\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/078733\n;\n10.1101\/2020.07.24.220400\nfor\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.07.24.220400\n).  Aliases: none.\nciteseerx\n:\nCiteSeerX\nid, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g.\n10.1.1.176.341\nfor\nhttps:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341\n).  Aliases: none.\ndoi\n:\nDigital object identifier\n; for example:\n10.1038\/news070508-7\n. It is checked to ensure it begins with (\n10.\n).  Aliases:\nDOI\n.\nSupports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate\nvalid\nDOIs using a non-standard format, see\nbelow\n.\ndoi-broken-date\n: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working\/inactive at\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\n. Use the same format as other dates in the article.  Aliases: none.\neissn\n:\nInternational Standard Serial Number\nfor the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a\nhyphen\n, but not an\nen dash\nor a space; example\n|eissn=1557-2986\n.  Aliases:\nEISSN\n.\nSupports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate\nvalid\neISSNs using a non-standard format, see\nbelow\n.\nhdl\n:\nHandle System\nidentifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example\n|hdl=20.1000\/100\n.  Aliases:\nHDL\n.\nisbn\n:\nInternational Standard Book Number\n; for example:\n978-0-8126-9593-9\n.\n(See\nWikipedia:ISBN\nand\nISBN § Overview\n.)\nHyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use\nsbn\n. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without\nany\nadditional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with \"X\" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit.  Aliases:\nISBN\n.\nUse the\n{{\nFormat ISBN\n}}\ntemplate within the parameter – in the form\n|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}\n – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.\nSupports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate\nvalid\nISBNs using a non-standard format, see\nbelow\n.\nismn\n:\nInternational Standard Music Number\n; for example:\n979-0-9016791-7-7\n.\nHyphens\nor spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without\nany\nadditional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit.  Aliases:\nISMN\n.\nissn\n:\nInternational Standard Serial Number\n; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a\nhyphen\n, but not an\nen dash\nor a space; example\n|issn=2049-3630\n.  Aliases:\nISSN\n.\nSupports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate\nvalid\nISSNs using a non-standard format, see\nbelow\n.\njfm\n:\nJahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik\n; do not include \"JFM\" in the value; example\n|jfm=53.0144.01\n.  Aliases:\nJFM\n.\njstor\n:\nJSTOR\nreference number; for example:\n|jstor=3793107\n.  Aliases:\nJSTOR\n.\nlccn\n:\nLibrary of Congress Control Number\n. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example\n|lccn=79-57364\nor\n|lccn=2004042477\nor\n|lccn=e09001178\n.  Aliases:\nLCCN\n.\nmr\n:\nMathematical Reviews\n; example\n|mr=630583\n.  Aliases:\nMR\n.\noclc\n:\nOCLC Number\nfor looking up publications in the\nWorldCat\nunion catalog\n; example\n|oclc=9355469\n.  Aliases:\nOCLC\n.\nol\n:\nOpen Library\nidentifier; do not include \"OL\" in the value; example\n|ol=7030731M\n.  Aliases:\nOL\n.\nosti\n:\nOffice of Scientific and Technical Information\n; example\n|osti=4367507\n.  Aliases:\nOSTI\n.\npmc\n:\nPubMed Central\n; use article number for\nopen repository\nfull-text of a journal article, e.g.\n|pmc=345678\n. Do not include \"PMC\" in the value.\nSee also the\npmid\nparameter, below; these are two different identifiers\n.  Aliases:\nPMC\n.\npmc-embargo-date\n: Date that\npmc\ngoes live; if this date is in the future, then\npmc\nis not linked until that date.  Aliases: none.\npmid\n:\nPubMed\n; use unique identifier; example\n|pmid=17322060\nSee also the\npmc\nparameter, above; these are two different identifiers.\nAliases:\nPMID\n.\nrfc\n:\nRequest for Comments\n; example\n|rfc=3143\n.  Aliases:\nRFC\n.\nsbn\n:\nStandard Book Number\n; example\n|sbn=356-02201-3\n.  Aliases:\nSBN\n.\nSupports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate\nvalid\nSBNs using a non-standard format, see\nbelow\n.\nssrn\n:\nSocial Science Research Network\n; example\n|ssrn=1900856\n.  Aliases:\nSSRN\n.\ns2cid\n:\nSemantic Scholar\ncorpus ID; example\n|s2cid=37220927\n.  Aliases:\nS2CID\n.\nzbl\n:\nZentralblatt MATH\n; example\n|zbl=0472.53010\nFor zbMATH search results like\nJFM 35.0387.02\nuse\n|jfm=35.0387.02\n.  Aliases:\nZBL\n.\nIn very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (\n|doi=\n,\n|eissn=\n,\n|isbn=\n,\n|issn=\n, and\n|sbn=\n) support a special\naccept-this-as-written markup\nwhich can be applied to disable the error-checking (as\n|<\nparam\n>=((<\nvalue\n>))\n). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.\nFor some identifiers, it is possible to specify the\naccess status\nusing the corresponding\n|<\nparam\n>-access=\nparameter.\nFor\n{{\ncite journal\n}}\n, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when\n|url=\nand\n|title-link=\nare not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for\n|title-link=\nto manually select a specific source (\n|title-link=pmc\nor\n|title-link=doi\n) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (\n|title-link=none\n).\nIt is not necessary to specify a URL to a link\nidentical\nto a link also produced by an identifier. The\n|url=\nparameter (or\n|title-link=\n) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a\nconvenience link\nto a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.\nSubscription or registration required\nWP:URLACCESS\nCitations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in\nVerifiability § Access to sources\n. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to\nverifying claims in articles\n.\nFour access levels can be used:\naccess indicator for named identifiers\n:\nfree\n: the source is free to read for anyone\naccess indicators for url-holding parameters\n:\nAs there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.\nAccess indicators for url-holding parameters\nOnline sources linked by\n|url=\n,\n|article-url=\n,\n|chapter-url=\n,\n|contribution-url=\n,\n|entry-url=\n,\n|map-url=\n, and\n|section-url=\nare presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as\nfree\n.  If the registration\/limited\/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add\n|archive-url=\nand\n|archive-date=\nvalues if possible.\nURL-holding and access-indicator parameters\nURL\nAccess\nAllowed keywords\n|url=\n|url-access=\nregistration\nlimited\nsubscription\n|article-url=\n|article-url-access=\n|chapter-url=\n|chapter-url-access=\n|contribution-url=\n|contribution-url-access=\n|entry-url=\n|entry-url-access=\n|map-url=\n|map-url-access=\n|section-url=\n|section-url-access=\nFor example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:\n{{\ncite web\n|\nurl\n=\nhttps:\/\/example.com\/nifty_data.php\n|\nurl-access\n=\nregistration\n|\ndate\n=\n2021-04-15\n|\ntitle\n=\nNifty example data\n}}\nwhich renders as:\n\"Nifty example data\"\n. 2021-04-15.\nAccess indicator for named identifiers\nWP:DOIACCESS\nLinks inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation.  When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as\nlimited\n,\nregistration\n, or\nsubscription\n.\nNamed-identifier and access-indicator parameters\nIdentifier\nAccess\nAllowed keywords\n|bibcode=\n|bibcode-access=\nfree\n|doi=\n|doi-access=\n|hdl=\n|hdl-access=\n|jstor=\n|jstor-access=\n|ol=\n|ol-access=\n|osti=\n|osti-access=\n|ssrn=\n|ssrn-access=\n|s2cid=\n|s2cid-access=\nSome named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:\n|arxiv=\n|biorxiv=\n|citeseerx=\n|medrxiv=\n|pmc=\n|rfc=\nFor an embargoed\npmc\nthat will become available in the future, see\npmc-embargo-date\n.\nTracking of free DOIs\nThe template is able to recognize known free-to-read\nDOI registrants\n, based on a list in\nModule:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration\n. Once a free registrant is identified, the\n10.xxxx\/...\npart of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under\nlocal function build_free_doi_registrants_table()\n. If\n|doi-access=free\nis not set, it will place the page in\nCategory:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI\n, which is routinely cleared by\nUser:Citation bot\n.\nThe template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear\n10.xxxx\/yyyy....\nDOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to\nModule:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration\nunder\nlocal extended_registrants_t = {\nwith the format\n['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'},\n. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format\n['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'},\n.\nIf you add a free registrant\/free journal to the lists in\nModule:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration\n, leave a note at\nUser talk:Citation bot\nso the bot knows about it.\nQuote\nquote\n: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation.  If\nscript-quote\nis defined, use\nquote\nto hold a\nRomanization\n(if available) of the text in\nscript-quote\n. When quoting a copyrighted text, only\nbrief quotations to attribute a point of view or idea\nare permitted; extensive quotations are prohibited.\nscript-quote\n: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in\nquote\n(if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the\nsupported language codes\nto help browsers properly display the script:\n... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...\ntrans-quote\n: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.\nquote-page\n: The number of a single page quoted in\n|quote=\n. Use either\n|quote-page=\nor\n|quote-pages=\n, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in\n|page=\n,\n|pages=\nor\n|at=\n. Displays preceded by\np.\nunless\n|no-pp=yes\n. If hyphenated, use\n{{\nhyphen\n}}\nto indicate this is intentional (e.g.\n|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12\n). Alias: none.\nOR:\nquote-pages\n: A list or range of pages quoted in\n|quote=\n. Use either\n|quote-page=\nor\n|quote-pages=\n, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in\n|pages=\nor\n|at=\n. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by\npp.\nunless\n|no-pp=yes\nis defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use\ndouble parentheses\nto tell the template to display the value of\n|quote-pages=\nwithout processing it, and use\n{{\nhyphen\n}}\nto indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:\n|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))\n. Alias: none.\nAnchor\nNot to be confused with\n§ Identifiers\n.\nref\n: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set,\n|ref=\nID\ngenerates an anchor with the given\nID\n(the\nid=\nattribute in the citation's\n<cite id=\"\nID\n\">\nHTML tag). Setting\n|ref=\nID\nidentifies the template as a target and allows\nwikilinking to full references\n, especially useful with short-form citations like\nshortened notes\nand\nparenthetical referencing\n. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with\n{{\nsfn\n}}\nand\n{{\nharv\n}}\ntemplates. Since April 2020, the parameter \/ keyword pair\n|ref=harv\nhas no special meaning; this deprecated setting should\nnot\nbe used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set\n|ref=none\n. Aliases: none.\nSee\nTemplate:Citation\/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates\n.\nDisplay options\nmode\n: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For\n|mode=cs1\n, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (\n.\n); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For\n|mode=cs2\n, element separator is a comma (\n,\n); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use\npostscript\n.\nauthor-mask\n:\ncontributor-mask\n:\neditor-mask\n:\ninterviewer-mask\n:\nsubject-mask\n:\ntranslator-mask\n:\nReplaces the name of the (first) author with\nem dashes\nor text. Set\n<\nname\n>-mask\nto a numeric value\nn\nto set the dash\nn\nem spaces wide; set\n<\nname\n>-mask\nto a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, \"with\". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with\n<\nname\n>-link\n—in this case, the value of\n<\nname\n>-link\nwill be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as\nshortened footnotes\n. Do not use in a list generated by\n{{\nreflist\n}}\n,\n<references \/>\nor similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.\n|author\nn\n-mask=\n) to apply the mask to a specific\nname\n.\ndisplay-authors\n:\ndisplay-contributors\n:\ndisplay-editors\n:\ndisplay-interviewers\n:\ndisplay-subjects\n:\ndisplay-translators\n:\nControls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,\n|display-authors=2\nwill display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors).\n|display-authors=0\nis a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al.\n|display-authors=etal\ndisplays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.\npostscript\n: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (\n.\n); for no terminating punctuation, specify\n|postscript=none\n– leaving\n|postscript=\nempty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message.\n|postscript=\nis ignored if\nquote\nis defined.\nTemplateData\nThis section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see\nHelp:Citation Style 1#TemplateData\nFormats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.\nTemplate parameters\n[\nEdit template data\n]\nThis template has custom formatting.\nParameter\nDescription\nType\nStatus\nLast name\nlast\nlast1\nauthor\nauthor1\nauthor1-last\nauthor-last\nsurname1\nauthor-last1\nsubject1\nsurname\nsubject\nThe surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors\nLine\nsuggested\nFirst name\nfirst\ngiven\nauthor-first\nfirst1\ngiven1\nauthor-first1\nauthor1-first\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors\nLine\nsuggested\nAuthor link\nauthor-link\nauthor-link1\nauthor1-link\nsubject-link\nsubject-link1\nsubject1-link\nauthorlink\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 2\nlast2\nauthor2\nThe surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 2\nfirst2\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 2\nauthor-link2\nauthor2-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 3\nlast3\nauthor3\nThe surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 3\nfirst3\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 3\nauthor-link3\nauthor3-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 4\nlast4\nauthor4\nThe surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 4\nfirst4\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 4\nauthor-link4\nauthor4-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 5\nlast5\nauthor5\nThe surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 5\nfirst5\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 5\nauthor-link5\nauthor5-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 6\nlast6\nauthor6\nThe surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 6\nfirst6\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 6\nauthor-link6\nauthor6-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 7\nlast7\nauthor7\nThe surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 7\nfirst7\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 7\nauthor-link7\nauthor7-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 8\nlast8\nauthor8\nThe surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 8\nfirst8\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 8\nauthor-link8\nauthor8-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 9\nlast9\nauthor9\nThe surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 9\nfirst9\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 9\nauthor-link9\nauthor9-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 10\nlast10\nauthor10\nThe surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 10\nfirst10\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 10\nauthor-link10\nauthor10-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 11\nlast11\nauthor11\nThe surname of the eleventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 11\nfirst11\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the eleventh author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 11\nauthor-link11\nauthor11-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the eleventh author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 12\nlast12\nauthor12\nThe surname of the twelfth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 12\nfirst12\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the twelfth author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 12\nauthor-link12\nauthor12-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the twelfth author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 13\nlast13\nauthor13\nThe surname of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 13\nfirst13\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 13\nauthor-link13\nauthor13-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the thirteenth author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 14\nlast14\nauthor14\nThe surname of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 14\nfirst14\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 14\nauthor-link14\nauthor14-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the fourteenth author.\nPage name\noptional\nLast name 15\nlast15\nauthor15\nThe surname of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'.\nLine\noptional\nFirst name 15\nfirst15\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nAuthor link 15\nauthor-link15\nauthor15-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the fifteenth author.\nPage name\noptional\nAuthor mask\nauthor-mask\nReplaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead\nString\noptional\nDisplay authors\ndisplay-authors\nNumber of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al.\nString\noptional\nName list style\nname-list-style\nSet to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.\nSuggested values\namp\nand\nvanc\nString\noptional\nSource date\ndate\nFull date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink\nDate\nsuggested\nYear of publication\nyear\nYear of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter\nString\noptional\nOriginal date\norig-date\nOriginal date of publication; provide specifics\nDate\noptional\nEditor last name\neditor-last\neditor1-last\neditor\nThe surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.\nLine\noptional\nEditor first name\neditor-first\neditor1-first\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'\nLine\noptional\nEditor link\neditor-link\neditor1-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors\nPage name\noptional\nEditor last name 2\neditor2-last\neditor2\nThe surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.\nLine\noptional\nEditor first name 2\neditor2-first\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nEditor link 2\neditor2-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.\nPage name\noptional\nEditor last name 3\neditor3-last\neditor3\nThe surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.\nLine\noptional\nEditor first name 3\neditor3-first\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nEditor link 3\neditor3-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.\nPage name\noptional\nEditor last name 4\neditor4-last\neditor4\nThe surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.\nLine\noptional\nEditor first name 4\neditor4-first\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nEditor link 4\neditor4-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.\nPage name\noptional\nEditor last name 5\neditor5-last\neditor5\nThe surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.\nLine\noptional\nEditor first name 5\neditor5-first\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nEditor link 5\neditor5-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.\nPage name\noptional\nEditor last name 6\neditor6-last\neditor6\nThe surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.\nLine\noptional\nEditor first name 6\neditor6-first\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nEditor link 6\neditor6-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.\nPage name\noptional\nEditor last name 7\neditor7-last\neditor7\nThe surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.\nLine\noptional\nEditor first name 7\neditor7-first\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nEditor link 7\neditor7-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.\nPage name\noptional\nEditor last name 8\neditor8-last\neditor8\nThe surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.\nLine\noptional\nEditor first name 8\neditor8-first\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nEditor link 8\neditor8-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.\nPage name\noptional\nEditor last name 9\neditor9-last\neditor9\nThe surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.\nLine\noptional\nEditor first name 9\neditor9-first\nGiven or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.\nLine\noptional\nEditor link 9\neditor9-link\nTitle of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.\nPage name\noptional\nOthers\nothers\nUsed to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith'\nString\noptional\nTitle\ntitle\nThe title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website.\nString\nrequired\nScript title\nscript-title\nFor titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon.\nExample\nFor Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...\nString\noptional\nTranslated title\ntrans-title\nAn English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended\nString\noptional\nURL\nurl\nURL\nThe URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type \"https:\/\/...\" or maybe even the protocol relative scheme \"\/\/...\"\nExample\nhttps:\/\/www.metacritic.com\/\/...\nURL\nrequired\nURL access level\nurl-access\nClassification of the access restrictions on the URL\nSuggested values\nregistration\nsubscription\nlimited\nExample\n'registration', 'subscription' or 'limited'\nString\nsuggested\nURL status\nurl-status\nIf set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.\nSuggested values\ndead\nlive\nusurped\nunfit\ndeviated\nDefault\n'dead' if an Archive URL is entered\nExample\n'dead' or 'live'\nString\nsuggested\nArchive URL\narchive-url\narchiveurl\nThe URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'\nAuto value\nURL\nsuggested\nArchive date\narchive-date\narchivedate\nDate when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink\nDate\nsuggested\nArchive format\narchive-format\nFormat of the archived copy; do not specify HTML\nExample\nPDF, DOC, XLS\nString\noptional\nURL access date\naccess-date\naccessdate\nThe full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink\nDate\nsuggested\nName of the website\nwebsite\nwork\nTitle (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.\nExample\n[[Rotten Tomatoes]]\nString\nsuggested\nSeries identifier\nseries\nSeries identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal\nString\noptional\nPublisher\npublisher\nName of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.\nExample\n[[Fandom, Inc.]] (which owns \"Metacritic.com\")\nString\noptional\nPlace\nplace\nFor news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location'\nString\noptional\nPage\npage\nPage in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'\nString\noptional\nPages\npages\nPages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'\nString\noptional\nAt\nat\nMay be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient\nString\noptional\nLanguage\nlanguage\nlang\nThe language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commas\nExample\nde, fr, es\nString\noptional\nType\ntype\nAdditional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case\nString\noptional\nFormat\nformat\nFormat of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML\nString\noptional\nPlace of publication\npublication-place\nPublication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'\nString\noptional\nPublication date\npublication-date\nDate of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink\nDate\noptional\nDate format\ndf\nSets rendered dates to the specified format\nString\noptional\nPublished via\nvia\nName of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.\nExample\n[[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]]\nString\noptional\nNo pp\nno-pp\nSet to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')\nAuto value\ny\nBoolean\noptional\narXiv identifier\narxiv\nAn identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers\nString\noptional\nASIN\nasin\nAmazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters\nString\noptional\nASIN TLD\nasin-tld\nASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US\nString\noptional\nBibcode\nbibcode\nBibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters\nString\noptional\nbiorXiv\nbiorxiv\nbiorXiv identifier; 6 digits\nLine\noptional\nCiteSeerX\nciteseerx\nCiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter\nLine\noptional\nDOI\ndoi\nDigital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'\nString\noptional\nDOI broken date\ndoi-broken-date\nThe date that the DOI was determined to be broken\nAuto value\nDate\noptional\nISBN\nisbn\nInternational Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible\nString\noptional\nISSN\nissn\nInternational Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen\nString\noptional\njfm code\njfm\nJahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code\nString\noptional\nJSTOR\njstor\nJSTOR identifier\nString\noptional\nLCCN\nlccn\nLibrary of Congress Control Number\nString\noptional\nMR\nmr\nMathematical Reviews identifier\nString\noptional\nOCLC\noclc\nOnline Computer Library Center number\nString\noptional\nOL\nol\nOpen Library identifier\nString\noptional\nOSTI\nosti\nOffice of Scientific and Technical Information identifier\nString\noptional\nPMC\npmc\nPubMed Center article number\nString\noptional\nPMID\npmid\nPubMed Unique Identifier\nString\noptional\nRFC\nrfc\nRequest for Comments number\nString\noptional\nSSRN\nssrn\nSocial Science Research Network\nString\noptional\nZbl\nzbl\nZentralblatt MATH journal identifier\nString\noptional\nid\nid\nA unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable\nString\noptional\nQuote\nquote\nRelevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation\nString\noptional\nTranslated quote\ntrans-quote\nEnglish translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets.\nString\noptional\nRef\nref\nAn anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references\nString\noptional\nPostscript\npostscript\nThe closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined\nDefault\n.\nString\noptional\nEdition\nedition\nSpecify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'\nExample\n2nd\nLine\noptional\nBibcode access level\nbibcode-access\nIf the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.\nAuto value\nfree\nString\noptional\nDOI access level\ndoi-access\nIf the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.\nAuto value\nfree\nString\noptional\nHDL access level\nhdl-access\nIf the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.\nAuto value\nfree\nString\noptional\nJstor access level\njstor-access\nIf the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.\nAuto value\nfree\nString\noptional\nOpenLibrary access level\nol-access\nIf the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.\nAuto value\nfree\nString\noptional\nOSTI access level\nosti-access\nIf the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.\nAuto value\nfree\nString\noptional\nAgency\nagency\nThe news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse\nString\noptional\nSee also\nv\nt\ne\nCitation Style 1\nGeneral\ntemplates\n{{\nCite book\n}}\nbooks\n{{\nCite conference\n}}\nconference papers\n{{\nCite document\n}}\nshort, stand-alone, offline documents\n{{\nCite encyclopedia\n}}\nedited collections\n{{\nCite interview\n}}\ninterviews\n{{\nCite journal\n}}\nacademic journals\n{{\nCite magazine\n}}\nmagazines\n{{\nCite mailing list\n}}\npublic mailing lists\n{{\nCite map\n}}\nmaps\n{{\nCite news\n}}\nnews articles\n{{\nCite newsgroup\n}}\nonline newsgroups\n{{\nCite press release\n}}\npress releases\n{{\nCite report\n}}\nunpublished reports\n{{\nCite sign\n}}\nsigns, plaques\n{{\nCite speech\n}}\nspeeches\n{{\nCite tech report\n}}\ntechnical reports\n{{\nCite thesis\n}}\ntheses\n{{\nCite web\n}}\nweb sources\nPreprint templates\n{{\nCite arXiv\n}}\n{{\nCite bioRxiv\n}}\n{{\nCite CiteSeerX\n}}\n{{\nCite medRxiv\n}}\n{{\nCite SSRN\n}}\nAudiovisual-related\n{{\nCite AV media\n}}\n{{\nCite AV media notes\n}}\n{{\nCite episode\n}}\n{{\nCite podcast\n}}\n{{\nCite serial\n}}\nCategories\nCitation Style 1 templates\nCitation Style 1 specific-source templates\nDocumentation\n{{\nCitation Style documentation\n}}\nCitation Style 1 noticeboard\nv\nt\ne\nWikipedia referencing\nPolicies and guidelines\nVerifiability\nNo original research\nBiographies of living persons\nReliable sources\nMedicine\nCiting sources\nScientific citations\nGeneral advice\nCitation needed\nCombining sources\nOffline sources\nReferencing styles\nCiting sources\nCitation Style 1\nCitation Style 2\nBluebook\nComics\nCitation templates\nInline citations\nFootnotes\nPunctuation and footnotes\nShortened footnotes\nNesting footnotes\nHelp for beginners\nReference-tags\nCitations quick reference\nIntroduction to referencing\nReferencing with citation templates\nReferencing without using templates\nReferencing dos and don'ts\nCiting Wikipedia\nAdvanced help\nCite link labels\nCite errors\nCitation merging (bundling)\nCite messages\nConverting between references formats\nReference display customization\nReferences and page numbers\nGuidance on source reviewing at FAC\nCite extension documentation\nFootnote templates\nCitation Style documentation\nMultiple references\n{{\nReflist\n}}\n{{\nRefbegin\n}}\nFind references\nHow to find sources\nBibliographies\nWikipedia Library\nResource Exchange\nReference Desk\nBook Sources\nFree newspaper sources\nCitation tools\n(External links)\nCiter\nCitation bot\nMakeRef\nRefill\nWayBack\nOABot\nThis template produces\nCOinS\nmetadata; see\nCOinS in Wikipedia\nfor background information.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Template%3ACite+web \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Template%3ACite+web \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Template%3ACite+web \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Template%3ACite+web \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [1 Usage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Usage)\n  Toggle Usage subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Choosing between Template:cite web and Template:cite news](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Choosing_between_Template:cite_web_and_Template:cite_news)\n- [2 Examples](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Examples)\n  Toggle Examples subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Using \"format=\"](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Using_\"format=\")\n  - [2\\.2 Foreign-language and translated title](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Foreign-language_and_translated_title)\n  - [2\\.3 Using author-link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Using_author-link)\n  - [2\\.4 Multiple authors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Multiple_authors)\n  - [2\\.5 No author](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#No_author)\n  - [2\\.6 No author, no publisher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#No_author,_no_publisher)\n  - [2\\.7 Using \"archive-url\" and \"archive-date\" (and optionally \"url-status\") for webpages that have been archived](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Using_\"archive-url\"_and_\"archive-date\"_\\(and_optionally_\"url-status\"\\)_for_webpages_that_have_been_archived)\n  - [2\\.8 Using \"quote\"](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Using_\"quote\")\n- [3 Parameters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Parameters)\n  Toggle Parameters subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Syntax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Syntax)\n  - [3\\.2 COinS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#COinS)\n    - [3\\.2.1 COinS metadata is created for these parameters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#COinS_metadata_is_created_for_these_parameters)\n  - [3\\.3 What's new](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#What's_new)\n  - [3\\.4 Deprecated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Deprecated)\n  - [3\\.5 Description](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Description)\n    - [3\\.5.1 Authors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Authors)\n    - [3\\.5.2 Date](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Date)\n    - [3\\.5.3 Editors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Editors)\n    - [3\\.5.4 Title](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Title)\n    - [3\\.5.5 URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#URL)\n    - [3\\.5.6 Website](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Website)\n    - [3\\.5.7 Edition, series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Edition,_series)\n    - [3\\.5.8 Publisher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Publisher)\n    - [3\\.5.9 In-source locations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#In-source_locations)\n    - [3\\.5.10 Identifiers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Identifiers)\n    - [3\\.5.11 Subscription or registration required](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Subscription_or_registration_required)\n      - [3\\.5.11.1 Access indicators for url-holding parameters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters)\n      - [3\\.5.11.2 Access indicator for named identifiers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers)\n      - [3\\.5.11.3 Tracking of free DOIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Tracking_of_free_DOIs)\n    - [3\\.5.12 Quote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Quote)\n    - [3\\.5.13 Anchor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Anchor)\n    - [3\\.5.14 Display options](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Display_options)\n- [4 TemplateData](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#TemplateData)\n- [5 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#See_also)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Template:Cite web\n297 languages\n\n- [Аԥсшәа](https:\/\/ab.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Ашаблон:Cite web – Abkhazian\")\n- [Acèh](https:\/\/ace.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seunaleu%C3%ABk:Cite_web \"Seunaleuëk:Cite web – Acehnese\")\n- [Адыгабзэ](https:\/\/ady.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Adyghe\")\n- [Afrikaans](https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sjabloon:Cite_web \"Sjabloon:Cite web – Afrikaans\")\n- [Alemannisch](https:\/\/als.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vorlage:Cite_web \"Vorlage:Cite web – Alemannic\")\n- [Алтай тил](https:\/\/alt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D3%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80:Cite_web \"Ӱлекер:Cite web – Southern Altai\")\n- [አማርኛ](https:\/\/am.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%88%98%E1%88%88%E1%8C%A0%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%AB:Cite_web \"መለጠፊያ:Cite web – Amharic\")\n- [Pangcah](https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Masalipa:Cite_web \"Masalipa:Cite web – Amis\")\n- [Aragonés](https:\/\/an.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantilla:Cita_web \"Plantilla:Cita web – Aragonese\")\n- [Ænglisc](https:\/\/ang.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bysen:Cite_web \"Bysen:Cite web – Old English\")\n- [Obolo](https:\/\/ann.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tempulet:Cite_web \"Tempulet:Cite web – Obolo\")\n- [अंगिका](https:\/\/anp.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_web \"साँचा:Cite web – Angika\")\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8 \"قالب:استشهاد بويب – Arabic\")\n- [ܐܪܡܝܐ](https:\/\/arc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DC%A9%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%90:Cite_web \"ܩܠܒܐ:Cite web – Aramaic\")\n- [الدارجة](https:\/\/ary.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%84:%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8 \"موضيل:مرجع ويب – Moroccan Arabic\")\n- [مصرى](https:\/\/arz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8 \"قالب:استشهاد ويب – Egyptian Arabic\")\n- [অসমীয়া](https:\/\/as.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A:Cite_web \"সাঁচ:Cite web – Assamese\")\n- [Asturianu](https:\/\/ast.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plant%C3%ADa:Cita_web \"Plantía:Cita web – Asturian\")\n- [Авар](https:\/\/av.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF:Cite_web \"Халип:Cite web – Avaric\")\n- [अवधी](https:\/\/awa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_web \"खाँचा:Cite web – Awadhi\")\n- [Aymar aru](https:\/\/ay.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantilla:Cite_web \"Plantilla:Cite web – Aymara\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web \"Şablon:Cite web – Azerbaijani\")\n- [تۆرکجه](https:\/\/azb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86:Cite_web \"شابلون:Cite web – South Azerbaijani\")\n- [Башҡортса](https:\/\/ba.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF:Cite_web \"Ҡалып:Cite web – Bashkir\")\n- [Basa Bali](https:\/\/ban.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mal:Cite_web \"Mal:Cite web – Balinese\")\n- [Boarisch](https:\/\/bar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vorlog:Cite_web \"Vorlog:Cite web – Bavarian\")\n- [Žemaitėška](https:\/\/bat-smg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%A0abluons:Cite_web \"Šabluons:Cite web – Samogitian\")\n- [Batak Toba](https:\/\/bbc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templat:Cite_web \"Templat:Cite web – Batak Toba\")\n- [Bikol Central](https:\/\/bcl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantilya:Cite_web \"Plantilya:Cite web – Central Bikol\")\n- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https:\/\/be-tarask.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0 \"Шаблён:Спасылка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)\")\n- [Беларуская](https:\/\/be.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Belarusian\")\n- [Betawi](https:\/\/bew.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sablonan:Cite_web \"Sablonan:Cite web – Betawi\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B1 \"Шаблон:Цитат уеб – Bulgarian\")\n- [भोजपुरी](https:\/\/bh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F:Cite_web \"टेम्पलेट:Cite web – Bhojpuri\")\n- [Bislama](https:\/\/bi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Bislama\")\n- [Banjar](https:\/\/bjn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citakan:Cite_web \"Citakan:Cite web – Banjar\")\n- [ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ](https:\/\/blk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA:Cite_web \"တမ်းပလေက်:Cite web – Pa'O\")\n- [Bamanankan](https:\/\/bm.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mod%C3%A8le:Cite_web \"Modèle:Cite web – Bambara\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F:%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF \"টেমপ্লেট:ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি – Bangla\")\n- [བོད་ཡིག](https:\/\/bo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Tibetan\")\n- [বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী](https:\/\/bpy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2:Cite_web \"মডেল:Cite web – Bishnupriya\")\n- [Brezhoneg](https:\/\/br.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patrom:Cite_web \"Patrom:Cite web – Breton\")\n- [Bosanski](https:\/\/bs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_web \"Šablon:Cite web – Bosnian\")\n- [Batak Mandailing](https:\/\/btm.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templat:Cite_web \"Templat:Cite web – Batak Mandailing\")\n- [Basa Ugi](https:\/\/bug.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templat:Cite_web \"Templat:Cite web – Buginese\")\n- [Буряад](https:\/\/bxr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_web \"Загбар:Cite web – Russia Buriat\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantilla:Ref-web \"Plantilla:Ref-web – Catalan\")\n- [Chavacano de Zamboanga](https:\/\/cbk-zam.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantilla:Cita_web \"Plantilla:Cita web – Chavacano\")\n- [閩東語 \/ Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https:\/\/cdo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Cite_web \"模板:Cite web – Mindong\")\n- [Нохчийн](https:\/\/ce.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF:Cite_web \"Кеп:Cite web – Chechen\")\n- [Cebuano](https:\/\/ceb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantilya:Cite_web \"Plantilya:Cite web – Cebuano\")\n- [Chamoru](https:\/\/ch.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Chamorro\")\n- [ᏣᎳᎩ](https:\/\/chr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Cherokee\")\n- [Tsetsêhestâhese](https:\/\/chy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Cheyenne\")\n- [کوردی](https:\/\/ckb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%A8 \"داڕێژە:بیرخستنەوەی وێب – Central Kurdish\")\n- [Corsu](https:\/\/co.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cita_web \"Template:Cita web – Corsican\")\n- [Qırımtatarca](https:\/\/crh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web \"Şablon:Cite web – Crimean Tatar\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%A0ablona:Citace_elektronick%C3%A9_monografie \"Šablona:Citace elektronické monografie – Czech\")\n- [Чӑвашла](https:\/\/cv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Chuvash\")\n- [Cymraeg](https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nodyn:Cite_web \"Nodyn:Cite web – Welsh\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skabelon:Cite_web \"Skabelon:Cite web – Danish\")\n- [Dagbanli](https:\/\/dag.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C9%9Bmplet:Cite_web \"Tɛmplet:Cite web – Dagbani\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vorlage:Cite_web \"Vorlage:Cite web – German\")\n- [Thuɔŋjäŋ](https:\/\/din.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macu%C3%ABc:Cite_web \"Macuëc:Cite web – Dinka\")\n- [Zazaki](https:\/\/diq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web \"Şablon:Cite web – Dimli\")\n- [Dolnoserbski](https:\/\/dsb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C5%9Bed%C5%82oga:Cite_web \"Pśedłoga:Cite web – Lower Sorbian\")\n- [Kadazandusun](https:\/\/dtp.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templat:Cite_web \"Templat:Cite web – Central Dusun\")\n- [डोटेली](https:\/\/dty.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_web \"ढाँचा:Cite web – Doteli\")\n- [ދިވެހިބަސް](https:\/\/dv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0:Cite_web \"ފަންވަތް:Cite web – Divehi\")\n- [ཇོང་ཁ](https:\/\/dz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Dzongkha\")\n- [Eʋegbe](https:\/\/ee.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Ewe\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF:Cite_web \"Πρότυπο:Cite web – Greek\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Cablono:Cita%C4%B5o_el_la_reto \"Ŝablono:Citaĵo el la reto – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantilla:Cita_web \"Plantilla:Cita web – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mall:Cite_web \"Mall:Cite web – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Txantiloi:Cite_web \"Txantiloi:Cite web – Basque\")\n- [Estremeñu](https:\/\/ext.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prantilla:Cite_web \"Prantilla:Cite web – Extremaduran\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88:Cite_web \"الگو:Cite web – Persian\")\n- [Fulfulde](https:\/\/ff.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Fula\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malline:Verkkoviite \"Malline:Verkkoviite – Finnish\")\n- [Na Vosa Vakaviti](https:\/\/fj.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Fijian\")\n- [Føroyskt](https:\/\/fo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fyrimynd:Cite_web \"Fyrimynd:Cite web – Faroese\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mod%C3%A8le:Lien_web \"Modèle:Lien web – French\")\n- [Arpetan](https:\/\/frp.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mod%C3%A8lo:Lim_Vou%C3%A8be \"Modèlo:Lim Vouèbe – Arpitan\")\n- [Nordfriisk](https:\/\/frr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vorlage:Cite_web_%C3%B6%C3%B6mrang \"Vorlage:Cite web öömrang – Northern Frisian\")\n- [Furlan](https:\/\/fur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Model:Cite_web \"Model:Cite web – Friulian\")\n- [Frysk](https:\/\/fy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Berjocht:Cite_web \"Berjocht:Cite web – Western Frisian\")\n- [Gaeilge](https:\/\/ga.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teimpl%C3%A9ad:Cite_web-en \"Teimpléad:Cite web-en – Irish\")\n- [Gagauz](https:\/\/gag.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web \"Şablon:Cite web – Gagauz\")\n- [贛語](https:\/\/gan.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Cite_web \"模板:Cite web – Gan\")\n- [Gàidhlig](https:\/\/gd.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teamplaid:Iomradh_l%C3%ACon \"Teamplaid:Iomradh lìon – Scottish Gaelic\")\n- [Galego](https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modelo:Cita_web \"Modelo:Cita web – Galician\")\n- [گیلکی](https:\/\/glk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:Cite_web \"قالب:Cite web – Gilaki\")\n- [Avañe'ẽ](https:\/\/gn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tembiechar%C3%A3:Cite_web \"Tembiecharã:Cite web – Guarani\")\n- [गोंयची कोंकणी \/ Gõychi Konknni](https:\/\/gom.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B:Cite_web \"सांचो:Cite web – Goan Konkani\")\n- [Bahasa Hulontalo](https:\/\/gor.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templat:Cite_web \"Templat:Cite web – Gorontalo\")\n- [Ghanaian Pidgin](https:\/\/gpe.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Ghanaian Pidgin\")\n- [ગુજરાતી](https:\/\/gu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AA%A2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8B:Cite_web \"ઢાંચો:Cite web – Gujarati\")\n- [Farefare](https:\/\/gur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C9%9Bmpileti:Cite_web \"Tɛmpileti:Cite web – Frafra\")\n- [Gungbe](https:\/\/guw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ohia:Cite_web \"Ohia:Cite web – Gun\")\n- [Gaelg](https:\/\/gv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clowan:Cite_web \"Clowan:Cite web – Manx\")\n- [Hausa](https:\/\/ha.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samfuri:Cite_web \"Samfuri:Cite web – Hausa\")\n- [客家語 \/ Hak-kâ-ngî](https:\/\/hak.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Cite_web \"模板:Cite web – Hakka Chinese\")\n- [Hawaiʻi](https:\/\/haw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anakuhi:Cite_web \"Anakuhi:Cite web – Hawaiian\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA:Cite_web \"תבנית:Cite web – Hebrew\")\n- [हिन्दी](https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_web \"साँचा:Cite web – Hindi\")\n- [Fiji Hindi](https:\/\/hif.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citeweb \"Template:Citeweb – Fiji Hindi\")\n- [Hrvatski](https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predlo%C5%BEak:Citiranje_weba \"Predložak:Citiranje weba – Croatian\")\n- [Hornjoserbsce](https:\/\/hsb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C5%99ed%C5%82oha:Cite_web \"Předłoha:Cite web – Upper Sorbian\")\n- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https:\/\/ht.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mod%C3%A8l:Cite_web \"Modèl:Cite web – Haitian Creole\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sablon:Cite_web \"Sablon:Cite web – Hungarian\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80:Cite_web \"Կաղապար:Cite web – Armenian\")\n- [Արեւմտահայերէն](https:\/\/hyw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80:Cite_web \"Կաղապար:Cite web – Western Armenian\")\n- [Interlingua](https:\/\/ia.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patrono:Cite_web \"Patrono:Cite web – Interlingua\")\n- [Jaku Iban](https:\/\/iba.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templat:Cite_web \"Templat:Cite web – Iban\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templat:Cite_web \"Templat:Cite web – Indonesian\")\n- [Interlingue](https:\/\/ie.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avise:Cite_web \"Avise:Cite web – Interlingue\")\n- [Igbo](https:\/\/ig.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templeeti:Cite_web \"Templeeti:Cite web – Igbo\")\n- [Ilokano](https:\/\/ilo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantilia:Cite_web \"Plantilia:Cite web – Iloko\")\n- [ГӀалгӀай](https:\/\/inh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9B%D0%BE:Cite_web \"Ло:Cite web – Ingush\")\n- [Ido](https:\/\/io.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shablono:Cite_web \"Shablono:Cite web – Ido\")\n- [Íslenska](https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sni%C3%B0:Cite_web \"Snið:Cite web – Icelandic\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cita_web \"Template:Cita web – Italian\")\n- [ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ \/ inuktitut](https:\/\/iu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Inuktitut\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Japanese\")\n- [Patois](https:\/\/jam.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Jamaican Creole English\")\n- [La .lojban.](https:\/\/jbo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/termo%27a:cite_web \"termo'a:cite web – Lojban\")\n- [Jawa](https:\/\/jv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cithakan:Cite_web \"Cithakan:Cite web – Javanese\")\n- [ქართული](https:\/\/ka.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98:Cite_web \"თარგი:Cite web – Georgian\")\n- [Qaraqalpaqsha](https:\/\/kaa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Algi:Web_deregi \"Úlgi:Web deregi – Kara-Kalpak\")\n- [Taqbaylit](https:\/\/kab.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tal%C9%A3a:Cite_Web \"Talɣa:Cite Web – Kabyle\")\n- [Адыгэбзэ](https:\/\/kbd.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Kabardian\")\n- [Kumoring](https:\/\/kge.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citakan:Cite_web \"Citakan:Cite web – Komering\")\n- [Қазақша](https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:Cite_web \"Үлгі:Cite web – Kazakh\")\n- [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https:\/\/km.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC:Cite_web \"ទំព័រគំរូ:Cite web – Khmer\")\n- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https:\/\/kn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81:Cite_web \"ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Cite web – Kannada\")\n- [Yerwa Kanuri](https:\/\/knc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jiri:Cite_web \"Jiri:Cite web – Central Kanuri\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%ED%8B%80:%EC%9B%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9 \"틀:웹 인용 – Korean\")\n- [Перем коми](https:\/\/koi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Komi-Permyak\")\n- [Къарачай-малкъар](https:\/\/krc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Karachay-Balkar\")\n- [کٲشُر](https:\/\/ks.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7:%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D9%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81%D9%95 \"فرما:ویب حَوالہٕ – Kashmiri\")\n- [Kurdî](https:\/\/ku.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Eablon:J%C3%AAder-malper \"Şablon:Jêder-malper – Kurdish\")\n- [Kernowek](https:\/\/kw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skantlyn:Cite_web \"Skantlyn:Cite web – Cornish\")\n- [Кыргызча](https:\/\/ky.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF:Cite_web \"Калып:Cite web – Kyrgyz\")\n- [Latina](https:\/\/la.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Formula:Cite_web \"Formula:Cite web – Latin\")\n- [Ladino](https:\/\/lad.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xabl%C3%B3n:Cita_web \"Xablón:Cita web – Ladino\")\n- [Lëtzebuergesch](https:\/\/lb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schabloun:Cite_web \"Schabloun:Cite web – Luxembourgish\")\n- [Лакку](https:\/\/lbe.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Lak\")\n- [Лезги](https:\/\/lez.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Lezghian\")\n- [Lingua Franca Nova](https:\/\/lfn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Model:Cite_web \"Model:Cite web – Lingua Franca Nova\")\n- [Luganda](https:\/\/lg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Ganda\")\n- [Limburgs](https:\/\/li.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sjabloon:Cite_web \"Sjabloon:Cite web – Limburgish\")\n- [Ligure](https:\/\/lij.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:%C3%87itta_web \"Template:Çitta web – Ligurian\")\n- [Ladin](https:\/\/lld.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Ladin\")\n- [Lombard](https:\/\/lmo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modell:Cite_web \"Modell:Cite web – Lombard\")\n- [Lingála](https:\/\/ln.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mod%C3%A8le:Cite_web \"Modèle:Cite web – Lingala\")\n- [ລາວ](https:\/\/lo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%88%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9A:Cite_web \"ແມ່ແບບ:Cite web – Lao\")\n- [Lietuvių](https:\/\/lt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_web \"Šablonas:Cite web – Lithuanian\")\n- [Latviešu](https:\/\/lv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Veidne:T%C4%ABmek%C4%BCa_atsauce \"Veidne:Tīmekļa atsauce – Latvian\")\n- [Madhurâ](https:\/\/mad.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C3%A8%E1%B9%ADa%27an:Cite_web \"Cèṭa'an:Cite web – Madurese\")\n- [मैथिली](https:\/\/mai.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF:Cite_web \"आकृति:Cite web – Maithili\")\n- [Basa Banyumasan](https:\/\/map-bms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cithakan:Cite_web \"Cithakan:Cite web – Banyumasan\")\n- [Мокшень](https:\/\/mdf.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Moksha\")\n- [Malagasy](https:\/\/mg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endrika:Cite_web \"Endrika:Cite web – Malagasy\")\n- [Олык марий](https:\/\/mhr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_web \"Кышкар:Cite web – Eastern Mari\")\n- [Māori](https:\/\/mi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Māori\")\n- [Minangkabau](https:\/\/min.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templat:Cite_web \"Templat:Cite web – Minangkabau\")\n- [Македонски](https:\/\/mk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0 \"Предлошка:Наведена мрежна страница – Macedonian\")\n- [മലയാളം](https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Cite_web \"ഫലകം:Cite web – Malayalam\")\n- [Монгол](https:\/\/mn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_web \"Загвар:Cite web – Mongolian\")\n- [ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ](https:\/\/mni.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A0:Cite_web \"ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:Cite web – Manipuri\")\n- [ဘာသာမန်](https:\/\/mnw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA:Cite_web \"ထာမ်ပလိက်:Cite web – Mon\")\n- [Moore](https:\/\/mos.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%B5r-wilgda:Cite_web \"Sõr-wilgda:Cite web – Mossi\")\n- [मराठी](https:\/\/mr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4 \"साचा:संकेतस्थळ स्रोत – Marathi\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templat:Cite_web \"Templat:Cite web – Malay\")\n- [Malti](https:\/\/mt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mudell:%C4%8Aita_web \"Mudell:Ċita web – Maltese\")\n- [Mirandés](https:\/\/mwl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modelo:Citar_web \"Modelo:Citar web – Mirandese\")\n- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https:\/\/my.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA:Cite_web \"တမ်းပလိတ်:Cite web – Burmese\")\n- [Эрзянь](https:\/\/myv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BD:Cite_web \"ЛопаПарцун:Cite web – Erzya\")\n- [مازِرونی](https:\/\/mzn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86:Cite_web \"شابلون:Cite web – Mazanderani\")\n- [Nāhuatl](https:\/\/nah.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nemachiy%C5%8Dt%C4%ABlli:Cite_web \"Nemachiyōtīlli:Cite web – Nahuatl\")\n- [Napulitano](https:\/\/nap.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modello:Cita_web \"Modello:Cita web – Neapolitan\")\n- [Nedersaksies](https:\/\/nds-nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mal:Citeer_web \"Mal:Citeer web – Low Saxon\")\n- [Plattdüütsch](https:\/\/nds.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V%C3%B6rlaag:Cite_web \"Vörlaag:Cite web – Low German\")\n- [नेपाली](https:\/\/ne.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_web \"ढाँचा:Cite web – Nepali\")\n- [नेपाल भाषा](https:\/\/new.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Newari\")\n- [Li Niha](https:\/\/nia.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templat:Cite_web \"Templat:Cite web – Nias\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sjabloon:Citeer_web \"Sjabloon:Citeer web – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk nynorsk](https:\/\/nn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mal:Kjelde_www \"Mal:Kjelde www – Norwegian Nynorsk\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mal:Kilde_www \"Mal:Kilde www – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Novial](https:\/\/nov.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Novial\")\n- [ߒߞߏ](https:\/\/nqo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DF%9E%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%9E%DF%8F:Cite_web \"ߞߙߊߞߏ:Cite web – N’Ko\")\n- [Sesotho sa Leboa](https:\/\/nso.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Northern Sotho\")\n- [Chi-Chewa](https:\/\/ny.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Nyanja\")\n- [Occitan](https:\/\/oc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mod%C3%A8l:Ref-web \"Modèl:Ref-web – Occitan\")\n- [Oromoo](https:\/\/om.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Oromo\")\n- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https:\/\/or.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_web \"ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite web – Odia\")\n- [Ирон](https:\/\/os.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3:Cite_web \"Хуызæг:Cite web – Ossetic\")\n- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https:\/\/pa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web \"ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web – Punjabi\")\n- [Pangasinan](https:\/\/pag.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Pangasinan\")\n- [Kapampangan](https:\/\/pam.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Pampanga\")\n- [Papiamentu](https:\/\/pap.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malchi:Cite_web \"Malchi:Cite web – Papiamento\")\n- [Naijá](https:\/\/pcm.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templet:Cite_web \"Templet:Cite web – Nigerian Pidgin\")\n- [Deitsch](https:\/\/pdc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moddel:Cite_web \"Moddel:Cite web – Pennsylvania German\")\n- [Pälzisch](https:\/\/pfl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vorlach:Cite_web \"Vorlach:Cite web – Palatine German\")\n- [पालि](https:\/\/pi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA:Cite_web \"पटिरूप:Cite web – Pali\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Szablon:Cytuj_stron%C4%99 \"Szablon:Cytuj stronę – Polish\")\n- [Piemontèis](https:\/\/pms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stamp:Cit%C3%A9_la_Ragn%C3%A0 \"Stamp:Cité la Ragnà – Piedmontese\")\n- [پنجابی](https:\/\/pnb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:Cite_web \"سانچہ:Cite web – Western Punjabi\")\n- [Ποντιακά](https:\/\/pnt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD:Cite_web \"Πρότυπον:Cite web – Pontic\")\n- [پښتو](https:\/\/ps.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_web \"کينډۍ:Cite web – Pashto\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Citar_web \"Predefinição:Citar web – Portuguese\")\n- [Runa Simi](https:\/\/qu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plantilla:Cite_web \"Plantilla:Cite web – Quechua\")\n- [ရခိုင်](https:\/\/rki.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA:Cite_web \"တမ်းပလိတ်:Cite web – Arakanese\")\n- [Rumantsch](https:\/\/rm.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Model:Cite_web \"Model:Cite web – Romansh\")\n- [Ikirundi](https:\/\/rn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ingero:Cite_web \"Ingero:Cite web – Rundi\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Format:Citat_web \"Format:Citat web – Romanian\")\n- [Tarandíne](https:\/\/roa-tara.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cita_web \"Template:Cita web – Tarantino\")\n- [Руски](https:\/\/rsk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Pannonian Rusyn\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Russian\")\n- [Русиньскый](https:\/\/rue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0:Cite_web \"Шаблона:Cite web – Rusyn\")\n- [Ikinyarwanda](https:\/\/rw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inyandikorugero:Cite_web \"Inyandikorugero:Cite web – Kinyarwanda\")\n- [संस्कृतम्](https:\/\/sa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D:Cite_web \"फलकम्:Cite web – Sanskrit\")\n- [Саха тыла](https:\/\/sah.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BF:Cite_web \"Халыып:Cite web – Yakut\")\n- [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https:\/\/sat.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AA:Cite_web \"ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Cite web – Santali\")\n- [Sardu](https:\/\/sc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Tzita_web \"Template:Tzita web – Sardinian\")\n- [Sicilianu](https:\/\/scn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cita_web \"Template:Cita web – Sicilian\")\n- [Scots](https:\/\/sco.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Scots\")\n- [سنڌي](https:\/\/sd.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8 \"سانچو:حوالو ويب – Sindhi\")\n- [Davvisámegiella](https:\/\/se.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%A1lle:Neahttag%C3%A1ldu \"Málle:Neahttagáldu – Northern Sami\")\n- [Srpskohrvatski \/ српскохрватски](https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_web \"Šablon:Cite web – Serbo-Croatian\")\n- [Taclḥit](https:\/\/shi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tal%C9%A3a:Bdr_awib \"Talɣa:Bdr awib – Tachelhit\")\n- [တႆး](https:\/\/shn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%91%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:Cite_web \"ထႅမ်းပလဵတ်ႉ:Cite web – Shan\")\n- [සිංහල](https:\/\/si.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD:%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A \"සැකිල්ල:උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් – Sinhala\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%A0abl%C3%B3na:Cit%C3%A1cia_elektronick%C3%A9ho_dokumentu \"Šablóna:Citácia elektronického dokumentu – Slovak\")\n- [سرائیکی](https:\/\/skr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8 \"سانچہ:حوالہ ویب – Saraiki\")\n- [Slovenščina](https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predloga:Navedi_splet \"Predloga:Navedi splet – Slovenian\")\n- [Gagana Samoa](https:\/\/sm.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Samoan\")\n- [Anarâškielâ](https:\/\/smn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myenster:Nettik%C3%A4ldee \"Myenster:Nettikäldee – Inari Sami\")\n- [ChiShona](https:\/\/sn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Shona\")\n- [Soomaaliga](https:\/\/so.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Somali\")\n- [Shqip](https:\/\/sq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stampa:Cite_web \"Stampa:Cite web – Albanian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Serbian\")\n- [Sranantongo](https:\/\/srn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ankra:Cite_web \"Ankra:Cite web – Sranan Tongo\")\n- [SiSwati](https:\/\/ss.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/iThempleti:Cite_web \"iThempleti:Cite web – Swati\")\n- [Sesotho](https:\/\/st.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Southern Sotho\")\n- [Seeltersk](https:\/\/stq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foarloage:Cite_web \"Foarloage:Cite web – Saterland Frisian\")\n- [Sunda](https:\/\/su.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citakan:Cite_web \"Citakan:Cite web – Sundanese\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mall:Cite_web \"Mall:Cite web – Swedish\")\n- [Kiswahili](https:\/\/sw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kigezo:Rejea_tovuti \"Kigezo:Rejea tovuti – Swahili\")\n- [ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ](https:\/\/syl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EA%A0%90%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%99%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%90:Cite_web \"ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠙꠟꠦꠐ:Cite web – Sylheti\")\n- [Ślůnski](https:\/\/szl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muster:Cytuj_str%C5%8Dn%C3%A3 \"Muster:Cytuj strōnã – Silesian\")\n- [தமிழ்](https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81:Cite_web \"வார்ப்புரு:Cite web – Tamil\")\n- [ತುಳು](https:\/\/tcy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D:Cite_web \"ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟ್:Cite web – Tulu\")\n- [ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ](https:\/\/tdd.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%A5%97%E1%A5%A6%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A5%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%B3:Cite_web \"ᥗᥦᥛᥰ ᥙᥣ ᥘᥥᥐᥳ:Cite web – Tai Nuea\")\n- [తెలుగు](https:\/\/te.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:Cite_web \"మూస:Cite web – Telugu\")\n- [Tetun](https:\/\/tet.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Tetum\")\n- [Тоҷикӣ](https:\/\/tg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Tajik\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_web \"แม่แบบ:Cite web – Thai\")\n- [ትግርኛ](https:\/\/ti.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%88%9E%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%8D:Cite_web \"ሞደል:Cite web – Tigrinya\")\n- [Türkmençe](https:\/\/tk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web \"Şablon:Cite web – Turkmen\")\n- [Tagalog](https:\/\/tl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Padron:Cite_web \"Padron:Cite web – Tagalog\")\n- [Tolışi](https:\/\/tly.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Numun%C9%99:Cite_web \"Numunə:Cite web – Talysh\")\n- [Setswana](https:\/\/tn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tempolete:Cite_web \"Tempolete:Cite web – Tswana\")\n- [Tok Pisin](https:\/\/tpi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Templet:Cite_web \"Templet:Cite web – Tok Pisin\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Eablon:Web_kayna%C4%9F%C4%B1 \"Şablon:Web kaynağı – Turkish\")\n- [Xitsonga](https:\/\/ts.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Tsonga\")\n- [Татарча \/ tatarça](https:\/\/tt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF:Cite_web \"Калып:Cite web – Tatar\")\n- [ChiTumbuka](https:\/\/tum.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Tumbuka\")\n- [Twi](https:\/\/tw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nhw%C9%9Bso%C9%94:Cite_web \"Nhwɛsoɔ:Cite web – Twi\")\n- [Тыва дыл](https:\/\/tyv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Tuvinian\")\n- [Удмурт](https:\/\/udm.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Udmurt\")\n- [ئۇيغۇرچە \/ Uyghurche](https:\/\/ug.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%DB%90%D9%84%D9%89%D9%BE:Cite_web \"قېلىپ:Cite web – Uyghur\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web \"Шаблон:Cite web – Ukrainian\")\n- [اردو](https:\/\/ur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8 \"سانچہ:حوالہ ویب – Urdu\")\n- [Oʻzbekcha \/ ўзбекча](https:\/\/uz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andoza:Veb_manbasi \"Andoza:Veb manbasi – Uzbek\")\n- [Tshivenda](https:\/\/ve.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Venda\")\n- [Vèneto](https:\/\/vec.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mode%C5%82o:Cite_web \"Modeło:Cite web – Venetian\")\n- [Vepsän kel’](https:\/\/vep.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_web \"Šablon:Cite web – Veps\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:Ch%C3%BA_th%C3%ADch_web \"Bản mẫu:Chú thích web – Vietnamese\")\n- [Volapük](https:\/\/vo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samafomot:Cite_web \"Samafomot:Cite web – Volapük\")\n- [Winaray](https:\/\/war.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batakan:Cite_web \"Batakan:Cite web – Waray\")\n- [Wolof](https:\/\/wo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royuwaay:Cite_web \"Royuwaay:Cite web – Wolof\")\n- [吴语](https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Wu\")\n- [Хальмг](https:\/\/xal.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80:Cite_web \"Кевләр:Cite web – Kalmyk\")\n- [IsiXhosa](https:\/\/xh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/iThemplethi:Cite_web \"iThemplethi:Cite web – Xhosa\")\n- [მარგალური](https:\/\/xmf.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98:Cite_web \"თარგი:Cite web – Mingrelian\")\n- [ייִדיש](https:\/\/yi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8:%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%91 \"מוסטער:צייגט וועב – Yiddish\")\n- [Yorùbá](https:\/\/yo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Cite_web \"Àdàkọ:Cite web – Yoruba\")\n- [Vahcuengh](https:\/\/za.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Cite_web \"模板:Cite web – Zhuang\")\n- [ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ](https:\/\/zgh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B9:%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1 \"ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight\")\n- [文言](https:\/\/zh-classical.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:%E5%BC%95%E7%B6%B2 \"模板:引網 – Literary Chinese\")\n- [閩南語 \/ Bân-lâm-gí](https:\/\/zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pang-b%C3%B4%CD%98:Cite_web \"Pang-bô͘:Cite web – Minnan\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:%E5%BC%95%E7%B6%B2 \"Template:引網 – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Chinese\")\n- [IsiZulu](https:\/\/zu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"Template:Cite web – Zulu\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q5637226#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Template](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web \"View the template [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Cite_web \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [View source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit \"This page is protected.\n  You can view its source [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [View source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit)\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Template:Cite_web \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Template:Cite_web \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&oldid=753103437 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTemplate%3ACite_web)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Template%3ACite_web&action=show-download-screen)\n- [Printable version](\"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [Meta-Wiki](https:\/\/meta.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [Wikispecies](https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [Wikibooks](https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [Wikidata](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [Wikiquote](https:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [Wikisource](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [Wikiversity](https:\/\/en.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)\n- [Wiktionary](https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Template:cite-web)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q5637226 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[![Permanently protected template](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/44\/Full-protection-shackle.svg\/20px-Full-protection-shackle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#full \"This high-risk template is permanently protected to prevent vandalism\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\n![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/43\/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg\/60px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png) Template documentation\\[[view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web\/doc \"Template:Cite web\/doc\")\\] \\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Cite_web\/doc \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Cite web\/doc\")\\] \\[[history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:PageHistory\/Template:Cite_web\/doc \"Special:PageHistory\/Template:Cite web\/doc\")\\] \\[[purge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Purge\/Template:Cite_web \"Special:Purge\/Template:Cite web\")\\]\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![Warning](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/5\/5f\/Ambox_warning_orange.svg\/40px-Ambox_warning_orange.svg.png) | **This template is used on [approximately 5,300,000 pages, or roughly 8% of all pages](https:\/\/linkcount.toolforge.org\/?project=en.wikipedia.org&page=Template%3ACite+web#transclusions)**.  To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's [\/sandbox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web\/sandbox \"Template:Cite web\/sandbox\") or [\/testcases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web\/testcases \"Template:Cite web\/testcases\") subpages, or in your own [user subpage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:User_pages#SUB \"Wikipedia:User pages\"). The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the [talk page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Cite_web \"Template talk:Cite web\") before implementing them. |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/0\/0f\/Cascade-protection-shackle.svg\/40px-Cascade-protection-shackle.svg.png) | This template can only be edited by [administrators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Administrators \"Wikipedia:Administrators\") because it is [transcluded](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Transclusion \"Help:Transclusion\") onto one or more [cascade-protected](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Cascading_protection \"Wikipedia:Protection policy\") pages. |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/58\/AWB_logo_draft.svg\/60px-AWB_logo_draft.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:AWB_logo_draft.svg) | This template is used by the standard installation of [AutoWikiBrowser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser \"Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser\") (AWB). If you are planning to make any major changes to this template, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please notify AWB's users and maintainers beforehand at [Wikipedia talk:AWB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia_talk:AutoWikiBrowser \"Wikipedia talk:AutoWikiBrowser\") as a courtesy. |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c3\/Logo_wikibot.svg\/60px-Logo_wikibot.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Logo_wikibot.svg) | **This template is used by one or more [bots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Bots \"Wikipedia:Bots\").** If you intend to change this template in any significant way, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please inform the bot operators. Thank you. The relevant bots are: [KiranBOT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User:KiranBOT \"User:KiranBOT\") |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Lua-Logo.svg\/40px-Lua-Logo.svg.png) | This template uses [Lua](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Lua \"Wikipedia:Lua\"): [Module:Citation\/CS1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Module:Citation\/CS1 \"Module:Citation\/CS1\") ([sandbox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Module:Citation\/CS1\/sandbox \"Module:Citation\/CS1\/sandbox\")) |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| {{[Cite arXiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_arXiv \"Template:Cite arXiv\")}} | [arXiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ArXiv \"ArXiv\") preprints |\n| {{[Cite AV media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_AV_media \"Template:Cite AV media\")}} | audio and visual media |\n| {{[Cite AV media notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes \"Template:Cite AV media notes\")}} | AV media liner notes |\n| {{[Cite bioRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_bioRxiv \"Template:Cite bioRxiv\")}} | [bioRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BioRxiv \"BioRxiv\") preprints |\n| {{[Cite book](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_book \"Template:Cite book\")}} | books and chapters |\n| {{[Cite CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX \"Template:Cite CiteSeerX\")}} | [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX \"CiteSeerX\") papers |\n| {{[Cite conference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_conference \"Template:Cite conference\")}} | conference papers |\n| {{[Cite document](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_document \"Template:Cite document\")}} | short, stand-alone, offline documents |\n| {{[Cite encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_encyclopedia \"Template:Cite encyclopedia\")}} | edited collections |\n| {{[Cite episode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_episode \"Template:Cite episode\")}} | radio or TV episodes |\n| {{[Cite interview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_interview \"Template:Cite interview\")}} | interviews |\n| {{[Cite journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_journal \"Template:Cite journal\")}} | academic journals |\n| {{[Cite magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_magazine \"Template:Cite magazine\")}} | magazines, periodicals |\n| {{[Cite mailing list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_mailing_list \"Template:Cite mailing list\")}} | public mailing lists |\n| {{[Cite map](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_map \"Template:Cite map\")}} | maps |\n| {{[Cite medRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_medRxiv \"Template:Cite medRxiv\")}} | [medRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MedRxiv \"MedRxiv\") preprints |\n| {{[Cite news](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_news \"Template:Cite news\")}} | news articles |\n| {{[Cite newsgroup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_newsgroup \"Template:Cite newsgroup\")}} | online newsgroups |\n| {{[Cite podcast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_podcast \"Template:Cite podcast\")}} | podcasts |\n| {{[Cite press release](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_press_release \"Template:Cite press release\")}} | press releases |\n| {{[Cite report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_report \"Template:Cite report\")}} | reports |\n| {{[Cite serial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_serial \"Template:Cite serial\")}} | audio or video serials |\n| {{[Cite sign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_sign \"Template:Cite sign\")}} | signs, plaques |\n| {{[Cite speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_speech \"Template:Cite speech\")}} | speeches |\n| {{[Cite SSRN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_SSRN \"Template:Cite SSRN\")}} | [SSRN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Science_Research_Network \"Social Science Research Network\") papers |\n| {{[Cite tech report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_tech_report \"Template:Cite tech report\")}} | technical reports |\n| {{[Cite thesis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_thesis \"Template:Cite thesis\")}} | theses |\n| {{[Cite web]()}} | web sources not covered by the above |\n| See also | *[Specific-source templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Specific-source_templates \"Category:Specific-source templates\")*  *[Citation Style 1 wrapper templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Citation_templates_that_wrap_CS1_templates \"Category:Citation templates that wrap CS1 templates\")* |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation_Style_documentation\/cs1 \"Template:Citation Style documentation\/cs1\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Citation_Style_documentation\/cs1 \"Template talk:Citation Style documentation\/cs1\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Citation_Style_documentation\/cs1 \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Citation Style documentation\/cs1\") |   |\n\nThis [Citation Style 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1 \"Help:Citation Style 1\") template is used to create [citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:CITE \"Wikipedia:CITE\") for web sources that are not characterized by another [CS1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1 \"Help:Citation Style 1\") template. Do not use this template in the \"[External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ELCITE \"Wikipedia:ELCITE\")\" section of articles.\n\n## Usage\nCopy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as `|isbn=` have upper-case aliases like `|ISBN=`, which are acceptable for use). Use the \"\\|\" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then [purge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=purge) the page.\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| To cite a web page with a credited author  To cite a web page with no credited author  To cite an online web page that has been archived  To cite a web page written in a foreign language  To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription |\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| To cite a web page with a credited author  To cite a web page with no credited author  To cite a web page article that has been archived  To cite a web page written in a foreign language  To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription |\n\n| Parameters | Prerequisites | Brief instructions \/ notes | Vertical list |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| `last1` |   | Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. |   |\n| `first1` | `last1` | Author's first name. Don't link. |   |\n| `author-link1` | `last1` | Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. |   |\n| `last2` | `last1` | Like `last1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `last3`, etc. |   |\n| `first2` | `last2` | Like `first1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `first3`, etc. |   |\n| `author-link2` | `last2` | Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `author-link3`, etc. |   |\n| `display-authors` | `last1` | Number (number of authors displayed) or `etal` (more authors) |   |\n| `author-mask1` | `last1` | See [Display options](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works |   |\n| `author-mask2` | `last2` |   |   |\n| `collaboration` | `last1` |   |   |\n| `df` |   |   |   |\n| `date` |   |   |   |\n| `year` |   |   |   |\n| `orig-date` | `date` or `year` |   |   |\n| `orig-year` | `date` or `year` |   |   |\n| `location` | `publisher` | can be used for written-at location when `publication-place` is used for publication place |   |\n| `editor-last1` |   | Like `last1`, but for editor. Don't link. |   |\n| `editor-first1` | `editor-last1` | Like `first1`, but for editor. Don't link. |   |\n| `editor-link1` | `editor-last1` | Like `author-link1`, but for editor. Don't link. |   |\n| `editor-last2` | `editor-last1` | Like `last1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-last3`, etc. |   |\n| `editor-first2` | `editor-last2` | Like `first1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-first3`, etc. |   |\n| `editor-link2` | `editor-last2` | Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-link3`, etc. |   |\n| `display-editors` | `editor-last1` | Like `display-authors`, but for editors |   |\n| `editor-mask1` | `editor-last1` | See [Display options](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works |   |\n| `editor-mask2` | `editor-last2` |   |   |\n| `title` |   | This parameter is required. |   |\n| `script-title` |   |   |   |\n| `title-link` | `title` or `script-title` | Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if `url` is provided |   |\n| `url` | `title` or `script-title` | This parameter is required. Do not use if `title-link` is provided |   |\n| `url-access` | `url` |   |   |\n| `trans-title` | `title` or `script-title` |   |   |\n| `format` | `url` |   |   |\n| `department` |   |   |   |\n| `website` |   |   |   |\n| `script-website` |   |   |   |\n| `trans-website` | `website` or `script-website` |   |   |\n| `type` |   |   |   |\n| `series` |   |   |   |\n| `language` |   |   |   |\n| `interviewer-last1` |   | Like `last1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. |   |\n| `interviewer-first1` | `interviewer-last1` | Like `first1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. |   |\n| `interviewer-link1` | `interviewer-last1` | Like `author-link1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. |   |\n| `interviewer-last2` | `interviewer-last1` | Like `last1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-last3`, etc. |   |\n| `interviewer-first2` | `interviewer-last2` | Like `first1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-first3`, etc. |   |\n| `interviewer-link2` | `interviewer-last2` | Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-link3`, etc. |   |\n| `display-interviewers` | `interviewer-last1` | Like `display-authors`, but for interviewers |   |\n| `interviewer-mask1` | `interviewer-last1` | See [Display options](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works |   |\n| `interviewer-mask2` | `interviewer-last2` |   |   |\n| `translator-last1` |   | Like `last1`, but for translator. Don't link. |   |\n| `translator-first1` | `translator-last1` | Like `first1`, but for translator. Don't link. |   |\n| `translator-link1` | `translator-last1` | Like `author-link1`, but for translator. Don't link. |   |\n| `translator-last2` | `translator-last1` | Like `last1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-last3`, etc. |   |\n| `translator-first2` | `translator-last2` | Like `first1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-first3`, etc. |   |\n| `translator-link2` | `translator-last2` | Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-link3`, etc. |   |\n| `display-translators` | `translator-last1` | Like `display-authors`, but for translators |   |\n| `translator-mask1` | `translator-last1` | See [Display options](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works |   |\n| `translator-mask2` | `translator-last2` |   |   |\n| `others` |   |   |   |\n| `name-list-style` | `last2` | Set to `amp` or `ampersand` to separate the last author with \"` &`\"; set to `and` to separate with \"` and`\" |   |\n| `edition` |   |   |   |\n| `publication-place` | `publisher` |   |   |\n| `publisher` |   |   |   |\n| `publication-date` |   |   |   |\n| `agency` |   |   |   |\n| `minutes` |   |   |   |\n| `time-caption` | `time` |   |   |\n| `time` |   |   |   |\n| `page` |   | choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at` |   |\n| `pages` |   | choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at`. Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. |   |\n| `at` |   | choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at` |   |\n| `no-pp` | `page` or `pages` | set to \"yes\" to suppress the \"p.\" or \"pp.\" before page numbers |   |\n| `arxiv` |   |   |   |\n| `asin` |   |   |   |\n| `asin-tld` | `asin` |   |   |\n| `bibcode` |   |   |   |\n| `biorxiv` |   |   |   |\n| `biorxiv-access` | `biorxiv` |   |   |\n| `citeseerx` |   |   |   |\n| `doi` |   |   |   |\n| `doi-access` | `doi` |   |   |\n| `doi-broken-date` | `doi` |   |   |\n| `eissn` |   |   |   |\n| `hdl` |   |   |   |\n| `hdl-access` | `hdl` |   |   |\n| `isbn` |   |   |   |\n| `ismn` |   |   |   |\n| `issn` |   |   |   |\n| `jfm` |   |   |   |\n| `jstor` |   |   |   |\n| `jstor-access` | `jstor` |   |   |\n| `lccn` |   |   |   |\n| `medrxiv` |   |   |   |\n| `mr` |   |   |   |\n| `oclc` |   |   |   |\n| `ol` |   |   |   |\n| `ol-access` | `ol` |   |   |\n| `osti` |   |   |   |\n| `osti-access` | `osti` |   |   |\n| `pmc` |   |   |   |\n| `pmc-embargo-date` | `pmc` |   |   |\n| `pmid` |   |   |   |\n| `rfc` |   |   |   |\n| `sbn` |   |   |   |\n| `ssrn` |   |   |   |\n| `s2cid` |   |   |   |\n| `s2cid-access` | `s2cid` |   |   |\n| `zbl` |   |   |   |\n| `id` |   |   |   |\n| `url-status` | `archive-url` |   |   |\n| `archive-url` | `archive-date`, `url` |   |   |\n| `archive-format` | `archive-url` |   |   |\n| `archive-date` | `archive-url` |   |   |\n| `access-date` | `url` |   |   |\n| `via` |   |   |   |\n| `quote-page` |   | choose one: `quote-page`, `quote-pages` |   |\n| `quote-pages` |   | choose one: `quote-page`, `quote-pages`. Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages. |   |\n| `quote` |   |   |   |\n| `script-quote` |   |   |   |\n| `trans-quote` |   |   |   |\n| `mode` |   | `cs1` or `cs2` |   |\n| `ref` |   |   |   |\n| `postscript` |   |   |   |\n| If a field name is listed in the **Prerequisites** column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. |   |   |   |\n### Choosing between [Template:cite web]() and [Template:cite news](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_news \"Template:Cite news\")\nPreviously, editors had to decide whether to use {{[cite web]()}} or {{cite news}} based on these templates' features. In 2014, however, *most of* the differences between the two templates were eliminated.\n\nAs of [29 July 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Module:Citation\/CS1&diff=732205428&oldid=723907342), {{cite web}} and {{cite news}} have the following differences:\n\n- {{Cite news}} can be used for [offline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:OFFLINE \"Wikipedia:OFFLINE\") (paper) sources whereas {{cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided\n- {{Cite news}} accepts `|issue=` and `|volume=` parameters while {{cite web}} does not (see [Help:Citation Style 1 § Pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages \"Help:Citation Style 1\"), [Help talk:Citation Style 1\/Archive 10 § \\|volume=, \\|issue=, \\|page(s)= and cite magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1\/Archive_10#|volume=,_|issue=,_|page\\(s\\)=_and_cite_magazine \"Help talk:Citation Style 1\/Archive 10\") and {{[cite magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_magazine \"Template:Cite magazine\")}}.)\n\nBut, given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same:\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| **Cite web**: | Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). [\"Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows\"](https:\/\/blog.chron.com\/techblog\/2011\/07\/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows\/). *Houston Chronicle*. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved May 26, 2015. |\n| **Cite news**: | Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). [\"Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows\"](https:\/\/blog.chron.com\/techblog\/2011\/07\/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows\/). *Houston Chronicle*. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved May 26, 2015. |\n## Examples\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=April 30, 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\n  ```\n  Doe, John (April 30, 2005). [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopedia of Things*. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 8, 2026.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|date=30 April 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  Doe, John (30 April 2005). [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopedia of Things*. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|date=2005-04-30\n|access-date=2026-03-08}}\n  ```\n  Doe, John (2005-04-30). [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). Retrieved 2026-03-08.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  Doe, John. [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|access-date=2026-03-08}}\n  ```\n  [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). Retrieved 2026-03-08.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/operations.nfl.com\/the-rules\/nfl-rules-digest\/\n|title=NFL Rules Digest\n|website=NFL Football Operations\n|publisher=[[National Football League]]\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"NFL Rules Digest\"](https:\/\/operations.nfl.com\/the-rules\/nfl-rules-digest\/). *NFL Football Operations*. [National Football League](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Football_League \"National Football League\"). Retrieved March 8, 2026.\n### Using \"format=\"\nWhen this template detects a link whose URL includes an [extension](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filename_extension \"Filename extension\") of \".pdf\" or \".PDF\", typical of [PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PDF \"PDF\") files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if `|format=PDF` had been specified, which displays \" (PDF)\" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit `|format=PDF` parameter would be redundant, so it *is not* recommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. ([ref](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User_talk:Citation_bot\/Archive_13#Remove_format=pdf_and_variants_when_URLs_end_in_.pdf \"User talk:Citation bot\/Archive 13\")))\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.indiapost.gov.in\/MBE\/DOP_PDFFiles\/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf\n|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control\n|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"List of psychotropic substances under international control\"](https:\/\/www.indiapost.gov.in\/MBE\/DOP_PDFFiles\/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf) (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\nIf the link is to a PDF file that *is not* automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter `|format=PDF`, which displays \" (PDF)\" after the link (but no PDF icon).\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.sample.com\/somePDFdocument.000\n|title=Some PDF Document\n|publisher=Sample Int'l\n|format=PDF\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"Some PDF Document\"](https:\/\/www.sample.com\/somePDFdocument.000) (PDF). Sample Int'l. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\nFor links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an [.odt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.odt \".odt\") file, you may add the parameter `|format=ODT`, which displays \" (ODT)\" after the link.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.sample.com\/someODTdocument.odt\n|title=Some ODT Document\n|publisher=Sample Int'l\n|format=ODT\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"Some ODT Document\"](https:\/\/www.sample.com\/someODTdocument.odt) (ODT). Sample Int'l. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n### Foreign-language and translated title\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Honi soit qui mal y pense\n|last=Joliet\n|first=François\n|date=30 April 2005\n|access-date=8 March 2026\n|language=fr\n|trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}}\n  ```\n  Joliet, François (30 April 2005). [\"Honi soit qui mal y pense\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/) \\[Shame on those who think evil of it\\] (in French). Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n### Using author-link\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|author-link=John Doe\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=April 30, 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\n  ```\n  [Doe, John](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Doe \"John Doe\") (April 30, 2005). [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopedia of Things*. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 8, 2026.\n### Multiple authors\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Our Favourite Things\n|last1=Doe\n|first1=John\n|last2=Smith\n|first2=Peter\n|last3=Smythe\n|first3=Jim\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=30 April 2005\n|website=Encyclopaedia of Things\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  Doe, John; Smith, Peter; Smythe, Jim (30 April 2005). [\"Our Favourite Things\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopaedia of Things*. Open Publishing. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n### No author\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Index of Sharp Things\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=2005-04-30\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=2026-03-08}}\n  ```\n  [\"Index of Sharp Things\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopedia of Things*. Open Publishing. 2005-04-30. Retrieved 2026-03-08.\n### No author, no publisher\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Index of Sharp Things\n|date=30 April 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"Index of Sharp Things\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopedia of Things*. 30 April 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Index of Sharp Things\n|date=April 30, 2005\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"Index of Sharp Things\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). April 30, 2005. Retrieved March 8, 2026.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.incb.org\/documents\/Psychotropics\/forms\/greenlist\/2024\/2311984R.pdf\n|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control\n|date=December 2023\n|access-date=2026-03-08\n|language=ru}}\n  ```\n  [\"List of psychotropic substances under international control\"](https:\/\/www.incb.org\/documents\/Psychotropics\/forms\/greenlist\/2024\/2311984R.pdf) (PDF) (in Russian). December 2023. Retrieved 2026-03-08.\n### Using \"archive-url\" and \"archive-date\" (and optionally \"url-status\") for webpages that have been archived\nBy default, if \"archive-url\" is used, the parameter `|url-status=dead` is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version:\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.incb.org\/pdf\/e\/list\/green.pdf\n|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control\n|date=2005-04-30\n|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board\n|access-date=2026-03-08\n|archive-url=https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050907150136\/https:\/\/www.incb.org\/pdf\/e\/list\/green.pdf\n|archive-date=2005-09-07}}\n  ```\n  [\"List of psychotropic substances under international control\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050907150136\/https:\/\/www.incb.org\/pdf\/e\/list\/green.pdf) (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. 2005-04-30. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.incb.org\/pdf\/e\/list\/green.pdf) (PDF) on 2005-09-07. Retrieved 2026-03-08.\n\nWhen `|url-status=live` is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page:\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/heat-vision\/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572\n|title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)\n|website=The Hollywood Reporter\n|date=September 18, 2015\n|access-date=September 21, 2015\n|url-status=live\n|archive-url=https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151022181821\/https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/heat-vision\/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572\n|archive-date=October 22, 2015}}\n  ```\n  [\"DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)\"](https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/heat-vision\/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572). *The Hollywood Reporter*. September 18, 2015. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151022181821\/https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/heat-vision\/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572) from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015.\n\nWith `|url-status=unfit` or `usurped`, the original is not linked at all:\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/global\/stations\/03772.html\n|title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)\n|publisher=The Weather Underground\n|access-date=8 March 2026\n|url-status=unfit |archive-url=https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110522171657\/https:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/global\/stations\/03772.html |archive-date=22 May 2011}}\n  ```\n  [\"London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110522171657\/https:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/global\/stations\/03772.html). The Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n### Using \"quote\"\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.webexhibits.org\/daylightsaving\/c.html\n|title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea\n|website=WebExhibits\n|date=2008\n|access-date=8 March 2026\n|quote=...&nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&nbsp;...'}}\n  ```\n  [\"Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea\"](https:\/\/www.webexhibits.org\/daylightsaving\/c.html). *WebExhibits*. 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2026. \"... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'\"\n## Parameters\n### Syntax\nNested parameters rely on their parent parameters:\n\n- *parent*\n- OR: *parent2*—may be used instead of *parent*\n  - *child*—may be used with *parent* (and is ignored if *parent* is not used)\n  - OR: *child2*—may be used instead of *child* (and is ignored if *parent2* is not used)\n\nWhere aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.\n\nBy default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).\n\n### COinS\nThis template embeds [COinS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COinS \"COinS\") metadata in the HTML output, allowing [reference management software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reference_management_software \"Reference management software\") to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See [Wikipedia:COinS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:COinS \"Wikipedia:COinS\"). As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:\n\n- use `|date=27 September 2007` not `|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)`\n\nUse of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example `&nbsp;`, `&ndash;`, or `&#160;`, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.\n\n#### COinS metadata is created for these parameters\nNote: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the [Usage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Usage) section near the top of this documentation page.\n\n- `|periodical=`, `|journal=`, `|newspaper=`, `|magazine=`, `|work=`, `|website=`, `|encyclopedia=`, `|encyclopaedia=`, `|dictionary=`\n- `|chapter=`, `|script-chapter=`, `|contribution=`, `|script-contribution=`, `|entry=`, `|script-entry=`, `|article=`, `|script-article=`, `|section=`, `|script-section=`\n- `|title=`, `|script-title=`, `|book-title=`\n- `|publication-place=`, `|place=`, `|location=`\n- `|date=`, `|year=`, `|publication-date=`\n- `|series=`, `|version=`\n- `|volume=`, `|issue=`, `|number=`\n- `|page=`, `|pages=`, `|at=`, `|quote-page=`, `|quote-pages=`\n- `|edition=`\n- `|publisher=`, `|institution=`\n- `|url=`, `|chapter-url=`, `|contribution-url=`, `|section-url=`\n- `|author-last=`, `|author-last#=`, `|author#-last=`, `|author-surname=`, `|author-surname#=`, `|author#-surname=`, `|last=`, `|last#=`, `|surname=`, `|surname#=`, `|author=`, `|author#=`, `|subject=`, `|subject#=`, `|host=`, `|host#=`\n- `|author-first=`, `|author-first#=`, `|author#-first=`, `|author-given=`, `|author-given#=`, `|author#-given=`, `|first=`, `|first#=`, `|given=`, `|given#=`\n- `|degree=`\n- `|arxiv=`, `|bibcode=`, `|biorxiv=`, `|citeseerx=`, `|doi=`, `|eissn=`, `|eprint=`, `|hdl=`, `|isbn=`, `|issn=`, `|jfm=`, `|jstor=`, `|lccn=`, `|message-id=`, `|mr=`, `|oclc=`, `|osti=`, `|pmc=`, `|pmid=`, `|rfc=`, `|ssrn=`, `|s2cid=`, `|zbl=`\n### What's new\n| Parameter | Description | Date |\n|---|---|---|\n| N\/A |   |   |\n### Deprecated\n| Deprecated parameter | Replace with | Date |\n|---|---|---|\n| none deprecated at present |   |   |\n\n| Removed parameter | Replace with | Date | Note |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| `|authors=` | `|lastn=` \/ `|firstn=`, `|authorn=`, `|vauthors=` | August 2024 |   |\n### Description\n#### Authors\n- **last**: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use **author-link** instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use **last** or one of its aliases (e.g. `|author=Bono`). Aliases: **surname**, **author**, **last1**, **surname1**, **author1**.\n  - **author**: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of `|first=` and `|last=`. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\"). Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata.\n  - **first**: Given or first names of author; for example: *Firstname Middlename* or *Firstname M.* or *Firstname M. Sr.* Do not wikilink—use **author-link** instead. Aliases: **given**, **first1**, **given1**. Requires **last**; first name will not display if **last** is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with [MOS:JRSR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOS:JRSR \"MOS:JRSR\") and use honorifics (including [Dr.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctor_\\(title\\) \"Doctor (title)\"), [Sir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sir \"Sir\"), and similar) only in accordance with [MOS:HON](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOS:HON \"MOS:HON\").\n  - OR: for multiple authors, use **last1**, **first1** through **lastn**, **firstn**, where *n* is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each **firstn** requires a corresponding **lastn**, but not the other way around).\n    See the [**display**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_display) parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: **surname1**, **given1** through **surnamen**, **givenn**, or **author1** through **authorn**. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use `|first1=...``|last1=...``|author2=...`.\n  - **author-link**: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: **author-link1**, **author1-link**, **authorlink**.\n  - OR: for multiple authors, use **author-link1** through **author-linkn**. Aliases: **author1-link** through **authorn\\-link**.\n  - **name-list-style**: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to `amp`, `ampersand`, or `&`, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to `and`, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to `vanc`displays name lists in [Vancouver style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vancouver_style \"Vancouver style\") when the lists use the `last`\/`first` forms of name parameters.\n- **vauthors**: comma-separated list of author names in [Vancouver style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vancouver_style \"Vancouver style\"); enclose corporate or institutional author names in [doubled parentheses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\"). End with etal if appropriate:\n  `|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal`\n  - **author-link** and **author-mask** may be used for the individual names in `|vauthors=` as described above\n- **authors**: deprecated ~~Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of **last**.~~\n- **translator-last**: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use **translator-link** instead. Aliases: **translator-surname**, **translator1**, **translator1-last**, **translator-last1**. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\").\n  - **translator-first**: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use **translator-link** instead. Aliases: **translator-given**, **translator1-first**, **translator-first1**.\n  - OR: for multiple translators, use **translator-last1**, **translator-first1** through **translator-lastn**, **translator-firstn**, where *n* is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each **translator-firstn** requires a corresponding **translator-lastn**, but not the other way around). Aliases: **translator1-last**, **translator1-first** through **translatorn\\-last**, **translatorn\\-first**, or **translator1** through **translatorn**.\n  - **translator-link**: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: **translator-link1**, **translator1-link**.\n  - OR: for multiple translators, use **translator-link1** through **translator-linkn**. Aliases: **translator1-link** through **translatorn\\-link**.\n- **collaboration**: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires **author**, **last**, or **vauthors** listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends \"et al.\" to author name-list.\n- **others**: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write *Illustrated by John Smith*.\n- Note: When using [shortened footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Shortened_footnotes \"Help:Shortened footnotes\") or [parenthetical referencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Parenthetical_referencing \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.\n#### Date\n\"Wikipedia:Undated\" redirects here. For undated signatures, see [Template:Undated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Undated \"Template:Undated\").\n\n- **date**: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[\\[date 1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-1) Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher.\n  For acceptable date formats, see [Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Dates \"Help:Citation Style 1\").\n\n[Shortened footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Shortened_footnotes \"Help:Shortened footnotes\") target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate `{{sfn}}` links to multiple works by the same author in the same year,[\\[more\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year \"Template:Sfn\") unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, **year** or **ref** is required to disambiguate the link targets.\n\nFor approximate year, precede with \"`c.`\", like this: `|date=c. 1900`.\n\nFor no date, or \"undated\", use `|date=n.d.`\n\nThe date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a `created` or `updated` date; a comment for editors such as `date=2021-12-25|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01` can be added.\n\nAutomatic date formatting: [Citation Style 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1 \"Help:Citation Style 1\") and [2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_2 \"Help:Citation Style 2\") templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as `|date=`, `|publication-date=`, `|access-date=`, `|archive-date=`, etc.) except for `|orig-date=` in the style specified by the article's `{{use dmy dates}}` or `{{use mdy dates}}` template. See those templates' documentation for details.\n\n- **year**: Year of publication. The more flexible `|date=` parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the `|date=` parameter, unless *both* of the following conditions are met:\n  1. [Shortened footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Shortened_footnotes \"Help:Shortened footnotes\") target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a `CITEREF` [disambiguator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year \"Template:Sfn\"), usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)\n  2. The `|date=` format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)\n- **orig-date**: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the **date** (or **year**). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: `|orig-date=First published 1859` or `|orig-date=Composed 1904`. As `|orig-date=` does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by `|df=` (or, if it exists in the article, by `|cs1-dates=` of a `{{use dmy dates}}` or `{{use mdy dates}}` template), or as used in the `|date=` parameter. Alias: **orig-year**\n- **df**: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:\n  `dmy` – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;\n  \n  `mdy` – as above for month day, year format\n  \n  `ymd` – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD\n  \n  `dmy-all` – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;\n  \n  `mdy-all` – as above for month day, year format\n  \n  `ymd-all` – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_1-0)**\n   Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.\n   \n   See [MOS:DATEUNIFY](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOS:DATEUNIFY \"MOS:DATEUNIFY\").\n#### Editors\n- **editor-last**: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use **editor-link** instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use **editor-last** to include the same format as the source. Aliases: **editor-last1**, **editor1-last**, **editor-surname**, **editor-surname1**, **editor1-surname**, **editor**, **editor1**.\n  - **editor**: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\").\n  - **editor-first**: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: *Firstname Middlename* or *Firstname M.* or *Dr. Firstname M., Sr.* Do not wikilink—use **editor-link** instead. Aliases: **editor-first1**, **editor1-first**, **editor-given**, **editor-given1**, **editor1-given**.\n  - OR: for multiple editors, use **editor-last1**, **editor-first1** through **editor-lastn**, **editor-firstn** (Aliases: **editorn\\-last**, **editor-surnamen** or **editorn\\-surname**; **editorn\\-first**, **editor-givenn** or **editorn\\-given**; **editorn**). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use `|editor-first1=...``|editor-last1=...` `|editor2=...`.\n  - **editor-link**: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: **editor-link1**.\n  - OR: for multiple editors, use **editor-link1** through **editor-linkn** (alias **editorn\\-link**).\n  - **name-list-style**: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to `amp`, `ampersand`, or `&`, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to `and`, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to `vanc`displays name lists in [Vancouver style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vancouver_style \"Vancouver style\") when the lists use the `last`\/`first` forms of name parameters.\n- **veditors**: comma separated list of editor names in [Vancouver style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vancouver_style \"Vancouver style\"); enclose corporate or institutional names in [doubled parentheses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\"). End with etal if appropriate:\n  `|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal`\n  - **editor-link*n*** and **editor-mask*n*** may be used for the individual names in `|veditors=`, as described above\n- Display:\n  Use **display-editors** to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when \"et al.\" is included.\n  \n  If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then \"In\" and the editors, then the main work.\n  \n  If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by \"ed.\"; multiple editors are followed by \"eds.\"\n#### Title\n(See also [Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Titles_and_chapters \"Help:Citation Style 1\").)\n\n- **title**: Title of source page on website. Displays in quotation marks. For titles containing quotation marks, convert regular quotation marks (`\"`) to single quotation marks (`'`). See [MOS:QINQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOS:QINQ \"MOS:QINQ\") for guidance in more complex situations. If **script-title** is defined, use **title** to hold a [Romanization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ROMAN \"Wikipedia:ROMAN\") (if available) of the title in **script-title**.\n  - **script-title**: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in **title** (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>=_language_codes \"Help:Citation Style 1\") to help browsers properly display the script:\n    `... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...`\n  - **trans-title**: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after **title**. Use of the **language** parameter is recommended.\n\nTitles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded.\n\n| newline | \\[ | \\] | \\| |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| space | \\&\\#91; | \\&\\#93; | \\&\\#124; |\n|   | [{{bracket\\|text}}](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Bracket \"Template:Bracket\") | [{{pipe}}](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Pipe \"Template:Pipe\") – see also [Help:Table § Rendering pipe itself](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Table#Rendering_pipe_itself \"Help:Table\") |   |\n\nThis parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into [Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_incorrect_citation_syntax \"Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax\"). Set `|no-tracking=true` to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated.\n\n- **website**: Title of website (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name); may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: **work**\n\n- **type**: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword `none` can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: **medium**.\n\n- **language**: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the [ISO 639](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISO_639 \"ISO 639\") language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: `|language=ru`; `|lang=fr, pt-br`; `|lang=Russian`; `|language=French, Portuguese`. [See the list of supported codes and names](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation_Style_documentation\/language\/doc \"Template:Citation Style documentation\/language\/doc\"). Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with \"in\" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of [Category:CS1 foreign language sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources \"Category:CS1 foreign language sources\"). Because cs1\\|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. *espagnol* at a French-language wiki instead of the English word \"Spanish\". Aliases: **lang**\n#### URL\n- **url**: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by **title** can be found. Cannot be used if **title** is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. `#ixzz2rBr3aO94` or `?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=...`.\n  For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see [WP:PAGELINKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:PAGELINKS \"Wikipedia:PAGELINKS\"). Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as [Amazon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\\(company\\) \"Amazon (company)\"); use `|isbn=` or `|oclc=` to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.\n  - **access-date**: Full date when the content pointed to by **url** was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires **url**; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[\\[date 1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-3) *Not required for linked documents that do not change.* For example, **access-date** is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see [WP:CITEWEB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:CITEWEB \"Wikipedia:CITEWEB\"). Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that **access-date** is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See [\"Automatic date formatting\"](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_auto-date-format) above for details about interaction with `{{use dmy dates}}` and `{{use mdy dates}}`. Can be [hidden or styled](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1\/accessdate \"Help:Citation Style 1\/accessdate\") by registered editors. Alias: **accessdate**.\n  - **archive-url**: The URL of an [archived](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_archiving \"Web archiving\") snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as [Internet Archive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_Archive \"Internet Archive\")\n    (see [Help:Using the Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Using_the_Wayback_Machine \"Help:Using the Wayback Machine\")); requires **archive-date** and **url**. By default (overridden by `|url-status=live`) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: **archiveurl**.\n    - **archive-date**: Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text \"archived from the original on\". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[\\[date 1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-3) Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See [\"Automatic date formatting\"](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_auto-date-format) above for details about interaction with `{{use dmy dates}}` and `{{use mdy dates}}`. Alias: **archivedate**.\n    - **url-status**: A control parameter to select one of `|url=` or `|archive-url=` to link `|title=`; requires **url** *and* **archive-url**. Use `{{dead link}}` to mark dead `|url=` when there is no `|archive-url=`.\n      Accepts multiple keywords:\n      \n      - `dead` – (default condition when `|url-status=` omitted or empty) selects `|archive-url=`\n      - `live` – selects `|url=`; used when `|url=` is preemptively archived with `|archive-url=`\n      - `deviated` – selects `|archive-url=`; used when `|url=` is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article\n      - `unfit` – selects `|archive-url=`; used when `|url=` links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable *page*; links to `|url=` are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead [usurpation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:USURPURL \"Wikipedia:USURPURL\") or [blacklist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:BLACKLIST \"Wikipedia:BLACKLIST\"). Bot help is available at [WP:URLREQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:URLREQ \"Wikipedia:URLREQ\")\n      - `usurped` – selects `|archive-url=`; used when the *domain* in `|url=` no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to `|url=` are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at [WP:URLREQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:URLREQ \"Wikipedia:URLREQ\")\n      - `bot: unknown` – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in [Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown \"Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown\") when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.\n    - **archive-format**: File format of the work referred to by **archive-url**; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the [external link icon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:External_link_icons \"Help:External link icons\") (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include [alt text](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ALT \"Wikipedia:ALT\"); thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add \"(PDF)\" as descriptive text.)\n      See [Using \\|format=](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Using_|format= \"Help:Citation Style 1\")\n  - **url-access**:\n    See [Access indicators discussion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_access_level)\n- **format**: File format of the work referred to by **url**; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after **title**. (For media format, use **type**.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the [external link icon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:External_link_icons \"Help:External link icons\") (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include [alt text](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ALT \"Wikipedia:ALT\"); thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add \"(PDF)\" as descriptive text.)\n  See [Using \\|format=](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Using_|format= \"Help:Citation Style 1\")\n\nURLs must begin with a supported [URI scheme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/URI_scheme \"URI scheme\"). `http:\/\/` and `https:\/\/` will be supported by all browsers; however, `ftp:\/\/`, `gopher:\/\/`, `irc:\/\/`, `ircs:\/\/`, `mailto:` and `news:` may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. [IPv6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IPv6 \"IPv6\") host-names are currently not supported.\n\nIf URLs in [citation template parameters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Examples \"Wikipedia:Citation templates\") contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be [percent-encoded](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Percent-encoded \"Percent-encoded\"). For example, a space must be replaced by `%20`. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:\n\n| Character | space | \" | ' | \\< | \\> | \\[ | \\] | { | \\| | } |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Encoding | %20 | %22 | %27 | %3C | %3E | %5B | %5D | %7B | %7C | %7D |\n\nSingle apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_3-1)\n   Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.\n   \n   See [MOS:DATEUNIFY](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOS:DATEUNIFY \"MOS:DATEUNIFY\").\n#### Website\n- **work** (required by `{{cite journal}}` and `{{cite magazine}}`): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in *italics*. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If **script-work** is defined, use **work** to hold a [Romanization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ROMAN \"Wikipedia:ROMAN\") (if available) of the title in **script-work**. Aliases: **journal**, **newspaper**, **magazine**, **periodical**, **website**. Use [Latin script](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_script \"Latin script\"). For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard [Romanization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ROMAN \"Wikipedia:ROMAN\") in this field.\n  - **script-work**: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in **work** (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>=_language_codes \"Help:Citation Style 1\") to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: **script-journal**, **script-newspaper**, **script-magazine**, **script-periodical**, **script-website**.\n  - **trans-work**: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after **work** or **script-work**. Aliases: **trans-journal**, **trans-newspaper**, **trans-magazine**, **trans-periodical**, **trans-website**.\n    `... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ...`\n  - **department**: Title of a regular department, [column](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Column_\\(periodical\\) \"Column (periodical)\"), or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include \"Communication\", \"Editorial\", \"Letter to the Editor\", and \"Review\". Displays after **title** and is in plain text.\n\nWhen set, **work** changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:\n\n**title** is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.\n\n**chapter** does not display (and will produce an error message).\n#### Edition, series\n- **edition**: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: \"2nd\", \"Revised\", and so forth. Appends the string \" ed.\" after the field, so `|edition=2nd` produces \"2nd ed.\" Does not display if a periodical field is defined.\n\n- **series** or **version**: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.\n#### Publisher\n- **publisher**: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-wikilink-5) if relevant. The [publisher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Publisher \"Publisher\") is the *company*, *organization* or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state `|publisher=self-published`.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-6) Do *not* use the **publisher** parameter for the name of a [work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_work) (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as \"Ltd\", \"Inc.\", or \"GmbH\" are not usually included. This parameter is most commonly used for books, and rarely for websites or periodicals (although it may be used instead of **work** in some cases). Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes *The New York Times* newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after **title**.\n- **place**: For news stories with a [dateline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dateline \"Dateline\"), the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: **location**\n- **publication-place**: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, *The Boston Globe*, *The Times of India*. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of **publication-place**, **place**, or **location** is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if **publication-place** and **place** or **location** are defined, then **place** or **location** is shown before the title prefixed with \"written at\" and **publication-place** is shown after the title.\n- **publication-date**: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If **date** (or **year**) is also defined and is different, then **publication-date** displays preceded by \"published\" and enclosed in parentheses, following **publisher**. If **date** (or **year**) is not defined, **publication-date** is displayed as **date**. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.\n- **via**: Name of the content deliverer (if *different* from **publisher**). **via** is not a replacement for **publisher**, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the article is attributed to a different publication (e.g. in [Yahoo News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo_News \"Yahoo News\")) but cannot be traced, when the content deliverer (e.g. [NewsBank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NewsBank \"NewsBank\")) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (e.g. [EBSCO*host*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EBSCOhost \"EBSCOhost\")), or if the deliverer requests attribution.\n  See the [**access level**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_access_level) parameters to display access restrictions, and the [**agency**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_agency) parameters if the original source is a news agency or wire service.\n\n- **agency**: The [news agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/News_agency \"News agency\") (wire service) that provided the content; examples: [Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"), [Reuters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuters \"Reuters\"), [Agence France-Presse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\"). Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use **work** or **publisher**. May be wikilinked if relevant.\n#### In-source locations\n- **minutes**: Time the event occurs in the source; followed by \"minutes in\".\n- OR: **time**: Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text \"Event occurs at\".\n  - **time-caption**: Changes the default text displayed before **time**.\n\n- **page**: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either `|page=` or `|pages=`, but not both. Displays preceded by `p.` unless `|no-pp=yes`. If hyphenated, use {{[hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Hyphen \"Template:Hyphen\")}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. `|page=3{{hyphen}}12`), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert `|page=3-12` to `|pages=3{{ndash}}12`. Alias: **p**.\n- OR: **pages**: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either `|page=` or `|pages=`, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by `pp.` unless `|no-pp=yes`.   \n  Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use [double parentheses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\") to tell the template to display the value of `|pages=` without processing it, and use {{[hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Hyphen \"Template:Hyphen\")}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: `|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))`. Alternatively, use `|at=`, like this: `|at=pp. 3-1&ndash;3-15`. Alias: **pp**.\n  - **no-pp**: Set to\n    yes\n    ,\n    y\n    , or\n    true\n    to suppress the `p.` or `pp.` notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where `|page=Front cover` or `|pages=passim`.\n- OR: **at**: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by `|page=` or `|pages=`. Use only one of `|page=`, `|pages=`, or `|at=`.  \n  Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.\n- For `|quote-page=` and `|quote-pages=` used in conjunction with `|quote=`, see [here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_quote).\n#### Identifiers\nNot to be confused with [§ Anchor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Anchor).\n\n- **id**: A [unique identifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unique_identifier \"Unique identifier\"), used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an [external link template](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:External_link_templates \"Category:External link templates\") as applicable. For example, `|id=NCJ 122967` will append \"NCJ 122967\" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as `|id={{NCJ|122967}}` to append [NCJ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NCJ_\\(identifier\\) \"NCJ (identifier)\") [122967](https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/App\/Publications\/abstract.aspx?ID=122967) instead.\n\nThe following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and\/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. `|rfc=822` or `|pmc=345678`.\n\n- **arxiv**: [arXiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ArXiv \"ArXiv\") [identifier](https:\/\/arxiv.org\/help\/arxiv_identifier); for example: `|arxiv=hep-th\/9205027` (before April 2007) or `|arxiv=0706.0001` (April 2007 – December 2014) or `|arxiv=1501.00001` (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like \".pdf\" or \".html\". Aliases: **eprint**.\n- **asin**: [Amazon Standard Identification Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number \"Amazon Standard Identification Number\"); if first character of **asin** value is a digit, use **isbn**. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example `|asin=B00005N5PF`. Aliases: **ASIN**.\n  - **asin-tld**: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: `ae`, `au`, `br`, `ca`, `cn`, `de`, `es`, `fr`, `in`, `it`, `jp`, `mx`, `nl`, `pl`, `sa`, `se`, `sg`, `tr`, `uk`. Aliases: none.\n- **bibcode**: [bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode \"Bibcode\"); used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: `1974AJ.....79..819H`. Aliases: none.\n- **biorxiv**: [bioRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BioRxiv \"BioRxiv\") id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. `10.1101\/078733` for <http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/content\/early\/2016\/10\/01\/078733> or <https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/078733>; `10.1101\/2020.07.24.220400` for <https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.07.24.220400>). Aliases: none.\n- **citeseerx**: [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX \"CiteSeerX\") id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. `10.1.1.176.341` for <https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341>). Aliases: none.\n- **doi**: [Digital object identifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier \"Digital object identifier\"); for example: `10.1038\/news070508-7`. It is checked to ensure it begins with (`10.`). Aliases: **DOI**.\n  - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate *valid* DOIs using a non-standard format, see [below](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM).\n  - **doi-broken-date**: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working\/inactive at <https:\/\/doi.org>. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.\n- **eissn**: [International Standard Serial Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number \"International Standard Serial Number\") for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a [hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyphen \"Hyphen\"), but not an [en dash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dash#En_dash \"Dash\") or a space; example `|eissn=1557-2986`. Aliases: **EISSN**.\n  - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate *valid* eISSNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM).\n- **hdl**: [Handle System](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Handle_System \"Handle System\") identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example `|hdl=20.1000\/100`. Aliases: **HDL**.\n- **isbn**: [International Standard Book Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number \"International Standard Book Number\"); for example: `978-0-8126-9593-9`.\n  (See [Wikipedia:ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ISBN \"Wikipedia:ISBN\") and [ISBN § Overview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN#Overview \"ISBN\").) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use **sbn**. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without *any* additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with \"X\" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: **ISBN**.\n  - Use the {{[Format ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Format_ISBN \"Template:Format ISBN\")}} template within the parameter – in the form `|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}` – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.\n  - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate *valid* ISBNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM).\n- **ismn**: [International Standard Music Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Music_Number \"International Standard Music Number\"); for example: `979-0-9016791-7-7`. [Hyphens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyphens \"Hyphens\") or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without *any* additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: **ISMN**.\n- **issn**: [International Standard Serial Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number \"International Standard Serial Number\"); eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a [hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyphen \"Hyphen\"), but not an [en dash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dash#En_dash \"Dash\") or a space; example `|issn=2049-3630`. Aliases: **ISSN**.\n  - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate *valid* ISSNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM).\n- **jfm**: *[Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jahrbuch_%C3%BCber_die_Fortschritte_der_Mathematik \"Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik\")*; do not include \"JFM\" in the value; example `|jfm=53.0144.01`. Aliases: **JFM**.\n- **jstor**: [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR \"JSTOR\") reference number; for example: `|jstor=3793107`. Aliases: **JSTOR**.\n- **lccn**: [Library of Congress Control Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number \"Library of Congress Control Number\"). When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example `|lccn=79-57364` or `|lccn=2004042477` or `|lccn=e09001178`. Aliases: **LCCN**.\n- **mr**: [Mathematical Reviews](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematical_Reviews \"Mathematical Reviews\"); example `|mr=630583`. Aliases: **MR**.\n- **oclc**: [OCLC Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_Number \"OCLC Number\") for looking up publications in the [WorldCat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WorldCat \"WorldCat\") [union catalog](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_catalog \"Union catalog\"); example `|oclc=9355469`. Aliases: **OCLC**.\n- **ol**: [Open Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Library \"Open Library\") identifier; do not include \"OL\" in the value; example `|ol=7030731M`. Aliases: **OL**.\n- **osti**: [Office of Scientific and Technical Information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information \"Office of Scientific and Technical Information\"); example `|osti=4367507`. Aliases: **OSTI**.\n- **pmc**: [PubMed Central](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central \"PubMed Central\"); use article number for [open repository](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_repository \"Open repository\") full-text of a journal article, e.g. `|pmc=345678`. Do not include \"PMC\" in the value.\n  See also the **pmid** parameter, below; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: **PMC**.\n  - **pmc-embargo-date**: Date that **pmc** goes live; if this date is in the future, then **pmc** is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.\n- **pmid**: [PubMed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed \"PubMed\"); use unique identifier; example `|pmid=17322060`\n  See also the **pmc** parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: **PMID**.\n- **rfc**: [Request for Comments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Request_for_Comments \"Request for Comments\"); example `|rfc=3143`. Aliases: **RFC**.\n- **sbn**: [Standard Book Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Book_Number \"Standard Book Number\"); example `|sbn=356-02201-3`. Aliases: **SBN**.\n  - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate *valid* SBNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM).\n- **ssrn**: [Social Science Research Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Science_Research_Network \"Social Science Research Network\"); example `|ssrn=1900856`. Aliases: **SSRN**.\n- **s2cid**: [Semantic Scholar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semantic_Scholar \"Semantic Scholar\") corpus ID; example `|s2cid=37220927`. Aliases: **S2CID**.\n- **zbl**: [Zentralblatt MATH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zentralblatt_MATH \"Zentralblatt MATH\"); example `|zbl=0472.53010` For zbMATH search results like `JFM 35.0387.02` use `|jfm=35.0387.02`. Aliases: **ZBL**.\n\nIn very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (`|doi=`, `|eissn=`, `|isbn=`, `|issn=`, and `|sbn=`) support a special [accept-this-as-written markup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\") which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as `|<param>=((<value>))`). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.\n\nFor some identifiers, it is possible to specify the [access status](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Registration_or_subscription_required \"Help:Citation Style 1\") using the corresponding `|<param>-access=` parameter.\n\nFor {{[cite journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_journal \"Template:Cite journal\")}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when `|url=` and `|title-link=` are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for `|title-link=` to manually select a specific source (`|title-link=pmc` or `|title-link=doi`) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (`|title-link=none`).\n\nIt is not necessary to specify a URL to a link *identical* to a link also produced by an identifier. The `|url=` parameter (or `|title-link=`) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a [convenience link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Convenience_links \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.\n\n#### Subscription or registration required\n[Shortcut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Shortcut \"Wikipedia:Shortcut\")\n\n- [WP:URLACCESS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Wikipedia:URLACCESS&redirect=no)[WP:URLACCESS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:URLACCESS \"Wikipedia:URLACCESS\")\n\nCitations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in [Verifiability § Access to sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:PAYWALL \"Wikipedia:PAYWALL\"). As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to [verifying claims in articles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:V \"Wikipedia:V\").\n\nFour access levels can be used:\n\n- [access indicator for named identifiers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers):\n  - ![Freely accessible](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/Lock-green.svg\/20px-Lock-green.svg.png) `free`: the source is free to read for anyone\n- [access indicators for url-holding parameters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters):\n  - ![Free registration required](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `registration`: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration\n  - ![Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `limited`: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required\n  - ![Paid subscription required](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/aa\/Lock-red-alt-2.svg\/20px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png) `subscription`: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source (\"[paywall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paywall \"Paywall\")\")\n\nAs there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.\n\n##### Access indicators for url-holding parameters\nSee also: [WP:CONLINK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:CONLINK \"Wikipedia:CONLINK\")\n\nOnline sources linked by `|url=`, `|article-url=`, `|chapter-url=`, `|contribution-url=`, `|entry-url=`, `|map-url=`, and `|section-url=` are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as `free`. If the registration\/limited\/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add `|archive-url=` and `|archive-date=` values if possible.\n\n| URL | Access | Allowed keywords |\n|---|---|---|\n| `|url=` | `|url-access=` | `registration` ![Free registration required](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `limited` ![Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `subscription` ![Paid subscription required](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/aa\/Lock-red-alt-2.svg\/20px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png) |\n| `|article-url=` | `|article-url-access=` |   |\n| `|chapter-url=` | `|chapter-url-access=` |   |\n| `|contribution-url=` | `|contribution-url-access=` |   |\n| `|entry-url=` | `|entry-url-access=` |   |\n| `|map-url=` | `|map-url-access=` |   |\n| `|section-url=` | `|section-url-access=` |   |\n\nFor example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:\n```\n{{cite web |url=https:\/\/example.com\/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}\n```\nwhich renders as:\n\n[\"Nifty example data\"](https:\/\/example.com\/nifty_data.php). 2021-04-15.\n\n##### Access indicator for named identifiers\n[Shortcut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Shortcut \"Wikipedia:Shortcut\")\n\n- [WP:DOIACCESS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DOIACCESS&redirect=no)[WP:DOIACCESS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:DOIACCESS \"Wikipedia:DOIACCESS\")\n\nLinks inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as `limited`, `registration`, or `subscription`.\n\n| Identifier | Access | Allowed keywords |\n|---|---|---|\n| `|bibcode=` | `|bibcode-access=` | `free` ![Freely accessible](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/Lock-green.svg\/20px-Lock-green.svg.png) |\n| `|doi=` | `|doi-access=` |   |\n| `|hdl=` | `|hdl-access=` |   |\n| `|jstor=` | `|jstor-access=` |   |\n| `|ol=` | `|ol-access=` |   |\n| `|osti=` | `|osti-access=` |   |\n| `|ssrn=` | `|ssrn-access=` |   |\n| `|s2cid=` | `|s2cid-access=` |   |\n\nSome named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:\n\n- `|arxiv=`\n- `|biorxiv=`\n- `|citeseerx=`\n- `|medrxiv=`\n- `|pmc=`\n- `|rfc=`\n\nFor an embargoed **pmc** that will become available in the future, see **pmc-embargo-date**.\n\n##### Tracking of free DOIs\n- The template is able to recognize known free-to-read [DOI registrants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOI_registrant \"DOI registrant\"), based on a list in [Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration \"Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration\"). Once a free registrant is identified, the `10.xxxx\/...` part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under *local function build\\_free\\_doi\\_registrants\\_table()*. If `|doi-access=free` is not set, it will place the page in [Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI \"Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI\"), which is routinely cleared by [User:Citation bot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User:Citation_bot \"User:Citation bot\").\n- The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear `10.xxxx\/yyyy....` DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to [Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration \"Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration\") under *local extended\\_registrants\\_t = {* with the format `['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'},`. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format `['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'},`.\n- If you add a free registrant\/free journal to the lists in [Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration \"Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration\"), leave a note at [User talk:Citation bot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User_talk:Citation_bot \"User talk:Citation bot\") so the bot knows about it.\n#### Quote\n- **quote**: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If **script-quote** is defined, use **quote** to hold a [Romanization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ROMAN \"Wikipedia:ROMAN\") (if available) of the text in **script-quote**. When quoting a copyrighted text, only [brief quotations to attribute a point of view or idea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Non-free_content#Text \"Wikipedia:Non-free content\") are permitted; extensive quotations are prohibited.\n  - **script-quote**: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in **quote** (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>=_language_codes \"Help:Citation Style 1\") to help browsers properly display the script:\n    `... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...`\n  - **trans-quote**: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.\n- **quote-page**: The number of a single page quoted in `|quote=`. Use either `|quote-page=` or `|quote-pages=`, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in `|page=`, `|pages=` or `|at=`. Displays preceded by `p.` unless `|no-pp=yes`. If hyphenated, use {{[hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Hyphen \"Template:Hyphen\")}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. `|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12`). Alias: none.\n- OR: **quote-pages**: A list or range of pages quoted in `|quote=`. Use either `|quote-page=` or `|quote-pages=`, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in `|pages=` or `|at=`. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by `pp.` unless `|no-pp=yes` is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use [double parentheses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\") to tell the template to display the value of `|quote-pages=` without processing it, and use {{[hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Hyphen \"Template:Hyphen\")}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: `|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))`. Alias: none.\n#### Anchor\nNot to be confused with [§ Identifiers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Identifiers).\n\n- **ref**: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, `|ref=ID` generates an anchor with the given `ID` (the `id=` attribute in the citation's `<cite id=\"ID\">` HTML tag). Setting `|ref=ID` identifies the template as a target and allows [wikilinking to full references](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\/Further_considerations#Wikilinks_to_full_references \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\/Further considerations\"), especially useful with short-form citations like [shortened notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Short_citations \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") and [parenthetical referencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing \"Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing\"). The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{[sfn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Sfn \"Template:Sfn\")}} and {{[harv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Harv \"Template:Harv\")}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter \/ keyword pair `|ref=harv` has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should *not* be used and may be removed from existing cs1\\|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set `|ref=none`. Aliases: none.\n  See [Template:Citation\/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation\/doc#Anchors_for_Harvard_referencing_templates \"Template:Citation\/doc\").\n#### Display options\n- **mode**: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For `|mode=cs1`, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (`.`); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For `|mode=cs2`, element separator is a comma (`,`); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use **postscript**.\n- **author-mask**:\n- **contributor-mask**:\n- **editor-mask**:\n- **interviewer-mask**:\n- **subject-mask**:\n- **translator-mask**:\n  Replaces the name of the (first) author with [em dashes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dash#Em_dash \"Dash\") or text. Set **\\<name\\>-mask** to a numeric value *n* to set the dash *n* em spaces wide; set **\\<name\\>-mask** to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, \"with\". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with **\\<name\\>-link**—in this case, the value of **\\<name\\>-link** will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as [shortened footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Shortened_footnotes \"Help:Shortened footnotes\"). Do not use in a list generated by `{{reflist}}`, `<references \/>` or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. `|authorn-mask=`) to apply the mask to a specific\n  \n  name\n  \n  .\n\n- **display-authors**:\n- **display-contributors**:\n- **display-editors**:\n- **display-interviewers**:\n- **display-subjects**:\n- **display-translators**:\n  Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, `|display-authors=2` will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). `|display-authors=0` is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. `|display-authors=etal` displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.\n- **postscript**: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (`.`); for no terminating punctuation, specify `|postscript=none` – leaving `|postscript=` empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. `|postscript=` is ignored if **quote** is defined.\n## TemplateData\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![Warning](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/f1\/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg\/40px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg \"Warning\") | This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [Help:Citation Style 1\\#TemplateData](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#TemplateData \"Help:Citation Style 1\") |\n\nThis is the [TemplateData](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:TemplateData \"Wikipedia:TemplateData\") for this template used by [TemplateWizard](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/wiki\/Extension:TemplateWizard \"mw:Extension:TemplateWizard\"), [VisualEditor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:VisualEditor \"Wikipedia:VisualEditor\") and other tools. [See a monthly parameter usage report](https:\/\/bambots.brucemyers.com\/TemplateParam.php?wiki=enwiki&template=Cite+web) for [Template:Cite web]() in articles based on its TemplateData.\n\n**TemplateData for Cite web**\n\nFormats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.\n\n| Parameter | Description | Type | Status |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Last name | `last` `last1` `author` `author1` `author1-last` `author-last` `surname1` `author-last1` `subject1` `surname` `subject` | The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors | Line | suggested |\n| First name | `first` `given` `author-first` `first1` `given1` `author-first1` `author1-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors | Line | suggested |\n| Author link | `author-link` `author-link1` `author1-link` `subject-link` `subject-link1` `subject1-link` `authorlink` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 2 | `last2` `author2` | The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 2 | `first2` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 2 | `author-link2` `author2-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 3 | `last3` `author3` | The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 3 | `first3` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 3 | `author-link3` `author3-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 4 | `last4` `author4` | The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 4 | `first4` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 4 | `author-link4` `author4-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 5 | `last5` `author5` | The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 5 | `first5` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 5 | `author-link5` `author5-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 6 | `last6` `author6` | The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 6 | `first6` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 6 | `author-link6` `author6-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 7 | `last7` `author7` | The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 7 | `first7` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 7 | `author-link7` `author7-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 8 | `last8` `author8` | The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 8 | `first8` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 8 | `author-link8` `author8-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 9 | `last9` `author9` | The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 9 | `first9` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 9 | `author-link9` `author9-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 10 | `last10` `author10` | The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 10 | `first10` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 10 | `author-link10` `author10-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 11 | `last11` `author11` | The surname of the eleventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 11 | `first11` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eleventh author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 11 | `author-link11` `author11-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eleventh author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 12 | `last12` `author12` | The surname of the twelfth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 12 | `first12` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the twelfth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 12 | `author-link12` `author12-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the twelfth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 13 | `last13` `author13` | The surname of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 13 | `first13` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 13 | `author-link13` `author13-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the thirteenth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 14 | `last14` `author14` | The surname of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 14 | `first14` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 14 | `author-link14` `author14-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourteenth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 15 | `last15` `author15` | The surname of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 15 | `first15` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 15 | `author-link15` `author15-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifteenth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Author mask | `author-mask` | Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |\n| Display authors | `display-authors` | Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: \\|display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. \\|display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. | String | optional |\n| Name list style | `name-list-style` | Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.Suggested values `amp` `and` `vanc` | String | optional |\n| Source date | `date` | Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink | Date | suggested |\n| Year of publication | `year` | Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter | String | optional |\n| Original date | `orig-date` | Original date of publication; provide specifics | Date | optional |\n| Editor last name | `editor-last` `editor1-last` `editor` | The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name | `editor-first` `editor1-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first' | Line | optional |\n| Editor link | `editor-link` `editor1-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 2 | `editor2-last` `editor2` | The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 2 | `editor2-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 2 | `editor2-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 3 | `editor3-last` `editor3` | The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 3 | `editor3-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 3 | `editor3-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 4 | `editor4-last` `editor4` | The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 4 | `editor4-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 4 | `editor4-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 5 | `editor5-last` `editor5` | The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 5 | `editor5-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 5 | `editor5-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 6 | `editor6-last` `editor6` | The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 6 | `editor6-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 6 | `editor6-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 7 | `editor7-last` `editor7` | The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 7 | `editor7-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 7 | `editor7-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 8 | `editor8-last` `editor8` | The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 8 | `editor8-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 8 | `editor8-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 9 | `editor9-last` `editor9` | The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 9 | `editor9-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 9 | `editor9-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Others | `others` | Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith' | String | optional |\n| Title | `title` | The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website. | String | required |\n| Script title | `script-title` | For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon.Example For Japanese use: \\|script-title=ja:... | String | optional |\n| Translated title | `trans-title` | An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended | String | optional |\n| URL | `url` `URL` | The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type \"https:\/\/...\" or maybe even the protocol relative scheme \"\/\/...\"Example https:\/\/www.metacritic.com\/\/... | URL | required |\n| URL access level | `url-access` | Classification of the access restrictions on the URLSuggested values `registration` `subscription` `limited` Example 'registration', 'subscription' or 'limited' | String | suggested |\n| URL status | `url-status` | If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.Suggested values `dead` `live` `usurped` `unfit` `deviated` Default 'dead' if an Archive URL is entered Example 'dead' or 'live' | String | suggested |\n| Archive URL | `archive-url` `archiveurl` | The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'Auto value | URL | suggested |\n| Archive date | `archive-date` `archivedate` | Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink | Date | suggested |\n| Archive format | `archive-format` | Format of the archived copy; do not specify HTMLExample PDF, DOC, XLS | String | optional |\n| URL access date | `access-date` `accessdate` | The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink | Date | suggested |\n| Name of the website | `website` `work` | Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.Example \\[\\[Rotten Tomatoes\\]\\] | String | suggested |\n| Series identifier | `series` | Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal | String | optional |\n| Publisher | `publisher` | Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.Example \\[\\[Fandom, Inc.\\]\\] (which owns \"Metacritic.com\") | String | optional |\n| Place | `place` | For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location' | String | optional |\n| Page | `page` | Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' | String | optional |\n| Pages | `pages` | Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.' | String | optional |\n| At | `at` | May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient | String | optional |\n| Language | `language` `lang` | The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commasExample de, fr, es | String | optional |\n| Type | `type` | Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case | String | optional |\n| Format | `format` | Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML | String | optional |\n| Place of publication | `publication-place` | Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' | String | optional |\n| Publication date | `publication-date` | Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink | Date | optional |\n| Date format | `df` | Sets rendered dates to the specified format | String | optional |\n| Published via | `via` | Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.Example \\[\\[GitHub\\]\\], \\[\\[SourceForge\\]\\], \\[\\[CodePlex\\]\\], \\[\\[YouTube\\]\\], \\[\\[Vimeo\\]\\], \\[\\[Dailymotion\\]\\], \\[\\[Netflix\\]\\], \\[\\[Archive.org\\]\\], \\[\\[Wikimedia Commons\\]\\], \\[\\[grc.com\\]\\] | String | optional |\n| No pp | `no-pp` | Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')Auto value `y` | Boolean | optional |\n| arXiv identifier | `arxiv` | An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers | String | optional |\n| ASIN | `asin` | Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters | String | optional |\n| ASIN TLD | `asin-tld` | ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US | String | optional |\n| Bibcode | `bibcode` | Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters | String | optional |\n| biorXiv | `biorxiv` | biorXiv identifier; 6 digits | Line | optional |\n| CiteSeerX | `citeseerx` | CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter | Line | optional |\n| DOI | `doi` | Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' | String | optional |\n| DOI broken date | `doi-broken-date` | The date that the DOI was determined to be brokenAuto value | Date | optional |\n| ISBN | `isbn` | International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible | String | optional |\n| ISSN | `issn` | International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen | String | optional |\n| jfm code | `jfm` | Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code | String | optional |\n| JSTOR | `jstor` | JSTOR identifier | String | optional |\n| LCCN | `lccn` | Library of Congress Control Number | String | optional |\n| MR | `mr` | Mathematical Reviews identifier | String | optional |\n| OCLC | `oclc` | Online Computer Library Center number | String | optional |\n| OL | `ol` | Open Library identifier | String | optional |\n| OSTI | `osti` | Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier | String | optional |\n| PMC | `pmc` | PubMed Center article number | String | optional |\n| PMID | `pmid` | PubMed Unique Identifier | String | optional |\n| RFC | `rfc` | Request for Comments number | String | optional |\n| SSRN | `ssrn` | Social Science Research Network | String | optional |\n| Zbl | `zbl` | Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier | String | optional |\n| id | `id` | A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable | String | optional |\n| Quote | `quote` | Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation | String | optional |\n| Translated quote | `trans-quote` | English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. | String | optional |\n| Ref | `ref` | An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references | String | optional |\n| Postscript | `postscript` | The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is definedDefault . | String | optional |\n| Edition | `edition` | Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'Example 2nd | Line | optional |\n| Bibcode access level | `bibcode-access` | If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| DOI access level | `doi-access` | If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| HDL access level | `hdl-access` | If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| Jstor access level | `jstor-access` | If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| OpenLibrary access level | `ol-access` | If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| OSTI access level | `osti-access` | If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| Agency | `agency` | The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse | String | optional |\n## See also\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation_Style_1 \"Template:Citation Style 1\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1 \"Template talk:Citation Style 1\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Citation_Style_1 \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Citation Style 1\")[Citation Style 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1 \"Help:Citation Style 1\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| General  templates | {{[Cite book](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_book \"Template:Cite book\")}} books {{[Cite conference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_conference \"Template:Cite conference\")}} conference papers {{[Cite document](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_document \"Template:Cite document\")}} short, stand-alone, offline documents {{[Cite encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_encyclopedia \"Template:Cite encyclopedia\")}} edited collections {{[Cite interview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_interview \"Template:Cite interview\")}} interviews {{[Cite journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_journal \"Template:Cite journal\")}} academic journals {{[Cite magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_magazine \"Template:Cite magazine\")}} magazines {{[Cite mailing list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_mailing_list \"Template:Cite mailing list\")}} public mailing lists {{[Cite map](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_map \"Template:Cite map\")}} maps {{[Cite news](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_news \"Template:Cite news\")}} news articles {{[Cite newsgroup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_newsgroup \"Template:Cite newsgroup\")}} online newsgroups {{[Cite press release](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_press_release \"Template:Cite press release\")}} press releases {{[Cite report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_report \"Template:Cite report\")}} unpublished reports {{[Cite sign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_sign \"Template:Cite sign\")}} signs, plaques {{[Cite speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_speech \"Template:Cite speech\")}} speeches {{[Cite tech report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_tech_report \"Template:Cite tech report\")}} technical reports {{[Cite thesis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_thesis \"Template:Cite thesis\")}} theses {{[Cite web]()}} web sources |\n| Preprint templates | {{[Cite arXiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_arXiv \"Template:Cite arXiv\")}} {{[Cite bioRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_bioRxiv \"Template:Cite bioRxiv\")}} {{[Cite CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX \"Template:Cite CiteSeerX\")}} {{[Cite medRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_medRxiv \"Template:Cite medRxiv\")}} {{[Cite SSRN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_SSRN \"Template:Cite SSRN\")}} |\n| Audiovisual-related | {{[Cite AV media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_AV_media \"Template:Cite AV media\")}} {{[Cite AV media notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes \"Template:Cite AV media notes\")}} {{[Cite episode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_episode \"Template:Cite episode\")}} {{[Cite podcast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_podcast \"Template:Cite podcast\")}} {{[Cite serial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_serial \"Template:Cite serial\")}} |\n| Categories | [Citation Style 1 templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates \"Category:Citation Style 1 templates\") [Citation Style 1 specific-source templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Citation_Style_1_specific-source_templates \"Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates\") |\n| Documentation | {{[Citation Style documentation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation_Style_documentation \"Template:Citation Style documentation\")}} |\n| [Citation Style 1 noticeboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1 \"Help talk:Citation Style 1\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Wikipedia_referencing \"Template:Wikipedia referencing\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing \"Template talk:Wikipedia referencing\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Wikipedia_referencing \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Wikipedia referencing\")[Wikipedia referencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Policies and guidelines | [Verifiability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\") [No original research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:No_original_research \"Wikipedia:No original research\") [Biographies of living persons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons \"Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons\") [Reliable sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources \"Wikipedia:Reliable sources\") [Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\\(medicine\\) \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\") [Citing sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") [Scientific citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines \"Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines\") |\n| General advice | [Citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\") [Combining sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Combining_sources \"Wikipedia:Combining sources\") [Offline sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Offline_sources \"Wikipedia:Offline sources\") [Referencing styles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles \"Help:Overview of referencing styles\") |\n| [Citing sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") | [Citation Style 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1 \"Help:Citation Style 1\") [Citation Style 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_2 \"Help:Citation Style 2\") [Bluebook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates \"Category:Bluebook style citation templates\") [Comics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Comics_citation_templates \"Category:Comics citation templates\") [Citation templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_templates \"Wikipedia:Citation templates\") |\n| [Inline citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Inline_citation \"Wikipedia:Inline citation\") | [Footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Footnotes \"Help:Footnotes\") [Punctuation and footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes \"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\") [Shortened footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Shortened_footnotes \"Help:Shortened footnotes\") [Nesting footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes \"Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes\") |\n| [Help for beginners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Referencing_for_beginners \"Help:Referencing for beginners\") | [Reference-tags](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Reftags \"Help:Reftags\") [Citations quick reference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citations_quick_reference \"Help:Citations quick reference\") [Introduction to referencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup\/1 \"Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup\/1\") [Referencing with citation templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates \"Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates\") [Referencing without using templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates \"Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates\") [Referencing dos and don'ts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts \"Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts\") [Citing Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia \"Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia\") |\n| Advanced help | [Cite link labels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Cite_link_labels \"Help:Cite link labels\") [Cite errors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Cite_errors \"Help:Cite errors\") [Citation merging (bundling)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_merging \"Help:Citation merging\") [Cite messages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Cite_messages \"Help:Cite messages\") [Converting between references formats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Converting_between_references_formats \"Help:Converting between references formats\") [Reference display customization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Reference_display_customization \"Help:Reference display customization\") [References and page numbers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:References_and_page_numbers \"Help:References and page numbers\") [Guidance on source reviewing at FAC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC \"Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC\") [Cite extension documentation](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/wiki\/Help:Cite \"mw:Help:Cite\") |\n| [Footnote templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Footnote_templates \"Category:Footnote templates\") | [Citation Style documentation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation_Style_documentation \"Template:Citation Style documentation\") [Multiple references](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Multiple_references \"Template:Multiple references\") {{[Reflist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Reflist \"Template:Reflist\")}} {{[Refbegin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Refbegin \"Template:Refbegin\")}} |\n| [Find references](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Find_sources \"Help:Find sources\") | [How to find sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:FIND \"Wikipedia:FIND\") [Bibliographies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies \"Wikipedia:List of bibliographies\") [Wikipedia Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library \"Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library\") [Resource Exchange](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange\/Resource_Request \"Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange\/Resource Request\") [Reference Desk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Reference_desk \"Wikipedia:Reference desk\") [Book Sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Book_sources \"Wikipedia:Book sources\") [Free newspaper sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources \"Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources\") |\n| [Citation tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_tools \"Help:Citation tools\") (External links) | [Citer](https:\/\/citer.toolforge.org\/) [Citation bot](https:\/\/tools.wmflabs.org\/citations\/) [MakeRef](https:\/\/tools.wmflabs.org\/makeref\/) [Refill](https:\/\/refill.toolforge.org\/ng\/) [WayBack](https:\/\/archive.org\/) [OABot](https:\/\/iw.toolforge.org\/oabot\/) |\n\n*This template produces [COinS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COinS \"COinS\") metadata; see [COinS in Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:COinS \"Wikipedia:COinS\") for background information.*\n\nThe above [documentation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Template_documentation \"Wikipedia:Template documentation\") is [transcluded](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Transclusion \"Help:Transclusion\") from [Template:Cite web\/doc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web\/doc \"Template:Cite web\/doc\"). ([edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Cite_web\/doc \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Cite web\/doc\") \\| [history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:PageHistory\/Template:Cite_web\/doc \"Special:PageHistory\/Template:Cite web\/doc\"))  \nEditors can experiment in this template's [sandbox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web\/sandbox \"Template:Cite web\/sandbox\") ([edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Cite_web\/sandbox \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Cite web\/sandbox\") \\| [diff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special%3AComparePages&page1=Template%3ACite+web&page2=Template%3ACite+web%2Fsandbox)) and [testcases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web\/testcases \"Template:Cite web\/testcases\") ([edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Cite_web\/testcases \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Cite web\/testcases\")) pages.  \nAdd categories to the [\/doc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web\/doc \"Template:Cite web\/doc\") subpage. [Subpages of this template](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:PrefixIndex\/Template:Cite_web\/ \"Special:PrefixIndex\/Template:Cite web\/\").\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-wikilink_5-0)** The [pipe trick does not work inside references](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Pipe_trick#<ref>_footnotes_and_<gallery>_tags \"Help:Pipe trick\"), so be sure to insert a full wikilink.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-6)** Compare [archived talk page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1\/Archive_36#Self-published_works? \"Help talk:Citation Style 1\/Archive 36\").\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&oldid=753103437>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Templates used by AutoWikiBrowser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Templates_used_by_AutoWikiBrowser \"Category:Templates used by AutoWikiBrowser\")\n- [Pages monitored by Wikipedia bots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Pages_monitored_by_Wikipedia_bots \"Category:Pages monitored by Wikipedia bots\")\n- [Templates based on the Citation\/CS1 Lua module](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Templates_based_on_the_Citation\/CS1_Lua_module \"Category:Templates based on the Citation\/CS1 Lua module\")\n- [Templates generating COinS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Templates_generating_COinS \"Category:Templates generating COinS\")\n- [Citation Style 1 templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates \"Category:Citation Style 1 templates\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [Wikipedia fully protected templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Wikipedia_fully_protected_templates \"Category:Wikipedia fully protected templates\")\n- [CS1 French-language sources (fr)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_\\(fr\\) \"Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)\")\n- [CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_\\(ru\\) \"Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)\")\n- [CS1: unfit URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL \"Category:CS1: unfit URL\")\n- [Templates using TemplateData](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Templates_using_TemplateData \"Category:Templates using TemplateData\")\n\n- This page was last edited on 5 December 2016, at 05:36 (UTC).\n- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License \"Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License\"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms_of_Use \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Terms of Use\") and [Privacy Policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy \"foundation:Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy policy\"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nTemplate:Cite web\n\n297 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web)","attrs_readable_markdown":"|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| ![Warning](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/5\/5f\/Ambox_warning_orange.svg\/40px-Ambox_warning_orange.svg.png) | **This template is used on [approximately 5,300,000 pages, or roughly 8% of all pages](https:\/\/linkcount.toolforge.org\/?project=en.wikipedia.org&page=Template%3ACite+web#transclusions)**.  To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's [\/sandbox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web\/sandbox \"Template:Cite web\/sandbox\") or [\/testcases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web\/testcases \"Template:Cite web\/testcases\") subpages, or in your own [user subpage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:User_pages#SUB \"Wikipedia:User pages\"). The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the [talk page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Cite_web \"Template talk:Cite web\") before implementing them. |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/58\/AWB_logo_draft.svg\/60px-AWB_logo_draft.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:AWB_logo_draft.svg) | This template is used by the standard installation of [AutoWikiBrowser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser \"Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser\") (AWB). If you are planning to make any major changes to this template, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please notify AWB's users and maintainers beforehand at [Wikipedia talk:AWB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia_talk:AutoWikiBrowser \"Wikipedia talk:AutoWikiBrowser\") as a courtesy. |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c3\/Logo_wikibot.svg\/60px-Logo_wikibot.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Logo_wikibot.svg) | **This template is used by one or more [bots](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Bots \"Wikipedia:Bots\").** If you intend to change this template in any significant way, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please inform the bot operators. Thank you. The relevant bots are: [KiranBOT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User:KiranBOT \"User:KiranBOT\") |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| {{[Cite arXiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_arXiv \"Template:Cite arXiv\")}} | [arXiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ArXiv \"ArXiv\") preprints |\n| {{[Cite AV media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_AV_media \"Template:Cite AV media\")}} | audio and visual media |\n| {{[Cite AV media notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes \"Template:Cite AV media notes\")}} | AV media liner notes |\n| {{[Cite bioRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_bioRxiv \"Template:Cite bioRxiv\")}} | [bioRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BioRxiv \"BioRxiv\") preprints |\n| {{[Cite book](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_book \"Template:Cite book\")}} | books and chapters |\n| {{[Cite CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX \"Template:Cite CiteSeerX\")}} | [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX \"CiteSeerX\") papers |\n| {{[Cite conference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_conference \"Template:Cite conference\")}} | conference papers |\n| {{[Cite document](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_document \"Template:Cite document\")}} | short, stand-alone, offline documents |\n| {{[Cite encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_encyclopedia \"Template:Cite encyclopedia\")}} | edited collections |\n| {{[Cite episode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_episode \"Template:Cite episode\")}} | radio or TV episodes |\n| {{[Cite interview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_interview \"Template:Cite interview\")}} | interviews |\n| {{[Cite journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_journal \"Template:Cite journal\")}} | academic journals |\n| {{[Cite magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_magazine \"Template:Cite magazine\")}} | magazines, periodicals |\n| {{[Cite mailing list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_mailing_list \"Template:Cite mailing list\")}} | public mailing lists |\n| {{[Cite map](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_map \"Template:Cite map\")}} | maps |\n| {{[Cite medRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_medRxiv \"Template:Cite medRxiv\")}} | [medRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MedRxiv \"MedRxiv\") preprints |\n| {{[Cite news](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_news \"Template:Cite news\")}} | news articles |\n| {{[Cite newsgroup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_newsgroup \"Template:Cite newsgroup\")}} | online newsgroups |\n| {{[Cite podcast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_podcast \"Template:Cite podcast\")}} | podcasts |\n| {{[Cite press release](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_press_release \"Template:Cite press release\")}} | press releases |\n| {{[Cite report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_report \"Template:Cite report\")}} | reports |\n| {{[Cite serial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_serial \"Template:Cite serial\")}} | audio or video serials |\n| {{[Cite sign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_sign \"Template:Cite sign\")}} | signs, plaques |\n| {{[Cite speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_speech \"Template:Cite speech\")}} | speeches |\n| {{[Cite SSRN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_SSRN \"Template:Cite SSRN\")}} | [SSRN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Science_Research_Network \"Social Science Research Network\") papers |\n| {{[Cite tech report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_tech_report \"Template:Cite tech report\")}} | technical reports |\n| {{[Cite thesis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_thesis \"Template:Cite thesis\")}} | theses |\n| {{[Cite web]()}} | web sources not covered by the above |\n| See also | *[Specific-source templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Specific-source_templates \"Category:Specific-source templates\")*  *[Citation Style 1 wrapper templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Citation_templates_that_wrap_CS1_templates \"Category:Citation templates that wrap CS1 templates\")* |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation_Style_documentation\/cs1 \"Template:Citation Style documentation\/cs1\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Citation_Style_documentation\/cs1 \"Template talk:Citation Style documentation\/cs1\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Citation_Style_documentation\/cs1 \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Citation Style documentation\/cs1\") |   |\n\nThis [Citation Style 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1 \"Help:Citation Style 1\") template is used to create [citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:CITE \"Wikipedia:CITE\") for web sources that are not characterized by another [CS1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1 \"Help:Citation Style 1\") template. Do not use this template in the \"[External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ELCITE \"Wikipedia:ELCITE\")\" section of articles.\n\nUsage\n\nCopy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as `|isbn=` have upper-case aliases like `|ISBN=`, which are acceptable for use). Use the \"\\|\" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then [purge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=purge) the page.\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| To cite a web page with a credited author  To cite a web page with no credited author  To cite an online web page that has been archived  To cite a web page written in a foreign language  To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription |\n\n|   |\n|---|\n| To cite a web page with a credited author  To cite a web page with no credited author  To cite a web page article that has been archived  To cite a web page written in a foreign language  To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription |\n\n| Parameters | Prerequisites | Brief instructions \/ notes | Vertical list |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| `last1` |   | Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. |   |\n| `first1` | `last1` | Author's first name. Don't link. |   |\n| `author-link1` | `last1` | Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. |   |\n| `last2` | `last1` | Like `last1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `last3`, etc. |   |\n| `first2` | `last2` | Like `first1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `first3`, etc. |   |\n| `author-link2` | `last2` | Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `author-link3`, etc. |   |\n| `display-authors` | `last1` | Number (number of authors displayed) or `etal` (more authors) |   |\n| `author-mask1` | `last1` | See [Display options](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works |   |\n| `author-mask2` | `last2` |   |   |\n| `collaboration` | `last1` |   |   |\n| `df` |   |   |   |\n| `date` |   |   |   |\n| `year` |   |   |   |\n| `orig-date` | `date` or `year` |   |   |\n| `orig-year` | `date` or `year` |   |   |\n| `location` | `publisher` | can be used for written-at location when `publication-place` is used for publication place |   |\n| `editor-last1` |   | Like `last1`, but for editor. Don't link. |   |\n| `editor-first1` | `editor-last1` | Like `first1`, but for editor. Don't link. |   |\n| `editor-link1` | `editor-last1` | Like `author-link1`, but for editor. Don't link. |   |\n| `editor-last2` | `editor-last1` | Like `last1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-last3`, etc. |   |\n| `editor-first2` | `editor-last2` | Like `first1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-first3`, etc. |   |\n| `editor-link2` | `editor-last2` | Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-link3`, etc. |   |\n| `display-editors` | `editor-last1` | Like `display-authors`, but for editors |   |\n| `editor-mask1` | `editor-last1` | See [Display options](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works |   |\n| `editor-mask2` | `editor-last2` |   |   |\n| `title` |   | This parameter is required. |   |\n| `script-title` |   |   |   |\n| `title-link` | `title` or `script-title` | Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if `url` is provided |   |\n| `url` | `title` or `script-title` | This parameter is required. Do not use if `title-link` is provided |   |\n| `url-access` | `url` |   |   |\n| `trans-title` | `title` or `script-title` |   |   |\n| `format` | `url` |   |   |\n| `department` |   |   |   |\n| `website` |   |   |   |\n| `script-website` |   |   |   |\n| `trans-website` | `website` or `script-website` |   |   |\n| `type` |   |   |   |\n| `series` |   |   |   |\n| `language` |   |   |   |\n| `interviewer-last1` |   | Like `last1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. |   |\n| `interviewer-first1` | `interviewer-last1` | Like `first1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. |   |\n| `interviewer-link1` | `interviewer-last1` | Like `author-link1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. |   |\n| `interviewer-last2` | `interviewer-last1` | Like `last1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-last3`, etc. |   |\n| `interviewer-first2` | `interviewer-last2` | Like `first1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-first3`, etc. |   |\n| `interviewer-link2` | `interviewer-last2` | Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-link3`, etc. |   |\n| `display-interviewers` | `interviewer-last1` | Like `display-authors`, but for interviewers |   |\n| `interviewer-mask1` | `interviewer-last1` | See [Display options](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works |   |\n| `interviewer-mask2` | `interviewer-last2` |   |   |\n| `translator-last1` |   | Like `last1`, but for translator. Don't link. |   |\n| `translator-first1` | `translator-last1` | Like `first1`, but for translator. Don't link. |   |\n| `translator-link1` | `translator-last1` | Like `author-link1`, but for translator. Don't link. |   |\n| `translator-last2` | `translator-last1` | Like `last1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-last3`, etc. |   |\n| `translator-first2` | `translator-last2` | Like `first1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-first3`, etc. |   |\n| `translator-link2` | `translator-last2` | Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-link3`, etc. |   |\n| `display-translators` | `translator-last1` | Like `display-authors`, but for translators |   |\n| `translator-mask1` | `translator-last1` | See [Display options](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works |   |\n| `translator-mask2` | `translator-last2` |   |   |\n| `others` |   |   |   |\n| `name-list-style` | `last2` | Set to `amp` or `ampersand` to separate the last author with \"` &`\"; set to `and` to separate with \"` and`\" |   |\n| `edition` |   |   |   |\n| `publication-place` | `publisher` |   |   |\n| `publisher` |   |   |   |\n| `publication-date` |   |   |   |\n| `agency` |   |   |   |\n| `minutes` |   |   |   |\n| `time-caption` | `time` |   |   |\n| `time` |   |   |   |\n| `page` |   | choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at` |   |\n| `pages` |   | choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at`. Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. |   |\n| `at` |   | choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at` |   |\n| `no-pp` | `page` or `pages` | set to \"yes\" to suppress the \"p.\" or \"pp.\" before page numbers |   |\n| `arxiv` |   |   |   |\n| `asin` |   |   |   |\n| `asin-tld` | `asin` |   |   |\n| `bibcode` |   |   |   |\n| `biorxiv` |   |   |   |\n| `biorxiv-access` | `biorxiv` |   |   |\n| `citeseerx` |   |   |   |\n| `doi` |   |   |   |\n| `doi-access` | `doi` |   |   |\n| `doi-broken-date` | `doi` |   |   |\n| `eissn` |   |   |   |\n| `hdl` |   |   |   |\n| `hdl-access` | `hdl` |   |   |\n| `isbn` |   |   |   |\n| `ismn` |   |   |   |\n| `issn` |   |   |   |\n| `jfm` |   |   |   |\n| `jstor` |   |   |   |\n| `jstor-access` | `jstor` |   |   |\n| `lccn` |   |   |   |\n| `medrxiv` |   |   |   |\n| `mr` |   |   |   |\n| `oclc` |   |   |   |\n| `ol` |   |   |   |\n| `ol-access` | `ol` |   |   |\n| `osti` |   |   |   |\n| `osti-access` | `osti` |   |   |\n| `pmc` |   |   |   |\n| `pmc-embargo-date` | `pmc` |   |   |\n| `pmid` |   |   |   |\n| `rfc` |   |   |   |\n| `sbn` |   |   |   |\n| `ssrn` |   |   |   |\n| `s2cid` |   |   |   |\n| `s2cid-access` | `s2cid` |   |   |\n| `zbl` |   |   |   |\n| `id` |   |   |   |\n| `url-status` | `archive-url` |   |   |\n| `archive-url` | `archive-date`, `url` |   |   |\n| `archive-format` | `archive-url` |   |   |\n| `archive-date` | `archive-url` |   |   |\n| `access-date` | `url` |   |   |\n| `via` |   |   |   |\n| `quote-page` |   | choose one: `quote-page`, `quote-pages` |   |\n| `quote-pages` |   | choose one: `quote-page`, `quote-pages`. Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages. |   |\n| `quote` |   |   |   |\n| `script-quote` |   |   |   |\n| `trans-quote` |   |   |   |\n| `mode` |   | `cs1` or `cs2` |   |\n| `ref` |   |   |   |\n| `postscript` |   |   |   |\n| If a field name is listed in the **Prerequisites** column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. |   |   |   |\n\nChoosing between [Template:cite web]() and [Template:cite news](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_news \"Template:Cite news\")\n\nPreviously, editors had to decide whether to use {{[cite web]()}} or {{cite news}} based on these templates' features. In 2014, however, *most of* the differences between the two templates were eliminated.\n\nAs of [29 July 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Module:Citation\/CS1&diff=732205428&oldid=723907342), {{cite web}} and {{cite news}} have the following differences:\n\n- {{Cite news}} can be used for [offline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:OFFLINE \"Wikipedia:OFFLINE\") (paper) sources whereas {{cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided\n- {{Cite news}} accepts `|issue=` and `|volume=` parameters while {{cite web}} does not (see [Help:Citation Style 1 § Pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages \"Help:Citation Style 1\"), [Help talk:Citation Style 1\/Archive 10 § \\|volume=, \\|issue=, \\|page(s)= and cite magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1\/Archive_10#|volume=,_|issue=,_|page\\(s\\)=_and_cite_magazine \"Help talk:Citation Style 1\/Archive 10\") and {{[cite magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_magazine \"Template:Cite magazine\")}}.)\n\nBut, given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same:\n\nExamples\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=April 30, 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\n  ```\n  Doe, John (April 30, 2005). [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopedia of Things*. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 8, 2026.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|date=30 April 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  Doe, John (30 April 2005). [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopedia of Things*. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|date=2005-04-30\n|access-date=2026-03-08}}\n  ```\n  Doe, John (2005-04-30). [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). Retrieved 2026-03-08.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  Doe, John. [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|access-date=2026-03-08}}\n  ```\n  [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). Retrieved 2026-03-08.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/operations.nfl.com\/the-rules\/nfl-rules-digest\/\n|title=NFL Rules Digest\n|website=NFL Football Operations\n|publisher=[[National Football League]]\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"NFL Rules Digest\"](https:\/\/operations.nfl.com\/the-rules\/nfl-rules-digest\/). *NFL Football Operations*. [National Football League](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Football_League \"National Football League\"). Retrieved March 8, 2026.\n\nUsing \"format=\"\n\nWhen this template detects a link whose URL includes an [extension](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filename_extension \"Filename extension\") of \".pdf\" or \".PDF\", typical of [PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PDF \"PDF\") files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if `|format=PDF` had been specified, which displays \" (PDF)\" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit `|format=PDF` parameter would be redundant, so it *is not* recommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. ([ref](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User_talk:Citation_bot\/Archive_13#Remove_format=pdf_and_variants_when_URLs_end_in_.pdf \"User talk:Citation bot\/Archive 13\")))\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.indiapost.gov.in\/MBE\/DOP_PDFFiles\/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf\n|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control\n|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"List of psychotropic substances under international control\"](https:\/\/www.indiapost.gov.in\/MBE\/DOP_PDFFiles\/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf) (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\nIf the link is to a PDF file that *is not* automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter `|format=PDF`, which displays \" (PDF)\" after the link (but no PDF icon).\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.sample.com\/somePDFdocument.000\n|title=Some PDF Document\n|publisher=Sample Int'l\n|format=PDF\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"Some PDF Document\"](https:\/\/www.sample.com\/somePDFdocument.000) (PDF). Sample Int'l. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\nFor links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an [.odt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.odt \".odt\") file, you may add the parameter `|format=ODT`, which displays \" (ODT)\" after the link.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.sample.com\/someODTdocument.odt\n|title=Some ODT Document\n|publisher=Sample Int'l\n|format=ODT\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"Some ODT Document\"](https:\/\/www.sample.com\/someODTdocument.odt) (ODT). Sample Int'l. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\nForeign-language and translated title\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Honi soit qui mal y pense\n|last=Joliet\n|first=François\n|date=30 April 2005\n|access-date=8 March 2026\n|language=fr\n|trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}}\n  ```\n  Joliet, François (30 April 2005). [\"Honi soit qui mal y pense\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/) \\[Shame on those who think evil of it\\] (in French). Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\nUsing author-link\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=My Favorite Things, Part II\n|last=Doe\n|first=John\n|author-link=John Doe\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=April 30, 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\n  ```\n  [Doe, John](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Doe \"John Doe\") (April 30, 2005). [\"My Favorite Things, Part II\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopedia of Things*. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 8, 2026.\n\nMultiple authors\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Our Favourite Things\n|last1=Doe\n|first1=John\n|last2=Smith\n|first2=Peter\n|last3=Smythe\n|first3=Jim\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=30 April 2005\n|website=Encyclopaedia of Things\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  Doe, John; Smith, Peter; Smythe, Jim (30 April 2005). [\"Our Favourite Things\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopaedia of Things*. Open Publishing. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\nNo author\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Index of Sharp Things\n|publisher=Open Publishing\n|date=2005-04-30\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=2026-03-08}}\n  ```\n  [\"Index of Sharp Things\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopedia of Things*. Open Publishing. 2005-04-30. Retrieved 2026-03-08.\n\nNo author, no publisher\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Index of Sharp Things\n|date=30 April 2005\n|website=Encyclopedia of Things\n|access-date=8 March 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"Index of Sharp Things\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). *Encyclopedia of Things*. 30 April 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.example.org\/\n|title=Index of Sharp Things\n|date=April 30, 2005\n|access-date=March 8, 2026}}\n  ```\n  [\"Index of Sharp Things\"](https:\/\/www.example.org\/). April 30, 2005. Retrieved March 8, 2026.\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.incb.org\/documents\/Psychotropics\/forms\/greenlist\/2024\/2311984R.pdf\n|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control\n|date=December 2023\n|access-date=2026-03-08\n|language=ru}}\n  ```\n  [\"List of psychotropic substances under international control\"](https:\/\/www.incb.org\/documents\/Psychotropics\/forms\/greenlist\/2024\/2311984R.pdf) (PDF) (in Russian). December 2023. Retrieved 2026-03-08.\n\nUsing \"archive-url\" and \"archive-date\" (and optionally \"url-status\") for webpages that have been archived\n\nBy default, if \"archive-url\" is used, the parameter `|url-status=dead` is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version:\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.incb.org\/pdf\/e\/list\/green.pdf\n|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control\n|date=2005-04-30\n|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board\n|access-date=2026-03-08\n|archive-url=https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050907150136\/https:\/\/www.incb.org\/pdf\/e\/list\/green.pdf\n|archive-date=2005-09-07}}\n  ```\n  [\"List of psychotropic substances under international control\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050907150136\/https:\/\/www.incb.org\/pdf\/e\/list\/green.pdf) (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. 2005-04-30. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.incb.org\/pdf\/e\/list\/green.pdf) (PDF) on 2005-09-07. Retrieved 2026-03-08.\n\nWhen `|url-status=live` is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page:\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/heat-vision\/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572\n|title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)\n|website=The Hollywood Reporter\n|date=September 18, 2015\n|access-date=September 21, 2015\n|url-status=live\n|archive-url=https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151022181821\/https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/heat-vision\/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572\n|archive-date=October 22, 2015}}\n  ```\n  [\"DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)\"](https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/heat-vision\/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572). *The Hollywood Reporter*. September 18, 2015. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151022181821\/https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/heat-vision\/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572) from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015.\n\nWith `|url-status=unfit` or `usurped`, the original is not linked at all:\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/global\/stations\/03772.html\n|title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)\n|publisher=The Weather Underground\n|access-date=8 March 2026\n|url-status=unfit |archive-url=https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110522171657\/https:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/global\/stations\/03772.html |archive-date=22 May 2011}}\n  ```\n  [\"London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110522171657\/https:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/global\/stations\/03772.html). The Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2026.\n\nUsing \"quote\"\n\n- ```\n  {{cite web\n|url=https:\/\/www.webexhibits.org\/daylightsaving\/c.html\n|title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea\n|website=WebExhibits\n|date=2008\n|access-date=8 March 2026\n|quote=...&nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&nbsp;...'}}\n  ```\n  [\"Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea\"](https:\/\/www.webexhibits.org\/daylightsaving\/c.html). *WebExhibits*. 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2026. \"... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'\"\n\nParameters\n\nSyntax\n\nNested parameters rely on their parent parameters:\n\n- *parent*\n- OR: *parent2*—may be used instead of *parent*\n  - *child*—may be used with *parent* (and is ignored if *parent* is not used)\n  - OR: *child2*—may be used instead of *child* (and is ignored if *parent2* is not used)\n\nWhere aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.\n\nBy default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).\n\nCOinS\n\nThis template embeds [COinS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COinS \"COinS\") metadata in the HTML output, allowing [reference management software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reference_management_software \"Reference management software\") to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See [Wikipedia:COinS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:COinS \"Wikipedia:COinS\"). As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:\n\n- use `|date=27 September 2007` not `|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)`\n\nUse of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example `&nbsp;`, `&ndash;`, or `&#160;`, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.\n\nCOinS metadata is created for these parameters\n\nNote: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the [Usage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Usage) section near the top of this documentation page.\n\n- `|periodical=`, `|journal=`, `|newspaper=`, `|magazine=`, `|work=`, `|website=`, `|encyclopedia=`, `|encyclopaedia=`, `|dictionary=`\n- `|chapter=`, `|script-chapter=`, `|contribution=`, `|script-contribution=`, `|entry=`, `|script-entry=`, `|article=`, `|script-article=`, `|section=`, `|script-section=`\n- `|title=`, `|script-title=`, `|book-title=`\n- `|publication-place=`, `|place=`, `|location=`\n- `|date=`, `|year=`, `|publication-date=`\n- `|series=`, `|version=`\n- `|volume=`, `|issue=`, `|number=`\n- `|page=`, `|pages=`, `|at=`, `|quote-page=`, `|quote-pages=`\n- `|edition=`\n- `|publisher=`, `|institution=`\n- `|url=`, `|chapter-url=`, `|contribution-url=`, `|section-url=`\n- `|author-last=`, `|author-last#=`, `|author#-last=`, `|author-surname=`, `|author-surname#=`, `|author#-surname=`, `|last=`, `|last#=`, `|surname=`, `|surname#=`, `|author=`, `|author#=`, `|subject=`, `|subject#=`, `|host=`, `|host#=`\n- `|author-first=`, `|author-first#=`, `|author#-first=`, `|author-given=`, `|author-given#=`, `|author#-given=`, `|first=`, `|first#=`, `|given=`, `|given#=`\n- `|degree=`\n- `|arxiv=`, `|bibcode=`, `|biorxiv=`, `|citeseerx=`, `|doi=`, `|eissn=`, `|eprint=`, `|hdl=`, `|isbn=`, `|issn=`, `|jfm=`, `|jstor=`, `|lccn=`, `|message-id=`, `|mr=`, `|oclc=`, `|osti=`, `|pmc=`, `|pmid=`, `|rfc=`, `|ssrn=`, `|s2cid=`, `|zbl=`\n\nWhat's new\n\n| Parameter | Description | Date |\n|---|---|---|\n| N\/A |   |   |\n\nDeprecated\n\n| Deprecated parameter | Replace with | Date |\n|---|---|---|\n| none deprecated at present |   |   |\n\n| Removed parameter | Replace with | Date | Note |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| `|authors=` | `|lastn=` \/ `|firstn=`, `|authorn=`, `|vauthors=` | August 2024 |   |\n\nDescription\n\nAuthors\n\n- **last**: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use **author-link** instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use **last** or one of its aliases (e.g. `|author=Bono`). Aliases: **surname**, **author**, **last1**, **surname1**, **author1**.\n  - **author**: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of `|first=` and `|last=`. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\"). Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata.\n  - **first**: Given or first names of author; for example: *Firstname Middlename* or *Firstname M.* or *Firstname M. Sr.* Do not wikilink—use **author-link** instead. Aliases: **given**, **first1**, **given1**. Requires **last**; first name will not display if **last** is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with [MOS:JRSR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOS:JRSR \"MOS:JRSR\") and use honorifics (including [Dr.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctor_\\(title\\) \"Doctor (title)\"), [Sir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sir \"Sir\"), and similar) only in accordance with [MOS:HON](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOS:HON \"MOS:HON\").\n  - OR: for multiple authors, use **last1**, **first1** through **lastn**, **firstn**, where *n* is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each **firstn** requires a corresponding **lastn**, but not the other way around). See the [**display**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_display) parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: **surname1**, **given1** through **surnamen**, **givenn**, or **author1** through **authorn**. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use `|first1=...``|last1=...``|author2=...`.\n  - **author-link**: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: **author-link1**, **author1-link**, **authorlink**.\n  - OR: for multiple authors, use **author-link1** through **author-linkn**. Aliases: **author1-link** through **authorn\\-link**.\n  - **name-list-style**: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to `amp`, `ampersand`, or `&`, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to `and`, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to `vanc`displays name lists in [Vancouver style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vancouver_style \"Vancouver style\") when the lists use the `last`\/`first` forms of name parameters.\n- **vauthors**: comma-separated list of author names in [Vancouver style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vancouver_style \"Vancouver style\"); enclose corporate or institutional author names in [doubled parentheses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\"). End with etal if appropriate:\n  `|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal`\n  - **author-link** and **author-mask** may be used for the individual names in `|vauthors=` as described above\n- **authors**: deprecated ~~Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of **last**.~~\n- **translator-last**: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use **translator-link** instead. Aliases: **translator-surname**, **translator1**, **translator1-last**, **translator-last1**. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\").\n  - **translator-first**: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use **translator-link** instead. Aliases: **translator-given**, **translator1-first**, **translator-first1**.\n  - OR: for multiple translators, use **translator-last1**, **translator-first1** through **translator-lastn**, **translator-firstn**, where *n* is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each **translator-firstn** requires a corresponding **translator-lastn**, but not the other way around). Aliases: **translator1-last**, **translator1-first** through **translatorn\\-last**, **translatorn\\-first**, or **translator1** through **translatorn**.\n  - **translator-link**: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: **translator-link1**, **translator1-link**.\n  - OR: for multiple translators, use **translator-link1** through **translator-linkn**. Aliases: **translator1-link** through **translatorn\\-link**.\n- **collaboration**: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires **author**, **last**, or **vauthors** listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends \"et al.\" to author name-list.\n- **others**: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write *Illustrated by John Smith*.\n- Note: When using [shortened footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Shortened_footnotes \"Help:Shortened footnotes\") or [parenthetical referencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Parenthetical_referencing \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.\n\nDate\n\n\"Wikipedia:Undated\" redirects here. For undated signatures, see [Template:Undated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Undated \"Template:Undated\").\n\n- **date**: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[\\[date 1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-1) Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see [Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Dates \"Help:Citation Style 1\").\n\n[Shortened footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Shortened_footnotes \"Help:Shortened footnotes\") target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate `{{sfn}}` links to multiple works by the same author in the same year,[\\[more\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year \"Template:Sfn\") unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, **year** or **ref** is required to disambiguate the link targets.\n\nFor approximate year, precede with \"`c.`\", like this: `|date=c. 1900`.\n\nFor no date, or \"undated\", use `|date=n.d.`\n\nThe date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a `created` or `updated` date; a comment for editors such as `date=2021-12-25|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01` can be added.\n\nAutomatic date formatting: [Citation Style 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1 \"Help:Citation Style 1\") and [2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_2 \"Help:Citation Style 2\") templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as `|date=`, `|publication-date=`, `|access-date=`, `|archive-date=`, etc.) except for `|orig-date=` in the style specified by the article's `{{use dmy dates}}` or `{{use mdy dates}}` template. See those templates' documentation for details.\n\n- **year**: Year of publication. The more flexible `|date=` parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the `|date=` parameter, unless *both* of the following conditions are met:\n  1. [Shortened footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Shortened_footnotes \"Help:Shortened footnotes\") target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a `CITEREF` [disambiguator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year \"Template:Sfn\"), usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)\n  2. The `|date=` format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)\n- **orig-date**: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the **date** (or **year**). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: `|orig-date=First published 1859` or `|orig-date=Composed 1904`. As `|orig-date=` does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by `|df=` (or, if it exists in the article, by `|cs1-dates=` of a `{{use dmy dates}}` or `{{use mdy dates}}` template), or as used in the `|date=` parameter. Alias: **orig-year**\n- **df**: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:\n  `dmy` – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;\n  \n  `mdy` – as above for month day, year format\n  \n  `ymd` – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD\n  \n  `dmy-all` – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;\n  \n  `mdy-all` – as above for month day, year format\n  \n  `ymd-all` – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_1-0)** Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates. See [MOS:DATEUNIFY](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOS:DATEUNIFY \"MOS:DATEUNIFY\").\n\nEditors\n\n- **editor-last**: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use **editor-link** instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use **editor-last** to include the same format as the source. Aliases: **editor-last1**, **editor1-last**, **editor-surname**, **editor-surname1**, **editor1-surname**, **editor**, **editor1**.\n  - **editor**: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\").\n  - **editor-first**: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: *Firstname Middlename* or *Firstname M.* or *Dr. Firstname M., Sr.* Do not wikilink—use **editor-link** instead. Aliases: **editor-first1**, **editor1-first**, **editor-given**, **editor-given1**, **editor1-given**.\n  - OR: for multiple editors, use **editor-last1**, **editor-first1** through **editor-lastn**, **editor-firstn** (Aliases: **editorn\\-last**, **editor-surnamen** or **editorn\\-surname**; **editorn\\-first**, **editor-givenn** or **editorn\\-given**; **editorn**). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use `|editor-first1=...``|editor-last1=...` `|editor2=...`.\n  - **editor-link**: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: **editor-link1**.\n  - OR: for multiple editors, use **editor-link1** through **editor-linkn** (alias **editorn\\-link**).\n  - **name-list-style**: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to `amp`, `ampersand`, or `&`, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to `and`, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to `vanc`displays name lists in [Vancouver style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vancouver_style \"Vancouver style\") when the lists use the `last`\/`first` forms of name parameters.\n- **veditors**: comma separated list of editor names in [Vancouver style](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vancouver_style \"Vancouver style\"); enclose corporate or institutional names in [doubled parentheses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\"). End with etal if appropriate:\n  `|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal`\n  - **editor-link*n*** and **editor-mask*n*** may be used for the individual names in `|veditors=`, as described above\n- Display:\n  Use **display-editors** to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when \"et al.\" is included.\n  \n  If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then \"In\" and the editors, then the main work.\n  \n  If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by \"ed.\"; multiple editors are followed by \"eds.\"\n\nTitle\n\n(See also [Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Titles_and_chapters \"Help:Citation Style 1\").)\n\n- **title**: Title of source page on website. Displays in quotation marks. For titles containing quotation marks, convert regular quotation marks (`\"`) to single quotation marks (`'`). See [MOS:QINQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOS:QINQ \"MOS:QINQ\") for guidance in more complex situations. If **script-title** is defined, use **title** to hold a [Romanization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ROMAN \"Wikipedia:ROMAN\") (if available) of the title in **script-title**.\n  - **script-title**: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in **title** (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>=_language_codes \"Help:Citation Style 1\") to help browsers properly display the script:\n    `... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...`\n  - **trans-title**: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after **title**. Use of the **language** parameter is recommended.\n\nTitles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded.\n\n| newline | \\[ | \\] | \\| |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| space | \\&\\#91; | \\&\\#93; | \\&\\#124; |\n|   | [{{bracket\\|text}}](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Bracket \"Template:Bracket\") | [{{pipe}}](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Pipe \"Template:Pipe\") – see also [Help:Table § Rendering pipe itself](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Table#Rendering_pipe_itself \"Help:Table\") |   |\n\nThis parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into [Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_incorrect_citation_syntax \"Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax\"). Set `|no-tracking=true` to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated.\n\n- **website**: Title of website (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name); may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: **work**\n\n- **type**: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword `none` can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: **medium**.\n\n- **language**: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the [ISO 639](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISO_639 \"ISO 639\") language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: `|language=ru`; `|lang=fr, pt-br`; `|lang=Russian`; `|language=French, Portuguese`. [See the list of supported codes and names](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation_Style_documentation\/language\/doc \"Template:Citation Style documentation\/language\/doc\"). Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with \"in\" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of [Category:CS1 foreign language sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources \"Category:CS1 foreign language sources\"). Because cs1\\|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. *espagnol* at a French-language wiki instead of the English word \"Spanish\". Aliases: **lang**\n\nURL\n\n- **url**: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by **title** can be found. Cannot be used if **title** is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. `#ixzz2rBr3aO94` or `?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=...`. For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see [WP:PAGELINKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:PAGELINKS \"Wikipedia:PAGELINKS\"). Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as [Amazon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\\(company\\) \"Amazon (company)\"); use `|isbn=` or `|oclc=` to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.\n  - **access-date**: Full date when the content pointed to by **url** was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires **url**; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[\\[date 1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-3) *Not required for linked documents that do not change.* For example, **access-date** is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see [WP:CITEWEB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:CITEWEB \"Wikipedia:CITEWEB\"). Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that **access-date** is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See [\"Automatic date formatting\"](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_auto-date-format) above for details about interaction with `{{use dmy dates}}` and `{{use mdy dates}}`. Can be [hidden or styled](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1\/accessdate \"Help:Citation Style 1\/accessdate\") by registered editors. Alias: **accessdate**.\n  - **archive-url**: The URL of an [archived](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_archiving \"Web archiving\") snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as [Internet Archive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_Archive \"Internet Archive\") (see [Help:Using the Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Using_the_Wayback_Machine \"Help:Using the Wayback Machine\")); requires **archive-date** and **url**. By default (overridden by `|url-status=live`) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: **archiveurl**.\n    - **archive-date**: Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text \"archived from the original on\". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[\\[date 1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-3) Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See [\"Automatic date formatting\"](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_auto-date-format) above for details about interaction with `{{use dmy dates}}` and `{{use mdy dates}}`. Alias: **archivedate**.\n    - **url-status**: A control parameter to select one of `|url=` or `|archive-url=` to link `|title=`; requires **url** *and* **archive-url**. Use `{{dead link}}` to mark dead `|url=` when there is no `|archive-url=`.\n      Accepts multiple keywords:\n      \n      - `dead` – (default condition when `|url-status=` omitted or empty) selects `|archive-url=`\n      - `live` – selects `|url=`; used when `|url=` is preemptively archived with `|archive-url=`\n      - `deviated` – selects `|archive-url=`; used when `|url=` is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article\n      - `unfit` – selects `|archive-url=`; used when `|url=` links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable *page*; links to `|url=` are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead [usurpation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:USURPURL \"Wikipedia:USURPURL\") or [blacklist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:BLACKLIST \"Wikipedia:BLACKLIST\"). Bot help is available at [WP:URLREQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:URLREQ \"Wikipedia:URLREQ\")\n      - `usurped` – selects `|archive-url=`; used when the *domain* in `|url=` no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to `|url=` are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at [WP:URLREQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:URLREQ \"Wikipedia:URLREQ\")\n      - `bot: unknown` – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in [Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown \"Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown\") when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.\n    - **archive-format**: File format of the work referred to by **archive-url**; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the [external link icon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:External_link_icons \"Help:External link icons\") (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include [alt text](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ALT \"Wikipedia:ALT\"); thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add \"(PDF)\" as descriptive text.) See [Using \\|format=](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Using_|format= \"Help:Citation Style 1\")\n  - **url-access**: See [Access indicators discussion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_access_level)\n- **format**: File format of the work referred to by **url**; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after **title**. (For media format, use **type**.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the [external link icon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:External_link_icons \"Help:External link icons\") (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include [alt text](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ALT \"Wikipedia:ALT\"); thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add \"(PDF)\" as descriptive text.) See [Using \\|format=](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Using_|format= \"Help:Citation Style 1\")\n\nURLs must begin with a supported [URI scheme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/URI_scheme \"URI scheme\"). `http:\/\/` and `https:\/\/` will be supported by all browsers; however, `ftp:\/\/`, `gopher:\/\/`, `irc:\/\/`, `ircs:\/\/`, `mailto:` and `news:` may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. [IPv6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IPv6 \"IPv6\") host-names are currently not supported.\n\nIf URLs in [citation template parameters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Examples \"Wikipedia:Citation templates\") contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be [percent-encoded](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Percent-encoded \"Percent-encoded\"). For example, a space must be replaced by `%20`. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:\n\n| Character | space | \" | ' | \\< | \\> | \\[ | \\] | { | \\| | } |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Encoding | %20 | %22 | %27 | %3C | %3E | %5B | %5D | %7B | %7C | %7D |\n\nSingle apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_3-1) Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD. See [MOS:DATEUNIFY](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MOS:DATEUNIFY \"MOS:DATEUNIFY\").\n\nWebsite\n\n- **work** (required by `{{cite journal}}` and `{{cite magazine}}`): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in *italics*. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If **script-work** is defined, use **work** to hold a [Romanization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ROMAN \"Wikipedia:ROMAN\") (if available) of the title in **script-work**. Aliases: **journal**, **newspaper**, **magazine**, **periodical**, **website**. Use [Latin script](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_script \"Latin script\"). For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard [Romanization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ROMAN \"Wikipedia:ROMAN\") in this field.\n  - **script-work**: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in **work** (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>=_language_codes \"Help:Citation Style 1\") to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: **script-journal**, **script-newspaper**, **script-magazine**, **script-periodical**, **script-website**.\n  - **trans-work**: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after **work** or **script-work**. Aliases: **trans-journal**, **trans-newspaper**, **trans-magazine**, **trans-periodical**, **trans-website**.\n    `... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ...`\n  - **department**: Title of a regular department, [column](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Column_\\(periodical\\) \"Column (periodical)\"), or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include \"Communication\", \"Editorial\", \"Letter to the Editor\", and \"Review\". Displays after **title** and is in plain text.\n\nWhen set, **work** changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:\n\n**title** is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.\n\n**chapter** does not display (and will produce an error message).\n\nEdition, series\n\n- **edition**: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: \"2nd\", \"Revised\", and so forth. Appends the string \" ed.\" after the field, so `|edition=2nd` produces \"2nd ed.\" Does not display if a periodical field is defined.\n\n- **series** or **version**: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.\n\nPublisher\n\n- **publisher**: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-wikilink-5) if relevant. The [publisher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Publisher \"Publisher\") is the *company*, *organization* or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state `|publisher=self-published`.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-6) Do *not* use the **publisher** parameter for the name of a [work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_work) (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as \"Ltd\", \"Inc.\", or \"GmbH\" are not usually included. This parameter is most commonly used for books, and rarely for websites or periodicals (although it may be used instead of **work** in some cases). Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes *The New York Times* newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after **title**.\n- **place**: For news stories with a [dateline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dateline \"Dateline\"), the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: **location**\n- **publication-place**: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, *The Boston Globe*, *The Times of India*. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of **publication-place**, **place**, or **location** is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if **publication-place** and **place** or **location** are defined, then **place** or **location** is shown before the title prefixed with \"written at\" and **publication-place** is shown after the title.\n- **publication-date**: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If **date** (or **year**) is also defined and is different, then **publication-date** displays preceded by \"published\" and enclosed in parentheses, following **publisher**. If **date** (or **year**) is not defined, **publication-date** is displayed as **date**. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.\n- **via**: Name of the content deliverer (if *different* from **publisher**). **via** is not a replacement for **publisher**, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the article is attributed to a different publication (e.g. in [Yahoo News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo_News \"Yahoo News\")) but cannot be traced, when the content deliverer (e.g. [NewsBank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NewsBank \"NewsBank\")) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (e.g. [EBSCO*host*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EBSCOhost \"EBSCOhost\")), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the [**access level**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_access_level) parameters to display access restrictions, and the [**agency**](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_agency) parameters if the original source is a news agency or wire service.\n\n- **agency**: The [news agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/News_agency \"News agency\") (wire service) that provided the content; examples: [Associated Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"), [Reuters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuters \"Reuters\"), [Agence France-Presse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\"). Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use **work** or **publisher**. May be wikilinked if relevant.\n\nIn-source locations\n\n- **minutes**: Time the event occurs in the source; followed by \"minutes in\".\n- OR: **time**: Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text \"Event occurs at\".\n  - **time-caption**: Changes the default text displayed before **time**.\n\n- **page**: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either `|page=` or `|pages=`, but not both. Displays preceded by `p.` unless `|no-pp=yes`. If hyphenated, use {{[hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Hyphen \"Template:Hyphen\")}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. `|page=3{{hyphen}}12`), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert `|page=3-12` to `|pages=3{{ndash}}12`. Alias: **p**.\n- OR: **pages**: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either `|page=` or `|pages=`, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by `pp.` unless `|no-pp=yes`.   \n  Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use [double parentheses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\") to tell the template to display the value of `|pages=` without processing it, and use {{[hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Hyphen \"Template:Hyphen\")}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: `|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))`. Alternatively, use `|at=`, like this: `|at=pp. 3-1&ndash;3-15`. Alias: **pp**.\n  - **no-pp**: Set to\n    yes\n    ,\n    y\n    , or\n    true\n    to suppress the `p.` or `pp.` notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where `|page=Front cover` or `|pages=passim`.\n- OR: **at**: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by `|page=` or `|pages=`. Use only one of `|page=`, `|pages=`, or `|at=`.  \n  Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.\n- For `|quote-page=` and `|quote-pages=` used in conjunction with `|quote=`, see [here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_quote).\n\nIdentifiers\n\nNot to be confused with [§ Anchor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Anchor).\n\n- **id**: A [unique identifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unique_identifier \"Unique identifier\"), used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an [external link template](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:External_link_templates \"Category:External link templates\") as applicable. For example, `|id=NCJ 122967` will append \"NCJ 122967\" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as `|id={{NCJ|122967}}` to append [NCJ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NCJ_\\(identifier\\) \"NCJ (identifier)\") [122967](https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/App\/Publications\/abstract.aspx?ID=122967) instead.\n\nThe following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and\/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. `|rfc=822` or `|pmc=345678`.\n\n- **arxiv**: [arXiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ArXiv \"ArXiv\") [identifier](https:\/\/arxiv.org\/help\/arxiv_identifier); for example: `|arxiv=hep-th\/9205027` (before April 2007) or `|arxiv=0706.0001` (April 2007 – December 2014) or `|arxiv=1501.00001` (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like \".pdf\" or \".html\". Aliases: **eprint**.\n- **asin**: [Amazon Standard Identification Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number \"Amazon Standard Identification Number\"); if first character of **asin** value is a digit, use **isbn**. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example `|asin=B00005N5PF`. Aliases: **ASIN**.\n  - **asin-tld**: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: `ae`, `au`, `br`, `ca`, `cn`, `de`, `es`, `fr`, `in`, `it`, `jp`, `mx`, `nl`, `pl`, `sa`, `se`, `sg`, `tr`, `uk`. Aliases: none.\n- **bibcode**: [bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode \"Bibcode\"); used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: `1974AJ.....79..819H`. Aliases: none.\n- **biorxiv**: [bioRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BioRxiv \"BioRxiv\") id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. `10.1101\/078733` for <http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/content\/early\/2016\/10\/01\/078733> or <https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/078733>; `10.1101\/2020.07.24.220400` for <https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.07.24.220400>). Aliases: none.\n- **citeseerx**: [CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CiteSeerX \"CiteSeerX\") id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. `10.1.1.176.341` for <https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341>). Aliases: none.\n- **doi**: [Digital object identifier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier \"Digital object identifier\"); for example: `10.1038\/news070508-7`. It is checked to ensure it begins with (`10.`). Aliases: **DOI**.\n  - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate *valid* DOIs using a non-standard format, see [below](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM).\n  - **doi-broken-date**: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working\/inactive at [https:\/\/doi.org](https:\/\/doi.org\/). Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.\n- **eissn**: [International Standard Serial Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number \"International Standard Serial Number\") for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a [hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyphen \"Hyphen\"), but not an [en dash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dash#En_dash \"Dash\") or a space; example `|eissn=1557-2986`. Aliases: **EISSN**.\n  - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate *valid* eISSNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM).\n- **hdl**: [Handle System](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Handle_System \"Handle System\") identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example `|hdl=20.1000\/100`. Aliases: **HDL**.\n- **isbn**: [International Standard Book Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number \"International Standard Book Number\"); for example: `978-0-8126-9593-9`. (See [Wikipedia:ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ISBN \"Wikipedia:ISBN\") and [ISBN § Overview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN#Overview \"ISBN\").) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use **sbn**. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without *any* additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with \"X\" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: **ISBN**.\n  - Use the {{[Format ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Format_ISBN \"Template:Format ISBN\")}} template within the parameter – in the form `|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}` – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.\n  - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate *valid* ISBNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM).\n- **ismn**: [International Standard Music Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Music_Number \"International Standard Music Number\"); for example: `979-0-9016791-7-7`. [Hyphens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyphens \"Hyphens\") or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without *any* additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: **ISMN**.\n- **issn**: [International Standard Serial Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number \"International Standard Serial Number\"); eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a [hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyphen \"Hyphen\"), but not an [en dash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dash#En_dash \"Dash\") or a space; example `|issn=2049-3630`. Aliases: **ISSN**.\n  - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate *valid* ISSNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM).\n- **jfm**: *[Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jahrbuch_%C3%BCber_die_Fortschritte_der_Mathematik \"Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik\")*; do not include \"JFM\" in the value; example `|jfm=53.0144.01`. Aliases: **JFM**.\n- **jstor**: [JSTOR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR \"JSTOR\") reference number; for example: `|jstor=3793107`. Aliases: **JSTOR**.\n- **lccn**: [Library of Congress Control Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number \"Library of Congress Control Number\"). When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example `|lccn=79-57364` or `|lccn=2004042477` or `|lccn=e09001178`. Aliases: **LCCN**.\n- **mr**: [Mathematical Reviews](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematical_Reviews \"Mathematical Reviews\"); example `|mr=630583`. Aliases: **MR**.\n- **oclc**: [OCLC Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_Number \"OCLC Number\") for looking up publications in the [WorldCat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WorldCat \"WorldCat\") [union catalog](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_catalog \"Union catalog\"); example `|oclc=9355469`. Aliases: **OCLC**.\n- **ol**: [Open Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Library \"Open Library\") identifier; do not include \"OL\" in the value; example `|ol=7030731M`. Aliases: **OL**.\n- **osti**: [Office of Scientific and Technical Information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information \"Office of Scientific and Technical Information\"); example `|osti=4367507`. Aliases: **OSTI**.\n- **pmc**: [PubMed Central](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central \"PubMed Central\"); use article number for [open repository](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_repository \"Open repository\") full-text of a journal article, e.g. `|pmc=345678`. Do not include \"PMC\" in the value. See also the **pmid** parameter, below; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: **PMC**.\n  - **pmc-embargo-date**: Date that **pmc** goes live; if this date is in the future, then **pmc** is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.\n- **pmid**: [PubMed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed \"PubMed\"); use unique identifier; example `|pmid=17322060` See also the **pmc** parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: **PMID**.\n- **rfc**: [Request for Comments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Request_for_Comments \"Request for Comments\"); example `|rfc=3143`. Aliases: **RFC**.\n- **sbn**: [Standard Book Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Book_Number \"Standard Book Number\"); example `|sbn=356-02201-3`. Aliases: **SBN**.\n  - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate *valid* SBNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM).\n- **ssrn**: [Social Science Research Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Science_Research_Network \"Social Science Research Network\"); example `|ssrn=1900856`. Aliases: **SSRN**.\n- **s2cid**: [Semantic Scholar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semantic_Scholar \"Semantic Scholar\") corpus ID; example `|s2cid=37220927`. Aliases: **S2CID**.\n- **zbl**: [Zentralblatt MATH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zentralblatt_MATH \"Zentralblatt MATH\"); example `|zbl=0472.53010` For zbMATH search results like `JFM 35.0387.02` use `|jfm=35.0387.02`. Aliases: **ZBL**.\n\nIn very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (`|doi=`, `|eissn=`, `|isbn=`, `|issn=`, and `|sbn=`) support a special [accept-this-as-written markup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\") which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as `|<param>=((<value>))`). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.\n\nFor some identifiers, it is possible to specify the [access status](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Registration_or_subscription_required \"Help:Citation Style 1\") using the corresponding `|<param>-access=` parameter.\n\nFor {{[cite journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_journal \"Template:Cite journal\")}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when `|url=` and `|title-link=` are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for `|title-link=` to manually select a specific source (`|title-link=pmc` or `|title-link=doi`) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (`|title-link=none`).\n\nIt is not necessary to specify a URL to a link *identical* to a link also produced by an identifier. The `|url=` parameter (or `|title-link=`) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a [convenience link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Convenience_links \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.\n\nSubscription or registration required\n\n- [WP:URLACCESS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Wikipedia:URLACCESS&redirect=no)\n\nCitations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in [Verifiability § Access to sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:PAYWALL \"Wikipedia:PAYWALL\"). As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to [verifying claims in articles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:V \"Wikipedia:V\").\n\nFour access levels can be used:\n\n- [access indicator for named identifiers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers):\n  - ![Freely accessible](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/Lock-green.svg\/20px-Lock-green.svg.png) `free`: the source is free to read for anyone\n- [access indicators for url-holding parameters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters):\n\nAs there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.\n\nAccess indicators for url-holding parameters\n\nOnline sources linked by `|url=`, `|article-url=`, `|chapter-url=`, `|contribution-url=`, `|entry-url=`, `|map-url=`, and `|section-url=` are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as `free`. If the registration\/limited\/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add `|archive-url=` and `|archive-date=` values if possible.\n\n| URL | Access | Allowed keywords |\n|---|---|---|\n| `|url=` | `|url-access=` | `registration` ![Free registration required](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `limited` ![Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `subscription` ![Paid subscription required](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/aa\/Lock-red-alt-2.svg\/20px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png) |\n| `|article-url=` | `|article-url-access=` |   |\n| `|chapter-url=` | `|chapter-url-access=` |   |\n| `|contribution-url=` | `|contribution-url-access=` |   |\n| `|entry-url=` | `|entry-url-access=` |   |\n| `|map-url=` | `|map-url-access=` |   |\n| `|section-url=` | `|section-url-access=` |   |\n\nFor example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:\n```\n{{cite web |url=https:\/\/example.com\/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}\n```\nwhich renders as:\n\n[\"Nifty example data\"](https:\/\/example.com\/nifty_data.php). 2021-04-15.\n\nAccess indicator for named identifiers\n\n- [WP:DOIACCESS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DOIACCESS&redirect=no)\n\nLinks inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as `limited`, `registration`, or `subscription`.\n\n| Identifier | Access | Allowed keywords |\n|---|---|---|\n| `|bibcode=` | `|bibcode-access=` | `free` ![Freely accessible](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/Lock-green.svg\/20px-Lock-green.svg.png) |\n| `|doi=` | `|doi-access=` |   |\n| `|hdl=` | `|hdl-access=` |   |\n| `|jstor=` | `|jstor-access=` |   |\n| `|ol=` | `|ol-access=` |   |\n| `|osti=` | `|osti-access=` |   |\n| `|ssrn=` | `|ssrn-access=` |   |\n| `|s2cid=` | `|s2cid-access=` |   |\n\nSome named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:\n\n- `|arxiv=`\n- `|biorxiv=`\n- `|citeseerx=`\n- `|medrxiv=`\n- `|pmc=`\n- `|rfc=`\n\nFor an embargoed **pmc** that will become available in the future, see **pmc-embargo-date**.\n\nTracking of free DOIs\n\n- The template is able to recognize known free-to-read [DOI registrants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DOI_registrant \"DOI registrant\"), based on a list in [Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration \"Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration\"). Once a free registrant is identified, the `10.xxxx\/...` part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under *local function build\\_free\\_doi\\_registrants\\_table()*. If `|doi-access=free` is not set, it will place the page in [Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI \"Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI\"), which is routinely cleared by [User:Citation bot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User:Citation_bot \"User:Citation bot\").\n- The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear `10.xxxx\/yyyy....` DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to [Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration \"Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration\") under *local extended\\_registrants\\_t = {* with the format `['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'},`. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format `['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'},`.\n- If you add a free registrant\/free journal to the lists in [Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration \"Module:Citation\/CS1\/Configuration\"), leave a note at [User talk:Citation bot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User_talk:Citation_bot \"User talk:Citation bot\") so the bot knows about it.\n\nQuote\n\n- **quote**: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If **script-quote** is defined, use **quote** to hold a [Romanization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:ROMAN \"Wikipedia:ROMAN\") (if available) of the text in **script-quote**. When quoting a copyrighted text, only [brief quotations to attribute a point of view or idea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Non-free_content#Text \"Wikipedia:Non-free content\") are permitted; extensive quotations are prohibited.\n  - **script-quote**: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in **quote** (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>=_language_codes \"Help:Citation Style 1\") to help browsers properly display the script:\n    `... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...`\n  - **trans-quote**: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.\n- **quote-page**: The number of a single page quoted in `|quote=`. Use either `|quote-page=` or `|quote-pages=`, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in `|page=`, `|pages=` or `|at=`. Displays preceded by `p.` unless `|no-pp=yes`. If hyphenated, use {{[hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Hyphen \"Template:Hyphen\")}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. `|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12`). Alias: none.\n- OR: **quote-pages**: A list or range of pages quoted in `|quote=`. Use either `|quote-page=` or `|quote-pages=`, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in `|pages=` or `|at=`. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by `pp.` unless `|no-pp=yes` is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use [double parentheses](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup \"Help:Citation Style 1\") to tell the template to display the value of `|quote-pages=` without processing it, and use {{[hyphen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Hyphen \"Template:Hyphen\")}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: `|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))`. Alias: none.\n\nAnchor\n\nNot to be confused with [§ Identifiers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_web#Identifiers).\n\n- **ref**: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, `|ref=ID` generates an anchor with the given `ID` (the `id=` attribute in the citation's `<cite id=\"ID\">` HTML tag). Setting `|ref=ID` identifies the template as a target and allows [wikilinking to full references](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\/Further_considerations#Wikilinks_to_full_references \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\/Further considerations\"), especially useful with short-form citations like [shortened notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Short_citations \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") and [parenthetical referencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing \"Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing\"). The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{[sfn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Sfn \"Template:Sfn\")}} and {{[harv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Harv \"Template:Harv\")}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter \/ keyword pair `|ref=harv` has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should *not* be used and may be removed from existing cs1\\|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set `|ref=none`. Aliases: none. See [Template:Citation\/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation\/doc#Anchors_for_Harvard_referencing_templates \"Template:Citation\/doc\").\n\nDisplay options\n\n- **mode**: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For `|mode=cs1`, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (`.`); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For `|mode=cs2`, element separator is a comma (`,`); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use **postscript**.\n- **author-mask**:\n- **contributor-mask**:\n- **editor-mask**:\n- **interviewer-mask**:\n- **subject-mask**:\n- **translator-mask**:\n  Replaces the name of the (first) author with [em dashes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dash#Em_dash \"Dash\") or text. Set **\\<name\\>-mask** to a numeric value *n* to set the dash *n* em spaces wide; set **\\<name\\>-mask** to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, \"with\". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with **\\<name\\>-link**—in this case, the value of **\\<name\\>-link** will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as [shortened footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Shortened_footnotes \"Help:Shortened footnotes\"). Do not use in a list generated by `{{reflist}}`, `<references \/>` or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. `|authorn-mask=`) to apply the mask to a specific\n  \n  name\n  \n  .\n\n- **display-authors**:\n- **display-contributors**:\n- **display-editors**:\n- **display-interviewers**:\n- **display-subjects**:\n- **display-translators**:\n  Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, `|display-authors=2` will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). `|display-authors=0` is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. `|display-authors=etal` displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.\n- **postscript**: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (`.`); for no terminating punctuation, specify `|postscript=none` – leaving `|postscript=` empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. `|postscript=` is ignored if **quote** is defined.\n\nTemplateData\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![Warning](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/f1\/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg\/40px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg \"Warning\") | This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [Help:Citation Style 1\\#TemplateData](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1#TemplateData \"Help:Citation Style 1\") |\n\nFormats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.\n\n| Parameter | Description | Type | Status |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Last name | `last` `last1` `author` `author1` `author1-last` `author-last` `surname1` `author-last1` `subject1` `surname` `subject` | The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors | Line | suggested |\n| First name | `first` `given` `author-first` `first1` `given1` `author-first1` `author1-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors | Line | suggested |\n| Author link | `author-link` `author-link1` `author1-link` `subject-link` `subject-link1` `subject1-link` `authorlink` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 2 | `last2` `author2` | The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 2 | `first2` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 2 | `author-link2` `author2-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 3 | `last3` `author3` | The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 3 | `first3` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 3 | `author-link3` `author3-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 4 | `last4` `author4` | The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 4 | `first4` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 4 | `author-link4` `author4-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 5 | `last5` `author5` | The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 5 | `first5` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 5 | `author-link5` `author5-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 6 | `last6` `author6` | The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 6 | `first6` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 6 | `author-link6` `author6-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 7 | `last7` `author7` | The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 7 | `first7` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 7 | `author-link7` `author7-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 8 | `last8` `author8` | The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 8 | `first8` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 8 | `author-link8` `author8-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 9 | `last9` `author9` | The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 9 | `first9` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 9 | `author-link9` `author9-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 10 | `last10` `author10` | The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 10 | `first10` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 10 | `author-link10` `author10-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 11 | `last11` `author11` | The surname of the eleventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 11 | `first11` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eleventh author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 11 | `author-link11` `author11-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eleventh author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 12 | `last12` `author12` | The surname of the twelfth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 12 | `first12` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the twelfth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 12 | `author-link12` `author12-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the twelfth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 13 | `last13` `author13` | The surname of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 13 | `first13` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 13 | `author-link13` `author13-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the thirteenth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 14 | `last14` `author14` | The surname of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 14 | `first14` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 14 | `author-link14` `author14-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourteenth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Last name 15 | `last15` `author15` | The surname of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'. | Line | optional |\n| First name 15 | `first15` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Author link 15 | `author-link15` `author15-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifteenth author. | Page name | optional |\n| Author mask | `author-mask` | Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |\n| Display authors | `display-authors` | Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: \\|display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. \\|display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. | String | optional |\n| Name list style | `name-list-style` | Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.Suggested values `amp` `and` `vanc` | String | optional |\n| Source date | `date` | Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink | Date | suggested |\n| Year of publication | `year` | Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter | String | optional |\n| Original date | `orig-date` | Original date of publication; provide specifics | Date | optional |\n| Editor last name | `editor-last` `editor1-last` `editor` | The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name | `editor-first` `editor1-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first' | Line | optional |\n| Editor link | `editor-link` `editor1-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 2 | `editor2-last` `editor2` | The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 2 | `editor2-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 2 | `editor2-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 3 | `editor3-last` `editor3` | The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 3 | `editor3-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 3 | `editor3-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 4 | `editor4-last` `editor4` | The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 4 | `editor4-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 4 | `editor4-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 5 | `editor5-last` `editor5` | The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 5 | `editor5-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 5 | `editor5-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 6 | `editor6-last` `editor6` | The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 6 | `editor6-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 6 | `editor6-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 7 | `editor7-last` `editor7` | The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 7 | `editor7-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 7 | `editor7-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 8 | `editor8-last` `editor8` | The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 8 | `editor8-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 8 | `editor8-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Editor last name 9 | `editor9-last` `editor9` | The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. | Line | optional |\n| Editor first name 9 | `editor9-first` | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |\n| Editor link 9 | `editor9-link` | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor. | Page name | optional |\n| Others | `others` | Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith' | String | optional |\n| Title | `title` | The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website. | String | required |\n| Script title | `script-title` | For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon.Example For Japanese use: \\|script-title=ja:... | String | optional |\n| Translated title | `trans-title` | An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended | String | optional |\n| URL | `url` `URL` | The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type \"https:\/\/...\" or maybe even the protocol relative scheme \"\/\/...\"Example https:\/\/www.metacritic.com\/\/... | URL | required |\n| URL access level | `url-access` | Classification of the access restrictions on the URLSuggested values `registration` `subscription` `limited` Example 'registration', 'subscription' or 'limited' | String | suggested |\n| URL status | `url-status` | If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.Suggested values `dead` `live` `usurped` `unfit` `deviated` Default 'dead' if an Archive URL is entered Example 'dead' or 'live' | String | suggested |\n| Archive URL | `archive-url` `archiveurl` | The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'Auto value | URL | suggested |\n| Archive date | `archive-date` `archivedate` | Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink | Date | suggested |\n| Archive format | `archive-format` | Format of the archived copy; do not specify HTMLExample PDF, DOC, XLS | String | optional |\n| URL access date | `access-date` `accessdate` | The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink | Date | suggested |\n| Name of the website | `website` `work` | Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.Example \\[\\[Rotten Tomatoes\\]\\] | String | suggested |\n| Series identifier | `series` | Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal | String | optional |\n| Publisher | `publisher` | Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.Example \\[\\[Fandom, Inc.\\]\\] (which owns \"Metacritic.com\") | String | optional |\n| Place | `place` | For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location' | String | optional |\n| Page | `page` | Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' | String | optional |\n| Pages | `pages` | Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.' | String | optional |\n| At | `at` | May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient | String | optional |\n| Language | `language` `lang` | The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commasExample de, fr, es | String | optional |\n| Type | `type` | Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case | String | optional |\n| Format | `format` | Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML | String | optional |\n| Place of publication | `publication-place` | Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' | String | optional |\n| Publication date | `publication-date` | Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink | Date | optional |\n| Date format | `df` | Sets rendered dates to the specified format | String | optional |\n| Published via | `via` | Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.Example \\[\\[GitHub\\]\\], \\[\\[SourceForge\\]\\], \\[\\[CodePlex\\]\\], \\[\\[YouTube\\]\\], \\[\\[Vimeo\\]\\], \\[\\[Dailymotion\\]\\], \\[\\[Netflix\\]\\], \\[\\[Archive.org\\]\\], \\[\\[Wikimedia Commons\\]\\], \\[\\[grc.com\\]\\] | String | optional |\n| No pp | `no-pp` | Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')Auto value `y` | Boolean | optional |\n| arXiv identifier | `arxiv` | An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers | String | optional |\n| ASIN | `asin` | Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters | String | optional |\n| ASIN TLD | `asin-tld` | ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US | String | optional |\n| Bibcode | `bibcode` | Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters | String | optional |\n| biorXiv | `biorxiv` | biorXiv identifier; 6 digits | Line | optional |\n| CiteSeerX | `citeseerx` | CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter | Line | optional |\n| DOI | `doi` | Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' | String | optional |\n| DOI broken date | `doi-broken-date` | The date that the DOI was determined to be brokenAuto value | Date | optional |\n| ISBN | `isbn` | International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible | String | optional |\n| ISSN | `issn` | International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen | String | optional |\n| jfm code | `jfm` | Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code | String | optional |\n| JSTOR | `jstor` | JSTOR identifier | String | optional |\n| LCCN | `lccn` | Library of Congress Control Number | String | optional |\n| MR | `mr` | Mathematical Reviews identifier | String | optional |\n| OCLC | `oclc` | Online Computer Library Center number | String | optional |\n| OL | `ol` | Open Library identifier | String | optional |\n| OSTI | `osti` | Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier | String | optional |\n| PMC | `pmc` | PubMed Center article number | String | optional |\n| PMID | `pmid` | PubMed Unique Identifier | String | optional |\n| RFC | `rfc` | Request for Comments number | String | optional |\n| SSRN | `ssrn` | Social Science Research Network | String | optional |\n| Zbl | `zbl` | Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier | String | optional |\n| id | `id` | A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable | String | optional |\n| Quote | `quote` | Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation | String | optional |\n| Translated quote | `trans-quote` | English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. | String | optional |\n| Ref | `ref` | An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references | String | optional |\n| Postscript | `postscript` | The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is definedDefault . | String | optional |\n| Edition | `edition` | Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'Example 2nd | Line | optional |\n| Bibcode access level | `bibcode-access` | If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| DOI access level | `doi-access` | If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| HDL access level | `hdl-access` | If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| Jstor access level | `jstor-access` | If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| OpenLibrary access level | `ol-access` | If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| OSTI access level | `osti-access` | If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.Auto value `free` | String | optional |\n| Agency | `agency` | The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse | String | optional |\n\nSee also\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation_Style_1 \"Template:Citation Style 1\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1 \"Template talk:Citation Style 1\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Citation_Style_1 \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Citation Style 1\")[Citation Style 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1 \"Help:Citation Style 1\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| General  templates | {{[Cite book](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_book \"Template:Cite book\")}} books {{[Cite conference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_conference \"Template:Cite conference\")}} conference papers {{[Cite document](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_document \"Template:Cite document\")}} short, stand-alone, offline documents {{[Cite encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_encyclopedia \"Template:Cite encyclopedia\")}} edited collections {{[Cite interview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_interview \"Template:Cite interview\")}} interviews {{[Cite journal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_journal \"Template:Cite journal\")}} academic journals {{[Cite magazine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_magazine \"Template:Cite magazine\")}} magazines {{[Cite mailing list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_mailing_list \"Template:Cite mailing list\")}} public mailing lists {{[Cite map](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_map \"Template:Cite map\")}} maps {{[Cite news](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_news \"Template:Cite news\")}} news articles {{[Cite newsgroup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_newsgroup \"Template:Cite newsgroup\")}} online newsgroups {{[Cite press release](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_press_release \"Template:Cite press release\")}} press releases {{[Cite report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_report \"Template:Cite report\")}} unpublished reports {{[Cite sign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_sign \"Template:Cite sign\")}} signs, plaques {{[Cite speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_speech \"Template:Cite speech\")}} speeches {{[Cite tech report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_tech_report \"Template:Cite tech report\")}} technical reports {{[Cite thesis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_thesis \"Template:Cite thesis\")}} theses {{[Cite web]()}} web sources |\n| Preprint templates | {{[Cite arXiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_arXiv \"Template:Cite arXiv\")}} {{[Cite bioRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_bioRxiv \"Template:Cite bioRxiv\")}} {{[Cite CiteSeerX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX \"Template:Cite CiteSeerX\")}} {{[Cite medRxiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_medRxiv \"Template:Cite medRxiv\")}} {{[Cite SSRN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_SSRN \"Template:Cite SSRN\")}} |\n| Audiovisual-related | {{[Cite AV media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_AV_media \"Template:Cite AV media\")}} {{[Cite AV media notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes \"Template:Cite AV media notes\")}} {{[Cite episode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_episode \"Template:Cite episode\")}} {{[Cite podcast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_podcast \"Template:Cite podcast\")}} {{[Cite serial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_serial \"Template:Cite serial\")}} |\n| Categories | [Citation Style 1 templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates \"Category:Citation Style 1 templates\") [Citation Style 1 specific-source templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Citation_Style_1_specific-source_templates \"Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates\") |\n| Documentation | {{[Citation Style documentation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation_Style_documentation \"Template:Citation Style documentation\")}} |\n| [Citation Style 1 noticeboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1 \"Help talk:Citation Style 1\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Wikipedia_referencing \"Template:Wikipedia referencing\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing \"Template talk:Wikipedia referencing\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Wikipedia_referencing \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Wikipedia referencing\")[Wikipedia referencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Policies and guidelines | [Verifiability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\") [No original research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:No_original_research \"Wikipedia:No original research\") [Biographies of living persons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons \"Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons\") [Reliable sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources \"Wikipedia:Reliable sources\") [Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\\(medicine\\) \"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)\") [Citing sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") [Scientific citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines \"Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines\") |\n| General advice | [Citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\") [Combining sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Combining_sources \"Wikipedia:Combining sources\") [Offline sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Offline_sources \"Wikipedia:Offline sources\") [Referencing styles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles \"Help:Overview of referencing styles\") |\n| [Citing sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\") | [Citation Style 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_1 \"Help:Citation Style 1\") [Citation Style 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_Style_2 \"Help:Citation Style 2\") [Bluebook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates \"Category:Bluebook style citation templates\") [Comics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Comics_citation_templates \"Category:Comics citation templates\") [Citation templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_templates \"Wikipedia:Citation templates\") |\n| [Inline citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Inline_citation \"Wikipedia:Inline citation\") | [Footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Footnotes \"Help:Footnotes\") [Punctuation and footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes \"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\") [Shortened footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Shortened_footnotes \"Help:Shortened footnotes\") [Nesting footnotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes \"Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes\") |\n| [Help for beginners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Referencing_for_beginners \"Help:Referencing for beginners\") | [Reference-tags](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Reftags \"Help:Reftags\") [Citations quick reference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citations_quick_reference \"Help:Citations quick reference\") [Introduction to referencing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup\/1 \"Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup\/1\") [Referencing with citation templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates \"Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates\") [Referencing without using templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates \"Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates\") [Referencing dos and don'ts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts \"Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts\") [Citing Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia \"Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia\") |\n| Advanced help | [Cite link labels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Cite_link_labels \"Help:Cite link labels\") [Cite errors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Cite_errors \"Help:Cite errors\") [Citation merging (bundling)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_merging \"Help:Citation merging\") [Cite messages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Cite_messages \"Help:Cite messages\") [Converting between references formats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Converting_between_references_formats \"Help:Converting between references formats\") [Reference display customization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Reference_display_customization \"Help:Reference display customization\") [References and page numbers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:References_and_page_numbers \"Help:References and page numbers\") [Guidance on source reviewing at FAC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC \"Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC\") [Cite extension documentation](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/wiki\/Help:Cite \"mw:Help:Cite\") |\n| [Footnote templates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Footnote_templates \"Category:Footnote templates\") | [Citation Style documentation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Citation_Style_documentation \"Template:Citation Style documentation\") [Multiple references](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Multiple_references \"Template:Multiple references\") {{[Reflist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Reflist \"Template:Reflist\")}} {{[Refbegin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Refbegin \"Template:Refbegin\")}} |\n| [Find references](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Find_sources \"Help:Find sources\") | [How to find sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:FIND \"Wikipedia:FIND\") [Bibliographies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies \"Wikipedia:List of bibliographies\") [Wikipedia Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library \"Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library\") [Resource Exchange](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange\/Resource_Request \"Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange\/Resource Request\") [Reference Desk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Reference_desk \"Wikipedia:Reference desk\") [Book Sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Book_sources \"Wikipedia:Book sources\") [Free newspaper sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources \"Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources\") |\n| [Citation tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Citation_tools \"Help:Citation tools\") (External links) | [Citer](https:\/\/citer.toolforge.org\/) [Citation bot](https:\/\/tools.wmflabs.org\/citations\/) [MakeRef](https:\/\/tools.wmflabs.org\/makeref\/) [Refill](https:\/\/refill.toolforge.org\/ng\/) [WayBack](https:\/\/archive.org\/) [OABot](https:\/\/iw.toolforge.org\/oabot\/) |\n\n*This template produces [COinS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COinS \"COinS\") metadata; see [COinS in Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:COinS \"Wikipedia:COinS\") for background information.*","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

1 month ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	1 months ago (distributed domain, exempt)
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web
Last Crawled	2026-03-11 09:29:11 (1 month ago)
First Indexed	2013-08-11 05:56:39 (12 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Template:Cite web - Wikipedia
Meta Description	null
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	This template is used on approximately 5,300,000 pages, or roughly 8% of all pages . To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage . The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them. This template is used by the standard installation of AutoWikiBrowser (AWB). If you are planning to make any major changes to this template, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please notify AWB's users and maintainers beforehand at Wikipedia talk:AWB as a courtesy. This template is used by one or more bots . If you intend to change this template in any significant way, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please inform the bot operators. Thank you. The relevant bots are: KiranBOT Citation Style 1 templates {{ Cite arXiv }} arXiv preprints {{ Cite AV media }} audio and visual media {{ Cite AV media notes }} AV media liner notes {{ Cite bioRxiv }} bioRxiv preprints {{ Cite book }} books and chapters {{ Cite CiteSeerX }} CiteSeerX papers {{ Cite conference }} conference papers {{ Cite document }} short, stand-alone, offline documents {{ Cite encyclopedia }} edited collections {{ Cite episode }} radio or TV episodes {{ Cite interview }} interviews {{ Cite journal }} academic journals {{ Cite magazine }} magazines, periodicals {{ Cite mailing list }} public mailing lists {{ Cite map }} maps {{ Cite medRxiv }} medRxiv preprints {{ Cite news }} news articles {{ Cite newsgroup }} online newsgroups {{ Cite podcast }} podcasts {{ Cite press release }} press releases {{ Cite report }} reports {{ Cite serial }} audio or video serials {{ Cite sign }} signs, plaques {{ Cite speech }} speeches {{ Cite SSRN }} SSRN papers {{ Cite tech report }} technical reports {{ Cite thesis }} theses {{ Cite web }} web sources not covered by the above See also Specific-source templates Citation Style 1 wrapper templates v t e This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for web sources that are not characterized by another CS1 template. Do not use this template in the " External links " section of articles. Usage Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as \|isbn= have upper-case aliases like \|ISBN= , which are acceptable for use). Use the "\|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then purge the page. Most-commonly-used parameters in horizontal format To cite a web page with a credited author {{ cite web \| last = \| first = \| date = \| title = \| url = \| website = \| location = \| publisher = \| access-date = }} To cite a web page with no credited author {{ cite web \| author = <!-- not stated --> \| date = \| title = \| url = \| website = \| location = \| publisher = \| access-date = }} To cite an online web page that has been archived {{ cite web \| last = \| first = \| date = \| title = \| url = \| website = \| location = \| publisher = \| url-status = \| archive-url = \| archive-date = \| access-date = }} To cite a web page written in a foreign language {{ cite web \| last = \| first = \| date = \| title = \| url = \| trans-title = \| website = \| language = \| location = \| publisher = \| access-date = }} To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription {{ cite web \| last1 = \| first1 = \| last2 = \| first2 = \| date = \| title = \| url = \| url-access = \| trans-title = \| format = \| website = \| language = \| location = \| publisher = \| url-status = \| archive-url = \| archive-date = \| access-date = \| via = \| quote = }} Full parameter set in horizontal format {{ cite web \| last1 = \| first1 = \| author-link1 = \| last2 = \| first2 = \| author-link2 = \| display-authors = \| author-mask1 = \| author-mask2 = \| collaboration = \| df = \| date = \| year = \| orig-date = \| orig-year = \| location = \| editor-last1 = \| editor-first1 = \| editor-link1 = \| editor-last2 = \| editor-first2 = \| editor-link2 = \| display-editors = \| editor-mask1 = \| editor-mask2 = \| title = \| script-title = \| title-link = \| url = \| url-access = \| trans-title = \| format = \| department = \| website = \| script-website = \| trans-website = \| type = \| series = \| language = \| interviewer-last1 = \| interviewer-first1 = \| interviewer-link1 = \| interviewer-last2 = \| interviewer-first2 = \| interviewer-link2 = \| display-interviewers = \| interviewer-mask1 = \| interviewer-mask2 = \| translator-last1 = \| translator-first1 = \| translator-link1 = \| translator-last2 = \| translator-first2 = \| translator-link2 = \| display-translators = \| translator-mask1 = \| translator-mask2 = \| others = \| name-list-style = \| edition = \| publication-place = \| publisher = \| publication-date = \| agency = \| minutes = \| time-caption = \| time = \| page = \| pages = \| at = \| no-pp = \| arxiv = \| asin = \| asin-tld = \| bibcode = \| bibcode-access = \| biorxiv = \| citeseerx = \| doi = \| doi-access = \| doi-broken-date = \| eissn = \| hdl = \| hdl-access = \| isbn = \| ismn = \| issn = \| jfm = \| jstor = \| jstor-access = \| lccn = \| medrxiv = \| mr = \| oclc = \| ol = \| ol-access = \| osti = \| osti-access = \| pmc = \| pmc-embargo-date = \| pmid = \| rfc = \| sbn = \| ssrn = \| s2cid = \| s2cid-access = \| zbl = \| id = \| url-status = \| archive-url = \| archive-format = \| archive-date = \| access-date = \| via = \| quote-page = \| quote-pages = \| quote = \| script-quote = \| trans-quote = \| mode = \| ref = \| postscript = }} Most-commonly-used parameters in vertical format To cite a web page with a credited author {{ cite web \| last = \| first = \| date = \| title = \| url = \| website = \| location = \| publisher = \| access-date = }} To cite a web page with no credited author {{ cite web \| author = <!-- not stated --> \| date = \| title = \| url = \| website = \| location = \| publisher = \| access-date = }} To cite a web page article that has been archived {{ cite web \| last = \| first = \| date = \| title = \| url = \| website = \| location = \| publisher = \| url-status = \| archive-url = \| archive-date = \| access-date = }} To cite a web page written in a foreign language {{ cite web \| last = \| first = \| date = \| title = \| url = \| trans-title = \| website = \| language = \| location = \| publisher = \| access-date = }} To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription {{ cite web \| last1 = \| first1 = \| last2 = \| first2 = \| date = \| title = \| url = \| url-access = \| trans-title = \| format = \| website = \| language = \| location = \| publisher = \| url-status = \| archive-url = \| archive-date = \| access-date = \| via = \| quote = }} Full parameter set in vertical format Parameters Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes Vertical list last1 Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. {{ cite web \| last1 = \| first1 = \| author-link1 = \| last2 = \| first2 = \| author-link2 = \| display-authors = \| author-mask1 = \| author-mask2 = \| collaboration = \| df = \| date = \| year = \| orig-date = \| orig-year = \| location = \| editor-last1 = \| editor-first1 = \| editor-link1 = \| editor-last2 = \| editor-first2 = \| editor-link2 = \| display-editors = \| editor-mask1 = \| editor-mask2 = \| title = \| script-title = \| title-link = \| url = \| url-access = \| trans-title = \| format = \| department = \| website = \| script-website = \| trans-website = \| type = \| series = \| language = \| interviewer-last1 = \| interviewer-first1 = \| interviewer-link1 = \| interviewer-last2 = \| interviewer-first2 = \| interviewer-link2 = \| display-interviewers = \| interviewer-mask1 = \| interviewer-mask2 = \| translator-last1 = \| translator-first1 = \| translator-link1 = \| translator-last2 = \| translator-first2 = \| translator-link2 = \| display-translators = \| translator-mask1 = \| translator-mask2 = \| others = \| name-list-style = \| edition = \| publication-place = \| publisher = \| publication-date = \| agency = \| minutes = \| time-caption = \| time = \| page = \| pages = \| at = \| no-pp = \| arxiv = \| asin = \| asin-tld = \| bibcode = \| bibcode-access = \| biorxiv = \| citeseerx = \| doi = \| doi-access = \| doi-broken-date = \| eissn = \| hdl = \| hdl-access = \| isbn = \| ismn = \| issn = \| jfm = \| jstor = \| jstor-access = \| lccn = \| medrxiv = \| mr = \| oclc = \| ol = \| ol-access = \| osti = \| osti-access = \| pmc = \| pmc-embargo-date = \| pmid = \| rfc = \| sbn = \| ssrn = \| s2cid = \| s2cid-access = \| zbl = \| id = \| url-status = \| archive-url = \| archive-format = \| archive-date = \| access-date = \| via = \| quote-page = \| quote-pages = \| quote = \| script-quote = \| trans-quote = \| mode = \| ref = \| postscript = }} first1 last1 Author's first name. Don't link. author-link1 last1 Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. last2 last1 Like last1 , but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: last3 , etc. first2 last2 Like first1 , but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: first3 , etc. author-link2 last2 Like author-link1 , but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: author-link3 , etc. display-authors last1 Number (number of authors displayed) or etal (more authors) author-mask1 last1 See Display options below; not for lists of cited works author-mask2 last2 collaboration last1 df date year orig-date date or year orig-year date or year location publisher can be used for written-at location when publication-place is used for publication place editor-last1 Like last1 , but for editor. Don't link. editor-first1 editor-last1 Like first1 , but for editor. Don't link. editor-link1 editor-last1 Like author-link1 , but for editor. Don't link. editor-last2 editor-last1 Like last1 , but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: editor-last3 , etc. editor-first2 editor-last2 Like first1 , but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: editor-first3 , etc. editor-link2 editor-last2 Like author-link1 , but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: editor-link3 , etc. display-editors editor-last1 Like display-authors , but for editors editor-mask1 editor-last1 See Display options below; not for lists of cited works editor-mask2 editor-last2 title This parameter is required. script-title title-link title or script-title Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if url is provided url title or script-title This parameter is required. Do not use if title-link is provided url-access url trans-title title or script-title format url department website script-website trans-website website or script-website type series language interviewer-last1 Like last1 , but for interviewer. Don't link. interviewer-first1 interviewer-last1 Like first1 , but for interviewer. Don't link. interviewer-link1 interviewer-last1 Like author-link1 , but for interviewer. Don't link. interviewer-last2 interviewer-last1 Like last1 , but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: interviewer-last3 , etc. interviewer-first2 interviewer-last2 Like first1 , but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: interviewer-first3 , etc. interviewer-link2 interviewer-last2 Like author-link1 , but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: interviewer-link3 , etc. display-interviewers interviewer-last1 Like display-authors , but for interviewers interviewer-mask1 interviewer-last1 See Display options below; not for lists of cited works interviewer-mask2 interviewer-last2 translator-last1 Like last1 , but for translator. Don't link. translator-first1 translator-last1 Like first1 , but for translator. Don't link. translator-link1 translator-last1 Like author-link1 , but for translator. Don't link. translator-last2 translator-last1 Like last1 , but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: translator-last3 , etc. translator-first2 translator-last2 Like first1 , but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: translator-first3 , etc. translator-link2 translator-last2 Like author-link1 , but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: translator-link3 , etc. display-translators translator-last1 Like display-authors , but for translators translator-mask1 translator-last1 See Display options below; not for lists of cited works translator-mask2 translator-last2 others name-list-style last2 Set to amp or ampersand to separate the last author with " & " ; set to and to separate with " and " edition publication-place publisher publisher publication-date agency minutes time-caption time time page choose one: page , pages , or at pages choose one: page , pages , or at . Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. at choose one: page , pages , or at no-pp page or pages set to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers arxiv asin asin-tld asin bibcode biorxiv biorxiv-access biorxiv citeseerx doi doi-access doi doi-broken-date doi eissn hdl hdl-access hdl isbn ismn issn jfm jstor jstor-access jstor lccn medrxiv mr oclc ol ol-access ol osti osti-access osti pmc pmc-embargo-date pmc pmid rfc sbn ssrn s2cid s2cid-access s2cid zbl id url-status archive-url archive-url archive-date , url archive-format archive-url archive-date archive-url access-date url via quote-page choose one: quote-page , quote-pages quote-pages choose one: quote-page , quote-pages . Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages. quote script-quote trans-quote mode cs1 or cs2 ref postscript If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. Choosing between Template:cite web and Template:cite news Previously, editors had to decide whether to use {{ cite web }} or {{cite news}} based on these templates' features. In 2014, however, most of the differences between the two templates were eliminated. As of 29 July 2016 , {{cite web}} and {{cite news}} have the following differences: {{Cite news}} can be used for offline (paper) sources whereas {{cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided {{Cite news}} accepts \|issue= and \|volume= parameters while {{cite web}} does not (see Help:Citation Style 1 § Pages , Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 10 § \|volume=, \|issue=, \|page(s)= and cite magazine and {{ cite magazine }} .) But, given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same: Examples {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=April 30, 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Encyclopedia of Things . Open Publishing . Retrieved March 8, 2026 . {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|date=30 April 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=8 March 2026}} Doe, John (30 April 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Encyclopedia of Things . Retrieved 8 March 2026 . {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|date=2005-04-30 \|access-date=2026-03-08}} Doe, John (2005-04-30). "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Retrieved 2026-03-08 . {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|access-date=8 March 2026}} Doe, John. "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Retrieved 8 March 2026 . {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|access-date=2026-03-08}} "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Retrieved 2026-03-08 . {{cite web \|url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ \|title=NFL Rules Digest \|website=NFL Football Operations \|publisher=[[National Football League]] \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} "NFL Rules Digest" . NFL Football Operations . National Football League . Retrieved March 8, 2026 . Using "format=" When this template detects a link whose URL includes an extension of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of PDF files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if \|format=PDF had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit \|format=PDF parameter would be redundant, so it is not recommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. ( ref )) {{cite web \|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf \|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control \|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board \|access-date=8 March 2026}} "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF) . International Narcotics Control Board . Retrieved 8 March 2026 . If the link is to a PDF file that is not automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter \|format=PDF , which displays " (PDF)" after the link (but no PDF icon). {{cite web \|url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 \|title=Some PDF Document \|publisher=Sample Int'l \|format=PDF \|access-date=8 March 2026}} "Some PDF Document" (PDF) . Sample Int'l . Retrieved 8 March 2026 . For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an .odt file, you may add the parameter \|format=ODT , which displays " (ODT)" after the link. {{cite web \|url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt \|title=Some ODT Document \|publisher=Sample Int'l \|format=ODT \|access-date=8 March 2026}} "Some ODT Document" (ODT) . Sample Int'l . Retrieved 8 March 2026 . Foreign-language and translated title {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Honi soit qui mal y pense \|last=Joliet \|first=François \|date=30 April 2005 \|access-date=8 March 2026 \|language=fr \|trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}} Joliet, François (30 April 2005). "Honi soit qui mal y pense" [Shame on those who think evil of it] (in French) . Retrieved 8 March 2026 . Using author-link {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|author-link=John Doe \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=April 30, 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Encyclopedia of Things . Open Publishing . Retrieved March 8, 2026 . Multiple authors {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Our Favourite Things \|last1=Doe \|first1=John \|last2=Smith \|first2=Peter \|last3=Smythe \|first3=Jim \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=30 April 2005 \|website=Encyclopaedia of Things \|access-date=8 March 2026}} Doe, John; Smith, Peter; Smythe, Jim (30 April 2005). "Our Favourite Things" . Encyclopaedia of Things . Open Publishing . Retrieved 8 March 2026 . No author {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Index of Sharp Things \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=2005-04-30 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=2026-03-08}} "Index of Sharp Things" . Encyclopedia of Things . Open Publishing. 2005-04-30 . Retrieved 2026-03-08 . No author, no publisher {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Index of Sharp Things \|date=30 April 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=8 March 2026}} "Index of Sharp Things" . Encyclopedia of Things . 30 April 2005 . Retrieved 8 March 2026 . {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Index of Sharp Things \|date=April 30, 2005 \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} "Index of Sharp Things" . April 30, 2005 . Retrieved March 8, 2026 . {{cite web \|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2024/2311984R.pdf \|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control \|date=December 2023 \|access-date=2026-03-08 \|language=ru}} "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF) (in Russian). December 2023 . Retrieved 2026-03-08 . Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived By default, if "archive-url" is used, the parameter \|url-status=dead is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version: {{cite web \|url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf \|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control \|date=2005-04-30 \|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board \|access-date=2026-03-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf \|archive-date=2005-09-07}} "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF) . International Narcotics Control Board. 2005-04-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-09-07 . Retrieved 2026-03-08 . When \|url-status=live is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page: {{cite web \|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 \|title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) \|website=The Hollywood Reporter \|date=September 18, 2015 \|access-date=September 21, 2015 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 \|archive-date=October 22, 2015}} "DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)" . The Hollywood Reporter . September 18, 2015. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015 . Retrieved September 21, 2015 . With \|url-status=unfit or usurped , the original is not linked at all: {{cite web \|url=https://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html \|title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) \|publisher=The Weather Underground \|access-date=8 March 2026 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522171657/https://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html \|archive-date=22 May 2011}} "London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)" . The Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2026 . Using "quote" {{cite web \|url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html \|title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea \|website=WebExhibits \|date=2008 \|access-date=8 March 2026 \|quote=... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'}} "Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea" . WebExhibits . 2008 . Retrieved 8 March 2026 . ... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...' Parameters Syntax Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters: parent OR: parent2 —may be used instead of parent child —may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used) OR: child2 —may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used) Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show. By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.). COinS This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See Wikipedia:COinS . As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text: use \|date=27 September 2007 not \|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September) Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example   , – , or   , should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata. COinS metadata is created for these parameters Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page. \|periodical= , \|journal= , \|newspaper= , \|magazine= , \|work= , \|website= , \|encyclopedia= , \|encyclopaedia= , \|dictionary= \|chapter= , \|script-chapter= , \|contribution= , \|script-contribution= , \|entry= , \|script-entry= , \|article= , \|script-article= , \|section= , \|script-section= \|title= , \|script-title= , \|book-title= \|publication-place= , \|place= , \|location= \|date= , \|year= , \|publication-date= \|series= , \|version= \|volume= , \|issue= , \|number= \|page= , \|pages= , \|at= , \|quote-page= , \|quote-pages= \|edition= \|publisher= , \|institution= \|url= , \|chapter-url= , \|contribution-url= , \|section-url= \|author-last= , \|author-last#= , \|author#-last= , \|author-surname= , \|author-surname#= , \|author#-surname= , \|last= , \|last#= , \|surname= , \|surname#= , \|author= , \|author#= , \|subject= , \|subject#= , \|host= , \|host#= \|author-first= , \|author-first#= , \|author#-first= , \|author-given= , \|author-given#= , \|author#-given= , \|first= , \|first#= , \|given= , \|given#= \|degree= \|arxiv= , \|bibcode= , \|biorxiv= , \|citeseerx= , \|doi= , \|eissn= , \|eprint= , \|hdl= , \|isbn= , \|issn= , \|jfm= , \|jstor= , \|lccn= , \|message-id= , \|mr= , \|oclc= , \|osti= , \|pmc= , \|pmid= , \|rfc= , \|ssrn= , \|s2cid= , \|zbl= What's new What's new or changed recently Parameter Description Date N/A Deprecated Deprecated CS1/CS2 parameters Deprecated parameter Replace with Date none deprecated at present Recently removed CS1/CS2 parameters Removed parameter Replace with Date Note \|authors= \|last n = / \|first n = , \|author n = , \|vauthors= August 2024 Description Authors last : Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. \|author=Bono ). Aliases: surname , author , last1 , surname1 , author1 . author : this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of \|first= and \|last= . This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup . Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. first : Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given , first1 , given1 . Requires last ; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with MOS:JRSR and use honorifics (including Dr. , Sir , and similar) only in accordance with MOS:HON . OR: for multiple authors, use last1 , first1 through last n , first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each first n requires a corresponding last n , but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1 , given1 through surname n , given n , or author1 through author n . For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use \|first1=... \|last1=... \|author2=... . author-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1 , author1-link , authorlink . OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-link n . Aliases: author1-link through author n -link . name-list-style : accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp , ampersand , or & , inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and , inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vanc displays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last / first forms of name parameters. vauthors : comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style ; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses . End with etal if appropriate: \|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in \|vauthors= as described above authors : deprecated Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last . translator-last : Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname , translator1 , translator1-last , translator-last1 . Supports accept-this-as-written markup . translator-first : Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given , translator1-first , translator-first1 . OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1 , translator-first1 through translator-last n , translator-first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-first n requires a corresponding translator-last n , but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last , translator1-first through translator n -last , translator n -first , or translator1 through translator n . translator-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1 , translator1-link . OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-link n . Aliases: translator1-link through translator n -link . collaboration : Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author , last , or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list. others : To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith . Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link. Date "Wikipedia:Undated" redirects here. For undated signatures, see Template:Undated . date : Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. [ date 1 ] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates . Shortened footnotes target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate {{ sfn }} links to multiple works by the same author in the same year, [more] unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets. For approximate year, precede with " c. ", like this: \|date=c. 1900 . For no date, or "undated", use \|date=n.d. The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a created or updated date; a comment for editors such as date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->\|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01 can be added. Automatic date formatting : Citation Style 1 and 2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as \|date= , \|publication-date= , \|access-date= , \|archive-date= , etc.) except for \|orig-date= in the style specified by the article's {{ use dmy dates }} or {{ use mdy dates }} template. See those templates' documentation for details. year : Year of publication. The more flexible \|date= parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the \|date= parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met: Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a CITEREF disambiguator , usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) The \|date= format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.) orig-date : Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year ). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: \|orig-date=First published 1859 or \|orig-date=Composed 1904 . As \|orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by \|df= (or, if it exists in the article, by \|cs1-dates= of a {{ use dmy dates }} or {{ use mdy dates }} template), or as used in the \|date= parameter. Alias: orig-year df : date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these: dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified; mdy – as above for month day, year format ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format; mdy-all – as above for month day, year format ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD ^ Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates. See MOS:DATEUNIFY . Editors editor-last : surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1 , editor1-last , editor-surname , editor-surname1 , editor1-surname , editor , editor1 . editor : This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports accept-this-as-written markup . editor-first : given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1 , editor1-first , editor-given , editor-given1 , editor1-given . OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1 , editor-first1 through editor-last n , editor-first n (Aliases: editor n -last , editor-surname n or editor n -surname ; editor n -first , editor-given n or editor n -given ; editor n ). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use \|editor-first1=... \|editor-last1=... \|editor2=... . editor-link : title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1 . OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-link n (alias editor n -link ). name-list-style : accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp , ampersand , or & , inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and , inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vanc displays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last / first forms of name parameters. veditors : comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style ; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses . End with etal if appropriate: \|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal editor-link n and editor-mask n may be used for the individual names in \|veditors= , as described above Display: Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included. If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work. If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds." Title (See also Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters .) title : Title of source page on website. Displays in quotation marks. For titles containing quotation marks, convert regular quotation marks ( " ) to single quotation marks ( ' ). See MOS:QINQ for guidance in more complex situations. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title . script-title : Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... \|title=Tōkyō tawā \|script-title=ja:東京タワー \|trans-title=Tokyo Tower ... trans-title : English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title . Use of the language parameter is recommended. Titles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded. newline [ ] \| space [ ] \| {{bracket\|text}} {{pipe}} – see also Help:Table § Rendering pipe itself This parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax . Set \|no-tracking=true to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated. website : Title of website (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name); may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: work type : Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword none can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis , Booklet , Accepted manuscript , CD liner , Press release . Alias: medium . language : The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: \|language=ru ; \|lang=fr, pt-br ; \|lang=Russian ; \|language=French, Portuguese . See the list of supported codes and names . Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources . Because cs1\|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang URL url : URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=... . For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see WP:PAGELINKS . Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon ; use \|isbn= or \|oclc= to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message. access-date : Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url ; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. [ date 1 ] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB . Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate . archive-url : The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive (see Help:Using the Wayback Machine ) ; requires archive-date and url . By default (overridden by \|url-status=live ) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl . archive-date : Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. [ date 1 ] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Alias: archivedate . url-status : A control parameter to select one of \|url= or \|archive-url= to link \|title= ; requires url and archive-url . Use {{ dead link }} to mark dead \|url= when there is no \|archive-url= . Accepts multiple keywords: dead – (default condition when \|url-status= omitted or empty) selects \|archive-url= live – selects \|url= ; used when \|url= is preemptively archived with \|archive-url= deviated – selects \|archive-url= ; used when \|url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article unfit – selects \|archive-url= ; used when \|url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page ; links to \|url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist . Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ usurped – selects \|archive-url= ; used when the domain in \|url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to \|url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. archive-format : File format of the work referred to by archive-url ; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using \|format= url-access : See Access indicators discussion format : File format of the work referred to by url ; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title . (For media format, use type .) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using \|format= URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme . http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp:// , gopher:// , irc:// , ircs:// , mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported. If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded . For example, a space must be replaced by %20 . To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: Character space " ' < > [ ] { \| } Encoding %20 %22 %27 %3C %3E %5B %5D %7B %7C %7D Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. ^ a b Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD. See MOS:DATEUNIFY . Website work (required by {{ cite journal }} and {{ cite magazine }} ): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics . If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work . Aliases: journal , newspaper , magazine , periodical , website . Use Latin script . For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field. script-work : Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal , script-newspaper , script-magazine , script-periodical , script-website . trans-work : English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work . Aliases: trans-journal , trans-newspaper , trans-magazine , trans-periodical , trans-website . ... \|work=Zhōngguó piàofáng \|script-work=zh:中国票房 \|trans-work=China Box Office ... department : Title of a regular department, column , or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text. When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation: title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes. chapter does not display (and will produce an error message). Edition, series edition : When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so \|edition=2nd produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined. series or version : When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted. Publisher publisher : Name of publisher; may be wikilinked [ 1 ] if relevant. The publisher is the company , organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state \|publisher=self-published . [ 2 ] Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. This parameter is most commonly used for books, and rarely for websites or periodicals (although it may be used instead of work in some cases). Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title . place : For news stories with a dateline , the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location publication-place : Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe , The Times of India . Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place , place , or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title. publication-date : Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year ) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher . If date (or year ) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date . Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. via : Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher ). via is not a replacement for publisher , but provides additional detail. It may be used when the article is attributed to a different publication (e.g. in Yahoo News ) but cannot be traced, when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank ) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (e.g. EBSCO host ), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the access level parameters to display access restrictions, and the agency parameters if the original source is a news agency or wire service. agency : The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press , Reuters , Agence France-Presse . Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use work or publisher . May be wikilinked if relevant. In-source locations minutes : Time the event occurs in the source; followed by "minutes in". OR: time : Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at". time-caption : Changes the default text displayed before time . page : The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either \|page= or \|pages= , but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless \|no-pp=yes . If hyphenated, use {{ hyphen }} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. \|page=3{{hyphen}}12 ), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert \|page=3-12 to \|pages=3{{ndash}}12 . Alias: p . OR: pages : A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either \|page= or \|pages= , but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless \|no-pp=yes . Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of \|pages= without processing it, and use {{ hyphen }} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: \|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)) . Alternatively, use \|at= , like this: \|at=pp. 3-1–3-15 . Alias: pp . no-pp : Set to yes , y , or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where \|page=Front cover or \|pages= passim . OR: at : For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by \|page= or \|pages= . Use only one of \|page= , \|pages= , or \|at= . Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. For \|quote-page= and \|quote-pages= used in conjunction with \|quote= , see here . Identifiers Not to be confused with § Anchor . id : A unique identifier , used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, \|id=NCJ 122967 will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as \|id={{NCJ\|122967}} to append NCJ 122967 instead. The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. \|rfc=822 or \|pmc=345678 . arxiv : arXiv identifier ; for example: \|arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or \|arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or \|arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint . asin : Amazon Standard Identification Number ; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn . Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example \|asin=B00005N5PF . Aliases: ASIN . asin-tld : ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ae , au , br , ca , cn , de , es , fr , in , it , jp , mx , nl , pl , sa , se , sg , tr , uk . Aliases: none. bibcode : bibcode ; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H . Aliases: none. biorxiv : bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. 10.1101/078733 for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://doi.org/10.1101/078733 ; 10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 ). Aliases: none. citeseerx : CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. 10.1.1.176.341 for https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341 ). Aliases: none. doi : Digital object identifier ; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7 . It is checked to ensure it begins with ( 10. ). Aliases: DOI . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below . doi-broken-date : Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org . Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none. eissn : International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen , but not an en dash or a space; example \|eissn=1557-2986 . Aliases: EISSN . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below . hdl : Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example \|hdl=20.1000/100 . Aliases: HDL . isbn : International Standard Book Number ; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9 . (See Wikipedia:ISBN and ISBN § Overview .) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn . Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN . Use the {{ Format ISBN }} template within the parameter – in the form \|isbn={{Format ISBN\|9780812695939}} – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below . ismn : International Standard Music Number ; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7 . Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN . issn : International Standard Serial Number ; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen , but not an en dash or a space; example \|issn=2049-3630 . Aliases: ISSN . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below . jfm : Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik ; do not include "JFM" in the value; example \|jfm=53.0144.01 . Aliases: JFM . jstor : JSTOR reference number; for example: \|jstor=3793107 . Aliases: JSTOR . lccn : Library of Congress Control Number . When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example \|lccn=79-57364 or \|lccn=2004042477 or \|lccn=e09001178 . Aliases: LCCN . mr : Mathematical Reviews ; example \|mr=630583 . Aliases: MR . oclc : OCLC Number for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog ; example \|oclc=9355469 . Aliases: OCLC . ol : Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example \|ol=7030731M . Aliases: OL . osti : Office of Scientific and Technical Information ; example \|osti=4367507 . Aliases: OSTI . pmc : PubMed Central ; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g. \|pmc=345678 . Do not include "PMC" in the value. See also the pmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers . Aliases: PMC . pmc-embargo-date : Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none. pmid : PubMed ; use unique identifier; example \|pmid=17322060 See also the pmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMID . rfc : Request for Comments ; example \|rfc=3143 . Aliases: RFC . sbn : Standard Book Number ; example \|sbn=356-02201-3 . Aliases: SBN . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below . ssrn : Social Science Research Network ; example \|ssrn=1900856 . Aliases: SSRN . s2cid : Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example \|s2cid=37220927 . Aliases: S2CID . zbl : Zentralblatt MATH ; example \|zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use \|jfm=35.0387.02 . Aliases: ZBL . In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers ( \|doi= , \|eissn= , \|isbn= , \|issn= , and \|sbn= ) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as \|< param >=((< value >)) ). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message. For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding \|< param >-access= parameter. For {{ cite journal }} , some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when \|url= and \|title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for \|title-link= to manually select a specific source ( \|title-link=pmc or \|title-link=doi ) for auto-linking or to disable the feature ( \|title-link=none ). It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The \|url= parameter (or \|title-link= ) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible. Subscription or registration required WP:URLACCESS Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources . As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles . Four access levels can be used: access indicator for named identifiers : free : the source is free to read for anyone access indicators for url-holding parameters : As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link. Access indicators for url-holding parameters Online sources linked by \|url= , \|article-url= , \|chapter-url= , \|contribution-url= , \|entry-url= , \|map-url= , and \|section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as free . If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add \|archive-url= and \|archive-date= values if possible. URL-holding and access-indicator parameters URL Access Allowed keywords \|url= \|url-access= registration limited subscription \|article-url= \|article-url-access= \|chapter-url= \|chapter-url-access= \|contribution-url= \|contribution-url-access= \|entry-url= \|entry-url-access= \|map-url= \|map-url-access= \|section-url= \|section-url-access= For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription: {{ cite web \| url = https://example.com/nifty_data.php \| url-access = registration \| date = 2021-04-15 \| title = Nifty example data }} which renders as: "Nifty example data" . 2021-04-15. Access indicator for named identifiers WP:DOIACCESS Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited , registration , or subscription . Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters Identifier Access Allowed keywords \|bibcode= \|bibcode-access= free \|doi= \|doi-access= \|hdl= \|hdl-access= \|jstor= \|jstor-access= \|ol= \|ol-access= \|osti= \|osti-access= \|ssrn= \|ssrn-access= \|s2cid= \|s2cid-access= Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are: \|arxiv= \|biorxiv= \|citeseerx= \|medrxiv= \|pmc= \|rfc= For an embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date . Tracking of free DOIs The template is able to recognize known free-to-read DOI registrants , based on a list in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration . Once a free registrant is identified, the 10.xxxx/... part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() . If \|doi-access=free is not set, it will place the page in Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI , which is routinely cleared by User:Citation bot . The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear 10.xxxx/yyyy.... DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration under local extended_registrants_t = { with the format ['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'}, . If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format ['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'}, . If you add a free registrant/free journal to the lists in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration , leave a note at User talk:Citation bot so the bot knows about it. Quote quote : Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote . When quoting a copyrighted text, only brief quotations to attribute a point of view or idea are permitted; extensive quotations are prohibited. script-quote : Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... \|quote=Tōkyō tawā \|script-quote=ja:東京タワー \|trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ... trans-quote : English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none. quote-page : The number of a single page quoted in \|quote= . Use either \|quote-page= or \|quote-pages= , but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in \|page= , \|pages= or \|at= . Displays preceded by p. unless \|no-pp=yes . If hyphenated, use {{ hyphen }} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. \|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12 ). Alias: none. OR: quote-pages : A list or range of pages quoted in \|quote= . Use either \|quote-page= or \|quote-pages= , but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in \|pages= or \|at= . Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless \|no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of \|quote-pages= without processing it, and use {{ hyphen }} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: \|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)) . Alias: none. Anchor Not to be confused with § Identifiers . ref : the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, \|ref= ID generates an anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's <cite id=" ID "> HTML tag). Setting \|ref= ID identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references , especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing . The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{ sfn }} and {{ harv }} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair \|ref=harv has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1\|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set \|ref=none . Aliases: none. See Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates . Display options mode : Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For \|mode=cs1 , element separator and terminal punctuation is a period ( . ); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For \|mode=cs2 , element separator is a comma ( , ); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript . author-mask : contributor-mask : editor-mask : interviewer-mask : subject-mask : translator-mask : Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set < name >-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set < name >-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with < name >-link —in this case, the value of < name >-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes . Do not use in a list generated by {{ reflist }} , <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. \|author n -mask= ) to apply the mask to a specific name . display-authors : display-contributors : display-editors : display-interviewers : display-subjects : display-translators : Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, \|display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). \|display-authors=0 is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. \|display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none. postscript : Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period ( . ); for no terminating punctuation, specify \|postscript=none – leaving \|postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. \|postscript= is ignored if quote is defined. TemplateData This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc. Template parameters [ Edit template data ] This template has custom formatting. Parameter Description Type Status Last name last last1 author author1 author1-last author-last surname1 author-last1 subject1 surname subject The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Line suggested First name first given author-first first1 given1 author-first1 author1-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Line suggested Author link author-link author-link1 author1-link subject-link subject-link1 subject1-link authorlink Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Page name optional Last name 2 last2 author2 The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'. Line optional First name 2 first2 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 2 author-link2 author2-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. Page name optional Last name 3 last3 author3 The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'. Line optional First name 3 first3 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 3 author-link3 author3-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. Page name optional Last name 4 last4 author4 The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'. Line optional First name 4 first4 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 4 author-link4 author4-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. Page name optional Last name 5 last5 author5 The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'. Line optional First name 5 first5 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 5 author-link5 author5-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author. Page name optional Last name 6 last6 author6 The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'. Line optional First name 6 first6 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 6 author-link6 author6-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. Page name optional Last name 7 last7 author7 The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'. Line optional First name 7 first7 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 7 author-link7 author7-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. Page name optional Last name 8 last8 author8 The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'. Line optional First name 8 first8 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 8 author-link8 author8-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. Page name optional Last name 9 last9 author9 The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'. Line optional First name 9 first9 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 9 author-link9 author9-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. Page name optional Last name 10 last10 author10 The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'. Line optional First name 10 first10 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 10 author-link10 author10-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author. Page name optional Last name 11 last11 author11 The surname of the eleventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'. Line optional First name 11 first11 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eleventh author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 11 author-link11 author11-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eleventh author. Page name optional Last name 12 last12 author12 The surname of the twelfth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'. Line optional First name 12 first12 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the twelfth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 12 author-link12 author12-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the twelfth author. Page name optional Last name 13 last13 author13 The surname of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'. Line optional First name 13 first13 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 13 author-link13 author13-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the thirteenth author. Page name optional Last name 14 last14 author14 The surname of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'. Line optional First name 14 first14 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 14 author-link14 author14-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourteenth author. Page name optional Last name 15 last15 author15 The surname of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'. Line optional First name 15 first15 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 15 author-link15 author15-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifteenth author. Page name optional Author mask author-mask Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead String optional Display authors display-authors Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: \|display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. \|display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. String optional Name list style name-list-style Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style. Suggested values amp and vanc String optional Source date date Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink Date suggested Year of publication year Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter String optional Original date orig-date Original date of publication; provide specifics Date optional Editor last name editor-last editor1-last editor The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors. Line optional Editor first name editor-first editor1-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first' Line optional Editor link editor-link editor1-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors Page name optional Editor last name 2 editor2-last editor2 The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. Line optional Editor first name 2 editor2-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 2 editor2-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor. Page name optional Editor last name 3 editor3-last editor3 The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. Line optional Editor first name 3 editor3-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 3 editor3-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor. Page name optional Editor last name 4 editor4-last editor4 The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. Line optional Editor first name 4 editor4-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 4 editor4-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 5 editor5-last editor5 The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. Line optional Editor first name 5 editor5-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 5 editor5-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 6 editor6-last editor6 The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. Line optional Editor first name 6 editor6-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 6 editor6-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 7 editor7-last editor7 The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. Line optional Editor first name 7 editor7-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 7 editor7-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor. Page name optional Editor last name 8 editor8-last editor8 The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. Line optional Editor first name 8 editor8-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 8 editor8-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 9 editor9-last editor9 The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. Line optional Editor first name 9 editor9-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 9 editor9-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor. Page name optional Others others Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith' String optional Title title The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website. String required Script title script-title For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. Example For Japanese use: \|script-title=ja:... String optional Translated title trans-title An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended String optional URL url URL The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "https://..." or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..." Example https://www.metacritic.com//... URL required URL access level url-access Classification of the access restrictions on the URL Suggested values registration subscription limited Example 'registration', 'subscription' or 'limited' String suggested URL status url-status If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all. Suggested values dead live usurped unfit deviated Default 'dead' if an Archive URL is entered Example 'dead' or 'live' String suggested Archive URL archive-url archiveurl The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date' Auto value URL suggested Archive date archive-date archivedate Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink Date suggested Archive format archive-format Format of the archived copy; do not specify HTML Example PDF, DOC, XLS String optional URL access date access-date accessdate The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink Date suggested Name of the website website work Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases. Example [[Rotten Tomatoes]] String suggested Series identifier series Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal String optional Publisher publisher Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases. Example [[Fandom, Inc.]] (which owns "Metacritic.com") String optional Place place For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location' String optional Page page Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' String optional Pages pages Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.' String optional At at May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient String optional Language language lang The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commas Example de, fr, es String optional Type type Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case String optional Format format Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML String optional Place of publication publication-place Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' String optional Publication date publication-date Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink Date optional Date format df Sets rendered dates to the specified format String optional Published via via Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work. Example [[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]] String optional No pp no-pp Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover') Auto value y Boolean optional arXiv identifier arxiv An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers String optional ASIN asin Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters String optional ASIN TLD asin-tld ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US String optional Bibcode bibcode Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters String optional biorXiv biorxiv biorXiv identifier; 6 digits Line optional CiteSeerX citeseerx CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter Line optional DOI doi Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' String optional DOI broken date doi-broken-date The date that the DOI was determined to be broken Auto value Date optional ISBN isbn International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible String optional ISSN issn International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen String optional jfm code jfm Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code String optional JSTOR jstor JSTOR identifier String optional LCCN lccn Library of Congress Control Number String optional MR mr Mathematical Reviews identifier String optional OCLC oclc Online Computer Library Center number String optional OL ol Open Library identifier String optional OSTI osti Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier String optional PMC pmc PubMed Center article number String optional PMID pmid PubMed Unique Identifier String optional RFC rfc Request for Comments number String optional SSRN ssrn Social Science Research Network String optional Zbl zbl Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier String optional id id A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable String optional Quote quote Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation String optional Translated quote trans-quote English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. String optional Ref ref An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references String optional Postscript postscript The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined Default . String optional Edition edition Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.' Example 2nd Line optional Bibcode access level bibcode-access If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional DOI access level doi-access If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional HDL access level hdl-access If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional Jstor access level jstor-access If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional OpenLibrary access level ol-access If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional OSTI access level osti-access If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional Agency agency The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse String optional See also v t e Citation Style 1 General templates {{ Cite book }} books {{ Cite conference }} conference papers {{ Cite document }} short, stand-alone, offline documents {{ Cite encyclopedia }} edited collections {{ Cite interview }} interviews {{ Cite journal }} academic journals {{ Cite magazine }} magazines {{ Cite mailing list }} public mailing lists {{ Cite map }} maps {{ Cite news }} news articles {{ Cite newsgroup }} online newsgroups {{ Cite press release }} press releases {{ Cite report }} unpublished reports {{ Cite sign }} signs, plaques {{ Cite speech }} speeches {{ Cite tech report }} technical reports {{ Cite thesis }} theses {{ Cite web }} web sources Preprint templates {{ Cite arXiv }} {{ Cite bioRxiv }} {{ Cite CiteSeerX }} {{ Cite medRxiv }} {{ Cite SSRN }} Audiovisual-related {{ Cite AV media }} {{ Cite AV media notes }} {{ Cite episode }} {{ Cite podcast }} {{ Cite serial }} Categories Citation Style 1 templates Citation Style 1 specific-source templates Documentation {{ Citation Style documentation }} Citation Style 1 noticeboard v t e Wikipedia referencing Policies and guidelines Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations General advice Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citing sources Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Inline citations Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Help for beginners Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Advanced help Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Footnote templates Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Find references How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources Citation tools (External links) Citer Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Template%3ACite+web "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Template%3ACite+web "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") Personal tools - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Template%3ACite+web "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Template%3ACite+web "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [1 Usage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Usage) Toggle Usage subsection - [1\.1 Choosing between Template:cite web and Template:cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Choosing_between_Template:cite_web_and_Template:cite_news) - [2 Examples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Examples) Toggle Examples subsection - [2\.1 Using "format="](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Using_"format=") - [2\.2 Foreign-language and translated title](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Foreign-language_and_translated_title) - [2\.3 Using author-link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Using_author-link) - [2\.4 Multiple authors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Multiple_authors) - [2\.5 No author](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#No_author) - [2\.6 No author, no publisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#No_author,_no_publisher) - [2\.7 Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Using_"archive-url"_and_"archive-date"_\(and_optionally_"url-status"\)_for_webpages_that_have_been_archived) - [2\.8 Using "quote"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Using_"quote") - [3 Parameters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Parameters) Toggle Parameters subsection - [3\.1 Syntax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Syntax) - [3\.2 COinS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#COinS) - [3\.2.1 COinS metadata is created for these parameters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#COinS_metadata_is_created_for_these_parameters) - [3\.3 What's new](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#What's_new) - [3\.4 Deprecated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Deprecated) - [3\.5 Description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Description) - [3\.5.1 Authors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Authors) - [3\.5.2 Date](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Date) - [3\.5.3 Editors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Editors) - [3\.5.4 Title](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Title) - [3\.5.5 URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#URL) - [3\.5.6 Website](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Website) - [3\.5.7 Edition, series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Edition,_series) - [3\.5.8 Publisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Publisher) - [3\.5.9 In-source locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#In-source_locations) - [3\.5.10 Identifiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Identifiers) - [3\.5.11 Subscription or registration required](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Subscription_or_registration_required) - [3\.5.11.1 Access indicators for url-holding parameters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters) - [3\.5.11.2 Access indicator for named identifiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers) - [3\.5.11.3 Tracking of free DOIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Tracking_of_free_DOIs) - [3\.5.12 Quote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Quote) - [3\.5.13 Anchor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Anchor) - [3\.5.14 Display options](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) - [4 TemplateData](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#TemplateData) - [5 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#See_also) Toggle the table of contents # Template:Cite web 297 languages - [Аԥсшәа](https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Ашаблон:Cite web – Abkhazian") - [Acèh](https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seunaleu%C3%ABk:Cite_web "Seunaleuëk:Cite web – Acehnese") - [Адыгабзэ](https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Adyghe") - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web "Sjabloon:Cite web – Afrikaans") - [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorlage:Cite_web "Vorlage:Cite web – Alemannic") - [Алтай тил](https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80:Cite_web "Ӱлекер:Cite web – Southern Altai") - [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%88%E1%8C%A0%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%AB:Cite_web "መለጠፊያ:Cite web – Amharic") - [Pangcah](https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masalipa:Cite_web "Masalipa:Cite web – Amis") - [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Cita_web "Plantilla:Cita web – Aragonese") - [Ænglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysen:Cite_web "Bysen:Cite web – Old English") - [Obolo](https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempulet:Cite_web "Tempulet:Cite web – Obolo") - [अंगिका](https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_web "साँचा:Cite web – Angika") - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8 "قالب:استشهاد بويب – Arabic") - [ܐܪܡܝܐ](https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%90:Cite_web "ܩܠܒܐ:Cite web – Aramaic") - [الدارجة](https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%84:%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8 "موضيل:مرجع ويب – Moroccan Arabic") - [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8 "قالب:استشهاد ويب – Egyptian Arabic") - [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A:Cite_web "সাঁচ:Cite web – Assamese") - [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C3%ADa:Cita_web "Plantía:Cita web – Asturian") - [Авар](https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF:Cite_web "Халип:Cite web – Avaric") - [अवधी](https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_web "खाँचा:Cite web – Awadhi") - [Aymar aru](https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Cite_web "Plantilla:Cite web – Aymara") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web "Şablon:Cite web – Azerbaijani") - [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86:Cite_web "شابلون:Cite web – South Azerbaijani") - [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF:Cite_web "Ҡалып:Cite web – Bashkir") - [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal:Cite_web "Mal:Cite web – Balinese") - [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorlog:Cite_web "Vorlog:Cite web – Bavarian") - [Žemaitėška](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abluons:Cite_web "Šabluons:Cite web – Samogitian") - [Batak Toba](https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_web "Templat:Cite web – Batak Toba") - [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilya:Cite_web "Plantilya:Cite web – Central Bikol") - [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0 "Шаблён:Спасылка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)") - [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Belarusian") - [Betawi](https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sablonan:Cite_web "Sablonan:Cite web – Betawi") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B1 "Шаблон:Цитат уеб – Bulgarian") - [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F:Cite_web "टेम्पलेट:Cite web – Bhojpuri") - [Bislama](https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Bislama") - [Banjar](https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citakan:Cite_web "Citakan:Cite web – Banjar") - [ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ](https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA:Cite_web "တမ်းပလေက်:Cite web – Pa'O") - [Bamanankan](https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Cite_web "Modèle:Cite web – Bambara") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F:%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF "টেমপ্লেট:ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি – Bangla") - [བོད་ཡིག](https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Tibetan") - [বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী](https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2:Cite_web "মডেল:Cite web – Bishnupriya") - [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrom:Cite_web "Patrom:Cite web – Breton") - [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_web "Šablon:Cite web – Bosnian") - [Batak Mandailing](https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_web "Templat:Cite web – Batak Mandailing") - [Basa Ugi](https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_web "Templat:Cite web – Buginese") - [Буряад](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_web "Загбар:Cite web – Russia Buriat") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Ref-web "Plantilla:Ref-web – Catalan") - [Chavacano de Zamboanga](https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Cita_web "Plantilla:Cita web – Chavacano") - [閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Cite_web "模板:Cite web – Mindong") - [Нохчийн](https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF:Cite_web "Кеп:Cite web – Chechen") - [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilya:Cite_web "Plantilya:Cite web – Cebuano") - [Chamoru](https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Chamorro") - [ᏣᎳᎩ](https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Cherokee") - [Tsetsêhestâhese](https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Cheyenne") - [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%A8 "داڕێژە:بیرخستنەوەی وێب – Central Kurdish") - [Corsu](https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cita_web "Template:Cita web – Corsican") - [Qırımtatarca](https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web "Şablon:Cite web – Crimean Tatar") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Citace_elektronick%C3%A9_monografie "Šablona:Citace elektronické monografie – Czech") - [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Chuvash") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodyn:Cite_web "Nodyn:Cite web – Welsh") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_web "Skabelon:Cite web – Danish") - [Dagbanli](https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bmplet:Cite_web "Tɛmplet:Cite web – Dagbani") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorlage:Cite_web "Vorlage:Cite web – German") - [Thuɔŋjäŋ](https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macu%C3%ABc:Cite_web "Macuëc:Cite web – Dinka") - [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web "Şablon:Cite web – Dimli") - [Dolnoserbski](https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%9Bed%C5%82oga:Cite_web "Pśedłoga:Cite web – Lower Sorbian") - [Kadazandusun](https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_web "Templat:Cite web – Central Dusun") - [डोटेली](https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_web "ढाँचा:Cite web – Doteli") - [ދިވެހިބަސް](https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0:Cite_web "ފަންވަތް:Cite web – Divehi") - [ཇོང་ཁ](https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Dzongkha") - [Eʋegbe](https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Ewe") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF:Cite_web "Πρότυπο:Cite web – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cablono:Cita%C4%B5o_el_la_reto "Ŝablono:Citaĵo el la reto – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Cita_web "Plantilla:Cita web – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall:Cite_web "Mall:Cite web – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txantiloi:Cite_web "Txantiloi:Cite web – Basque") - [Estremeñu](https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantilla:Cite_web "Prantilla:Cite web – Extremaduran") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88:Cite_web "الگو:Cite web – Persian") - [Fulfulde](https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Fula") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malline:Verkkoviite "Malline:Verkkoviite – Finnish") - [Na Vosa Vakaviti](https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Fijian") - [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrimynd:Cite_web "Fyrimynd:Cite web – Faroese") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Lien_web "Modèle:Lien web – French") - [Arpetan](https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8lo:Lim_Vou%C3%A8be "Modèlo:Lim Vouèbe – Arpitan") - [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorlage:Cite_web_%C3%B6%C3%B6mrang "Vorlage:Cite web öömrang – Northern Frisian") - [Furlan](https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model:Cite_web "Model:Cite web – Friulian") - [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berjocht:Cite_web "Berjocht:Cite web – Western Frisian") - [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teimpl%C3%A9ad:Cite_web-en "Teimpléad:Cite web-en – Irish") - [Gagauz](https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web "Şablon:Cite web – Gagauz") - [贛語](https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Cite_web "模板:Cite web – Gan") - [Gàidhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamplaid:Iomradh_l%C3%ACon "Teamplaid:Iomradh lìon – Scottish Gaelic") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo:Cita_web "Modelo:Cita web – Galician") - [گیلکی](https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:Cite_web "قالب:Cite web – Gilaki") - [Avañe'ẽ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembiechar%C3%A3:Cite_web "Tembiecharã:Cite web – Guarani") - [गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni](https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B:Cite_web "सांचो:Cite web – Goan Konkani") - [Bahasa Hulontalo](https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_web "Templat:Cite web – Gorontalo") - [Ghanaian Pidgin](https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Ghanaian Pidgin") - [ગુજરાતી](https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8B:Cite_web "ઢાંચો:Cite web – Gujarati") - [Farefare](https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bmpileti:Cite_web "Tɛmpileti:Cite web – Frafra") - [Gungbe](https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohia:Cite_web "Ohia:Cite web – Gun") - [Gaelg](https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clowan:Cite_web "Clowan:Cite web – Manx") - [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samfuri:Cite_web "Samfuri:Cite web – Hausa") - [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Cite_web "模板:Cite web – Hakka Chinese") - [Hawaiʻi](https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anakuhi:Cite_web "Anakuhi:Cite web – Hawaiian") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA:Cite_web "תבנית:Cite web – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_web "साँचा:Cite web – Hindi") - [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citeweb "Template:Citeweb – Fiji Hindi") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Citiranje_weba "Predložak:Citiranje weba – Croatian") - [Hornjoserbsce](https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99ed%C5%82oha:Cite_web "Předłoha:Cite web – Upper Sorbian") - [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8l:Cite_web "Modèl:Cite web – Haitian Creole") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sablon:Cite_web "Sablon:Cite web – Hungarian") - [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80:Cite_web "Կաղապար:Cite web – Armenian") - [Արեւմտահայերէն](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80:Cite_web "Կաղապար:Cite web – Western Armenian") - [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrono:Cite_web "Patrono:Cite web – Interlingua") - [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_web "Templat:Cite web – Iban") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_web "Templat:Cite web – Indonesian") - [Interlingue](https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avise:Cite_web "Avise:Cite web – Interlingue") - [Igbo](https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeeti:Cite_web "Templeeti:Cite web – Igbo") - [Ilokano](https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilia:Cite_web "Plantilia:Cite web – Iloko") - [ГӀалгӀай](https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE:Cite_web "Ло:Cite web – Ingush") - [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shablono:Cite_web "Shablono:Cite web – Ido") - [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sni%C3%B0:Cite_web "Snið:Cite web – Icelandic") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cita_web "Template:Cita web – Italian") - [ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut](https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Inuktitut") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Japanese") - [Patois](https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Jamaican Creole English") - [La .lojban.](https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/termo%27a:cite_web "termo'a:cite web – Lojban") - [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cithakan:Cite_web "Cithakan:Cite web – Javanese") - [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98:Cite_web "თარგი:Cite web – Georgian") - [Qaraqalpaqsha](https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Algi:Web_deregi "Úlgi:Web deregi – Kara-Kalpak") - [Taqbaylit](https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C9%A3a:Cite_Web "Talɣa:Cite Web – Kabyle") - [Адыгэбзэ](https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Kabardian") - [Kumoring](https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citakan:Cite_web "Citakan:Cite web – Komering") - [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:Cite_web "Үлгі:Cite web – Kazakh") - [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC:Cite_web "ទំព័រគំរូ:Cite web – Khmer") - [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81:Cite_web "ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Cite web – Kannada") - [Yerwa Kanuri](https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiri:Cite_web "Jiri:Cite web – Central Kanuri") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%9B%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9 "틀:웹 인용 – Korean") - [Перем коми](https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Komi-Permyak") - [Къарачай-малкъар](https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Karachay-Balkar") - [کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7:%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D9%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81%D9%95 "فرما:ویب حَوالہٕ – Kashmiri") - [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:J%C3%AAder-malper "Şablon:Jêder-malper – Kurdish") - [Kernowek](https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skantlyn:Cite_web "Skantlyn:Cite web – Cornish") - [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF:Cite_web "Калып:Cite web – Kyrgyz") - [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula:Cite_web "Formula:Cite web – Latin") - [Ladino](https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xabl%C3%B3n:Cita_web "Xablón:Cita web – Ladino") - [Lëtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schabloun:Cite_web "Schabloun:Cite web – Luxembourgish") - [Лакку](https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Lak") - [Лезги](https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Lezghian") - [Lingua Franca Nova](https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model:Cite_web "Model:Cite web – Lingua Franca Nova") - [Luganda](https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Ganda") - [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web "Sjabloon:Cite web – Limburgish") - [Ligure](https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:%C3%87itta_web "Template:Çitta web – Ligurian") - [Ladin](https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Ladin") - [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modell:Cite_web "Modell:Cite web – Lombard") - [Lingála](https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Cite_web "Modèle:Cite web – Lingala") - [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%88%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9A:Cite_web "ແມ່ແບບ:Cite web – Lao") - [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_web "Šablonas:Cite web – Lithuanian") - [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veidne:T%C4%ABmek%C4%BCa_atsauce "Veidne:Tīmekļa atsauce – Latvian") - [Madhurâ](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8%E1%B9%ADa%27an:Cite_web "Cèṭa'an:Cite web – Madurese") - [मैथिली](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF:Cite_web "आकृति:Cite web – Maithili") - [Basa Banyumasan](https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cithakan:Cite_web "Cithakan:Cite web – Banyumasan") - [Мокшень](https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Moksha") - [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endrika:Cite_web "Endrika:Cite web – Malagasy") - [Олык марий](https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_web "Кышкар:Cite web – Eastern Mari") - [Māori](https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Māori") - [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_web "Templat:Cite web – Minangkabau") - [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0 "Предлошка:Наведена мрежна страница – Macedonian") - [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Cite_web "ഫലകം:Cite web – Malayalam") - [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_web "Загвар:Cite web – Mongolian") - [ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ](https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A0:Cite_web "ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:Cite web – Manipuri") - [ဘာသာမန်](https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA:Cite_web "ထာမ်ပလိက်:Cite web – Mon") - [Moore](https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5r-wilgda:Cite_web "Sõr-wilgda:Cite web – Mossi") - [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4 "साचा:संकेतस्थळ स्रोत – Marathi") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_web "Templat:Cite web – Malay") - [Malti](https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudell:%C4%8Aita_web "Mudell:Ċita web – Maltese") - [Mirandés](https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo:Citar_web "Modelo:Citar web – Mirandese") - [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA:Cite_web "တမ်းပလိတ်:Cite web – Burmese") - [Эрзянь](https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BD:Cite_web "ЛопаПарцун:Cite web – Erzya") - [مازِرونی](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86:Cite_web "شابلون:Cite web – Mazanderani") - [Nāhuatl](https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemachiy%C5%8Dt%C4%ABlli:Cite_web "Nemachiyōtīlli:Cite web – Nahuatl") - [Napulitano](https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello:Cita_web "Modello:Cita web – Neapolitan") - [Nedersaksies](https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal:Citeer_web "Mal:Citeer web – Low Saxon") - [Plattdüütsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6rlaag:Cite_web "Vörlaag:Cite web – Low German") - [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_web "ढाँचा:Cite web – Nepali") - [नेपाल भाषा](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Newari") - [Li Niha](https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_web "Templat:Cite web – Nias") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjabloon:Citeer_web "Sjabloon:Citeer web – Dutch") - [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal:Kjelde_www "Mal:Kjelde www – Norwegian Nynorsk") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal:Kilde_www "Mal:Kilde www – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Novial](https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Novial") - [ߒߞߏ](https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%9E%DF%8F:Cite_web "ߞߙߊߞߏ:Cite web – N’Ko") - [Sesotho sa Leboa](https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Northern Sotho") - [Chi-Chewa](https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Nyanja") - [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8l:Ref-web "Modèl:Ref-web – Occitan") - [Oromoo](https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Oromo") - [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_web "ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite web – Odia") - [Ирон](https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3:Cite_web "Хуызæг:Cite web – Ossetic") - [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_web "ਫਰਮਾ:Cite web – Punjabi") - [Pangasinan](https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Pangasinan") - [Kapampangan](https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Pampanga") - [Papiamentu](https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malchi:Cite_web "Malchi:Cite web – Papiamento") - [Naijá](https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templet:Cite_web "Templet:Cite web – Nigerian Pidgin") - [Deitsch](https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moddel:Cite_web "Moddel:Cite web – Pennsylvania German") - [Pälzisch](https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorlach:Cite_web "Vorlach:Cite web – Palatine German") - [पालि](https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA:Cite_web "पटिरूप:Cite web – Pali") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szablon:Cytuj_stron%C4%99 "Szablon:Cytuj stronę – Polish") - [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp:Cit%C3%A9_la_Ragn%C3%A0 "Stamp:Cité la Ragnà – Piedmontese") - [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:Cite_web "سانچہ:Cite web – Western Punjabi") - [Ποντιακά](https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD:Cite_web "Πρότυπον:Cite web – Pontic") - [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_web "کينډۍ:Cite web – Pashto") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Citar_web "Predefinição:Citar web – Portuguese") - [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Cite_web "Plantilla:Cite web – Quechua") - [ရခိုင်](https://rki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA:Cite_web "တမ်းပလိတ်:Cite web – Arakanese") - [Rumantsch](https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model:Cite_web "Model:Cite web – Romansh") - [Ikirundi](https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingero:Cite_web "Ingero:Cite web – Rundi") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Citat_web "Format:Citat web – Romanian") - [Tarandíne](https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cita_web "Template:Cita web – Tarantino") - [Руски](https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Pannonian Rusyn") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Russian") - [Русиньскый](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0:Cite_web "Шаблона:Cite web – Rusyn") - [Ikinyarwanda](https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyandikorugero:Cite_web "Inyandikorugero:Cite web – Kinyarwanda") - [संस्कृतम्](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D:Cite_web "फलकम्:Cite web – Sanskrit") - [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BF:Cite_web "Халыып:Cite web – Yakut") - [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AA:Cite_web "ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Cite web – Santali") - [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tzita_web "Template:Tzita web – Sardinian") - [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cita_web "Template:Cita web – Sicilian") - [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Scots") - [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8 "سانچو:حوالو ويب – Sindhi") - [Davvisámegiella](https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lle:Neahttag%C3%A1ldu "Málle:Neahttagáldu – Northern Sami") - [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_web "Šablon:Cite web – Serbo-Croatian") - [Taclḥit](https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C9%A3a:Bdr_awib "Talɣa:Bdr awib – Tachelhit") - [တႆး](https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:Cite_web "ထႅမ်းပလဵတ်ႉ:Cite web – Shan") - [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD:%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A "සැකිල්ල:උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් – Sinhala") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Simple English") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abl%C3%B3na:Cit%C3%A1cia_elektronick%C3%A9ho_dokumentu "Šablóna:Citácia elektronického dokumentu – Slovak") - [سرائیکی](https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8 "سانچہ:حوالہ ویب – Saraiki") - [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_splet "Predloga:Navedi splet – Slovenian") - [Gagana Samoa](https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Samoan") - [Anarâškielâ](https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myenster:Nettik%C3%A4ldee "Myenster:Nettikäldee – Inari Sami") - [ChiShona](https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Shona") - [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Somali") - [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa:Cite_web "Stampa:Cite web – Albanian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Serbian") - [Sranantongo](https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankra:Cite_web "Ankra:Cite web – Sranan Tongo") - [SiSwati](https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/iThempleti:Cite_web "iThempleti:Cite web – Swati") - [Sesotho](https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Southern Sotho") - [Seeltersk](https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foarloage:Cite_web "Foarloage:Cite web – Saterland Frisian") - [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citakan:Cite_web "Citakan:Cite web – Sundanese") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall:Cite_web "Mall:Cite web – Swedish") - [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigezo:Rejea_tovuti "Kigezo:Rejea tovuti – Swahili") - [ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ](https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%90%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%99%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%90:Cite_web "ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠙꠟꠦꠐ:Cite web – Sylheti") - [Ślůnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muster:Cytuj_str%C5%8Dn%C3%A3 "Muster:Cytuj strōnã – Silesian") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81:Cite_web "வார்ப்புரு:Cite web – Tamil") - [ತುಳು](https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D:Cite_web "ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟ್:Cite web – Tulu") - [ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ](https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%97%E1%A5%A6%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A5%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%B3:Cite_web "ᥗᥦᥛᥰ ᥙᥣ ᥘᥥᥐᥳ:Cite web – Tai Nuea") - [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:Cite_web "మూస:Cite web – Telugu") - [Tetun](https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Tetum") - [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Tajik") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_web "แม่แบบ:Cite web – Thai") - [ትግርኛ](https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%8D:Cite_web "ሞደል:Cite web – Tigrinya") - [Türkmençe](https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web "Şablon:Cite web – Turkmen") - [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padron:Cite_web "Padron:Cite web – Tagalog") - [Tolışi](https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numun%C9%99:Cite_web "Numunə:Cite web – Talysh") - [Setswana](https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempolete:Cite_web "Tempolete:Cite web – Tswana") - [Tok Pisin](https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templet:Cite_web "Templet:Cite web – Tok Pisin") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Web_kayna%C4%9F%C4%B1 "Şablon:Web kaynağı – Turkish") - [Xitsonga](https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Tsonga") - [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF:Cite_web "Калып:Cite web – Tatar") - [ChiTumbuka](https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Tumbuka") - [Twi](https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhw%C9%9Bso%C9%94:Cite_web "Nhwɛsoɔ:Cite web – Twi") - [Тыва дыл](https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Tuvinian") - [Удмурт](https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Udmurt") - [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%90%D9%84%D9%89%D9%BE:Cite_web "قېلىپ:Cite web – Uyghur") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_web "Шаблон:Cite web – Ukrainian") - [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8 "سانچہ:حوالہ ویب – Urdu") - [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andoza:Veb_manbasi "Andoza:Veb manbasi – Uzbek") - [Tshivenda](https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Venda") - [Vèneto](https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%C5%82o:Cite_web "Modeło:Cite web – Venetian") - [Vepsän kel’](https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_web "Šablon:Cite web – Veps") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:Ch%C3%BA_th%C3%ADch_web "Bản mẫu:Chú thích web – Vietnamese") - [Volapük](https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samafomot:Cite_web "Samafomot:Cite web – Volapük") - [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batakan:Cite_web "Batakan:Cite web – Waray") - [Wolof](https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royuwaay:Cite_web "Royuwaay:Cite web – Wolof") - [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Wu") - [Хальмг](https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80:Cite_web "Кевләр:Cite web – Kalmyk") - [IsiXhosa](https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/iThemplethi:Cite_web "iThemplethi:Cite web – Xhosa") - [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98:Cite_web "თარგი:Cite web – Mingrelian") - [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8:%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%91 "מוסטער:צייגט וועב – Yiddish") - [Yorùbá](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Cite_web "Àdàkọ:Cite web – Yoruba") - [Vahcuengh](https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Cite_web "模板:Cite web – Zhuang") - [ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ](https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B9:%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1 "ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight") - [文言](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:%E5%BC%95%E7%B6%B2 "模板:引網 – Literary Chinese") - [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-b%C3%B4%CD%98:Cite_web "Pang-bô͘:Cite web – Minnan") - [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:%E5%BC%95%E7%B6%B2 "Template:引網 – Cantonese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Chinese") - [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "Template:Cite web – Zulu") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5637226#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web "View the template [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cite_web "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit "This page is protected. You can view its source [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit) - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Cite_web "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Cite_web "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&oldid=753103437 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=info "More information about this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTemplate%3ACite_web) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Template%3ACite_web&action=show-download-screen) - [Printable version]("Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [Wikimedia Foundation](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [Meta-Wiki](https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [Wikispecies](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [Wikibooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [Wikisource](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [Wikiversity](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) - [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Template:cite-web) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5637226 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [![Permanently protected template](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Full-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Full-protection-shackle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#full "This high-risk template is permanently protected to prevent vandalism") From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/60px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png) Template documentation\[[view](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web/doc "Template:Cite web/doc")\] \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cite_web/doc "Special:EditPage/Template:Cite web/doc")\] \[[history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PageHistory/Template:Cite_web/doc "Special:PageHistory/Template:Cite web/doc")\] \[[purge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Purge/Template:Cite_web "Special:Purge/Template:Cite web")\] \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| ![Warning](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Ambox_warning_orange.svg/40px-Ambox_warning_orange.svg.png) \| This template is used on [approximately 5,300,000 pages, or roughly 8% of all pages](https://linkcount.toolforge.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&page=Template%3ACite+web#transclusions). To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's [/sandbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web/sandbox "Template:Cite web/sandbox") or [/testcases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web/testcases "Template:Cite web/testcases") subpages, or in your own [user subpage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages#SUB "Wikipedia:User pages"). The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the [talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cite_web "Template talk:Cite web") before implementing them. \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Cascade-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Cascade-protection-shackle.svg.png) \| This template can only be edited by [administrators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators "Wikipedia:Administrators") because it is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion "Help:Transclusion") onto one or more [cascade-protected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Cascading_protection "Wikipedia:Protection policy") pages. \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AWB_logo_draft.svg/60px-AWB_logo_draft.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AWB_logo_draft.svg) \| This template is used by the standard installation of [AutoWikiBrowser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser "Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser") (AWB). If you are planning to make any major changes to this template, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please notify AWB's users and maintainers beforehand at [Wikipedia talk:AWB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:AutoWikiBrowser "Wikipedia talk:AutoWikiBrowser") as a courtesy. \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Logo_wikibot.svg/60px-Logo_wikibot.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_wikibot.svg) \| This template is used by one or more [bots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots "Wikipedia:Bots"). If you intend to change this template in any significant way, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please inform the bot operators. Thank you. The relevant bots are: [KiranBOT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:KiranBOT "User:KiranBOT") \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lua-Logo.svg/40px-Lua-Logo.svg.png) \| This template uses [Lua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua "Wikipedia:Lua"): [Module:Citation/CS1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1 "Module:Citation/CS1") ([sandbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/sandbox "Module:Citation/CS1/sandbox")) \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| {{[Cite arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv "Template:Cite arXiv")}} \| [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv "ArXiv") preprints \| \| {{[Cite AV media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media "Template:Cite AV media")}} \| audio and visual media \| \| {{[Cite AV media notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes "Template:Cite AV media notes")}} \| AV media liner notes \| \| {{[Cite bioRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv "Template:Cite bioRxiv")}} \| [bioRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv "BioRxiv") preprints \| \| {{[Cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book "Template:Cite book")}} \| books and chapters \| \| {{[Cite CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX "Template:Cite CiteSeerX")}} \| [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX "CiteSeerX") papers \| \| {{[Cite conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_conference "Template:Cite conference")}} \| conference papers \| \| {{[Cite document](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_document "Template:Cite document")}} \| short, stand-alone, offline documents \| \| {{[Cite encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia "Template:Cite encyclopedia")}} \| edited collections \| \| {{[Cite episode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_episode "Template:Cite episode")}} \| radio or TV episodes \| \| {{[Cite interview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_interview "Template:Cite interview")}} \| interviews \| \| {{[Cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal "Template:Cite journal")}} \| academic journals \| \| {{[Cite magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine "Template:Cite magazine")}} \| magazines, periodicals \| \| {{[Cite mailing list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list "Template:Cite mailing list")}} \| public mailing lists \| \| {{[Cite map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_map "Template:Cite map")}} \| maps \| \| {{[Cite medRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_medRxiv "Template:Cite medRxiv")}} \| [medRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedRxiv "MedRxiv") preprints \| \| {{[Cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news "Template:Cite news")}} \| news articles \| \| {{[Cite newsgroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup "Template:Cite newsgroup")}} \| online newsgroups \| \| {{[Cite podcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast "Template:Cite podcast")}} \| podcasts \| \| {{[Cite press release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release "Template:Cite press release")}} \| press releases \| \| {{[Cite report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_report "Template:Cite report")}} \| reports \| \| {{[Cite serial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_serial "Template:Cite serial")}} \| audio or video serials \| \| {{[Cite sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_sign "Template:Cite sign")}} \| signs, plaques \| \| {{[Cite speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_speech "Template:Cite speech")}} \| speeches \| \| {{[Cite SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_SSRN "Template:Cite SSRN")}} \| [SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network "Social Science Research Network") papers \| \| {{[Cite tech report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report "Template:Cite tech report")}} \| technical reports \| \| {{[Cite thesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis "Template:Cite thesis")}} \| theses \| \| {{[Cite web]()}} \| web sources not covered by the above \| \| See also \| [Specific-source templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Specific-source_templates "Category:Specific-source templates") [Citation Style 1 wrapper templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_templates_that_wrap_CS1_templates "Category:Citation templates that wrap CS1 templates") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation/cs1 "Template:Citation Style documentation/cs1") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_documentation/cs1 "Template talk:Citation Style documentation/cs1") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_Style_documentation/cs1 "Special:EditPage/Template:Citation Style documentation/cs1") \| \| This [Citation Style 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1 "Help:Citation Style 1") template is used to create [citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE "Wikipedia:CITE") for web sources that are not characterized by another [CS1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1 "Help:Citation Style 1") template. Do not use this template in the "[External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ELCITE "Wikipedia:ELCITE")" section of articles. ## Usage Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as `\|isbn=` have upper-case aliases like `\|ISBN=`, which are acceptable for use). Use the "\\|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then [purge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=purge) the page. \| \| \|---\| \| To cite a web page with a credited author To cite a web page with no credited author To cite an online web page that has been archived To cite a web page written in a foreign language To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription \| \| \| \|---\| \| To cite a web page with a credited author To cite a web page with no credited author To cite a web page article that has been archived To cite a web page written in a foreign language To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription \| \| Parameters \| Prerequisites \| Brief instructions / notes \| Vertical list \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| `last1` \| \| Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. \| \| \| `first1` \| `last1` \| Author's first name. Don't link. \| \| \| `author-link1` \| `last1` \| Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. \| \| \| `last2` \| `last1` \| Like `last1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `last3`, etc. \| \| \| `first2` \| `last2` \| Like `first1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `first3`, etc. \| \| \| `author-link2` \| `last2` \| Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `author-link3`, etc. \| \| \| `display-authors` \| `last1` \| Number (number of authors displayed) or `etal` (more authors) \| \| \| `author-mask1` \| `last1` \| See [Display options](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works \| \| \| `author-mask2` \| `last2` \| \| \| \| `collaboration` \| `last1` \| \| \| \| `df` \| \| \| \| \| `date` \| \| \| \| \| `year` \| \| \| \| \| `orig-date` \| `date` or `year` \| \| \| \| `orig-year` \| `date` or `year` \| \| \| \| `location` \| `publisher` \| can be used for written-at location when `publication-place` is used for publication place \| \| \| `editor-last1` \| \| Like `last1`, but for editor. Don't link. \| \| \| `editor-first1` \| `editor-last1` \| Like `first1`, but for editor. Don't link. \| \| \| `editor-link1` \| `editor-last1` \| Like `author-link1`, but for editor. Don't link. \| \| \| `editor-last2` \| `editor-last1` \| Like `last1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-last3`, etc. \| \| \| `editor-first2` \| `editor-last2` \| Like `first1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-first3`, etc. \| \| \| `editor-link2` \| `editor-last2` \| Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-link3`, etc. \| \| \| `display-editors` \| `editor-last1` \| Like `display-authors`, but for editors \| \| \| `editor-mask1` \| `editor-last1` \| See [Display options](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works \| \| \| `editor-mask2` \| `editor-last2` \| \| \| \| `title` \| \| This parameter is required. \| \| \| `script-title` \| \| \| \| \| `title-link` \| `title` or `script-title` \| Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if `url` is provided \| \| \| `url` \| `title` or `script-title` \| This parameter is required. Do not use if `title-link` is provided \| \| \| `url-access` \| `url` \| \| \| \| `trans-title` \| `title` or `script-title` \| \| \| \| `format` \| `url` \| \| \| \| `department` \| \| \| \| \| `website` \| \| \| \| \| `script-website` \| \| \| \| \| `trans-website` \| `website` or `script-website` \| \| \| \| `type` \| \| \| \| \| `series` \| \| \| \| \| `language` \| \| \| \| \| `interviewer-last1` \| \| Like `last1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. \| \| \| `interviewer-first1` \| `interviewer-last1` \| Like `first1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. \| \| \| `interviewer-link1` \| `interviewer-last1` \| Like `author-link1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. \| \| \| `interviewer-last2` \| `interviewer-last1` \| Like `last1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-last3`, etc. \| \| \| `interviewer-first2` \| `interviewer-last2` \| Like `first1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-first3`, etc. \| \| \| `interviewer-link2` \| `interviewer-last2` \| Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-link3`, etc. \| \| \| `display-interviewers` \| `interviewer-last1` \| Like `display-authors`, but for interviewers \| \| \| `interviewer-mask1` \| `interviewer-last1` \| See [Display options](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works \| \| \| `interviewer-mask2` \| `interviewer-last2` \| \| \| \| `translator-last1` \| \| Like `last1`, but for translator. Don't link. \| \| \| `translator-first1` \| `translator-last1` \| Like `first1`, but for translator. Don't link. \| \| \| `translator-link1` \| `translator-last1` \| Like `author-link1`, but for translator. Don't link. \| \| \| `translator-last2` \| `translator-last1` \| Like `last1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-last3`, etc. \| \| \| `translator-first2` \| `translator-last2` \| Like `first1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-first3`, etc. \| \| \| `translator-link2` \| `translator-last2` \| Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-link3`, etc. \| \| \| `display-translators` \| `translator-last1` \| Like `display-authors`, but for translators \| \| \| `translator-mask1` \| `translator-last1` \| See [Display options](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works \| \| \| `translator-mask2` \| `translator-last2` \| \| \| \| `others` \| \| \| \| \| `name-list-style` \| `last2` \| Set to `amp` or `ampersand` to separate the last author with "` &`"; set to `and` to separate with "` and`" \| \| \| `edition` \| \| \| \| \| `publication-place` \| `publisher` \| \| \| \| `publisher` \| \| \| \| \| `publication-date` \| \| \| \| \| `agency` \| \| \| \| \| `minutes` \| \| \| \| \| `time-caption` \| `time` \| \| \| \| `time` \| \| \| \| \| `page` \| \| choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at` \| \| \| `pages` \| \| choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at`. Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. \| \| \| `at` \| \| choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at` \| \| \| `no-pp` \| `page` or `pages` \| set to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers \| \| \| `arxiv` \| \| \| \| \| `asin` \| \| \| \| \| `asin-tld` \| `asin` \| \| \| \| `bibcode` \| \| \| \| \| `biorxiv` \| \| \| \| \| `biorxiv-access` \| `biorxiv` \| \| \| \| `citeseerx` \| \| \| \| \| `doi` \| \| \| \| \| `doi-access` \| `doi` \| \| \| \| `doi-broken-date` \| `doi` \| \| \| \| `eissn` \| \| \| \| \| `hdl` \| \| \| \| \| `hdl-access` \| `hdl` \| \| \| \| `isbn` \| \| \| \| \| `ismn` \| \| \| \| \| `issn` \| \| \| \| \| `jfm` \| \| \| \| \| `jstor` \| \| \| \| \| `jstor-access` \| `jstor` \| \| \| \| `lccn` \| \| \| \| \| `medrxiv` \| \| \| \| \| `mr` \| \| \| \| \| `oclc` \| \| \| \| \| `ol` \| \| \| \| \| `ol-access` \| `ol` \| \| \| \| `osti` \| \| \| \| \| `osti-access` \| `osti` \| \| \| \| `pmc` \| \| \| \| \| `pmc-embargo-date` \| `pmc` \| \| \| \| `pmid` \| \| \| \| \| `rfc` \| \| \| \| \| `sbn` \| \| \| \| \| `ssrn` \| \| \| \| \| `s2cid` \| \| \| \| \| `s2cid-access` \| `s2cid` \| \| \| \| `zbl` \| \| \| \| \| `id` \| \| \| \| \| `url-status` \| `archive-url` \| \| \| \| `archive-url` \| `archive-date`, `url` \| \| \| \| `archive-format` \| `archive-url` \| \| \| \| `archive-date` \| `archive-url` \| \| \| \| `access-date` \| `url` \| \| \| \| `via` \| \| \| \| \| `quote-page` \| \| choose one: `quote-page`, `quote-pages` \| \| \| `quote-pages` \| \| choose one: `quote-page`, `quote-pages`. Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages. \| \| \| `quote` \| \| \| \| \| `script-quote` \| \| \| \| \| `trans-quote` \| \| \| \| \| `mode` \| \| `cs1` or `cs2` \| \| \| `ref` \| \| \| \| \| `postscript` \| \| \| \| \| If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. \| \| \| \| ### Choosing between [Template:cite web]() and [Template:cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news "Template:Cite news") Previously, editors had to decide whether to use {{[cite web]()}} or {{cite news}} based on these templates' features. In 2014, however, most of the differences between the two templates were eliminated. As of [29 July 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&diff=732205428&oldid=723907342), {{cite web}} and {{cite news}} have the following differences: - {{Cite news}} can be used for [offline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:OFFLINE "Wikipedia:OFFLINE") (paper) sources whereas {{cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided - {{Cite news}} accepts `\|issue=` and `\|volume=` parameters while {{cite web}} does not (see [Help:Citation Style 1 § Pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages "Help:Citation Style 1"), [Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 10 § \\|volume=, \\|issue=, \\|page(s)= and cite magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1/Archive_10#\|volume=,_\|issue=,_\|page\(s\)=_and_cite_magazine "Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 10") and {{[cite magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine "Template:Cite magazine")}}.) But, given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same: \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Cite web: \| Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). ["Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows"](https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/). Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved May 26, 2015. \| \| Cite news: \| Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). ["Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows"](https://blog.chron.com/techblog/2011/07/microsoft-envisions-a-universal-os-but-it-might-not-be-called-windows/). Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved May 26, 2015. \| ## Examples - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=April 30, 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} ``` Doe, John (April 30, 2005). ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 8, 2026. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|date=30 April 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` Doe, John (30 April 2005). ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopedia of Things. Retrieved 8 March 2026. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|date=2005-04-30 \|access-date=2026-03-08}} ``` Doe, John (2005-04-30). ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Retrieved 2026-03-08. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` Doe, John. ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Retrieved 8 March 2026. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|access-date=2026-03-08}} ``` ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Retrieved 2026-03-08. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ \|title=NFL Rules Digest \|website=NFL Football Operations \|publisher=[[National Football League]] \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} ``` ["NFL Rules Digest"](https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/). NFL Football Operations. [National Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League"). Retrieved March 8, 2026. ### Using "format=" When this template detects a link whose URL includes an [extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension "Filename extension") of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of [PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF "PDF") files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if `\|format=PDF` had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit `\|format=PDF` parameter would be redundant, so it is not recommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. ([ref](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Citation_bot/Archive_13#Remove_format=pdf_and_variants_when_URLs_end_in_.pdf "User talk:Citation bot/Archive 13"))) - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf \|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control \|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` ["List of psychotropic substances under international control"](https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf) (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Retrieved 8 March 2026. If the link is to a PDF file that is not automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter `\|format=PDF`, which displays " (PDF)" after the link (but no PDF icon). - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 \|title=Some PDF Document \|publisher=Sample Int'l \|format=PDF \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` ["Some PDF Document"](https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000) (PDF). Sample Int'l. Retrieved 8 March 2026. For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an [.odt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.odt ".odt") file, you may add the parameter `\|format=ODT`, which displays " (ODT)" after the link. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt \|title=Some ODT Document \|publisher=Sample Int'l \|format=ODT \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` ["Some ODT Document"](https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt) (ODT). Sample Int'l. Retrieved 8 March 2026. ### Foreign-language and translated title - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Honi soit qui mal y pense \|last=Joliet \|first=François \|date=30 April 2005 \|access-date=8 March 2026 \|language=fr \|trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}} ``` Joliet, François (30 April 2005). ["Honi soit qui mal y pense"](https://www.example.org/) \[Shame on those who think evil of it\] (in French). Retrieved 8 March 2026. ### Using author-link - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|author-link=John Doe \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=April 30, 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} ``` [Doe, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe "John Doe") (April 30, 2005). ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 8, 2026. ### Multiple authors - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Our Favourite Things \|last1=Doe \|first1=John \|last2=Smith \|first2=Peter \|last3=Smythe \|first3=Jim \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=30 April 2005 \|website=Encyclopaedia of Things \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` Doe, John; Smith, Peter; Smythe, Jim (30 April 2005). ["Our Favourite Things"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopaedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved 8 March 2026. ### No author - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Index of Sharp Things \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=2005-04-30 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=2026-03-08}} ``` ["Index of Sharp Things"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. 2005-04-30. Retrieved 2026-03-08. ### No author, no publisher - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Index of Sharp Things \|date=30 April 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` ["Index of Sharp Things"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopedia of Things. 30 April 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2026. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Index of Sharp Things \|date=April 30, 2005 \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} ``` ["Index of Sharp Things"](https://www.example.org/). April 30, 2005. Retrieved March 8, 2026. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2024/2311984R.pdf \|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control \|date=December 2023 \|access-date=2026-03-08 \|language=ru}} ``` ["List of psychotropic substances under international control"](https://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2024/2311984R.pdf) (PDF) (in Russian). December 2023. Retrieved 2026-03-08. ### Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived By default, if "archive-url" is used, the parameter `\|url-status=dead` is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version: - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf \|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control \|date=2005-04-30 \|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board \|access-date=2026-03-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf \|archive-date=2005-09-07}} ``` ["List of psychotropic substances under international control"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf) (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. 2005-04-30. Archived from [the original](https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf) (PDF) on 2005-09-07. Retrieved 2026-03-08. When `\|url-status=live` is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page: - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 \|title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) \|website=The Hollywood Reporter \|date=September 18, 2015 \|access-date=September 21, 2015 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 \|archive-date=October 22, 2015}} ``` ["DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)"](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572). The Hollywood Reporter. September 18, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572) from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015. With `\|url-status=unfit` or `usurped`, the original is not linked at all: - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html \|title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) \|publisher=The Weather Underground \|access-date=8 March 2026 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522171657/https://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html \|archive-date=22 May 2011}} ``` ["London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110522171657/https://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html). The Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2026. ### Using "quote" - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html \|title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea \|website=WebExhibits \|date=2008 \|access-date=8 March 2026 \|quote=... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'}} ``` ["Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea"](https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html). WebExhibits. 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2026. "... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'" ## Parameters ### Syntax Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters: - parent - OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent - child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used) - OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used) Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show. By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.). ### COinS This template embeds [COinS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COinS "COinS") metadata in the HTML output, allowing [reference management software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_management_software "Reference management software") to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See [Wikipedia:COinS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COinS "Wikipedia:COinS"). As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text: - use `\|date=27 September 2007` not `\|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)` Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example ` `, `–`, or ` `, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata. #### COinS metadata is created for these parameters Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the [Usage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Usage) section near the top of this documentation page. - `\|periodical=`, `\|journal=`, `\|newspaper=`, `\|magazine=`, `\|work=`, `\|website=`, `\|encyclopedia=`, `\|encyclopaedia=`, `\|dictionary=` - `\|chapter=`, `\|script-chapter=`, `\|contribution=`, `\|script-contribution=`, `\|entry=`, `\|script-entry=`, `\|article=`, `\|script-article=`, `\|section=`, `\|script-section=` - `\|title=`, `\|script-title=`, `\|book-title=` - `\|publication-place=`, `\|place=`, `\|location=` - `\|date=`, `\|year=`, `\|publication-date=` - `\|series=`, `\|version=` - `\|volume=`, `\|issue=`, `\|number=` - `\|page=`, `\|pages=`, `\|at=`, `\|quote-page=`, `\|quote-pages=` - `\|edition=` - `\|publisher=`, `\|institution=` - `\|url=`, `\|chapter-url=`, `\|contribution-url=`, `\|section-url=` - `\|author-last=`, `\|author-last#=`, `\|author#-last=`, `\|author-surname=`, `\|author-surname#=`, `\|author#-surname=`, `\|last=`, `\|last#=`, `\|surname=`, `\|surname#=`, `\|author=`, `\|author#=`, `\|subject=`, `\|subject#=`, `\|host=`, `\|host#=` - `\|author-first=`, `\|author-first#=`, `\|author#-first=`, `\|author-given=`, `\|author-given#=`, `\|author#-given=`, `\|first=`, `\|first#=`, `\|given=`, `\|given#=` - `\|degree=` - `\|arxiv=`, `\|bibcode=`, `\|biorxiv=`, `\|citeseerx=`, `\|doi=`, `\|eissn=`, `\|eprint=`, `\|hdl=`, `\|isbn=`, `\|issn=`, `\|jfm=`, `\|jstor=`, `\|lccn=`, `\|message-id=`, `\|mr=`, `\|oclc=`, `\|osti=`, `\|pmc=`, `\|pmid=`, `\|rfc=`, `\|ssrn=`, `\|s2cid=`, `\|zbl=` ### What's new \| Parameter \| Description \| Date \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| N/A \| \| \| ### Deprecated \| Deprecated parameter \| Replace with \| Date \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| none deprecated at present \| \| \| \| Removed parameter \| Replace with \| Date \| Note \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| `\|authors=` \| `\|lastn=` / `\|firstn=`, `\|authorn=`, `\|vauthors=` \| August 2024 \| \| ### Description #### Authors - last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. `\|author=Bono`). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1. - author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of `\|first=` and `\|last=`. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1"). Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. - first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with [MOS:JRSR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:JRSR "MOS:JRSR") and use honorifics (including [Dr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_\(title\) "Doctor (title)"), [Sir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir "Sir"), and similar) only in accordance with [MOS:HON](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:HON "MOS:HON"). - OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). See the [display](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_display) parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use `\|first1=...``\|last1=...``\|author2=...`. - author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink. - OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn\-link. - name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to `amp`, `ampersand`, or `&`, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to `and`, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to `vanc`displays name lists in [Vancouver style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_style "Vancouver style") when the lists use the `last`/`first` forms of name parameters. - vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in [Vancouver style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_style "Vancouver style"); enclose corporate or institutional author names in [doubled parentheses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1"). End with etal if appropriate: `\|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal` - author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in `\|vauthors=` as described above - authors: deprecated ~~Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.~~ - translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1"). - translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1. - OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn\-last, translatorn\-first, or translator1 through translatorn. - translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link. - OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn\-link. - collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list. - others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith. - Note: When using [shortened footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes "Help:Shortened footnotes") or [parenthetical referencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Parenthetical_referencing "Wikipedia:Citing sources") styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link. #### Date "Wikipedia:Undated" redirects here. For undated signatures, see [Template:Undated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Undated "Template:Undated"). - date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[\[date 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-1) Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see [Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Dates "Help:Citation Style 1"). [Shortened footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes "Help:Shortened footnotes") target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate `{{sfn}}` links to multiple works by the same author in the same year,[\[more\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year "Template:Sfn") unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets. For approximate year, precede with "`c.`", like this: `\|date=c. 1900`. For no date, or "undated", use `\|date=n.d.` The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a `created` or `updated` date; a comment for editors such as `date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->\|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01` can be added. Automatic date formatting: [Citation Style 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1 "Help:Citation Style 1") and [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2 "Help:Citation Style 2") templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as `\|date=`, `\|publication-date=`, `\|access-date=`, `\|archive-date=`, etc.) except for `\|orig-date=` in the style specified by the article's `{{use dmy dates}}` or `{{use mdy dates}}` template. See those templates' documentation for details. - year: Year of publication. The more flexible `\|date=` parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the `\|date=` parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met: 1. [Shortened footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes "Help:Shortened footnotes") target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a `CITEREF` [disambiguator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year "Template:Sfn"), usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) 2. The `\|date=` format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.) - orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: `\|orig-date=First published 1859` or `\|orig-date=Composed 1904`. As `\|orig-date=` does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by `\|df=` (or, if it exists in the article, by `\|cs1-dates=` of a `{{use dmy dates}}` or `{{use mdy dates}}` template), or as used in the `\|date=` parameter. Alias: orig-year - df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these: `dmy` – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified; `mdy` – as above for month day, year format `ymd` – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD `dmy-all` – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format; `mdy-all` – as above for month day, year format `ymd-all` – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_1-0) Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates. See [MOS:DATEUNIFY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DATEUNIFY "MOS:DATEUNIFY"). #### Editors - editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1. - editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1"). - editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given. - OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn\-last, editor-surnamen or editorn\-surname; editorn\-first, editor-givenn or editorn\-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use `\|editor-first1=...``\|editor-last1=...` `\|editor2=...`. - editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1. - OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn\-link). - name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to `amp`, `ampersand`, or `&`, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to `and`, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to `vanc`displays name lists in [Vancouver style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_style "Vancouver style") when the lists use the `last`/`first` forms of name parameters. - veditors: comma separated list of editor names in [Vancouver style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_style "Vancouver style"); enclose corporate or institutional names in [doubled parentheses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1"). End with etal if appropriate: `\|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal` - *editor-linkn* and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in `\|veditors=`, as described above - Display: Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included. If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work. If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds." #### Title (See also [Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Titles_and_chapters "Help:Citation Style 1").) - title: Title of source page on website. Displays in quotation marks. For titles containing quotation marks, convert regular quotation marks (`"`) to single quotation marks (`'`). See [MOS:QINQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:QINQ "MOS:QINQ") for guidance in more complex situations. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a [Romanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN "Wikipedia:ROMAN") (if available) of the title in script-title. - script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#\|script-<param>=_language_codes "Help:Citation Style 1") to help browsers properly display the script: `... \|title=Tōkyō tawā \|script-title=ja:東京タワー \|trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...` - trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended. Titles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded. \| newline \| \[ \| \] \| \\| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| space \| \&\#91; \| \&\#93; \| \&\#124; \| \| \| [{{bracket\\|text}}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bracket "Template:Bracket") \| [{{pipe}}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pipe "Template:Pipe") – see also [Help:Table § Rendering pipe itself](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Table#Rendering_pipe_itself "Help:Table") \| \| This parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into [Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incorrect_citation_syntax "Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax"). Set `\|no-tracking=true` to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated. - website: Title of website (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name); may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: work - type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword `none` can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium. - language*: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the [ISO 639](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639 "ISO 639") language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: `\|language=ru`; `\|lang=fr, pt-br`; `\|lang=Russian`; `\|language=French, Portuguese`. [See the list of supported codes and names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation/language/doc "Template:Citation Style documentation/language/doc"). Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of [Category:CS1 foreign language sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources "Category:CS1 foreign language sources"). Because cs1\\|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. espagnol* at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang #### URL - url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. `#ixzz2rBr3aO94` or `?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=...`. For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see [WP:PAGELINKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PAGELINKS "Wikipedia:PAGELINKS"). Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)"); use `\|isbn=` or `\|oclc=` to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message. - access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[\[date 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-3) Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see [WP:CITEWEB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEWEB "Wikipedia:CITEWEB"). Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See ["Automatic date formatting"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_auto-date-format) above for details about interaction with `{{use dmy dates}}` and `{{use mdy dates}}`. Can be [hidden or styled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1/accessdate "Help:Citation Style 1/accessdate") by registered editors. Alias: accessdate. - archive-url: The URL of an [archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_archiving "Web archiving") snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive") (see [Help:Using the Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Using_the_Wayback_Machine "Help:Using the Wayback Machine")); requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by `\|url-status=live`) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl. - archive-date: Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[\[date 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-3) Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See ["Automatic date formatting"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_auto-date-format) above for details about interaction with `{{use dmy dates}}` and `{{use mdy dates}}`. Alias: archivedate. - url-status: A control parameter to select one of `\|url=` or `\|archive-url=` to link `\|title=`; requires url and archive-url. Use `{{dead link}}` to mark dead `\|url=` when there is no `\|archive-url=`. Accepts multiple keywords: - `dead` – (default condition when `\|url-status=` omitted or empty) selects `\|archive-url=` - `live` – selects `\|url=`; used when `\|url=` is preemptively archived with `\|archive-url=` - `deviated` – selects `\|archive-url=`; used when `\|url=` is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article - `unfit` – selects `\|archive-url=`; used when `\|url=` links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page; links to `\|url=` are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead [usurpation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:USURPURL "Wikipedia:USURPURL") or [blacklist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLACKLIST "Wikipedia:BLACKLIST"). Bot help is available at [WP:URLREQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:URLREQ "Wikipedia:URLREQ") - `usurped` – selects `\|archive-url=`; used when the domain in `\|url=` no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to `\|url=` are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at [WP:URLREQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:URLREQ "Wikipedia:URLREQ") - `bot: unknown` – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in [Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown "Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown") when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. - archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the [external link icon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:External_link_icons "Help:External link icons") (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include [alt text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ALT "Wikipedia:ALT"); thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See [Using \\|format=](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Using_\|format= "Help:Citation Style 1") - url-access: See [Access indicators discussion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_access_level) - format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the [external link icon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:External_link_icons "Help:External link icons") (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include [alt text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ALT "Wikipedia:ALT"); thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See [Using \\|format=](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Using_\|format= "Help:Citation Style 1") URLs must begin with a supported [URI scheme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI_scheme "URI scheme"). `http://` and `https://` will be supported by all browsers; however, `ftp://`, `gopher://`, `irc://`, `ircs://`, `mailto:` and `news:` may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. [IPv6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6 "IPv6") host-names are currently not supported. If URLs in [citation template parameters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Examples "Wikipedia:Citation templates") contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be [percent-encoded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percent-encoded "Percent-encoded"). For example, a space must be replaced by `%20`. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: \| Character \| space \| " \| ' \| \< \| \> \| \[ \| \] \| { \| \\| \| } \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Encoding \| %20 \| %22 \| %27 \| %3C \| %3E \| %5B \| %5D \| %7B \| %7C \| %7D \| Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_3-1) Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD. See [MOS:DATEUNIFY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DATEUNIFY "MOS:DATEUNIFY"). #### Website - work* (required by `{{cite journal}}` and `{{cite magazine}}`): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a [Romanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN "Wikipedia:ROMAN") (if available) of the title in script-work. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website. Use [Latin script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script "Latin script"). For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard [Romanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN "Wikipedia:ROMAN") in this field. - script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#\|script-<param>=_language_codes "Help:Citation Style 1") to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website. - trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website. `... \|work=Zhōngguó piàofáng \|script-work=zh:中国票房 \|trans-work=China Box Office ...` - department: Title of a regular department, [column](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_\(periodical\) "Column (periodical)"), or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text. When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation: title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes. chapter does not display (and will produce an error message). #### Edition, series - edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so `\|edition=2nd` produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined. - series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted. #### Publisher - publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-wikilink-5) if relevant. The [publisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher "Publisher") is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state `\|publisher=self-published`.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-6) Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a [work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_work) (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. This parameter is most commonly used for books, and rarely for websites or periodicals (although it may be used instead of work in some cases). Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title. - place: For news stories with a [dateline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dateline "Dateline"), the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location - publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title. - publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. - via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the article is attributed to a different publication (e.g. in [Yahoo News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_News "Yahoo News")) but cannot be traced, when the content deliverer (e.g. [NewsBank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsBank "NewsBank")) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (e.g. [EBSCOhost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBSCOhost "EBSCOhost")), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the [access level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_access_level) parameters to display access restrictions, and the [agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_agency) parameters if the original source is a news agency or wire service. - agency: The [news agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_agency "News agency") (wire service) that provided the content; examples: [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"), [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"), [Agence France-Presse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse"). Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use work or publisher. May be wikilinked if relevant. #### In-source locations - minutes: Time the event occurs in the source; followed by "minutes in". - OR: time: Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at". - time-caption: Changes the default text displayed before time. - page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either `\|page=` or `\|pages=`, but not both. Displays preceded by `p.` unless `\|no-pp=yes`. If hyphenated, use {{[hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hyphen "Template:Hyphen")}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. `\|page=3{{hyphen}}12`), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert `\|page=3-12` to `\|pages=3{{ndash}}12`. Alias: p. - OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either `\|page=` or `\|pages=`, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by `pp.` unless `\|no-pp=yes`. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use [double parentheses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1") to tell the template to display the value of `\|pages=` without processing it, and use {{[hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hyphen "Template:Hyphen")}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: `\|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))`. Alternatively, use `\|at=`, like this: `\|at=pp. 3-1–3-15`. Alias: pp. - no-pp: Set to yes , y , or true to suppress the `p.` or `pp.` notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where `\|page=Front cover` or `\|pages=passim`. - OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by `\|page=` or `\|pages=`. Use only one of `\|page=`, `\|pages=`, or `\|at=`. Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. - For `\|quote-page=` and `\|quote-pages=` used in conjunction with `\|quote=`, see [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_quote). #### Identifiers Not to be confused with [§ Anchor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Anchor). - id: A [unique identifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_identifier "Unique identifier"), used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an [external link template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:External_link_templates "Category:External link templates") as applicable. For example, `\|id=NCJ 122967` will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as `\|id={{NCJ\|122967}}` to append [NCJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCJ_\(identifier\) "NCJ (identifier)") [122967](https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=122967) instead. The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. `\|rfc=822` or `\|pmc=345678`. - arxiv: [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv "ArXiv") [identifier](https://arxiv.org/help/arxiv_identifier); for example: `\|arxiv=hep-th/9205027` (before April 2007) or `\|arxiv=0706.0001` (April 2007 – December 2014) or `\|arxiv=1501.00001` (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint. - asin: [Amazon Standard Identification Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number "Amazon Standard Identification Number"); if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example `\|asin=B00005N5PF`. Aliases: ASIN. - asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: `ae`, `au`, `br`, `ca`, `cn`, `de`, `es`, `fr`, `in`, `it`, `jp`, `mx`, `nl`, `pl`, `sa`, `se`, `sg`, `tr`, `uk`. Aliases: none. - bibcode: [bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode "Bibcode"); used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: `1974AJ.....79..819H`. Aliases: none. - biorxiv: [bioRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv "BioRxiv") id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. `10.1101/078733` for <http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733> or <https://doi.org/10.1101/078733>; `10.1101/2020.07.24.220400` for <https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400>). Aliases: none. - citeseerx: [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX "CiteSeerX") id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. `10.1.1.176.341` for <https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341>). Aliases: none. - doi: [Digital object identifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"); for example: `10.1038/news070508-7`. It is checked to ensure it begins with (`10.`). Aliases: DOI. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see [below](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM). - doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at <https://doi.org>. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none. - eissn: [International Standard Serial Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number "International Standard Serial Number") for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a [hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen "Hyphen"), but not an [en dash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash#En_dash "Dash") or a space; example `\|eissn=1557-2986`. Aliases: EISSN. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM). - hdl: [Handle System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_System "Handle System") identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example `\|hdl=20.1000/100`. Aliases: HDL. - isbn: [International Standard Book Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number"); for example: `978-0-8126-9593-9`. (See [Wikipedia:ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ISBN "Wikipedia:ISBN") and [ISBN § Overview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN#Overview "ISBN").) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN. - Use the {{[Format ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Format_ISBN "Template:Format ISBN")}} template within the parameter – in the form `\|isbn={{Format ISBN\|9780812695939}}` – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM). - ismn: [International Standard Music Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number "International Standard Music Number"); for example: `979-0-9016791-7-7`. [Hyphens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphens "Hyphens") or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN. - issn: [International Standard Serial Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number "International Standard Serial Number"); eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a [hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen "Hyphen"), but not an [en dash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash#En_dash "Dash") or a space; example `\|issn=2049-3630`. Aliases: ISSN. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM). - jfm: [Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahrbuch_%C3%BCber_die_Fortschritte_der_Mathematik "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik"); do not include "JFM" in the value; example `\|jfm=53.0144.01`. Aliases: JFM. - jstor: [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR "JSTOR") reference number; for example: `\|jstor=3793107`. Aliases: JSTOR. - lccn: [Library of Congress Control Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number "Library of Congress Control Number"). When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example `\|lccn=79-57364` or `\|lccn=2004042477` or `\|lccn=e09001178`. Aliases: LCCN. - mr: [Mathematical Reviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews "Mathematical Reviews"); example `\|mr=630583`. Aliases: MR. - oclc: [OCLC Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_Number "OCLC Number") for looking up publications in the [WorldCat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat "WorldCat") [union catalog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_catalog "Union catalog"); example `\|oclc=9355469`. Aliases: OCLC. - ol: [Open Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library "Open Library") identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example `\|ol=7030731M`. Aliases: OL. - osti: [Office of Scientific and Technical Information](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information "Office of Scientific and Technical Information"); example `\|osti=4367507`. Aliases: OSTI. - pmc: [PubMed Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central "PubMed Central"); use article number for [open repository](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_repository "Open repository") full-text of a journal article, e.g. `\|pmc=345678`. Do not include "PMC" in the value. See also the pmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMC. - pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none. - pmid: [PubMed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed "PubMed"); use unique identifier; example `\|pmid=17322060` See also the pmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMID. - rfc: [Request for Comments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments "Request for Comments"); example `\|rfc=3143`. Aliases: RFC. - sbn: [Standard Book Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Book_Number "Standard Book Number"); example `\|sbn=356-02201-3`. Aliases: SBN. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM). - ssrn: [Social Science Research Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network "Social Science Research Network"); example `\|ssrn=1900856`. Aliases: SSRN. - s2cid: [Semantic Scholar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Scholar "Semantic Scholar") corpus ID; example `\|s2cid=37220927`. Aliases: S2CID. - zbl: [Zentralblatt MATH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH "Zentralblatt MATH"); example `\|zbl=0472.53010` For zbMATH search results like `JFM 35.0387.02` use `\|jfm=35.0387.02`. Aliases: ZBL. In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (`\|doi=`, `\|eissn=`, `\|isbn=`, `\|issn=`, and `\|sbn=`) support a special [accept-this-as-written markup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1") which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as `\|<param>=((<value>))`). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message. For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the [access status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Registration_or_subscription_required "Help:Citation Style 1") using the corresponding `\|<param>-access=` parameter. For {{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal "Template:Cite journal")}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when `\|url=` and `\|title-link=` are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for `\|title-link=` to manually select a specific source (`\|title-link=pmc` or `\|title-link=doi`) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (`\|title-link=none`). It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The `\|url=` parameter (or `\|title-link=`) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a [convenience link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Convenience_links "Wikipedia:Citing sources") to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible. #### Subscription or registration required [Shortcut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut "Wikipedia:Shortcut") - [WP:URLACCESS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:URLACCESS&redirect=no)[WP:URLACCESS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:URLACCESS "Wikipedia:URLACCESS") Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in [Verifiability § Access to sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PAYWALL "Wikipedia:PAYWALL"). As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to [verifying claims in articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V "Wikipedia:V"). Four access levels can be used: - [access indicator for named identifiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers): - ![Freely accessible](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/20px-Lock-green.svg.png) `free`: the source is free to read for anyone - [access indicators for url-holding parameters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters): - ![Free registration required](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `registration`: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration - ![Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `limited`: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required - ![Paid subscription required](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png) `subscription`: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("[paywall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall "Paywall")") As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link. ##### Access indicators for url-holding parameters See also: [WP:CONLINK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CONLINK "Wikipedia:CONLINK") Online sources linked by `\|url=`, `\|article-url=`, `\|chapter-url=`, `\|contribution-url=`, `\|entry-url=`, `\|map-url=`, and `\|section-url=` are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as `free`. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add `\|archive-url=` and `\|archive-date=` values if possible. \| URL \| Access \| Allowed keywords \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| `\|url=` \| `\|url-access=` \| `registration` ![Free registration required](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `limited` ![Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `subscription` ![Paid subscription required](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png) \| \| `\|article-url=` \| `\|article-url-access=` \| \| \| `\|chapter-url=` \| `\|chapter-url-access=` \| \| \| `\|contribution-url=` \| `\|contribution-url-access=` \| \| \| `\|entry-url=` \| `\|entry-url-access=` \| \| \| `\|map-url=` \| `\|map-url-access=` \| \| \| `\|section-url=` \| `\|section-url-access=` \| \| For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription: ``` {{cite web \|url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php \|url-access=registration \|date=2021-04-15 \|title=Nifty example data}} ``` which renders as: ["Nifty example data"](https://example.com/nifty_data.php). 2021-04-15. ##### Access indicator for named identifiers [Shortcut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut "Wikipedia:Shortcut") - [WP:DOIACCESS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DOIACCESS&redirect=no)[WP:DOIACCESS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DOIACCESS "Wikipedia:DOIACCESS") Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as `limited`, `registration`, or `subscription`. \| Identifier \| Access \| Allowed keywords \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| `\|bibcode=` \| `\|bibcode-access=` \| `free` ![Freely accessible](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/20px-Lock-green.svg.png) \| \| `\|doi=` \| `\|doi-access=` \| \| \| `\|hdl=` \| `\|hdl-access=` \| \| \| `\|jstor=` \| `\|jstor-access=` \| \| \| `\|ol=` \| `\|ol-access=` \| \| \| `\|osti=` \| `\|osti-access=` \| \| \| `\|ssrn=` \| `\|ssrn-access=` \| \| \| `\|s2cid=` \| `\|s2cid-access=` \| \| Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are: - `\|arxiv=` - `\|biorxiv=` - `\|citeseerx=` - `\|medrxiv=` - `\|pmc=` - `\|rfc=` For an embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date. ##### Tracking of free DOIs - The template is able to recognize known free-to-read [DOI registrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI_registrant "DOI registrant"), based on a list in [Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration "Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration"). Once a free registrant is identified, the `10.xxxx/...` part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under local function build\_free\_doi\_registrants\_table(). If `\|doi-access=free` is not set, it will place the page in [Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI "Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI"), which is routinely cleared by [User:Citation bot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Citation_bot "User:Citation bot"). - The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear `10.xxxx/yyyy....` DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to [Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration "Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration") under local extended\_registrants\_t = { with the format `['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'},`. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format `['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'},`. - If you add a free registrant/free journal to the lists in [Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration "Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration"), leave a note at [User talk:Citation bot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Citation_bot "User talk:Citation bot") so the bot knows about it. #### Quote - quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a [Romanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN "Wikipedia:ROMAN") (if available) of the text in script-quote. When quoting a copyrighted text, only [brief quotations to attribute a point of view or idea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content#Text "Wikipedia:Non-free content") are permitted; extensive quotations are prohibited. - script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#\|script-<param>=_language_codes "Help:Citation Style 1") to help browsers properly display the script: `... \|quote=Tōkyō tawā \|script-quote=ja:東京タワー \|trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...` - trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none. - quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in `\|quote=`. Use either `\|quote-page=` or `\|quote-pages=`, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in `\|page=`, `\|pages=` or `\|at=`. Displays preceded by `p.` unless `\|no-pp=yes`. If hyphenated, use {{[hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hyphen "Template:Hyphen")}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. `\|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12`). Alias: none. - OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in `\|quote=`. Use either `\|quote-page=` or `\|quote-pages=`, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in `\|pages=` or `\|at=`. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by `pp.` unless `\|no-pp=yes` is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use [double parentheses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1") to tell the template to display the value of `\|quote-pages=` without processing it, and use {{[hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hyphen "Template:Hyphen")}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: `\|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))`. Alias: none. #### Anchor Not to be confused with [§ Identifiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Identifiers). - ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, `\|ref=ID` generates an anchor with the given `ID` (the `id=` attribute in the citation's `<cite id="ID">` HTML tag). Setting `\|ref=ID` identifies the template as a target and allows [wikilinking to full references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations#Wikilinks_to_full_references "Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations"), especially useful with short-form citations like [shortened notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Short_citations "Wikipedia:Citing sources") and [parenthetical referencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing "Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing"). The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{[sfn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sfn "Template:Sfn")}} and {{[harv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harv "Template:Harv")}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair `\|ref=harv` has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1\\|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set `\|ref=none`. Aliases: none. See [Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation/doc#Anchors_for_Harvard_referencing_templates "Template:Citation/doc"). #### Display options - mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For `\|mode=cs1`, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (`.`); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For `\|mode=cs2`, element separator is a comma (`,`); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript. - author-mask: - contributor-mask: - editor-mask: - interviewer-mask: - subject-mask: - translator-mask: Replaces the name of the (first) author with [em dashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash#Em_dash "Dash") or text. Set \<name\>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set \<name\>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with \<name\>-link—in this case, the value of \<name\>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as [shortened footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes "Help:Shortened footnotes"). Do not use in a list generated by `{{reflist}}`, `<references />` or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. `\|authorn-mask=`) to apply the mask to a specific name . - display-authors: - display-contributors: - display-editors: - display-interviewers: - display-subjects: - display-translators: Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, `\|display-authors=2` will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). `\|display-authors=0` is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. `\|display-authors=etal` displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none. - postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (`.`); for no terminating punctuation, specify `\|postscript=none` – leaving `\|postscript=` empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. `\|postscript=` is ignored if quote is defined. ## TemplateData \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![Warning](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/40px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg "Warning") \| This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [Help:Citation Style 1\#TemplateData](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#TemplateData "Help:Citation Style 1") \| This is the [TemplateData](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TemplateData "Wikipedia:TemplateData") for this template used by [TemplateWizard](https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TemplateWizard "mw:Extension:TemplateWizard"), [VisualEditor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor "Wikipedia:VisualEditor") and other tools. [See a monthly parameter usage report](https://bambots.brucemyers.com/TemplateParam.php?wiki=enwiki&template=Cite+web) for [Template:Cite web]() in articles based on its TemplateData. TemplateData for Cite web Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc. \| Parameter \| Description \| Type \| Status \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Last name \| `last` `last1` `author` `author1` `author1-last` `author-last` `surname1` `author-last1` `subject1` `surname` `subject` \| The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors \| Line \| suggested \| \| First name \| `first` `given` `author-first` `first1` `given1` `author-first1` `author1-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors \| Line \| suggested \| \| Author link \| `author-link` `author-link1` `author1-link` `subject-link` `subject-link1` `subject1-link` `authorlink` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 2 \| `last2` `author2` \| The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 2 \| `first2` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 2 \| `author-link2` `author2-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 3 \| `last3` `author3` \| The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 3 \| `first3` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 3 \| `author-link3` `author3-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 4 \| `last4` `author4` \| The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 4 \| `first4` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 4 \| `author-link4` `author4-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 5 \| `last5` `author5` \| The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 5 \| `first5` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 5 \| `author-link5` `author5-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 6 \| `last6` `author6` \| The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 6 \| `first6` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 6 \| `author-link6` `author6-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 7 \| `last7` `author7` \| The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 7 \| `first7` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 7 \| `author-link7` `author7-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 8 \| `last8` `author8` \| The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 8 \| `first8` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 8 \| `author-link8` `author8-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 9 \| `last9` `author9` \| The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 9 \| `first9` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 9 \| `author-link9` `author9-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 10 \| `last10` `author10` \| The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 10 \| `first10` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 10 \| `author-link10` `author10-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 11 \| `last11` `author11` \| The surname of the eleventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 11 \| `first11` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eleventh author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 11 \| `author-link11` `author11-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eleventh author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 12 \| `last12` `author12` \| The surname of the twelfth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 12 \| `first12` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the twelfth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 12 \| `author-link12` `author12-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the twelfth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 13 \| `last13` `author13` \| The surname of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 13 \| `first13` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 13 \| `author-link13` `author13-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the thirteenth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 14 \| `last14` `author14` \| The surname of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 14 \| `first14` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 14 \| `author-link14` `author14-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourteenth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 15 \| `last15` `author15` \| The surname of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 15 \| `first15` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 15 \| `author-link15` `author15-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifteenth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Author mask \| `author-mask` \| Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead \| String \| optional \| \| Display authors \| `display-authors` \| Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: \\|display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. \\|display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. \| String \| optional \| \| Name list style \| `name-list-style` \| Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.Suggested values `amp` `and` `vanc` \| String \| optional \| \| Source date \| `date` \| Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink \| Date \| suggested \| \| Year of publication \| `year` \| Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter \| String \| optional \| \| Original date \| `orig-date` \| Original date of publication; provide specifics \| Date \| optional \| \| Editor last name \| `editor-last` `editor1-last` `editor` \| The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name \| `editor-first` `editor1-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first' \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link \| `editor-link` `editor1-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 2 \| `editor2-last` `editor2` \| The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 2 \| `editor2-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 2 \| `editor2-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 3 \| `editor3-last` `editor3` \| The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 3 \| `editor3-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 3 \| `editor3-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 4 \| `editor4-last` `editor4` \| The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 4 \| `editor4-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 4 \| `editor4-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 5 \| `editor5-last` `editor5` \| The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 5 \| `editor5-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 5 \| `editor5-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 6 \| `editor6-last` `editor6` \| The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 6 \| `editor6-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 6 \| `editor6-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 7 \| `editor7-last` `editor7` \| The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 7 \| `editor7-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 7 \| `editor7-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 8 \| `editor8-last` `editor8` \| The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 8 \| `editor8-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 8 \| `editor8-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 9 \| `editor9-last` `editor9` \| The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 9 \| `editor9-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 9 \| `editor9-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Others \| `others` \| Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith' \| String \| optional \| \| Title \| `title` \| The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website. \| String \| required \| \| Script title \| `script-title` \| For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon.Example For Japanese use: \\|script-title=ja:... \| String \| optional \| \| Translated title \| `trans-title` \| An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended \| String \| optional \| \| URL \| `url` `URL` \| The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "https://..." or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..."Example https://www.metacritic.com//... \| URL \| required \| \| URL access level \| `url-access` \| Classification of the access restrictions on the URLSuggested values `registration` `subscription` `limited` Example 'registration', 'subscription' or 'limited' \| String \| suggested \| \| URL status \| `url-status` \| If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.Suggested values `dead` `live` `usurped` `unfit` `deviated` Default 'dead' if an Archive URL is entered Example 'dead' or 'live' \| String \| suggested \| \| Archive URL \| `archive-url` `archiveurl` \| The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'Auto value \| URL \| suggested \| \| Archive date \| `archive-date` `archivedate` \| Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink \| Date \| suggested \| \| Archive format \| `archive-format` \| Format of the archived copy; do not specify HTMLExample PDF, DOC, XLS \| String \| optional \| \| URL access date \| `access-date` `accessdate` \| The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink \| Date \| suggested \| \| Name of the website \| `website` `work` \| Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.Example \[\[Rotten Tomatoes\]\] \| String \| suggested \| \| Series identifier \| `series` \| Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal \| String \| optional \| \| Publisher \| `publisher` \| Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.Example \[\[Fandom, Inc.\]\] (which owns "Metacritic.com") \| String \| optional \| \| Place \| `place` \| For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location' \| String \| optional \| \| Page \| `page` \| Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' \| String \| optional \| \| Pages \| `pages` \| Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.' \| String \| optional \| \| At \| `at` \| May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient \| String \| optional \| \| Language \| `language` `lang` \| The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commasExample de, fr, es \| String \| optional \| \| Type \| `type` \| Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case \| String \| optional \| \| Format \| `format` \| Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML \| String \| optional \| \| Place of publication \| `publication-place` \| Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' \| String \| optional \| \| Publication date \| `publication-date` \| Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink \| Date \| optional \| \| Date format \| `df` \| Sets rendered dates to the specified format \| String \| optional \| \| Published via \| `via` \| Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.Example \[\[GitHub\]\], \[\[SourceForge\]\], \[\[CodePlex\]\], \[\[YouTube\]\], \[\[Vimeo\]\], \[\[Dailymotion\]\], \[\[Netflix\]\], \[\[Archive.org\]\], \[\[Wikimedia Commons\]\], \[\[grc.com\]\] \| String \| optional \| \| No pp \| `no-pp` \| Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')Auto value `y` \| Boolean \| optional \| \| arXiv identifier \| `arxiv` \| An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers \| String \| optional \| \| ASIN \| `asin` \| Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters \| String \| optional \| \| ASIN TLD \| `asin-tld` \| ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US \| String \| optional \| \| Bibcode \| `bibcode` \| Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters \| String \| optional \| \| biorXiv \| `biorxiv` \| biorXiv identifier; 6 digits \| Line \| optional \| \| CiteSeerX \| `citeseerx` \| CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter \| Line \| optional \| \| DOI \| `doi` \| Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' \| String \| optional \| \| DOI broken date \| `doi-broken-date` \| The date that the DOI was determined to be brokenAuto value \| Date \| optional \| \| ISBN \| `isbn` \| International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible \| String \| optional \| \| ISSN \| `issn` \| International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen \| String \| optional \| \| jfm code \| `jfm` \| Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code \| String \| optional \| \| JSTOR \| `jstor` \| JSTOR identifier \| String \| optional \| \| LCCN \| `lccn` \| Library of Congress Control Number \| String \| optional \| \| MR \| `mr` \| Mathematical Reviews identifier \| String \| optional \| \| OCLC \| `oclc` \| Online Computer Library Center number \| String \| optional \| \| OL \| `ol` \| Open Library identifier \| String \| optional \| \| OSTI \| `osti` \| Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier \| String \| optional \| \| PMC \| `pmc` \| PubMed Center article number \| String \| optional \| \| PMID \| `pmid` \| PubMed Unique Identifier \| String \| optional \| \| RFC \| `rfc` \| Request for Comments number \| String \| optional \| \| SSRN \| `ssrn` \| Social Science Research Network \| String \| optional \| \| Zbl \| `zbl` \| Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier \| String \| optional \| \| id \| `id` \| A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable \| String \| optional \| \| Quote \| `quote` \| Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation \| String \| optional \| \| Translated quote \| `trans-quote` \| English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. \| String \| optional \| \| Ref \| `ref` \| An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references \| String \| optional \| \| Postscript \| `postscript` \| The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is definedDefault . \| String \| optional \| \| Edition \| `edition` \| Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'Example 2nd \| Line \| optional \| \| Bibcode access level \| `bibcode-access` \| If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| DOI access level \| `doi-access` \| If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| HDL access level \| `hdl-access` \| If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| Jstor access level \| `jstor-access` \| If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| OpenLibrary access level \| `ol-access` \| If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| OSTI access level \| `osti-access` \| If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| Agency \| `agency` \| The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse \| String \| optional \| ## See also \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_1 "Template:Citation Style 1") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1 "Template talk:Citation Style 1") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_Style_1 "Special:EditPage/Template:Citation Style 1")[Citation Style 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1 "Help:Citation Style 1") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| General templates \| {{[Cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book "Template:Cite book")}} books {{[Cite conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_conference "Template:Cite conference")}} conference papers {{[Cite document](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_document "Template:Cite document")}} short, stand-alone, offline documents {{[Cite encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia "Template:Cite encyclopedia")}} edited collections {{[Cite interview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_interview "Template:Cite interview")}} interviews {{[Cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal "Template:Cite journal")}} academic journals {{[Cite magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine "Template:Cite magazine")}} magazines {{[Cite mailing list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list "Template:Cite mailing list")}} public mailing lists {{[Cite map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_map "Template:Cite map")}} maps {{[Cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news "Template:Cite news")}} news articles {{[Cite newsgroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup "Template:Cite newsgroup")}} online newsgroups {{[Cite press release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release "Template:Cite press release")}} press releases {{[Cite report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_report "Template:Cite report")}} unpublished reports {{[Cite sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_sign "Template:Cite sign")}} signs, plaques {{[Cite speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_speech "Template:Cite speech")}} speeches {{[Cite tech report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report "Template:Cite tech report")}} technical reports {{[Cite thesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis "Template:Cite thesis")}} theses {{[Cite web]()}} web sources \| \| Preprint templates \| {{[Cite arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv "Template:Cite arXiv")}} {{[Cite bioRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv "Template:Cite bioRxiv")}} {{[Cite CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX "Template:Cite CiteSeerX")}} {{[Cite medRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_medRxiv "Template:Cite medRxiv")}} {{[Cite SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_SSRN "Template:Cite SSRN")}} \| \| Audiovisual-related \| {{[Cite AV media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media "Template:Cite AV media")}} {{[Cite AV media notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes "Template:Cite AV media notes")}} {{[Cite episode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_episode "Template:Cite episode")}} {{[Cite podcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast "Template:Cite podcast")}} {{[Cite serial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_serial "Template:Cite serial")}} \| \| Categories \| [Citation Style 1 templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates "Category:Citation Style 1 templates") [Citation Style 1 specific-source templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_specific-source_templates "Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates") \| \| Documentation \| {{[Citation Style documentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation "Template:Citation Style documentation")}} \| \| [Citation Style 1 noticeboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1 "Help talk:Citation Style 1") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing "Template:Wikipedia referencing") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing "Template talk:Wikipedia referencing") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing "Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing")[Wikipedia referencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Policies and guidelines \| [Verifiability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability") [No original research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research") [Biographies of living persons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons "Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons") [Reliable sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources "Wikipedia:Reliable sources") [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\(medicine\) "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)") [Citing sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") [Scientific citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines "Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines") \| \| General advice \| [Citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed") [Combining sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources "Wikipedia:Combining sources") [Offline sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources "Wikipedia:Offline sources") [Referencing styles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles "Help:Overview of referencing styles") \| \| [Citing sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") \| [Citation Style 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1 "Help:Citation Style 1") [Citation Style 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2 "Help:Citation Style 2") [Bluebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates "Category:Bluebook style citation templates") [Comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates "Category:Comics citation templates") [Citation templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates "Wikipedia:Citation templates") \| \| [Inline citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation "Wikipedia:Inline citation") \| [Footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes "Help:Footnotes") [Punctuation and footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes "Wikipedia:Manual of Style") [Shortened footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes "Help:Shortened footnotes") [Nesting footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes "Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes") \| \| [Help for beginners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners "Help:Referencing for beginners") \| [Reference-tags](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reftags "Help:Reftags") [Citations quick reference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference "Help:Citations quick reference") [Introduction to referencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1 "Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1") [Referencing with citation templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates "Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates") [Referencing without using templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates "Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates") [Referencing dos and don'ts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts "Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts") [Citing Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia "Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia") \| \| Advanced help \| [Cite link labels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels "Help:Cite link labels") [Cite errors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors "Help:Cite errors") [Citation merging (bundling)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_merging "Help:Citation merging") [Cite messages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_messages "Help:Cite messages") [Converting between references formats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats "Help:Converting between references formats") [Reference display customization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization "Help:Reference display customization") [References and page numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers "Help:References and page numbers") [Guidance on source reviewing at FAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC "Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC") [Cite extension documentation](https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Cite "mw:Help:Cite") \| \| [Footnote templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates "Category:Footnote templates") \| [Citation Style documentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation "Template:Citation Style documentation") [Multiple references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Multiple_references "Template:Multiple references") {{[Reflist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Reflist "Template:Reflist")}} {{[Refbegin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refbegin "Template:Refbegin")}} \| \| [Find references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Find_sources "Help:Find sources") \| [How to find sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND "Wikipedia:FIND") [Bibliographies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies "Wikipedia:List of bibliographies") [Wikipedia Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library "Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library") [Resource Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request "Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request") [Reference Desk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk "Wikipedia:Reference desk") [Book Sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources "Wikipedia:Book sources") [Free newspaper sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources "Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources") \| \| [Citation tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_tools "Help:Citation tools") (External links) \| [Citer](https://citer.toolforge.org/) [Citation bot](https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/) [MakeRef](https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/) [Refill](https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/) [WayBack](https://archive.org/) [OABot](https://iw.toolforge.org/oabot/) \| This template produces [COinS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COinS "COinS") metadata; see [COinS in Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COinS "Wikipedia:COinS") for background information. The above [documentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_documentation "Wikipedia:Template documentation") is [transcluded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion "Help:Transclusion") from [Template:Cite web/doc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web/doc "Template:Cite web/doc"). ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cite_web/doc "Special:EditPage/Template:Cite web/doc") \\| [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PageHistory/Template:Cite_web/doc "Special:PageHistory/Template:Cite web/doc")) Editors can experiment in this template's [sandbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web/sandbox "Template:Cite web/sandbox") ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cite_web/sandbox "Special:EditPage/Template:Cite web/sandbox") \\| [diff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AComparePages&page1=Template%3ACite+web&page2=Template%3ACite+web%2Fsandbox)) and [testcases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web/testcases "Template:Cite web/testcases") ([edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cite_web/testcases "Special:EditPage/Template:Cite web/testcases")) pages. Add categories to the [/doc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web/doc "Template:Cite web/doc") subpage. [Subpages of this template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Template:Cite_web/ "Special:PrefixIndex/Template:Cite web/"). 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-wikilink_5-0) The [pipe trick does not work inside references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pipe_trick#<ref>_footnotes_and_<gallery>_tags "Help:Pipe trick"), so be sure to insert a full wikilink. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-6) Compare [archived talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1/Archive_36#Self-published_works? "Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 36"). ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&oldid=753103437>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Templates used by AutoWikiBrowser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Templates_used_by_AutoWikiBrowser "Category:Templates used by AutoWikiBrowser") - [Pages monitored by Wikipedia bots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_monitored_by_Wikipedia_bots "Category:Pages monitored by Wikipedia bots") - [Templates based on the Citation/CS1 Lua module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Templates_based_on_the_Citation/CS1_Lua_module "Category:Templates based on the Citation/CS1 Lua module") - [Templates generating COinS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Templates_generating_COinS "Category:Templates generating COinS") - [Citation Style 1 templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates "Category:Citation Style 1 templates") Hidden categories: - [Wikipedia fully protected templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_fully_protected_templates "Category:Wikipedia fully protected templates") - [CS1 French-language sources (fr)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_\(fr\) "Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)") - [CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_\(ru\) "Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)") - [CS1: unfit URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL "Category:CS1: unfit URL") - [Templates using TemplateData](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Templates_using_TemplateData "Category:Templates using TemplateData") - This page was last edited on 5 December 2016, at 05:36 (UTC). - Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License "Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"); additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use") and [Privacy Policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy "foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy"). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https://wikimediafoundation.org/), a non-profit organization. - [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) - [Disclaimers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer) - [Contact Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) - [Legal & safety contacts](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information) - [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct) - [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org/) - [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org) - [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement) - [Mobile view](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile) - [![Wikimedia Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg)](https://www.wikimedia.org/) - [![Powered by MediaWiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https://www.mediawiki.org/) Search Toggle the table of contents Template:Cite web 297 languages [Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)
Readable Markdown	\| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| ![Warning](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Ambox_warning_orange.svg/40px-Ambox_warning_orange.svg.png) \| This template is used on [approximately 5,300,000 pages, or roughly 8% of all pages](https://linkcount.toolforge.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&page=Template%3ACite+web#transclusions). To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's [/sandbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web/sandbox "Template:Cite web/sandbox") or [/testcases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web/testcases "Template:Cite web/testcases") subpages, or in your own [user subpage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages#SUB "Wikipedia:User pages"). The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the [talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cite_web "Template talk:Cite web") before implementing them. \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AWB_logo_draft.svg/60px-AWB_logo_draft.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AWB_logo_draft.svg) \| This template is used by the standard installation of [AutoWikiBrowser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser "Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser") (AWB). If you are planning to make any major changes to this template, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please notify AWB's users and maintainers beforehand at [Wikipedia talk:AWB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:AutoWikiBrowser "Wikipedia talk:AutoWikiBrowser") as a courtesy. \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Logo_wikibot.svg/60px-Logo_wikibot.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_wikibot.svg) \| This template is used by one or more [bots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots "Wikipedia:Bots"). If you intend to change this template in any significant way, move it, or nominate it for deletion, please inform the bot operators. Thank you. The relevant bots are: [KiranBOT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:KiranBOT "User:KiranBOT") \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| {{[Cite arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv "Template:Cite arXiv")}} \| [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv "ArXiv") preprints \| \| {{[Cite AV media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media "Template:Cite AV media")}} \| audio and visual media \| \| {{[Cite AV media notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes "Template:Cite AV media notes")}} \| AV media liner notes \| \| {{[Cite bioRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv "Template:Cite bioRxiv")}} \| [bioRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv "BioRxiv") preprints \| \| {{[Cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book "Template:Cite book")}} \| books and chapters \| \| {{[Cite CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX "Template:Cite CiteSeerX")}} \| [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX "CiteSeerX") papers \| \| {{[Cite conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_conference "Template:Cite conference")}} \| conference papers \| \| {{[Cite document](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_document "Template:Cite document")}} \| short, stand-alone, offline documents \| \| {{[Cite encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia "Template:Cite encyclopedia")}} \| edited collections \| \| {{[Cite episode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_episode "Template:Cite episode")}} \| radio or TV episodes \| \| {{[Cite interview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_interview "Template:Cite interview")}} \| interviews \| \| {{[Cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal "Template:Cite journal")}} \| academic journals \| \| {{[Cite magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine "Template:Cite magazine")}} \| magazines, periodicals \| \| {{[Cite mailing list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list "Template:Cite mailing list")}} \| public mailing lists \| \| {{[Cite map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_map "Template:Cite map")}} \| maps \| \| {{[Cite medRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_medRxiv "Template:Cite medRxiv")}} \| [medRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedRxiv "MedRxiv") preprints \| \| {{[Cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news "Template:Cite news")}} \| news articles \| \| {{[Cite newsgroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup "Template:Cite newsgroup")}} \| online newsgroups \| \| {{[Cite podcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast "Template:Cite podcast")}} \| podcasts \| \| {{[Cite press release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release "Template:Cite press release")}} \| press releases \| \| {{[Cite report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_report "Template:Cite report")}} \| reports \| \| {{[Cite serial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_serial "Template:Cite serial")}} \| audio or video serials \| \| {{[Cite sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_sign "Template:Cite sign")}} \| signs, plaques \| \| {{[Cite speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_speech "Template:Cite speech")}} \| speeches \| \| {{[Cite SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_SSRN "Template:Cite SSRN")}} \| [SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network "Social Science Research Network") papers \| \| {{[Cite tech report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report "Template:Cite tech report")}} \| technical reports \| \| {{[Cite thesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis "Template:Cite thesis")}} \| theses \| \| {{[Cite web]()}} \| web sources not covered by the above \| \| See also \| [Specific-source templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Specific-source_templates "Category:Specific-source templates") [Citation Style 1 wrapper templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_templates_that_wrap_CS1_templates "Category:Citation templates that wrap CS1 templates") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation/cs1 "Template:Citation Style documentation/cs1") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_documentation/cs1 "Template talk:Citation Style documentation/cs1") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_Style_documentation/cs1 "Special:EditPage/Template:Citation Style documentation/cs1") \| \| This [Citation Style 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1 "Help:Citation Style 1") template is used to create [citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE "Wikipedia:CITE") for web sources that are not characterized by another [CS1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1 "Help:Citation Style 1") template. Do not use this template in the "[External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ELCITE "Wikipedia:ELCITE")" section of articles. Usage Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as `\|isbn=` have upper-case aliases like `\|ISBN=`, which are acceptable for use). Use the "\\|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then [purge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=purge) the page. \| \| \|---\| \| To cite a web page with a credited author To cite a web page with no credited author To cite an online web page that has been archived To cite a web page written in a foreign language To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription \| \| \| \|---\| \| To cite a web page with a credited author To cite a web page with no credited author To cite a web page article that has been archived To cite a web page written in a foreign language To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign-language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription \| \| Parameters \| Prerequisites \| Brief instructions / notes \| Vertical list \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| `last1` \| \| Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. \| \| \| `first1` \| `last1` \| Author's first name. Don't link. \| \| \| `author-link1` \| `last1` \| Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. \| \| \| `last2` \| `last1` \| Like `last1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `last3`, etc. \| \| \| `first2` \| `last2` \| Like `first1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `first3`, etc. \| \| \| `author-link2` \| `last2` \| Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: `author-link3`, etc. \| \| \| `display-authors` \| `last1` \| Number (number of authors displayed) or `etal` (more authors) \| \| \| `author-mask1` \| `last1` \| See [Display options](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works \| \| \| `author-mask2` \| `last2` \| \| \| \| `collaboration` \| `last1` \| \| \| \| `df` \| \| \| \| \| `date` \| \| \| \| \| `year` \| \| \| \| \| `orig-date` \| `date` or `year` \| \| \| \| `orig-year` \| `date` or `year` \| \| \| \| `location` \| `publisher` \| can be used for written-at location when `publication-place` is used for publication place \| \| \| `editor-last1` \| \| Like `last1`, but for editor. Don't link. \| \| \| `editor-first1` \| `editor-last1` \| Like `first1`, but for editor. Don't link. \| \| \| `editor-link1` \| `editor-last1` \| Like `author-link1`, but for editor. Don't link. \| \| \| `editor-last2` \| `editor-last1` \| Like `last1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-last3`, etc. \| \| \| `editor-first2` \| `editor-last2` \| Like `first1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-first3`, etc. \| \| \| `editor-link2` \| `editor-last2` \| Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: `editor-link3`, etc. \| \| \| `display-editors` \| `editor-last1` \| Like `display-authors`, but for editors \| \| \| `editor-mask1` \| `editor-last1` \| See [Display options](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works \| \| \| `editor-mask2` \| `editor-last2` \| \| \| \| `title` \| \| This parameter is required. \| \| \| `script-title` \| \| \| \| \| `title-link` \| `title` or `script-title` \| Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if `url` is provided \| \| \| `url` \| `title` or `script-title` \| This parameter is required. Do not use if `title-link` is provided \| \| \| `url-access` \| `url` \| \| \| \| `trans-title` \| `title` or `script-title` \| \| \| \| `format` \| `url` \| \| \| \| `department` \| \| \| \| \| `website` \| \| \| \| \| `script-website` \| \| \| \| \| `trans-website` \| `website` or `script-website` \| \| \| \| `type` \| \| \| \| \| `series` \| \| \| \| \| `language` \| \| \| \| \| `interviewer-last1` \| \| Like `last1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. \| \| \| `interviewer-first1` \| `interviewer-last1` \| Like `first1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. \| \| \| `interviewer-link1` \| `interviewer-last1` \| Like `author-link1`, but for interviewer. Don't link. \| \| \| `interviewer-last2` \| `interviewer-last1` \| Like `last1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-last3`, etc. \| \| \| `interviewer-first2` \| `interviewer-last2` \| Like `first1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-first3`, etc. \| \| \| `interviewer-link2` \| `interviewer-last2` \| Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: `interviewer-link3`, etc. \| \| \| `display-interviewers` \| `interviewer-last1` \| Like `display-authors`, but for interviewers \| \| \| `interviewer-mask1` \| `interviewer-last1` \| See [Display options](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works \| \| \| `interviewer-mask2` \| `interviewer-last2` \| \| \| \| `translator-last1` \| \| Like `last1`, but for translator. Don't link. \| \| \| `translator-first1` \| `translator-last1` \| Like `first1`, but for translator. Don't link. \| \| \| `translator-link1` \| `translator-last1` \| Like `author-link1`, but for translator. Don't link. \| \| \| `translator-last2` \| `translator-last1` \| Like `last1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-last3`, etc. \| \| \| `translator-first2` \| `translator-last2` \| Like `first1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-first3`, etc. \| \| \| `translator-link2` \| `translator-last2` \| Like `author-link1`, but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: `translator-link3`, etc. \| \| \| `display-translators` \| `translator-last1` \| Like `display-authors`, but for translators \| \| \| `translator-mask1` \| `translator-last1` \| See [Display options](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Display_options) below; not for lists of cited works \| \| \| `translator-mask2` \| `translator-last2` \| \| \| \| `others` \| \| \| \| \| `name-list-style` \| `last2` \| Set to `amp` or `ampersand` to separate the last author with "` &`"; set to `and` to separate with "` and`" \| \| \| `edition` \| \| \| \| \| `publication-place` \| `publisher` \| \| \| \| `publisher` \| \| \| \| \| `publication-date` \| \| \| \| \| `agency` \| \| \| \| \| `minutes` \| \| \| \| \| `time-caption` \| `time` \| \| \| \| `time` \| \| \| \| \| `page` \| \| choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at` \| \| \| `pages` \| \| choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at`. Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. \| \| \| `at` \| \| choose one: `page`, `pages`, or `at` \| \| \| `no-pp` \| `page` or `pages` \| set to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers \| \| \| `arxiv` \| \| \| \| \| `asin` \| \| \| \| \| `asin-tld` \| `asin` \| \| \| \| `bibcode` \| \| \| \| \| `biorxiv` \| \| \| \| \| `biorxiv-access` \| `biorxiv` \| \| \| \| `citeseerx` \| \| \| \| \| `doi` \| \| \| \| \| `doi-access` \| `doi` \| \| \| \| `doi-broken-date` \| `doi` \| \| \| \| `eissn` \| \| \| \| \| `hdl` \| \| \| \| \| `hdl-access` \| `hdl` \| \| \| \| `isbn` \| \| \| \| \| `ismn` \| \| \| \| \| `issn` \| \| \| \| \| `jfm` \| \| \| \| \| `jstor` \| \| \| \| \| `jstor-access` \| `jstor` \| \| \| \| `lccn` \| \| \| \| \| `medrxiv` \| \| \| \| \| `mr` \| \| \| \| \| `oclc` \| \| \| \| \| `ol` \| \| \| \| \| `ol-access` \| `ol` \| \| \| \| `osti` \| \| \| \| \| `osti-access` \| `osti` \| \| \| \| `pmc` \| \| \| \| \| `pmc-embargo-date` \| `pmc` \| \| \| \| `pmid` \| \| \| \| \| `rfc` \| \| \| \| \| `sbn` \| \| \| \| \| `ssrn` \| \| \| \| \| `s2cid` \| \| \| \| \| `s2cid-access` \| `s2cid` \| \| \| \| `zbl` \| \| \| \| \| `id` \| \| \| \| \| `url-status` \| `archive-url` \| \| \| \| `archive-url` \| `archive-date`, `url` \| \| \| \| `archive-format` \| `archive-url` \| \| \| \| `archive-date` \| `archive-url` \| \| \| \| `access-date` \| `url` \| \| \| \| `via` \| \| \| \| \| `quote-page` \| \| choose one: `quote-page`, `quote-pages` \| \| \| `quote-pages` \| \| choose one: `quote-page`, `quote-pages`. Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages. \| \| \| `quote` \| \| \| \| \| `script-quote` \| \| \| \| \| `trans-quote` \| \| \| \| \| `mode` \| \| `cs1` or `cs2` \| \| \| `ref` \| \| \| \| \| `postscript` \| \| \| \| \| If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. \| \| \| \| Choosing between [Template:cite web]() and [Template:cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news "Template:Cite news") Previously, editors had to decide whether to use {{[cite web]()}} or {{cite news}} based on these templates' features. In 2014, however, most of the differences between the two templates were eliminated. As of [29 July 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&diff=732205428&oldid=723907342), {{cite web}} and {{cite news}} have the following differences: - {{Cite news}} can be used for [offline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:OFFLINE "Wikipedia:OFFLINE") (paper) sources whereas {{cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided - {{Cite news}} accepts `\|issue=` and `\|volume=` parameters while {{cite web}} does not (see [Help:Citation Style 1 § Pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages "Help:Citation Style 1"), [Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 10 § \\|volume=, \\|issue=, \\|page(s)= and cite magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1/Archive_10#\|volume=,_\|issue=,_\|page\(s\)=_and_cite_magazine "Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 10") and {{[cite magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine "Template:Cite magazine")}}.) But, given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same: Examples - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=April 30, 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} ``` Doe, John (April 30, 2005). ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 8, 2026. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|date=30 April 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` Doe, John (30 April 2005). ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopedia of Things. Retrieved 8 March 2026. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|date=2005-04-30 \|access-date=2026-03-08}} ``` Doe, John (2005-04-30). ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Retrieved 2026-03-08. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` Doe, John. ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Retrieved 8 March 2026. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|access-date=2026-03-08}} ``` ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Retrieved 2026-03-08. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ \|title=NFL Rules Digest \|website=NFL Football Operations \|publisher=[[National Football League]] \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} ``` ["NFL Rules Digest"](https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/). NFL Football Operations. [National Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League"). Retrieved March 8, 2026. Using "format=" When this template detects a link whose URL includes an [extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension "Filename extension") of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of [PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF "PDF") files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if `\|format=PDF` had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit `\|format=PDF` parameter would be redundant, so it is not recommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. ([ref](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Citation_bot/Archive_13#Remove_format=pdf_and_variants_when_URLs_end_in_.pdf "User talk:Citation bot/Archive 13"))) - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf \|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control \|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` ["List of psychotropic substances under international control"](https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf) (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Retrieved 8 March 2026. If the link is to a PDF file that is not automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter `\|format=PDF`, which displays " (PDF)" after the link (but no PDF icon). - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 \|title=Some PDF Document \|publisher=Sample Int'l \|format=PDF \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` ["Some PDF Document"](https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000) (PDF). Sample Int'l. Retrieved 8 March 2026. For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an [.odt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.odt ".odt") file, you may add the parameter `\|format=ODT`, which displays " (ODT)" after the link. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt \|title=Some ODT Document \|publisher=Sample Int'l \|format=ODT \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` ["Some ODT Document"](https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt) (ODT). Sample Int'l. Retrieved 8 March 2026. Foreign-language and translated title - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Honi soit qui mal y pense \|last=Joliet \|first=François \|date=30 April 2005 \|access-date=8 March 2026 \|language=fr \|trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}} ``` Joliet, François (30 April 2005). ["Honi soit qui mal y pense"](https://www.example.org/) \[Shame on those who think evil of it\] (in French). Retrieved 8 March 2026. Using author-link - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=My Favorite Things, Part II \|last=Doe \|first=John \|author-link=John Doe \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=April 30, 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} ``` [Doe, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe "John Doe") (April 30, 2005). ["My Favorite Things, Part II"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 8, 2026. Multiple authors - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Our Favourite Things \|last1=Doe \|first1=John \|last2=Smith \|first2=Peter \|last3=Smythe \|first3=Jim \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=30 April 2005 \|website=Encyclopaedia of Things \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` Doe, John; Smith, Peter; Smythe, Jim (30 April 2005). ["Our Favourite Things"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopaedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved 8 March 2026. No author - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Index of Sharp Things \|publisher=Open Publishing \|date=2005-04-30 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=2026-03-08}} ``` ["Index of Sharp Things"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. 2005-04-30. Retrieved 2026-03-08. No author, no publisher - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Index of Sharp Things \|date=30 April 2005 \|website=Encyclopedia of Things \|access-date=8 March 2026}} ``` ["Index of Sharp Things"](https://www.example.org/). Encyclopedia of Things. 30 April 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2026. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.example.org/ \|title=Index of Sharp Things \|date=April 30, 2005 \|access-date=March 8, 2026}} ``` ["Index of Sharp Things"](https://www.example.org/). April 30, 2005. Retrieved March 8, 2026. - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2024/2311984R.pdf \|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control \|date=December 2023 \|access-date=2026-03-08 \|language=ru}} ``` ["List of psychotropic substances under international control"](https://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2024/2311984R.pdf) (PDF) (in Russian). December 2023. Retrieved 2026-03-08. Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived By default, if "archive-url" is used, the parameter `\|url-status=dead` is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version: - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf \|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control \|date=2005-04-30 \|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board \|access-date=2026-03-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf \|archive-date=2005-09-07}} ``` ["List of psychotropic substances under international control"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf) (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. 2005-04-30. Archived from [the original](https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf) (PDF) on 2005-09-07. Retrieved 2026-03-08. When `\|url-status=live` is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page: - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 \|title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) \|website=The Hollywood Reporter \|date=September 18, 2015 \|access-date=September 21, 2015 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 \|archive-date=October 22, 2015}} ``` ["DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)"](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572). The Hollywood Reporter. September 18, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572) from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015. With `\|url-status=unfit` or `usurped`, the original is not linked at all: - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html \|title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) \|publisher=The Weather Underground \|access-date=8 March 2026 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522171657/https://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html \|archive-date=22 May 2011}} ``` ["London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110522171657/https://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html). The Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2026. Using "quote" - ``` {{cite web \|url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html \|title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea \|website=WebExhibits \|date=2008 \|access-date=8 March 2026 \|quote=... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'}} ``` ["Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea"](https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html). WebExhibits. 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2026. "... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'" Parameters Syntax Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters: - parent - OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent - child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used) - OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used) Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show. By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.). COinS This template embeds [COinS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COinS "COinS") metadata in the HTML output, allowing [reference management software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_management_software "Reference management software") to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See [Wikipedia:COinS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COinS "Wikipedia:COinS"). As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text: - use `\|date=27 September 2007` not `\|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)` Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example ` `, `–`, or ` `, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata. COinS metadata is created for these parameters Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the [Usage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Usage) section near the top of this documentation page. - `\|periodical=`, `\|journal=`, `\|newspaper=`, `\|magazine=`, `\|work=`, `\|website=`, `\|encyclopedia=`, `\|encyclopaedia=`, `\|dictionary=` - `\|chapter=`, `\|script-chapter=`, `\|contribution=`, `\|script-contribution=`, `\|entry=`, `\|script-entry=`, `\|article=`, `\|script-article=`, `\|section=`, `\|script-section=` - `\|title=`, `\|script-title=`, `\|book-title=` - `\|publication-place=`, `\|place=`, `\|location=` - `\|date=`, `\|year=`, `\|publication-date=` - `\|series=`, `\|version=` - `\|volume=`, `\|issue=`, `\|number=` - `\|page=`, `\|pages=`, `\|at=`, `\|quote-page=`, `\|quote-pages=` - `\|edition=` - `\|publisher=`, `\|institution=` - `\|url=`, `\|chapter-url=`, `\|contribution-url=`, `\|section-url=` - `\|author-last=`, `\|author-last#=`, `\|author#-last=`, `\|author-surname=`, `\|author-surname#=`, `\|author#-surname=`, `\|last=`, `\|last#=`, `\|surname=`, `\|surname#=`, `\|author=`, `\|author#=`, `\|subject=`, `\|subject#=`, `\|host=`, `\|host#=` - `\|author-first=`, `\|author-first#=`, `\|author#-first=`, `\|author-given=`, `\|author-given#=`, `\|author#-given=`, `\|first=`, `\|first#=`, `\|given=`, `\|given#=` - `\|degree=` - `\|arxiv=`, `\|bibcode=`, `\|biorxiv=`, `\|citeseerx=`, `\|doi=`, `\|eissn=`, `\|eprint=`, `\|hdl=`, `\|isbn=`, `\|issn=`, `\|jfm=`, `\|jstor=`, `\|lccn=`, `\|message-id=`, `\|mr=`, `\|oclc=`, `\|osti=`, `\|pmc=`, `\|pmid=`, `\|rfc=`, `\|ssrn=`, `\|s2cid=`, `\|zbl=` What's new \| Parameter \| Description \| Date \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| N/A \| \| \| Deprecated \| Deprecated parameter \| Replace with \| Date \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| none deprecated at present \| \| \| \| Removed parameter \| Replace with \| Date \| Note \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| `\|authors=` \| `\|lastn=` / `\|firstn=`, `\|authorn=`, `\|vauthors=` \| August 2024 \| \| Description Authors - last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. `\|author=Bono`). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1. - author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of `\|first=` and `\|last=`. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1"). Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. - first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with [MOS:JRSR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:JRSR "MOS:JRSR") and use honorifics (including [Dr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_\(title\) "Doctor (title)"), [Sir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir "Sir"), and similar) only in accordance with [MOS:HON](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:HON "MOS:HON"). - OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). See the [display](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_display) parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use `\|first1=...``\|last1=...``\|author2=...`. - author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink. - OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn\-link. - name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to `amp`, `ampersand`, or `&`, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to `and`, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to `vanc`displays name lists in [Vancouver style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_style "Vancouver style") when the lists use the `last`/`first` forms of name parameters. - vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in [Vancouver style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_style "Vancouver style"); enclose corporate or institutional author names in [doubled parentheses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1"). End with etal if appropriate: `\|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal` - author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in `\|vauthors=` as described above - authors: deprecated ~~Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.~~ - translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1"). - translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1. - OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn\-last, translatorn\-first, or translator1 through translatorn. - translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link. - OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn\-link. - collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list. - others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith. - Note: When using [shortened footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes "Help:Shortened footnotes") or [parenthetical referencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Parenthetical_referencing "Wikipedia:Citing sources") styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link. Date "Wikipedia:Undated" redirects here. For undated signatures, see [Template:Undated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Undated "Template:Undated"). - date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[\[date 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-1) Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see [Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Dates "Help:Citation Style 1"). [Shortened footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes "Help:Shortened footnotes") target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate `{{sfn}}` links to multiple works by the same author in the same year,[\[more\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year "Template:Sfn") unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets. For approximate year, precede with "`c.`", like this: `\|date=c. 1900`. For no date, or "undated", use `\|date=n.d.` The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a `created` or `updated` date; a comment for editors such as `date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->\|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01` can be added. Automatic date formatting: [Citation Style 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1 "Help:Citation Style 1") and [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2 "Help:Citation Style 2") templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as `\|date=`, `\|publication-date=`, `\|access-date=`, `\|archive-date=`, etc.) except for `\|orig-date=` in the style specified by the article's `{{use dmy dates}}` or `{{use mdy dates}}` template. See those templates' documentation for details. - year: Year of publication. The more flexible `\|date=` parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the `\|date=` parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met: 1. [Shortened footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes "Help:Shortened footnotes") target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a `CITEREF` [disambiguator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year "Template:Sfn"), usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) 2. The `\|date=` format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.) - orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: `\|orig-date=First published 1859` or `\|orig-date=Composed 1904`. As `\|orig-date=` does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by `\|df=` (or, if it exists in the article, by `\|cs1-dates=` of a `{{use dmy dates}}` or `{{use mdy dates}}` template), or as used in the `\|date=` parameter. Alias: orig-year - df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these: `dmy` – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified; `mdy` – as above for month day, year format `ymd` – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD `dmy-all` – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format; `mdy-all` – as above for month day, year format `ymd-all` – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_1-0) Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates. See [MOS:DATEUNIFY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DATEUNIFY "MOS:DATEUNIFY"). Editors - editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1. - editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports [accept-this-as-written markup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1"). - editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given. - OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn\-last, editor-surnamen or editorn\-surname; editorn\-first, editor-givenn or editorn\-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use `\|editor-first1=...``\|editor-last1=...` `\|editor2=...`. - editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1. - OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn\-link). - name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to `amp`, `ampersand`, or `&`, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to `and`, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to `vanc`displays name lists in [Vancouver style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_style "Vancouver style") when the lists use the `last`/`first` forms of name parameters. - veditors: comma separated list of editor names in [Vancouver style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_style "Vancouver style"); enclose corporate or institutional names in [doubled parentheses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1"). End with etal if appropriate: `\|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal` - *editor-linkn* and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in `\|veditors=`, as described above - Display: Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included. If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work. If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds." Title (See also [Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Titles_and_chapters "Help:Citation Style 1").) - title: Title of source page on website. Displays in quotation marks. For titles containing quotation marks, convert regular quotation marks (`"`) to single quotation marks (`'`). See [MOS:QINQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:QINQ "MOS:QINQ") for guidance in more complex situations. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a [Romanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN "Wikipedia:ROMAN") (if available) of the title in script-title. - script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#\|script-<param>=_language_codes "Help:Citation Style 1") to help browsers properly display the script: `... \|title=Tōkyō tawā \|script-title=ja:東京タワー \|trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...` - trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended. Titles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded. \| newline \| \[ \| \] \| \\| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| space \| \&\#91; \| \&\#93; \| \&\#124; \| \| \| [{{bracket\\|text}}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bracket "Template:Bracket") \| [{{pipe}}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pipe "Template:Pipe") – see also [Help:Table § Rendering pipe itself](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Table#Rendering_pipe_itself "Help:Table") \| \| This parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into [Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incorrect_citation_syntax "Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax"). Set `\|no-tracking=true` to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated. - website: Title of website (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name); may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: work - type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword `none` can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium. - language*: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the [ISO 639](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639 "ISO 639") language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: `\|language=ru`; `\|lang=fr, pt-br`; `\|lang=Russian`; `\|language=French, Portuguese`. [See the list of supported codes and names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation/language/doc "Template:Citation Style documentation/language/doc"). Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of [Category:CS1 foreign language sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources "Category:CS1 foreign language sources"). Because cs1\\|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. espagnol* at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang URL - url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. `#ixzz2rBr3aO94` or `?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=...`. For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see [WP:PAGELINKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PAGELINKS "Wikipedia:PAGELINKS"). Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_\(company\) "Amazon (company)"); use `\|isbn=` or `\|oclc=` to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message. - access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[\[date 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-3) Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see [WP:CITEWEB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEWEB "Wikipedia:CITEWEB"). Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See ["Automatic date formatting"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_auto-date-format) above for details about interaction with `{{use dmy dates}}` and `{{use mdy dates}}`. Can be [hidden or styled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1/accessdate "Help:Citation Style 1/accessdate") by registered editors. Alias: accessdate. - archive-url: The URL of an [archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_archiving "Web archiving") snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive") (see [Help:Using the Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Using_the_Wayback_Machine "Help:Using the Wayback Machine")); requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by `\|url-status=live`) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl. - archive-date: Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[\[date 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-date-3) Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See ["Automatic date formatting"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_auto-date-format) above for details about interaction with `{{use dmy dates}}` and `{{use mdy dates}}`. Alias: archivedate. - url-status: A control parameter to select one of `\|url=` or `\|archive-url=` to link `\|title=`; requires url and archive-url. Use `{{dead link}}` to mark dead `\|url=` when there is no `\|archive-url=`. Accepts multiple keywords: - `dead` – (default condition when `\|url-status=` omitted or empty) selects `\|archive-url=` - `live` – selects `\|url=`; used when `\|url=` is preemptively archived with `\|archive-url=` - `deviated` – selects `\|archive-url=`; used when `\|url=` is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article - `unfit` – selects `\|archive-url=`; used when `\|url=` links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page; links to `\|url=` are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead [usurpation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:USURPURL "Wikipedia:USURPURL") or [blacklist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLACKLIST "Wikipedia:BLACKLIST"). Bot help is available at [WP:URLREQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:URLREQ "Wikipedia:URLREQ") - `usurped` – selects `\|archive-url=`; used when the domain in `\|url=` no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to `\|url=` are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at [WP:URLREQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:URLREQ "Wikipedia:URLREQ") - `bot: unknown` – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in [Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown "Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown") when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. - archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the [external link icon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:External_link_icons "Help:External link icons") (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include [alt text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ALT "Wikipedia:ALT"); thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See [Using \\|format=](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Using_\|format= "Help:Citation Style 1") - url-access: See [Access indicators discussion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_access_level) - format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the [external link icon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:External_link_icons "Help:External link icons") (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include [alt text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ALT "Wikipedia:ALT"); thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See [Using \\|format=](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Using_\|format= "Help:Citation Style 1") URLs must begin with a supported [URI scheme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI_scheme "URI scheme"). `http://` and `https://` will be supported by all browsers; however, `ftp://`, `gopher://`, `irc://`, `ircs://`, `mailto:` and `news:` may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. [IPv6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6 "IPv6") host-names are currently not supported. If URLs in [citation template parameters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Examples "Wikipedia:Citation templates") contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be [percent-encoded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percent-encoded "Percent-encoded"). For example, a space must be replaced by `%20`. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: \| Character \| space \| " \| ' \| \< \| \> \| \[ \| \] \| { \| \\| \| } \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Encoding \| %20 \| %22 \| %27 \| %3C \| %3E \| %5B \| %5D \| %7B \| %7C \| %7D \| Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_ref-date_3-1) Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD. See [MOS:DATEUNIFY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DATEUNIFY "MOS:DATEUNIFY"). Website - work* (required by `{{cite journal}}` and `{{cite magazine}}`): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a [Romanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN "Wikipedia:ROMAN") (if available) of the title in script-work. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website. Use [Latin script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script "Latin script"). For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard [Romanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN "Wikipedia:ROMAN") in this field. - script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#\|script-<param>=_language_codes "Help:Citation Style 1") to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website. - trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website. `... \|work=Zhōngguó piàofáng \|script-work=zh:中国票房 \|trans-work=China Box Office ...` - department: Title of a regular department, [column](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_\(periodical\) "Column (periodical)"), or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text. When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation: title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes. chapter does not display (and will produce an error message). Edition, series - edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so `\|edition=2nd` produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined. - series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted. Publisher - publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-wikilink-5) if relevant. The [publisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher "Publisher") is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state `\|publisher=self-published`.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#cite_note-6) Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a [work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_work) (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. This parameter is most commonly used for books, and rarely for websites or periodicals (although it may be used instead of work in some cases). Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title. - place: For news stories with a [dateline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dateline "Dateline"), the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location - publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title. - publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. - via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the article is attributed to a different publication (e.g. in [Yahoo News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_News "Yahoo News")) but cannot be traced, when the content deliverer (e.g. [NewsBank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsBank "NewsBank")) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (e.g. [EBSCOhost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBSCOhost "EBSCOhost")), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the [access level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_access_level) parameters to display access restrictions, and the [agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_agency) parameters if the original source is a news agency or wire service. - agency: The [news agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_agency "News agency") (wire service) that provided the content; examples: [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"), [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"), [Agence France-Presse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse"). Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use work or publisher. May be wikilinked if relevant. In-source locations - minutes: Time the event occurs in the source; followed by "minutes in". - OR: time: Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at". - time-caption: Changes the default text displayed before time. - page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either `\|page=` or `\|pages=`, but not both. Displays preceded by `p.` unless `\|no-pp=yes`. If hyphenated, use {{[hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hyphen "Template:Hyphen")}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. `\|page=3{{hyphen}}12`), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert `\|page=3-12` to `\|pages=3{{ndash}}12`. Alias: p. - OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either `\|page=` or `\|pages=`, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by `pp.` unless `\|no-pp=yes`. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use [double parentheses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1") to tell the template to display the value of `\|pages=` without processing it, and use {{[hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hyphen "Template:Hyphen")}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: `\|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))`. Alternatively, use `\|at=`, like this: `\|at=pp. 3-1–3-15`. Alias: pp. - no-pp: Set to yes , y , or true to suppress the `p.` or `pp.` notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where `\|page=Front cover` or `\|pages=passim`. - OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by `\|page=` or `\|pages=`. Use only one of `\|page=`, `\|pages=`, or `\|at=`. Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. - For `\|quote-page=` and `\|quote-pages=` used in conjunction with `\|quote=`, see [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_quote). Identifiers Not to be confused with [§ Anchor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Anchor). - id: A [unique identifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_identifier "Unique identifier"), used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an [external link template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:External_link_templates "Category:External link templates") as applicable. For example, `\|id=NCJ 122967` will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as `\|id={{NCJ\|122967}}` to append [NCJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCJ_\(identifier\) "NCJ (identifier)") [122967](https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=122967) instead. The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. `\|rfc=822` or `\|pmc=345678`. - arxiv: [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv "ArXiv") [identifier](https://arxiv.org/help/arxiv_identifier); for example: `\|arxiv=hep-th/9205027` (before April 2007) or `\|arxiv=0706.0001` (April 2007 – December 2014) or `\|arxiv=1501.00001` (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint. - asin: [Amazon Standard Identification Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number "Amazon Standard Identification Number"); if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example `\|asin=B00005N5PF`. Aliases: ASIN. - asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: `ae`, `au`, `br`, `ca`, `cn`, `de`, `es`, `fr`, `in`, `it`, `jp`, `mx`, `nl`, `pl`, `sa`, `se`, `sg`, `tr`, `uk`. Aliases: none. - bibcode: [bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode "Bibcode"); used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: `1974AJ.....79..819H`. Aliases: none. - biorxiv: [bioRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv "BioRxiv") id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. `10.1101/078733` for <http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733> or <https://doi.org/10.1101/078733>; `10.1101/2020.07.24.220400` for <https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400>). Aliases: none. - citeseerx: [CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX "CiteSeerX") id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. `10.1.1.176.341` for <https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341>). Aliases: none. - doi: [Digital object identifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"); for example: `10.1038/news070508-7`. It is checked to ensure it begins with (`10.`). Aliases: DOI. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see [below](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM). - doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at [https://doi.org](https://doi.org/). Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none. - eissn: [International Standard Serial Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number "International Standard Serial Number") for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a [hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen "Hyphen"), but not an [en dash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash#En_dash "Dash") or a space; example `\|eissn=1557-2986`. Aliases: EISSN. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM). - hdl: [Handle System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_System "Handle System") identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example `\|hdl=20.1000/100`. Aliases: HDL. - isbn: [International Standard Book Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number"); for example: `978-0-8126-9593-9`. (See [Wikipedia:ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ISBN "Wikipedia:ISBN") and [ISBN § Overview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN#Overview "ISBN").) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN. - Use the {{[Format ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Format_ISBN "Template:Format ISBN")}} template within the parameter – in the form `\|isbn={{Format ISBN\|9780812695939}}` – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM). - ismn: [International Standard Music Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number "International Standard Music Number"); for example: `979-0-9016791-7-7`. [Hyphens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphens "Hyphens") or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN. - issn: [International Standard Serial Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number "International Standard Serial Number"); eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a [hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen "Hyphen"), but not an [en dash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash#En_dash "Dash") or a space; example `\|issn=2049-3630`. Aliases: ISSN. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM). - jfm: [Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahrbuch_%C3%BCber_die_Fortschritte_der_Mathematik "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik"); do not include "JFM" in the value; example `\|jfm=53.0144.01`. Aliases: JFM. - jstor: [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR "JSTOR") reference number; for example: `\|jstor=3793107`. Aliases: JSTOR. - lccn: [Library of Congress Control Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number "Library of Congress Control Number"). When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example `\|lccn=79-57364` or `\|lccn=2004042477` or `\|lccn=e09001178`. Aliases: LCCN. - mr: [Mathematical Reviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews "Mathematical Reviews"); example `\|mr=630583`. Aliases: MR. - oclc: [OCLC Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_Number "OCLC Number") for looking up publications in the [WorldCat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat "WorldCat") [union catalog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_catalog "Union catalog"); example `\|oclc=9355469`. Aliases: OCLC. - ol: [Open Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library "Open Library") identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example `\|ol=7030731M`. Aliases: OL. - osti: [Office of Scientific and Technical Information](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information "Office of Scientific and Technical Information"); example `\|osti=4367507`. Aliases: OSTI. - pmc: [PubMed Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central "PubMed Central"); use article number for [open repository](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_repository "Open repository") full-text of a journal article, e.g. `\|pmc=345678`. Do not include "PMC" in the value. See also the pmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMC. - pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none. - pmid: [PubMed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed "PubMed"); use unique identifier; example `\|pmid=17322060` See also the pmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMID. - rfc: [Request for Comments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments "Request for Comments"); example `\|rfc=3143`. Aliases: RFC. - sbn: [Standard Book Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Book_Number "Standard Book Number"); example `\|sbn=356-02201-3`. Aliases: SBN. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see [below](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#ATAWM). - ssrn: [Social Science Research Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network "Social Science Research Network"); example `\|ssrn=1900856`. Aliases: SSRN. - s2cid: [Semantic Scholar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Scholar "Semantic Scholar") corpus ID; example `\|s2cid=37220927`. Aliases: S2CID. - zbl: [Zentralblatt MATH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH "Zentralblatt MATH"); example `\|zbl=0472.53010` For zbMATH search results like `JFM 35.0387.02` use `\|jfm=35.0387.02`. Aliases: ZBL. In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (`\|doi=`, `\|eissn=`, `\|isbn=`, `\|issn=`, and `\|sbn=`) support a special [accept-this-as-written markup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1") which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as `\|<param>=((<value>))`). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message. For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the [access status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Registration_or_subscription_required "Help:Citation Style 1") using the corresponding `\|<param>-access=` parameter. For {{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal "Template:Cite journal")}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when `\|url=` and `\|title-link=` are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for `\|title-link=` to manually select a specific source (`\|title-link=pmc` or `\|title-link=doi`) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (`\|title-link=none`). It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The `\|url=` parameter (or `\|title-link=`) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a [convenience link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Convenience_links "Wikipedia:Citing sources") to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible. Subscription or registration required - [WP:URLACCESS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:URLACCESS&redirect=no) Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in [Verifiability § Access to sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PAYWALL "Wikipedia:PAYWALL"). As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to [verifying claims in articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V "Wikipedia:V"). Four access levels can be used: - [access indicator for named identifiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers): - ![Freely accessible](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/20px-Lock-green.svg.png) `free`: the source is free to read for anyone - [access indicators for url-holding parameters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters): As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link. Access indicators for url-holding parameters Online sources linked by `\|url=`, `\|article-url=`, `\|chapter-url=`, `\|contribution-url=`, `\|entry-url=`, `\|map-url=`, and `\|section-url=` are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as `free`. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add `\|archive-url=` and `\|archive-date=` values if possible. \| URL \| Access \| Allowed keywords \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| `\|url=` \| `\|url-access=` \| `registration` ![Free registration required](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `limited` ![Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png) `subscription` ![Paid subscription required](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png) \| \| `\|article-url=` \| `\|article-url-access=` \| \| \| `\|chapter-url=` \| `\|chapter-url-access=` \| \| \| `\|contribution-url=` \| `\|contribution-url-access=` \| \| \| `\|entry-url=` \| `\|entry-url-access=` \| \| \| `\|map-url=` \| `\|map-url-access=` \| \| \| `\|section-url=` \| `\|section-url-access=` \| \| For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription: ``` {{cite web \|url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php \|url-access=registration \|date=2021-04-15 \|title=Nifty example data}} ``` which renders as: ["Nifty example data"](https://example.com/nifty_data.php). 2021-04-15. Access indicator for named identifiers - [WP:DOIACCESS](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DOIACCESS&redirect=no) Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as `limited`, `registration`, or `subscription`. \| Identifier \| Access \| Allowed keywords \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| `\|bibcode=` \| `\|bibcode-access=` \| `free` ![Freely accessible](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/20px-Lock-green.svg.png) \| \| `\|doi=` \| `\|doi-access=` \| \| \| `\|hdl=` \| `\|hdl-access=` \| \| \| `\|jstor=` \| `\|jstor-access=` \| \| \| `\|ol=` \| `\|ol-access=` \| \| \| `\|osti=` \| `\|osti-access=` \| \| \| `\|ssrn=` \| `\|ssrn-access=` \| \| \| `\|s2cid=` \| `\|s2cid-access=` \| \| Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are: - `\|arxiv=` - `\|biorxiv=` - `\|citeseerx=` - `\|medrxiv=` - `\|pmc=` - `\|rfc=` For an embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date. Tracking of free DOIs - The template is able to recognize known free-to-read [DOI registrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI_registrant "DOI registrant"), based on a list in [Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration "Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration"). Once a free registrant is identified, the `10.xxxx/...` part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under local function build\_free\_doi\_registrants\_table(). If `\|doi-access=free` is not set, it will place the page in [Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI "Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI"), which is routinely cleared by [User:Citation bot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Citation_bot "User:Citation bot"). - The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear `10.xxxx/yyyy....` DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to [Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration "Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration") under local extended\_registrants\_t = { with the format `['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'},`. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format `['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'},`. - If you add a free registrant/free journal to the lists in [Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration "Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration"), leave a note at [User talk:Citation bot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Citation_bot "User talk:Citation bot") so the bot knows about it. Quote - quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a [Romanization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN "Wikipedia:ROMAN") (if available) of the text in script-quote. When quoting a copyrighted text, only [brief quotations to attribute a point of view or idea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content#Text "Wikipedia:Non-free content") are permitted; extensive quotations are prohibited. - script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the [supported language codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#\|script-<param>=_language_codes "Help:Citation Style 1") to help browsers properly display the script: `... \|quote=Tōkyō tawā \|script-quote=ja:東京タワー \|trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...` - trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none. - quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in `\|quote=`. Use either `\|quote-page=` or `\|quote-pages=`, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in `\|page=`, `\|pages=` or `\|at=`. Displays preceded by `p.` unless `\|no-pp=yes`. If hyphenated, use {{[hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hyphen "Template:Hyphen")}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. `\|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12`). Alias: none. - OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in `\|quote=`. Use either `\|quote-page=` or `\|quote-pages=`, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in `\|pages=` or `\|at=`. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by `pp.` unless `\|no-pp=yes` is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use [double parentheses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup "Help:Citation Style 1") to tell the template to display the value of `\|quote-pages=` without processing it, and use {{[hyphen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hyphen "Template:Hyphen")}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: `\|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))`. Alias: none. Anchor Not to be confused with [§ Identifiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Identifiers). - ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, `\|ref=ID` generates an anchor with the given `ID` (the `id=` attribute in the citation's `<cite id="ID">` HTML tag). Setting `\|ref=ID` identifies the template as a target and allows [wikilinking to full references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations#Wikilinks_to_full_references "Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations"), especially useful with short-form citations like [shortened notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Short_citations "Wikipedia:Citing sources") and [parenthetical referencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing "Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing"). The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{[sfn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sfn "Template:Sfn")}} and {{[harv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harv "Template:Harv")}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair `\|ref=harv` has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1\\|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set `\|ref=none`. Aliases: none. See [Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation/doc#Anchors_for_Harvard_referencing_templates "Template:Citation/doc"). Display options - mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For `\|mode=cs1`, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (`.`); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For `\|mode=cs2`, element separator is a comma (`,`); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript. - author-mask: - contributor-mask: - editor-mask: - interviewer-mask: - subject-mask: - translator-mask: Replaces the name of the (first) author with [em dashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash#Em_dash "Dash") or text. Set \<name\>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set \<name\>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with \<name\>-link—in this case, the value of \<name\>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as [shortened footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes "Help:Shortened footnotes"). Do not use in a list generated by `{{reflist}}`, `<references />` or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. `\|authorn-mask=`) to apply the mask to a specific name . - display-authors: - display-contributors: - display-editors: - display-interviewers: - display-subjects: - display-translators: Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, `\|display-authors=2` will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). `\|display-authors=0` is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. `\|display-authors=etal` displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none. - postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (`.`); for no terminating punctuation, specify `\|postscript=none` – leaving `\|postscript=` empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. `\|postscript=` is ignored if quote is defined. TemplateData \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![Warning](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/40px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg "Warning") \| This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [Help:Citation Style 1\#TemplateData](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#TemplateData "Help:Citation Style 1") \| Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc. \| Parameter \| Description \| Type \| Status \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Last name \| `last` `last1` `author` `author1` `author1-last` `author-last` `surname1` `author-last1` `subject1` `surname` `subject` \| The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors \| Line \| suggested \| \| First name \| `first` `given` `author-first` `first1` `given1` `author-first1` `author1-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors \| Line \| suggested \| \| Author link \| `author-link` `author-link1` `author1-link` `subject-link` `subject-link1` `subject1-link` `authorlink` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 2 \| `last2` `author2` \| The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 2 \| `first2` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 2 \| `author-link2` `author2-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 3 \| `last3` `author3` \| The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 3 \| `first3` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 3 \| `author-link3` `author3-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 4 \| `last4` `author4` \| The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 4 \| `first4` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 4 \| `author-link4` `author4-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 5 \| `last5` `author5` \| The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 5 \| `first5` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 5 \| `author-link5` `author5-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 6 \| `last6` `author6` \| The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 6 \| `first6` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 6 \| `author-link6` `author6-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 7 \| `last7` `author7` \| The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 7 \| `first7` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 7 \| `author-link7` `author7-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 8 \| `last8` `author8` \| The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 8 \| `first8` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 8 \| `author-link8` `author8-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 9 \| `last9` `author9` \| The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 9 \| `first9` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 9 \| `author-link9` `author9-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 10 \| `last10` `author10` \| The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 10 \| `first10` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 10 \| `author-link10` `author10-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 11 \| `last11` `author11` \| The surname of the eleventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 11 \| `first11` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eleventh author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 11 \| `author-link11` `author11-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eleventh author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 12 \| `last12` `author12` \| The surname of the twelfth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 12 \| `first12` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the twelfth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 12 \| `author-link12` `author12-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the twelfth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 13 \| `last13` `author13` \| The surname of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 13 \| `first13` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 13 \| `author-link13` `author13-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the thirteenth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 14 \| `last14` `author14` \| The surname of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 14 \| `first14` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 14 \| `author-link14` `author14-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourteenth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Last name 15 \| `last15` `author15` \| The surname of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'. \| Line \| optional \| \| First name 15 \| `first15` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Author link 15 \| `author-link15` `author15-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifteenth author. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Author mask \| `author-mask` \| Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead \| String \| optional \| \| Display authors \| `display-authors` \| Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: \\|display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. \\|display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. \| String \| optional \| \| Name list style \| `name-list-style` \| Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.Suggested values `amp` `and` `vanc` \| String \| optional \| \| Source date \| `date` \| Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink \| Date \| suggested \| \| Year of publication \| `year` \| Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter \| String \| optional \| \| Original date \| `orig-date` \| Original date of publication; provide specifics \| Date \| optional \| \| Editor last name \| `editor-last` `editor1-last` `editor` \| The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name \| `editor-first` `editor1-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first' \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link \| `editor-link` `editor1-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 2 \| `editor2-last` `editor2` \| The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 2 \| `editor2-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 2 \| `editor2-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 3 \| `editor3-last` `editor3` \| The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 3 \| `editor3-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 3 \| `editor3-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 4 \| `editor4-last` `editor4` \| The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 4 \| `editor4-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 4 \| `editor4-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 5 \| `editor5-last` `editor5` \| The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 5 \| `editor5-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 5 \| `editor5-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 6 \| `editor6-last` `editor6` \| The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 6 \| `editor6-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 6 \| `editor6-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 7 \| `editor7-last` `editor7` \| The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 7 \| `editor7-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 7 \| `editor7-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 8 \| `editor8-last` `editor8` \| The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 8 \| `editor8-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 8 \| `editor8-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Editor last name 9 \| `editor9-last` `editor9` \| The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor first name 9 \| `editor9-first` \| Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. \| Line \| optional \| \| Editor link 9 \| `editor9-link` \| Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor. \| Page name \| optional \| \| Others \| `others` \| Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith' \| String \| optional \| \| Title \| `title` \| The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website. \| String \| required \| \| Script title \| `script-title` \| For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon.Example For Japanese use: \\|script-title=ja:... \| String \| optional \| \| Translated title \| `trans-title` \| An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended \| String \| optional \| \| URL \| `url` `URL` \| The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "https://..." or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..."Example https://www.metacritic.com//... \| URL \| required \| \| URL access level \| `url-access` \| Classification of the access restrictions on the URLSuggested values `registration` `subscription` `limited` Example 'registration', 'subscription' or 'limited' \| String \| suggested \| \| URL status \| `url-status` \| If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.Suggested values `dead` `live` `usurped` `unfit` `deviated` Default 'dead' if an Archive URL is entered Example 'dead' or 'live' \| String \| suggested \| \| Archive URL \| `archive-url` `archiveurl` \| The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'Auto value \| URL \| suggested \| \| Archive date \| `archive-date` `archivedate` \| Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink \| Date \| suggested \| \| Archive format \| `archive-format` \| Format of the archived copy; do not specify HTMLExample PDF, DOC, XLS \| String \| optional \| \| URL access date \| `access-date` `accessdate` \| The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink \| Date \| suggested \| \| Name of the website \| `website` `work` \| Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.Example \[\[Rotten Tomatoes\]\] \| String \| suggested \| \| Series identifier \| `series` \| Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal \| String \| optional \| \| Publisher \| `publisher` \| Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.Example \[\[Fandom, Inc.\]\] (which owns "Metacritic.com") \| String \| optional \| \| Place \| `place` \| For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location' \| String \| optional \| \| Page \| `page` \| Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' \| String \| optional \| \| Pages \| `pages` \| Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.' \| String \| optional \| \| At \| `at` \| May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient \| String \| optional \| \| Language \| `language` `lang` \| The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commasExample de, fr, es \| String \| optional \| \| Type \| `type` \| Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case \| String \| optional \| \| Format \| `format` \| Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML \| String \| optional \| \| Place of publication \| `publication-place` \| Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' \| String \| optional \| \| Publication date \| `publication-date` \| Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink \| Date \| optional \| \| Date format \| `df` \| Sets rendered dates to the specified format \| String \| optional \| \| Published via \| `via` \| Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.Example \[\[GitHub\]\], \[\[SourceForge\]\], \[\[CodePlex\]\], \[\[YouTube\]\], \[\[Vimeo\]\], \[\[Dailymotion\]\], \[\[Netflix\]\], \[\[Archive.org\]\], \[\[Wikimedia Commons\]\], \[\[grc.com\]\] \| String \| optional \| \| No pp \| `no-pp` \| Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')Auto value `y` \| Boolean \| optional \| \| arXiv identifier \| `arxiv` \| An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers \| String \| optional \| \| ASIN \| `asin` \| Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters \| String \| optional \| \| ASIN TLD \| `asin-tld` \| ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US \| String \| optional \| \| Bibcode \| `bibcode` \| Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters \| String \| optional \| \| biorXiv \| `biorxiv` \| biorXiv identifier; 6 digits \| Line \| optional \| \| CiteSeerX \| `citeseerx` \| CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter \| Line \| optional \| \| DOI \| `doi` \| Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' \| String \| optional \| \| DOI broken date \| `doi-broken-date` \| The date that the DOI was determined to be brokenAuto value \| Date \| optional \| \| ISBN \| `isbn` \| International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible \| String \| optional \| \| ISSN \| `issn` \| International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen \| String \| optional \| \| jfm code \| `jfm` \| Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code \| String \| optional \| \| JSTOR \| `jstor` \| JSTOR identifier \| String \| optional \| \| LCCN \| `lccn` \| Library of Congress Control Number \| String \| optional \| \| MR \| `mr` \| Mathematical Reviews identifier \| String \| optional \| \| OCLC \| `oclc` \| Online Computer Library Center number \| String \| optional \| \| OL \| `ol` \| Open Library identifier \| String \| optional \| \| OSTI \| `osti` \| Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier \| String \| optional \| \| PMC \| `pmc` \| PubMed Center article number \| String \| optional \| \| PMID \| `pmid` \| PubMed Unique Identifier \| String \| optional \| \| RFC \| `rfc` \| Request for Comments number \| String \| optional \| \| SSRN \| `ssrn` \| Social Science Research Network \| String \| optional \| \| Zbl \| `zbl` \| Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier \| String \| optional \| \| id \| `id` \| A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable \| String \| optional \| \| Quote \| `quote` \| Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation \| String \| optional \| \| Translated quote \| `trans-quote` \| English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. \| String \| optional \| \| Ref \| `ref` \| An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references \| String \| optional \| \| Postscript \| `postscript` \| The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is definedDefault . \| String \| optional \| \| Edition \| `edition` \| Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'Example 2nd \| Line \| optional \| \| Bibcode access level \| `bibcode-access` \| If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| DOI access level \| `doi-access` \| If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| HDL access level \| `hdl-access` \| If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| Jstor access level \| `jstor-access` \| If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| OpenLibrary access level \| `ol-access` \| If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| OSTI access level \| `osti-access` \| If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.Auto value `free` \| String \| optional \| \| Agency \| `agency` \| The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse \| String \| optional \| See also \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_1 "Template:Citation Style 1") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1 "Template talk:Citation Style 1") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_Style_1 "Special:EditPage/Template:Citation Style 1")[Citation Style 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1 "Help:Citation Style 1") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| General templates \| {{[Cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book "Template:Cite book")}} books {{[Cite conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_conference "Template:Cite conference")}} conference papers {{[Cite document](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_document "Template:Cite document")}} short, stand-alone, offline documents {{[Cite encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia "Template:Cite encyclopedia")}} edited collections {{[Cite interview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_interview "Template:Cite interview")}} interviews {{[Cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal "Template:Cite journal")}} academic journals {{[Cite magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine "Template:Cite magazine")}} magazines {{[Cite mailing list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list "Template:Cite mailing list")}} public mailing lists {{[Cite map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_map "Template:Cite map")}} maps {{[Cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news "Template:Cite news")}} news articles {{[Cite newsgroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup "Template:Cite newsgroup")}} online newsgroups {{[Cite press release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release "Template:Cite press release")}} press releases {{[Cite report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_report "Template:Cite report")}} unpublished reports {{[Cite sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_sign "Template:Cite sign")}} signs, plaques {{[Cite speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_speech "Template:Cite speech")}} speeches {{[Cite tech report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report "Template:Cite tech report")}} technical reports {{[Cite thesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis "Template:Cite thesis")}} theses {{[Cite web]()}} web sources \| \| Preprint templates \| {{[Cite arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv "Template:Cite arXiv")}} {{[Cite bioRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv "Template:Cite bioRxiv")}} {{[Cite CiteSeerX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX "Template:Cite CiteSeerX")}} {{[Cite medRxiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_medRxiv "Template:Cite medRxiv")}} {{[Cite SSRN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_SSRN "Template:Cite SSRN")}} \| \| Audiovisual-related \| {{[Cite AV media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media "Template:Cite AV media")}} {{[Cite AV media notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes "Template:Cite AV media notes")}} {{[Cite episode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_episode "Template:Cite episode")}} {{[Cite podcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast "Template:Cite podcast")}} {{[Cite serial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_serial "Template:Cite serial")}} \| \| Categories \| [Citation Style 1 templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates "Category:Citation Style 1 templates") [Citation Style 1 specific-source templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_specific-source_templates "Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates") \| \| Documentation \| {{[Citation Style documentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation "Template:Citation Style documentation")}} \| \| [Citation Style 1 noticeboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1 "Help talk:Citation Style 1") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing "Template:Wikipedia referencing") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing "Template talk:Wikipedia referencing") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing "Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing")[Wikipedia referencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Policies and guidelines \| [Verifiability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability") [No original research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research") [Biographies of living persons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons "Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons") [Reliable sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources "Wikipedia:Reliable sources") [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\(medicine\) "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)") [Citing sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") [Scientific citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines "Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines") \| \| General advice \| [Citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed") [Combining sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources "Wikipedia:Combining sources") [Offline sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources "Wikipedia:Offline sources") [Referencing styles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles "Help:Overview of referencing styles") \| \| [Citing sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources") \| [Citation Style 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1 "Help:Citation Style 1") [Citation Style 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2 "Help:Citation Style 2") [Bluebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates "Category:Bluebook style citation templates") [Comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates "Category:Comics citation templates") [Citation templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates "Wikipedia:Citation templates") \| \| [Inline citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation "Wikipedia:Inline citation") \| [Footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes "Help:Footnotes") [Punctuation and footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes "Wikipedia:Manual of Style") [Shortened footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes "Help:Shortened footnotes") [Nesting footnotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes "Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes") \| \| [Help for beginners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners "Help:Referencing for beginners") \| [Reference-tags](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reftags "Help:Reftags") [Citations quick reference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference "Help:Citations quick reference") [Introduction to referencing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1 "Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1") [Referencing with citation templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates "Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates") [Referencing without using templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates "Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates") [Referencing dos and don'ts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts "Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts") [Citing Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia "Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia") \| \| Advanced help \| [Cite link labels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels "Help:Cite link labels") [Cite errors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors "Help:Cite errors") [Citation merging (bundling)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_merging "Help:Citation merging") [Cite messages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_messages "Help:Cite messages") [Converting between references formats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats "Help:Converting between references formats") [Reference display customization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization "Help:Reference display customization") [References and page numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers "Help:References and page numbers") [Guidance on source reviewing at FAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC "Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC") [Cite extension documentation](https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Cite "mw:Help:Cite") \| \| [Footnote templates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates "Category:Footnote templates") \| [Citation Style documentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation "Template:Citation Style documentation") [Multiple references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Multiple_references "Template:Multiple references") {{[Reflist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Reflist "Template:Reflist")}} {{[Refbegin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refbegin "Template:Refbegin")}} \| \| [Find references](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Find_sources "Help:Find sources") \| [How to find sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND "Wikipedia:FIND") [Bibliographies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies "Wikipedia:List of bibliographies") [Wikipedia Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library "Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library") [Resource Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request "Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request") [Reference Desk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk "Wikipedia:Reference desk") [Book Sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources "Wikipedia:Book sources") [Free newspaper sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources "Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources") \| \| [Citation tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_tools "Help:Citation tools") (External links) \| [Citer](https://citer.toolforge.org/) [Citation bot](https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/) [MakeRef](https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/) [Refill](https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/) [WayBack](https://archive.org/) [OABot](https://iw.toolforge.org/oabot/) \| This template produces [COinS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COinS "COinS") metadata; see [COinS in Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COinS "Wikipedia:COinS") for background information.
Shard	152 (laksa)
Root Hash	17790707453426894952
Unparsed URL	org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Template:Cite_web s443